PMID,AbstractText
1133452,"In congenital blindness, the absence of vision can be compensated for by the utilization of the tactile and auditory senses, resulting in normal affect and ego development. Some of the major problems in the way of such compensation were noted. Adventitious blindness produces disruption of ego functions, with severe affect manifestations, notably grief and mourning reactions and actual dependency. The factors favoring successful or unsuccessful resolution of mourning and restoration of normal ego functions were indicated."
1133453,"Comparisons of the nests of associations within which a single memory reappeared during the course of an analysis deemed successful by analysis and patient revealed changes in content and structure of these matrices. Judges, given a sample of associations surrounding a reappearance, were able to relate a particular appearance to its sequential location in the development and flow of an analysis. In the study samples, the patient became increasingly active and insightful as the analysis progressed. Resistance decreased, and the memory, initially given as a narrative report, became a powerful metaphor for the examination of conflicts concerning aggression and its defense, passivity. The results of the judges' analyses and of the thematic analysis suggest that a close examination of associations surrounding a repeated stimulus, a single memory, can be used as an index of analytic progress."
1133454,We have described some of the problems encountered in an analyzability committee's evolving approach to the assessment of applicants to a psychoanalytic clinic. A primary error was to think in terms of the level of drive development--equating pathology at an oedipal level with analyzability. Recognition that the more important issue for assessment purposes was the presence or absence of those ego capacities and personality characteristics necessary for success in analysis has led to a reorientation of our approach.
1133455,"The relative iron, copper and mercury contents of individual, isolated erythrocytes from eight people were determined by analytical electron microscopy. The variation in iron content between erythrocytes of the same sample is more than six times, for copper content more than tem times and for mercury more than five times. Similar variations were observed for 1-day-old chick defintive erythrocytes and for 4-day-old chick embryo primitive erythrocytes. The range of variation does not depend greatly, it at all, on the age of the erythroyctes or the tissue of origin. There is little or no correlation between the variation of iron contnet and that of copper. The cause of the wide variation of metallic ion contnt among erythroyctes is not yet known."
1133526,"A technique of hypophysectomy and regimes of pre- and post-operative care were developed for the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, to a stage when animals can survive the operation with little apparent stress. Thyroid and adrenal gland weights declined after hypophysectomy, especially within the first 20-30 days. Changes in the adrenal cortex after hypophysectomy suggested that this region may have a zonal organization different from that in eutherian mammals. The reproductive tracts of males and females lost weight rapidly after hypophysectomy. Eleven plasma parameters were studied for the effects of hypophysectomy. There was a reduction in sodium and chloride and a tendency to higher potassium levels, reflecting inadequate adrenal cortical function. Calcium and total protein values remained unaffected, but inorganic phosphate, glucose and cholesterol were depleted, and a less significant depletion in blood urea, nitrogen and uric acid was evident."
1133529,"Intact, breeding female budgerigars enter and occupy a nestbox 8-10 days before egg-laying. Ovariectomized budgerigars did not enter nestboxes. Oestradiol-17 beta monobenzoate (OB) (0-05 mg, i.m.) induced ovariectomized birds to enter nestboxes. Higher dosages (0-1 or 0-5 mg) did not facilitate this effect. The amount of time spent in nesting behaviour by all OB-treated groups did not differ from that shown by a group of intact females during the initial phase of the nesting sequence (first 4 days in the nestbox), but was significantly less than that of intact females undergoing later stages of nesting behaviour (4 days before and after laying the first egg). Oestradiol induced a increase in oviduct weight and size which was dose-dependent. With a low dose (0-05 mg OB), the oviducts were slightly larger than those of intact females which had been in the nestbox 1-2 days. With higher dose levels (0-1-0-5 mg OB), precursor albumen granules had formed in tubular glands of the magnum, a stage more typical of females which had been in the nestbox 4-6 days. The results indicate that low levels of oestrogen induce female budgerigars to enter nestboxes and initiate oviduct development. Subsequent phases of the nesting behaviour and oviduct development may be causally related to other hormones."
1133534,"Photorefractory intact female canaries were exposed to a photoperiod of 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L: 16D) for 0, 2, 4 or 6 weeks before photostimulation with 14L: 10D for 4 weeks. Photoresponsiveness was measured in terms of plasma immunoreactive LH, ovary and oviduct weights, follicle size and nest-building behaviour. Birds not exposed to 8L: 16D were unresponsive to photostimulation while those exposed for 6 weeks to 8L: 16D were as fully photosensitive as females similarly treated immediately before their first breeding season. Birds exposed for 2 or 4 weeks to 8L: 16D responded to subsequent photostimulation but were not as responsive as birds exposed to short days for 6 weeks. Positive correlations between the two ovarian parameters and between these ovarian parameters and oviductal weight existed in all groups exposed to short days, but not in birds not exposed to short days. It is concluded that the restoration of photosensitivity at the end of the refractory period is a function of the number of short days experienced; about 6 weeks of short days are needed for its completion. In another experiment photorefractory birds exposed for 6 weeks to short days without subsequent photostimulation, although potentially photosensitive, were indistinguishable (in terms of the above parameters) from refractory birds kept on long days for the same period; in these birds refractoriness was not broken."
1133539,"The effect of alpha-MSH on sebum secretion and preputial gland weight was examined in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized male rats and in hypophysectomized rats receiving treatment with either testosterone propionate (TP) or progesterone. After treatment with alpha-MSH for 2 weeks, increases in sebum secretion occurred in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized rats, but larger responses were found in the hypophysectomized rats that had received treatment with either TP or progesterone, suggesting that alpha-MSH acts synergistically with TP and progesterone to stimulate sebum secretion. Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone also increased preputial gland weight in intact rats, but there was no response after castration and only a small response after hypophysectomy. However, when the hypophysectomized rats received simultaneous treatment with either TP or progesterone, alpha-MSH increased preputial gland weight. It is suggested that alpha-MSH acts directly on the sebaceous glands to stimulate lipogenesis and, together with steroid hormones, may have an important role in controlling sebaceous glandd function in the rat and other hairy mammals. With the evolution of hair, certain of the MSH peptides may have lost their significance as pigmentary hormones and have developed a sebotrophic function. For this reason, it might be more appropriate to refer to these peptides as the 'sebotrophins'."
1133540,"The concentration of LH in the plasma of guinea-pigs from day 50 of gestation to day 45 of postnatal life was assayed by radioimmunoassay utilizing a cross-reaction with anti-ovine LH antiserum. The effect of gonadectomy in infancy and in the adult upon the plasma concentration of LH was also studied. The LH concentration in the plasma of male or female foetuses was high immediately prenatally and fell at birth. High levels of LH were again detected in male, with a lesser increase in female, guinea-pigs over the first 10 days postnatally. Maternal plasma concentrations of LH remained consistently low. Removal of the gonads on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 or 35 of postnatal life, followed by blood collection at autopsy 10 days later, caused a significant rise in plasma LH content at all ages. The rise in plasma LH after gonadectomy in adults was less marked in male than in female guinea-pigs."
1133541,"Binding of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,-17 beta-diol (3beta-diol) in vivo and in vitro to the 100 000 g cytosol fraction of the rat prostate and seminal vesicles as well as to plasma was studied by agargel electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and the results compared with the corresponding findings for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The metabolism of 3alpha-diol and 3beta-diol was also investigated by thin-layer chromatography. The following results were obtained: (1) A specific binding of 3alpha-diol and 3beta-diol by the cytosols could not be demonstrated in vitro, while 5alpha-DHT was specifically bound. (2) In plasma, 3alpha-diol was extensively bound, 3beta-diol less extensively bound, while 5alpha-DHT remained unbound. (3) After intravenous injection of 3alpha-diol, specifically bound radioactivity, increasing within 30 min, was found in the prostate cytosol, while after 3beta-diol injection no binding occurred. (4) Parallel to the increased binding, the total radioactivity in the prostate accumulated within 30 min after 3alpha-diol injection, the uptake being 5-3 times higher than in skeletal muscle. However after 3beta-diol injection, total radioactivity decreased in the prostate within 30 min, the uptake being only 1-5 times higher than in skeletal muscle. (5) One minute after injection of 3alpha-diol, 53% of the extracted radioactivity in the prostate had been converted to 5alpha-DHT, this increased within 30 min to 81%. Thirty minutes after the injection of 3beta-diol, about 32% of the extracted radioactivity in the prostate had been converted to 5alpha-DHT. (6) From the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments it was concluded that 3alpha-diol exerts its biological effects mainly by its conversion into 5alpha-DHT."
1133546,"The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles (smaller than 8mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles (larger than or equal to 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles (larger than or equal to 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles (larger than or equal to 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles (smaller than 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation."
1133566,"After two daily ovine prolactin injections in rats, significant increases in jejunal absorption of glucose, glycine and proline, as well as of fluid and NaCl, occurred. Although ouabain caused dramatic reductions in fluid, sodium, chloride and glucose transport, prolactin had an effect even in the presence of ouabain. Mucosal hypersomolaity significantly decreased fluid, sodium and chloride absorption but had no significant effect on glucose transport. Addition of prolactin in vitro had no effect on intestinal absorption. Prolactin-induced increases in transport of fluid, NaCl and organic nutrients by the mammalian jejunum may play an important role in nutritional and osmoregulatory adaptations."
1133567,"The fine structure of the zona pellucida of mouse unfertilized egg cells and of mouse embryos was investigated. In addition to standard fixation for electron microscopy, fixation with an addition of ruthenium red was used and found to be especially valuable for the purpose of studying the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida of unfertilized egg cells and of embryos consisted mainly of fibrillar and granular material. There were two layers: a thicker internal and a denser external layer in the zona pellucida of the unfertilized egg cells. The zona pellucida of embryos had, in addition to these two layers, a coarse-grained intimal layer inside the internal layer and a fine-grained peripheral cortical reaction whereas the peripheral layer can be accumulated and modified during the passage of the embryo through the female genital tract. The influence of developmental events and environmental factors on the fine structure of zona pellucida was discussed."
1133568,"The ability of caput, corpus, and cauda epididymal and vasa deferentia mouse sperm to fertilize eggs in vitro was investigated. Cauda epididymal sperm fertilized 45 of 54 ova, whereas caput and corpus sperm fertilized a negligible number of ova, thus indicating their immaturity. Vasa deferentia sperm fertilized only 10 of 52 ova and their reduced fertility may be due to aging in vivo. No difference in preimplantation development of the resulting zygotes with respect to the sperm source was observed. Three centrifugations and resuspensions of cauda epididymal sperm in fresh medium did not affect their fertilizing ability. I conclude that fertilization in vitro can occur after removal of epididymal secretions."
1133569,"Elimination of 137-Cs and 59-Fe by three species of wild rodents was measured in laboratory and field experiments to determine whether excretion rates of these nuclides are influenced directly by general metabolic (CO-2 production) rates. Sigmodon hispidus and Peromyscus leucopus were used in both field and laboratory experiments, and Reithrodontomys humulis was investigated only in the laboratory. Final-component biological half-lives (Tb) of 59-Fe for Sigmodon averaged 108 days in winter, 144 days in spring, and means ranged from 176 to 242 days under various laboratory conditions (ambient temperature, cold-exposure, irradiation, and chemical metabolic inhibition); for Peromyscus, values were 50 days in winter 47 days in spring, and 289 days (at ambient temperature only) in the laboratory; for Reithrodontomys mean values ranged from 121 to 178 days at different laboratory treatment levels. Biological half-lives of final-component 137-Cs elimination for Sigmodon averaged 7.5 days in winter, 7.9 days in spring, and means ranged from 7.7 to 8.6 days at the different treatment levels in the laboratory. Laboratory mean values for Reithrodontomys ranged from 3.5 to 3.9 days. For Peromyscus, Tb values averaged 3.4 days in winter, 3.6 days in spring, and 3.5 days in the laboratory. The data suggested that elimination of 59-Fe is influenced by metabolic rates of rodents in the field, but laboratory experiments were unable to demonstrate any predictable relationship. Neither did the rate of final-component 137-Cs loss from rodents appear to be influenced by metabolic rate in the laboratory or in the field. However, final-component Y-axis intercept values of 137-Cs exhibited a linear correlation with metabolic rates, and equations were derived from these intercept values to predict metabolism in the field for two species: for Sigmodon, Daily Average CO-2 Production (ml/hr/g, STP) [5.24-0.9172 (log-ea)] [0.886]; and for Reithrodontomys, = [12.51-1.80 (log-ea)] [0.886]."
1133571,The presence of microfibrillar structures in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus has been described after glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. The possible roles of cytoplasmic microfibrils in the contraction process of amoeba and nuclear microfibrils in the formation of the honeycomb nuclear lamina are discussed.
1133572,"UV irradiation of the vegetal pole of stage 2 X. laevis embryos with doses of 6000-18000 ergs/mm-2 delayed or inhibited cytokinesis in the vegetal hemisphere. Nuclear division continued so that a syncytium was formed, the size and persistence of which depended on the dose. Embryos which received a low UV dose were subsequently able to recover whereas embryos receiving a high dose were unable to gastrulate successfully. The implications for investigations into the role of cytoplasmic determinants are discussed."
1133573,"In X. laevis embryos injected with (3-H) thymidine between early gastrula and late neurula, the presumptive primordial germ cell nuclei were labelled and some were observed in mitosis, confirming that division occurs throughout this developmental period. In all labelled and mitotic cells, the germ plasm adjoined the nucleus, an observation which invalidates the hypothesis that germ plasm inhibits mitosis in presumptive primordial germ cells after gastrula. In embryos which had been irradiated with UV at the vegetal pole at the 2-cell stage, the presumptive primordial germ cells also incorporated (3-H) thymidine and divided during the same developmental period."
1133574,"Physical and nutritional factors required for growth of Bacteroides nodosus isolates from ovine foot-rot lesions were examined. Simplified anaerobic culture techniques were devised utilizing a fully soluble, autoclavable, liquid medium (TAS) which contained proteose-peptone, yeast and meat extracts and certain other essential compounds required to promote prompt and serially transferrable growth of cultures from small inocula. The latter included Trypticase, arginine, a reducing agent (most suitably thioglycollic acid) and CO2; serine and Mg2+ markedly increased growth yields. Trypticase could not be replaced by a commercial preparation of acid-hydrolysed casein; other forms of hydrolysed protein gave delayed and inconsistent growth. Maximum growth of cultures required concentrations of 0-02 to 0-35 M-arginine, which could not be replaced by glutamic acid, citrulline or ornithine. Exogenous carbohydrate compounds were not required. The temperature range for optimum growth of cultures was 37 to 39 degrees C, and anaerobic culture conditions were essential for growth and the production of B. nodosus organisms of normal morphology. Solidified TAS media for the isolation and maintenance of B. nodosus cultures were also devised."
1133575,"An agar-degrading bacterium, having a guanine-cytosine content of 50-5 mol% has been isolated from sewage. This Gram-negative rod grew well in a simple salts medium containing various carbohydrates. Growing bacteria dissolved gels and suspensions of agar and agarose rapidly, but did not attack cross-linked agars. Agarase was cell-bound in exponentially growing cultures but was released into the medium at stationary phase. Both cell extracts and culture filtrates released reducing sugars from agar solutions and prevented them from gelling. Gels were not dissolved by enzyme solutions, but the turbidity and iodine-binding properties of the agar were decreased."
1133586,"Choroid plexuses from adult rats were grafted to the kidneys of other rats of the same inbred strain. Almost all the grafts survived and exhibited a multiloculated pattern of choroidal papillae. Mild but progressive enlargement of the locules was probably caused by secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. Cyclophosphamide, a drug which damages the normally situated plexus, had similar but milder effects on the plexus implants. Isografts should prove useful for other studies of choroid plexus structure and function."
1133587,"Replicas of the perineurium of rabbit sciatic nerve fascicles show extensive zonulae occludentes between the flattened cells of each perineuriallamella. The junctions formed by the zonulae occludentes are of the morphologically 'tight' type. Therefore, theyare likely to represent the anatomical site of the diffusion barrier previously demonstrated by other morphological and physiological methods. Neighbouring perineurial lamellae are connected to one another by numerous maculae occludentes, some of which lie on thelateral processes of the perineurial cells. Within the meshes of the maculae occludentes and close tothem, small gap junctions can be observed."
1133588,"The synaptic organization of the fleshfly (Boettcherisca peregrina) ocellus has been studied by transmission electron microscropy. Three types of neuronal element are recognized in the ocellus: (1) 70-100 retinula axons (2) four thick ocellar nerve fibres and(3) several thin ocellar nerve fibres. Synaptic connections accompanied by characteristic presynaptic ribbons have been found between these three elements in five combinations. Four of these are numerous (retinula axons symapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto thin ocellar fibres; thin ocellar nerve fibres synapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto other thin ocellar fibres). On or two of the thin ocellar nerve fibres are mainly presynaptic elements. The remaining thin fibres are both pre-and postsynaptic. These observations suggest that the thick ocellar nerve fibres are afferent and at least one or two of the thin ocellar nerve fibres are efferent. The function of the remaining thin fibres is not known. The fifth combination is a feedback synapse from thin ocellar nerve fibres onto retinula oxons. In addition, neuro-glial synapses have been found between thin ocellar nerve fibres and glial cells. The latter two combinations are less common and may provide alternative neuronal pathways for processingocellar input."
1133589,"Pleomorphic vesicles in two different classes of 'flat-vesicle-containing profiles'(F-profiles) from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of Galago and chimpanzee were found to be disk-like in shape as revealed by tilt analysis. In both primates, presynaptic dendrites, postsynaptic F-profiles and exclusively presynaptic F-profiles cannot be distinguished on the basis of vesicle morphology. This lends to support to the notion that F-profiles originate from one type of neuron. Modifications of the basic disk shape are interpreted as manifestations of different stages in the life cycle of individual vesicles."
1133590,"Teratomas are tumours which may arise spontaneously in the testis or ovary or may be induced experimentally by the implantation of young embryos into ectopic sites. In this study the nervous tissue within mouse teratomas was investigated by light and electronmicroscopy. Characteristic neuroepithelial tubules, neurons, glia and neuropil were recognized and showed no ultrastructural abnormality apart from collagenous infiltration. Synapses were frequently observed. However, other features of mature C.N.S. tissue including myelin and complex synaptic configurations were never seen, and it was not possible to recognize distinct classes of neurons, or organizations of cells and processes which characterized specific regions of the C.N.S. The limited differentiation of the nervous tissue of teratomas is discussed with reference to the normal development of C.N.A. in vivo and in vitro. The presence of synapses in the nervous tissue of teratomas is interpreted as a reflection of an intrinsic tendency of neuronal processes to form these specialized contacts even under conditions which prevent the development of certain other characteristics of nervous tissue."
1133591,"When certain intracellular and extracellular localities known to be rich in protein complexes are fixed and processed for electron microscopy, they show a reticulate precipitate which represents three-dimensional framework of material that forms the wall of polygonal lacunae. This is referred to as a stereoframework. Examples of a stereoframework described her include the presynaptic dense projections, cleft substance, postsynaptic density, the cytonet, coats of coated vesicles, reticulosomes, 'microfilamentous' network of growth cones, the glycocalyx of gut microvilli, blood plasma, precipitates of the Golgi apparatus, the chromatin of nuclei and the nuclear pore complex. The stereoframeworkappears most electron-dense when it has a very close mesh, e.g. as in the case of the dense projections. The stereoframework is assumed to have no direct relationship with themolecular architecture of the protein complexes in vivo and so can be regarded as a denaturization and precipitation artifact. This being so, attempts to elucidate the substructure of the above entities simply by inspection are fruitless. Furthermore, evidence is given that stereoframework precipitation can distort or completely obliterate organelles occupying the same locality, for example this could apply to structures such as actin filaments (perhaps running into the locality marked by a dense projection), microtubules(running into the presynaptic bag), smooth ER, tenuous connections between synaptic vesicles and the presynaptic membrane, structures within the nuclear pore complex and chromosome substructures in the nucleus. Finally it is suggested that the flat shape of synaptic vesicles (at inhibitory synapses) may be a distortion effect imposed upon the synaptic vesicles not as a result of osmotic effects, but as a conformation to the shape of a stereoframework which has been precipitated from protein complexes in the vicinity ofthe synaptic vesicles."
1133592,"Sensory ganglia from 9-day chick embryos were grown on collagen coated coverslips for36 h in the presence of nerve growth factor, producing a profuse neuritic outgrowth. The cultures were then incubated for varying periods in a colloidal suspension of thorium dioxide, and the pinocytotic uptake of this marker was followed by electron microscopy. Following brief exposures (3 min), most of the labelled organelles consisted of smooth surfaced vesicles and vacuoles; with longer exposures, the bulk of the marker accumulated first in cup-shaped pre-multivesticular bodies and ultimately in multivesicular bodies. The marker was also taken up into coated vesicles, dense-cored and electron lucent tubules,dense-cored vesicles and dense bodies of the multi-layered myelin body configuration. In addition, evidence suggestive of exocytosis was also obtained; views of apparent fusion of labelled multivesicular bodies with the plasmalemma involving extrusion of vesiclesand marker particles into the extracellular space were regularly encountered following long exposures."
1133593,"The ultrastructure of synaptic junctions in whole brain tissue and isolated synaptic membranes has been compared. Type 1 junctions are present in the isolated membranes,readily identified by the presence of dense-staining material associated with the postsynaptic membrane, but the dense projections present at the presynaptic membrane in intact tissue are absent. Type 2 junctions are not easily recognized because of the absence of prominent junctional densities, but apposed membranes with the appearance of type 2 junctions are seen in isolated membrane preparations. Junctions without dense-staining material are also seen among SYNAPtosomes and survive the hypotonic conditions used during isolation of the membranes. It thus seems probable that both type 1 and 2 junctions are present in isolated synaptic membrane preparations. In type 1 junctions after isolation,the postsynaptic thickening and cleft substance are together seen to be composed of an array of 200 A dense-staining subunits spanning the postsynaptic unit membrane. The relationship of this structure to the ultrastructure of the cleft substance and postsynapticthickening in intact tissue is discussed."
1133594,Synaptic membranes can be treated with detergents to yield postsynaptic densities from which the lipid unit membrane has been removed. The ultrastructure of these densities is identical to THAT of the synaptic lattice observed in undigested synaptic membranes; a1000-3000 A diameter planar array of 200 A diameter dense-staining subunits. The persistence of this synaptic lattice in the absence of lipid membrane may reflect a functional role in the maintenance of defined synaptic junctional structures in intact tissue.
1133648,"We have recently developed an immunoassay that can measure thyroxine rapidly and accurately in the eluate of 40 mul of dried blood spotted on filter paper at the fifth day of life. The method is completely automated and by using the samples received by the Central Laboratory of the Quebec Network for Genetic Medicine and their follow-up facilities, we are now screening every newborn in the province of Quebec for neonatal hypothyroidism. To date, from 47,000 measurements, three newborn infants with abnormally low TBG and seven hypothyroid infants have been detected. From these data we conclude that the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism is about one in 7,000 births and that our method is effective in detecting thyroid hormone abnormalities with an acceptable percentage of false positive measurements; no false negative results have occurred to our knowledge."
1133649,"Focal biliary cirrhosis is an uncommon finding in infants with cystic fibrosis, but it is present in more than a fifth of surviving children and adolescents. It was found at postmortem examination in only five of 47 infants with CF younger than 3 months, in five of 32 infants from 3 to 12 months, and in 18 of 67 children older than 1 year. In infants under 3 months, excessive mucus in intrahepatic bile ducts was seen in 11 necropsies; in 15 others there were only nonspecific periportal changes. Cholestasis was found in the livers of 18 of the 26 infants. Excessive mucus in the biliary tree was occasionally associated with periportal changes and cholestasis in older infants. The periportal changes, which are regarded as nonspecific, were never found in infants more than 1 year of age."
1133650,"The frequency of coronary risk factors was documented in 4,829 school children in Muscatine, Iowa, over a 14-month period of time. Serum cholesterol levels were similar for children at all ages; the mean serum cholesterol level was 182 mg/dl (SD lus or minus 29). Twenty four percent had levels larger than or equal to 200 mg/dl, 9% were larger than or equal to 220 mg/dl, 3 % were larger than or equal to 240 mg/dl, and 1% were larger than or equal to 260 mg/dl. Casual levels of serum triglyceride increased with age: the mean level was 71 mg/dl (SD plus or minus 36) at age 6 years and 108 mg/dl (SD plus or minus 45) at age 18 years. Only 15% of the children had serum triglyceride levels of 140 mg/dl or more. Blood pressure increased strikingly with age. No child between 6 and 9 years of age had blood pressures larger than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic or larger than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic. In the age group 14 to 18 years, 8.9% had systolic blood pressures larger than or equal to 140 mm Hg, 12.2% had diastolic blood pressures larger than or equal to 90 mm Hg, and in 4.4% both pressures were at or above these levels. Obesity also increased through the school years. At ages 6 to 9 years, 20% had weights relative to those of the group as a whole of larger than or equal to 110%, and 5% were larger than or equal to 130%; in the 14 to 18 years age group, 25% had relative weights of larger than or equal to 110%, and 8% were larger than or equal to 130%. These data indicate that a considerable number of school-age children have risk factors which in adults are predictive of coronary heart disease."
1133651,"Propionyl CoA carboxylase deficiency was found in a 7-month-old boy who presented with attacks of vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, and hypotonia. He failed to thrive and had generalized seizures. He had propionic acidemia and hyperglycinemia; these are the manifestations of the ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome. However, ketonuria was not a consistent part of his clinical picture, and he had at least two episodes of acute overwhelming illness, the latter one fatal, in which ketones were never found in the urine. Large amounts of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid were found in body fluids."
1133652,"Evaluation of 19 patients with the Williams elfin facies syndrome, in order to more completely delineate the total spectrum of the disorder, indicates that ""infantile hypercalcemia, peculiar facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis"" designation which was heretofore used is inappropriate. Only 32% of the patients have evidence of supravalvular aortic stenosis and not one of them has had documented hypercalcemia, including eight patients who had a serum calcium determination in the first year of life. Rather, the most consistent features are growth deficiency which is predominantly of postnatal onset, mild microcephaly with mental deficiency, and an altered pattern of facial development which includes short palpebral fissures, a stellate pattern in the iris, medial eyebrow flare, a depressed nasal bridge with anteverted nares, and thick lips. The disorder is a sporadic occurrence of unknown etiology."
1133653,"Eight patients in three families had mental retardation, characteristic facies and hands, and skeletal changes; the clinical features suggested to us that they had a syndrome previously thought to represent two entities described by Lowry and associates and by Coffin and associates, respectively. New findings include skeletal, orodental, and dermatoglyphic abnormalities and histopathologic changes suggesting that the syndrome is a heritable disorder of connective tissue. Severe expression in males and transmission through mildly affected females suggest X-linked or sex-influenced autosomal dominant inheritance."
1133654,Fetal and infant hips were analyzed in an attempt to explain some of the observed complications (particularly avascular necrosis) encountered in the treatment of hip dysplasia. Gross manipulation showed a tight interlocking of the acetabular labrum into the intertrochanteric notch of the proximal femur in the commonly used treatment positions that emphaized positional extremes. Injection studies corroborated vascular occlusion at three major sites when such positions were maintained. Marked abduction appeared to be the important position to avoid during treatment.
1133659,"Cord blood from 16 premature infants and 10 full-term infants, and blood from 10 healthy adults, was incubated for 30 minutes with tritiated thymidine, after which an autoradiographic study was made of spontaneously labeling cells. Apart from a varying number of erythroblasts, myelocytes, and an occasional blast cell, two main types of spontaneously labeling cells were observed: transitional cells and large lymphoid cells, previously shown to be phagocytic. Spontaneously labeling cells were 12 times more frequent in cord blood of premature and full-term infants than in the blood of adults. No transitional cells were seen in adult blood."
1133662,Seventeen constitutionally short boys were studied throughout puberty. Nine received oxandrolone (0.1 mg/kg/day). Treatment was started before onset of puberty. Eight boys served as control subjects. No significant increase in linear growth or skeletal maturation was observed in the treated group. Likewise the peak height velocity was unchanged. Pubic hair developed similarly in both groups in relation to chronologic and skeletal age. The only significant difference was a diminution in testicular volume index during treatment after bone age of 12 years and until bone age of 14 6/12 years.
1133663,"Previously published data of plasma concentrations and pharmacologic effects obtained after rapid intravenous injection and during constant rate intravenous infusion of theophylline in asthmatic children were analyzed pharmacokinetically to determine the relationship between effect on pulmonary function (improvement of forced expiratory volume in the first second) and drug level. The pharmacokinetics of distribution and elimination of theophylline are well described by a linear two-compartment open model consisting of a central and a tissue compartment. There is an essentially linear correlation between the intensity of effect and the logarithm of the amount of drug in the tissue compartment. This correlation exists both with decreasing and increasing drug concentrations, i.e., after intravenous injection and during intravenous infusion of theophylline."
1133664,"The administration of Na benzoate to grown and suckling Gunn rats in single doses of 7 and 35 mg/kg failed to significantly alter serum bilirubin concentrations. These doses are comparable to quantities of Na benzoate contained in injectable diazepam used therapeutically for newborn infants. Repeated doses of 7 mg/kg in the grown rat showed no effect, as well. A single dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg of Na benzoate and repeated doses of 35 mg/kg resulted in depressed serum bilirubin concentrations. The higher concentrations of Na benzoate, however, greatly exceed amounts contained in doses of diazepam recommended for clinical use in the human neonate. The data suggest that the use of injectable diazepam, in appropriate quantities, poses no hazard to the newborn infant in terms of bilirubin toxicity. The greater affinity for bilirubin of human albumin, than that of rat albumin, may further minimize the risk."
1133680,"A reinvestigation of the constituents of the Osage orange (maclura pomifera) yielded, in addition to the previously reported triterpenses (lupeol, butyrospermol, and lupan-3beta,20-diol), the pigments osajin and pomiferin, and a previously unreported constituent. The structure of this new compound was investigated. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical data, it appeared to be an epimer of lupeol and is referred to as 19alpha-H-lupeol."
1133681,"In a clinical study involving 22 normal adult volunteers, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of prednisone tablets with varying dissolution rates were evaluated. Serum levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay for prednisolone. Absorption rate constants and serum half-lives are presented. Substantial serum levels of prednisolone were attained quite rapidly (within 0.5 hr). The observed serum levels were statistically analyzed and fitted to the one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. A qualitative correlation between the in vitro dissolution rate and the calculated initial absorption rate constants was found. However, the in vitro dissolution rates were not predictive of the overall bioavailability of the prednisone tablets tested in terms of peak concentration and area under the serum concentration-time curve."
1133682,"A technique for serial sampling of whole blood, plasma, or serum from unanesthetized, unrestrained rats is described. This technique is sufficiently rapid, reliable, and independent of the need for elaborate preparation, specialized equipment, or practiced skills to appeal to a wide range of experimental and teaching situations requiring multiple sampling from many animals. A simple surgical procedure implants a one-piece jugular cannula cut from a commercial coil of silicone polymer tubing. Multiple blood samples are almost immediately available for 5 weeks or more. Plasma or serum samples are readily obtainable from each blood sample without transfer from the syringe in which it is collected. Intravenous injection through the cannula does not prejudice later sampling protocol."
1133683,A spectrophotofluorometric method is described for the assay of thioguanine. The assay involves the oxidation of thioguanine with potassium permanganate to a fluorescent product. The method is suitable for routine quality control in laboratory preparations of thioguanine.
1133685,"The commonly used 4-aminoantipyrine dye formation procedure for hexachlorophene analysis in topical formulations was modified to overcome interference due to other components. Bar soaps and nonemulsion formulations are analyzed directly, employing a chloroform back-extraction stage of the dye prior to quantitation. Hexachlorophene in emulsions and liquid soaps is determined using a TLC separation prior to dye formation."
1133686,A rapid method for determining sorbitol or mannitol in pharmaceuticals by GLC using the tris-n-butyldiboronate esters is described. An internal standard unrelated to the hexitols is utilized to avoid the problems of cross-contamination introduced by the use of other hexitols.
1133687,"The chemistry of the red color formed during perchloric acid titration of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in acetic acid in the presence of mercuric acetate is discussed. Addition of ascorbic acid prevents the color formation and allows titration using a crystal violet end-point. Ascorbic acid addition also sharpens the potentiometric end-point. Ascrobic acid and its oxidation product, dehydroascorbic acid, being neutral to perchloric acid, do not interfere with the titration."
1133688,"A GLC method was developed for the assay of saccharin in pharmaceutical products. The procedure requires silylation with N, O-bis (trimethylsily) acetamide and subsequent chromatography on trifluoropropyl  methyl silicone, using n-octacosane as an internal standard."
1133689,"The design and construction of a laboratory size dryer and other accessories suitable for investigating the drying rate kinetics of granules under controlled external conditions are described. Granulations of lactose and sulfathiazole, representing water-soluble and insoluble materials, were prepared using various commonly used binders, and their drying rates were determined. The binders and diluents affected the drying rate curves for these granulations both qualitatively and quantitatively. Granules made with starch paste and gelatin solution required maximum time and energy for drying and those made with simply syrup USP required the least among the binders studied. Generally, three linear slopes were observed when the drying rate was plotted against the moisture remaining, indicating that granulation drying may be considered as occurring through three distinct phases."
1133693,A method for the separation of 3beta-hydroxysterols from other sterols is presented. The method involves precipitating 3beta-hydroxysterols as the digitonides. The digitonide is then decomposed and separated into components using chromatography on highly cross-linked lipophilic polysaccharide gels. The digitonin in the mother liquor is separated from other sterols using the same chromatographic procedure.
1133695,"The effect of compressional force on the disintegration time of tablets prepared from calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate containing various tablet disintegrants was examined. The results show that effects of compressional force on disintegration time are of two types. The first type is that of insoluble disintegrants, e.g., starch and a cation-exchange resin, where the disintegration time initially shows a dramatic decrease. After this decrease, a further increase in compressional force appears to have no effect on the disintegration time. The second type is that of soluble disintegrants, e.g., calcium sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and sodium staarch glycolate, where variation in compressional force has very little effect on the disintegration time. These results are discussed in terms of the differing mechanism whereby these substances act as disintegrants."
1133696,"Hypoiodite photolysis of 3beta-acetoxy-5-pragnen-20beta-olgave 3beta-acetoxy-5-pregnene-18,20-lactone in 46% yield. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the latter afforded 3beta, 18,20beta-trihydroxy-5-pregnen (91% yield) which, on Oppenauer oxidation, was converted to 18-hydroxyprogesterone (66%). Lead tetraacetate oxidation followed by mild saponification gave 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (58%) yield)."
1133697,Small mesenteric arteries free of all extraarterial tissues were obtained from anesthetized dogs and perfused in vitro with Krebs solution. Vasoconstrictor responses of these arteries to intraarterial levarterenol and epinephrine were dose related and equivalent to those of arteries surrounded by fat and other tissues. Responsiveness was stable for at least 60 min. This simple preparation is useful for the study of vasoconstrictor phenomena uncomplicated arterial tissue.
1133698,"A number of indanamines substituted at the terminal amino nitrogen with various aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, and aromatic ring systems were synthesized and screened for hypoglycemic activity. None was found to possess significant activity compared to tolbutamide."
1133705,"The relative solubilities of n-alkyl p-aminobenzoates in water, proplyene blycol-water mixtures, proplyene glycol, and several other pharmaceutically important solvents can be predicted on the basis of a theoretical equation. This equation relates the activity coefficient of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to the product of its surface area and its interfacial tension [free energy per unit area of a hydrocarbon (tetradecane) against the polar or semipolar solvent of interest]. The assumptions, conclusions, and applicability of the theorectical relationship are compared to those of the Scatchard-Hildebrand approach."
1133709,"The preparation of cast films of ethylcellulose containing caffeine and salicylic acid is described. These films exhibit timed release of drugs. Release rates were found to agree with both the classical first-order equation (log drug retained against time) and diffusion-controlled release models, as exemplified by Higuchi's equations (drug release linearly related to square root of time). Mathematical analysis of the data shows that the release behavior actually conforms with the diffusion-controlled model. Literature results, reported as first order, for the release of cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride from polyamide films were analyzed similarly and shown to be diffusion controlled. Recommendations are made for presentation and routine treatment of drug release data to avoid ambiguity and provide useful biopharmaceutical information."
1133711,"The whole plant of Swertia purpurascens Wall. (Gentianaceae) has been shown to contain five tetraoxygenated and three pentaoxygenated zanthones. These are identified as 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-5-methoxyzanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone, 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, and 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone by chemical and spectral evidence. Additionally, the crude mixture of natural xanthones has been shown to include two partially emthylated pentaoxygenated xanthones as minor entities, which yield 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone and 1-hydroxy-3,4,5,8-tetramethoxyxanthone on methylation. This is the first time that pentaoxygenated xanthones have been found in a member of the genus Swertia. 1-Hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone was previously known only as a synthetic compound. The total xanthones of S. purpurascens produce significant CNS stimulant actions, consistent with some therapeutic uses of the plant extract in the Indian system of medicine. The chemotaxonomic significance of the cooccurrence of various biogenetically related chemical characters in a single plant species is appraised."
1133712,"Mycophenolic acid, a novel antibiotic of low toxicity containing no nitrogen atoms in its structure, induces tumor regression in several murine solid tumor assays. It has been reported in extensive structure-activity studies that chemical modifications on the antibiotic itself reduce or eliminate antitumor activity. With the objective of antitumor activity enhancement, nitrogen-containing analogs of mycophenolic acid were synthesized according to a program directed toward the ultimate synthesis of close bioisosteres of the antibiotic. Intial efforts reported here describe the terpenoid side-chain degradation of N-geranyl-2(1H)-pyridones and N-geranylglutarimides, where the terminal isopropylidene is replaced with a carboxyl group as it occurs in mycophenolic acid. The resulting nitrogen-containing analogs of the antitumor antibiotic were inactive in the l-1210 and Walker 256 tumor systems."
1133713,"A novel hydrodynamic model for drug distribution, when the drug is administered intravenously in physiological systems, is presented. In addition to obtaining results of familiar multicompartment models, the theory presents fresh insights into pharmacokinetic problems. A detailed procedure is included for evaluating drug-physiological system parameters such as the elimination rate constant, volumes of distribution, and permeability properties from the experimental time course of concentration of the central compartment."
1133714,"A model was developed to detect nonlinear disposition of a drug in a tissue. The model was experimentally tested relating to salicylic acid disposition in the brain. Experimental data obtained in rats are reported for doses of 25 and 40 mg/kg ip. The parameters measured for each dose were the ratio of the area under the brain concentration-time curve to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the ratio of the maximum brain concentration of salicylic acid to the plasma concentration at that point in time. The ratios increased with dose; furthermore, ratios calculated using plasma concentrations corrected for plasma protein binding were dose dependent. Calculations performed on literature data for salicylic acid disposition in mouse brain corroborated the results of this sutdy. The existence of a saturable transport system for the elimination of salicylic acid from the brain is supported by the data presented. The rationale necessary to apply the model to any tissue is discussed."
1133715,"2-(N-Arylcarboxamide)-3-substituted ethoxyindoles were synthesized by the reaction of 2-(N-arylcarboxamide)-3-hydroxyindoles, which were obtained by the cyclization of 2-carbomethoxyphenylglycine-substituted anilides. These 2-(N-arylcarboxamide)-3-substituted ethoxyindoles were evaluated for their in vitro monoamine oxidase inhibitory ability and in vivo monamine oxidase inhibitory property as evidence by reserpine reversal response. Their anticonvulsant activity also was determined against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. No definite correlation could be observed between chemical structure and biological activity."
1133718,"A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, using an absorption column and sulfabenzamide as the internal standard, is proposed for the determination of sulfacetamide sodium and its principal hydrolysis product, sulfanilamide, in eye drops. It affords an average recovery of 100.9% of added sodium sulfacetamide with a relative standard deviation of 1.9%."
1133719,A GLC method for the assay of griseofulvin in bulk and dosage forms was subjected to a wide and rigorous collaborative study. An overall recovery of 99.52 plus or minus 2.33% for three samples from 19 participating laboratories was obtained. The success of this study is ascribed to the fact that strict performance requirements are specified for the operating system.
1133720,"The effects of the granule size and density on the drying rate kinetics of tablet granulations were studied using lactose and sulfathiazole granules prepared with acacia mucilage and providone solution. The drying rate kinetics consisted of three distinct phases of drying when the drying rate was platted against remaining moisture content: constant rate, first falling rate, and second falling rate periods. The effect of various statistical diameters and granular density on the drying rate during the first falling rate period was analyzed, and the mechanism of moisture migration during this phase of drying was identified."
1133721,"An automated high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation and determination of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine in pharmaceutical dosage forms is descreibed. Separation of these compounds for quantitation is achieved on a controlled pore glass support, utilizing a mixture of acetic acid and chloroform as the mobile phase. The method is specific, accurate, and simple and provides for the quantitation of each chromatogram in a continuous fashion every 7 min. HPLC separation of other analgesics was studied on a spherical siliceous support. The feasibility of determining free salicylic acid in analgesics also was established."
1133722,"The release rates of quinine sulfate from slowly eroding, timed-release tablets prepared with various amounts of a swellable gum, carbomer, and cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate at different compaction pressures were attained. For the dissolution test of the prepared tablets, the method described in NF XIII was followed. The concentration of the released quinine sulfate was determined spectrophotometrically."
1133723,"The first-pass equation based on the dose, hepatic blood flow, and total area under the plasma level-time curve after oral administration was used retrospectively to predict the bioavailability of nortriptyline after oral administration of 1 mg/kg-single oral doses to monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. The predicted values of bioavailability ranged from 45 to 85%, consistent with experimentally derived estimates of nortriptyline availability."
1133724,"The effects of acids and bases on the viscosity of salicylic acid-cetrimide systems were investigated. A viscosity reduction was produced by the addition of acids and was independent of the degree of saturation of the cetrimide solution with salicylic acid. The incorporation of base followed by that of acid increased and decreased the viscosity, respectively. This viscosity behavior was demonstrated in undersaturated systems and was not goverened by the relative amounts of base or acid used. In oversaturated systems, only a lowering of viscosity was observed."
1133726,"Aliphatic aldehydes react with 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-bis-(hydroxylamino)butane and sodium periodate for form colored free radicals. These radicals were stabilized with pyridine in aqueous solution. Low levels of formaldehyde in aqueous solutions were determined utilizing this reaction."
1133729,A sensitive procedure was developed for metronidazole in human plasma. The metronidazole is extracted from the plasma with chloroform and determined as the trimethylsilyl derivatives by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. Myristyl alcohol is used as the internal standard for quantitation by relative peak height.
1133730,A study was undertaken to develop a method that could be used an an indication of the absorption of steroids. It was demonstrated that 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in urine could be quantitatively determined via absorptivity values obtained through the use of standard hydrocortisone-alcohol solutions or standard solutions of hydrocortisone in urine utilizing the blue tetrazolium assay method. This method is dependent upon the hydrolysis of conjugated urinary steroids by beef liver glucuronidase. The resultant concentration of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids is determined colorimetrically using blue tetrazolium.
1133731,"Binding of trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and dichlorotetrafluoroethane was studied in aqueous 5% human albumin solution, using the partition coefficient method in sealed serum bottles. The partition coefficient and the fraction of fluorocarbons bound were highly dependent on fluorocarbon concentrations. The average binding sites per molecule of albumin were 2.17, 0.30, and 0.42 and the binding association constants were 1.11 X10-3, 1.73 X10-3, and 5.06X10-3 M-minus 1, respectively. At the lowest concentration studied, 62.3, 25.5, and 65.6% were found bound to albumin, respectively. This appears to represent the first extensive study on any gas-albumin interaction."
1133732,The release of sulfathiazole and salicylic acid from white petrolatum containing ethoxylated surfactants of varying ethylene oxide chain length was evaluated by the dialysis method. The rate of release of the drugs increased with the ethylene oxide number of the added surfactant.
1133733,"Treatment of mixed anhydrides derived from cis- and trans-2-carbobenzyloxycyclopropanecarboxylic acids and ethyl chloroformate with ethoxymagnesio di-tert-butyl malonate and subsequent treatment of the resulting adducts with p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded cis- and trans-benzyl-2-acetylcyclopropanecarboxylates in good to excellent yields, with retention of the original stereochemistry of the systems. These methyl ketones and an open chain congener, benzyl levulinate, were inert toward m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The cis-isomer and benzyl levulinate underwent normal Baeyer-Villiger reactions mediated by trifluoroperacetic acid, forming moderate yields of the acetate ester insertion products."
1133734,"The syntheses of 2-(9-acridinyl)ethyl-N-substituted carbamates and their hydrochlorides and 10-N-oxides are reported along with biological results in the areas of antineoplastic, antimalarial, and CNS activity screening. The compounds showed negative biological activity in the areas tested."
1133735,"A comparison of the bioavailability of salicylate from five brands of commercially available aspirin rectal suppositories in an adult panel is presented. All brands show slow absorption compared to oral administration of the drug in tablet form. At best, about 40% of the dose (on the average) was absorbed when retention time in the bowel was limited to 2 hr. However, four out of the five brands give substantially lower absorption rates so that only about 20% of the aspirin is available."
1133736,"The activity of tertiary and quaternary anticholinergic drugs was compared in two different test procedures designed to measure cholinolytic activity in mice. The four drugs utilized were atropine sulfate, atropine methylnitrate, scopolamine hydrobromide, and scopolamine methylnitrate. The results led to the conclusion that one of these test procedures, the induction of mydriasis (increase in pupil size), primarily measures peripheral anticholinergic activity whereas the other procedure, inhibition of physostigmine lethality, primarily measures anticholinergic activity in the CNS. These two test procedures can be utilized to characterize the nature of the cholinolytic properties of prospective therapeutic drug candidates."
1133737,"The distribution of radioactivity as 5-, 10-, and 15-min intervals following the intravenous administration of N-14-C-azure C was determined. The concentrations of radioactivity observed indicated that radioactive derivatives of azure C would not be useful pancreas of parathyroid scanning agents."
1133744,"The influences of drug concentration and vehicle composition on the corneal penetration of the steroid fluorometholone were studied in the albino rabbit. Aqueous dosing systems included a saturated solution and 0.1, 0.05, and 0.1% suspensions of micronized fluorometholone. Two different doses of a 0.1% oleaginous ointment were also studied. The results from the 0.1 and 0.5% suspensions show a peak aqueous humor steroid concentration at 30 min and a substantial sustaining effect with these two concentrations. The results also support the belief that moderate dilution of a suspension of a slowly soluble drug may not substantially lower the aqueous humor drug levels or, conversely, that use of a higher concentration suspension may not improve the aqueous humor drug concentration-time profile. The 0.1% suspension and the saturated solution did not produce a sustaining effect. The results demonstrate for the first time that the particles present in a dose of suspension are retained within the cul-de-sac of the eye and contribute significantly to the amount of steroid penetrating the cornea. This finding was confirmed by a study in which the eye was rinsed with saline solution 30 min after instillation of a dose of a 0.05% suspension. The rinsing procedure prematurely terminated the sustaining effect of the suspension. The results of the ointment studies show that partitioning of the lipophilic steroid from the oleaginous vehicle has a greater rate-limiting influence on corneal penetration than the dissolution rate parameter associated with the aqueous suspensions. Peak aqueous humor concentration was not achieved until 3 hr after dosing and was comparable to the 0.1 and 0.05% suspensions. Predosing of the eye with a saturated solution or the 0.1% suspension prior to dosing with ointment overcomes the inability of the ointment to provide adequate drug at short times following dosing. In this case, peak levels were achieved within 60 min and then maintained. The duration of aqueous humor levels and the amount penetrating from the ointment were greater than the suspensions, and these effects are discussed relative to the mechanism. Differences in aqueous humor levels produced by 25- and 50-mg doses of ointment were minimal. A discussion of the results from all studies is presented in the context of present theories regarding the role of the lipophilic epithelial layer of the cornea as a barrier to drug penetration."
1133745,"A simple, rapid, and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide (7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide) in plasma. Antiserum capable of binding chlordiazepoxide-2-14C was obtained from rabbits following immunization with an antigen prepared by coupling the reactive acyl azide of 7-chloro-5-(4-hydrazinocarbonylmethoxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide to bovine serum albumin. The radioimmunoassay allows for the specific determination of chlordiazepoxide directly in plasma without extraction and was compared with a differential spectrofluorometric assay for chlordiazepoxide. Both methods gave satisfactory agreement for the plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide in human subjects resulting from single and chronic oral doses of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride."
1133746,"Aluminum hydroxide gel loses reactivity upon aging. However, a sharp decrease in reactivity occurs when the gel is diluted with double-distilled water. The loss of reactivity is directly related to the degree of dilution, but dilution with dioxane or the mother liquor has no effect on reactivity. It is hypothesized that dilution with water causes a change in the equilibrium between stabilizing ions incorporated in the gel structure and ions in solution. As the stabilizing ions leave the gel structure to reestablish the equilibrium, a loss of reactivity is observed until a new equilibrium is established."
1133747,"The applicability of a permeation rate technique to the determination of drug-macromolecule interactions was tested by measuring the extent of interaction of methylparaben with polyvinylpyrrolidone and polysorbate 80. Results were in agreement with literature data obtained by other techniques. The present method, although restricted to permeant molecules that diffuse readily through nonporous nylon membranes, is of potential value for investigations of drug binding by macromolecules not retained by porous dialysis membranes."
1133748,"Reaction of chlorpromazine with 9-bromomethylacridine under appropriate  conditions yields a nonfluorescent quaternary ammonium derivative which, on subsequent photolysis, liberates fluorescence. The major component of this fluorescence is 9-methylacridine (86%), while two minor components are 9-acridinecarboxaldehyde (6%) and 9-acridinemethanol (8%). The mechanism of photolysis leading to formation of these products appears to involve homolytic as well as heterolytic cleavages of the quaternary salt. Both the quaternization and the photolysis are stoichiometric. Appropriate isolation of the fluorescence and its quantitative determination constitutes the basis of a new and highly sensitive assay applicable to chlorpromazine and other tertiary amine drugs."
1133749,"The 3, 3-dimethyl-, 3-n-butyl-3-methyl-, 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-, 3,3-bis(2-fluoroethyl)-, and 3, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazenyl derivatives of imidazole-4-carbonitrile were prepared from 5-diazoimidazole-4-carbonitrile, a stable compound which produced a mass spectrum consistent with its structure. In contrast to the corresponding carboxamides, none of the triazenylimidazole-4-carbonitriles were active against lymphatic leukemia L-1210 im mice. Like the analogous carboxamide, the bis(2-chloroethyl) triazene readily cyclizes to the 1, 2, 3-triazolinium chloride."
1133750,"The possibility tht metronidazole exerts several of its biological actions via interaction with important metal ions was investigated. NMR spectroscopy and polarography (ac) were used to test for any interaction, to locate the probable sites for complexation, and to determine the molecular stoichiometry of any complexes formed. Of the series of divalent metal ions tests, only cupric ion showed detectable interaction with metronidazole. The predominant site of interaction of cupric ion was the unsubstituted nitrogen atom (N-3) on the metronidazole molecule. The stoichiometry of the complex was (Cu-(metronidazole)4)+2. A likely structure for the complex is presented."
1133751,"The extent of plasma binding and the partition coefficient of disopyramide and 20 disopyramide derivatives were determined. Structural variations on the four functional groups around the tetrahedral carbon in the disopyramide molecule was found to influence both parameters to varying degrees. Three linear equations were developed to correlate the observed effects, depending on the type of chemical modification. The linear correlation between drug-plasma interaction and lipophilic character was analyzed theoretically. A simple model was derived to relate quantitatively the variation in the extent of plasma binding to the change in lipophilicity of disopyramide derivatives."
1133752,"The role of principal component analysis in the selection of pharmaceutical formulations is presented. The objective and the procedure of the analysis are discussed in detail. The technique was successfully applied to a system consisting of 10 response variables (tablet properties). Analysis of the results showed that the first component (dissolution) and components one and two together (dissolution and disintegration) contributed 95.4 and 99.3%, respectively, to the overall information about the formulations and that eight of 10 response parameters contributed nothing further to the overall information. The results obtained from this method of analysis may be found useful for achieving economy in both cost and time of measuring response. Principal component analysis also provides a basis for understanding the underlying mechanism of the system under consideration."
1133753,"The published procedure for the synthesis of pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamic acid was improved. The acidity constant of the pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamic acid was determined as pKa = 8.65. In an aqueous solution of iron (III) ions, pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamic acid binds ferric ion, forming a mixture of mono-, bis-, and tris(pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamato)iron (III) complexes. These complexes were studied by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The tris compound was isolated as dark orange-red crystals and identified according to elemental analysis and IR spectral data as C15H21FeN6O9.6H2O, having the magnetic moment of 5.67 B.M."
1133754,"A spectrodensitometric method for the direct determination of sulfadiazine at the tissue residue level (0.1 ppm) is based upon the measurement of the fluorescence of a sulfadiazine-fluorescamine derivative formed directly on a TLC plate by dipping it into a fluorescamine solution. The linear dynamic range for the assay is about 150 from 200 to 0.2 ng, the lower limit of sensitivity. Recoveries from various spiked tissues including milk, eggs, liver, kidneys, muscle, skin, and fat varied with the tissue type but were reproducible. The assay technique has also been used for the assay of sulfamethoxazole and has been explored for use in specifically assaying sulfonamide mixtures."
1133755,"Subjective spreadability, viscosity, and stickiness perceived with the fingers were predicted from fluid mechanics. The correlation coefficients of these predictions were 0.95 for spreadability, 0.95 for viscosity, and 0.09 for stickiness. The two important assumptions in the predictions were that spreadability and viscosity were perceived as shear stress and that stickiness was perceived as time. When the finger geometry was approximated as two parallel plates, the predictions only required rheological data for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids used. While these liquids covered a range of 10-6 in apparent viscosity, large variations in other fluid properties such as density and surface tension were not studied."
1133756,"The shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 3-aminoacridine, proflavine, acridine orange, and acridine yellow were employed to show that the singly charged cations, the predominant species at biological pH, exist in the ground state in the amino form. In the lowest excited singlet state, however, the monocations of the diaminoacridines have the imino structure, a conclusion supported by the relative ground- and excited-state pKa values of the reactions of the monocation with H-+. The ground-state amino structure has its positive charge concentrated at the heterocyclic nitrogen atom, a fact that is of primary importance in determining the geometry of binding to DNA."
1133757,"The influence of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and poloxalene on the GI absorption of phenolsulfonphthalein in the rat was studied. Urinary excretion data after oral administration of the drug to intact rats and loss of the drug from the whole small intestine as a loop were both utilized to assess the effect of the surfactants on absorption. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate markedly increased the absorption of the drug, and the extent was dependent on the surfactant concentration. Maximum effect was observed at the reported ED50 in rats, of the surfactant as a fecal softener. The mechanism responsible for absorption enhancement seems to be an alteration of the permeability of the intestinal membrane. Micellar complexation between the drug and the surfactant resulted in a lesser increase in absorption at the higher surfactant concentrations. Poloxalene did not increase drug absorption, but higher concentrations caused a decrease in absorption due to micellar entrapments of the drug molecules. The influence of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on the peritoneal absorption of the drug was also investigated. Lower doses of the surfactant increased absorption of the drug by altering the membrane permeability. Higher doses decreased absorption due to unavailability of the drug molecules entrapped in the micelles."
1133758,"To explore the effect of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on drug absorption in humans, the urinary excretion of a poorly absorbable drug, phenolsulfonphthalein, administered in solution with and without the surfactant was determined. Coadministration of a therapeutic dose of the surfactant with the drug solution resulted in a significant increase in the initial rate of absorption. A small increase in the extent of absorption was also observed. Pretreatment with the surfactant for 6 nights, followed by administration of the drug on the 7th day, did not significantly change the rate of extent of absorption. The surfactant is thought to have a direct effect on the GI membrane, resulting in a temporary change in its permeability. This effect appears to be reversible after a few hours."
1133759,"Specific assay procedures were developed to measure plasma concentrations of (plus or minus)-1, 2-bis(3, 5-dioxopiperazinyl) propane (1) by GLC using flame-ionization detection with a sensitivity limit of 5 mug/ml and by GLC-mass fragmentography with a sensitivity limit of 0.2 mug/ml. Applicability of the assay procedures was demonstrated in rats, rabbits, and humans. Plasma concentration-time curves of total 14-C activity and intact I was obtained in rats and rabbits following oral and intravenous administration of 14-C-I. Plasma elimination half-lives of I in the first 2 hr following intravenous doses in rats were 40 and 45 min in two rats. Plasma levels of I were measured over 6 hr after an intravenous dose in rabbits and followed a two-compartment open model with a terminal loglinear plasma half-life of 85 min. Significantly higher total 14-C levels compared to intact I plasma concentrations indicated rapid biotransformation in both rats and rabbits to unknown metabolites. The oral bioavailability appeared to be limited in both species relative to intravenous administration. Two patients receiving 3 g I/m-2 in tablets orally showed plasma levels of I similar to those obtained after oral doses in rats and rabbits, with peak concentrations at 2 hr after the dose (3.8 mug/ml) and with still measurable levels 12 hr after the dose (0.4 mug/ml)."
1133760,"At 37 degrees C the vasoconstrictor response of the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery to an infusion of nicotine or acetylcholine (ACh) was transient--rising rapidly to a peak and then fading completely within a minute or two. After complete fade of the response during continued infusion of either nicotine or ACh (in the presence of atropine), the vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation of periarterial adrenergic neurons or to infused norepinephrine (NE) were not diminished. The fade of response was attributed to desensitization of nicotinic receptors at the adrenergic nerve terminals on which nicotine and ACh act to release NE. On washout of either nicotinic agonist after development of desensitization, recovery of sensitivity was essentially complete within several minutes, provided that neither excessively high concentrations nor excessively long periods of infusion had been used. The rate of desensitization to nicotine of ACh increased with concentration of the agonist. On infusion of high concentrations (200 mug/ml) of either, the time required for full desensitization was estimated to be less than 5 seconds. Cross-desensitization was demonstrated for nicotine, ACh and tetramethylammonium. Considerable desensitization occurred even on infusion of nicotine (1 mug/ml) slightly below that required to give a threshold vasoconstrictor response. Moreover, full desensitization without any preceding vasoconstrictor response could be obtained if the concentration of infused nicotine was gradually increased from an initial subthreshold to a final very high suprathreshold level over a 20- to 30-minute period. Both the rate and degree of desensitization to nicotine decreased as the temperature was decreased from 37 degrees to 27 degrees C. The present results are consistent with the concept that the nicotinic receptor (or receptor mechanism) at the adrenergic nerve terminal, after being activated as a result of combination with the agonist, can undergo a transformation to an inactive or desensitized state. It is proposed that under conditions where desensitization to the agonist develops in the absence of any vasoconstrictor response, the fraction of receptors in the activated state at any instant in time during the development is too small to trigger the release of NE."
1133761,"Isomers of amphetamine were tested for their ability to evoke changes in the spontaneous motor behavior of rats. d-Amphetamine was effective within the dose range of 0.2 to 2.0 mg/kg; l-amphetamine was effective within the range of 1.0 to 10.0 mg/kg. Both d- and l-amphetamine were also compared for their pressor and tachycardic activity in pithed rats. The doses of amphetamine tested (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) were identical to those which produced changes in behavior. d-Amphetamine was approximately 5-fold more potent than l-amphetamine in evoking pressor responses and approximately 3-fold more potent in evoking tachycardic responses. The two isomers differed little in their ability to block norepinephrine uptake into heart. The ID50 values were; d-amphetamine 0.7 mg/kg; l-amphetamine, 1.2 mg/kg. Cocaine, which also blocked norepinephrine uptake into heart (ID50 = 3.0 mg/kg), lacked significant pressor or tachycardic activity in pithed, adrenalectomized animals. The inability of cocaine to evoke responses was related to the marked reduction in norepinephrine turnover and release in pithed animals. It was concluded that differences in potency between d- and l-amphetamine cannot be explained on the basis of blockade of norepinephrine uptake. The difference may relate to evoked release of amine."
1133762,"The effects of chronic ingestion of oral contraceptive preparations with ""low"" and ""high"" estrogen contents on conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII) have been examined in the rat. The dosage employed was 1.0 mg/kg/day for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. Blood pressure responses in anesthesized animals showed that in vivo conversion of AI was increased by about 40% with either drug treatment. The activity of injected renin was increased to the same extent as that of AI following treatment with the low-estrogen preparation, and to a greater extent following treatment with the high-estrogen preparation. Blood pressure responses to AII were also slightly increased above control values in those animals which received high-estrogen treatment. However, conversion of AI in isolated perfused lungs or in plasma from treated rats was not significantly altered from normal. It is concluded that conversion of AI to AII can constitute the rate-limiting step in AII production under certain circumstances and that increased conversion may play a part in the changes in the renin-angiotensin system associated with high circulating estrogen levels. The increased conversion is unlikely to be due to a change in pulmonary or plasma converting enzyme activity."
1133763,"The antiarrhythmic efficacy of ajmaline has been evaluated in three experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias in the dog. These data have been related to the actions of the compound on several parameters of heart function and compared to results obtained in various clinical arrhythmias. Ajmaline was more effective in arrhythmias of the ectopic focus type than in the circus movement model. These results agreed with the pattern of clinical activity. The compound produced decreases in excitability and conduction and increased the functional refractory period in all heart tissues. These effects were most marked in the atrium. The drug also showed a moderate degree of anticholinergic activity. Both in the dogs and in the clinical cases, the agent showed an important hypotensive effect. In a group of experiments in which transmembrane potentials were recorded, the compound produced in all tissues a decrease in upstroke velocity and amplitude of the action potential; it also increased the duration of the action potential in atrial and ventricular muscle, but it decreased it in Purkinje fibers. The possible mechanism(s) of action of the drug is discussed in terms of the different hypotheses for cardiac arrhythmias."
1133764,"Bretylium produced electrophysiological effects on both rat atrium and ventricle in vitro at concentrations ranging from 2 times 10- minus 5 to 10- minus three M. Those effects included lengthening of action potential duration and effective refractory period; increasing effective refractory period/action potential duration; decreasing dv/dt of phase zero of the action potential and suppressing the action potential amplitude and overshoot. These effects, which could serve as a basis for the antiarrhythmic action of bretylium, were observed also in hearts from immunosympathectomized rats confirming a direct effect of this drug on the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle cells. In vivo and in vitro exposure of the myocardium to 14-C-bretylium showed that this drug is concentrated in cardiac ventricle and that this concentrating ability of the heart may be responsible for attaining effective antiarrhythmic concentrations  in the myocardium at low plasma concentrations of the drug. Uptake of bretylium by the sympathetic nerves never amounted to more than 15% of the total bretylium binding by the cardiac ventricle and this neuronal uptake became insignificant compared to total bretylium uptake at concentrations greater than 10- minus 6 M. Subcellular distribution of the bretylium bound to the cardiac ventricle from immunosympathectomized rats suggested a binding to plasma membranes. Efflux studies indicate that this binding was tight, although reversible. These results indicate that underlying the antiarrhythmic effects of bretylium is an accumulation of the drug by cardiac muscle cells and a direct effect of the drug on the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle membrane independent of any action on the adrenergic neuron."
1133765,"The effects of dimethyl quaternary propranolol (UM-272) on electrophysiologic properties of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers (PF) were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. In PF superfused with Tyrode's solution, the effects of UM-272, 10- minus 7 to 10- minus 5 M, were studied. In other experiments, UM-272, 3 mg/kg, was injected into donor animals whose blood was used to superfuse isolated PF. Antiarrhythmic concentrations of UM-272 decreased action potential (AP) amplitude, phase 0 upstroke velocity, membrane responsiveness, AP duration and the effective refractory period (the decrease in the effective refractory period was less than that in AP duration). Automaticity of spontaneously firing PF was suppressed. As perfusate potassium concentration was increased, the magnitude of UM-272 effect was accentuated. When the actions of equimolar concentrations of UM-272 and propranolol on PF AP were compared, propranolol attained a steady-state effect more rapidly and tended to depress the AP more markedly. UM-272 did not block epinephrine-induced increases in PF automaticity or the adenylate cyclase activation of PG homogenates induced by epinephrine. These studies indicate that UM-272 has direct effects on the PF AP similar to those of propranolol, but lacks the beta blocking properties of the latter."
1133766,"Pyridine aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) increased the force of contraction of stimulated rabbit left atria in vitro. The threshold concentration was 2.3 times 10- minus 3 M whereas 9.2 times 10- minus 2 M produced the absolute maximum increase in tension of 83%. Pretreatment of rabbits with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg/day for 3 days) had no significant influence on the positive inotropic action of 2-PAM. In addition, propranolol (10- minus 8 and 10- minus 6 M) had no effect. Time to peak tension and the time to complete relaxation during each contraction cycle was significantly prolonged. 2-PAM increased the isometric tension developed by isolated aortic strips. The maximum tension developed by the control aortas to 2-PAM was 1.54 plus or minus 0.17 g and after 10- minus 6 M phentolamine, it remained 1.46 plus or minus 0.19 g. The rate of tension decline of stimulated atria was increased in the presence of 2-PAM from 49.7 plus or minus 2.40 to 28.50 plus or minus 1.32 seconds when the atria were placed in a low calcium (Ca)-containing Ringer's solution (0.24 mM CaCl2). When the bathing medium was changed from a low Ca (0.24 mM CaCl2) Ringer's back to normal Ca (2.4 mM CaCl2) Ringers solution, 2-PAM had no influence on the rate of recovery of the initial tension response of the atria. The 34-Ca uptake and efflux studies demonstrated that 2-PAM had no influence on the inward movement of Ca through the membrane but increased the rate of efflux during the phase II process. 2-PAM depressed the rate of uptake of 45-Ca by the isolated rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. The T1/2 for the control uptake was 1.80 plus or minus 0.07 minutes and in the presence of 2-PAM (2 times 10- minus 2, 5 times 10- minus 2, 1 times 10- minus 1 M) the T1/2 was increased to 4.50 plus or minus 0.22, 7.20 plus or minus 0.36 and 11.6 plus or minus 0.44 minutes, respectively. It is concluded from these studies that 2-PAM has a positive inotropic  effect on isolated rabbit atria which is probably not related to the autonomic nervous system. The evidence obtained strongly suggests that the mechanism of the positive inotropic action is related to the effect of 2-PAM on the homeostasis of intracellular Ca storage sites."
1133767,"The biosynthesis of acetylcholine and the fate of intravenously administered choline [methyl- 3-H] were studied in guinea pigs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Choline and acetylcholine were isolated by paper electrophoresis and estimated by use of a specific enzymatic (choline kinase) - radioisotopic assay. The concentration of acetylcholine ranged from 25.5 to 1.1 nmol/g in the following tissues (in order of decreasing concentration): duodenum, corpus striatum, stomach, cerebral cortex, spinal cord, abdominal fat, submaxillary gland, kidney, adrenal gland, spleen, liver, lung, heart and diaphragm. Choline [methyl- 3-H] was converted in the tissues to acetylcholine within 3 minutes after intravenous administration of the precursor. Virtually all the radioactivity in plasma at that time was present as free choline, suggesting that free choline from plasma is the immediate precursor for acetylcholine synthesized in the tissues cited. The concentration of free choline in tissues ranged from 344 nmol/g in adrenals to 40 nmol/g in heart, while that in plasma was 15 nmol/g. The initial half-life of choline in plasma, estimated from the rate of disappearance of choline after intravenous administration of either a tracer dose of choline [methyl- 3-H] (0.031 mumol/kg) or a high dose of choline chloride (200 mumol/kg), was less than 1 minute. This rapid removal of choline from plasma resulted from uptake (or binding) by tissues, with kidney and liver removing about 50% of the administered dose of choline [methyl- 3-H] within 3 minutes after its administration. Uptake of choline occurred in all tissues cited above, but there was a 20-fold difference in the uptake by the most active tissues (kidney and adrenals), as compared to that of the least active (central nervous system). Within 60 minutes after administration of choline [methyl- 3-H], most of the radioactive choline taken up by tissues had been converted to organic-soluble metabolites and to water-soluble metabolites that behaved like either phosphorylcholine or betaine during paper electrophoresis and chromatography. Betaine was the principal metabolite of choline in plasma. Radioactivity was excreted slowly into urine, which contained primarily free choline, betaine and a large amount of an unidentified metabolite. These findings indicate that the principal mechanism for the rapid removal of choline from plasma is uptake into tissues followed by metabolism."
1133768,"Urinary excretion and tubular handling of 3-H-prostaglandin E2 (3-H-PGE2) were examined in anesthetized rats made diuretic with 2.5% saline infusion using the tracer microinjection technique. Radioactive inulin and PGE2 were simultaneously injected into surface convolutions of proximal and distal tubules with volumetric micropipettes and their urinary excretion were measured. The rate of microinjection was adjusted to approximate tubular flow. Net 3-H-PGE2 recoveries from the microinjected kidney were similar following injections into early (61.2 plus or minus 6.8%) and late (62.9 plus or minus 7.9%) proximal tubules, but significantly higher after injection into distal tubules (91.3 plus or minus 7.0%) indicating absorption of 3-H-PGE2 in the loop of Henle but not in the proximal and distal nephron. Excretion was primarily direct, that is, parallel with inulin excretion when PGE2 was deposited in distal convoluted tubules. After injection of 3-H-PGE2 into early and late proximal tubules, half of net recovery was direct and half showed temporal dissociation from inulin (indirect recovery), revealing retardation of PGE2 excretion in the loop. Segmental tubular efflux occurred primarily in the loop of Henle (48.5%). It was low in the distal nephron (13.5%) and negligible in the proximal convoluted tubule (6.1%). These studies indicate that the loop of Henle is the principal site of transtubular PGE2 movement. They do not suggest a primary tubular route of transfer of medullary prostaglandins to cortical vascular or peritubular sites of action except for possible inhibition of distal reabsorption from the luminal side."
1133769,"The effect of carbon tetracholoride (CCl4) inhalation (1100 ppm, 30 minutes) on rat hepatic polyribosomal profile, amino acid incorporation and endoplasmic reticulum were studied in phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreated rats. The inhalation of CCl4 alone caused a partial disruption of the hepatic polyribosomal profile. Rats pretreated with phenobarbital or 3-MC showed complete disruption of the hepatic polyribosomal profile. The hepatic polyribosomal profile returned to normal within 24 hours after exposure to CCl4 in saline and 3-MC-pretreated rats as compared to 48 hours in phenobarbital-pretreated rats. The incorporation of 14-C(U)-L-leucine into 9000 x g liver supernatant fraction protein was decreased in phenobarbital-pretreated rats when measured immediately following or 24 hours after inhalation of CCl4. The incorporation was also decreased in 3-MC-pretreated rats when measured immediately after exposure but not at 6 or 24 hours. The centrolobular hepatocytes of phenobarbital-pretreated rats exposed to CCl4 showed dilation and vesiculation of cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and striking changes in the nuclear double membrane. Partial recovery occurred within 24 hours and complete recovery within 48 hours after exposure. There were no observable changes in these parameters 0, 6, or 24 hours after exposure to CCl4 in 3-MC-pretreated rats. A new hypothesis is put forward which states that the activation of CCl4 to trichloromethyl free radicals takes place at two sites on the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 electron-transport chain of liver microsomes."
1133770,"1. The membrane resistance of isolated salivary glands was found to decrease in response to 5-HT. The change in resistance was calcium-dependent. 2. The resistance change of the apical membrane was found to be much greater than the change in resistance of the basal membrane. 3. Potential responses under current-clamped conditions showed that one part of the biphasic response to 5-HT (attributed to an increase in chloride permeability) could be reversed and the other part (attributed to an increase in a potassium pump) could not. 4. These observations have been incorporated into a model which, on evaluation, predicts all of the observed potential changes during the action of 5-HT. It  suggests that the potential responses reflect changes in the internal chloride concentration produced by the calcium-dependent increases in chloride permeability."
1133771,"1. S-potential responses to transient and maintained light stimuli have been recorded from units in the mixed rod-cone retina of a teleost fish species Eugerres plumieri. 2. Four spectral classes of S-potential were observed, three cone- and one rod-type. The cone-type responses were subdivided into two L-type (referred to as L1 and L2), and a C-type response. Two classes of transient depolarization response were also recorded from those retinal levels associated with the S-potential responses and these are attributed, tentatively, to rod and cone bipolar activity. 3. L2-type S-potentials do not yield constant hyperpolarization during maintained light stimulation, the time course of the response potential, V, being given approximately by (see article) where Vt is the response potential at time t sec following the onset of stimulation, Vo being the initial response potential. In contrast, both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing components of the C-type response were maintained under conditions of steady illumination. 4. Under maintained light stimulation at saturation illumination level, the rod S-potentials escape from hyperpolarization in a manner similar to that previously observed for the skate (Dowling & Ripps, 1971). 5. L2-type responses to transient test stimuli of illumination level I, superimposed on a steady background field of illumination level I', are in some respects consistent with Alpern, Rushton & Torii's (1970) empirical formula (see article) with K, I one-half and ID constants. However, for the present data, the value of I one-half is dependent on I'. 6. The significance of Ricco's law for S-potential responses is discussed in relation to these findings."
1133772,"1. A giant dopamine-containing cell, situated in the left pedal ganglion of the water snail Planorbis corneus, was identified in isolated living preparations of the central nervous system. Spectrophotofluorimetric analysis confirms that the cell contains dopamine, whereas noradrenaline appears to be absent. The cell is unique in being a repeatedly identifiable dopamine-containing neurone. 2. Stimulation of the giant dopamine-containing cell resulted in excitatory, inhibitory or biphasic (depolarizing-hyperpolarizing) synaptic potentials in a number of follower neurones. The duration of the e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s was 0-3-5 sec; they ranged from barely detectable responses to ones 7 mV in amplitude in different cells. The depolarizing phase of a biphasic synaptic potential (b.p.s.p.) was usually less than 1 mV in amplitude (max. 3mV) and lasted 40-400 msec. The latency of i.p.s.p.s was long (70-120 msec) compared with that of e.p.s.p.s and b.p.s.p.s (20 msec). Abolition of the depolarizing phase of b.p.s.ps. by tubocurarine left a long-latency (70-120 msec) i.p.s.p. All responses showed summation and marked facilitation. 3. Evidence is presented that the post-synaptic potentials are produced by direct connections from the giant cell and result from a release of dopamine. Of eight putative transmitter substances tested on these different groups of neurones, only dopamine produced a potential change which in each case was of the same polarity as the post-synaptic potential when this was monophasic. However, generally applied dopamine produced only a hyperpolarization in follower cells showing b.p.s.p.s.  This result is probably partly due to rapid desensitization of the receptors mediating the depolarization and also to a masking of the depolarization by the more effective hyperpolarizing response. 4. Erogometrine and 6-hydroxydopamine specifically antagonized the i.p.s.p.s and dopamine receptors mediating inhibition. Neither the e.p.s.p.s nor the excitatory dopamine response were blocked by high concentrations of hexamethonium. Hexamethonium was also ineffective in blocking the depolarizing phase of a b.p.s.p., which was, however, selectively eliminated by tubocurarine. 5. It is suggested that dopamine is the transmitter released from the giant cell and that it can mediate excitatory, inhibitory or biphasic responses in different follower neurones."
1133773,"1. Polyneuronal innervation is known to occur in several types of vertebrate muscle, including mammalian muscle spindle (Gray, 1957). Previous work had led to the suggestion that the multiply innervated cat extraocular muscles were similarly polyneuronally innervated. 2. The presence of polyneuronal innervation in fibres that show propagated conduction was explored in the two muscles innervated by the abducens nerve: the lateral rectus (which contains multiply innervated fibres) and the retractor bulbus (which does not). 3. Under conditions of twitch and tetanic stimulation, the sum of individual tensions from the two nerve branches was compared with the tension elicited from the whole nerve. An analysis of variance indicated that the lateral rectus and the retractor bulbus did not differ significantly in terms of tension excess. The twitch condition yielded a small but statistically significant (P smaller than 0-01) amount of tension excess, whereas the tetanic condition did not. 4. Twitches elicited by stimulation of one branch of the abducens nerve showed slight potentiation when preceded by a tetanic stimulation to the other nerve branch. This effect could be ready differentiated from the post-tetanic potentiation elicited by applying both twitch and tetanic stimuli to the whole nerve. 5. Muscle fatigue produced by intensive stimulation of one nerve branch did not decrease the amplitude of the tetanic contraction elicited by stimulation of the other branch. In fact, instead of crossed fatigue, a small but significant (P smaller than 0-05) potentiation was observed. 6. Analysis of the results of the three tests led to the conclusion that polyneuronal innervation could not be demonstrated in cat extraocular muslce fibers that showed propagated conduction. Thus, the end-to-end muscle fibre junctions (Floyd, 1970) apparently do not transmit conducted impulses."
1133774,"1. Extracts were prepared of chicken duodenum and their actions on pancreatic secretion in urethane anasthetized turkeys and in conscious cats were compared with those of pure natural porcine secretin. 2. The chicken extracts and porcine secretin stimulated dose-dependent increases in the rate of flow, but not the rate of protein secretion, from the pancreas in cats and turkeys. 3. Porcine cholecystokinin stimulated both the rate of flow and the rate of protein secretion from the pancrease in turkeys. 4. The doses of chicken extract required to evoke half maximal rates of flow of pancreatic juice were similar in the turkey (0-55 mg/kg) and in the cat (0-72 mg/kg). The highest concentration of bicarbonate recorded in the turkey responses was 30 m-equiv/l. compared with 112 m-equiv/l. in the cat. 5. The dose of porcine secretin required for half maximal rate of flow in the bird  (5-9 mug/kg) was 180 times higher than in the mammal (0-33 mug/kg). In the cat the duration of responses to porcine secretin was significantly greater than to the chicken extract. 6. It is concluded that in birds there is a factor with biological properties similar but not identical to those of porcine secretin, and that this factor may regulate pancreatic secretion by a mechanism resembling the secretin mechanism in mammals."
1133775,"1. The electrical properties of horizontal cells in the mudpuppy in light and dark were measured with a pair of micropipettes separated by about 1 mum with low coupling resistance so that no bridge circuitry was required. 2. All horizontal cells studied showed significant anomalous rectification: the current-voltage characteristic for about 60 per cent of the cells studied had a slope resistance of about 20-30 M omega at the dark potential level; the slope resistance increased by about 15% for each 10 mV depolarization and decreased by about 15% for each 10 mV hyperpolarization. The remaining 40% of the horizontal cells showed a higher input resistance at corresponding potential levels but had similar rectifying properties. 3. The increase in resistance with depolrization developed with a time course of about 1/2 sec when steady steps of outward current were passed across the membrane, but the time course for resistance decrease with hyperpolarization was much shorter for steady inward current steps. In about half the horizontal cells there was a transient decrease in resistance lasting about 100 msec immediately following the outward current steps superimposed upon the slower sustained resistance increase. 4. The normal 20-30 mV hyperpolarizing light response was associated with little or no change in input resistance. However, if the membrane potential was held at the dark potential level with extrinsic current, thereby eliminating the potential-dependent resistance change, a light-elicited resistance increase of about 10 M omega was measured. 5. The time-dependent change in membrane resistance elicited by polarizing steps of current obscured the reversal potential for the response. However, when the reversal potential was measured at short times following polarization of the membrane, before the time-dependent resistance change developed, it was estimated at between +15 and +50 m V. 6. The results suggest that the horizontal cell response is mediated by a light-elicited resistance increase at the synaptic membrane which is obscured by a potential- and time-dependent resistance decrease at another part of the membrane."
1133776,"1. Physiological properties of developing nerve-muscle junctions were studied in regenerating limbs of adult salamanders. 2. During the period of synapse formation the muscle fibres had diameters of 4-10 mum, resting potentials of minus 90 to minus 100 mV and input resistances of 10-50 Momega. Some, but not all, pairs of adjacent muscle fibres were electrically coupled. 3. At the stage when muscle fibres could first be identified, some of them were not innervated, at least as determined by electrophysiological criteria. 4. During muscle innervation the neuromuscular synapses were encountered in several intermediate phases of maturity. (i) At the least mature junctions small spontaneous synaptic potentials occurred, but stimulation of the motor nerve trunk did not evoke synchronous transmitter release. (ii) At other junctions maximal nerve stimulation evoked only a single end-plate potential of low quantum content. (iii) More mature fibres received synaptic input from as many as four motor neurons, which could be distinguished by their discrete stimulus thresholds. 5. During this period of synapse development the fibres lacked an action potential but often showed a prolonged response to depolarization. 6. Fibres in normal adult muscles had from one to three synaptic inputs, were not electrically coupled, and responded to depolarization with an action potential."
1133777,"1. The acetylcholine (ACh)-releasing system in the cerebral cortex of pentobarbital anaesthetized cats was investigated by examining the effect of graded afferent volleys in forelimb nerves on ACh release from the sensorimotor cortices contralateral and ipsilateral to the site of stimulation. 2. Cortical ACh release was determined by bio-assay of neostigmine-containing perfusates which had been in contact with the cortical surfaces for 5-10 min periods. 3. Afferent volleys, generated by stimuli that were effective in activating as many fibres of a fibre group as possible without stimulating fibres in the group with the next highest threshold for activation, were monitored from dorsal roots C7 or C8 before entering the spinal cord. 4. Stimulation of the deep (DR) and superficial (SR) radial nerves and the radial (R) nerve proximal to the junction of the DR and SR were effective in enhancing ACh release only when either group III or groups III and IV fibres were included in the afferent volley. 5. The rates of ACh release from the primary receiving area of the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the site of stimulation did not differ from those from the same area of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex. 6. The pertinence of this data to the various hypotheses concerning the nature of the ACh-releasing pathways to the cerebral cortex is discussed."
1133778,"1. In anaesthetized dogs, stimulation of atrial receptors after destruction of the pituitary gland results in a diuresis. This response was not abolished by the administration of bretylium tosylate and was also observed in a surgically denervated kidney. 2. The diuresis is qualitatively similar to that observed in anaesthetized dogs with intact pituitary glands. 3. It is concluded that the diuresis which results from stimulation of the left atrial receptors is mediated by a blood-borne agent which is not the antidiuretic hormone."
1133779,"1. Variations in the output of glucocorticoids and catecholamines from the right adrenal gland, in response to insulin hypoglycaemia, have been investigated in calves 2-5 weeks after birth. These have been correlated with changes in the concentration of glucocorticoids and glucagon in arterial plasma. 2. Moderate hypoglycaemia for a limited period (0-1 u. insulin/kg), elicited a prompt increase in steroid output from the adrenal gland followed by a significant rise in plasma glucagon concentration. By comparison, changes in both catecholamine output and peripheral plasma glucocorticoid concentrations were found to be trivial in this group of animals. 3. Administration of a larger dose of insulin (0-5 u./kg) produced a more substantial fall in plasma glucose concentration followed by spontaneous recovery within 2-3 hr. This stimulus elicited the release of greater amounts of both cortisol and corticosterone, followed by a significant increase both in the output of adrenaline and in plasma glucagon concentration. Increase in steroid output was accompanied by an increase in adrenal blood flow and was associated with elevated concentrations of both steroids in arterial plasma. 4. The adrenal cortical response and associated changes in plasma steroid concentration were found to be transient even in response to persistent and intense hypoglycaemia (4 u. insulin/kg). The increase in plasma glucagon concentration in this group of animals was not significantly greater than that produced by smaller doses of insulin. However, substantial amounts of adrenaline (78 plus or minus 14 ng. kg-minus 1 min-minus 1; maximum; n equals 9) together with a little noradrenaline (10 plus or minus 3 ng.kg-minus 1 min-minus 1; maximum; n equals 9) were released from the right adrenal gland under these conditions. 5. Changes in adrenal blood flow could be related to adrenal glucocorticoid output in calves given 0-1 or 0-5 u. insulin/kg. In animals given the largest dose of insulin adrenal blood flow was found to increase coincidentally with rising steroid output but this hyperaemia then persisted after steroid output had subsided to values within the normal range. 6. Calves given the largest dose of insulin (4-0 u./kg) invariably collapsed and convulsed after 2-3 hr, but these symptoms could not be related to any particular endocrine response. No clinical signs of hypoglycaemia were observed in the other animals. 7. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of adrenal function in this and other species."
1133780,"1. Secretion of catecholamines (CA) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity from the perfused cat adrenal gland was studied following splanchnic nerve stimulation or infusion of acetylcholine (ACh). 2. Splanchnic nerve stimulation (30 Hz) or perfusion with a low concentration of ACh (10-minus5 M) caused a marked release of CA in the venous effluent, but release of DBH activity was minimal while a higher concentration of ACh (10-minus 4 M) enhanced the release of CA and DBH. 3. The ratio of DBH/CA released in the perfusate by splanchnic nerve stimulation or ACh infusion was only a small fraction of the ratio in the soluble lysate of purified chromaffin vesicles. 4. Following reserpine treatment, adrenal CA levels fell to 25% of the control value in 24 hr, remained depressed on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 at 5% of the control and recovered to 60% of the control value on the 6th day. DBH activity was unchanged from the control value at 24 hr after treatment, then rose as high as 5 times the control on the 5th day and was still twice the control value on the 6th day. 5. CA secretion in response to ACh (10-minus 4 M) perfusion was reduced to 30% of the control value on the first day after reserpine treatment, while DBH secretion was unchanged. On the 2nd day, CA secretion was depressed further to 5% of the control and remained at this low level up to 5 days after treatment while DBH secretion was twice the control value at 48 hr and then on days 3, 4 and 5 rose up to 5 times the control value. On the 6th day, secretion of CA recovered to 30% of the control while DBH secretion was now twice the control. 6. Isopycnic sucrose density (discontinuous) gradient centrifugation of vesicles from adrenal glands of control cats, and of cats given reserpine 1 or 2 days perviously, indicated that new vesicles or vesicles depleted of CA by reserpine had a lower equilibrium density than the original population of vesicles. 7. These results suggest that the release of CA is quantal in nature, but the release of DBH is not necessarily coupled with it. Release of DBH by ACh from reserpinized glands suggests that the vesicles which were once involved in secretion may be re-used for synthesis and storage of CA."
1133781,"1. Short segments of isolated longitudinal myometrium from the pregnant rate uterus have been studied in a double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp arrangement. The clamped segment averaged 65 mum times 240 mum times 100 mum, has an average total capacitance of 0-14 muF, and may contain 50-200 individual myometrial cells. 2. A significant resistance exists in series with the membrane, and limits theprecision of the quantitative information. However, it is argued that some qualitative and some comparative information is useful. 3. In Krebs-bicarbonate solution, depolarizing steps produced initial transient inward currents followed by delayed outward currents. 4. When [Na+]o was reduced by 50%, the equilibrium potential Ea shifted by an average of -17-6 mV, the maximum inward current was reduced to 0-5, the time to peak of the early current was delayed by 1-1 msec, and the maximum chord conductances for the early(Ga) and late (GK) currents remained unchanged as compared with those in normal [Na+]o. 5. When [Ca2+] was reduced to 25% of normal, Ea shifted by an average of -20-3 mV, the maximum inward current was reduced to 0-5, the time to peak was delayed 3-1 msec, and Ga was significantly reduced, while GK was unaffected. 6. The early current, and its tail when repolarization was imposed, reversed direction from inward to outward when [Na+]o was reduced from 143 mM to zero, with [Ca2+]o remaining constant at 1-9 mM. 7. From the observations in 4, 5 and 6, it was concluded that Na+ is the main charge carrier for the early current, and that Ca2+ is important in regulating Ga. 8. The late current is outwards when [K+]o equals 5-9 mM, but inwards in some voltage range when [K+]o was elevated to 120 or 148 mM. K+ is the main charge carrier for the late current. 9. The equilibrium potential for the late current, EK, is about 15 mV more negative than the natural resting potential. 10. Prolonged holding of the preparations at voltages that differ significantly from the natural resting potential tends to shift EK in a way consistent with passive changes in [K+]i by the holding current. 11. The steady-state inactivation of the early current, h, is unusual. Inward current is macimum around the resting potential, and declines with both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing changes. Half-inactivation occurred with about 9 mV depolarization and 15 mV hyperpolarization. 12. The instantaneous current-voltage relations of both early and late currents are linear. The chord conductances Ga and GKare similar in form to those in other tissues."
1133782,"1. The kinetics of absorption of glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside have been measured in rat jejunum in vivo using a chemical method and a new electrical technique. 2. Sugar absorption estimated by chemical methods exhibited two components. One component was phlorrhizin-sensitive, saturable and generated electrical potential differences (electrogenic active component) while the other was phlorrhizin-insensitive, non-saturable and did not generate electrical potentials (diffusive component). 3. The diffusive component of the actively transported sugars was indentical to the absorption behaviour of sorbose, a hexose that is not actively transferred. 4. A method for correcting the data obtained from chemical absorption studies for the diffusive component was developed. The corrected, operational kinetic constants for 'apparent Km' obtained by this method were not significantly different to values obtained electrically. The identity between the values obtained by both methods supports the concept that they represent a measure of the same rate-limiting step in the absorption process. 5. The application and significance of the techniques is discussed in relation to the clinical assessment of intestinal sugar absorption."
1133783,"1. In unanaesthetized cats a comparison is made of the hyperglycaemic effects of adrenaline and morphine, when injected or infused through chronically implanted cannulae, into different regions of the cerebral ventricles or of the subarachnoid space, in order to determine their sites of action. 2. On injection into the cerebral ventricles both adrenaline and morphine have to reach the subarachnoid space beneath the ventral surface of the brain stem before they can exert their hyperglycaemic effect. The adrenaline has to reach the region rostral to the pons, i.e. the fossa interpeduncularis, and the morphine the region caudal to the trapezoid bodies. These conclusions are based on the following findings. 3. When adrenaline (55 mug) and morphine (0-75mg) were infused into one or other of these two regions, adrenaline produced strong hyperglycaemia on infusion into the fossa interpeduncularis, but had scarcely any hyperglycaemic effect on infusion into the region caudal to the trapezoid bodies. The reverse result was obtained with morphine. 4. It is concluded that the adrenaline hyperglycaemia is mainly a peripheral effect. It occurs after the adrenaline has been absorbed into the blood stream from the fossa interpeduncularis but an additional central component, an action on brain stem structures reached from the fossa interpeduncularis, cannot be excluded. The morphine hyperglycaemia is a central effect due to an action on superficial structures of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, caudal to the trapezoid bodies."
1133784,"1. 45-Ca efflux and resting tension were measured in isolated guinea-pig auricles under conditions known to change the intracellular free Ca ion concentration. 2. In the presence of [Na]o, caffeine (2mM) increases 45-Ca efflux, but does not produce a contracture, while in the absence of [Na]o and [Ca]o caffeine causes a contracture without increasing 45-Ca efflux. Adrenaline (10-minus5-10-minus 4M) with or without theophylline (0-5-1-0mM) has no effect on either 45-Ca efflux or resting tension. 3. In the presence of caffeine the rate of net efflux of Ca depends on [Na]o-2. Caffeine contractures of muscles in Na-free solution relax upon the addition of [Na]o. Relaxation is correlated with the increase in net efflux of Ca. 4. Cyanide (2mM) produces a variable increase in 45-Ca efflux without a concomitant contracture in Na-containing solutions, but in Na, Ca-free solutions a large contracture occurs without significant increase in 45-Ca efflux. 5. A large increase in 45-Ca efflux and a contracture were observed with the 'Ca-ionophore' X 537 A. 6. Changes in membrane potential (K-depolarization) in hypertonic solutions have no significant effect on Na-dependent 45-Ca efflux, which is an agreement with an electroneutral 2:1 Na-Ca exchange. 7. Cyanide and X 537 A both cause a considerable release of Ca ions from isolated guinea-pig heart mitochondria, while caffeine has no effect. 8. The results suggest a powerful role of the Na-Ca exchange system in reducing the intracellular Ca concentration after Ca release from intracellular stores."
1133785,"1. An investigation was carried out on single cells in 7 day old rat primary somatosensory cortex, which responded to cutaneous stimulation using mechanical pulses. 3 percent of cells encountered showed stable spontaneous activity, whereas 88 percent were silent in the absence of intentional stimulation. The remainder showed unstable spontaneous activity. In contrast, the great majority of adult cells were spontaneously active in the absence of stimulation, under similar conditions of urethane anaesthesia. 2. The distribution within cortical layers of cutaneously driven cells was similar in adult and 7 day old rats, and similar to that found in adult mammalian cortex by other workers. 3. 7 day old cells showed diminished excitability to cutaneous stimulation with stimuli at intervals below 10-15 sec, whereas adult cells could be successfully repetitively driven with stimuli at intervals of 500 msec. The low ability of the immature cells to follow repetitive cutaneous stimulation is not due to an overall depression of these cells excitability per se. Latencies of unitary responses in these immature cells were about sixfold those found in equivalent cells at maturity. 4. Columnar organization at seven days of age was similar in outline to that of the adult, but much less discrete. Receptive fields were considerably larger at 7 days and evidence is given that this may be due to inadequate surround inhibition. Immature vibrissae-driven units were directionally selective. 5. At 7 days of age, long inter-spike intervals were rare in spontaneously active cells with the result that inter-spike interval histogram distributions (i.h.s.) were approximately normal. Corresponding i.h.s. of adult cells invariably showed skew distributions. 6. Tactile stimulation of centre receptive fields produced an increase in short and long intervals from spontaneously active cells at each age. In contrast to adult cells, the immature cells commonly responded cyclically, with alternating phases of increased and decreased firing rate for periods of up to 3 sec following punctate stimulation. 7. Decrease in spontaneous firing rate, following the first phase of excitation, was profound in 7 day old cells, and implied that inhibitory mechanisms operate at an early age in the rat somatosensory system. These mechanisms also appear to contribute to cyclical activity of 7 day old cells when driven by punctate cutaneous stimulation."
1133786,"1. A constant specific activity of radioactively labelled amino acids was maintained in the circulation by means of a new technique devised for this purpose. This has made it possible to measure accurately the entry rates of amino acids into the brain in vivo. 2. The rates of entry into the brain of seven nutritionally non-essential amino acids were measured. 3. Glycine and proline enter the brain relatively slowly, at rates comparable to those of amino acids which are not normally found in the blood. Thus their entry is due mainly if not entirely to passive diffusion. 4. Serine (which is used by the brain to make glycine) and alanine (which is used to make glutamate and aspartate) enter the brain as rapidly as the essential amino acids and thus, although not essential for the body as a whole, appear to be essential for the brain. 5. It is suggested that those amino acids that the brain is able to synthesize have low rates of entry, even though they are present at high concentrations in the plasma, but that the transport systems for those amino acids that are not synthesized in the brain ensure rapid entry at rates that are related to the rates of cerebral utilization."
1133787,"1. Motor units in the first dorsal interosseus muscle of normal human subjects were recorded by needle electrodes, together with the surface electromyogram (e.m.g.). The wave form contributed by each motor unit to the surface e.m.g. was determined by signal averaging. 2. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the wave form contributed to the surface e.m.g. by a motor unit increased approximately as the square root of the threshold force at which the unit was recruited. The peak-to-peak duration of the wave form was independent of the threshold force. 3. Large and small motor units are uniformly distributed throughout this muscle, and the muscle fibres making up a motor unit may be widely dispersed. 4. The rectified surface e.m.g. was computed as a function of force, based on the sample of motor units recorded. The largest contribution of motor unit recruitment occurs at low force levels, while the contribution of increased firing rate becomes more important at higher force levels. 5. Possible bases for the common experimental observation that the mean rectified surface e.m.g. varies linearly with the force generated by a muscle are discussed. E.m.g. potentials and contractile responses may both sum non-linearly at moderate to high force levels, but in such a way that the rectified surface e.m.g. is still approximately linearly related to the force produced by the muscle."
1133788,"1. Binocularly driven neurones with small receptive fields near the area centralis were recorded in the cat's superior colliculus. 2. Binocular interaction was tested by stimulating both eyes simultaneously with a single moving stimulus at various retinal disparities. 3. Collicular cells in general showed strong summation or even facilitation when the images of the stimulus were in exact correspondence on the receptive fields, sometimes with occlusion when they were out of register. The range of retinal disparity over which there was additive interaction could be as little as 1 or 2 deg, almost as narrow as for the most precisely tuned neurones in the visual cortex. Even cells with large receptive fields sometimes showed a narrow range of binocular interaction. 4. Non-directional cells generally exhibited weaker summation and broader disparity selectivity than did direction-selective cells. 5. Some neurones with virtually no response to a stimulus in one of the eyes can exhibit marked binocular interaction. Other apparently monocular cells show little or no binocular interaction. 6. The disparity of the centres of the receptive fields was measured after correcting for small eye movements, which were assessed by two different techniques. For 132 cells the measured distribution of horizontal disparity (range 4.5 deg; S.D. 0.93 deg) was significantly broader than that of vertical disparity (range 2.2 deg; S.D. 0.52 deg). Sources of error in these measurements are considered. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the known connexions between visual cortex and superior colliculus and the possible role of the latter in the regulation of eye movements."
1133789,"Intracellular responses were recorded from rods in isolated eye-cups of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Responses to small and large diameter spots of 500 nm light were studied. 1. The peak amplitudes of responses smaller than approximately 2 mV were directly proportional to irradiance. Small spots (less than 100 mum diameter) produced approximately 30 muV/rhodopsin molecule bleached. Increasing stimulus diameter to 400-500 mum increased this five to seven times to about 200 muV/rhodopsin molecule bleached in the impaled receptor. The difference is attributed to a neural ""enhancement"" produced by stimulating neighbouring rods. 2. Enlarging the diameter of a spot altered the shape of responses produced by very dim lights. 3. The variance of responses to a small spot was only slightly less than the mean. The variance of responses to a large spot was much less than the mean. 4. Responses evoked by a small spot of dim light obeyed the superposition principle in that the response to a very dim step of light was the integral of the response of a very dim flash. Responses evoked by a large spot did not obey the superposition principle. The response to a step of dim light covering a spot of large diameter was less than predicted from the integral of the response to a flash. The difference is attributed to a neural ""disenhancement"" produced by stimulating neighbouring rods. 5. The time course of this disenhancement could be observed by presenting two large diameter, dim flashes within a short interval. The time course of disenhancement did not coincide with that of the voltage response but was delayed such that its maximum occurred after the peak amplitude. 6. Dim background lights of different diameter, which delivered the same quantity of light to the impaled cell but very different quantities of light to neighbouring cells, left the response produced by a small diameter test spot unaltered. It is concluded that rod-rod interaction can modify the intracellular responses of rods in two ways; it produces an early enhancement which increases response amplitude nearly tenfold and also a delayed disenhancement which replaces the wave of enhancement that follows a flash."
1133790,"The intracellular responses of rods in the retina of the turtle, Chelydra serpentina, were studied with brief flashes of monochromatic light. 1. Flashes of red or green light applied over an area 25 mum in diameter produce responses with the same shape. With such restricted stimuli, the spectral sensitivity of a rod agrees well with the absorption spectrum of the porphyropsin pigment contained in its outer segment. 2. With stimulating spots more than 500 mum in diameter, dim flashes of red or green light produce responses having different shapes. When the spectral sensitivity of a rod is tested using dim lights of large diameter, the sensitivity to red light is much greater than predicted by the absorption spectrum of porphyropsin. 3. The shape of the response produced by large diameter spots of dim, red light resembles that of cones. 4. Increasing the diameter of a dim, red spot beyond 500 mum markedly alters the amplitude and shape of responses from horizontal cells but does not significantly affect the response of rods. It is concluded that rods receive an excitation from neighbouring cones. This interaction is unlikely to be mediated by type I luminosity horizontal cells but may be mediated by either direct connexions between cones and rods or by an interneurone with a small receptive field."
1133791,"1. A method is described for studying renin release from superfused rat glomeruli following their rapid isolation by a magnetic iron-oxide technique. 2. Microscopically selected glomeruli were free of tubular components. Some possessed vascular pole protrusions of up to 20 mum, unrelated to renin content. 3. Renin content of 102 batches, each of 400 glomeruli, was 1.34 plus or minus 0.08 times 10-4 Goldblatt hog units per 100 glomeruli (plus or minus S.E. of mean). Different osmolarities (305, 355 and 400 m-osmole/1.), sodium concentrations (110 and 135 mM) and buffer compositions of the preparation solution did not alter this value. Renin content per glomerulus in intact kidney was 100-fold higher. 4. At 30 degrees C the contained juxtaglomerular cells released renin at consistent but decreasing rates over 4-6 hr. Initial release rate in 110 mM sodium, 305 m-osmole/1. solutions were 0.86 plus or minus 0.068 times 10-6 units per 100 glomeruli per 30 min (plus or minus S.E. of mean, n = 42) or 0.546 plus or minus 0.046 percent of content per 30 min. In 135 mM sodium, 305 m-osmole/1. solutions, release was 2.4-fold higher (P less than 0.001) and remained elevated for at least 3 hr. When related to renin content per glomerulus resting release rate in vitro was higher by at most one order of magnitude than calculated in vivo values. 5. Release was augmented by gentle physical agitation of the glomeruli. 6. Release rate was inversely ralated to temperature. On reducing temperature from 30 degrees C, release increased 2.6-fold at 20 degrees C and 6.7-fold at 10 degrees C (P less than 0.001, n = 11). The response was reversible. 7. 3 mM sodium cyanide plus 3 mM sodium iodoacetate caused a variable release of renin associated with depletion of content within 4 hr. The response was progressive and reached a peak after 60 min. 8. Sensitivity of renin release to temperature and metabolic blockade indicates that energy is required for retention of renin by the cell. This, together with the release observed with increased sodium concentration at constant osmolarity, suggests a dependence of renin release upon the mechanism controlling the volume of the juxtaglomerular cell or its organelles."
1133792,"1. Possible influence of different visual environments on the reorganization of retinotectal projection was studied with neurophysiological mapping methods following excision of the caudal half of the optic tectum in adult goldfish. 2. Post-operative light-deprivation showed no significant effects: in the absence of visual input, the visual projection from the whole retina because compressed on to the remaining rostral half-tectum in correct retinotopic order within 4 months, regardless of whether the contralateral optic nerve was left intact, or severed and then allowed to regenerate. 3. When the operated goldfish were continually exposed to visual stimuli without any dark period (post-operative dark-deprivation), two different results were observed: if the optic nerve was sectioned, in addition to excision of the caudal tectum, an orderly field compression was observed within 70 days in the re-established retinotectal projection; on the other hand, if the optic nerve was left intact, the dark-deprived fish retained the original connexions between the remaining rostral half-tectum and the temporal hemiretina without showing any sign of field compression for up to 253 days. 4. When the dark-deprived fish was then transferred into darkness, the suppressive effect disappeared: a compression of the retinotectal projection was induced within 2 or 3 weeks after the transfer. 5. Histological preparations of the fish brains showed consistent morphologic changes in the laminar structure of the remaining half-tectum. The stratum opticum and the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale merged together to form a new layer which contained an intricate network of thick fibre bundles."
1133793,"1. The renal kallikrein-kinin system has previously been linked with renal control of sodium and water excretion. The present investigations were carried out to examine more closely these relationships. 2. In physiological studies with rabbits, urinary kallikrein was measured by a modification of the [3-H]TAME method. 3. With rabbits on free sodium and water intake, urinary kallikrein was positively correlated with both sodium and water excretion. Kallikrein excretion was also negatively correlated with urinary osmolality. 4. In rabbits on chronic high and low sodium diets, urinary kallikrein was positively correlated with urinary volume but not with sodium excretion. 5. In rabbits held to a constant fluid intake but with sodium intake changed, urinary kallikrein was not correlated with sodium excretion. 6. These results indicate that the positive correlation of kallikrein excretion with sodium excretion under conditions of free sodium and water intake may be only secondary to the positive relationship of kallikrein excretion with urinary volume. 7. The results of the present investigations do not support the hypothesis that the renal kallikrein-kinin system is necessarily involved in renal control of sodium excretion under normal conditions but it is where a change in sodium intake leads to a change in fluid intake and consequently of urinary volume. 8. In the above experiments, urinary kallikrein was always positively correlated with urinary volume and negatively correlated with urinary osmolality. This may indicate a functional relationship between renal kallikrein and water excretion."
1133805,A study of morbidity on a new housing estate reveals a higher prevalence rate of both physical and mental illness. Much of this is due to physical factors associated with the estate which could have been avoided in the light of previous experience had more attention been given to detail. The proposals embodied in the management arrangements for the reorganised National Health Service should provide the machinery to prevent these faults recurring.
1133807,"Electrocardiography has a useful place in general-practice cardiology:(1) by bringing to light unexpected findings thereby altering the diagnostic spectrum and, in some cases at least, management.(2) by acting as a monitor in the continuing management of patients suffering from some forms of cardiovascular disease, and, in particular, from essential hypertension.In 1970 the purchase of a ;Cambridge Transrite' 4-2 battery two-speed electrocardiograph made it possible to test the value of this working tool in a practice population of about 5,300 patients. Before this, members of the medical staff of the Department who needed electrocardiograms for any of their patients made the appointments with the Cardiology Department, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, or, later, with the nearby Family Doctor Centre of the Scottish Home and Health Department."
1133808,"Two Birmingham general practitioners held a series of informal seminars with groups of their patients and an account of the object, method and scope of these sessions is given in the belief that they are of significance for a better understanding of health and the community's responsibility for it."
1133810,"Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies have been performed on two types of sulfonamides with hypoglycemic activity. In the case of the 2-benzenesulfonamidopyrimidines, substituted in the 5 position of the pyrimidine ring a correlation between hydrophobic forces, expressed as Rm values, and the binding to serum albumin as well as to the heights of the equipotent dose has been found. In the series of 2-benzenesulfonamidopyrimidines additionally substituted in the 4 position of the benzene ring, however, a correlation between electronic parameters, expressed as the chemical shift of the anilide NH-(type IIA) and benzylamide NH-(type IIb) protons and the biological response was observed. This correlation indicated a charge-controlled second fixation of these molecules to the receptor. This is supported by the observation of stereospecificity of the blood-glucose lowering effect and also by the importance of a constant distance between the nitrogen in the side chain and the nitrogen atom in the sulfonamido group. The correlation between the logarithm of the biological response and the electric effects of the substituents is linear as long as one homologous series is considered. If the anilide and benzylamide derivatives are combined, a linear correlation can only be obtained if a dummy parameter is included which may account for differences in conformation within these two series of compounds."
1133811,For a homologous series of N-alkylnorketobemidones a statistically significant correlation was found between the relative abilities to bind mouse brain homogenate in vitro and their in vivo mouse hot-plate analgesic potencies. The correlation between in vitro binding in the presence of 100 mM sodium and analgesic potency was not as good AS THAT as that found in the absence of sodium. A statistically significant correlatin was found between thir analgesic potencies and their abilities to antogonize electrically induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum.
1133812,"The preparation of alpha, alpha-dimethyl analogs of the hypocholesteremic and hypolipemic agent 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid (beta-benzalbutyric acid, BBA) is described. These compounds were prepared as part of a continuing program directed toward a study of the structure-activity interrelationships of styryl- and phenoxyacetic acid antilipemic agents and the preparation of metabolically resistant analogs of BBA. Preliminary results on the in vitro ability of the compounds to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis indicate that alpha, alpha-dimethyl substitution reduces activity although the potency of the p-chloro analog 6b was comparable to that of BBA."
1133813,Eighty-four 4-quinolinehydrazones were synthesized and tested for antiviral activity. Thirty nine derivatives were active against influenza A2 and/or Coxsackie B1 in mice at a dose of 25 mg/kg sc. Structure-activity relationships of 44 derivatives (21 inactive) were analyzed qualitatively using a modified Free-Wilson approach.
1133814,"Trimethylsilyl heparin, when administered intraduodenally or intragastrically to rats, did not increase intestinal absorption and, consequently, the clotting times were not influenced. However, suspension of sodium heparin in Carbowax 200 prolonged the whole blood clotting time at a dose of 50 mg/kg when given intraduodenally or intragastrically to rats."
1133815,"A series of new narcotic antagonists has been synthesized by modifying the C-6 carbonyl group in naloxone (Ia) and naltrexone (Ib). New functional units were introduced by reaction with various phosphorus and sulfur ylides and alkyllithium reagents. The activity of the new compounds were measured by the hot-plate and tail-clip tests after oral administration to mice. The majority of the new narcotic antagonists exhibited oral potencies considerably superior to the parent compounds, with 6-methylene derivatives IIa and IIb showing the most impressive increases."
1133816,The primary amine metabolites of alpha-(plus or minus)- alpha-(minus)-acetylmethadol were synthesized. A neutral permanganate oxidation of noracetylmethadol gave a nitroalkane. This unusual oxidation product was readily converted to the primary amine metabolite of acetylmethadol.
1133817,"15-Ketoprogesterone is as active as spironolactone in blocking the mineralocorticoid effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate. This activity is reduced when a methylene group is attached to the 6beta, 7beta position. The title compound was prepared from 15alpha-acetoxy-6-dehydroprogesterone. Methylenation of the delta6 double bond with dimethyloxosulfonium methylide proceeds steroselectively from the beta side of the molecule."
1133818,"A series of omegadibenzylaminoalkylamines and related compounds have been prepared and tested as inhibitors of fibrin cross-linking. This structural type was chosen in an attempt to develop noncompetitive inhibitors of fibrinoligase. By the combination of the dibenzylamino moiety at one end and the primary amino group at the other end of a polymethylene chain, the same compound could function both as a pseudo donor substrate and as a noncompetitive alkylating inhibitor. Some of the compounds, notably 74-79, are among the most active fibrinoligase inhibitors described. However, the data indicate that the compounds probably function only as pseudo donor inhibitors."
1133819,"[1-Beta-mercapto-beta,beta-pentamethylenepropionic acid]oxytocin was prepared from beta-Mpa(beta-(CH2)5)(Bzl)-Tyr(Bzl)-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 by removal of the Bzl-protecting groups with Na-NH3 followed by cyclization of the resulting disulfhydryl compound with K3Fe(CN)6.The analog was purified by desalting on Sephadex G-15 in 50% HOAc and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and LH-20. The protected intermediate above was synthesized from Z-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 by the stepwose p-nitrophenyl ester method using Nalpha-Boc protection at the penta-, hexa-, and octapeptide stages. The analog was found to be a potent inhibitor of the oxytocic and avian vasodepressor effects of oxytocin (pA2 values of 7.43 and 8.30, respectively) but was only a weak inhibitor of the rat pressor effect of 8-lysine-vasopressin. The rat antipressor potency of [1-deaminopenicillamine]oxytocin was also determined in this study: pA2 = 6.27. Of the alkyl-substituted 1-position analogs of oxytocin studied so far, [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-pentamethylenepropionic acid]oxytocin is the most potent antioxytocic agent."
1133820,"A series of amino acids, amidino acids, and amidino esters was synthesized and the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin, bovine thrombin, and porcine pancreatic kallikrein and as anticoagulants. Among these compounds, ethyl 4-amidino-2-iodophenoxyacetate was found to be the most effective inhibitor of the enzymes in question, with a potency (Ki = 3.16 x 10-6 M vs. trypsin; Ki = 4.8 x 10-5 M vs. thrombin) similar to that of p-amidinophenylpyruvic acid (Ki = 6.0 x 10-6 M vs. trypsin; Ki = 2.0 x 10-5 M vs. thrombin). Ethyl 4-amidino-2-iodophenoxyacetate was also found to be the most effective in blocking the clotting activity of plasma, as indicated by significant prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time. This paper reports the synthetic methods, the enzyme inhibitory activity, and the structure-activity relationships observed."
1133821,"Structural analogs of S-ADENOSYL-L-HONOCYSTEINE (L-SAG), WITH MODIFICATION IN THE RIBCOSE PORTION OF THE MOLECULE, HAVE BEEN SYNTHESIZED AND THEIR ABILITIES TO INHIBIT CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERECE(COMT), phenylethanolamine N-methltransferase (PNMT) histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT),and hydroxyindole o-methytransferase (HIOMT) have been investigated. From these studies it was concluded that, in general, the 2'-hydroxyl and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the ribcose moiety of SAH play crucial roles in the binding of this molecule to most methyltransferases. However several interesting exceptions to this strict structural specificity have been observed. While S-3'-DEOXY-ADENOSYL-L-HOMOCYSTEINE PRODUCED NO INHIBITION OF HMT and HIOMT, it produced strong inhibition of the transmethylation catalyzed by PNMT and COMT. Likewise, S-2'-DEOXYADENOSYL-L-HOMOCYSTEINE AND S-5'-(9-(arabinofuranosyl)adenyl)-l-homocysteine had little or no effect of COMT, HMT, and HIOMT but were potent inhibtors of PNMT. The significance of these data relative to the nature of the SAH binding sites and the potential inhibitors of PNMT. The significance of these data relative to the nature of the SAH binding sites and the potential for in vivo differential inhibition of methyltransferases will be discussed."
1133822,"Norepinephrine N-methyltransferase (NMT) from rabbit adrenal glands was inhibited by benzylamine and phenethylamine analogs in which the nitrogen was replaced by an amidino or guanidino group. Mono and dichloro derivatives of benzamidines, phenylacetamidines, benzylguanidines, and phenethylguanidines were studied. The two most potent NMT inhibitors among the compounds examined were 2,3-dichlorobenzamidine and 3,4-dichlorophenylacetamidine, with pI50 values of 5.55 and 5.36, respectively. These inhibitors were reversible and were competitive with norepinephrine as the variable substrate. They inhibited NMT from human, rat, and bovine adrenal glands but were slightly less effective against those enzymes than against the rabbit adrenal enzyme. In exercised rats, 2, 3-dichlorobenzamidine had no significant effect on adrenal catecholamine levels. 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetamidine slightly reduced epinephrine levels in the adrenal glands of exercised rats, but the effect may have been due to release rather than inhibition of synthesis, since heart norepinephrine levels were also reduced significantly by that agent (which is from a chemical series known to release catecholamines). Thus, whereas these compounds are reasonably potent inhibitors of NMT in vitro, they apparently are not effective in blocking enzyme activity in vivo."
1133823,"Starting with mitomycin C (1), a number of solvolytic reactions were investigated and were found to result in opening of the aziridine ring with loss or migration of the 9a-methoxy group. A careful examination of the resulting 1,2-disubstituted 7-aminomitosenes indicated that there was a strong tendency for the azridine ring on opening to furnish mainly one stereoisomer, always with the oxygen stom at C-1 and the nitrogen atom at C-2. Thus the hydrolysis of 1withdition to small amounts of the trans-aminohydrin (10). Mitomycin A (2) BEHAVED ANALOGOUSLY. Both 1 and 2 generated a cis-1-acetoxy-2-acetamide when they were allowed to react with acetic anhydride. Acetolysis of mitomycin C was found to give the cis-1-hydroxy-2-acetamide (5), the trans-1-acetoxy-2-amine (14), and a cis-trans mixture of 1-acetoxy-2-acetamides (4 and 11, respectively). Routes to cis-1-methoxy-2-acetamide (9) were possible through the methanolysis of 1 or through the methylation of 5. For comparison, the trans-1-methoxy-2-acetamide (16) was obtained through a dnown resin-catalyzed methoxy migration from C-9A TO C-1 IN MITOMYCIN C. The use of 1-H nmr spectroscopy to asign configurations to 1,2-disubstituted mitosenes is discussed."
1133824,"The preparation, characterization, and estrogenic activity of the two new steroids 3-(cylopentyloxy)-2',3'-dihydroestra-1,3,5(10)-trieno(16alpha,17alpha-b)furan-17beta-ol and 2',3'-dihydroestra-1,3,5(10)-trieno(16alpha,17alphs-b)furan-3,17beta-diol are described. The compounds were found to be 0.1 and 0.002 respectively, as potnet as estrone in a test design to measure the uterine weight gain of treated immature mice relative to controls."
1133826,"Doubts have been raised concerning the success of minority students in obtaining the more desirable teaching hospital internships in the United States. Earlier reports by others indicated that minority graduates may be anywhere from 41 percent to 70 percent successful in obtaining their first, second, or third choice of internship through the National Intern and Resident Matching Program. Ninety percent of those in the sample reported here were successful. At least one minority applicant was a successful intern candidate in 79 out of the 103 institutions where internships had been most sought after by this group. Possible reasons for these different findings are not adequately explained because of a lack of comparable data on minority and nonminority pools; further sample studies are required to establish the actual facts."
1133827,"Reluctance to train women for medical careers has been justified by the failure of women to use their education. Using data from studies of physician practice patterns and of educational costs, this article presents a preliminary estimate of the ""loss"" of investment involved in educating women for medicine. Women physicians are estimated to practice an average of two-fifths fewer hours over their lifetimes than do men, with a consequent loss of educational investment of about $55,000. Suggestions are made for reducing this loss. The finding of some loss of investment should not be used as an argument for discriminatory treatment of women seeking a medical education, as the rights of women as individuals must be recognized."
1133828,"In 1970 approximately 81 percent of the nation's physicians were in specialty practice, and by 1990 this figure is projected to rise to 94 percent. A phenomenon of this magnitude clearly warrants intensive study. In this inquiry preference ratings for 40 specialties were obtained from 140 male and 20 female physicians and from 71 male and 18 female third-year medical students. Although significant differences were noted, there was a common hierarchy of preference observable in all four groups. For example, family and internal medicine were rated high by all four groups, whereas neurological and colon-rectal surgery were rated low; Males, and particularly male physicians, gave significantly higher ratings to surgical specialties, whereas females expressed stronger preferences for obstetrics and gynecology. Students gave lower ratings than physicians to surgical and eye, ear, nose, and throat specialties."
1133829,"During the academic year 1969-70 a detailed inventory was conducted of biostatistics teaching in American and Canadian medical schools. Approximately two-thirds of schools required a separate, distinct biostatistics course. This report describes these courses, their content, and the characteristics of the individuals who taught the courses and their perception of the medical student's reaction to biostatistics. A more recent survey covering the academic year 1973-74 revealed that the situation had not changed; slightly more than two-thirds of respondents indicated that exposure to biostatistics was required in their schools' curricula."
1133830,"Following an extensive review of the literature on the teaching of interviewing to medical students and psychiatry residents, the authors conclude that too much teaching emphasis has been given to the content of the interview and not enough to the process of the interview. A new method to teach interviewing skills to residents in psychiatry is described. The method focuses entirely on the interpersonal aspects of the interview. Within a seminar format, each resident attempts to reduce the ""emotional distance"" between himself and a patient. Much consideration is given to the individual emotional style of the resident. Through practice with this method and with peer and staff feedback, each resident who was studied improved in this ability, gained much affectual information from the patient, and learned many of the subtle aspects of process that are necessary for good interviewing and good psychotherapy."
1133831,"A questionnaire study of Yugoslav general practitioners was undertaken to document reasons for the unpopularity of rural practice and to characterize better the GPs who do choose rural practice. Responses indicated that rural GPs were significantly more overworked, had less opportunity for continuing education, had poorer medical facilities, and had less adequate schools for their children than urban GPs. On the other hand, rural work was felt to be more interesting and to provide closer contact with patients. GPs who were happy in rural practice were more likely to have urban backgrounds, to have planned to be rural physicians before entering medical school, and to have undergone GP specialization training than were other GPs in the sample. Relative importances attributed to the various practice location determinants are noted. Possible applications of the study in alleviating rural doctor shortages are discussed."
1133839,"In summary, there are several changes influencing the NIRMP. The changes noted are: (a) the number of graduates from foreign medical colleges has been increasing rapidly since 1970 and now represents 21 percent of the applicants; (b) the proportion of U.S. medical school graduates in the program has decreased to a low of 84 percent; (c) there is a better balance of numbers between the positions available and matched in 1975."
1133844,"The urinary excretion of 14 neutral steroids was measured by gas-liquid chromatography in women with early and advanced breast cancer, in women with early uterine cancer, and in healthy women from urban and rural districts. The premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excreted subnormal amounts of five steroids (11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, and tetrahydrocorticosterone) and increased amounts of tetrahydrocortisol as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages. From our findings, a new parameter was proposed by which a premenopausal breast-cancer patient was separated from the control. Postmenopausal breast-cancer patients excreted greater amounts of five steroids (one steroid from 17-ketosteroids and four from 17-hydroxycorticoids) than the corresponding controls. The discrepancy between premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer was tentatively related to ovarian-adrenal dysfunction in the course of aging. Oophorectomy induced a long-lasting tumor regression only in patients with a high value for the ratio of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroid to 17-hydroxycorticosteroid in urine taken before surgery; the ratio in the responsive patients decreased remarkably after surgery. A constitutional change in 17-ketosteroids, as observed in a postmenopausal breast-cancer patient and a premenopausal healthy woman of urban origin, favored the geographic importance in the genesis of breast malignancy. The steroid abnormalities in uterine cancer were distinguishable from those of breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women."
1133845,"The HL-A antigens were determined retrospectively in a group of 14 surgically cured bronchogenic carcinoma patients and prospectively in another group of 100 untreated patients. In the retrospective group, the frequencies of antigens W-19 and HL-A5 were significantly increased when compared with the noncancer control and the prospective lung cancer populations. In the latter group, 60% of the patients with W-19 and 58% with HL-A5 survived without evidence of tumor for at least 1 year after treatment compared with 15% of patients with neither of these antigens, P less than 0.01 and 0.005, respectively. These comparisons were for adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma. The patient groups for oat cell and undifferentiated carcinoma were too small for valid statistical comparisons. This preliminary study suggests that the presence of HL-A antigens W-19 and HL-A5 confers resistance to dissemination of bronchogenic carcinoma."
1133846,"The effect of exposure to UV irradiation or to the N-acetoxy-ester derivatives of four carcinogenic aromatic amides, 4-acetylaminobiphenyl (AABP), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), 2-acetylaminophenanthrene, and 4-acetylaminostilbene, on cell survival was compared in strains of cultured human fibroblasts possessing normal rates of excision repair of DNA and in three strains of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, each differing in its rate of excision repair. The survival of each strain after exposure to UV reflected its capacity to repair DNA. Thus the slope of the survival curve for the XP strain with the poorest capacity for excision repair (XP12BE complementation group A) was 5.8-fold steeper than the exponential portion of the curve for the normally repairing strains; that of XP2BE (complementation group C) was 1.95-fold; and that of XP4BE (a variant capable of a normal rate of dimer excision) was only 1.3-fold steeper. The slope of the survival curves after exposure to each N-acetoxy ester derivative for these same XP strains averaged 6.4, 2.0, and 1.4 times steeper, respectively, than that of the normal strains tested. The excision repair capacity of these lines after exposure to N-acetoxy-AAF (50 muM/ml) was tested with alkaline cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation to detect incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nonreplicated DNA. The normal strains and XP4BE exhibited DNA excision repair by this method, whereas XP patients 2 and 12 did not. The cytotoxic effect of the four parent aromatic amide carcinogens, their N-hydroxy derivatives, as well as the N-acetoxy ester of each of the four N-hydroxy compounds and the N-sulfate ester of N-hydroxy-AAF and N-hydroxy-AABP in the XP2BE strain, was compared with their effect on the normal fibroblasts. The parent amides proved to be noncytotoxic at all doses tested. In contrast, the N-hydroxy derivatives of each aromatic amide were highly cytotoxic, as were the ester compounds. For each active derivative, the slope of the survival curve for XP2BE was 2-2.k times steeper than that of the normally repairing strain."
1133847,"Lymphocytes from cancer patients and normal individuals demonstrated blastogenesis with allogeneic potassium chloride (3 M KCl) extracts of breast carcinoma cells. Normal individuals reacted with a greater frequency and stronger blastogenic responses to tumor extracts than did breast carcinoma patients; allogeneic extracts may have elicited recognition of normal alloantigens rather than tumor-associated antigens. Normal individuals also responded to 3 M KCl extracts of allogeneic pooled normal leukocytes, normal breast tissue, and other cancers, but did not react to extracts of autologous leukocytes."
1133848,"Antineuraminidase-treated lymphocyte antibody levels in normal individuals were compared to levels in patients with newly diagnosed malignancies, patients with immunodeficiency syndromes (some of whom subsequently developed cancer), and normal and affected members of multiple malignancy families. No correlation between antibody level and the presence of malignancy was found. In normal individuals, antibody levels were high in childhood and declined with advancing age in accord with behavior of other natural antibodies."
1133849,"The distribution patterns of epithelial blood group AB antigens (BG) in colon polyps of varying degrees of differentiation were studied by the mixed cell agglutination reaction. BG appeared in colon polyps if a certain degree of dedifferentiation was present. Two different distribution patterns were recognized: 1) association of BG with the secretory part of goblet cells with slight-to-moderate atypia and 2) association of BG with the whole cells in cases of pronounced dedifferentiation and loss of secretory activity. The second type resembled the distribution pattern of BG found previously in colon carcinomas. With respect to BG, the mucosa of colon polyps behaved similarly to embryonal colon mucosa. The detection of BG represents a useful method to assess objectively the degree of dedifferentiation in most colon polyps."
1133850,"Melanomas developed in both sexes of a strain of Tuxedo variety of the swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) at a relative frequency of 10-15%. They did not metastasize. However, the tumor margin had infiltratitive growth and subsequently ulcerated. This feature, together with the histologic and cytologic features and apparent heteroploidy of the tumors, as revealed by their DNA content, indicated that the tumors were indeed neoplastic. Electron microscopic findings on the melanosomes in these melanomas at various stages of development were comparable with those on the Harding-Passey mouse melanoma, which contains granular premelanosomes."
1133851,"Plasmacytomas were found in 58% of 373 BALB/cAnN (C) mice given three 0.5-ml doses of mineral oil (Bayol F or light mineral oil) or 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) ip. The incidence of plasmacytomas in C57BL/6N (B6), C57BL/Ka (BK), (C times B6)F1 and (C times BK)F1 was 6.4, 0, 11.5, and 16.5%, respectively. The plasmacytomas occurred in old B6 mice, in contrast to their early appearance in strain C mice. The incidence of plasmacytomas in mineral oil-treated or pristane-treated C times B recombinant-inbred (Rl) strain mice was 28.3% in C times BD, 17.5% IN C times BE, 36.5% IN C times BG, 0% in C times BH, 2.9% in C times Bl, 48% in C times BJ, and 4.3% in C times BK. C times BD, C times BG, and C times BJ strains were considered susceptible to plascytoma induction by mineral oil or pristane; C times BE had a low susceptibility, and C times BH, C times Bl, and C times BK were resistant. The results suggested that there were only a few gene difference between C and B6 or BK that determined susceptibility or resistance to plasmacytoma induction, and that B6 and BK have at least one dominant resistance gene. The distribution pattern of susceptibility and resistance in the C times B Rl strains suggested the presence of a resistance gene on chromosome 9, linkage group II."
1133852,"The age-related incidence of spontaneously occurring neoplasms and degenerative diseases in the F344 inbred rat strain was established from the histologic examination of tissues from 160 male and 192 female rats kept throughout their natural life-span. The most common neoplasms were leukemias (25%), mammary tumors (females, 40.6%; males, 23.1%), pituitary adenomas (females, 35.9%; males, 23.8%), and testicular interstitial cell tumors (males, 85%). Various less common neoplasms were observed: thyroid interstitial cell tumors, adrenocortical adenomas, carcinomas of the genitourinary tract, representative central nervous system tumors, pheochromocytomas, and tumors of mesodermal origin including mesotheliomas, myoblastomas, fibromas, and fibrosarcomas. Multiple tumor types were found in 176 of the rats; metastatic tumors were uncommon. Degenerative diseases including myocardial degeneration and nephrosis were often observed. The incidence rate of these neoplasms and degenerative diseases generally increased with advancing age of the animals."
1133853,"A strain-specific transplantable melanoma (S-91) growing progressively in DBA/1 mice and metastasizing selectively to the lungs was maintained for 16 days in organ culture before being grafted to syngeneic (DBA/1) and allogeneic (BALB/c and C57BL/6) recipients. The cultured S-91 grew progressively in the syngeneic mice and to a moderate degree in the allogeneic strains; it showed an increased tendency to metastasize in both the DBA/1 and C57BL/6 recipients. Heterophilic cytoagglutination assays of cultured S-91 were less apt to aggregate in the presence of concanavalin A than were their noncultured counterparts, which suggested alteration of the plasma membrane. Organ culture explantation appeared to alter phenotypically the cell-surface membrane and thus increase the cell's ability to metastasize while possibly reducing the immunogenicity of the cultured tumor cells."
1133854,"The RNase activity observed in the sera of leukemic guinea pigs was compared to that observed in white blood cell (WBC) lysates of the same animals. The WBC-associated RNase activity directed against polyuridylic acid decreased with the progression of neoplastic disease, though serum RNase activity remained unchanged. With certain forms of cancer, therefore, variations in cell RNase may be more sensitive markers than changes in serum RNase for the evaluation of the progression or regression of disease."
1133855,"Vitamin A palmitate was incorporated into a laboratory chow (150,000 IU/kg diet) and fed ad libitum to C3H/HeJ female mice inoculated with 1 times 10-6 C3HBA tumor cells, beginning the day of inoculation. Control female mice of the same strain similarly inoculated were fed the laboratory chow alone. Vitamin A did not affect rate for the first 19 days, after which growth rates were independent of treatment. Vitamin A-treated mice survived for significantly longer times than did control mice."
1133876,"RNA transcription was investigated during the development of F1 phage, which is specific for the strict anaerobe Clostridium sporogenes. RNA species transcribed during F1 phage infection were characterized with respect to time of appearance and molecular weight by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ten mRNA species were characterized, of which five were produced early in infection and five were synthesized late in infection. All the above 10 species were transcribed from one strand of F1DNA, the heavy strand. Two additional mRNA species were transcribed from the light strand of F1 phage DNA later in infection. Throughout the F1 phage infective cycle, rRNA was continuously synthesized by cells of C. sporogenes."
1133877,"Replicating chromosomes, called intermediate DNA, have been extracted from the adenovirus replication complex. Compared to mature molecules, intermediate DNA had a greater buoyant density in CsCl gradients and ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradients. Digestion of intermediate DNA with S1 endonuclease, but not with RNase, abolished the difference in densities. These properties suggest that replicating molecules contain extensive regions of parental single strands. Although intermediate DNA sedimented faster than marker viral DNA in neutral sucrose gradients, single strands longer than unit length could not be detected after alkaline denaturation. Integral size classes of nascent chains in intermediate DNA suggest a relationship between units of replication and the nucleoprotein structure of the virus chromosome. Adenovirus DNA was replicated at a rate of 0.7 x 10-6 daltons/min. Although newly synthesized molecules had the same sedimentation coefficient and buoyant density as mature chromosomes, they still contained single-strand interruptions. Complete joining of daughter strands required an additional 15 to 20 min."
1133878,"Purified vaccinia virus rapidly inhibited HeLa cell protein synthesis in the presence of actinomycin D. Under these conditions host polyribosomes were extensively degraded but the mRNA was stable as indicated by a greater than 90% recovery of prelabeled polyadenylylated RNA. Although actinomycin D prevented the synthesis of host mRNA and poly(A) in uninfected cells, incorporation of adenosine into poly(A) was inhibited by less than 50% in infected cells. Further analysis indicated that there was little or no normal size viral mRNA but that a unique class of small poly(A)-rich RNA was made in the presence of actinomycin D. From measurements of the RNase resistance and base composition of the RNA, approximately 40% of the nucleotide sequence was estimated to be poly(A). The poly(A)-rich RNA was found associated with small polyribosomes and monoribosomes that were inactive in protein synthesis. It was suggested that the poly(A) segment of the RNA is formed by the poly(A) polymerase previously found in vaccinia virus cores and that the inactive RNA, by competing with host mRNA, may contribute to the virus-mediated inhibition of host protein synthesis observed in the presence of actinomycin D."
1133879,"Studies have been carried out to elucidate the in vivo function of gene 2 in T7 DNA synthesis. In gene 2-infected cells the rate of incorporation of (3-H)thymidine into acid-insoluble material is about 60% that of cells infected with T7 wild type. Gene 2 mutants do not however produce viable phage after infection of the nonpermissive host. In T7 wild type-infected cells, a major portion of the newly alkaline sucrose gradients. The concatemers serve as precursors for the formation of mature T7 DNA as demonstrated in pulse-chase experiments. In similar studies carried out with gene 2-infected cells, concatemers are not detected when the intracellular DNA is analyzed at several different times during the infection process. The DNA made during a gene 2 infection is present as duplex structures with a sedimentation rate close to mature T7 DNA."
1133897,"Role of parathyroid hormone in the phosphaturia of extracellular fluid volume expansion. Acute expansion of the extracellular fluid volume increases the urinary excretion of phosphate. The present study examined the importance of increased plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in the phosphaturia accompanying acute extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE). Infusion of a calcium-free Ringer's solution into dogs was associated with increased urinary phosphateexcretion and serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (iPTH), the latter being significantly correlated with a decrease in plasma ionized calcium concentration. Prevention of the fall in plasma ionized calcium concentration by infusion of a calcium containing Ringer's solution prevented the increase in serum iPTH  but the magnitude of the phosphaturia was not affected."
1133898,"Reaction constants of renin in juxtaglomerular apparatus and plasma renin activity after renal ischemia and hemorrhage. During and after total renal ischemia and acute hemorrhage, renin activity in plasma (PRA) and microdissected juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of rabbits were investigated. In controls, the apparent Michaelis-Mentoen constant (MMC) of semipurified standard renin of rabbits was 1025 plus or minus 223 SD ng/ml. Plasma renin of normal rabbits showed similar values: 1062 plus or minus 138 SD ng/ml. Intrarenal JGA renin, however, showed a great scatter of MMC (920 to 4760 ng/ml) and a significantly higher mean value of 2572 plus or minus 1156 SD ng/ml (pis less than 0.001). After complete renal ischemia by clamping both renal arteries for a 90-min period, the following results wereobtained: 1) Sixty min after the beginning of ischemia, PRA decreased from 20.9 plus or minus 9.8 SD to 7.6 plus or minus 5.2 SD ng/ml-hr (P is less than 0.05) and increased to 103, 68 and 42 ng/ml-hr 10, 30 and 90 min after removal of the clamps, respectively (P is less than 0.05)."
1134031,"Mice from our Nya:NYLAR colony were parabiosed using the skin-to-skin or coelomic method, and more than 150 such pairs survived for periods greater than 1 mo. The oldest pair at this writing survived for 27 mo after parabiosis, which is equivalent to the normal life span of the Nya:NYLAR mouse. No evidence of parabiotic intoxication in any pair, even those kept for several mo, was noted."
1134032,"Rabbits were orally infected with Taenia pisiformis eggs and then serially killed. The development and regression of focal granulomatous lesions in the liver were observed, and these lesions were considered to be identical with the lesions in the naturally occurring disease. Focal granulomatous lesions containing onchospheres were also observed in the lungs, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph node. Thrombosis was present in some pulmonary arteries, and infarction of the lung was observed in 1 rabbit."
1134033,"The use of time-lapse and normal speed photography as a tool in evaluating the effect of cage size on physical activity in the beagle dog was examined. Normal speed motion pictures also served to demonstrate the degree of physical activity possible within specific sized cages, and the effect of changes in external activity on the dogs' activity within the cage. Viewing of these films showed that specific activity measurements can be made, providing a feasible scientific method for evaluating cage activity in a wide range of cage sizes. Physiological data collected over the course of this experiment from dogs housed in 2 different sized cages failed to show a cause-and-effect relationship."
1134034,"The validity of the ultrasonic Doppler technic for indirectly measuring arterial blood pressure over a wide range was tested in anesthetized dogs. Correlation coefficents of 0.99 and 0.97 for systolic and diastolic pressure were verified on the basis of 316 comparisons of direct and indirect measurements. Utility of the method for detecting hypotensive, normotensive, and hypertensive arterial blood pressures was demonstrated. Potential applications of the method by life scientists and veterinarians includes routine monitoring of anesthesia, characterization of disease, and documentation of pharmacologic states."
1134035,"Studies of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet function, and clotting factors were performed on banked baboon blood. It was found to be a suitable model for the study of micro-aggregate formation and other coagulation abnormalities encountered in storage of human blood."
1134036,Bilateral draining fistulas which communicated with the cheek pouches were noted in the threat region of an adult femal Macaca mulatta receiving isoniazid for tuberculosis prophylaxis. Necrospy findings included enlargedregional lymph nodes and ulceration of cheek pouch mucous membranes. Acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated in tissue section. Cultures of the regional lymph nodes and cheek pouch mucous membrane yielded Runyon Group III mycobacteria. Intrapalpebral tuberculin tests with homologous mycobacterial antigen (Battery strain PPD) and Kochs Old Tuberculin were performed in an unsuccessful attempt to identify additional infected monkeys. This case is considered significant because of the unusual manifestation of mycobacterial disease and its occurrence in an animal receiving isoniazid at levels considered sufficient for the prevention of tuberculosis.
1134037,"The blood of 6 male and 6 female European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus L) was examined in summer, in winter before hibernation, and 1 da after awaking from hibernation. Blood was drawn from a sublingual vein under ether anesthesia in nonhibernating animals. No influence of hibernation upon the number of erythrocytes and the differentials was found, whereas the number of thrombocytes and leukocytes were reduced to a minimum. From the unchanged numbers of thrombocytes and leukocytes in nonhibernating animals during winter, the influence on the blood of a seasonal cycle independent of hiberation was excluded."
1134038,"A new method was described for repetitive blood sampling of guinea pigs via percutaneous puncture of the femoral vessels. Either manual immobilization of the animal or a specially designed restraining board was used. This method did not endanger the animal and required neither anesthesia, surgical skill, nor special equipment."
1134040,"A tooth-grasping forceps with a gas-driven oscillating headpiece was designed for dental extractions in the dog, Compared with the conventional method, the extraction time was shortened considerably, and preliminary results indicate it may cause less trauma to alveolar bone and periodontal ligament."
1134041,Thirteen cases of a spontaneous neuropathy were observed among 150 free-ranging Japanese snow monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Necropsy of 4 individuals revealed lesions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Pathologic changes were associated with ingestion of coyotillo berries (Karwinskia humboldtiana).
1134042,"Complete absence of kidneys was observed in 3 neonatal guinea pigs which died 2-3 da after birth. Congestion of intestines and other organs was also observed. Renal agencies in the guinea pigs appeared to be of rare occurrence. Agenesis of right kidney was observed in 2 of over 500 opossums examined. Both opossums were males, and the corresponding ureters were smaller in diameter than the contralateral ureters. The left kidney was enlarged as a result of compensatory hypertrophy. The lumina of right ureters were found to be obliterated on microscopic examination."
1134111,"Normothermic anoxic arrest of 15 and 30 minutes, repeated for up to a total of 90 minutes of anoxia was employed in 24 pigs. The purpose was to determine the effect of varying the duration of anoxia on coronary blood flow, coronary vascular resistance, and the distribution of coronary flow to the free wall of the ventricle. Five minutes of reperfusion at pressures of 50 and 100 mm. Hg with the ventricle fibrillating, was employed between each anoxic interval. Results were compared to control studies performed during ventricular fibrillation without anoxic arrest in 12 pigs. Prolonging the anoxic interval to 30 minutes served to create a maldistribution of coronary flow away from the left ventricular endocardium and to reduce the reactive hypermic response to anoxia. Increasing the perfusion pressure to 100mm. Hg accentuated these changes. Both light and electron microscopy of sections demonstrated edema and early myocardial necrosis in the subendocardial layer of the left ventricle subjected to repeated 30 minute intervals of anoxia at a high perfusion pressure. We postulate that repeated anoxic insults with inadequate repayment of oxygen debt results in subendocardial edema, a decrease in perfusion, increasing necrosis, and further edema. A myocardial infarction must result if this vicious cycle cannot be interrupted."
1134112,"A study was designed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of massive doses of methylprednisolone (30 mg. per kilogram) during cardiopulmonary bypass at normothermia and hypothermia. In 427 patients studied, significantly less vasoconstriction (p less than 0.01) and improved perfusion flows (p less than 0.0005) were obtained at comparable pressure levels in the steroid-treated group (272 patients) compared with the control group (155 patients). Because of these measured parameters, methylprednisolone should be considered a valuable adjunct to improving tissue perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass."
1134113,"A study was undertaken to determine whether changes occurred in the coronary arteries of dogs after obstruction of the cardiac lymphatics. Other investigators have described changes in the walls of coronary arteries after cardiac lymphatic obstruction that caused compromise of the lumen. Adult mongrel dogs were subjected to an operation which occluded the cardiac lymphatics. Several days later, a second operation was done to remove specimens of the terminal branches of the coronary arteries. The specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy. There was no gross or microscopic evidence of altered morphology of the coronary arterial walls."
1134114,"The Lande'-Edwards oxygenator has been used for clinical perfusions on 283 patients. Among these patients we have encountered the full range of congenital and acquired defects and a variance in age from 1 day to adulthood. Data are presented concerning the means and methods of perfusion, the defects involved, and the results of treatment. A comparison has been made between two groups of 20 adults each, one group perfused with a bubble oxygenator (Bently) and the other with the Lande'-Edwards membrane lung. This study showed that platelet function is better preserved by the membrane lung, that hemolysis is less severe, and that postoperative bleeding is reduced. Indirect evidence has been accumulated to suggest that pulmonary, cerebral, and renal function is also better preserved when the membrane lung is employed."
1134115,"Clinical experience with permanent transvenous pacing during a 6 year period at Hannover Medical School is presented. A total of 1,376 pacemaker operations were performed in 799 patients, with a mortality rate of 1.1 per cent. The most common complications were premature battery failure, dislocation of endocardial electrodes, infections of the generator and/or electrodes, and skin ulcerations. In our cumulative follow-up period of 1,225 years, a complication necessitating a reoperation is to be expected after an average function-time of 31 months. Including normal battery exhaustion in this calculation will make reoperation necessary every 21.9 months."
1134116,In this report we shall describe a new route for perfusion during long-term support with the membrane oxygenator. The ascending aorta is cannulated so that blood from the oxygenator mixes with blood in the ascending aorta. Thus oxygenated blood is supplied to both the cerebral and coronary systems.
1134117,"Fibrinolysis in cyanotic and acyanotic children has been studied before and after open intracardiac operations. Preoperatively, shorter lysis times were found in the cyanotic group. Lysis times in individual patients varied at different times before operation. Precise documentation of the timing of fibrinolysis determinations is necessary. The lysis times appear to be affected by variables such as fasting, stress, and anesthesia in addition to perfusion. Postoperatively there was no excessive fibrinolysis in either the cyanotic or acyanotic group, the groups showing no differences. No significant alterations in plasma fibrinogen were present before or after perfusion with the pediatric Bentley Temptrol system."
1134118,"In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of radioisotope scans in detecting metastatic lesions in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. To be included in the study, the patient had to have undergone liver, brain, and/or bone scanning within 10 weeks of autopsy. Other means of evaluating these organs for metastatic involvement were used as well. The liver was checked by palpation and by determination of enzyme levels. A history, physical examination, and neurologic examination were used to establish the possibility of brain metastases. For studying bones, a history, physical examination, and conventional x-ray films were employed. Results of the scans and other tests were compared with findings at autopsy, and accuracy rates for each method of study were determined."
1134119,"In this report, we shall describe a case of interventricular septal defect with severe cardiac and respiratory insufficiency unresponsive to clinical treatment. The critical condition of the patient prompted us to introduce an obstructive balloon into the pulmonary artery with the objective of reducing pulmonary flow and improving respiratory insufficiency. The mean pressure was reduced from 45 to 19 mm. Hg, and the infant's cardiopulmonary status improved dramatically. After 36 hours, during which the clinical picture stabilized, a banding operation was performed with success."
1134120,"An 11-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission developed a bilateral pneumonia which rapidly progressed to acute respiratory failure. During 9 days of intensive therapy the patient's respiratory status progressively deteriorated. When it became impossible to maintain the arterial oxygen tension (PAO2) above 40 mm.Hg by conventional means, extracorporeal blood-gas exchange with a membrane lung was begun. After 5 days of bypass the patient's respiratory function began to improve, and he was weaned from the membrane lung on the tenth day. Seven days later he was discharged from the hospital and is currently in excellemt health 23 months after bypass. This perfusion, the longest successful effort to provide respiratory assist with a membrane lung, attests to the efficacy of this therapeutic modality."
1134121,"Bullet migration toward and within the pulmonary circulation occurred in a case of gunshot wound to the right upper abdominal quadrant. Difficulties in locating the missile were encountered during surgical attempts to remove it. Finally, a Swan-Ganz catheter was used for pulmonary angiography. The balloon of the catheter was inflated to prevent further migration of the missile until it could be surgically removed."
1134122,"We have systematically reviewed the literature concerning iatrogenic chylothorax and shall report our personal observations on the subject. Despite an increasing number of thoracic operations, injuries to the thoracic duct are infrequent. Cardiovascular and esophageal procedures are the most frequent causes of chylothorax. Malformations of the thoracic duct and other organs of the mediastinum have often been involved in lymphatic injury. Consequently, we believe that a complicating chylothorax may result from varied causes rather than solely from a surgical error."
1134208,"Extracts of Acacia longifolia yielded two major histamine aldaloiks which were separated by tlc.  Nmr, ms, uv, ir and other physical measurements led to structural assignments of the compounds as N-(2-imidazol-4-yl-ethyl)-trans-cinnamamide and N-(2-imidazol-4-yl-ethyl)-deca-trans-2, cis-4-dienamide.  Confirmation of these structures was by comparison of literature data in the case of the cinnamamide and by synthesis of the new decadienamide.  Dowex-50 ion exchange resin (H+ form) was found to be highly efficient in the isolation of these compounds from crude plant extracts."
1134209,"From the weakly antibacterial non-quaternary alkaloidal fractions from Ptelea trifoliata L. (Rutaceae), ten tertiary quinol-2-one and quinol-4-one alkaloids were isolated and identified. In addition, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucoside and bergapten were isolated. None of these compounds possessed perceptible antimicrobial activity. The weak antimicrobial activity of the neutral and alkaloidal fractions was traced to small amounts of pteleatinium chloride which had not been completely separated by bulk processes. Alkaloids previously known to be present in P. trifoliata which were found in this study ptelefoline methyl ether, pteleine and skimmianine. Alkaloids previously known but new to this plant were lunidoine and isomaculasidine. Alkaloids newly found in nature were neohydroxylunine, hydroxylunidonine, 6-methoxylunidoine, 6-methoxylunineand 6-methoxy-hydroxylunidine. The structure of the latter three bases is proposed tentatively."
1134210,"The carboline alkaloids, harman and norharman, detected in the culture filtrate of Phaseolus vulgaris suspension culture are the two major products of the biotransformation of tryptophan by this culture.  The peak concentration of harman and norharman in the medium was reached between the second and fourth day of fermentation, depending on the size of the inoculum.  A supplement of 0.1 mg of tryptophan per ml of 67V medium (with a low basal concentration of 15 to 20 mug of tryptophan per ml medium) increased the peak concentration of harman by an average of 2.1 times and of norharman by an average of 4.7 times in medium."
1134212,"The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel, three Hawaiian tephritids of economic importance, were exposed to traps each containing one of 232 ethyl ether extracts of air-dried botanicals.  The principal concern was to establish which extracts were attractive judged on the basis of an index determined by the number of times more flies were attracted to the trap baited with water and extract than were attracted to traps baited with water only.  Female Mediterranean fruit flies were attracted to 61 extracts and melon fly females to 31 extracts.  Female oriental fruit flies were not much attracted.  Many extracts were attractive to males of the three species.  The extract of Coffea robusta Linden (Family Rubiaceae) was the only material attractive to both sexes of all three species."
1134211,"Callus cultures were extablished from the seedlings of Cassia tora on a chemically defined medium supplemented with 2, 4-D and kinetin.  A phytochemical investigation of callus tissues demonstrated the presence of chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, and an unidentified pigment, all of which are contained in the seeds of the original plant.  The maximum content of antraquinones on a fresh weight basis was 0.334 percent, which is higher than the content of total anthraquinones in the dry seeds.  Furthermore, it was shown that the production of these compounds is influenced by the concentrations of auxin and cytokinin supplied to the culture medium."
1134219,"The desaturation of stearic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids by human liver microsomes were studied. The microsomes were isolated from liver biopsies obtained during operation. It was shown that human liver microsomes are able to desaturate 1-14-C-alpha-linoleic acid to octadeca-6,9,12,15,-telraenoic acid: 1-15-C-linoleic acid to gammalinolenic acid; and 1-14-C-stearic acid to oleic acid in the same system described in the rat. However, the desaturation activity obtained was low compared to other mammals. This effect was attributed to fasting, pre-medication, or the anaesthesia."
1134220,"The enzyme(s) present in acetonedried powder of rat and rabbit aortas, which catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester, was purified partially by acid precipitation, acetone fractionation, O-(diethylaminoethyl) cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 filtration. The synthetic activity was purified by 120-fold (rat) and 140-fold (rabbit). Purification of hydrolytic activity was 90-fold (rat) and 103-fold (rabbit). Cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was separated from nonspecific esterase by column chromatography. Both synthetic and the hydrolytic activities are apparently the functions of one enzyme. The mol wt of the enzyme was estimated to be 140,000 dalton as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The extracts of the acetone-dried powders of aortas of both species contained an inhibitor of synthetic activity. The inhibitor was nondialyzable and was precipitated at pH 5.7. Both activities were found to be fairly nonspecifc with regard to sterol and fatty acids. With oleic acid, the relative rates of sterol ester synthesis were: cholesterol, 100; cholestanol, 94; desmosterol, 35; coprostanol, 24; ergosterol, 20; and beta-sitosterol, 19. Epicholesterol was not esterified. Oleic acid was most active in cholesteryl ester synthesis, the relative rates being: oleic greater than linoleic greater than arachidonic greater than palmitic greater than stearic greater than butyric. The rate of hydrolysis was maximum with cholesteryl linoleate followed by oleate, linolenate, palmitate, stearate, and laurate in decreasing order."
1134221,"Rat heart preparations metabolized erucic acid at much slower rates than palmitic acid. This applied for activation reaction, for the conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine, and for the utilization of acyl group for oxidation. As compared to palmityl-CoA, erucyl-CoA exhibited a lower affinity for carnitine palmityltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23), the respective apparent Michaelis constants were 43 and 83 muM. Presence of erucyl-CoA or erucyl-carnitine slowed the mitochondrial oxidation of palmityl groups apparently because of the slower oxidation of erucyl groups. However, presence of erucate did not inhibit the activation of palmitate. Heart mitochondria obtained from rats fed rapeseed oil (50 cal %) or corn oil diet for 3 days showed similar abilities for the coupled oxidation of various substrates and similar carnitine palmityltransferase activities. Thus, a suggestion of gross mitochondrial malfunction following rapeseed oil consumption was not confirmed."
1134217,"The chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata was examined by ir, glc and gc-ms, as a part of the study of the Saururaceae whose members have rich folkloric medicinal history.  The analysis indicate that the essential oil from H. cordata is very rich (81.4 percent v/v) in lipid compounds.  A comparision of the composition of the essential oils from three members of the Saururaceae, namely Anemopsis californica, Saururus cernuus and H. cordata from a chemosystematic point of view shows that each species investigated hitherto has its own characteristic type essential oil.  While from the morphological and anatomical point of view, Saururus seems to represent the least specialized genus, the presently available chemical evidence does not clearly assign such a status to Saururus."
1134222,"Tissues of rats were examined for the presence of cholanoic acids. Quantitation of extraction, deconjugation, and isolation were verified by use of radioactive standards. Identification was made by thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic comparison to standards and mass spectrometry. All tissues examined were found to contain several conjugated cholanoic acids. Liver contained primarily cholic acid and peripheral tissues primarily dihydroxy compounds, mainly hyodeoxycholic acid."
1134223,"Rat liver microsomes were extracted with a buffered 0.15 M KCl and 0.25 M sucrose solution and fractionated by centrifugation into a particulate component and a supernatant containing a protein factor necessary for fatty acid desaturation. The delta 6 fatty acid desaturation activity of the extracted microsomes was reduced significantly, and the readdition of the supernatant restored the enzymatic activity to the original value of the whole microsomes. A protein diet or a fat-free diet increased the delta 6 desaturation activity of the whole microsomes. The activating effect was evoked upon the particulate components of the enzymatic desaturation system and not upon the protein factor present in the supernatant. Fasting, refeeding, and refeeding plus glucagon and theophylline treatments of rats also modified the delta 6 desaturation activity of whole liver microsomes. The effect also was evoked on the delta 6 desaturation system tightly bound to the microsomal membrane but not on the protein factor of the supernatant. Accordingly, the protein factor of the supernatant is considered to be different from the cyanide sensitive factor and the desaturase."
1134218,"The petroleum ether extractive of the bark of Erythrina variegata var. orientalis was fractionated and shown to be composed of wax alcohols and wax acids, alkyl ferulates, alkyl phenolates, stigmasterol, sitosterol, campesterol and possibly citrostadienol/24-methylenelophenol.  The ethanol extractive yielded chloroform-soluble and water-soluble bases, identified as erysovine and stachydrine, respectively."
1134224,Several new branched and straight chain secondary and tertiary amines were shown to have inhibitive effects upon development and metamorphosis and the delta-24-sterol reductase system in larvae of the tobacco hornworm similar to those previously observed with a number of azasteroids. Certain of the amines which are related structurally to compounds with juvenile hormone activity in insects also blocked development and metamorphosis in three other species of insects. These compounds are lethal or inhibit development in all larval stages and thus differ in action from compounds with juvenile hormone activity where the principal effect is to block the penultimate or ultimate molt.
1134225,The delta 9 desaturase activity and the 14-C radioactivity of the de novo synthesized fatty acids incorporated into microsomal lipids and serum triglycerides were measured under different nutritional conditions. The results obtained indicate a correlation between the values of the three parameters studied after starvation or after refeeding Purina chow or either a high carbohydrate or a high protein diet. These data suggest that liver lipogenesis and delta 9 desaturase activities respond to the same regulatory factors.
1134406,"Two obvious forms of student ""wastage"" are academic failure and withdrawal from university. In this prospective cohort study of 2,041 first-year students at Monash University, the relationship of these two events to mental health, university life-stress and other variables is examined. Four factors found to be strongly related to first-year academic failure are mental illness at university a high level of life-stress, poor secondary school academic record, and an extroverted personality. Withdrawal from university during first year is frequently preceded by poor mental health, high life-stress and loneliness. Withdrawal during second year is strongly associated with first-year academic failure and mental illness. The significance of these findings is discussed, and comparisons are made with overseas studies."
1134407,"Peripheral gangrene is an uncommon initial manifestation of polycythaemia vera, especially if it is not associated with occlusive disease of larger vessels of the limbs. A 57-year-old Chinese male with polycythaemia vera presenting with recurrent gangrene of the toes is described. Absence of occlusive arterial disease of larger vessels was shown by the presence of peripheral pulses. The digital gangrene was due most probably to impaired perfusion resulting from hyperviscosity. Correction of hyperviscosity in this case by venesection and treatment with the cytotoxic drug, busulphan, not only corrected the polycythaemia vera, but also cured the digital gangrene."
1134497,"1. Long-chain acid: CoA ligase (AMP-forming) (trivial name acyl-CoA synthetase; EC 6.2.1.3) is located at the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the outer membrane of the mitochondria. The latter membrane has by far the highest specific activity. 2. GTP-dependent synthesis of acyl-CoA has a very low activity in liver mitochondria (about 5% of the activity measured with ATP). CTP, ITP, UTP and GTP may all provide energy for fatty acid activation in sonicated mitochondria by formation of ATP from endogenous ADP and AMP. 3. In rat liver palmitoyl-CoA: L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (trivial name carnitine palmitoyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.21) is located at the microsomal membranes and in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Its activity is increased, in both membranes, during fasting and in thyroxine-treated rats. The extramitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase may capture part of the acyl CoA formed at the endoplasmic reticulum as acyl-carnitine, especially during fasting and other metabolic conditions of high fatty acid turnover. This transport form of activated fatty acid can penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane (the acyl-CoA barrier) where it can be reconverted to acyl-CoA, providing the substrate for beta-oxidation in the inner membrane-matrix compartment. The small part of the mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase, described to be present at the external surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane, may have the same function in the transport of acyl-CoA formed at the mitochondrial outer membrane. 4. Isolated rat liver mitochondria can oxidize high concentrations of palmitate or oleate in the absence of carnitine. In this case the fatty acids are activated in the inner membrane-matrix compartment of the mitochondria, probably by a medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase with wide substrate specificity. Because this enzyme is less active in heart and absent in skeletal muscle, these tissues oxidize long-chain fatty acids in an obligatory carnitine-dependent fashion. Also the liver oxidizes long-chain fatty acids in a carnitine-dependent way if lower fatty acid concentrations are used. In this tissue carnitine stimulates specifically the partial oxidation of fatty acids to beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. 5. The activities of acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (trivial name glycerophosphate acyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.15) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase change in opposite directions during fasting. These activity changes, together with the measured kinetic properties of the enzymes in mitochondria and microsomes, allow a switch (relatively) from lipid synthesis to ketogenesis during fasting. This switch may occur at the level of long-chain acyl-CoA both in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the mitochondria."
1134499,"Succinate dehydrogenase is subjected to positive and negative modulation. The negative modulators oxaloacetate and D- or L-malate transform the enzyme into a nonactive complex in which oxaloacetate is bound. The deactivation by malate involves its oxidation by the succinate dehydrogenase which then deactivates the enzyme. In the present study we measured the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the presence of two opposing effectors,L-malate as deactivator and CoQH2 as an activator. With these opposingeffectors present, the catalytic activity of succinate dehydrogenase assumes a steady state, the level of which is a function of the concentration of the two effectors. At lowconcentration of L-malate all of the succinate dehydrogenase activity is protected by CoQH2, while at saturating malate concentrations only 60-70% of activity is protected. Kinetic analysis of the approach to the steady state indicates that the protective effect of CoQH2 is not due to its activator property but due to its ability ofreduce the enzyme. This was verified by carrying out a radox titration of succinatedehydrogenase activity in the presence of L-malate. A redox active component was characterized with E = +25 mV and n = 1.8. When this component is reduced, L-malate cannot deactivate the succinate dehydrogenase, but when in the oxidized state the enzyme is susceptible to such deactivation. It is proposed that this group participates in the regulation of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria."
1134500,"The uptake of glucose and gluconate is under inductive control in Pseudomonas putida. Glucose, gluconate, and 2-ketogluconate were each good nutritional inducers of these transport abilities. Glucose and gluconate uptake obeyed saturation kinetics: the apparent Km for glucose was 6 mM and that for gluconate was 0.5 mM. Therefore, transport of both substrates appears to be mediated by enzyme-like carriers. Glucose and gluconate are parallel inhibitors for their uptake9 Strains selected for their inability totransport glucose were found to be deficient in gluconate uptake. The reverse was alsotrue: mutations affecting gluconate entry also blocked the uptake of glucose. These results demonstrate that a common carrier is involved in the uptake of both glucose and gluconate by P. putida cells."
1134506,"Experiments on strains of yeast with different genetic backgrounds were done to evaluate the kinetics of inactivation and mutation induction by X-radiations. A system of forward mutation induction in five loci was used as a specific mutation rate of 0.14-10-minus 8 times locus times rad was evaluated for the wild type. From a comparison of observations with wild type and radiation-sensitive strains, it may be assumed that, in this yeast, mutations are mainly the result of a repair-active process. The range of genotypic and phenotypic influence upon the specific locus mutation rate was evaluated with appropriate biological material and experiments."
1134507,"Ikushima and Wolff have recently interpreted both their observation of chromatid aberrations in second and third mitoses following X-irradiation and the production of chromatid type chromosomal aberrations by UV light administered during the G1 phase of the cell cycle in terms of a polyneme model of eukaryote chromosome structure. They were led to do so, however, largely because of their X-ray data, which the interpreted as evidence for the induction of sub-chromosomal lesions (by G1 irradiation; sub-chromatid for G2 irradiation) which appear as chromatid type aberrations only in later divisions. We here report data from similar X-ray experiments in which synchronized Chinese hamster tissue culture cells were irradiated in either G1 or G2 and then scored for chromatid aberrations in their first, second and third post-irradiation mitoses. Our results do not show the effect reported by Ikushima and Wolff. We conclude that all of the data available of aberration production is compatible with a simple mononeme model of eukaryote chromosome structure."
1134508,"Seedlings of Crepis capillaris were irradiated after pulse-labelling with tritiated thymidine ([3-H]TdR), and both chromosomal aberrations and presence of silver grains were recorded in the same metaphase cells at various intervals throughout the whole mitotic cycle. The following results were obtained: (a) irradiated roots were homogeneous with respect to the number of aberrations, and heterogenous with respect to labelling index (LI); (b) time--effect curves for labelled (L) and unlabelled (U) cells showed no significant difference from one another; (c) no significant quantitative difference of aberration spectra produced in S and G2 stages was found. These results support the view that the major factor which determines both quantitative and qualitative variation in the production of chromosomal aberrations by radiation is the time lapse between irradiation and fixation rather than relation of the time of irradiation to the time of DNA synthesis. In addition, it was found that labelling with [3-H]TdR modifies the effect of radiation on chromosomes."
1134509,"The ability of the carcinogen, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-AcO-AAF), to induce mutations to azaguanine resistance in diploid human cells was quantitatively investigated and shown to be dose-dependent. The 8-azaguanine (AG) resistance was shown to be heritable in the absence of mutagen or selective agent and the cells of the mutant clones were shown to retain normal sensitivity to N-AcO-AFF."
1134510,"The X-ray induction of 8-azaguanine (AG) resistent mutants in two sets of diploid and tetraploid Chinese hamster cells (DON and V79) was investigated. It was found that (i) the induced mutant frequencies in diploid and tetraploid cells appeared to be of the same order of magnitude and (ii) all mutants showed almost complete loss of hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) activity except that in the tetraploid V79 cells 50--100% of activity was retained. The gene--dosage effect for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in these cells make it possible to determine the number of chromosomes bearing the HGPRT-gene in mutants by measuring the G6PD activity per cell. The results show that the spontaneous and induced mutants from the diploid V79 and DON as well as the tetraploid DON cells retained the G6PD activity of the parental cells, whereas the induced mutants from the tetraploid V79 cells had about 35% of the parental G6PD activity. With 6-thioguanine (TG) as selective agent, the induced mutant frequencies in diploid and tetraploid DON cells and in diploid V79 cells appeared to be of the same order of magnitude but no mutants could be recovered from tetraploid V79 cells in a single step. TG-resistant tetraploid V79 cells could only be obtained from the AG-resistant mutants after a second selection. The HGPRT activity was lost in these mutants and some of them showed an increase in G6PD activity. The combined data cannot be explained on the basis of a single genetic mechanism."
1134511,"The relationship between UV sensitivity and pyrimidine auxotrophy has been examined. Fourteen pyrimidine-requiring mutants have been classified on the basis of genetic complementation and utilization of biosynthetic intermediates and have been assigned to at least four loci. All the mutants studied were sensitive to UV, although the degree of sensitivity varied both between loci and amongst alleles at the same locus. A double mutant strain carrying pyrimidine mutants at two loci was only as sensitive to UV as the more sensitive of the singles. This suggests that both mutants are deficient in the same repair mechanism. Suppressor mutations which restored endogenous pyrimidine biosynthesis were isolated. These suppressors restored UV resistance in the presence of the original mutation. The results indicate that the UV sensitivity of these mutants is a direct result of pyrimidine auxotrophy and not to any secondary properties of the mutants."
1134512,"Two mutants at the pyr I locus have been used to study the radiation sensitivity of pyrimidine auxotrophs of U. maydis. The mutant pry I-I has a reduced level of thymidine nucleotides, and this is a likely basis of the sensitivity. This strain is able to excise pyrimidine dimers from its DNA and is cross-sensitive to gamma-rays and nitrosoguanidine (NG) as well as to UV. A diploid heteroallelic at the pyr I locus was UV-sensitive but not deficient in UV-induced mitotic recombination. The results suggest that the UV sensitivity may be due to the failure of a repair DNA polymerase to fill post-excision single-strand gaps in the DNA. The mutant pyr I-I exhibits the property of UV recovery, and this is shown to be dependent on the presence of dimers in the DNA. A mechanism for UV recovery is proposed in which a repair system, possibly involving recombination, is induced by the UV irradiation."
1134513,"Dominant-lethal effects of 6-mercaptopurine on male mice were studied using eight doses, ranging from 150 to 482 mg/kg. Effects of the 150-mg/kg dose were studied over the entire spermatogenic cycle, and those of the higher doses for matings made between days 28.5 and 41.5 after treatment. It was found that, with low doses, there was only one period in which clearcut increases in induced dominant-lethal mutations were detected, namely in matings that occurred 32.5 to 35.5 days after treatment. With higher doses, effects could be detected beyond that period through day 39.5. Spermatozoa utilized for matings during the period of greatest response were presumably derived from germ cells that were in late differentiating spermatogonial and early meiotic spermatocyte stages at the time of treatment. These results are similar to those of Ray and Hyneck. To date, 6-mercaptopurine is unique in inducing dominant lethality only at these particular stages. A study of chromatid aberration induction in the treated males themselves was carried out for 150 and 250 mg/kg doses of 6-mercaptopurine over the period of 9 to 16 days after treatment. A considerable increase in ischromatid and chromatid deletions was observed in diakinesis-metaphase-I spermatocytes on days 14 and 15 after treatment. For reasons discussed, the cells sampled at this may be assumed to have been in early meiosis (preleptotene), with some in late differentiating spermatogonial stages, at the time of treatment. The rough agreement in sensitive cell type for dominant lethality and chromatid aberration induction suggests that chromatid deletions are the cause of dominant lethality in this study. Conservative estimates of the frequency of dominant lethality expected from the chromatid aberration frequencies tend to substantiate this suggestion."
1134514,"Workers from three insecticide plants in direct contact with 2,2-bis (beta-chlorophenyl)-I,I,I,-trichloroethane (DDT) did not differ significantly in the frequencies of cells with chromosomal aberrations when compared with controls from the same plants but not in direct contact with the drug. The same was true when a group of workers from one plant was compared with a control group from the Instituto Butantan, with no history of occupational exposure to DDT. Yet, when the control group from one of the three plants, which showed high DDT plasmic levels, was added to the group in direct contact with the insecticide, the frequency of cells with chromatid aberrations was significantly higher, suggesting that DDT causes chromatid lesions. A positive correlation was found between DDT levels and times of exposure, but being in direct or indirect contact with DDT was not always correlated with the degree of contamination."
1134517,"Nine patients who underwent aortic-valve replacement for acute aortic regurgitation due to infective endocarditis were studied for clinical features that may be useful in assessing the severity of this condition. The traditional physical signs of a wide pulse pressure were absent. As compared to a group of patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, the mean (plus or minus S.D.) pulse pressure (55 plus or minus 7 vs. 105 plus or minus 22 mm Hg), left ventricular end diastolic volume (146 plus or minus 28 vs. 264 plus or minus 64 ml per square meter) and stroke volume (89 plus or minus 22 vs. 163 plus or minus 57 ml per square meter) were significantly smaller in the acute group (P less than 0.01). Left ventricular pressure exceeded left atrial pressure in late diastole, causing premature closure of the mitral valve, and the degree of early closure reflected the increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Premature closure of the mitral valve was demonstrated by echocardiography in all patients. Those with echocardiographic signs of very early mitral-valve closure have severely volume-overloaded ventricles and are candidates for early valve replacement."
1134518,"A study of the effectiveness of screening for phenylketonuria in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States indicated that the diagnosis is more likely to be missed in the latter two countries because of the earlier age at which infants are screened. Furthermore, in the United States, diagnosis and treatment are delayed as compared with Ireland and the United Kingdom. Because test most commonly used to detect phenylketonuria is identical in all three countries, the differences in effectiveness are attributable to the way in which it is applied. In the United Kingdom, personnel and facilities have clearly defined roles and responsibilities. There is co-ordination between in-hospital and extra-hospital health care, and follow-up care of young infants in the community is assured. Greater effectiveness of screening in the United States will require a more rational organization of health services."
1134519,"Reports on survival of patients with cancer issued by the National Cancer Institute indicate marked improvement for almost all forms of cancer from the 1940's to 1950's. Subsequently, prognosis for patients with forms of cancer accounting for approximately 42 per cent of all cancers continued to improve, although at a slower rate. For cancers of the lung, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas, little improvement in patient survival during the 1960's was observed, and for women with invasive cervical cancer, survival rates decreased slightly. One-year survival results for patients with diagnoses made during 1970-71 suggest that improvement in five-year survival observed during the 1960's for many forms of cancer will be sustained. Continued reporting of survival of patients treated in the 1970's would ultimately demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of recently introduced therapeutic procedures."
1134530,"Family medicine is part of the process by which medicine adjusts itself to the changing needs of society. Family physicians have in common the fact that they obtain fulfillment from personal relations more than from the technical aspects of medicine. Their commitment is to a group of people more than to a body of knowledge. Their experience gives them a distinctive perspective of illness that includes its personal and social context. Medical knowledge includes information, skill and insight. Medical education has tended to emphasize the former: to concentrate on foreground rather than background. In the training of family physicians the education setting and the role of instructors are of crucial importance."
1134588,"Pattern Recognition is becoming established as a general data analysis tool which has widespread applications in chemistry. Whenever something must be learned from objects (elements, compounds, and mixtures) and a chemical/physical theory has not been sufficiently developed, pattern recognition may provide a solution. Materials production problems, screening applications, source identification and structure analysis are important areas of current interest. It is expected that many more areas of application will open up in the years to come. In short, the ""educated guess"" is being supported by the computer; at least that is our educated guess."
1134611,"Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a method allowing the separation of proteins according to their molecular sizes. For this reason this method is rather useful for the classification of proteinurias as tubular, glomerular, or mixed. In the present study a good correlation was observed between the results of urine electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel and both clinical and histopathological data from 32 patients with different forms of renal disease."
1134612,Studies have been carried out on the toxicity of large doses of contrast medium (Hypaque 45%) given to rats with acute renal failure induced both by mercuric chloride and by glycerol. No increase in the expected mortality of the experimental models was observed following infusion of twice the maximum clinical dose of contrast medium.
1134613,"The ingestion of a sodium phosphate laxative preparation (Phosphosoda, Fleed) in a patient who had acute renal failure resulted in hypocalcemic tetany primarily due to severe hyperphosphatemia. Hypernatremia and a marked anion gap were present and attributable in part to the sodium phosphate ingestion of this preparation in the presence of renal failure."
1134614,"A material with a molecular weight comprised between 10,000 and 50,000 has been extracted from the urine of normal and glomerulonephritic (GN) rats submitted to high or normal salt diet. When injected into the renal arteries of normal rats, the material isolated from the urine of normal salt-loaded rats induced a significant natriuresis; on the contrary, the material isolated from GN rats or from normal non-salt-loaded rats induced only a slight natriuresis which did not exceed control values. Injection of natriuretic material in GN rats did not induce any significant natriuresis. The results demonstrate the presence of a natriuretic material in the urine of salt-loaded normal rats; this material is absent in the urine of GN animals; moreover, they demonstrate that the sodium retention by the GN kidney is due to the inability of this organ to respond to the determinants of saline natriuresis such as natriuretic factor(s) as well as non specific changes in blood composition, i.e. blood dilution. Several possibilities could be deduced from these results: a natriuretic material of extrarenal origin could be inactive on the GN kidney which could destroy it; natriuretic material of renal origin could disappear during experimental glomerulonephritis and be absent in the urine of these animals."
1134615,"The effect of acute renal denervation on renal blood flow (RBF) and intrarenal distribution of blood flow (microsphere method) was studied in dogs using three standard denervation models. Surgical denervation, by stripping renal vascular nerves and autoperfusing the kidney through a large bore plastic catheter, caused RBF and glomerular filtration rate to decrease. Also, intrarenal distribution of blood flow became asymmetric, that is, perfusion changes in the two halves of the kidney were not similar. Denervation by stripping away the neural tissue and infiltrating the hilum with 0.5% procaine and 50% ethanol produced no adverse effects on RBF, but distributional changes were asymmetric. Denervation by this method was probably incomplete as evidenced by decreased RBF following bilateral carotid occlusion. Intrarenal arterial infusion of 10 mug/kg/min phenoxybenzamine caused renal perfusion to change asymmetrically and did not abolish the decrease in RBF normally seen following nerve stimulation. Present results demonstrate denervation studies must be interpreted cautiously; because the denervation model may cause renal damage and asymmetric perfusion, and denervation may not be complete."
1134616,Carrying out vascular sutures is often a serious trouble during the surgical preparation of arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. A new technique is suggested to perform an end-to-end anastomosis by inserting the artery 5-6 mm into the vein and then cementing the vessels by means of a cyanoacrilic tissue adhesive. The duration of the surgical procedure is reduced to half and this technique is much more simple than the usual ones. In 6 patients thus treated no troubles could be found either immediately or afterwards.
1134617,"125-I-NGF was found to associate with embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through two processes. A time-saturable process included the binding of NGF to surface receptors with an apparent affinity constant in the range of 10(-7)M minus 1 and at a level of 4 f moles/mug tissue protein. The second process was time-linear, temperature-sensitive, and included both bound and non-competable NGF. While metabolic inhibitors had little effect, histone and insulin considerably increased the uptake. A comparison of 125-I-NGF and 125-I-peroxidase uptake suggested that the time-linear uptake of 125-I-NGF must include only bound NGF and incubation medium. Sequestration of the proteins taken up was indicated by the lack of release of radiolabeled material at 4 degrees C, even in the presence of native proteins. All these characteristics are consistent with an interpretation that DRG cells can take up NGF and other proteins by a pinocytotic process. Similar NGF binding and uptake properties were found to occur in cells from a variety of other embryonic chick tissues."
1134618,"Explants of 10-12-day-old embryonic chick spinal cord were cultured for up to 20 days by the ""coverslip-roller"" method. Morphological development of neurons as shown by the presence of mature neurons, myelinated axons and synaptic structures, was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Two important enzymes associated with acetylcholine transmitter metabolism, choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were assayed in cultures at selected time intervals. The activity of ChAc and AChE exhibited an increase of 60 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively, over a 20-day period. It is concluded that organotypic cultures of embryonic chick spinal cord show differentiation not only in morphological aspects, but also in biochemical terms through progressive development of ChAc and AChE."
1134619,"Cultures of chick dorsal root ganglia were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Fibroblasts, Schwann cells and neurites with their characteristic terminal filamentous growth cones were identified and their surface ultrastructure and inter-relationships described. Although exploratory filopodia of nerve growth cones were observed to pass both over and underneath the edges of wandering fibroblasts present at the periphery of the outgrowth, it was noted that the nerve bundles ultimately came to overlie sheets of fibroblasts. The neurites appeared generally bare along their lengths but were sometimes attached to the substrate or underlying fibroblastic sheet by small lateral projections. Some Schwann cells were observed to migrate freely between the neurites whilst others appeared to have wrapped around the nerve bundles in a manner suggestive of early myelination."
1134620,"Plasma TSH responses after an i.v. injection of 100 mg of L-dopa were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in 4 normal euthyroid subjects and in 8 patients with primary hypothyroidism. In agreement with previous results, no variations to plasma TSH  levels were observed in the euthyroid subjects. In contrast, in primary hypothyroidism L-dopa induced a biphasic response in plasma TSH. In fact, we observed a transitory increase witha maximum at 30 min (mean plus or minus SEM equals 54 plus or minus 18%) followed by a decrease reading a minimum level of plasma TSH basal values at 90 min (mean plus or minus SEM equals 15 plus or minus 6%). Thesefindings demonstrate that the plasma TSH response to L-dopa in primary hypothyroidism is time-dependent . Some speculation on the possible mechanism of this action is presented."
1134621,"It has previously been shown that stimulation of an adrenergic system in the central nervous system (CNS) will depress the increase in plasma corticosterone (B) following surgical stress. Two aspects of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function, namely adrenal compensatory hypertrophy (ACH) and plasma B response to ether stress, were studied to determine the influence of this adrenergic component. Phenoxybenzamine, an gamma-adrenergic blocking agent, chronically implanted into the lateral ventricle produced an augmented response to ether stress, whereas norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and propranolol did not. The augmented response was similar to that observed following the daily administration of reserpine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.). The response to this dose of reserpine was blocked by the simultaneous administration of a low dose of dexamethasone (14 mu-g/kg, s.c.). Augmentation of the stress response was not produced by larger doses of reserpine but did occur with lower doses. The effects of the treatments on ACH were not consistent with those observed on the stress response, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved. The data support the concept of an gamma-adrenergic component in the CNS which serves to inhibit the plasma B stress response."
1134622,"Multiple-unit activity (MUA) was obtained from neuronal pools in the gonadotropic hypothalamus of quails. A special device allowed for exploration of various hypothalamic structures in unanesthetized birds. All recording sessions were made in the dark. Spontaneous and flash light-evoked MUAs were recorded from both tuberal and dorsal gonadotropic areas, either in the morning or in the afternoon, and were compared to extragonadotropic firing patterns. Firing rates (spikes/10 sec) and integrated MUA (200 addresses) provided distinctive spontaneous neuronal activities for various cell clusters. These spontaneous salient features appeared to be changeable throughout the photoperiod. Flash stimulations resulted in a marked increase in MUA recorded from the gonadotropic regions of the hypothalamus."
1134714,"We have developed a scleral-indentor-illuminator which, when combined with indirect ophthalmoscopy, gives better visualization of some choroidal lesions than conventional ophthalmoscopy. The thin, angulated probe tip allows for extreme posterior placement."
1134716,"In our lifetime, electronic photography, that is television, has replaced optical film photography in many areas and has opened new fields in other areas. The surgical optical microscope is a closed, limited system. Television can revolutionize this by converting the optical picture into an electronic picture which can be sent down a cable, through the air, or recorded on magnetic tape to be seen now or at a later time. The Stereo-Video Microscope offers a new surgical instrument which provides the surgeon with greater ease of viewing and other numerous advantages over optical microscopy."
1134717,"Seventy-one patients with glaucoma needing surgical correction had either a peripheral iridectomy with a thermal sclerostomy or a trabeculectomy utilizing a modification of Watson's technique in which the scleral flap was closed tightly with sutures. Results of surgery were analyzed at intervals up to and including three years following the surgical procedure. The success of the operations was judged both in terms of the effect on intraocular pressure as well as on the visual ability of the eye. Since the surgeon's aim is to lower intraocular pressure to a particular level, not simply to an arbitrary level that facilitates statistical analysis, the control of the disease was graded in terms of how completely the operative procedure fulfilled the goal set by the surgeon at the time the decision to operate was made. While this method of grading success introduces a subjective element, a more valid assessment of the true value of the surgery may be obtained. The results suggest that the Scheie procedure lowers pressure to a lower level and for a longer duration than does the trabeculectomy (mean intraocular pressure three years postoperatively was 12.3 mm Hg in cases of primary glaucoma treated with a Scheie procedure and 16 mm Hg in those with trabeculectomy with a sutured scleral flap). In this study the long-term visual result was apparently no different with the Scheie procedure and trabeculectomy. Trabeculectomy causes fewer flat anterior changes than the Scheie procedure. The degree of pressure lowering in trabeculectomy is directly related to the amount of postoperative filtration. The relative indications for trabeculectomy include: (1) malignant glaucoma in the other eye; (2) chronic angle closure glaucoma where an iridectomy is considered insufficient; (3) ""high pressure glaucoma"" where pressure below 20 mm Hg is not essential; (4) low inflow glaucoma in which persistent flat anterior chambers may be expected following routine filtration surgery; and (5) cases where endophthalmitis is a real concern, as in the very young, those remote from medical care and those with poor personal hygiene. Trabeculectomy gives such poor results in secondary glaucoma that the procedure is probably relatively contraindicated. Trabeculectomy is a valuable operation, but not the final solution to glaucoma surgery. It should be chosen with full recognition of its specific advantages and disadvantages."
1134718,"This study represents the clinical evaluation of a newly developed snythetic absorbable suture, Polyglactin 910, in 5-0 and 6-0 sizes as used in muscle surgery. In 240 cases, Polyglactin 910 has spoken very well for itself. It possesses extremely high tensile strength and wound tensile strength retention, excellent handling characteristics and a predictable absorption rate, while the amount of tissue reaction it produces is consistently less than that of comparably sized sutures of Chromic Catgut. Polyglactin 910 is both versatile and reliable, and reflects important progress toward the development of ""the perfect"" absorbable suture. This article details Polyglactin 910's shortcomings as well as its strong points, and provides a recommended handling technique for its use."
1134758,"Two cases of central retinal venous thrombosis with gross involvement of the arterial supply to the retina are described. The iris fluorescein angiography showed massive leakage of dye into the anterior chamber. The iris angiographic findings in 48 cases of central venous thrombosis are compared with those of 19 patients with central retinal artery occlusion. In venous obstruction pupillary and extrapupillary vessels leak both in recent and in long-standing cases, whereas in arterial occlusions extrapupillary leakage occurs exclusively in recent cases. Comparatively, the 2 cases of stagnation thrombosis appear to show an exaggerated arterial type of response, and seem to form a distinct clinical entity as opposed to the basically venous insufficiency of central retinal vein thrombosis of the usual type."
1134761,The purpose of this study was to determine whether a motor adjustment (method of average error) and a verbal response (method of constant stimuli) procedure would yield comparable estimates of depth acuity using the classic Howard apparatus. The findings were that: (1) thresholds derived from the two procedures were not significantly correlated under either binocular or monocular viewing conditions; (2) essentially equivalent thresholds were derived from the two procedures under the binocular viewing condition; (3) thresholds derived from the verbal procedure were significantly higher than those derived from the motor adjustment procedure under monocular viewing conditions.
1134825,"Patients with cervical spinal cord injury can gain useful hand function from a good rehabilitation programme and non-operative hand care. Effective prehension can usually be achieved by proper positioning, exercises, and splinting but when grasp is poor, tendon transfers are very effective in furthering the goal of independence. These patients have been reviewed extensively and classified into groups according to remaining neurological function. Group I patients have weak elbow flexion and weak shoulder function or less. No tendon transfers were done. Group II patients have shoulder control, elbow flexion and weak wrist extensors. Some of these patients can be improved by transferring the brachioradialis to the radial wrist extensor. Group III patients have the above and good to normal brachioradialis and two radial wrist extensors. Transferring the brachioradialis to restore opposition and the extensor carpi radialis longus to the flexor digitorum profundi provides strong and effective prehension. Group IV patients have the above plus pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis which can be used for transfer. Opposition and finger flexion can be restored by a variety of transfers. In groups III and IV tendon transfers were done only when automatic grasp was poor or absent. If finger grasp was good and thumb function ineffective only opponens transfers were done in order to achieve key pinch. Group V patients have all muscles functioning but with varying degrees of intrinsic weakness. Opponens transfer is useful for these patients. Indications and contraindications to surgery are given. All the patients have improved function and strength following their tendon transfers. No patient has regretted having had surgery."
1134826,"Development of Spinal Cord Injuries Centre in the Armed Forces of India has been discussed. Starting from a 30-bedded unit in 1965 we have now a 100-bedded spinal cord injury centre, a major rehabilitation centre managed by trained medical staff for these patients. A 25-bedded paraplegic home for ex-servicemen has been recently built with modern facilities and amenities. Medical rehabilitation and vocational services are now available to paraplegics in a radius of one kilometre at this centre."
1134831,"Serum taken from mice 12-15 weeks after a primary infection of Schistosoma mansoni transfers to normal recipients a partial resistance to subsequent schistosome challenge. The transfer of immunity is evident not only in the reduced recovery of mature parasites from the liver, but also in the diminished numbers of invading schistosomula recovered of resistance equivalent on average to 47% of that found in actively immunized animals, the results suggest that humoral factors play a major role in the effector mechanism of schistosome immunity."
1134832,"Immune serum accelerated the expulsion of Trichuris muris when transferred into normal mice on days 0 and 3 after infection, but had no effect when the recipient mice had been immunosuppressed by sublethal irradiation or by cortisone treatment. Delaying serum transfer until days 7 and 8 in normal mice failed to accelerate expulsion, although immune mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) accelerated expulsion whether transferred early or late in infection. Expulsion from NIH mice, normally complete by 12 days, was prevented by sublethal irradiation given as late as 9 days after infection, but could be restored by subsequent transfer of immune MLNC or, to a lesser degree, non-immune MLNC. Immune MLNC were unable to restore worm expulsion in mice irradiated before infection. These results are interpreted as showing that the immune expulsion of T. murius from mice during a primary infection requires the sequential activities of antibody-mediated and lymphoid cell-mediated components."
1134845,"Submaxillary saliva from reserpine-treated rats was found to have alterations in composition similar to those reported in the same secretion from patients with cystic fibrosis. Changes included elevated concentrations of Na+, Ca++, protein, and carbohydrate. In addition, this saliva was found to have ciliotoxic properties similar to those of CF serum. The similarities in cilioinhibitory effects salivary composition, and histologic appearance justify the use of the chronically reserpinized rat as a model for cystic fibrosis."
1134846,"The urinary excretion of glucaric and glucuronic acid was investigated in neonates receiving phenobarbital intramuscularly or orally. Whereas there was no significant difference from the control-subjects in glucuronic acid elimination, the increase in glucaric acid excretion was significantly higher in the intramuscularly treated neonates. Infants with orally administered phenobarbital showed only insignificantly greater glucaric acid elimination. The decrease of serum bilirubin levels was more pronounced in the intramuscularly treated than in the orally treated group. The determination of glucaric acid may be an important reflection of hepatic microsomal induction of the enzymes of the glucuronic acid pathway."
1134847,"Uptake of diamino acids by isolated granulocytes and by liver slices was studied in patients with LPI and in control subjects. 14-C-Labeled lysine, arginine, and ornithine were used in the granulocyte assay and a nonmetabolizable diamino acid analog, l-homoarginine, in the liver assay. Kinetic studies on diamino acid uptake by the granulocytes were consistent with the existence of one transport system common to the three diamino acids. The maximal velocity of uptake was approximately equal for the three amino acids and similar in patients and control subjects. In the liver slices, at least two transport systems became apparent as substrate concentration was varied from 4.0-0.025 mM. A low concentration system with high affinity and very small capacity for transport was similar in patients and control subjects. A high concentration system was also present in both groups, but in the patients had only 1/7 of the maximal capacity observed in the control subjects. This defect grossly incapacitated the diamino acid uptake of the liver. In LPI, the observed defect, in conjunction with the deficient absorption in the kidneys and intestine, explains the lack of ornithine at the site of urea synthesis, which is evident from the impaired and ornithine-correctable urea production."
1134878,"An evaluation of perinatal care practices in Iowa community hospitals is presented. Seventy-two hospitals were visited by a University-based perinatal care team. After an initial assessment, educational programs aimed at correcting deficient care practices were carried out in the community hospitals. A review of the data indicates an improvement in the care of the perinatal patient. The authors feel the methodology employed can be utilized in other rural areas to improve basic perinatal care."
1134879,"Regionalization of neonatal intensive care has necessitated air transport of the critically ill infant in sparsely populated areas. All newborn air transports to four Denver area newborn intensive-care units over a 14-month period were reviewed. An emergency-care nurse and a neonatal intensive-care nurse provided the basic transport team with physician assistance in selected cases. Infants were evaluated and stabilized at the referring hospital before moving the infant. The transports were analyzed for the type of air craft utilized, reason for referral, and mortality. The results indicate that prior planning will permit the use of the most appropriate aircraft and transport team. When using well-trained transport personnel, the presence of a physician may be limited to specific situations without adversely affecting overall neonatal mortality."
1134880,"The assumption that congenital rubella is commonly associated with microcephaly and mental retardation was examined. Among a rubella clinic population of 111 children, 92 children had vision sufficient to allow testing by the Leiter International Scale. The mean IQ for this group was 99.46 (SD, 19.5). Head circumference in this group correlated well with stature but poorly with intellect. The authors conclude that children with intrauterine rubella should be viewed as small children rather than children with small heads and that such children are poorly served if mental subnormality is assumed without careful study."
1134881,"Nine infants who had severe local manifestations following intravenous administration of calcium gluconate are presented. The lesions appeared at the intravenous sites as firm subcutaneous nodules or areas of areas of inflammation with central softening and fluctuation. The interval between appearance of the lesion and calcium administration was 13 plus or minus 2.5 (mean plus or minus SEM) days. Five infants were treated with antibiotics and three of the five had incision and drainage. Roentgenographic evidence of subcutaneous calcification was seen in all cases at the time the lesions were first noticed. In two infants the entire cephalic vein was calcified. Induration and inflammation completely subsided in six infants, four of whom had follow-up roentgenograms showing complete resolution of calcification. A conservative approach in management is recommended."
1134882,"A 25-year-old woman with obstructive, reversible pulmonary and nasal hypersensitivity apparently induced by casual, repeated inhalation of pancreatin powder (desiccated pork pancreas) is described. The powder was being employed as a dietary supplement for the patient's son, diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis. Two challenges of the diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis. Two challenges of the patient by reproducing home use of the powder resulted in repetition of a hypersensitivity symptom complex on both occasions. Vitalometry demonstrated an immediate and late response. Avoidance of pancreatin powder exposure resulted in subsidence of symptoms. Immunologic mechanisms are suggested but not proven."
1134883,"The purpose of this study was to determine if certain physiologic parameters (plasma bilirubin concentration and urinary excretion rate of D-glucaric acid) can be used to predict a newborn infant's ability to eliminate a phenolic drug, and particularly to predict the ability to conjugate that drug with glucuronic acid. Tweleve healthy 2- to 3-day-old full-term infants with plasma bilirubin concentrations of 1.0 to 11.6 mg/100 ml and D-glucaric acid excretion rates of 0.131 to 0.345 mg/kg/day received a single oral dose of acetaminophen, 12 mg/kg. Urine was collected serially for 48 hours and analyzed for acetaminophen, acetaminophen glucuronide, acetaminophen sulfate, and D-glucaric acid. The biologic half-life of acetaminophen was 3.5 plus or minus 0.85 hours (average plus or minus SD) as compared to average values of 1.9 to 2.2 hours observed in five reported studies on a total of 39 adults. The rate constant for acetaminophen glucuronide formation in neonates was considerably smaller, on the average, than in adults but the average rate constant for acetaminophen sulfate formation was somewhat larger than in adults. There is not statistically significant colucaric acid excretion. The results of this study suggest that the limited ability of neonates to conjugate phenolic drugs with glucuronic acid is compensated to a degree by a well-developed capability for sulfate conjugation."
1134884,"Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) may vary widely in its manifestations and severity. Fifteen children seen between 1960 and 1974 with histologically proven IL are analyzed by clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and histologic criteria. Remissions occurred in most patients and none died. Exacerbations occurred in five children. Diarrhea was present in 14 patients and in 13 appeared before the age of 3 years. Vomiting occurred in nine patients and growth retardation in seven. Four children had associated peripheral lymphedema and two of these had a family history of lymphedema, both had affected fathers and one had affected siblings and paternal cousins. Seven had hypoproteinemic edema, and of these, four suffered from hypocalcemic seizures. Chylous effusions were present in five. Hypoproteinemia was present in 12 although five had no hypoalbuminemic edema. Six had lymphopenia which was related to the severity of the disease and was the last abnormality to disappear after clinical remission. Lymphopenia may first appear years after the protein loss begins. Upper gastrointestinal tract series were performed in 13 children and had diagnostic supportive value in seven. Six children had two or more small-intestinal biopsies done. They all showed great variation from one examination to the other, ranging from a normal appearance to severe changes. Lymphatic block may occur at different sites-in the lamina propria only, generalized (lamina propria, submucosa, serosa, and mesentery), or conversely in the mesentery alone with minimal changes in the lamina propria. In three patients intravenous hyperalimentation was necessary. Specific treatment with a high-protein, low-fat diet with added medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) is valuable. Surgical resection was of benefit in one patient, and anastomosis of mesenteric to para-aortic lymph nodes in another."
1134885,"The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare inborn error of purine metabolism associated with hyperuricacidemia, mental retardation, and an insatiable urge for self-mutilation, especially of the extremities. Insensitivity to pain and severe muscle spasms create very difficult management problems, especially for children being cared for at home. Fortunately this syndrome is rare (1 per 380,000 live births). Four known patients are under treatment in Manitoba, of which two brothers are the subject of this study. In general, the medical management of these patients has been unsuccessful, especially in controlling self-mutilation. It therefore was decided to manage these children by the use of mechanical aids. Through the utilization of custom-designed seating devices control of the self-mutilation has been obtained, reducing the burden of family care. It is now possible for the children to attend regular school on a half-day basis. They are also able to engage in community activities without the fear that a mishap will occur when not under the vigilance of the immediate family."
1134888,"A baby with neonatal withdrawal from propoxyphene as evidenced by severe diarrhea, flapping tremors, shrill cry, diaphoresis, hypertonicity, and seizures is presented. Propoxyphene and its metabolites were identified in the patient's serum and urine. We express concern about the wide use of propoxyphene and its proposed use in substitution programs for detoxifying and maintaining heroin addicts in view of the possibility of neonatal complications."
1134923,"In 1973 all Danish A.I. beef bulls were tested by chromosome analysis, in order to eliminate bulls with Robertsonian translocation (centric fusion translocations). From abroad it has been reported that this aberration reduced fertility. Of 65 bulls none was affected. The literature concerning chromosome investigation of populations of A.I. bulls are summarized. It is proposed that all imported bulls should be tested by chromosome banding methods, before the bulls are used."
1134924,"The article deals with 665 cases of teat stenosis observed over the period 1968--73 in the area covered by the Field Station of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Hautjarvi. The main attention is to the occurrence of the syndrome and the aspects associated with the clinical picture. The results are shown in Figs. 1--4. Only 12.7% of the stenoses were recorded during the pasture season. An examination of the point of time of the diagnosis revealed that 46.2% of all cases fell during the first month after calving. Of all cases of stenosis, 59.8% were found in the rear teats and, correspondingly, 50.2% in the fore teats. The location of the stenosis in the teat was known in 526 cases: 79.5% in the streak canal and tip of the teat, 8.5% in the mid-section of the cistern, 3.3% in its upper section and 8.7% affecting the entire cistern. Of the 477 cases treated surgically, 24.3% required renewed treatment. Of the 174 cases treated without surgery, 20.7% had to be treated several times. On the basis of the observations made, conclusions were drawn with regard to ethiological factors and the results examined in the light of some other studies."
1134925,"The clinical and radiographic appearance of acute pulmonary edema in three hunting dogs are reported. The etiology is discussed. The conclusion was drawn that the cause of pulmonary edema was probably neurogenic, probably induced by hypoglycemia. Prevention and treatment are discussed."
1135123,"A series of studies was conducted to identify and delineate factors associated with responses of chickens to high ambient temperatures. Two populations of birds were used which had been selected divergently for tolerance to stress at 40.6 degrees C. and 75% R.H. and at 5 weeks of age. After four generations of selection for survival time the lines had separated by 28 minutes: 58 vs. 86 minutes for the low and high, respectively. Egg production, hatchability, Haugh units and specific gravity did not differ between lines. Egg weight was greater in the low line. The body temperature of chicks at 30 minutes of heat stress was correlated (r = -0.454; P less than 0.05) to survival time. Body weight was correlated (r = -0.325) with resistance to heat stress while loss of body weight during heat stress was correlated (r = +0.478) with resistance. There was no apparent difference between lines in respect to resistance of 16-day old embryos to heat stress."
1135124,"The response of young poults to diets containing 0.7, 1.2, 1.7 and 2.7 per cent sodium chloride was studied.  Water intake, feed intake and wieght gain were not significantly influenced by treatment.  Only the highest level caused a significant increase in mortality.  Ascites was not a consistent finding even on high levels of salt.  A straight line best described the response but confidence limits were large and this was also true for heart, kidney and lung lesions.  Lesions showing myocardial distension with pericardial adhesions, severe congestion of the lungs and enlarged pale kidneys seemed more indicative of salt intoxication than classic ascites.  Microscopically heterophilic (eosinophilic) lung and meningeal infiltrates accompanied by myocardial degeneration and adhesions were suggestive, but not specific, of salt intoxication."
1135125,"The epithelial surface of the intertine of chicks 1 day to 14 weeks of age was examined with both scanning and transmission electron microscopes.  Most of the intestinal villi were seen to be plate-like structures.  During the first week post-hatch, goblet cell orifices were easily seen.  Goblet cell pores were not readily apparent in the older birds.  During this stage of early development discontinuity was seen among some epithelial cells.  The villi of birds one week or older showed a more convoluted mucosal surface than the younger birds.  Areas of cell extrusion were observed at the tips of some villi.  The three dimensional cylindrical structure of the microvilli was shown with the scanning electron microscope."
1135126,Total and soluble imidazole was determined on samples of liver and kidney and soluble imidazole was determined on blood from eight strains of chickens selected at three locations for resistance or susceptibility to lymphoid leukosis and/or Marek's disease.  Liver and kidney total and soluble imidazole was not different between strains classed as resistant or susceptible to lymphoid leukosis and/or Marek's disease.  The weighted average of soluble blood imidazole was higher (P smaller than 0.01) in strains classed as resistant to lymphoid leukosis.  A similar difference (P smaller than 0.01) was observed with strains classed as resistant or susceptible to Marek's disease when the selections from one location were not included in the weighted average.
1135127,"In several series of comparative measurement studies the effect that the sex-linked delay feathering (K-n) gene had on comb and uropygial gland development was measured in chickens from two to 60 weeks of age.  The gene's effect on heart, adrenal gland and reproductive organ weights were also determined.  The comb and uropygial gland size differences were very dramatic throughout the whole age range.  Combs of mutant birds were greatly reduced in size while the uropygial glands were greatly hypertrophied.  Heart and adrenal gland weights were also significantly increased in the mutant birds.  Gonad weights however showed no difference.  Responsiveness of mutant chick's combs to injections of testosterone propionate was also tested and shown to have a response similar to that of non-mutant chicks."
1135128,Various social and physical environments were tested for effects on fertility using three White Leghorn strains in multiple-bird cages.  Familiarizing breeder males with the cage environment before introducing females had no appreciable effect.  Area per bird (560 vs. 1130 cm.-2) and cage height (40 vs. 80 cm.) were not detected as significant variables.  Firmer wire flooring and previous mating experience of males appeared to confer advantages in establishing fertility.
1135129,"Genetic strains, ages, and housing environments were studied for their effects of egg production, gains in weight and fertility over an eight-week interval.  Rate of egg production in small floor pens was clearly superior to that in high-density, commercial type colony cages.  Fertility was influenced by all major variables and by interactions among some of them.  One genetic stock was clearly superior to two others.  Differences between strains were more clearly evident in the rigorous colony-cage environment than in floor pens.  Fertility in colony cages was lower than in floor pens over the eight-week test, but the difference decreased with time.  Young males had higher fertility than older ones."
1135130,"Chromatography of seminal plasma from fresh, untreated chicken semen on Bio-Rad A1.5m agarose gel yielded five major peaks of ultraviolet absorbancy at 280 nm.  Two peaks with 280/260 absorbancy ratios less than unity suggested the presence of free nucleotides.  Enzyme assays on the eluent fractions resulted in substantial single peaks of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, phosphohexose isomerase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity.  Acetylcholinesterase and aminopeptidase assays produced multiple peaks of activity.  No trypsin-like enzyme activity was detected, suggesting the presence of a seminal plasma trypsin-like enzyme inhibitor.  Molecular weight estimates were obtained for all enzyme activity peaks."
1135131,"Adding ascorbic acid to a practical ration deficient in vitamin E and selenium for the growing duck substantially reduced associated mortality.  The continued appearance of various myopathies but absence of vascular faults supported implication of a reduced de novo ascorbate synthesis as part of the syndrome.  Presumably, alleviation of this induced secondary inadequacy with its more lethal pathology was the primary reason for the lower death rate."
1135132,"Two-hundred and fifty Babcock B-300 pullets (18 weeks of age) were either cropectomized, sham-operated or used as unoperated controls in two experiments.  Although feed consumption was slightly less in cropectomized birds than in control birds, the pattern of feed consumption in relation to time of day remained unchanged.  Egg production and body weight of cropectomized birds were significantly lower than that of control or sham birds.  Egg weight was not affected by cropectomy or the sham operation.  Cropectomy had no influence on the pattern of serum calcium or on egg specific gravity in relation to time of day; however, serum calcium and egg specific gravity  was consistently lower at each time interval measured throughout the day or night when compared to that of controls.  The adverse effect of cropectomy on specific gravity of eggs and serum calcium indicated that the crop is an important organ in the laying hen.  The crop appeared to serve as a storage depot for feed providing the bird with nutrients necessary for optimal shell quality during periods on non-consumption."
1135133,"Chicks from lines genetically selected for high or low heat tolerance were compared to lines selected for high or low oxygen consumption.  Oxygen consumption, survival time, respiration rate, lung capacity and body weight were determined.  Selection for high oxygen consumption ahd high heat tolerance resulted in birds with similar characteristics.  The high line birds for both heat tolerance and oxygen consumption had greater oxygen consumption, survival time and lung capacity but lower body weight."
1135134,Small 1.1 kg. egg-type pullets having the sex-linked dw dwarfing gene were more resistant to a force molting program started at 11 months of age than were their 1.4 kg. non-dwarf counterparts.  Water deprivation appeared to prevent egg production sooner in the dwarfs than in the non-dwarfs but egg production eight weeks after initiation of the force molt program was 46 per cent versus 64 per cent for the non-dwarf pullets.
1135135,"In two experiments with young chicks, weight gains were never increased by diammonium citrate (DAC) added to low-protein, amino-acid-supplemented, semipurified diets.  Added vitamin B6 seemed effective in slightly reducing the growth-inhibition caused by DAC and in improving weight gains per gram of nitrogen retained from DAC diets."
1135136,Japanese quail were sacrificed at one or two days after hatching. several hematological parameters were measured.  A leukopenia occurred in the two-day-old quail.  Concomitantly the circulating numbers of lymphocytes were reduced in the older quail.  It appears that this functional leukopenia is attributable to reduced numbers of lymphocytes and may represent an heretofore undefined physiological adaptive mechanism which occurs during the early neonatal period.
1135137,"Thyroid function, as indicated by the maximum percent uptake of iodine-131, was measured in non-dwarf and recessive, sex-linked dwarf White Leghorn female chickens at different ages.  The rate of uptake and release of 131-I by the thyroid gland was closely monitored over a period of eight days after the injection of the isotope.  No significant differences were observed in thyroid uptake value of dwarf chicks in one-week-old group (approximately equal to 11.5 per cent for each group).  At the age of four weeks the maximum uptake was only 5.58 per cent in dwarfs compared to 10.11 per cent in non-dwarf chicks.  Potassium thiocyanate treatment caused a significant reduction in the uptake of iodine-131 by the thyroid glands of both 4-week-old dwarf and non-dwarf chicks although there was no difference in the response pattern of either group to the treatment.  Dwarf laying-hens had a significantly lower maximum thyroid uptake (1.4 per cent) when compared to non-dwarf laying hens (2.48 per cent).  A consistantly slower rate of uptake by the thyroid glands of dwarf chickens was observed for all age groups than equivalent non-dwarfs but there were no apparent differences in the release rates of 131-I by dwarfs when compared to non-dwarfs.  No significant differences were observed between the 131-I uptake by the ovaries or eggs of both dwarf and non-dwarf laying hens.  A gradual decrease in thyroid activity was observed in both dwarf and non-dwarf chickens with increased age.  From this study it was evident that the dwarf bird had significantly lower thyroid activity but with normal organification.  The defect in thyroid function in the dwarf bird apparently was not at the level of synthesis but at the level of uptake of iodine."
1135138,Important populations of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be present on the body surfaces of live poultry originating from flocks without history of staphylococcal disease.  Their sized increased considerably until approximately the seventh week of life after which time they were maintained at equally high levels.  Significant correlations were found between the populations recovered from superficial wash samples and skin-tissue samples.  Similarly the numbers isolated from the nasal cavities were correlated with other surface counts.  Low numbers were present in the intestinal tract.  Birds with staphylococcal synovitis had higher numbers in all sampling regions.  The counts were very high in subjects suffering from staphylococcal dermatitis.  Higher rates of positive birds and higher numbers of staphylococci were detected with a whole body sampling method than with a nasal swab technique.  The isolates obtained in this study belonged to the S. aureus biotype B which is associated with poultry and pigs.
1135254,"This study was designed to investigate  nonverbal communication in a physical therapy setting. The investigation was accomplished by observing patient-physical therapist interaction during treatment sessions, recording nonverbal behaviors capable of communicating, and interviewing the patient and therapist to discuss the nonverbal communication that occurred during the treatment. Nonverbal communication was present in the physical therapy setting, although both patient and therapist were aware of nonverbal behavior only 50 percent of the time. Nonverbal communication was used to maintain or establish an emotionally supportive treatment setting and to clarify or explain treatment instruction. Nonverbal communication in this setting and for these purposes was deemed effective."
1135255,"Graduates of the physical therapist assistant program at St. Mary's Junior College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, were studied to ascertain how well prepared they had been for the demands of their jobs and to discover what revisions in the program curriculum might be appropriate. Working graduates and their supervisors were surveyed to obtain information about the frequency and independence of performance of 111 tasks appropriate to physical therapy departments. The response was 90 percent. The St. Mary's curriculum was considered appropriate in most respects. More than 25 percent of the supervisors considered emphasis inadequate only for facilitation, breathing, and mat exercises. Graduates' recommended changes were more extensive, suggesting a desire to expand their knowledge. A manual was designed to guide program faculties through follow-up of their own graduates. The manual includes questionnaires, worksheets, and a guide to analysis. The authors suggest that the process may also be useful for other technical-level allied health occupations."
1135256,"This case study presents a young woman who was admitted to our facility in an emaciated physical condition. She had multiple pressure sores and severe contractures about the neck, trunk, and lower extremities, necessitating dependence in all care. Slow but consistent progress was noted trhoughout a four-month aggressive rehabilitation program. The various treatment approaches and resulting functional gains are detailed."
1135260,Sixty-two physical therapy schools were surveyed reageding their teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eighty-two percent of the schools responded to the questions and 27 percent indicated no such instruction. Included in this report is a copy of the questionnaire and the results of the survey. The recommendation is made that all physical therapists receive adequate training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and that their competency be confirmed by examination.
1135261,"Assessment of a standardized test as one criterion for student admission to a physical therapist assistant program is made. Comparisons are made of ACT scores between the physical therapist assistant and associate degree nurse, and the physical therapist assistant and the practical nurse. A correlation matrix was used to analyze data with differences among the three groups determined by t test computation. This sample supports a positive correlation of ACT test scores with graduation grade point average. The means show no significant difference between the two associate degree programs and a significant difference between the associate degree programs and the practical nurse program."
1135262,A new method for monitoring the durations of foot-floor contact during walking is described. The method uses a screen walkway and conducting paper on the soles of the shoes as parts of an electrical circuit. The materials used are identified and circuit diagrams are provided. Several clinical applications and advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
1135263,The rationale and format for a part-time program in undergraduate physical therapy are presented. The part-time program allows students to gain credit for prior related experience or training and to pursue professional education while continuing to work. Part-time study is a viable alternative that should be considered in physical therapy education.
1135358,"Changes in health and in behavior related to health-illness were described in men whose jobs were abolished because of a permanent plant closing. Fluctuations in several measures based on a 2 week health diary (Days Complaint, Days Disability, Percent Days Complaint That Are Also Days Disability, Days Saw Doctor, Days Used Drugs), as well as in other indicators (Symptoms, Depression, Dissatisfaction with Social Support) were analyzed as the men went through the various phases of anticipation, plant closing, unemployment and re-employment. Differences in the objective and subjective severity of the experience, in the social setting of the plant closing (urban vs. rural) and in selected personal characteristics were also examined for their influence on the changes in the various health-related measures."
1135360,"A predominantly white, middle class sample of pregnant women (N = 93) completed the AACL (Anxiety), the DACL (Depressive Mood), the SCL (Somatic Symptoms) and the IPAT Anxiety Questionnaire at the second, fifth and eighth months of pregnancy. A menstrual history questionnaire was administered on the first testing occasion. Analyses revealed that anxiety varied significantly as a function of trimester and that previous pregnancy history interacted significantly with trimester. Depressive mood was not significantly affected by any of the sources of variation. Correlational analysis (average correlations over trimesters) indicated significant relationships between somatic symptoms and anxiety, but not between somatic symptoms and depressive mood; a small but significant relationship between history of menstrual complaint and somatic symptoms; and a significant negative correlation between education and overt anxiety."
1135359,"Reactions of black, white and Puerto Rican patients were studied in an outpatient dental emergency clinic. Measures used included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, palmar sweat prints, an interview to obtain patient characteristics and attitudes toward pain, Dental Anxiety Scale and a posttreatment dentist rating. No differences between ethnic and racial groups were obtained in amount of pain, number or type of symptoms patients had. Significant Trait Anxiety differences were obtained. Puerto Ricans had the highest level of Trait Anxiety, whites the lowest, with blacks in the middle. The Dental Anxiety Scale also yielded differences with Puerto Ricans scoring highest, blacks lowest and whites in between. Attitude differences reflected a relative willingness to deny, get rid of or avoid dealing with the pain. The Puerto Ricans scored highest, whites lowest, with blacks in between. No physiological differences were obtained with palmar sweat prints."
1135397,"Pre-operative localization of parathyroid tumours on primary hyperparathyroidism is discussed. 20 patients were examined in this way. Of the 15 patients who were operated on, the pre-operative findings of 12 correspond with the results of operations and histological examinations. These results correspond with what is known from other publications. Preoperative localization by means of venous sampling is possible in a large number of cases. The examination is especially important in patients with previous neck exploration."
1135399,"A 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid uptake procedure, using a scintillation camera and a data storage system, is described. After comparison of extrathyroidal activity in several regions below the thyroid, activity in the clavicular regions was preferred for correction of the thyroid uptake measurement. No pertechnetate uptake curve obtained over the initial 15 min after injection was found to be representative of a specific thyroid function, and regional thyroid uptake curves gave only quantitative differences. The 15-min pertechnetate thyroid uptake measurement, with correction for clavicular extrathyroidal activity, correlates well with 131I uptake and is a good parameter of thyroid function, especially in the distinction of euthyroidism and hyperthyroidism."
1135402,Distribution of damage caused by the retained 226-Ra to the femoral haemopoiesis has been studied in mice injected with 0.02 and/or 0.09 muCi of 226-Ra/g. The exocolonizing test and the 59-Fe uptake in recipient spleens have been used. Non-uniform radiation effect has been observed in the bone marrow cellularity as well as in the CFU counts within 10 weeks after nuclide injection. The lowest depression appears in the distal femoral ends. The changes are not so serious in the proximal parts and are only moderate in the shafts. The results have been discussed from several standpoints.
1135403,"Although the usefulness of radiation in treatment of many embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas is recognized, the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas are frequently felt to be radioresistant and thus a potentially useful mode of therapy is overlooked. There is increasing evidence in the literature to document successful local management of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas with radiation. The literature is reviewed briefly and a case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart is reported in which radiation in doses well tolerated by normal tissues successfully controlled several local lesions at various sites until the patient's demise from widespread disease 2 years after the initial treatment."
1135404,"Dilatation of bile duct strictures under fluoroscopic control has become feasible in patients with indwelling T-tubes. Utilizing the steerable catheter designed for stone extraction, the technique is modified with addition of balloon catheters and other instruments for dilatation. The new technique is described and our initial experiences in seven patients are presented."
1135405,"The procedure is performed in two stages. First, during the radiographic exposure, the patient is rotated in relation to the X-ray tube and a recording device, namely a cinefluorographic device or a television chain with a video-recorder. In practice the tube and the recording device will be revolved around the patient. Later on, in the second stage, the cinefluorographic image, or the television image of the rotating patient, is projected onto a photographic film. If this film is adequately rotated, a tomographic picture will be produced. The method can be applied to conventional tomography, zonography, transverse tomography, autotomography and orthopantomography."
1135406,The stone extraction basket is suitable for biopsy of protruding mucosal lesions in the biliary duct system. Exact placement of the instrument over the lesion is readily accomplished under roentgenologic control. The technique is illustrated in one patient with biopsy of an iatrogenic mucosal tag in the distal common duct.
1135407,"Angiographically demonstrated combined and complex angiodysplasias of the vertebrobasilar system are rare. As in our case, they can be attributed to a vascular maldevelopment in several consecutive embryonal stages: the angioma-like arterial network of the left posterior cerebral artery and the non-union and overcrossing of the vertebral arteries in the region of the prepontine cistern represent an early defect (up to 15 mm stage); the aneurysmatic ectasia of the right vertebral artery with a second pedunculated aneurysm at its uppermost part may be due to a later defect (up to 40 mm stage) of the cerebral vascular development."
1135408,"Results of radiation therapy in 85 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are presented. Whereas the majority of patients with this tumor have been shown to die within the first year, occasional patients may survive longer (21.5 percent in this series); late radiation complications must therefore be maintained at a minimum. A localization technique to evaluate esophageal mobility away from the spinal cord is described."
1135409,"A randomized clinical trial of atmospheric oxygen breathing during radiotherapy of advanced cancer of the tonsillar region has been conducted. In order to achieve a high level of inspired oxygen, a closed system with a ""head tent"" was used. Over 2 years after treatment, 30 percent of the oxygen patients survived without evidence of disease compared to 17 percent in the control group."
1135410,"The contributions of radiation therapy to the management of the patient with cancer are constantly changing, both because of improving use of ionizing radiations and development of other effective treatments. Therefore, if radiation therapy is to be used to each patient's advantage, well-trained radiation oncologists must be involved in the initial and all subsequent management decisions. Such essential activity requires the immediate availability of trained physicians, who have access to adequate facilities in order to provide the best known treatment methods. This availability in turn depends on physician recruitment and training, well-considered development and maintenance of facilities and research programs which are well correlated with clinical activity."
1135421,"Techniques for the growth of uniformly reacting populations of cysts of Acetabularia mediterranea and for quantitative measurement of cyst germination have been developed. Cysts of A. mediterranea can be induced to germinated by exposure to the atmosphere. Germination rates are very low in young cysts. They increased during exposure to total darkness. This ""maturation of cysts"" is found to be completed after a period of 12-15 weeks. Germination rates of cysts that have passed the maturation period exceed 90 percent in continuous white light and 80 percent in darkness. Cysts germinate in less than two days in darkness and less than four days in light. The influence of temperature at a range of 15 degrees C to 25 degrees C on germination kinetics is studied in light and darkness. Germination is accelerated with increasing temperature up to 21 degrees C. At higher temperature germination is delayed in light but the time of germination remains constant in darknesss. Rates of germination are not altered by the influence of temperature in light while in darkness there is a dramatic decrease at temperatures higher than 21 degrees C. From these findings it is concluded that cyst germinationA. mediteranea does not need any light but is influenced by light dependent systems. The influence of light is strongest at elevated temperatures."
1135423,"In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, coronary vasodilation, produced by reduced oxygen tension seems to be independent of myocardial prostaglandin biosynthesis. a) Anoxia (N2: CO2 95: 5 %) produced coronary vasodilation without causing prostaglandin-like substance (PLS) biosynthesis and release; b) the decrease in coronary resistance during hypoxia (N2:02:CO2 - 80:15:5 %) was sustained during myocardial perfusion with the low oxygen media despite the transitory nature of its PLS release; and c) indomathacin, which abolished basal or ADP stimulated myocardial PLS release, did not abolish the coronary vasodilation produced by ischemia, hypoxia, or anoxia."
1135424,"Incubation of A type prostaglandins with whole blood or washed red cells at 37 degrees C converted them to more polar products with negligible vasodepressor and smooth muscle-contracting activities. This conversion did not occur in platelet-rich plasma. Uptake of the prostaglandins by red cells was demonstrated at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The data suggest 1) that if PGA is released from tissues into the blood stream or is administered for therapeutic purposes, its biological activity would be diminished by human red cells, and 2) that development of an assay for PGA in blood should take into account its uptake and metabolism by human red cells."
1135425,"[9beta- -3H]-17-Phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was injected subcutaneously into female Cynomolgus monkeys and the structures of six products appearing in the urine were determined. The main urinary metabolites were the dinor- and tetranor-derivatives of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha. Unchanged 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was also identified among the urinary products, as well as its dinor- and tetranor-derivatives. Finally, the dinor-derivative of 13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was also found in urine. The same six products were also found in urine from human female subjects that had received 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha either subcutaneously or intravenously. Studies on the half-life of the compound in the circulation were also performed in human females. Two less polar metabolites in plasma were identified, viz. 13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha."
1135426,"The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of oxytocin on prostaglandin F (PGF) concentrations in uterine venous effluent. PGF was measured in utero-ovarian venous plasma from three pregnant ewes and in posterior vena caval plasma from two puerperal ewes, during oxytocin administration. Oxytocin caused 4.9 - 5.3-fold increases in PGF concentrations in the pregnant animals, the response increasing towards term. In the puerperal animals oxytocin caused 3.7 - 17.2-fold increases in PGF concentrations with a marked latency in the response. Measurement of uterine activity and progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogen concentrations indicated that neither uterine contractions nor a decreased uterine blood flow accounted for the elevated PGF levels stimulated by oxytocin."
1135429,"Pregnancy had been terminated in 6 normal midtrimester pregnant patients by the extraovular injection of 10 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). In these 6 Experimental and 3 Control patients utero-placental blood flow had been measured, by changes in the density of radioactive Indium, distributed over the uterine area, as a function of time. In comparison with Controls utero-placental blood flow decreased in the Experimental patients already at 5 minutes after PG-treatment, long before advanced cyclic IUP evolved. This finding substantiates the conclusion (1-3), based on experiments in animal ""models', that decrease in utero-placental blood flow is an early step in the mechanism of PG action."
1135430,"A single injection of prostaglandin F1 (PGE1) of 5 mg/kg body weight on Lay 13 of pregnancy caused a consistent luteolysis and resorption of fetuses in rats by Day 20. A concomitant regimen of cortisone, a consistent blocker of nonspecific stresses or reserpine, an adrenergic nerve blocking agent as well as a specific inhibitor of GRF and PIF, concurrently with PGE1 consistently effective in preventing the deleterious efficacy of PGE1 and maintained the growth of the fetuses, placentae, ovaries and corpora lutea as healthy as recorded in the controls. On the basis of experimental documentation it is believed that the PGE1-caused fetal demise is possibly due to a break up of an appropriate hormonal synchronization rather than an over stimulation of uterine smooth musculature."
1135431,"The biological activities of 8,12-diiso-PGE2 (ent-11,15-epi-PGE2), PGE2 and PGF2alpha have been compared in a series of pharmacological preparations intended to differentiate between F and E type of activity. Similar to PGF2alpha but unlike PGE2, 8,12-diiso-PGE2 increased the tone of isolated smooth muscle preparations of guinea pig trachea, guinea pig colonic circular layer, rabbit Fallopian tubes. The stimulation effect of 8,12-diiso-PGE2 and PGF2alpha on visceral smooth muscle was also shown in vivo: the two drugs were in all instances able to increase the miogenic activity and tone of rabbit uterus in situ, while these were depressed by PGE2. 8,12-diiso-PGE2 decreased pulmonary compliance and increased pulmonary vascular resistance in the anaesthetized cat; PGE2 always decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, while leaving pulmonary compliance unaltered. The possibility is suggested that 8,12-diiso-PGE2 acts on PGF receptor in different tissues."
1135432,"Both sphincter and dilator muscle preparations of the cat iris contract to prostaglandins; F-2alpha and E-2 are the most potent and A-1 and B-1 the least. Ciliary muscle strips relax to PG'S provided that the strips are precontracted. E-1, E-2 and often F-2alpha are more potent relaxants than the remaining PG's. The effects of PG'S ARE NOT ALTERED BY ALPHA OR BETA BLOCKADE NOR BY ATROPINE; HOWEVER, PROPRANOLOL BLOCKS THE PG induced relaxation of the ciliary muscle. The effects of PG's on the sphincter are antagonized by catecholamines; but the latter act synergistically in contracting the dilator and in relaxing the ciliary muscle. Indomethacin markedly potentiates the effects of PG's on all three muscle preparations."
1135433,"Distinct structural changes occur in the rabbit ciliary epithelium following intravitreal injection of prostaglandin E-1 (PGE-1). Up to four hours after PGE-1 administration, alteration of the pigmented epithelium was characterized by dilated intercellular spaces and the disruption of many intercellular junctions. The nonpigmented epithelium demonstrates a spectrum of morphologic variation from only some thinning of cytoplasmic processes to area of severe distortion. In these regions, marked thinning of the nonpigmented cells occurs in association with an absence of apical tight junctions. This alteration of the nonpigmented epithelium and its tight junctions allows for the leakage of proteins into the posterior chamber which is consistent with the breakdown in the blood-aqueous barrier. The temporal sequence of these changes would suggest a differential susceptibility of the pigmented and nonpigmented layers with the pigmented layers being affected earliest and the nonpigmented epithelium altered subsequently. The recovery of this epithelial change was rapid and complete and demonstrated the transient effects of PG on the ciliary epithelium with recovery of the blood-aqueous function by 8 hours after injection."
1135434,"Topical administration of aqueous solutions of sodium arachidonate to the eyes of rabbits increases intraocular pressure, constricts the pupil and increases both the protein and prostaglandin content of aqueous humor. Arachidonic acid itself dissolved in arachis oil is less effective than sodium arachidonate, although addition of polysorbate mono-oleate greatly increases the effects produced by arachidonic acid. Pretreatment with topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents prevents the ocular effects of sodium arachidonate, indomethacin being 2-4 times as potent as either indoxole or pirprofen. Dexamethasone was without effect in these experiments. The results suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents deserve serious consideration for topical use in the treatment of ocular inflammation."
1135435,"Prostaglandin F2alpha concentrations were measured in human cerebrospinal fluid by the gas-chromatography-mass spectrometric technique using 2-H4-PGF2 alpha as internal standard and carrier. Normal levels of 71.6 plus or minus 34.7 pg/ml were found. Considerable increases in PGF2 alpha concentrations were found in patients with epilepsy, meningtitis or following cerebrovascular accidents or neurosurgical removals of brain tissue. The results agree in general with recent measurements using radioimmunoassay."
1135436,"In isolated rabbit lung preparations perfused with tritiated PGE-1, it was found that, (1) PGE-1, is rapidly and almost completely metabolized during perfusion through rabbit lung. (2) During perfusion, there is no net uptake of PGE-1. (3) The process of metabolism of PGE-1 in the rabbit lung is inhibited by hypothermia."
1135437,"The effect of locally administered prostaglandin F2alpha on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus during the menstrual cycle was studied. An increase in uterine contractility in response to as little as 1.0 MUG PGF2alpha could be observed in all patients during both the early and late portions of the menstrual cycle, but at the time of ovulation a marked decrease in sensitivity was noted. Endogenous prostaglandin normally occurs in the secretory endometrium in levels compatible with the amount of exogenous prostaglandin which elicited increased uterine activity. These findings support the hypothesis that PGF2alpha plays an important physiological role in the cyclical regulation of uterine motility during the human menstrual cycle."
1135438,"The uterotonic potency of seven prostaglandin analogues has been investigated using the single intravenous injection technique and comparison of threshold uterine contractility achieved during continuous intravenous infusion. The degree and duration of uterine stimulation in response to graded doses of some of the analogues was also evaluated following intra-amniotic, oral and vaginal administration. 17-Phenyl substituted PGE-2 and PGF-2alpha are reported upon for the first time. Among the prostaglandin compounds tested, the free acid of 16, 16-dimethyl PGE-2 not only is the most potent compound but it may also have great potential for clinical application as an easily administered vaginal abortifacient."
1135439,"Induction of abortion in mid-trimester pregnancies were performed on 26 patients. The first 12 patients were treated by intra-amniotic instillation of Prostaglandin F2 alpha, with a mean dosage of 40.2 mg. and mean abortion time of 24 hours and 41 minutes (ten patients). Fourteen additional mid-trimester abortions were performed using identical protocol plus the addition of oxytocin by intravenous infusion two hours after injection of the prostaglandin. All patients aborted, with mean dosage of PGF2 alpha of 28.2 mg. and mean abortion time of 15 hours and 37 minutes."
1135440,"Slices of human endometrium obtained from hysterectomy specimens were cultured for 48 hours in an organ culture medium supplemented with ethanol (control, vehicle), 17-beta-estradiol (.5 mug/ml), or progesterone (.5 mug/ml). Uncultured endometrial tissue, cultured tissues, and the media were assayed for prostaglandin F (PGF) by a radioimmunoassay technique. Hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff stain histologic controls were done on all tissues. The concentrations of PGF in picograms/milligram, corrected for percent recovery, in the differently treated tissues were: preculture 298; culture control 2210; estrogen-treated 2680; progesterone-treated 1260. All differences except those between estrogen and control (p greater than .10) and progesterone and control (p less than .10) are significant at the p = .02 level or better. Progesterone appears to inhibit PGF synthesis which occurs during in vitro culture of human endometrium; estrogen tended to increase PGF synthesis in this system."
1135441,"The concentration of prostaglandins E and F in different parts of the male reproductive system of CD-1 and dwarf mice was measured by radioimmunoassay. In intact CD-1 mice, the vas deferens contained a significantly higher concentration of PGE and PGF than was found in the epididymis and in the seminal vesicles. All tissues studied had more PGE than PGF. Castration resulted in increased PG concentrations in both the epididymis and the seminal vesicles and decreased PG concentrations in the vas deferens. There was also a differential response of PGE and PGF in the epididymis of genetically sterile dwarf mice (dw/dw) were significantly higher than those observed in their normal littermates ((PLUS)). A reversed PGE/PGF ratio was found in the mates. The results indicate that testicular androgens affect the levels of PGE and PGF in the reproductive system of male mice. The physiological role of PGs in male reproductive functions has not been established, but there is a suggestion that PH have a role in controlling the transit of spermatozoa through the epididymis and vas deferens."
1135442,"The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and eicosa-5,8,11, 14-tetraynoic acid (ETA), have been tested on the isolated lamb ductus arteriosus at low and high PO2 levels. Both compounds produced a gradual contraction of the hypoxic vessel, and at equal doses the effect of indomethacin was stronger. The maximal tension output of the hypoxic tissue under indomethacin was equal to that of the oxygen-contracted control. ETA- and indomethacin-treated preparations contracted further upon transfer from a low to a high oxygen environment, and the response under indomethacin exceeded a significantly control values. Control preparations were relaxed markedly by PGE2 in low oxygen but showed little or no response in high oxygen. In contrast, preparations pretreated with the inhibitors retained their sensitivity to PGE2 during exposure to high oxygen. The data are consistent with the idea that E-type prostaglandins play a role in the regulation of the intrinsic tone of the ductus arteriosus during foetal life. It is also suggested that the sensitivity of ductal muscle to E-type prostaglandins is controlled by the rate of endogenous prostaglandin formation."
1135443,"Prostaglandins (PGs) F2alpha, E1 and E2 exerted a triphasic influence on the fluid transport of isolated guinea-pig gall-bladders, when applied to the serosal side. PGE1 and PGE2 produced these effects in lower concentrations than F2alpha. Directly after PG addition to the serosal side a short stimulation of fluid transport to between 200 and 400% was observed. The stimulatory effect of PGs was most distinct in gall-bladders from female guinea-pigs, less pronounced in male and nearly absent in pregnant animals. Since PGs increased intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in gall-bladders by contraction of the smooth muscle, experiments were performed in which hydrostatic pressure was increased by different procedures. These included the addition of imidazole (10- minus 2 M), raising of K+ in the bathing solution and an increase in intraluminal pressure by addition of Ringer's solution into the lumen. All three procedures stimulated fluid reabsorption temporarily in the same way as PGs, hence increase of intraluminal pressure is thought to be the reason for the observed temporary stimulation of fluid transport. Direct evidence for this thesis was obtained when the gall-bladder was mounted as a flat sheet over a chamber; in this preparation no stimulation of fluid transport was obtained. The second phase of the PG influence was characterized by a concentration-related inhibition of fluid reabsorption followed by a significant but small reverse of fluid transport (secretion of fluid). When PGs were applied to the mucosal side, only an inhibition of fluid transport was observed, which was much weaker compared to the addition to the serosal side."
1135444,"Radioimmunoassay systems are described which have been developed to quantitate two principle urinary metabolites of PGF2alpha; 9alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostanoic acid (I) and 9alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetranorprosta-1,20-dioic acid (II). Preparation of the required metabolites was achieved by total synthesis (I) or by bioconversion (isolation from urine of animals treated with 15-keto-PGF2alpha, II). These metabolites were used to prepare conjugates for immunization. Labelled metabolites, suitable as binding markers, were prepared by metabolism of 3-H-PGF2alpha in vitro (I) or in vivo (II). Specificity of the resulting antibodies was compared to an antibody to PGF2alpha and to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha. Antisera of II had little or no affinity for 20-carbon precursors (PGF2alpha or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha), but had nearly equal affinity for metabolite I. Antisera of I, however, had little or no affinity for antigen of II. Therefore, analysis of samples by both assay systems enables quantitation of these excretion products of PGF2alpha. Other assay parameters (binding, affinity, recovery, precision and the repeatability of the assays) were similar to those previously described for other RIA systems, and were considered satisfactory for quantitation of compounds in biological fluids. Quantitation of 24 hour urinary excretion of di-acid metabolite in humans was in close agreement with previously published values determined by physical-chemical means. Greater quantity of di-acid metabolite was excreted by human males (42.0 mug/24 hr) than by females sampled either during the follicular (20.0) or luteal phase (21.2) of the menstrual cycle. The total quantity of C-16 metabolites (as approximated by system II) excreted/kg body weight by the rhesus monkey was similar to that excreted by the human. However, the ratio of di-acid to monoacid was much nearer unity in the monkey than the human."
1135445,"A sensitive and relatively specific radioimmunoassay for 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F-2alpha has been developed to enable the measurements of the concentrations of the drug in biological fluids after its administration for therapeutic abortion. The precision, accuracy and specificity of the assay are described."
1135507,"The acute and chronic effects of morphine on the turnover of norepinephrine (NE) were determined by measuring the changes in the levels of the sulfate conjugate of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG-SO4) in rat brain. Two hours after administration, morphine produced a dose-related increase in the levels of MHPG-SO4 suggesting an increase in NE turnover. The effect of morphine was evident by one hour after drug administration and was maintained for at least four hours but disappeared by eight hours. Chronic treatment with morphine resulted in lower baseline levels of MHPG-SO4 and the development of tolerance to its acute effect on NE turnover. These findings suggest that after chronic administration of morphine, the maintenance of a normal rate of norepinephrine turnover in brain is dependent upon the continued administration of maintenance doses of morphine."
1135508,"Among the major metabolites of aflatoxin B1 produced by human and monkey livers in vitro is a derivative with the ketone carbonyl on the cyclopentane ring reduced to a secondary alcohol, and a hydroxyl introduced onto the carbon beta to the alcohol group. The metabolite was formed from aflatoxin B1 at a level similar to that of aflatoxin M1.Both the microsomal hydroxylase and the cytoplasmic reductase systems are required for its formation. Bioassay using chicken embryos and a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium revealed no toxicity. This newly identified metabolite was named aflatoxicol H1."
1135509,"Using an empirical method, three preferred conformations for serotonin have been predicted. These three conformations corresponding to one extended form (phi equal to 80 degrees, psi equal to 180 degrees), and two folded forms (phi equals to 280 degrees, and psi equals to 100 degrees, phi equals to 100 degrees psi equals to 290 degrees). The calculated intramolecular distances in both forms agree with those obtained by the X-ray crystallography of various indoleamines. Furthermore, the dual receptor binding activity of serotonin has been explained in terms of extended and folded conformations."
1135510,"Urine samples from comatose patients, identified as having taken large amounts of the drug, glutethimide, were analyzed using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry in order to identify metabolites of the parent drug. The phenolic compound 2-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxphenyl)-glutarimide was fully characterized as a new metabolite in human urine. Also 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide was proposed as a new metabolite of the parent drug. Other polar metabolites of the parent drug were also detected and partially characterized."
1135511,"Some sympatholytic agents have been tested for the ability to counteract either the hepatotoxic or the lethal effect of A. phalloides in rats. Propranolol displayed a marked preventive action on the liver damage induced by the poison, but only a moderate influence on the lethality. Reserpine was uneffective in terms of liver derangement, but exerted some protection against the general toxic effect of A. phalloides. Other alpha- or beta-adrenolytic compounds failed to afford any significant protection with respect to both liver injury and lethality. It is suggested that propranolol might interfere with transport or binding of phallotoxins to the liver."
1135512,Biochemical and Immunological studies have been made on streptokinase and its one to one molar complex with plasminogen. These experiments show that the complex is not recognized by antibodies to streptokinase. The potential of using this complex in vivo to avoid febrile response seen with streptokinase is considered.
1135513,"An inhibitor and stimulator of in vitro hepatic fatty acid synthesis are present in renal microsomes. In addition, a stimulator of fatty acid synthesis is present in renal lysosomes. Renal microsomal inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is not due to the depletion of cofactors in the system. This inhibitor appears to be located exclusively in the kidney medullary microsomes. It is destroyed by Pronase and heat treatment suggesting it may be a protein. Its effects on fatty acid synthesis may be attributed in part to ATPase activity as well as a direct effect on the hepatic fatty acid synthesizing system. A stimulator of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is present in the buffer insoluble fraction of an acetone powder preparation of renal microsomes. This stimulator is relatively heat labile and does not appear to be a phospholipid. The lysosomal stimulator of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is associated with the contents of renal lysosomes and not with the lysosomal membranes. It acts at the acetyl-CoA carboxylase step and its activity is not affected by fasting or aminonucleoside induced nephrosis."
1135514,"The effects of chronic clofibrate administration were studied in long-term ethanol-fed an control mice. Long-term administration of ethanol to adult-mice resulted in an increase in liver and plasma total triglycerides and hepatic cholesterol levels as compared to the corresponding controls. Cloribrate feeding resulted in about 15-25% decrease in hepatic and plasma cholesterol levels in the ethanol-fed group. The administration of ethanol led to a rise in levels of hepatic triglycerides, plasma triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids and hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate. Treatment with clofibrate partially prevented the changes in the concentration of these metabolites and resulted in a significant increase in the activity of hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Clofibrate administration resulted in about 20% increase in the rate of 14-C-cholesterol oxidation to 14-CO2. It is concluded that while clofibrate is able to retard ethanol-induced lipid accumulation in the liver, it is unable to completely prevent hepatic lipid accumulation."
1135515,"Jejunal and ileal intestinal segments were obtained from patients undergoing laparotomy, from peroral jejunal biopsies, and from fresh cadavers. The excised mucosa was weighed and assayed for total lipids, neutral and polar lipids. The lipid families were separated and identified, and their individual fatty acid composition determined. In addition, DNA, RNA, collagen and total protein were measured."
1135516,Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (0.31 mg - 1.25 mg per kg body weight) given to immunized rats by intraperitoneal injection depresses the activity of macrophage migration inhibition factor. The lowest levels of activity in peritoneal exudates were observed 15 hours after the injection of cannabinoid. This decreased activity may be related to the impaired cellular immunity observed in regular users of cannabis.
1135518,"The effect of 1-epinephrine administered I. P. to pregnant rats during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on fetal liver glycogen levels has been investigated. Sodium pentobarbital (22 mg./kg. maternal body weight) was administered I. P. to all pregnant rats in the control group and each 1-epinephrine dosage group twenty minutes prior to the surgical removal of the fetuses. L-epinephrine (10, 20 or 30 micrograms/kg. maternal body weight) given ten minutes after the administration of the barbiturate reduced the fetal liver glycogen levels significantly. The glycogen-depleting effect of 1-epinephrine on the fetal liver in the rat was found to be dosage-dependent."
1135519,Serum samples from 449 swine in 78 herds distributed in 28 counties in Illinois were tested for HI antibodies against A/Swine/Ill/63 and A/Swine/Taiwan/7310/70 (H3N2) from 1971 to 1973. No antibodies to the Taiwan strain were detected. A herd reactor rate of 42.3% and a prevalence rate of 25.4% against A/Swine/Ill/63 was detected. Age specific reactor rates were 6% for animals 12 months of age or under and 33% for swine 13 to 18 months of age.
1135520,"Toxicity investigations were conducted with 4 chemicals: hydrazine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine di HCl, phenylhydrazine HCl and Beta-N-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine in Swiss mice. Hydrazine and phenylhydrazine HCl were administered daily in drinking water, the former at 0.01% and the latter at 0.001% concentrations. The 1,2-dimethylhydrazine di HCl and Beta-N-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine were given as a single subcutaneous injection at 45 mug and 100 mug/gr. body weight basis, respectively. The findings clearly showed that all four chemicals exerted a stronger toxic effect in male than in female mice. It is, therefore, recommended in similar situations to use different doses of chemicals for each sex in the long-term tumorigenesis studies."
1135521,"Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 3 subjects during control period, after 3 days of oral furosemide (40 mg B.I.D.) and on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th days post diuresis. PRA, ng of angiotensin per ml plasma per 3-hour incubation was 8, 0.4 ng during the control period and rose to 51, 6 and 16 respectively. During the post diuretic phase, PRA rose to 99 in the first and 49 in the second subject. Urinary sodium was drastically reduced during this period. By 5th post diuretic day PRA returned to normal values. Striking elevations of PRA during intense sodium conservation are in accord with a concept of reduced Na load to macula densa stimulating renin release."
1135522,"Samples of rabbit kidney histidine decarboxylase were incubated with substrate, L-histidine, either in the presence or absence of one drop of benzene. The extent of histamine formation was then assessed in vitro on the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. Benzene potentiated the activity of histidine decarboxylase by a factor of approximately five. This activating effect occurred only during the summer months. No potentiation of histidine decarboxylase was recorded during the winter in either control rabbits or in animals receiving ascorbic acid in their drinking water. It was concluded that this vitamin is probably not involved in the mediation of the benzene effect."
1135523,"Administration of 1-methyl-4-piperidyl-bis(p-chlorophenoxy) acetate (SaH 42-348) at a dietary concentration of 0.15% for 3 weeks, increased the activity of catalase in both liver and kidney of male wild type (Cs-a strain) mice. A marked increase in the activity of short chain carnitine acyltransferase in the liver was also noted. By electron microscopy, a remarkable increase in the number of peroxisomes (microbodies) was noted in the liver cells. A mild to moderate increase in number of peroxisomes in proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of the kidney was also seen. These studies demonstrate that SaH 42-348 is a potent hepatic peroxisome proliferator."
1135524,"Sodium cyanate has been proposed as a therapy for sickle cell anemia. Histologic studies have suggested abnormal accumulation of glycogen in livers of rats. Quantitative liver glycogen determinations reported here showed a significant increase (P smaller than 0.05), which, however, was mobilized normally during fasting and after glucagon injections."
1135525,"Female rats were treated with L-phenylalanine-14C or L-histidine-14C, 20 mug/kg i.p. one hour before receiving pentagastrin 250 mug/kg s.c. Sixty minutes after injection of pentagastrin the incorporation of L-phenylalanine-14C into the proteins of the squamous and fundic portions of the stomach was significantly increased respectively by 18 and 17.5%. On the contrary, the uptake of Lhistidine-14C into the proteins of the squamous (-24%), fundic (-18% and duodenal (-16%) regions was significantly decreased. Incorporation of histidine and phenylalanine into the proteins of the pylorus was not significantly affected by pentagastrin."
1135609,"Immune responsiveness to the streptococcal group polysaccharides at the clonal level can conveniently be monitored by analytical isoelectric focusing combined with autoradiography. The parameters investigated in this paper can be summarized as follows: [1] Within the first week after injection antistreptococcal p0lysaccharide responses are characterized by IgM antibodies, followed by subclass restriction in Balb/c mice to IgG2a antibodies. [2] The clonal pattern of specific IgG2a antibodies established in the second week after immunization does not change within the following 6 weeks. [3] Persistence of a specific response pattern established within a primary immunization course holds for Balb/c mice and rabbits for as long as 12 to 13 months. [4] Repeated immunization courses in mice and rabbits maintain established clonal antibody patterns in toto. Temporal variations of clonal expression are generally quantitative rather than qualitative. B-cell memory within this system is therefore stable and long-lived."
1135610,"Free, total, and peptide hydroxyproline levels were determined in synovial fluid obtained from the knee joints of 60 patients with theumatoid arthritis (RA), and 26 patients with degenerative joint disease. In addition, in 160 synovial fluid samples obtained from 121 patients including 50 with degenerative joint disease, 60 with RA, 3 with Reiter's syndrome, 3 with hydarthrosis intermittens and 5 with ankylosing spondylitis, the collagenolytic activity was determined. The mean values of free and peptide hydroxyproline in the inflammatory and degenerative fluids were the same, but slight differences were found in the mean values of total hydroxyproline. No effect on the level of free and bound hydroxyproline was observed after treatment with intra-articular hydrocortisone and gold salts. The collagenolytic activity of synovial fluid was registered in 38% of cases of RA and in some cases of Reiter's syndrome and hydrarthrosis intermittens, but it was not found in 50 cases of degenerative joint disease or in cases of ankylosing spondylitis. During a longer observation of patients with inflammatory forms of RA a variability in the collagenolytic activity was observed in repeated examinations of the fluid obtained from the same patient; this activity appeared and disappeared. The incidence of collagenolytic activity and its values were higher in patients with active rheumatoid process and this activity was present more frequently in patients with a short history of the disease (up to 3 years). The collagenolytic activity of rheumatoid fluids was, to a high degree, inhibited by normal human serum. The problem of presence or lack of collagenolytic activity in rheumatoid fluids is discussed."
1135611,"Both male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis show a significant bone loss in the femur, compared with the loss of bone seen in normal subjects with increasing age. A very similar pattern is seen in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There is no evidence to suggest that the corticosteroid therapy has caused a greater loss of bone from the femur than would have occurred as a result of the rheumatoid arthritis alone. There was a statistically significant relation between the duration of the rheumatoid arthritis and femoral bone lo-s in women over the age of 45 years, whether or not they had been given steroid therapy in both male and female patients over 45 years of age, but again it appears unlikely that corticosteroid therapy had contributed significantly to the femoral bone loss. The Metacarpal and Femoral Indices of the patients were significantly related in both male and female groups."
1135612,"Thirty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 38 to 63 years (mean age 56 years), were studied before and after a 6-week stay in hospital. Twenty-three of these patients underwent special physical training twice a day during this period. Physical performance, cardio-respiratory fitness and muscle strength improved significantly in the training group. In the control group there were no major changes in these measurements during this period except for an increase in muscle strength. Perceived exertion during submaximal exercise was much lower in the training group following the conditioning. Joint status was virtually unchanged over the experimental period in both groups. It is postulated that the low physical performance seen in these types of RA patients may, to a large extent, be attributed to lack of physical activity."
1135613,"Twenty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis were retested about 6 months after 5 weeks' physical conditioning and 7 patients from a former control group were also retested. Former training group patients, who had continued to train about 4 times or more per week, had maintained the improved physical status obtained during the initial conditioning, while those patients who had trained less than that or discontinued training, had lost some or most of their improvement. The physical status in the former control group was virtually remained unchanged. Joint status in the former training group was no different at re-test than at post-training or pre-training examinations. A questionnaire, given to the training group patients. Four patients from this group returned to work had positively affected the daily physical activity of these patients. Four patients from this group returned to work after the hospital training program."
1135614,"Eighty-two patients subjected to late synovectomy of the hand were followed up. Late synovectomy was defined as an operation performed after at least 3 years' duration of local synovitis in the type of joint operated on. The minimum follow-up period was 24 months for the fingers joints (IP + PIP and MCP) and 18 months for the dorsal aspect of the wrist (W). The multifocal swelling of joints, preoperatively, was symmetrical in 89% of the patients. The X-ray changes, however, were symmetrical in only 22%, 27%, and 68% for IP + PIP, MCP, and W, respectively. These findings may preclude the use of controlled studies on early synovectomy using the non-operated hand as a control in a long-term assessment of X-ray progression. The rate of X-ray progression during the observation period was 60% for IP + PIP joints. The corresponding figures for MCP and W were 64% and 39%, respectively. Absence of bony lesions prior to synovectomy was favourable sign."
1135615,"This study examined the vocational and social adjustment of 62 persons with cancer of the larynx. Predisability data were obtained by interview on 14 measures which assessed the vocational, social, and home adjustment prior to cancer. Post-disability data were obtained after laryngectomy by interview on 21 measures of adjustment. Additional measures include severity of laryngeal cancer classified by clinival stages, total or partial laryngectomy, presence of radiation therapy, presence of speech, months since surgery, age, sex, education, and marital status. The best predictors of vocational and social adjustment after laryngectomy were: removation, realism, rehabiltation outlook, previous vocational plans, highest educational grade, educational plans, and acquisition of speech. There were no significant differences in adjustment among patients in different clinical stages."
1135616,"A system for evaluation of motor function, balance, some sensation qualities and joint function in hemiplegic patients is described in detail. The system applies a cumulative numerical score. A series of hemiplegic patients has been followed from within one week post-stroke and throughout one year. When initially nearly flaccid hemiparalysis prevails, the motor recovery, if any occur, follows a definable course. The findings in this study substantiate the validity of ontogenetic principles as applicable to the assessment of motor behaviour in hemiplegic patients, and foocus the importance of early therapeutic measures against contractures."
1135617,"An assessment has been made of the linearity of the relationship between oxygen uptake and cardio-respiratory parameters measured during pedalling with one leg on an upright bicycle ergometer. Four young male subjects pedalled at four submaximal grades. Individual regression lines of heart rate on oxygen uptake; minute ventilation on oxygen uptake; and carbon dioxide on oxygen uptake were found to have significantly high correlation coefficients. A comparison was made in 21 healthy males, of mean age 34 years (range 20-61 years), between the effects of pedaliling with one leg or two legs on the heart rate, minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production were significantly higher during work with one leg then with two legs, but there was no significant difference in the heart rates. The oxygen cost of pedalling with one leg instead of two was also higher. The comparisons were made at a standard oxygen uptake of 1.0 1 min minus 1."
1135618,"A taxonomy of error--regarding the visual, grapheme-phoneme, and semantic aspects of reading--is proposed; and it is related to data from developmental studies. A preliminary analysis of recovery curves, based on the performance of two patients in tests of word-reading and object-naming, is also presented. Finally, the problem of extrapolating from test data to functional efficiency is briefly discussed."
1135619,"The activity of compensatory muscles during walking was analysed in three paraplegics. The purpose of this study was to find out how the loss of motion of the lower extermities can be compensated and which muscles compensate most efficiently. This activity was assessed by clinical and EMG studies of thoracic and dorsal muscle contraction during swing-through gait. The study started with the first walking trial for each paraplegic, using a treadmill. At that time, all the thoracic and dorsal muscles (which were normal: 5 at the manual testing) showed a full contraction which gave an interferential pattern at the EMG. After 10 weeks, the activity of some muscles was already well rationalised (latissimus dorsi, rhomboids) in such a way that these muscles adapted themselves: contraction was followed by a period of rest which was observed clinically and recorded at the EMG. On the other hand, some muscles presented an irregular activity or even lack of activity (abdominal muscles). After 3 months there was no further modification of these patterns. In fact, thoracic muscles exhibited an excellent compensation by adaptation and rationalisation of their activity. The latissimus dorsi seemed to compensate most efficiently of all."
1135627,A model for control of the desynchronized phase of the sleep cycle postulates reciprocal interaction between cells in the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG cells) and cells in the nucleus locus coeruleus and nucleus subcoeruleus (LC cells). This physiological model leads to equations of the Lotka-Volterra type; the time course of activity predicted by the model is in good agreement with actual long-term recordings of FTG cells and single-cycle data for LC cells.
1135628,"Nervous impulses causing lophophore retraction over large areas of Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa were recorded with external electrodes. The response propagates at about 100 centimeters per second, presumably through the colonial nerve plexus of Hiller and Lutaud. Impulses are rapid up to 200 per second. A second impulse was recorded from individual zooids, probably generated by the polypide's nervous system. The retractor muscle shortens at more than 20 times its own length per second and is apparently the most rapidly contracting muscle known."
1135632,"Hyperuricemia and gout has been recognized among the Filipinos in Hawaii, Alaska, and mainland United States for almost two decades. Several studies bearing out this impression have been reviewed. The awareness of these observation prompted an extension to the Filipino in his natural environment. These studies showed a lower mean of serum uric acid values in healthy subjects when using comparative enzymatic spectrophotometric determinations. Aside from genetic factors, Filipino hyperuricemia may become manifest because of environmental stress, including dietary stress, and investigators postulate that some Filipinos possess a renal defect that may lead to hyperuricemia due to renal inability to compensate for an increased purine intake which may occur in the shift from a low-purine Filipino diet to a high-purine Western diet in his new environment, as in the case of the Filipino immigrant. The clinical profile of gout as it exists in the Philippines has been compared and found to be similar generally to that of other series. The control of the hyperuricemia and gout has been satisfactorily accomplished in the Filipino patients with the long-term use of allopurinol, sometimes complemented with colchicine taken daily."
1135642,"The distribution of gold Au 198 after intraperitoneal administration in dogs and rats was determined by scans and tissue radioassays obtained 24 hours after injection. Relative activity and percent of injected radioisotope contained in different organs were calculated. The radioisotope was found to be heavily concentrated in mediastinal lymph nodes and liver, with liver uptake averaging 36.5% of the injected isotope 24 hours after injection. The use of therapeutic intracavitary radiocolloids should be reevaluated in light of possible excessive irradiation of the liver."
1135644,"This paper presents some preliminary data on physician suicides from the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Suicide Prevention as well as pertinent items from the literature. Data are presented according to age, gender, method, and health status. Signs and symptoms that physicians should recognize in their peers and approaches that may be used to identify a physician at risk are described."
1135645,"With the popularity of the augmentation mamaplasty has come a variety of approaches, prostheses, and results. In reviewing my own cases and experience, I have attempted to: (1) establish the criteria of the ideal breast contour and (2) point out a few of the pitfalls to be avoided when attempting to create surgically the ideal breast contour."
1135646,"Two recent patients presenting with anuria due to abdominal aortic aneurysm and metastatic retroperitoneal tumor and illustrating this dramatic aspect of obstructive uropathy, provide the basis for this paper. Other reported causes of ureteral compression resulting in anuria are mentioned; these include billharzial strictures, iatrogenic ligatures, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, primary retroperitoneal tumors, and perirenal lymphocele."
1135647,"Fiberoptic colonoscopy has seen its early development in the past five years and in the last two to three years a rapidly expanding experience has developed. The use of this instrument has been documented abundantly both as a diagnostic tool and as a therapeutic tool, and its effectiveness in both areas is well established. The chief therapeutic use of the colonoscope is in the removal of polyps, and in this area the experience has been most gratifying in regard to the ability to remove most polyps and the low incidencs of complications."
1135648,"At the Medical University of South Carolina during the past five years, 62 patients have had intracranial aneurysm surgery, with an overall mortality of 4.8%. Anesthesia was given by me to 14 of these patients. Preoperatively these patients were placed on bedrest, steroid prophylaxis, and sedative and antihypertensive medication to reduce th possibility of recurrent subarrachnoid hemorrhage. Halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal anesthesia with controlled ventilation was used, with careful monitoring of EKG, direct arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, body temperature, and urinary output. Adjuncts for control of bleeding and intracranial pressure were osmotic diuresis, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, minimal head-up tilt, and controlled hypotension using trimethaphan (Arfonad). There were no operative deaths, although one patient died postoperatively. Three patients had neurologic deficitys. These data indicate that controlled hypotension is a safe technic which, when properly used, can reduce the risk of anesthesia for intracranial aneurysm surgery."
1135649,"The medical work-ups received by hypertensive patients at Charity Hospital, New Orleans, during a three-month period in 1972 were evaluated. One hundred charts were reviewed using a questionnaire which covered aspects of history, physical examination, and laboratory tests important to the clinical evaluation of hypertension. The frequency with which these ideal parameters appeared in the charts reviewed is given in percentage form."
1135652,"Frequently surgical amputation of a lower extremity is required when gangrene develops as a result of peripheral vascular disease. This is particularly true in geriatric patients. A below-knee amputation, with refinements in the surgical procedure, and immediate rigid-cast prosthetic fitting are strongly advocated by our group. The progress of two patients treated in this manner is described. Preservation of the knee joint improves the amputee's prognosis for ambulation with a below-knee prosthesis. The rigid-cast dressing on the below-knee amputation reduces edema and postoperative pain, is of psychologic value to the patient, and permits him to stand at from one to two days postoperatively."
1135655,"Fever is usually thought to accompany tuberculosis. However, a review of 103 cases of tuberculosis presenting to a general hospital showed that 53% of the patients did not have fever when they first came to the outpatient clinic, and 10% did not have fever at any time while under observation. Absence of fever in a patient with pulmonary disease should not be used as evidence against the presence of tuberculosis."
1135656,"A case of xanthomatous inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung is reported. Large lipid-laden macrophages were the most prominent microscopic feature of thelesion. Within the lung parenchyma three possible sources of alveolar lipids are serum lipids that pass into the alveolar spaces after injury to alveolar capillary walls, lipoproteins secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, and lipoproteins formed within alveolar macrophages. Phagocytosis and retention of such lipids by alveolar macrophages are proposed as important factors in the pathogenesis of the xanthomatous inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung."
1135698,"In virtually all populations, the prevalence of dental caries is increasing. To elucidate the local situation, especially as regards the influence of sugar intake, appropriate studies, In association with dental research workers, were made on 16-17-year-old pupils in four South African ethnic groups-Back, Coloured, Indian and White. As expected, the caries situation in Whites was poor, and in rural Blacks, excellent; data on Coloureds and Indians were intermediate. The most outstanding finding was that urban Blacks still have very good teeth despite relatively high sugar intake and an increasing consumption of refined cereal products. Discussion of these results, as well as those reported in numerous similar investigations, leads to the view that sugar is neither the sole nor the principal cariogenic component of modern dietaries."
1135699,"A case is described of a 30-year-old White male who drank 120 ml carbon tetrachloride (CCI4). The patient suffered severe liver damage and oliguria, he developed atrial fibrillation and become confused and irritable. During recovery, his bone marrow became depressed. He was discharged 29 days after admission."
1135700,"The tyramine content of certain South African cheeses has been determined by gas chromatographic analysis. Aged (mature) cheese such as cheddar and Roquefort contain relatively large concentrations of tyramine as compared with other cheese, especially cottage cheese. Foods containing pressor amines must be avoided by certain patients."
1135704,"Lynestrenol 0,5 mg was administered daily for a total of 1 082 cycles to 143 women of proven fertility and natural sexual activity. Twenty-three women withdrew from the trial for various reasons, the commonest of which were menstrual distrubances. No unplanned or accidental pregnancies occured. The menstrual disturbances tended to become less troublesome with continuation of treatment, and this was noted in relation to other side-effects, of which headache and loss of libido were initially the most troublesome."
1135705,"Malignant melanoma of the skin in Blacks in formidable and sinister tumour. This study is concerned with the epidemiology of malignant melanoma, as seen in both urban and rural Black Africans. A smaller series in which follow-up on the patients was available is included. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in which follow-up, and hence survival figures, can be quoted. Although the numbers are relatively small, they provide a valuable indication of the behaviour of melanomas in this group. The difficulties of follow-up cannot be overemphasised, and follow-up on 79 cases out of 100 could be obtained only by the employment of an able and enthusiastic Black social worker for 3 years. The first recorded survival figures in a Black population show a 3-year survival rate of only 28,4%. Prognosis is related to the size and extent of the tumour with larger and more widespread tumours faring worse than others. The incidence of malignant melanoma in Johannesburg Black was 1,2 per 100 000 and accounted for 2% of all cancers. The largest number of cases occurred in the 50- 70-year age group and there was a female preponderance. As in previous studies, the sites predominantly affected were the foot and the hand, mainly on the plantar and palmar surfaces."
1135706,"Plasma renin was measured by immunoassay in 10 normal Zulu controls and 72 hypertensive Zulu patients. Plasma renin values were similar in controls and patients with benign essential hypertension (1,6 plus or minus 0,83 and 1,7 plus or minus 0,21 ng/ml)."
1135713,"In the period 1970-1974, 45 patients with Crohn's disease were seen. The incidence of the disease seems to be increasing. Twenty-nine of the patients were White, and 16 Coloured. The disease involved the small bowel alone in 9 patients, the ileocaecal region in 17, the large bowel alone in 4 and both the small and the large bowel in 15. Alone or in combination, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea were the commonest modes of presentation. The type of therapy used is discussed. Only 10 patients in this study have not as yet required surgery. Salazopyrin, steroids, antibiotics and azathioprine have been used with varying success in the treatment of most of the patients. Crohn's disease has a high degree of morbidity, but a low mortality rate."
1135714,"The precision, accuracy, sensitivity and clinical results of a radio-immunological method for the determination of total serum thyroxine are compared with similar criteria of a competitive protein-binding assay. Application of both methods in the assay of thyroxine in 150 serum samples gave good agreement between the two techniques. The radio-immunoassay offers certain methodological advantages and is considerably less costly than thyroxine determinations in which commercially available kits are used."
1135715,"An analysis of 50 children suffering from severe dogbites showed that the face was the anatomical site of predilection (75%(, and that the breed of dog most commonly involved was the Alsatian (German Shepherd). Primary debridement and suture under general anaesthesia is the treatment of choice. Ampicillin has been shown to be the antibiotic giving the widest over-all prophylactic chemotherapeutic cover."
1135718,"The autosomal dominant variety of craniometaphyseal dysplasia was diagnosed in 8 members of three generations of a White family living in the Cape Province and in Natal. Radiographic investigations of these individuals permitted assessment of the spectrum of involvement and of the age relationship of the abnormalities. Characteristic radiographic features included cranial hyperostosis and sclerosis, in association with metaphyseal splaying. Diagnostic precision in this order permits accurate prognostication and rational genetic counseling."
1135719,"Leiomyosarcomas comprise only 1-3 percent of malignant growths of the stomach. In the case presented, the correct diagnosis was not made pre-operatively. This article emphasises that, although they are rare, these tumours have certain characteristics which make possible a correct pre-operative diagnosis. Only 1 Black African patient has hitherto been described."
1135720,"Prevention of the development of dependence on drugs and tranquillizers in hospital is a task which requires constant vigilance on the part of the hospital authorities as well as the right attitude on the part of prescribing doctors, administrating nurses and receiving public."
1135721,"Air transport of patients by light aircraft and air ambulance is safe, fast and comfortable, and it is becoming increasingly popular. There are, however, specific problems, shortcomings and other details which must be dealt with effectively at various levels to ensure the best service for the patient."
1135722,"Stools from Black and White children with gastroenteritis and from controls were investigated for potentially pathogenic agents by conventional virological and bacteriological methods and by electron microscopy. Isolations were obtained in 30 percent of cases but electron microscopy more than doubled the number of agents found. Orbiviruses were present in 40 percent of all cases, often in combination with other organisms. There was no difference between the Black and White groups."
1135726,"Cancer mortality rates for Whites, Coloureds and Asians for the period of 1949 - 1969 have been analysed, and a changing pattern has been found. Some comparisons with other countries have been made, and the risk for each race group has been delineated for cancers at the commonest sites."
1135727,"A prospective clinical study of 114 Malawian patients with cardiac disease seen at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, is presented. Rheumatic and hypertensive heart disease, cardiorenal failure and severe anaemia were the most common causes. Pericardial disease, mainly due to tuberculosis, was an important treatable cause of cardiac disease. Endomyocardial fibrosis was not diagnosed with certainty and cardiomyopathy was relatively uncommon. Ischaemic heart disease was not seen."
1135728,"A group of 26 haemophilic patients was successfully managed on a home infusion programme over a one-year period. Single donor units of dried fresh plasma, the coagulant activity of which was adequate to ensure haemostasis of most of the haemorrhagic episodes treated, were used. The transmission of hepatitis was kept to a minimum by careful selection of regular, known donors and by the utilisation of single donor units of plasma in preference to plasma pools. Although the programme was costly, it was less expensive than it would have been had alternate antihaemophilic products been used. The advantages and disadvantages of self-administration are discussed. No serious mishaps occurred, and the programme was considered an outstanding success by both laymen and medical personnel. Minor alterations in liver function tests were demonstrated in several of the recipients. No factor VIII inhibitors were detected."
1135745,"In summary, balloon flotation catheterization of the central circulation provides data in patient management which are meaningful and important. It has allowed the application of sound physiologic principles to the understanding of the circulatory abnormalities characterizing an illness in an individual patient, and provides a rational basis for selection of therapy with objective, quantitative assessment of patient response. The procedures are simple, the complication rate is low, and the information highly relevant to clinical care."
1135747,"External counterpulsation represents a rational extension of the basic principles of counterpulsation as developed over the past 20 years. Its unique properties of being totally noninvasive, free of significant morbidity, and easily and quickly instituted clinically suggest that it may have a significant therapeutic role in the prevention and treatment of cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction as well as being helpful in other cardiac disorders. Continuing evaluation is necessary, and it should be thought of as one of several useful mechanical circulatory assist devices now available to the internist, cardiologist, and surgeon caring for the critically ill patient."
1135748,"Cardiac tamponade is an insidious and often fatal complication which can occur on any service, in many diseases, and at any age. The increasing pressure within the pericardium prevents ventricular filling and depresses cardiac output, coronary and systemic perfusion, and venous return. Compensatory mechanisms may protect the patient for some time, but prompt diagnosis and rapid decompression are usually required and must be followed by meticulous evaluation and treatment of the underlying disease."
1135750,"The dilution of whole blood leads to a significant improvement of its rheologic properties based on a decrease in hematocrit and, hence, blood viscosity. Under conditions of normovolemia and an adequate response of the cardiorespiratory system, the acute dilution of blood will enhance the venous return to the heart and thereby improve total and capillary blood flow significantly. In the hematocrit range of 25 to 30 per cent (limited hemodilution), this increase in flow rate is able to compensate fully for the diminished oxygen content of the blood. Changes in oxygen extraction or in oxygenhemoglobin affinity are only encountered at hematocrits below 20 per cent or if hemodilution is associated with hypovolemia. Since normovolemia is the condition sine qua non for the heart to increase its output compensatorily, intentional hemodilution should preferably be performed with colloid solutions which are capable of maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and the circulating volume in normal limits. Limited normovolemic hemodilution with its beneficial effects on microcirculatory flow and tissue nutrition is emphasized for the treatment of impaired microcirculation as occurring in shock and low flow states, polycythemia, and high viscosity syndromes. Acute preoperative hemodilution is a means of reducing the use of bank blood and of avoiding the risks of blld transfusions in patients undergoing major elective surgery. Extreme hemodilution and total body washout in hypothermia appear to be effective clinical tools."
1135752,"In critically ill patients there is frequently more than one problem, which may not be obvious, contributing to the shock state. The history, physical exam, and monitoring devices may not be reliable individually, but must be considered together and interpreted in the light of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. A plan for monitoring and treating critically ill patients is outlined. The advantages and limitations of various monitoring techniques are discussed."
1135753,The effective use of vasoactive drugs in shock requires an understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the various types and stages of shock and knowledge of the specific pharmacologic effects of each drug in the abnormal state. Vasoactive drugs should be used after the primary and secondary causes of shock have been corrected. Specific vasoactive drugs should be selected on the basis of measured hemodynamic abnormalities.
1135859,A semi-micro method for the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) test in dogs is described. Optimization of various factors influencing the test were invistigated. Discrimination between allogeneic and isogeneic cell mixtures was possible after 90 h or culture but a culture period of 144 h was found to be optimal. The method measures MLC identity or non-identity and can be used as a tool for histocompatibility testing of lymphocyte defined (LD) Antigens.
1135860,"The correlation between MLC reactivity (LD) and serological leukocyte typing (SD) was studied in a beagle colony. Disparity for a serologically defined non-DL-A lymphocyte antigen did not correlate with MLC reactivity. Lymphocytes of colony members with common ancestors and SD identical DL-A haplotypes did not stimulate each other in the MLC. This implies that LD typing in the beagle coolony can be generally predicted by DL-A SD typing. Consequently, lymphocytes of sibs homozygous for a given DL-A SD haplotype could be shown, with few exceptions, to be also homozygous for MLC determinants. Cells of these homozygous sibs can be used in MLC typing as reference cells for DL-A LD specificities. Two exceptions to the expected linkage between DL-A SD typing and MLC reactivity were found. These findings could not be explained by recombination with the DL-A region assuming a single major LD locus coding for MLC. Thus, suggestive evidence for more than one single LD locus has been obtained."
1135861,"Serum from a grand multiparous Inuit (Eskimo) woman, who is HL-A identical but stimulatory in MLC with cells of her husband, contains strong ABCIL reactivity. This serum is operationally monospecific against a cell membrane determinant on lymphocytes, but not platelets, of some unrelated persons. Cells of those who are ABCIL positive with this serum always give a lower MLC stimulation index compared with their MLC responsiveness to cells that are ABCIL negative. This serum also contains good MLC inhibitory activity but only in those one way MLC reactions in which it reacts, by ABCIL, with the stimulating cells. It is postulated that the ABCIL activity is directed against a common MLC factor on lymphocytes."
1135862,"Certain otherwise well-definedHL-Atyping sera contain extra antibodies which do not appear to be closely related to known HL-A specificites and which react in the cytotoxic test with chronic lymphaticleukemia lymphocytes but not with normal lymphocytes. Despite nonreactivity in thecytotoxic test, absorption studies show that the antigenic factors are well represented onnormal lymphocytes. Based on cross-absorption experiments using both normal andleukemic cells, followed by back-testing with the cytotoxic test against a leukemiccell panel, evidence is presented suggesting the existence of a complex, probablymultiple allelic system on human lymphoid cells which appears distinct from the, HL-Asystem, and is definable by serologic techniques."
1135863,"In a kindred of 66 members spanning four generations, seven cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) HAVE BEEN FOUND. Four of these were in a single sibship of 13. AS was associated with HL-A27 in three of the four involved siblings, but close linkage was shown to be unlikely. Knowledge of HL-A genotype has made possible informed counseling for younger members of the sibship of 13, some of whom, as teenagers, already have back pain."
1135886,"Dose distributions as well as mean doses to cylindrical cavities of bone marrow on X-ray irradiation have been calculated using (a) Monte Carlo method and (b) a simplified straight line approximation method.  The results are compared with earlier published ones.  Point doses differ appreciably from the earlier results by as much as 40 percent at some points, whereas mean doses agree to within 10 percent for all the three methods."
1135887,"Author demonstrated subsequent to high-dose grid irradiation in Guérin-tumours of the rat the histological grid pattern corresponding to inhomogeneous dose distribution.  Two to four days after irradiation through the grid of narrow openings in some sites certain phenomena could be observed, which seem to refer to the severe damage acquiring a diffuse character, but after 7 days the histological grid pattern has been clearly defined and the severely damaged stripes were about 50 percent narrower than the relatively intact ones.  On the basis of the results on the actual tumour and among the applied experimental conditions the existence of a specific grid-tumour effect could not be justified by histological methods."
1135888,Thiourea in three different concentrations ranging from 10-4-M to 10-2-M was employed in pre- and post-treatments to test whether it decreases the chromosomal fragment frequency induced by 1000 R of X-rays in the growing root tips of Hordeum vulgare.  In pre-treatment experiments thiourea in 10-2-M concentration yielded the maximal protection of 28.9 percent against radiation- induced chromosomal fragments.  In post-treatment approximately a similar rate of protection is secured.  It is discussed that the test-chemical protected the chromosomes against X-rays by two different mechanisms.  The recovery process by restitution of the broken chromosomal fragments and the protection against initial radiation damage were the possible protective mechanisms displayed by thiourea in this plant material.
1135889,"A quantitative analysis was carried out of structural chromosome aberrations in human perpheral lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 180 kV X-rays or 50 MeV protons. Statistical treatment of experimental findings by least-squares technique showed a regressional relationship between dose administered and yields of various chromosome aberration types. Fitting of the data to four mathematical models indicated, for both radiation types, that two-break aberrations, total number of aberrations and total of breaks are best fitted by the polinomial of second degree Y equals bD + CD-2, while one-break aberrations and number of aberrant cells are best fitted by the model Y equals a + bD. For all chromosome aberration types numerical values of the coefficients in these models are presented."
1135890,"Cells differentiated from a human metastasizing melanoma have been irradiated simultaneously with pulsed high frequency currents (27.12 MHz, 400--600 pulses/s, pulse duration 65mus, average power 25--38 Watt) (Diapulse), and gamma radiation from a Co-60 source.  Simultaneous pulsed high frequency field and gamma radiation acted in a way resembling a cell-protecting mechanism, enhancing the number of surviving cells to the extent of about 15 percent as compared with the cell number scored after pure Co-60 gamma-radiation treatment.  Irradiation with pure high frequency currents resulted in increasing cell death for a period of up 4 minutes; subsequently, this seemed to be almost independent of time.  The number of cells which survived, as compared with the controls, was found to be approximately 80 percent, near a distance of 6.5 cm from the symmetry axis, perpendicular to the plane of the radiating element."
1135891,The authors have followed the excretion of pyrimidine doexyribonucleosides in the urine of patients with generalized stages of Hodgkin's disease.  They proved an increased excretion of deoxyuridine and thymidine in these patients compared to healthy persons.  In the course of 14-days of combined chemotherapy a statistically significant increase in the excretion of DNA catabolites followed was found.
1135892,"The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were measured in the blood serum of uranium miners in a minin-district, where after a geological disturbance exposure to a high level of ionizing radiation took place. The mean exposure to 222-Rn daughters after first year was 7.35 WLM, after the second year 0.13 WLM only. Serum was sampled before miners started their occupation, for the second time after the first year and for the third time after the second year. The levels of IgG and IgM significantly decreased after one year of exposure, while the IgA changed only slightly. After the second year the levels of IgG and IgM significantly rose. IgG exceeded the initial levels: a regenerative hypercompensation took place. On the other hand IgA at the same time decreased. The IgG levels are only slightly correlated with radiation dose rate; for IgA and IgM the correlation is lacking. Individual Ig levels appear to be very variable. The reduction of IgG reached hypogammaglobulinemic levels in some miners after the first year and was followed by a propensity to infections of the respiratory tract. The significance of these observations is discussed from the immunological, radiological and radiohygienical point of view."
1135899,"The effects of a single 400 R whole-body dose of X-irradiation on the regional 5HT content of the gastrointestinal (G. I.) tract were studied from four hours to 40 days after irradiation. The total 5HT content of various G.I. tissues was determined and 5HT was also determined per unit of body weight, wet weight of tissue and tissue protein. Irradiation caused an immediate decrease of the amine content of various G.I. regions in adult rats. This was followed by recovery, the degree of which varied in different regions. Some minor morphological changes were seen in enterochromaffin cells one and two days after irradiation but not later. The effects of irradiation on the G.I. tissues were stronger in young rats, in whom no complete recovery of 5HT occurred within 45 days. The present results support the view that irradiation exerts a direct damaging effect on the gastrointestinal 5HT storage, which is associated with liberation of 5HT from amine-containing cells. The duration of the effect varies with age and intestinal segment concerned."
1135900,"An increase of the radiosensitivity can be obtained by means of microwave use in combination with sparsely ionizing radiation. Comparing the therapeutic effect on the model of an euoxic tumor (mice testicles) with a tumor that contains important parts of hypoxic cells (solid tumor of Ehrlich) it appears that the sensitization evidentely is seen in the hypoxic tumor first of all. No sensitization can be obtained on the euoxic profileration tissue on the testicles. The temperature enhancement ratio (equal TER) does not increase linearly with increasing temperature, but is the greatest within the scope of 41 degrees C. The mere heat effect appears in the foreground with high temperatures (43 degrees C and more). The high frequency application lets hope a solution of the oxygen problem in radiotherapy and could substitute the use of heavy particles (high LET) in the combination with sparsely ionizing radiation as far as a concentration of high frequency and heat on the tumor succeeds in."
1136078,"Monolayer tissue culture cells from benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate transferred at 1-2 weeks intervals were examined under the electron microscope after the 3rd, 9th, and 10th transfers. Changes seen after 9 to 10 transfers were interpreted as an ""aging process"" and consisted of the presence of lysosomes of various types and variations in the mitochondria profile. These changes were described in detail and illustrated and compared to the ultrastructural appearance of monolayer cell cultures in the early transfer stage."
1136079,"Enzymuria, urinary cell excretion and proteinuria were simultaneously determined in renal diseases of female Wistar rats in order to investigate the diagnostic value of urinary enzymes. Investigations were carried out on rats with E. coli-pyelonephritis facilitated by oestradiolundecylate, aminonucleoside nephrosis, aminoglycoside induced renal lesions and pyelonephritic animals treated with therapeutic and toxic doses of tobramycin. --From the results of these studies it was concluded that the main diagnostic value of urinary enzymes is detection of drug induced tubular lesions in individuals with preexisting renal diseases."
1136080,"Isozymes of urinary lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in 55 subjects, including 17 patients with bladder tumors. Normal clear urine from healthy persons showed little activity of LDH5, but in 11 out of 17 patients with bladder tumors LDH5 was increased sufficiently to invert the ratio of LDH5/LDH1, although the urine was not contaminated appreciably with leucocytes. Studies on tissue LDH isozymes in 16 tumors specimens strongly suggested that increased LDH5 in the urine of patients with bladder tumors originated from the tumors themselves. beta-Glucuronidase (B-G) isozymes were studied in urine specimens from 10 normal subjects, and 10 patients with bladder tumors and in 5 specimens of normal epithelium and 5 of tumor tissue. Two or three distinct bands of beta-G were separated from specimens of urine and tumor tissue from patients with bladder tumors, but only a single band was found in specimens from normal subjects."
1136081,"Upper urinary tract and renal deterioration in the child with congenital neuropathy is due to high intravesical pressure associated with urinary retention. Preservation of kidney function often can be achieved when bladder emptying is improved by lowering the urethral resistance, when reflux is cured, and when infection is controlled. Since incontinence is most often of the overflow type, complete bladder evacuation can allow the child to remain dry for a socially acceptable period of time between voidings. Success depends greatly on the child's motivation and on his cooperation in a bladder training regimen. Diversion is sometimes unavoidable but should be considered only when conservational methods have failed."
1136083,"Forty female patients suffering for long periods from frequency, urgency, and dysuria without any definite organic cause received nortriptyline chloride for three weeks. In 75 percent there was either considerable improvement or total disappearance of urinary complaints. At the same time the in vitro effects of the drug were tested using the isometric muscle contraction technique. Nortriptyline was found to have anticholinergic properties. The importance of this effect in the clinical study and the possible mode of action of the drug are discussed."
1136084,"We review our experience with the Boari flap to correct distal ureteral injuries. Satisfactory results were obtained in 15 of 21 patients. We believe this procedure should be considered as an alternative to transureteroureterostomy, autotransplantation, and ileal interposition for short or long distal ureteral defects."
1136085,"Two cases are reported of functionally significant bladder neck obstruction following urethral valve fulguration which resulted in inability to void. Both patients responded to the administration of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Treatment of patients with suspected bladder neck obstruction with this agent provides a reversible method of decreasing urethral resistance without the potentially harmful effects of surgical bladder neck revision."
1136086,Experimental studies designed to evaluate the anterior bladder tube as a method of maintaining continence in the neurologically deprived bladded achieved a 50 to 60 per cent success rate. This success rate is not sufficient to warrant its clinical use.
1136087,"The effect of muscle length on adrenergic stimulation of canine detrusor was studied in an vitro muscle bath. The commonly reported response of muscle relaxation with norepinephrine stimulation was seen in muscle strips at or near the resting length. When the muscle strips were stretched, however, an alpha receptor mediated contraction was noted. Length, rather than norepinephrine dose or tension, was the predominant factor determining whether a given strip would respond in an alpha or beta fashion. Sympathetic stimulation may enhance accommodation (beta effect) during bladder filling at low muscle length and potentiate bladder emptying (alpha effect) at increased muscle length."
1136090,"A fifty-five-year-old man was seen with anuria. Retrograde pyelograms demonstrated bilateral ureteral obstruction subsequently shown to have resulted from sloughed renal papillae. A twenty-year history of phenacetin was obtained. Treatment included bilateral ureteral intubation, then ureterotomy on one side."
1136092,"Total unilateral renal destruction has been observed in a patient who previously received irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. The clinical features, after a six-year asymptomatic interval, included recurrent calculi and infection in what was subsequently demonstrated radiographically to be a nonfunctioning kidney. The gross and microscopic characteristics of the nephrectomy specimen have been described and correlated with the magnitude of irradiation and the clinical course."
1136094,"A case is reported in which the patient had classic findings of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, including a pulsatile abdominal mass, curvilinear aortic calcification, and anterolateral deviation of the left ureter. These findings were subsequently demonstrated at surgery to be due to metastatic nodes from prostatic carcinoma. Data presented indicate that further diagnostic studies may be in order in unusual cases in which patients are suspected of having abdominal aortic aneurysm. This is especially true if the patient is known to have another condition such as carcinoma which may mimic aneurysm with metastatic periaortic lymph nodes. Aortography and/or lymphangiography occasionally have their place in selected patients, and this is discussed."
1136095,"Using flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes, we have examined the urinary intestinal conduits of 15 patients. We have found this to be a reliable, easily performed endoscopic procedure that allows ureteral catheterization when needed. The instrument, technique, and results are described."
1136096,"Estramustine phosphate administered orally at 900 mg. daily depressed plasma testosterone levels in 10 consecutive patients who had previously been treated with estrogen hormones and/or orchiectomy and who were all in relapse from carcinoma of the prostate. Approximately one half of the patients responded to the treatment clinically. The decrease in plasma testosterone did not correlate with the clinical response. The clinical effect of estramustine phosphate may be due to decreased plasma testosterone levels, inhibiton of 5-alpha reductase activity, and a local cytotoxic effect."
1136097,"A technique for sequential, unilateral, extraperitoneal pelvic lymphadenectomy is described. The procedure is advocated for staging patients with localized prostatic carcinoma in whom all laboratory test results for metastases are negative and in whom definitive radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy is contemplated. This procedure allows complete excision of the regional lymphatic drainage of the prostate with minimal surgical morbidity."
1136099,"This study sought to determine whether or not transitional carcinoma cells can adhere and progressively grow on normal or inflamed bladder urothelium. Inflammation was produced by intravesical N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Tumor cell implantation occurred in only 13 per cent of mice with normal bladder, whereas in the presence of an altered urothelial surface ther was a 60 per cent incidence of tumors. This study not only has clinical implications but also offers a model to investigate modalities to prevent tumor cell implantation."
1136100,"A case of testicular malakoplakia is described in which cells other than histiocytes were involved in the tissue response. The abundant cell junctions, some closely related to mitochondria, and the peripheral displacement of rough endoplasmic reticulum by abundant phagolysosomes, suggest involvement of Sertoli cells, in addition to histiocytes. It is suggested that, perhaps, some forms of granulomatous orchitis and malakoplakia represent a single disease process observed at a different stage in its evolution."
1136111,"Three cases of dairy herds affected by production disease (infertility, calf scours and low milk yield) were carried out.  The value of blood analysis in establishing a diagnosis and a dietary supplement of molasses in correcting the production problems is illustrated."
1136125,"Red, sika, fallow, roe and muntjac deer adapted to captivity in experimental units designed for working with foot-and-mouth disease.  The red, sika and fallow deer readily accepted rolled oats and hay as their staple diet.  This diet was replaced for the roe and muntjac deer with flaked maize, calf starter pellets and green browse.  Etorphine/acepromazine ans xylazine were found to be suitable sedatives for detailed examination of the tongue and oral cavity of the various species of deer and gave adequate analgesia for the inoculation and collection of virus samples."
1136131,"The snouts of 2701 pork, bacon and heavy pigs killed at five abattoirs in England and Scotland during March to July 1974 were examined for evidence of atrophic rhinitis.  Lesions were graded 1 to 5 according to severity.  Suspicious lesions were present in 75-7 per cent of the sample.  There was obvious atrophy of the turbinates in 44-7 per cent (grade 2 to 5) and severe atrophy in 17-5 per cent (grades 3 to 5).  Foreign bodies were found in or between the posterior cheek teeth of 5-3 per cent of the sample.  There was frequently an associated gingivitis.  Other lesions seen included black discolouration of the teeth, severe tooth wear and osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint.  It was concluded that the incidence of atrophic rhinitis could have increased markedly since the last survey of the United Kingdom was undertaken in 1956/57 and some form of disease-monitoring service was urgently needed."
1136331,"An immune agglutination procedure is described in which red cells are coated with antigen and agglutination is observed after a short incubation with antibody in reagent serum. Conversely, the cells may be coated with antibody and used to test for the presence of antigen. Treatment of the reagent serum with cobra venom factor results in inhibition, and there is a marked lo-s of sensitivity with cells pretreated with formalin or chromic chloride, suggesting that C3 and some type of reactive sites on the cells are required. The distinctive features of the new procedure are that incubation time is very short, sensitivity is several orders of magnitude higher than with other related tests, and, within some limitations, bovine (steer) red cells with bovine serum can be used as an alternative to human red cells with human serum. It is necessary to remove an inhibitor from the reagent serum, human or steer. While the mechanism of the procedure needs further elucidation, the findings reported here suggest that it ought to be sufficiently sensitive to detect hepatitus B antigen if present in virtually any blood sample. With appropriate modifications it should be useful for blood donor screening, diagnosis, and for studying many other antigen-antibody systems."
1136332,"A Negro woman of the Xhosa tribe of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape was found to be S--s--U--with anti-U in her serum.  She had two S--s--U-- children, and her husband, father and other children all had single doses of S or s antigen.  Three furhter S--s--U-- Negroes were found in a random sample of 1,000 Negro antenatal patients at Port Elizabeth."
1136334,A method is described in which the factor VIII (AHF) activity of 40 individual cryoprecipitates can be determined within 4 h.  The reagents employed do not require plasma congenitally deficient in factor VIII.  The preparation of cryoprecipitates with known biological activity should result in a more rational use of this type of factor VIII concentrate.
1136431,"The mortality rate due to heroin overdosage in San Francisco has increased dramatically since 1968 and now stands as one of the highest in the United States. While the numbers of heroin fatalities in many eastern United States cities have declined substantially in the past few years, the figures for San Francisco and the other West Coast areas continue to increase. The group of heroin overdose victims from the 1970 through 1973 period is more predominantly Caucasian and younger than from the 1963 through 1965 period. In nearly all of the victims, the presence of morphine (a heroin metabolite) was noted in bile or urine, and in about half the results of blood alcohol tests were positive. Measurement of blood morphine concentrations in the victims showed no significant difference from the concentrations noted in a control group of heroin addicts dying from causes other than overdosage."
1136432,"Over a one-year period, 167 patients with cancer were seen in a total of 1,931 clinic visits. Of these patients, 59 percent responded to therapy, with 20 percent achieving a complete response. The median duration of response was eight months (12+ months for complete responders, 7 months for partial responders), with only a two-month average survival for nonresponders. Seventy-seven deaths in clinic patients occurred for a death rate of 46 percent. Hospital tumor registry referrals rose 46 percent. The effect of early referrals, sources of referral, metastatic sites, chemotherapeutic drugs used, morbidity and type of therapy are also reviewed."
1136433,"Survival studies were done on 36 children with cystic fibrosis and heart failure. Thirty percent did not survive the first four weeks, and the median survival for the group was between two and three months. By the end of the first year from the onset of failure, 74 percent had died and at 30 months, 87 percent had died."
1136537,"This paper reports sporadic occurrence of the Pfeiffer syndrome with Kleeblattschädel (KS) in a male infant who died at 6 months of pneumonia with signs of increased intracranial pressure and who was found to have hydrocephalus, polymicrogyria, cerebellar herniation, bicuspid aortic valve, a common mesentery, absence of lesser omentum, hypoplasia of gallbladder, a single umbilical artery, and multiple eye defects. This case is presumed to represent a new mutation: in other families the Pfeiffer syndrome has been dominantly inherited. The Pfeiffer syndrome is a form of acrocephalosyndactyly and impresses clinically as a mild form of the Apert syndrome. The Kleeblattschädel is an etiologically non-specific developmental field defect (DFC); about two fifths of 51 known cases have apparent thanatophoric dwarfism and about one fifth are probable or possible examples of the Pfeiffer syndrome. The KS-DFC has also been seen in the syndromes of Carpenter, Apert and Crouzon."
1136538,"The question of ""myopathia rachitica"" was pursued in a disease progress study using rachitic rats. The length of the study was 18 weeks. During this time a discrete dystrophic myopathy formed. The morphometric examination showed muscle fibre diameters 8--24 mu  less than those of healthy control rats in correlation with the degree of rachitis. The absence of fiber growth in the C fibres was conspicuous. The question of the relation of these findings to the inactivity, osteomalacia and changes in metabolism in rachitis was discussed. The myopathic changes can not be solely interpreted as a result of inactivity, but the cause of myopathia rachitica remains unclear."
1136540,"In 36 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined microelectrophoretically in polyacrylamide- and starch-gel. The study was done to evaluate the clinical significance of these additional data for the diagnosis of liver involvement in DF. The results led to the following conclusions: 1. Serum activity of total AP is comparatively unsensitive ""masking"" alterations in the isoenzyme pattern contributing to the AP serum activity. 2. In 17 children resp. 47% bile-duct phosphatase was increased indicating a secretostasis while other marker enzymes of cholestasis were normal in part. 3. The activity of bone phosphatase in the serum showed a significant correlation to the degree of growth retardation in these patients. 4. Intestinal phosphatase was present in the serum of only one child with cirrhosis of the liver being an indicator for liver insufficiency. 5. Determination of AP isoenzymes in the serum may provide additional information about the organs involved for the physician in handling CF patients."
1136650,"A series of cyclic peptides of sarcosine with the general formula c-Sar-n, n=2-8, has been synthesized and conformational studies carried out both in solution and in the solid. The rings are conformationally very homogeneous and contain both cis and trans amide bonds. Their barriers to ring inversion are high; in the smaller rings this is attributed to steric hindrance, caused by the N-methyl-groups, whilst in the larger rings the folding of the chain in helical segments plays an important role."
1136651,"The crystal structure of D,L-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-alanine has been determined by X-ray methods using 1971 observed reflections. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2-1, with four molecules in the unit cell of dimensions a=6.32-5 A; b=26.48-9 A; c=5.36-7 A, and beta=98.1-8 degrees. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a conventional R-factor of 0.048; estimated standard deviations in bond lengths not involving hydrogen are 0.002-0.004 A and in angles 0.1-0.2 degrees. Bond lengths and angles are in accordance with those found in tyrosine. Owing to an intra-molecular hydrogen bond between the ammonium group and the ring hydroxyl oxygen atom, however, the conformational angles differ from those found in several other phenylalanine derivatives. There are non-crystallographic centres of symmetry between pairs of enantiomeric molecules."
1136652,"The crystal structure of (--)-adrenaline has been determined by X-ray methods, using 831 observed reflections collected by counter methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2-1 with a=7.873(2), b=6.790(2), c=8.638(2) A and beta=98.01(2) degrees. Least-squares refinements yielded a conventional R-factor of 0.053. Standard deviations in bond lengths are 0.005-0.006 A and in bond lengths aree 0.005-0.006 A and in bond angles 0.4 degrees. The adrenaline molecules were found to exist as zwitterions in the crystals. The conformation of the adrenaline molecule corresponds closely to that usually encountered among the salts of the sympathomimetic amines. The crystals consist of molecular double layers parallel to (100). The molecules within a layer are linked through hydrogen bonds of the types N--H...O and O--H...O, whereas the layers are connected by van der Waals interactions."
1136689,"In order to investigate the importance of different inspiratory gas flow patterns in respirator treatment, eight intensive care patients were studied with breathing mechanics and five patients also with gas exchange studies. Three different inspiratory gas flow patterns were tested in randomized sequences namely, accelerating, constant and decelerating flow. All three flow patterns were generated by the same respirator. No end-inspiratory pause was used. The results point to a favourable effect on breathing mechanics of a decelerating and a constant flow when compared with an accelerating flow type. However, when the total effects on gas distribution and lung perfusion were evaluated in the gas exchange studies, no significant differences were seen between the three flow patterns."
1136690,"Thirteen patients submitted to total hip replacement surgery by the Charnley technique were studied. Operations were performed under epidural analgesia with the patients awake and breathing air. During the surgical procedure, the magnitude of tissue-thromboplastic activity, the amount of fat globules, the presence of bone marrow cells and the concentrations of acrylic monomers were determined in the pulmonary arterial blood. Simultaneously, arterial blood gases and blood pressure were monitored. Marked reductions of the arterial blood pressure and arterial oxygen tension occurred after impaction of the femoral prosthesis, and minor depressions appeared after insertion of the acetabular prosthesis. A significant correlation was found between the release of tissue-thromboplastic products into the pulmonary circulation, i.e., products that initiate intravascular coagulation and the circulatory and respiratory reactions. The pulmonary fat droplets, per se, seem to be of minor importance, and the release of acrylic monomers is probably of no importance for these reactions."
1136691,"The systolic time intervals were studied in 16 surgical patients without heart disease between 29 and 75 years of age by a non-invasive technique before and after an induction dose of enibomal (Narcodorm). The pre-injection period/left ventricular ejection time-ratio (PEP/LVET-ratio) increased between 8 and 60% and (1/PEP-2) decreased between 3 and 50%, indicating a reduction of myocardial contractility under the influence of enibomal. Factors responsible for circulatory depression during barbiturate anaesthesia are discussed."
1136692,"Catecholamine output and circulation were observed in connection with pulmonary surgery in one group of ten patients who were anaesthetized with halothane-N20-02-d-tubocurarine and who breathed spontaneously after operation. In another group of four patients who received a modified neurolept anaesthesia with phenoperidine-N2O-O2-d-tubocurarine and who were mechanically ventilated also after operation, catecholamine output and temperature were observed. In both patient groups, catecholamine output was normal during iperation. Adrenaline output increased by 400% the first postoperative hours, while noradrenaline output remained normal. Thereafter, noradrenaline output increased, while adrenaline output started to decrease. A subnormal body temperature was seen at the end of the operation. In two patients from the neurolept group, adrenaline output and temperature were recorded hour by hour; maximal adrenaline output concided with maximal temperature rise. In the patients from the halothane group, the pstoperative change in foot, calf and forearm blood flow correlated well with the change in catecholamine output. The central circulatory response to the symptahoadrenal stimulation was, however, found to be less pronounced than is ordinarily seen."
1136693,"The influence of thiopental (Trapanal) on coronary blood flow (MPF), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and general haemodynamics was investigated in seven patients without heart disease. Besides measurement of MBF, the amount of substrates (glucose, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids (FFA) was also determined in arterial and coronary sinus blood samples. Thiopental was given intravenously in a mean dose of 4 mg/kg b,w, MBF was measured by means of the argon method. After injection of thiopental, all seven patients showed a significant increase of MBF and MVO2, a fact which can essentially be explained by the increase of heart rate. The effects of thiopental on arterial concentrations, arterior-coronary substrate differences, myocardial uptake, and O2-extraction ratio of the different substrates are discussed."
1136694,"The effect of intravenous administration of dihydroergotamine (DHE) on regional blood flow in the forearm and calf after pharmacological nerve blockade of the lower body induced by epidural anaesthesia has been studied in 13 subjects. After anaesthesia, DHE induced a significant increase in blood flow in the forearm with intact innervation and a significant decrease in blood flow in the nerve-blocked calf. On the average, the arterial blood pressure increased slightly. The calculated local vascular resistance increased in the nerve-blocked calf, probably due to a direct myogenic constrictive effect of DHE. In the intact forearm, local vascular resistance decreased. The results indicate that DHE exerts a complex effect on resistance vessels in addition to its well-known effect on the capacitance vessels."
1136695,"Ten patients without known cardiac or respiratory disease were investigated with breathing mechanics and gas exchange studies during anaesthesia and artifical ventilation. The effects of three different inspiratory gas flow patterns, namely, accelerating, constant and decelerating flows were studied. A decelerating flow resulted in an increase of total compliance when compared to an accelerating or a constant flow. However, at the same time, there was an increase in physiological dead space and a decrease in alveolar ventilation with a decelerating flow compared to an accelerating flow. These results seem to indicate an improved gas distribution in the greater airways with a decelerating flow pattern, but when the total effects of gas exchange were judged, the greatest benefits were with an accelerating flow."
1136696,"The arteriovenous concentration difference of bupivacaine in plasma after epidural injection in man and after intramuscular injection in dog was studied. In man, arterial concentration was higher than peripheral venous ocncentration during an initial period of about 30 min, after which time period venous and arterial concentrations became fairly similar. Comparable results were obtained in the animal experiments. In addition, the experiments in dog indicated that the concentration of bupivacaine was fairly similar in central venous plasma and arterial plasma, but higher than the peripheral venous plasma concentration. These factors have to be taken into consideration when toxicological studies of local anaesthetic drugs are made."
1136697,"Hospital records of 79 patients treated with tracheostomy or long-term intubation from 1969 to 1971 were reviewed, and the 43 surviving patients were examined by laryngoscopy, x-ray and spirometry for complications subsequent to these treatments. Early complications included one tube occlusion and one case of postextubation stridor in each group, one dislocated tube, one bilateral pneumothorax, and one case of fatal innominate arterial hemorrhage in the tracheostomy group, and two cases of atelectasis in the long-term intubation group. Necropsy findings included necrotic ulcers in the larynx of intubated patients and eroded tracheal mucosa in both groups. Late complications in surviving patients were prolonged hoarseness in six patients treated with prolonged intubation, two of whom had also had tracheostomy. Radiologically verified tracheal stenosis (40-60%), four at the stoma level and one at the cuff level, all occurred in the tracheostomy group."
1136698,"Effects of halothane anaesthesia on aplanchnic blood flow and cardiac output were studied in six dogs. Blood flows in the hepatic artery, the superior mesenteric artery and the portal vein were measured electromagnetically. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Depth of anaesthesia, ventilation, acid-base state and body temperature were controlled. Cardiac output and blood flows in the hepatic artery, the superior mesenteric artery and the portal vein decreased significantly to 73%, 54%, 59% and 60% of control values, respectively. Total peripheral vascular resistance decreased significantly, while mesenteric and portal resistance remained essentially unchanged and hepatic arterial resistance showed a significant increase. It is suggested that the difference between the various vascular responses may be caused by a differentiated release from baroreceptor inhibition in various parts of the bulbar vasomotor center."
1136699,"Maternal cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, fetal blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory blood gases, and uterine blood flow were measured in six pregnant monkeys during halothane-nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia and compared to theses same parameters observed during nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia. Halothane 1.5% was associated with a decrease in maternal arterial pressure (54%), heart rate (10%), cardiac output (17%), total peripheral resistance (40%), and uterine blood flow (38%). Mean fetal heart rate decreased 18% and mean fetal blood pressure 22%. These changes in fetal hemodynamics were probably related to a direct depression of the fetal cardiovascular system and its usual compensatory mechanism as well as the fetal asphyxia secondary to the decrease in uterine blood flow."
1136700,"1. The growth model forumlated for prenatal and postnatal growth up to the middle of the puberty phase seems to be valid for the later postnatal phases as well, including adulthood and senescence. 2. In this model, growth consists of phases with exponential growth (constant specific growth rate) separated by sudden changes in the rate. 3. In the period described here, 7 phases can be distinguished, beginning with puberty (phase IV) and ending with senescence (phase X). 4. In 4 of these phases the growth rate does not differ significantly between the four groups of mice used. In the other 3 phases there are no differences between three of the groups but the fourth, one of the sexes of the CPB-S strain, differs very definitely from the rest. 5. Absence of growth occurred in some phases in one of the groups. 6. Some of the phases do not occur in all individual animals; this holds especially for phase VIII, which occurred in only about 25% of the animals. 7. The 'growth constants' postulated in Part I and now studied in the individual mice, tend to have a value of about 2. A theoretical model is described for the regulation of the mitotic rate giving 'growth constants' of about the same numerical value."
1136701,"The gall bladder from 6 Psammophis sibilans, 10 Bufo regularis and 10 Albino mice were extracted and prepared for microscopic examination. It was found that the mucosa of Psammophis sibilans consisted of ovoid and polygonal cells which were occasionally binucleated cells with darkly stained nuclei and occasionally pear-shaped cells with vesicular nuclei and fine processes. These cells were arranged in three layers. Apossible explanation for the different types of cells encountered and their arrangement was given. The gall bladder mucosa of Bufo regularis and Albino mouse were thrown into folds covered with simple columnar epithelium. However, the epithelium of the frog was higher than that of the mouse, with the nuclei situated midway between basement membrane and the lumen. Vacuolated cells were detected in the gall bladder mucosa of the mouse. The significance of the mucosal folds was discussed."
1136702,"Cross-sectional studies of the degree of the cranial base flexion were carried out in infant, juvenile and adult skulls in four genera of nonhuman primates (P. paniscus, H. lar, P. urinus, and M. mullatta). The cephalometric observations of the cranial base included linear and angular measurements of each specimen. The data obtained in this study showed that the anterior portion of the cranial base exhibits a significant shortening trend as the mammalian evolutionary scale ascends. Moreover, the growth pattern of the anterior portion of the skull base follows that of the facial bony structures. The ontogenic growth changes of the posterior portion of the skull base follows the growth pattern of the endocranial cavity. The significant trend of elongation in this area directly contributes to the posterior migration of the foramen magnum. The magnitude of these growth changes decreases as the evolutionary scale ascends. The angular measurements of the cranial flexion showed a less obtuse cranial base angle in young specimens and the ones higher on the mammalian scale. The skull kyphosis was less pronounced in these specimens and the anatomical features of the cranial base were more humanlike, including the balance of the head expressed by the position of the foramen magnum."
1136703,"Evolution of the mammalian tongue has been characterized by a number of extensive structural adaptations for the highly specialized functions which various tongues perform. Variations in shape, epithelium, muscle arrangement and mechanisms of lingual stiffening are described, and the possible way in which such changes have occurred is discussed. The review also shows that a study of the tongue's structure in conjunction with other anatomical features may serve as a useful indicator of an animal's habits and diet and provide important information for taxonomic purpose."
1136705,"The possible existence of one-sided dominance in the face, similar to the phenomena of handedness and footedness, has been investigated by studying smiling pattern, movements of the angles of mouth, winking, platysma contraction, raising and everting the upper lip with dilatation of the nostril, and vertical wrinkling of the forehead, on 300 right-handed and 30 left-handed persons. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The large majority of persons investigated do not use the two sides of face equally. 2. Facial ambilaterality is a rare feature. 3. There is no clear-cut correlation between handedness and the dominant side of the face. 4. The greater percentage (58.66%) of right-handed persons show a left-sided smile and find it more convenient to perform almost all exercises with the left side of the face. A still greater percentage (73.33%) of left-handed persons shows a right-sided smile and a better performance of all exercises with the right side of the face. The contralateral relationship of handedness to the dominant side of the face is significant in the right-handed and more so, in the left-handed persons."
1136706,"On 110 preparations of the kidney in some wild animals (hare, fox, wolf, bear, boar and chamois), the blood vessels and the excretory apparatus were studied by dissection, injection-corrosion and microscope. Only the bear has a markedly split kidney, whereas the kidneys of the other animals are unsplit. In the fox there is an obvious split of the renal artery into anterior and posterior branches which supply the anterior and posterior portion, respectively, of the renal parenchyma, being separated from each other, so that we may speak of an anterior and posterior kidney. In the fox, wolf, hare and chamois the interlobar arteries pass through the renal calices in a loop composed of adipose tissue, invested by the epithelium of the renal calyx. The renculi of the bear kidney show complete autonomy in relation to the blood vessels as well as in relation to the excretory apparatus. The relation of the surface of the excretory apparatus to the whole kidney was studied. Thus we have found the fox to have relatively the largest excretory apparatus, whose surface amounts to 31% of the whole kidney. In the remainder of the animals investigated this percentage is considerably less, ranging from 21.7% (boar) to 26.7% (bear)."
1136707,"The histoenzymic pattern of oxidative enzymes (G-6-PDH, G-PDH, ICDH, SDH, HBDH, NADH-2:tetrazolium dehydrogenase) was investigated in the developing neuroglia of rabbit brains, with special regard to the period of myelinogenesis. The obtained results lead to following conclusions: (1) During the early period of postnatal development there is maximal oxidative enzyme activity in ependymal cells, somewhat less reactive are the undifferentiated matrix cells and the differentiating cells of the mantle layer. No distinction can be made between the response of spongio- and neuroblasts. (2) Distinctly increased oxidoreductase activity, as compared to the early period of postnatal development, is demonstrated by the differentiating cells of myelination gliosis, no prevalence being demonstrable for enzymes of the particular metabolic pathways (pentose shunt, glycolysis or Krebs cycle). (3) G-6-PDH, G-PDH and oxidoreductases acting within the citric acid cycle are demonstrable only in single cells of the interfascicular oligodendroglia of adult rabbit brains, while almost all cells exhibit appreciable activity of HBDH and NADH-2 tetrazolium dehydrogenase."
1136708,"The pattern of mucin secretion of the gastrointestinal tract of the toad (B. melanostictus) was investigated by histochemical methods. The goblet cells of the oesophagus secreted mainly acid mucins which were sialomucins, while the cells lining the surface of the stomach produced neutral mucins only. Goblet cells of the small intestine and cloaca secreted acid mucins, which were predominently sulphated mucins."
1136709,"In order to strengthen a hypothesis concerning the occurrence of ectopic granule cells, one of the assumptions made was tested systematically. The reaction of the EGL to partial destruction by various single doses by hydroxyurea at various ages was followed. Under all conditions examined, re-population of the EGL takes place--rapidly after lower doses, slowly after high doses of HU. The phenomena observed are discussed with a view on the hypothesis mentioned. Re-population is beneficial, but may itself be a major pathogenetic factor in certain developmental malformations by upsetting the ""time-schedule"". The results are also of potential interest for an analysis of the regulation of normal cerebellar morphogenesis."
1136710,"The case of a child is described who at the age of 2 years showed the first evidence of a developing neurological disease. Within a couple of years, profound mental retardation and severe motor deficit with spastic tetraplegia became established. No seizures and no pigmentation of the retina were observed. The condition remained practically unchanged for some 8 years and the patient died at 12 years of age of terminal bronchopneumonia. At autopsy there was conspicuous diffuse atrophy of the brain. The cerebral cortex was particularly involved. Most of the cortical neurons were destroyed and neuroglia showed abundant proliferation. The few remaining neurons contained inclusion material which was identified as lipofuscin. Noticeable cedifferences from the various types of amaurotic idiocies are noted and similarities to a case of lipidosis recently reported from Finland are suggested."
1136711,"The lateral vestibular nucleus was studied by light and electron microscopy in normal rats as well as in rats in which the anterior cerebellar vermis was destroyed. Dark neurons were seen in many of the operated rats but were rarely found in normal control animals. The dark neurons were not seen in adjacent nuclei. In additional rats, it was found that anoxia, extra anaesthetic, postmortem rough handling, and sham operations did not increase the frequency of dark neurons. These data indicate that dark neurons might not always be artifactual and that the lateral vestibular nucleus appears to be a focal point for their occurrence."
1136713,"A case of post-traumatic chronic pan-hypopituitarism in a 22 year old man is reported. Post-mortem examination revealed gliosis of the posterior hypothalamus, sclerosis of the neuro-hypophysis, cellular atrophy of the adenohypophysis, with relative hyperplasia of the basophil cells, atrophy of the endocrine target glands. Clinical and morphological findings are correlated and discussed."
1136712,"Experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy, induced in rhesus monkeys with a diet lacking thiamine (vitamin B1), is characterized by cavitary necrosis of the striatum as well as a microvacuolar periventricular lesion of the brain stem such as occurs in man. With high resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy, the primary structural alteration in the brain stem lesion, and probably also in the striatum, appears to be that of widespread ""blister"" formation due to splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line. Microvascular alterations were minimal, even in the most severely affected regions. It is the myelin blisters which give rise to the spongy texture of the neuropil. A similar splitting of myelin has been described in several other experimental encephalopathies, and it is probable that it also occurs in Wernicke's encephalopathy in man."
1136714,"Large dense core vesicles (LDCV) were found frequently enough in normal guinea pig central white matter, basis pontis and spinal cord posterior columns to be regarded as a normal organelle. A review of studies of LDCV and dense core particles (DCP), which have a different cytological localization and appear to be associated with a variety of diseases, suggests that they are the same, and hence remarkedly ubiquitous. LDCV should no longer be regarded as a type of synaptic vesicle, but as an incompetely defined organelle common to many cell types."
1136715,"Amniotic fluid lecithin and sphingomyelin were determined quantitatively in 33 samples obtained throughout the last trimester. Each sample was divided into three parts and each part was centrifuged at different relative forces prior to extraction. It is shown that centrifugation always removes considerable amounts of both lecithin and sphingomyelin from the supernatant towards the end of pregnancy, but very little at the beginning of the last trimester. The fatty acid composition of amniotic fluid lecithin, studied by gas liquid chromatography, indicate that surface active lecithin is lost by centrifugation of the fluid prior to extraction."
1136716,"The incidence of somatic complications in connection with legal termination of pregnancy by vacuum aspiration was analysed in 1,123 hospital patients. Special attention was paid to complication rates in relation to gestational age. It was found that the incidence of major uterine haemorrhage increased with gestational period, being unexpectedly high in the 12th week. When anaesthesia was supplemented with halothane there was a significantly higher incidence of uterine haemorrhage that when this anaesthetic was avoided. The results indicate that strict principles for the operation procedure are mandatory to reduce blood loss and other complications. It is suggested that the end of the 12th week should not be considered as a ""magic"" time limit for vaccum aspiration but that the policy should aim at early intervention, preferably before the end of the 10th week. In the event of late first trimester abortions or ""border line"" cases it is of advantage to administer prostaglandin extra-amniotically for pre-operative dilatation of the cervix."
1136717,"Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, FDP, in menstrual blood during the first three days of menstrual blood during the first three days of menstruation have been investigated. Two groups of women were studied, those with normal menstrual blood loss (15 women, mean loss 30 ml, range 8-60 ml) and those with menorrhagia (14 women, mean loss 222 ml, range 107-729 ml). The following results were obtained: 1). The FDP concentrations decreased during menstruation in both groups. 2). The FDP concentrations in the two were compared for each day of the menstrual period. No differences were found between the two groups. A possible explanation of the results is given: there is a higher rate of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the endometrium of women with menorrhagia compared with women with normal blood losses. The hypothesis is supported by results of studies in which tranexamic is supported by results of studies in which tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, was given to reduce the menstrual blood loss. 3). The FDP excretion patterns differed from women to women. There were no consistent differences between the menorrhagic and the control group."
1136718,"Prostaglandin F2alpha was used to induce abortion or labour in 84 women between the 11th and 44th weeks of pregnancy. Three different routes of administration were used, intravenous, extra-amniotic, and intra-amniotic. The extra-amniotic infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha produced a faster response than the other two routes. Less than one-third of the dose used in the intra-amniotic group was required in the extra-amniotic group for a complete evacuation of the uterus. Vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in 40% of the women in the intra- and extra-amniotic group, while the frequency was 88% in the intravenous group. Serum levels of progesterone and oestradiol decreased in accordance with the pattern found during spontaneous deliveries. The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the myometrium does not appear to be mediated via changes in the blood levels of progesterone or oestradiol."
1136719,"Analysis of 340 term breech presentations in primigravidas showed a corrected perinatal mortality of 1.5%; the elective cesarean section rate was 15%. The incidence of complicated labour, defined in the study, was analyzed with regard to different parameters, e.g. X-ray pelvimetry data in all 340 cases. Complicated labour in vaginal deliveries markedly increased with increasing fetal weight (p less than 0.001) and decreasing pelvic capacity (p less than 0.001). In each case the fetal weight and smallest pelvimetry data were given score points and the sum of these was called the Feto Pelvic Breech Index, which was correlated to the incidence of complicated labour. By using this index the mortality and the routine use of elective cesarean section. The prognostic methods available to detect feto-pelvic disproportion are discussed."
1136720,"A survey has been presented of the author's personal methods to treat urge incontinence in women caused by neurogenic disturbances or by urethritis. Denervation of the bladder by unilateral or bilateral resection of the inferior hypogastric plexus is used for neurogenic disturbances with uninhibited bladder contractions or hypertonic bladders and in cases of interstitial cystitis, if a preoperative blockade with local anaesthesia has given a favourable result. Urethral diverticula are extirpated. Urethritis is treated with careful dilatation of the uretha and massage in combination with local treatment of the mucosa with 1% solution of silver nitrate. In cases with a narrow urethral orifice a meatotomy is made. Women with wide external orifice and recurrent urethritis following intercourse are operated upon. A structure similar to the frenulum of the prepuce in the male is constructed, which closes the orifice at the introduction of the penis."
1136721,"In 24 patients, who underwent therapeutic abortion for various reasons between the 17th and 26th week of pregnancy, urinary excretion of serotonin, 5-HIAA, total estrogens, and pregnanediol were measured before, during and after the intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic saline. 20% hypertonic saline solution (160-500 ml) was given by transabdominal injection over a period of 5 min. The four hormones or metabolites were measured during six periods: I; 12-24 hrs, and II: 0-12 hrs before saline administration, III: 0-12 hrs after saline administration, IV: 0-12 hrs during aborion, V: 0-12 hrs and VI: 12-24 hrs after abortion. The results point to the active participation of serotonin in the process of fetal expulsion, as serotonin was increased by over 100% (from 20-22 to 43-47 mu-g/12 hrs) during periods III-IV, and its metabolite 5-HIAA, too, increased by nearly 60% (from 2.4-2.5 to 3.3-3.9 mg/12 hrs). They decreased during the post-abortive periods V-VI. On the other hand, total estrogens decreased only slowly, but continuously, during all 6 periods (4.9, 4.3, 3.4, 3.1, 1.8 and 1.4 mg/12 hrs). Pregnanediol, beginning with 12 mg/12 hrs showed a slight increase during periods III-IV (14.5 and 15.6 mg/12 hrs) and a decrease during periods V-VI (8.0 and 5.8 mg/12 hrs). These findings are interpreted as indicating the disruption of feto-placental function affecting estrogens during periods III-VI. They might demonstrate an accelerated hydrogenation of progesterone into pregnanediol during periods III-IV, followed by a sharp decreased in progesterone/pregnanediol production during periods V-VI."
1136722,"The effects of the selective beta-2-receptor stimulator terbutaline on the activity of gravid, human myometrium were investigated in vitro and in vivo, before and after administration of different beta-receptor blockers. Terbutaline, 0.2-1.0 mu-g/ml, inhibited the spontaneous contractile activity of isolated strips of myometrium. This effect was unaffected by the selective beta-a-receptor blockers practolol, 1 mu-g/ml, and H 93/26, 1 mu-g/ml. However, the non-selective blocker propranolol, 0.1 mu-g/ml, completely inhibited the terbutaline effects. The in vitro effects of terbutaline could be correlated with findings in vivo. Intra-uterine pressure was recorded in 4 pregnant women at term. Infusion of terbutaline, 10-15 mu-g/min, for 20-40 min, effectively inhibited both spontaneous and oxytocin-stimulated uterine activity. There was a moderate increase in maternal heart rate, but no consistent effect on maternal blood pressure. Fetal heart rate was little affected. The uterine effects of terbuline were not influenced by practolol, 5-20 mg i.v., but completely inhibited by propranolol, 1-2 mg i.v. The results suggest that terbutaline inhibits uterine motility by effects on uterine beta-2-receptors and that it can be given in clinically effective doses without adverse circulatory effects on mother or fetus."
1136723,"The present investigation studied the influence of different types of intra-uterine devices (IUDs) especially that of a copper IUD, on the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine and 5-3-H-uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit. ""Inert"" IUD. In non-stimulated rabbits, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was increased in the copper influenced horn. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine in control and Cu-IUD-containing horns reached a maximum at 48 hours after HCG stimulation, but was significantly lower in the copper-containing horn than in the control horn. On the fifth day of pseudopregnancy, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was significantly higher in the copper IUD-containing horn. The total amount of DNA in the endometrium increased during early pseudopregnancy, but this increase was markedly reduced in the presence of copper. The copper IUD had no influence on the rate of incorporation of 5-3-H-uridine in non-stimulated rabbits, whereas it caused a higher incorporation on the fifth day of pseudopregnancy."
1136724,An account is given of an oscillatory rotating friction measurement apparatus which can be used for demonstration of boundary lubrication by synovial fluid when rubber and glass are employed as rubbing surfaces. A technical description of the apparatus is given. The greatest importance is placed on getting the apparatus to demonstrate reproducible results when saline and normal bovine synovial fluid are used as lubricant. The greatest variations are caused by differences in the cleaning of the rubber and in its tension. On the basis of bovine synovial fluid from ten different hock joints investigations were made of individual variations and changes occurring during storage at 4 degrees C. The individual variations were found to be of no importance; a decrease in the lubricating effect was observed only after storage for two months. Addition of trypsin confirmed that boundary lubrication by synovial fluid can be related to the protein component. The conclusion is that the apparatus is considered suitable for clinical investigations of boundary lubrication in connection with different joint diseases.
1136725,"In unilateral coxa plana a shortening of the affected leg can often be found. This shortening affects not only the caput-collum part of the femur but also the other parts of the femur and the tibia. In this study, however, the immobilization of the affected leg seemed to be the main reason for the observed difference in the leg length. Children who had not unloaded their affected leg as carefully as they should proved to have a smaller difference in leg length than those who had unloaded their affected leg according to the instructions. On the other hand compensatory growth of the affected leg was found when both legs were again taking weight. The difference in the leg length was significantly reduced one year after the completion of the treatment."
1136726,"Use of the Doppler principle with an ultrasound flowmeter provided a method of detecting fat emboli during total hip replacement. A measure of the quantity of fat emboli and when the embolism occurs during the operative procedure is possible with this method. By the use of a suction catheter inserted in the intramedullary canal or the placement of large drill holes in the lateral cortex of the femur the amount of fat released into the venous circulation can be reduced. Although no definite signature could be obtained for the audible ""chirps"" by energy density spectrum analysis the observer could readily distinguish these chirps from the burbling noise produced by air emboli. Ultrasound is an easy, noninvasive and reliable technique for detecting fat emboli during total hip replacement."
1136727,"35S was administered to 20 puppies which had been exposed to transplantation of osteochondral apophyseal transplants from the iliac crest to defects of the femoral condyles. Some transplants were implanted into defects within the joint surfaces whereas others were implanted outside the joint surfaces. An autoradiographic study was performed to assess the functional vitality of the transplanted cartilage at varying intervals up to 14 months. This study further necessitated an investigation of the normal pattern of incorporation of 35S in the iliac crest.  The studies revealed that the incorporation of 35S within the apophysis of the iliac crest was similar to that seen within pressure epiphyses, being heaviest in the proliferating and hypertrophying cells in the growth plate and around the secondary centre of ossification. The increased turnover of sulphur around the secondary centre of ossification declined, however, when the initial stage of the ossification was passed and when hypertrophy of cartilage cells was no longer seen. Ossification then took place without intensified production of organic sulphur-containing compounds in this region. The study further showed that apophyseal cartilage was still able to incorporate 35S following transplantation to the mentioned defects, except in some basal central areas adjacent to the metaphyseal bone. These findings suggested that the cartilage not only survived, but also preserved its capacity for synthetizing sulphur-containing compounds, probably chondroitin sulphate."
1136729,"A below-knee amputee is generally known to achieve a close-to-normal performance level, with the patellar-tendon-bearing method of stump fitting. This was confirmed by an ergonomic investigation on ten below-knee amputees, fitted with PTB prostheses. The test group subjects were given two static tests, two dynamic tests and one exercise tolerance test, during which their oxygen consumptions, pulmonary ventilations, energy expenditures and peak heart rates were measured. The performance of the test subjects were compared with that of a control group consisting of sixteen normal, healthy, individuals. The percentage increases in the values of the biomechanical parameters of the test subjects, over those of the control group, were found to be justified and thus natural to the below-knee amputee-PTB prosthesis system. The ergonomic study has not yielded information regarding the biomechanical efficacy of the PTB prosthesis, but it has also shown that the amputees fitted with such prostheses can take up, without any undue extra effort and metabolic cost, industrial  occupations of the moderately heavy kind."
1136730,"In 21 autopsy subjects and 25 anatomical cadavers, both knee joints were dissected extensively to find: a) degenerative changes in the menisci of knee joints, especially horizontal tears and b) associated degenerative changes in the articular surfaces of the knee joint, in order to attempt a correlation between the two lesions. Thirty-nine horizontal tears of the meniscus in 21 patients were found, of which 32 were in the medial meniscus. There was no articular damage visible in three, minimal in eight, moderate in seven and severe in three subjects. The highest incidence was in the seventh and eighth decades with black males showing a slight preponderance. The degenerative meniscus with a horizontal tear is a part of the overall degenerative process in the knee joint and should be treated as such."
1136731,"Forty-five knees with tibial osteotomy for osteoarthrosis were studied at 5 to 10 years following surgery. Twenty-seven were graded excellent, eight good and ten poor. The best results were found in knees which maintained a Femoro-Tibial angle of 163 degrees--180 degrees whereas the poor results were associated with either under-correction at operation or late recurrence of deformity. The latter was closely related to pain. Provided that the initial deformity is adequately corrected and maintained, tibial osteotomy for osteoarthrosis of the knee gives good results which can last up to 10 years."
1136732,"A series of 58 children with 75 idiopathic congenital clubfeet is presented. Early soft tissue release was performed in 77 per cent. The main purpose of the study was to clarify the causes of postoperative relapse. The results were poor in 12 feet, 11 (19 per cent) were reoperated. On re-evaluation of the ""poor"" cases we found severe social problems involved, including parental neglect."
1136733,"The effect of cortisone and an anabolic steroid on plasma hydroxyproline (HOP) was investigated in young male rabbits, following operative fracture of the radius. The action of these hormones was studied in three groups of animals, a cortisone (hydrocortisone sodium succinate 5mg/kg every day), an anabolic (norandronolone-19-phenylpropionate 5 mg/kg every other day) and a cortisone plus anabolic treated group. A fourth group of animals served as controls. Plasma HOP was found to increase during the fracture healing in control animals, particularly in the first week and during callus remodelling. Cortisone produced elevation of HOP level during the first two weeks followed by a decrease to low normal values. Animals treated with the anabolic did not present the initial rise but a sustained increase during callus remodelling. When both the anabolic and cortisone were administered, a curve similar to that of cortisone-treated animals was obtained. The initial increase of HOP is attributed to bone destruction and to a lesser degree to synchronous bone formation at the site of the fracture. This catabolic process seems to be enhanced by cortisone and inhibited by the anabolic. When, however, the two hormones are given together the protective anticatabolic effect of the anabolic is almost abolished."
1136734,"Four surgeons participated in a study which aimed to demonstrate the physical work load during operations. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate were determined by using the Douglas bag technique and recording the heart rate during the tests. By working at two submaximal work loads, heart rate was recorded and miximal oxygen uptake was determined indirectly. Using telemetry, heart rate was recorded during operation, and the mean oxygen uptake was determined. In 90 per cent of all operations the surgeons were working at a level of 20 to 30 per cent of their maximal aerobic capacity. There was an increase in body temperature and a decrease of body weight after all operations. In long lasting operations a decrease of grip force was noted."
1136735,"Properties of acrylic bone cements during and after curing were determined for three brands of bone cement. Curing time and consistency were chosen for the characterization of the handling and working behavior of these materials. The performance of bone cements after curing may be related amongst other things to the following properties: water resorption, solubility/disintegration, flexural modulus of elasticity, yield stress, proportional limit, flexural strength and impact strength. Methods to determine these handling and material properties are described. The influence of radiopacifying and antibiotic additives on these properties is evaluated as well as the influence of porosity on flexural strength and impact strength. The results indicate that considerable differences in the handling properties occur. The material properties of the three brands tested do not show marked differences. Radiopacifying and antibiotic additives appear to have a negative effect on material properties; the effect of porosity as it develops during curing under simulated clinical conditions is more pronounced."
1136736,"The pathological mobility of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of 100 patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis was studied, and the results were analysed and compared with the results obtained in a control non-rheumatoid group. This report seems to suggest that rheumatoid metacarpo-phalangeal joints become more lax the longer the rheumatoid disease has been present. However, when there is marked local involvement of the joint this hyperlaxity cannot be proven because of pain and/or mechanical blockage."
1136737,"Seventy-four women were studied at various points in time between 1 month and 12 years after a fracture of the distal end of the radius--Colles' fracture. In 50 cases the maximum loss of bone after fracture was considered to have taken place in that more than 4 months had elapsed since the accident. The bone mineral content was measured in both forearms with gamma absorptiometry. It was demonstrated that the degree of post-traumatic osteoporosis, calculated as the difference between the values obtained for the injured and the uninjured arms, decreased with time. The difference between the arms was greater in peri- and early postmenopausal and in very old women suggesting that these groups had lost more bone and/or been less able to restore lost mineral with time."
1136739,"In a series of girls with idiopathic structural scoliosis the height, weight and age at menarche were studied. It was found that the girls were on the average taller than a control population and that except for the most severe cases their height was greater even if the trunk shortening caused by the deformity was not accounted for. The girls with scoliosis were also somewhat leaner. They did not deviate in age at menarche from normal girls in Sweden but there was a positive relationship between the age at diagnosis of the deformity and the age at menarche. When assessed together with previous data on the subject of height in children with scoliosis in Sweden it must be concluded that children with this deformity have a growth pattern which deviates significantly from that of the normal population."
1136740,The sitting height and its relationship to total height was compared for 164 girls with idiopathic adolescent structural scoliosis and 201 age-matched healthy controls. It was demonstrated that although girls with scoliosis were taller than controls the relationship between trunk and legs was undisturbed.
1136741,"Dating from 1953, the hips of newborn have been examined routinely all over Sweden. In 1963 more than 99 per cent of all newborns (about 110,000) were delivered at maternity departments, where such examination was recommended. 615 cases of preluxation or dislocation were diagnosed, which means a frequency of 5.6 per thousand. A high frequency reported in some hospitals suggests overdiagnosis. To assess to what extent the examination of newborns has reduced the frequency of late diagnosis dislocation and dysplasia, extracts of the records were obtained concerning all infants born in 1963 and treated for dislocation of the hip in 1963-1966 at orthopaedic departments in Sweden. Twenty-seven reported cases were analysed and the children were reviewed after 4-10 years. Fourteen (52 per cent) of the children were found to have normal or practically normal hips at the review. Eight still had dysplasia with subluxation and 3 had substantially deformed joints, one had moderate deformity and one, untreated, still had luxation. Possible causes of late diagnosis are discussed and it is stressed -- that all physicians who examine newborns should be well versed in examination of the hip joints.--that the hip joints should, when possible, be examined on two occasions during the first weeks of life, especially newborns predisposed to dislocation owing to heredity, breech presentation or different kinds of malformations.--that it should be borne in mind that complete luxation, though rare, may exist already in the neonatal period,--that one should not forget to examine the hips of newborns who, because of prematurity, asphyxia etc., are referred immediately for intense treatment before routine examination of the hips has been carried out,--that a child health centes one should not rely on the results of the examination during the neonatal period, but should always examine the hip joints."
1136754,"Two rabbits were immunized with a pool of mocoid secretion from glue ears. The ear fluids formed up to three specific protein precipitation lines with the absorbed immune serum. One of these proteins was identified as containing acid and another as containing neutral glycoproteins, the third component remained unidentified. The data bring out new evidence of the active secretory capacity of the middle ear mucosa in secretory otitis media."
1136757,"Good results of iron therapy obtained in ozena patients with significantly lowered serum iron level encouraged studies on the pathogenesis of the disease. In electron microscopic examinations, special attention was paid to the considerable disintegration of connective-tissue stroma in the mucosa. In some connective-tissue cells ferruginous micelles were found in the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial deposits may be a morphological expression of disturbed iron metabolism at subcellular levels."
1136759,"The primordial submandibular glands of 12-day-old mouse embryos were studied in tissue culture before and after treatment with trypsin under the electron microscope. In vitro differentiation proceeded normally and reached a high level of differentiation. Following a soak in trypsin for 15 or 30 minutes, considerable changes were noted in the basal lamina and in the mesenchymatous cells. There often occurred bizarre bullous protrusions of the cytoplasm through the apparently weakened basal lamina and the mesenchymatous cells were converted into so-called ""ropalocytes"". Subsequently the cells regained their normal appearance and the basement lamina was covered by a thick layer of amorphous electron-opaque basement membrane like material. It is concluded that the basal lamina (the basement membrane under the light microscope) might be the keystone in the differentiation of an organ and its maintenance in the adult. The development of innervation has also been studied and it was shown that the developing submandibular galnd is endowed with large bundles of nerve axons surrounded by Schwann cells lying in the epithelial-mesenchymal region. Intra-epithelial nerves were conspicuous and occasional synaptic bars or rings could be seen contributing to thedifferentiation of the secretory cell."
1136760,"Spontaneous nystagmus and locomotor equilibrium function were repeatedly tested before and after unilateral labyrinthectomy in 12 squirrel monkeys in order to study the effect of physical exercise on the vestibulo-oculomotor and vestibulo-locomotor compensation. Post-operatively, 6 of the monkeys received forced physical exercise in the rotating cage, while the other 6 did not. The provocation of post-operative spontaneous nystagmus was less in the exercise group. The statistical studies showed a certain contribution of physical exercise toward the oculomotor balance compensation and maintenance, probably at the level of the brain stem. Statistical comparison of the locomotor equilibrium performance did not depict a significant difference between the exercise and non-exercise groups; however, there was a possibility that the present testing maneuver which involves physically advanced tasks might have concealed the effect of the physical exercise."
1136756,"Experimentally and clinically, we observed that the parasympathicomimetic reaction of the nasal mucosa was congruent with higher sensitivity of the nasal mucosa. The opposite is true of the sympathicomimetic reaction. The reason for this difference in reaction is connected with the transmitting agent of the vegetative system. This is shown in the provocation of intradermal reaction of different allergens by these transmitting agents."
1136761,"Thirty-three patients with acute non-traumatic peripheral facial palsy were studied. In one patient, varicella-zoster virus was isolated from CSF. Antibody against the same virus was present in CSF, and rising titre was demonstrated in serum. In two cases, herpes virus hominis was isolated from the nasopharynx. CF-antibody tests indicated recent viral infection in 7 other cases. One additional patient had clinical signs of herpes zoster oticus. In most of these 11 patients, but also in the majority of the remaining 22 patients, an acute phase reaction was present, and serum and CSF immunoglobulins were increased. Thus, an active or recent infection (probably viral) seemed to precede or coincide with the facial palsy in most cases in both groups."
1136758,"The authors have carried out an ultrastructural study of the human utricular macula and the vestibular nerve in the internal acoustic meatus of four patients suffering from Meniere's disease. They confirm the presence of degenerative alterations in the utricular sensory epithelium. The nervous fibers situated in the supporting connective tissue of the neuro-epithelium showed modifications in the Schwann cell cytoplasm and in the arrangement of the myelin sheaths. The same alterations appear in the vestibular nerve in the internal acoustic meatus in 2 of our cases. In the other 2, the vestibular nerve was formed by a granular matrix with several myelin figures in the proximity of possible Schwann cell nucleus debris."
1136763,"Pigeons were subjected to weightlessness caused during parabolic flight in an airplane. Experiments were performed with these birds in their normal state, as well as in conditions with hooded eyes, with the legs bound, and a combination of both handicaps. In all these situations, the flight behaviour of the birds was observed. The results are discussed and comparisons are made with the behaviour of man and fish under similar conditions."
1136764,"Respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes have been elicited from receptors in the nose and larynx in the anaesthetized dog. Cigarette smoke in the nose causes reflex apnoea, bradycardia and vasoconstriction, probably due to systemic absorption through the nose. Stimulation of laryngeal nerve also results in reflex apnoea, bradycardia, and limb vasoconstriction. When asphyxia supervenes due to apnoea, stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors occurs which normally cause, as primary effects, hyperpnoea and bradycardia. However, it has been shown that stimulation of the laryngeal receptors inhibits the carotid body respiratory reflex and facilitates the carotid body cardio-inhibitory reflex, the latter leading to temporary cardiac arrest. The clinical implications of this finding are discussed."
1136766,"There are two extreme types of middle ear effusion leading to hearing loss (a) a rubber-like effusion seen in secretory otitis media and (b) a water-like effusion seen in serous otitis media. The possibility is considered that the degree of crosslinking in these two extreme cases is the basis of an altered mucus transport rate that leads to an accumulation of effusions and hence impaired hearing. It has been shown (King et al., 1974) that the requisite rheological property for transport activity is not unique to mucus structural macromolecules but is found with other polymeric systems that are loosely crosslinked e.g. guaran, polyacrylamide, gelatin and agarose. Studies on one of these systems guaran, indicate that the transport rate is dependent on the degree of crosslinking with a maximum rate found close to the gel point, i.e. in a region where there are very few crosslinks per macromolecule. The finding that mucus from different mucociliary epithelial sources involves a chemically similar structural glycoprotein suggests that differences observed in transport rate between various mucus samples are more likely due to differences observed in transport rate between various mucus samples are more likely due to differences in crosslinking than chemical variations of the glycoprotein units."
1136762,Experiments were performed in 18 patients with peripheral facial palsy (Bell's palsy) including unilateral stapedius muscle paralysis. After exposure to narrow band noise centered at 0.5 kHz temporary threshold shift at 0.75 kHz was significantly higher in the ear with paralysis than in the normal ear. After exposure to 2.0 kHz narrow band noise there was no difference in TTS at 3.0 kHz between affected and non-affected ear. It was concluded that the stapedius reflex has a protective function against low frequency sound exposure and suggested that this protection might be extended to higher frequencies only when high frequency noise also contains low frequency components.
1136773,"A 32-year-old woman, patient of chronic glomerulonephritis whose total clinical course was 3 years. During this period intensive peritoneal and hemodialyses were performed. Autopsy revealed deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidneys and the other main organs as well as chronic glomerulonephritis. And it was thought that the patient was accompanied by secondary hyperoxaluria."
1136774,"Processes of the formation of cuprizone-induced megamitochondria in mouse liver have been studied in detail by electron microscopy. The earliest change observed was the presence of large intramitochondrial granules. The next stage was the formation of myelin figures by which mitochondria were apparently connected. The third stage was characterized by megamitochondria connected with each other by their outer membranes. Continuity of mitochondria were further examined by serial sections, and megamitochondria were proved to be connected to each other far more frequentlythan expected on one plane of section. A model for the mechanism of megamitochondrial formation is proposed based on electron microscopic evidences, involving the fusion of mitochondrial membranes. Possibility is also discussed that cuprizone-induced megamitochondria may fuse to one single branching mitochondrion."
1136767,"We examined 340 normal ears and cases of sensorineural deafness with electrocochleography using click stimuli (duration: 0.5 standard deviation of a population; repetition rate: plus or minus 10/sec; N=1 000, alternately positive and negative; analysis time: 31 standard deviation of a population). The latency of N-1 is a function of the sound pressure level and of the age of the subject. The intensity of N-1 (in mu-v) is a function of hearing level and is influenced by the presence of recruitment. The pure-tone audiogram is a function of the ECOG threshold and of the shape of the reaction obtained at maximal stimulation intensity."
1136775,"Protein constituents of the concentrated urine prepared from 131 patients with various renal diseases were analysed by the use of electrophoretic and immunochemical methods, referring to histopathological findings of the kidney obtained from biopsy or autopsy. Excretion of macromolecular serum proteins in the urine would be promoted not only by the lesion in glomerular filtration but also by the damage in tubular structure due to severe inflammatory change. From the evaluation of levels of immunoglobulins and various autoantibodies in the blood and urine, there could be found that their increase in the urine was mostly associated with chronic persistent inflammatory reactions followed by destructive changes in parenchymal tissue of the kidney. Investigation of the features of urinary protein and activities of autoantibodies in the urine is likely to be advantageous for the differentiation or renal disease and the decision of condition in individual patient. However, it must be noted that variation of the urinary patterns is caused by more complicated pathologic changes in whole kidney rather than the disturbance of glomerular filtrating mechanism."
1136765,"Adaptation of VIII nerve compound action potentials in response to trains of broad frequency spectrum clicks and high frequency filtered clicks is studied at various intensities in normal guinea pig under normal conditions, while masking with white noise and under pathological conditions after ototoxic antibiotic treatment. The results are discussed with respect to the clinical electro-cochleographic adaptation studies in man and the so-called two populations of receptors and nerve fibres in the cochlea."
1136768,"A case of Lermoyez's syndrome was investigated by tone-burst electrocochleography in both a period of impaired hearing and in a period of almost normal hearing. The changes in threshold values, compound action potential waveforms, input-output curves, and amplitude-latency curves for the compound AP, are described. The electrocochleographic data are compared with the psycho-acoustic data for this case and with electrocochleographic results in a group of 22 Meniere cases. Although the symptoms of vertogo and hearing impairment in Lermoyez's syndrome occur in the reverse sequence, as compared with the classical Menière attack, the data obtained in this case of Lermoyez's syndrome do not differ substantially from those obtained in a group of Menière cases."
1136770,"Under constant visual guidance and closed-circuit television monitoring, electrodes are inserted into the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti. The resting electrical potentials are determined with respect to the neutral voltage of the guinea pig and related to other potentials of the auditory labyrinth. The resting potential of the subtectorial space, inner sulcus, tunnel and other spaces of Corti's organ are found to be the same as, or slightly more negative than the potential of perilymph. The tectorial membrane isolates the reticular lamina from endolymph which fact, when considered along with other evidence, indicates a more biophysical than mechanical role for the membrane. A motion picture is presented showing the cells and spaces of the organ of Corti and the placement of electrodes."
1136776,"In our attempts at establishing a cancer cell line from various ascites of cancer bearing patients, a cell line was successfully established from the ascites of a 63-year-old female with primary ovarian tumor (embryonal carcinoma). Histological findings of the peritoneum, due to metastasis, appeared to be cystadenocarcinoma, revealing the differentiation to non-epithelial cells which formed coarse networks and fibers, and morphologic changes of tissue cultures also reflected such histologic findings. At present the subculture has reached the 95th population doubling level, and cultured cells have assumed the morphology of mesothelial cells or fibroblasts with about 50 chromosomes. As a human malignant cell line, it is useful for the study of human malignant tumor cell."
1136771,"The value of the binaural resynthesis test administered according to Matzker's principle can be estimated only when a comparable monaural test can be used as a control. The most common positive finding in the filtered speech test is asymmetrical discrimination. Both parts of the message delivered to either ear must therefore have the same intelligibility in normal material. Binaural intelligibility is highly resistant to degenerative changes in the auditory system, for example. Positive findings in the binaural test are encountered frequently in brain stem lesions with vascular or traumatic aetiology."
1136772,"The program of the electronystagmographic examinations in the pathology of the central nervous system contains 11 groups of tasks. Sixty signs of central impairments are listed, from which 26 nystagmic irregularities had a small diagnostic value. No sign occuring alone could be taken as pathognomonic, only a group of signs can be used for the impairment localization. Besides for the peripheral vestibular and the peripheral vestibulocochlear impairments, the authors succeeded to make a group containing pathogomonic signs for mixed vestibular impairments as well as for multiple sclerosis affecting vestibular structures."
1136840,"The present study was designed to test the hypothesis of ""schizophrenic spectrum"" disorders. The families of 60 process schizophrenics were systematically interviewed with structured interview forms, and evaluated for psychiatric illness according to strict diagnostic criteria. The interviewed persons were then separated into two groups for comparative analysis according to a positive (FH+) or negative (FH-) family history for schizophrenia. The frequencies of affective disorder and all non-psychotic conditions did not differ to a convincingly significant degree between the two groups. Our data thus fail to support the ""schizophrenic spectrum"" hypothesis in which neurosis and sociopathy occur as a consequence of a genetic loading for schizophrenia.?"
1136841,"A step-by-step analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that both scales failed to differentiate adequately between moderate and severe depression measured by a global clinical assessment. Each item of the scales was tested for calibration, ascending monotonicity, and dispersion parallel to the clinical assessment. Twelve items of Beck's scale and six items of Hamilton's scale were found valid with respect to these criteria. Those items should be taken into account in future research for baseline ratings and for change ratings of depressive states quantitatively."
1136842,"Among 2,619 patients admitted to a medical department for duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and ulcer dyspepsia without ulcer demonstrable by x-ray, admissions to psychiatric departments were investigated. A total of 20.4% of the patients had at some time during their lifetime been admitted, but no significant differences were observed in percentage among the three ulcer groups or the sexes. The incidence of psychoses was close to the expected, whereas neuroses among women and neuroses and psychopathy among men were far in excess of the expected. Among those operated on, the percentage of persons admitted to a psychiatric department was greater than among unoperated patients and their number of admissions per 100 observation years were significantly greater than for unoperated patients, within well-defined observation periods. For patients operated on, only men with duodenal ulcer had significantly more admissions per 100 observation years in the postoperative than in the preoperative period. The course of the disease was more severe for patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer admitted to a psychiatric department than for those not admitted, but the subjective status at the time of the follow-up did not differ between the two groups. Among men, there were a number of heavy drinkers, especially among those operated on."
1136843,A follow-up of 35 patients first diagnosed as having presenile dementia at York Clinic is described. In only 15 cases did progressive deterioration confirm the diagnosis. A retrospective case note study of all the patients is described comparing the clinical features and results of special investigations of those patients in whom the diagnosis was confirmed in this way and those in whom it was not. The results of this study are used to illuminate some of the special difficulties in the early diagnosis of presenile dementia.
1136850,"A survey of 22 patients operated on with left ventricular (LV) infarctectomy during 1967-72 is given. Clinical, haemodynamic and angiographic results are discussed. In most patients, in whom pre- and postoperative examination was possible, there was improvement concerning anginal pain, dyspnoea and attacks of ventricular tachycardia. Exercise studies revealed a lower heart rate at follow-up. In general, heart size had decreased. Angiographically, there was a decrease in end-diastolic and end-systolic heart volume postoperatively, with an increased LV ejection fraction."
1136851,"Diazepam has been used to an increasing extent in cardioversion, since avoiding general anaesthesia simplifier the procedure. The present study concerns the effect of diazepam on BP and blood gases in 13 cases of cardioversion. A moderate fall of both systolic and diastolic BP occurred. The arterial pO2 and pCO2 did not change significantly."
1136852,"The renal climination of vancomycin has been determined in 18 patients. In 4 anuric patients in intermittent haemodialysis the dosage of vancomycin necessary to treat infection with penicillin-resistantstrains of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. In 14 patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency vancomycin, creatinine and 125-iothalamate clearances were measured and found to be closely correlated. After administration of the initial vancomycin dose and attainment of the serum concentration desired, the maintenance dose can be calculated on the basis of the GFR."
1136853,"Four patients with benign monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia and associated glomerulopathy are described. Immunohistochemical investigations of the immunoglobulin-containing cells in the bone marrow revealed an unexpectedly pronounced predominance of monoclonal over polyclonal cells as typically seen in macroglobulinaemia and multiple myeloma, but in contrast to the malignant plasma cell proliferations the percentage of immunoglobulin-containing cells only constitued 6-12% of the nucleated cells. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms relating monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia and glomerulopathy are unknown. The sera did not contain antibodies to glomerular basement membrane, cryoglobulins, antinuclear factors or antiglobulins. The immunohistochemical technique certainly offers a clear advantage over conventional bone marrow cytology in the study of patients with monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia."
1136854,"The plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and insulin as well as the blood glucose concentration have been followed in two groups of subjects after infusions of theophyllamine. Each individual was examined twice. The 5 subjects in group  2 were given an infusion of norepinephrine before the theophyllamine at one of the examinations and saline at the other. The 6 subjects in group II were given an infusion of norephinephrine at both examinations, followed by theophyllamine on one occasion and by saline on the other. Thus, the subjects in both groups served as their own controls. It was found that theophyllamine caused lipid mobilization, as measured by the plasma FFA and plasma glycerol concentrations, both when given as the only active drug and when given after norepinephrine. The blood glucose concentration rose slightly after norepinephrine and the plasma insulin level increased concomittantly. When theophylline was given as the only active drug, there was no increase in the blood glucose but the plasma insulin concentration rose slightly."
1136855,"Oral, intracubital, and intraportal glucose tolerance tests have been performed on 7 non-obese non-diabetics, and glucose and insulin concentrations have been followed in the peripheral and portal blood. A significant rise in portal glucose and insulin was found 1/2-2 min after oral glucose intake. There was no lag between the rise in insulin and glucose concentrations. The portal glucose concentration after oral glucose intake was significantly higher than after cubital glucose infusion for 45 min, although the peripheral glucose concentrations were identical. In the cubital vein the insulin concentration after oral glucose intake was significantly higher than after i.v. glucose infusion, but in the portal blood there was no difference. After portal glucose infusion the cubital insulin concentration did not differ significantly from the concentration after i.v. glucose infusion. Thus, it seems unlikely that a high portal glucose concentration is responsible for the higher peripheral insulin concentration after oral glucose intake. A high portal glucose concentration does not seem to influence the hepatic uptake or release of glucose."
1136856,"The removal of exogenous triglyceride (TG) in forearm muscle and subcutaneous tissue of 7 healthy male volunteers has been studied by nephelometric determinations of arterial-deep venous (a-dv) and arterial-superficial venous (a-sv) differences in concentration of fat particles. Exogenous TG was administered as a constant i.v. infusion of Intralipid over a period of 30 min at reat and another 15 min during forearm work. At rest a significant positive a-dv difference in fat particle concentration of 121 plus pr minus 21 mumol TG/l (mean plus or minus  S.E.M.) was found, which correspondens to a fractional extraction of 1093 plus or minus 2.0%. Also the a-sv difference was significant, 81 plus or minus 14 mumol TG/l, 5.7 plus or minus 0.8% of the arterial concentration. During exercise no further significant removal was found. Thus both skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue seem to be able to remove exogenous TG in substantial amounts under resting conditions. In the exercising muscle, however, the direct removal of exogenous TG does not seem to be of significant importance."
1136857,"The fatty acid spectrum of adipose tissue (AT) lipids has been determined in 43 apparently healthy men with different levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and different degrees of glucose tolerance (GT). Compared to men with normal plasma TG levels those with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) had a similar percentage of linoleic acid (18:2) but lower amount of fatty acids, tentatively identified as linolenic (18:3) and arachidonic (20:4) acid. Men with HTG also had lower k-values for the i.v. GT. The content of 18:3 and 20:4 was positively correlated to the k-value of the GT and negatively to plasma TG. These correlations were independent of each other. As usual there was a negative correlation between plasma TG levels and the k-value, which however disappeared after partial correlation analysis when 18:3 was kept constant. Apparently a low content of 18:3 in AT is common both in HTG and glucose intolerance (GI) and might partly explain the often seen association between these two metabolic abnormalities. Since the content of 18:2 was normal it is suggested that the low amount of 18:3 and 20:4 was caused by metabolic rather than dietary factors. The possibility that a low content of 18:3 and 20:4 might play a role in the pathogenesis of GI and HTG is discussed."
1136858,"The acetylation of procaine amide has been studied by means of gas liquid chromatography in 33 healthy human volunteers. The acetylator phenotype was determined by measuring unchanged and acetylated sulphapyridine in urine. Slow acetylators of sulphapyridine excreted significantly less procaine amide in acetylated from in the urine than rapid acetylators (9 plus or minus 1% against 19 plus or minus 4%). Hence, it is suggested that the acetylation of procaine amide is subject to the same genetic polymorphism as that of isoniazid and some sulfonamides."
1136859,"Twenty-three out-patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension have been treated with a combination of hydralazine (37.5-150 mg daily) and oxprenolol (60 mg daily). Before treatment the patients were phenotyped for polymorphic acetylation by means of the sulphamethazine test: 12 proved to be slow and 11 rapid acetylators. A significant correlation was found between daily doses of hydralazine and the plasma hydralazine levels, separately in slow (r=0.480) and in rapid (r=0.580) acetylators. The antihypertensive response to hydralazine correlated well to plasma hydralazine levels. The mean fall of BP in slow acetylators was 33/23 mmHg in supine and 20/18 mmHg in standing position. The corresponding values in rapid acetylators were 22/15 and 21/15 mmHg. The average daily doses of hydralazine needed for these responses were 1.3 mg/kg in slow and 1.6 mg/kg in rapid acetylators. To reduce the systolic BP by 20 mmHg, 1.0 mg/kg of hydralazine was needed in slow acetylators; rapid acetylators needed a significantly higher dose of 1.4 mg/kg. During a follow-upof 1 year there have been virtually no side-effects. The results tally with the previous finding of Zacest and Koch-Weser, who demonstrated a similar correlation during the triple-drug regimen. It seems as if hypertensive patients can be succesfully treated with hydralazine and beta-blocking drug without knowledge of the patient's acetylator phenotype. However, acetylator status is a determinant of tissue levels and long-term toxicity of hydralazine, and patients should be phenotyped because beta-blockers may mask the warning side-effects."
1136860,"Urinary excretion of antimony, arsenic, bromine, cadmium, caesium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, mercury, molybdenum, ribidium, scandium, selenium, silver, tungsten and zinc from five hypertensive patients beforeand during treatment with hydralazine has been investigated. The method consisted of neutron activation analysis combined with a recently developed ion exchangee technique. The mean copper excretion during treatment with hydralazine was found to be more than twice that before treatment."
1136861,"One hundred and four patients with Hodgkin's disease have been studied retrospectively in order to evaluate the relationship between fever associated with the disease (Pel-Ebstein type) and the development of anaemia. In the material 19 episodes of fever were found to be of this type. The mean loss of Hb during a fever period was 14% (range 2-33). From the rate of decrease in Hb it was deduced that this was at least partly caused by an increased destruction of erythrocytes. There was a significant correlation between the thermal exposure (expressed either as the duration of fever, the maximum body temperature during the fever period, or the sum of the temperature maxima) and the degree of erythrocyte loss. The loss of Hb was self-limited in spite of persistent fever. Furthermore, there seemed to be an inverse relationship between the degree of preexisting anaemia and the fever-induced relative loss of Hb. A possible explanation is that the older part of the erythrocyte population is more sensitive to the effect of fever."
1136862,"Leo 1031, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, has been administered orally to 15 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) continuously for 1-29 months (mean 12.5). Seven patients were previously untreated and eight had been treated with prednisolone, radiotherapy and/or alkylating agents. The initial daily dose was generally 8-16 mg and the maintenance dose was 6-8 mg. Allopurinol was given concurrently. In 14 of 15 patients a reduction of the leucocyte count was observed and a reduction, in most instances, of lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly, or both. In seven patients the Hb concentration was improved. Significant toxic effects on bone marrow function have been observed in one patient. Two patients developed urticaria. Our study suggests that the drug is effective in the treatment of CLL."
1136863,"A 25-year-old man presented with severe hypertension associated with hypokalemia, elevated plasma renin level and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Malignant phase hypertension and renal artery stenosis were ruled out, and a preoperative diagnosis of renin-secreting renal tumour was made on the basis of higher concentrations of renin in the left than in the right renal venous plasma in spite of normal findings on selective renal arteriography. By removal of the affected kidney the tumour was found and it had a very high content of renin. Following the operation the plasma renin level, serum aldosterone concentration and BP became normal. We present a histopathological description and an ultrastructural study of the tumour."
1136864,"The effects of bilateral partial prefrontal lesions on go-no go differentiation with symmetrical or asymmetrical reinforcement trained by the avoidance procedure were investigated. Moderate impairment of these tasks was observed after large lateral or medial prefrontal lesions, while severe impairment after a deep incision of the fibers in the specific prefrontal region. It is suggested that the mechanism of avoidance differentiation is of a symmetrical type, which is directly related to the ""motor act differentiation"" but not to the drive-no drive differentiation."
1136865,"In dogs with chronic parotid fistula, conditioned salivary reactions reinforced by food were established. After bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial part of the amygdaloid complex, the conditioned salivary reactions were greatly diminished. Also the unconditioned salivation decreased. This decrease was greater in dogs which revealed the whole syndrome of amygdalar aphagia, but it was also evident in hypophagic dogs. In some dogs, the disinhibition of the salivation to negatives CS was also observed. Results show that the dorsomedial amygdala, similarly to lateral hypothalamus, is involved in the regulation of salivary reactions."
1136866,"Dogs were unable to learn ""same-different"" differentiation of pairs of photic stimuli when continuous light (CL) and pulsing light (PL) were presented in four combinations: CL-PL and PL-CL served as S(D) (positive instrumental conditioned stimulus), whereas CL-CL PL-PL were S delta (inhibitory stimulus). Also the dogs which have learned this task with tones were unable to transfer to photic stimuli. Differentiation of the single stimuli (CL and PL) as S(D) and S(delta) was quite easy and showed that the stimuli were readily discriminable."
1136867,"Four dogs, previously trained to perform on the ""same-different"" differentiation with tones transfered readily to the same task with new stimuli of the same (auditory) modality. The data are interpreted as an support for the ""matching"" hypothesis and a disproof of the notion of ""conditioned switching""."
1136868,"One hundred cells of the visual cortex were studied using flashes, clicks and light-sound combinations with different delays. Forty nine neurons changed the total number of spikes to click stimulation. Twenty eight cells responded to clicks with specific response pattern. In 23 cells the initial discharge occurred at 60-70 ms after the onset of clicks. In 39 cells the responses to light-sound combinations differed from the responses to flashes. While 16 cells decreased their responses, the addition of sound increased firing in 23 cells. The specific modification of the light-evoked responses under acoustic stimulation were classified into three main categories: 22 cells generated new response patterns, 18 cells showed a re-distribution of peaks in the PTS histogram and three cells demonstrated a desynchronization of the spike discharge. The study of the heteromodal recovery cycle revealed that the majority of the cells increased their firing during 0-100 ms and decreased firing during 200-300 ms of the response time scale. The critical delays between light and sound, resulting in the modification of the response for the majority of the cells, were within 100 ms in both directions."
1136869,"Cats deprived of pattern vision with hoods and normal cats were used. During the first 3 months of life some hood-reared cats had visual experience with a three-dimensional cross or a ping-pong ball. Recording were performed in adult cats with a pretrigeminal brainstem transection. Unit responses to the cross and the ball were recorded in area 19 within the projection of area centralis. Stimulus-dominance of the exposed object was manifested weakly. Both exposed and control objects activated more units in the experienced hood-reared cats than in hood-reared and normal controls. Compared with previous finding, the present results indicated that early visual experience affects area 19 differently than areas 17 and 18."
1136870,The interaction between kinins formed in central nervous system and acetylcholine was studied. Endogenous ACh in excess acted psychodepressively on the animal's behavior as evaluated with Lat's test. This effect was more intense in those rats in which the activity of kinin-forming enzymes in the nervous tissue had been increased with either kallikrein or bradykinin. Both kallikrein and bradykinin intensified the psychodepressive action of exogenous ACh given into the brain ventricle. Results show that kinins can enhance the inhibitory central action of ACh.
1136871,"The investigations deal with the pharmacological activity of albumin degradation products. The peptides which resulted from 30 min trypsin digestion of human albumin exhibited some kinin-like effects. The peptides given intraperitoneally and intraventricularly revealed a central inhibitory action, the strength of which was similar to kinin effects."
1136880,"The participation of intraventricular conduction defects in the AV delays and blocks has been investigated by His bundle electrogram recording in 239 patients with different degrees of AV blocks and QRS enlargement (greater than 0.12 sec). In absence of PR prolongation, the His bundle electrogram can demonstrate intraventricular conduction delay (HV superior to 55 msec) with an increasing frequency in right bundle branch block and right bundle branch with left axis deviation, left bundle branch block and right bundle block with right axis deviation. In cases of first-degree AV block (PR greater than 0.20 sec) delay within the His bundle is present in 20% of the cases and HV prolongation, isolated or associated with an upper conduction defect is demonstrated in 66% of the cases. Second-degree AV block with QRS enlargement in the conducted beats is due to a subnodal lesions of the conducting tissue in 80% of the cases. Wenckebach phenomenon and bundle branch block is as frequent above as below the site of His bundle electrogram recording. Möbitz II block has always an infranodal localization. Third-degree AV block with wide QRS complexes is the consequence of a lesion within the His bundle in 11% and of a complete bilateral bundle branch block in 78% of the cases. Exploration of the AV conduction in acute myocardial infarction with AV block confirms the usual bilateral bundle branch lesion in anterior myocardial necrosis and the AH localization of the AV block in posterior myocardial infarction even in presence of enlarged QRS complexes. Unidirectional block occurs in 19 of the 82 cases of complete anterograde bilateral bundle branch block, with retrograde conduction to the atria in 11 and concealed retrograde conduction in 8 cases."
1136885,"In patients with WPW syndrome the maximal ventricular rate attained during ectopic rapid supraventricular thythms depended on the type of arrhythmia as well as on the physiological properties of the AP. During reciprocating tachycardias the impulse is almost invariably conducted to the ventricles through the AV node. Therefore, the maxiaml ventricular rate is a function of the AV nodal ERP. On the other hand, when atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation were present the ventricular rate could be moderately elevated (when the ERP of the AP was longer than that of the AV node) or very rapid where the ERP of the AP was significantly short. Therefore, from the electrophysiological viewpoint, the AP appears to behave as His-Purkinje tissue in some cases and as ordinary artrial muscle in other patients. These assumptions await further documentation."
1136886,"Electrical stimulation of the heart, using the single test stimulus method, gives the opportunity to study the mechanisms of tachycardias and the effect of drugs on these mechanisms directly in the heart of the patient with the WPW syndrome. Using these methods the effect of digitalis, procainamide, quinidine, ajmaline, lidocaine, propranolol and verapamil has been studied. Understanding of the mechanisms responsible for initiation and maintenance of tachycardias and the way in which they can be influenced by drugs should be of help in the treatment of the symptomatic patient with the WPW syndrome."
1136887,"Computer criteria for LAHB and LPHB were described together with limits of normal for ortogonal leads. These differ significantly from those used for conventional 12-lead ECG, indicating the need for specific LAHB and LPHB criteria in orthogonal electrocardiography. Multivariate analysis with a likelihood ratio test was used for the separation of records with conduction defects with and without MI. The total number of records was 847. The recognition rate for MI in the presence of LVCD was 66%. In the presence of RVCD, MI was diagnosed correctly in only 55%. This relatively poor result was probably due to the relatively large number of combinations of RCVD with LAHB or LPHB."
1136888,"In a series of 840 cases of unselected complete LBBB, 2 groups were compared with each other, one of 174 cases of complete LBBB with a QRS axis markedly deviated leftward, from minus50 to minus 90 degree (group A), the other 434 complete LBBB with a normal QRS axis included between minus20 and plus30 degree (group B). Group A differed from group B by the etiological predominance of primary cardiomyopathies, the lesser frequency of hypertensive and/or coronary heart disease, the rarity of idiopathic complete LBBB. It was commonly combined with marked enlargement of the X-ray heart shadow, with marked widening of QRS complex and had a definitely more severe prognosis. The anatomical study performed in 88 cases (52 group A, 36 group B) showed on thw whole a slightly more enlarged heart and a more marked left ventricular dilatation in group A. There were no differences in the state of the coronary arteries and in the frequency of myocardial infarction. Microscopical examination of the left bundle branch, performed in 42 cases (25 group A, 17 group B), showed the habitual and intense changes of the bundle branch, but without obvious difference between the 2 groups concerning the topographical distribution of the lesions."
1136889,"Using the Dürrer electrode needle to record the intramural electrogram and a standard peripheral electrocardiogram (ECG) lead as reference, the authors studied the action of 9 different drugs in the conduction system of dogs. The authors concluded that diphenylhydantoin and lignocaine would be useful in dysrhythmias related to increased excitability and perhaps increased automatism. Ajmaline and quinidine may be some of some interest in dysrhythmias due to conduction disturbances; and, finally, ajmaline, diphenylhydantoin, di-isopyramide and quinidine may be useful in dysrhythmias due to focal re-entry."
1136891,"Concealed intraventricular conduction is defined and the following classification of the manifestations of concealed conduction into the bundle branch system is proposed. 1. Trans-septal retrograde concealed intraventricular conduction responsible for (a) perpetuation of functional bundle branch block initiated by a premature supraventriculra impluse; (b) alternation of aberrant ventricular conduction in supraventricular bigeminy; (c) normalization of intraventricular conduction with acceleration or rate in bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block, and (d) prevention of the manifestation of Wenchbach periods of conduction in a bundle branch or fascicle. 2. Antegrade concealed intraventricular conduction responsible for (a) prevention of expected aberrant ventricular conduction when a short cycle follows a long one, and (b) exceptions to the ""rule of bigeminy"". 3. Retrograde concealed intraventricular conduction of a ventricular escape in association with unidirectional bundle branch or fasciular block responsible for (a) resumption of AV conduction in ""paroxysmal AV block"" with bundle branch block, and (b) facilitation (due to supernormality) of conduction in type II AV block due to bilateral bundle branch block. 4. Concealed intraventricular conduction of a premature ventricular impulse responsible for (a) initiation or termination of a re-entrant ventricular tachycardia; (b) resetting of an idioventricular pacemaker, and (c) pseudo-intraventricular or pseudo-AV block."
1136893,"Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic recurrent tachycardia and patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied by electrical stimulation of the heart. While re-entry was the most likely mechanism in chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia, focal activity or re-entry in a very small area seemed to be responsible for ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarction."
1136934,"An incidence of 60 per cent of postoperative RBBB in the ECG's and available VCG's of 26 patients with isolated muscular VSD repaired was noted after ventriculotomy. In the 38 patients with VSD's near the membranous septum who underwent repair via the tricuspid valve, the incidence of postoperative RBBB was 44 per cent. Results suggested that either ventriculotomy or injury to the right bundle near the VSD can cause RBBB after surgical closure of the defect. Changes in the initial 0.02 second electrovectocardiographic forces in patients with postoperative RBBB were thought to result from central injury to the specialized conduction tissue supplying the interventricular septum. Peripheral RBBB, therefore, could be separated from central RBBB, by the appearance of the initial electrovectorcardiographic forces. For detection of these changes in initial forces, both the ECG recorded at 50 mm. per second and the Frank VCG were useful."
1136935,"Quinidine gluconate was used to treat arrhythmia induced with maximal exercise testing. Twenty-nine subjects who had previously developed frequent premature contractions on testing were selected for further study. After a control maximal exercise test, quinidine (10 mg. per kilogram) in solution was given orally in a single dose, and two hours later the same test was repeated. Recurrence of premature contractions was completely prevented in five of the 19 subjects tested; suppression was better than the mean value in three others, and in 11 subjects it was below the mean value. The plasma concentration at two hours was 1.68 plus or minus 0.31 ug per milliliter, which is a therapeutic level. Raising the dose to 15 mg. per kilogram eliminated the premautre contractions in six subjects whose response to 10 mg. per kilogram had not been complete, but not in two others. Lowering the dose to 5mg. per kilogram lowered the plasma level to below the therapeutic level. No differences between the responses to the drug of the otherwise healthy subject and those with symptomatic heart disease could be found. Compared with the responses to the control tests, there were small but significant changes in the second test in heart rates, blood pressure, and duration of exercise. Aerobic working capacity estimated by Vo2max was unchanged. Mild toxic effects manifested by malaise and diarrhea were a common finding with both 10mg per kilogram and 15mg per kilogram of quinidine, but not with 5mg per kilogram."
1136936,"The effects of isoproternol (ISOP) on the functional properties of the A-V conduction system were studied in 16 patients using His-bundle recordings and the atrial extrastimulus technique. In all patients, ISOP at an infusion rate of 1 mcg. per minute resulted in sinus acceleration and enhancement of A-V nodal conduction, but had no effect on His-Purkinje conduction time. ISOP significantly decreased both functional and effective refractory periods of the A-V node. The relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system decreased by a small amount in five patients in whom the parameter could be compared before and after the drug."
1136937,"To elucidate the mechanical consequences of ventricular pre-excitation in patients with the W,W syndrome, electrical and mechanical events in the ventricles during anomalous pathway conduction and normal atrioventricular conduction were examined mechanocardiographically in 11 cases of Group A and 19 cases of Group B, in whom anomalous pathway conduction was stopped by procaine amide, resulting in normalization of conduction. Eight healthy persons were employed as a control group. In the control group, procaine amide had no significant effect on the mechanocardiographic values. In the WPW syndrome, significant prolongation of the P-X, P-J, P-T, P-C, P-I, P-Ao, and P-II intervals was induced by the drug. From the results of statistical analyses of measured values, it would appear that mechanical events in the ventricles were accelerated by ventricular pre-excitation but the extent of acceleration of the former was less than the extent of prematurity of the latter. The anomalous ventricular pre-excitation occurred earlier in cases of Group B than in those of Group A, while initiation of ventricular contraction, atrioventricular valve closure, and aortic vlave opening were accelerated more in Group A. In one case of Group B, electrical phenomena could not be related to mechanical events."
1136938,"Force-velocity curves were constructed in nine patients with CP from a high-fidelity LV pressure tracing and its simultaneously recorded first derivative. Vmax and peak Vce (Vpm) were calculated using the 2-element (Hill) or Voigt model; the curves were also constructed and Vmax measured using the 3-element Maxwell model. The measurements were compared with those in a group of four patients with CMO and with two control subjects. Measurements of the celerity of ventricular contraction--peak LVdp/dt, Max d/IP and Vmax (2-element model)--were reduced in CP and greatly reduced in CMO. The effect of beat-to-beat variations in preload during pulsus paradoxus on the indices of ventricular celerity was studied. Peak LVdp/dt and Vpm varied with the change in LVEDP: the change in Vmax was negligible using the 2-element (Hill) or Voigt model. The 3-element (Maxwell) model failed to discriminate between the three groups of patients and seems to be invalid at high LV end-diastolic pressures."
1136939,"Dexamethasone exerted no significant hemodynamic effect in sham-operated cats or in cats subjected to acute myocardial ischemia. However, the glucoccortcoid did normalize elevated S-T segments toward pre-ischemic values, and prevented much of the increase in plasma CPK activity following coronary artery ligation. Moreover, dexamethasone prevented loss of CPK activity and restricted the loss of lysosomal hydrolase within ischemic myocardial tissue. These data indicate that lysosomal disruption is an early consequence of myocardial ischemia and that treatment with dexamethasone prevents the loss of myocardial lysosomal and cellular enzymes as reflected in normalization of the ECG  and plasma CPK activity of ischemic cats. In this way, dexamethasone may act to retard the spread of the developing infarct within the ischemic myocardium."
1136940,"In prior studies, we have shown that the antikaliuretic drugs, triamterene and amiloride, through a direct cardiac effect reduce the loss of cardiac potassium induced by the administration of digitalis. Since loss of myocardial potassium is thought to underlie digitalis arrhythmias, this study was performed to determine whether triamterene and amiloride also extend the toxic dose and thus the therapeutic effect of digitalis. In twelve dogs, acetylstrophanthidin was infused (100 ug per minute) serially at 2.5-hour intervals. Trimterene (400 mg. in divided doses) was infused before the third acetylstrophanthidin infusion. This extended the dose required to produce a toxic arrhythmia by 110 per cent. In fourteen additional studies, nine dogs received 400 mg. of triamterene prior to the third acetylstrophanthidin infusion and five animals received 100 mg. of amiloride during the same period. In these fourteen studies, not only was the toxic dose of digitalis extended, but its inotropic effect (see article) (common peak developed isovolumic ventricular pressure) was also increased. These studies have demonstrated that through a cardiac effect, by reducing the digitalis-induced loss of cardiac potassium, the potassium-sparing drugs, triameterene and amiloride, extend the toxic dose of digitalis and thus permit txtension of its inotropic activity."
1136949,"Four patients, with an additional seven from the literature, had meningitis following a lumbar puncture (LP) that disclosed normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Animal studies demonstrate that perforation of the meninges in the presence of bacteremia enhances the development of meningitis. Simultaneous blood culture should be obtained with all LPs. Regardless of the results of the initial LP, a second CSF examination is recommended in any patient whose clinical condition is deteriorating. If the initial blood culture is positive, a second LP should be strongly considered in all newborn and very young infants."
1136952,"Suppurative sialadenitis is rare in the neonate and usually involves the parotid glands. Two cases are reported of suppuration of the submandibular gland in the newborn. Diagnosis was made by clinical signs of infection, appearance of a unilateral, erythematous submandibular mass, and expression of pus from the orifice of Wharton duct under the tip of the tongue. Gram stain, culture, and antibiotic sensitivity studies were done on the purulent material. Staphylococcus aureus grew in both cases and was sensitive to treatment with methicillin sodium. This report discusses the management of these cases, with speculation about the possible cause. To my knowledge, these are the only two cases found in the literature of suppurative submandibular sialadenitis occuring as an isolated lesion in the neonatal period."
1136953,"Three patients with cystic fibrosis were noted to have swelling of knee and ankle joints during exacerbation of their lung disease. Synovial fluid was analyzed in one patient and the synovium underwent biopsy in another. These studies excluded other causes of arthritis but did not contribute any new information on the nature of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Radiological examination of long bones confirmed the diagnosis of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in all three patients. Since many patients with cystic fibrosis survive longer, more instances of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are expected in the future."
1136961,"The changes which our health delivery system must undergo in order to respond to the health needs of our society by the year 2000 are presented. The discussion centers on two sets of forces: the necessity for institutionalization and the need for knowledge, information and understanding. Specialization as a means for division of labor among health professionals is predicted to increase."
1136962,The provision of primary health care to a rural American Indian population by a pharmacist is discussed. The training and responsibilities of the pharmacist are described. An evaluation of the care provided by the pharmacist to 393 patients is presented.
1136963,"Seven brands of intravenous fluid administration sets were studied to determine: (1)which set(s) maintained the most consistent flow rates; (2) if  the type of fluid container (open, vented or closed, nonvented) affected the flow rates of administration sets; and (3) which set(s) closely approximated the theoretical amounts of fluid to be delivered in one hour at flow rates of 60,100 and 125 ml/hour. Six samples of each brand of administration set were tested in a laboratory setting which approximatedclinical conditions. The type of fluid container had little effect on the performance of the administration sets. The ARDL set was the most accurate in terms of the average volume of fluid delivered in 24 hours. The Burron set required fewer adjustments in 24 hours to maintain a constant flow rate. The U.S. Surgical set recordedthe smallest percent change in flow rate at the end of the first hour. The U.S. Surgical set is rated superior in overall performance. Based on the results of the study,the authors make recommendations to health care personnel, the pharmaceutical industry and the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention."
1136964,"The medication error rates of a hospital's multidose and computer-based unit dose drug distribution systems were compared; in addition, the medication error rate of the unit dose system was compared to that reported for noncomputerized unit dose systems in other hospitals. Two similar adult, medical, patient care units, each serviced by a different drug distribution system, were studied for 60 days. Information about the medications administered was obtained by the disguised observation technique during intermittent periods. The observer's notations on the medications administered were compared to the physicians' orders to determine if errors had been committed. Only medication ""errors of commission"" were recorded. There were significantly fewer medication errors and significantly fewer medications administered at the wrong time in the unit dose system. The medication error rate associated with the unit dose system compared favorably with that of most other unit dose systems. No particular benefit, in terms of the medication error rate, was attributed to the computer element of the unit dose system."
1136966,"The clinical symptoms and treatment of acute isoniazid toxicity are presented. The use of supportive measures and chemotherapy are discussed in detail. The pharmacology and biochemistry underlying the symptons of isoniazid poisoning are aslo presented. It is concluded that diazepam in combination with pyridoxine is the treatment of choice for the management of convulsions associated with isoniazid toxicity. Pyridoxine should be administered intravenously in amounts equal to the estimated quantity of isoniazid ingested, even if seizures have not occurred."
1136968,"Federal certificate of need legislation (Section 1122 of Public Law 92-603)aimed at the elimination of costly, duplicative or unneeded health care expenditures is discussed. This law applies only to institutional providers receiving federal reimbursements. The key issues for pharmacy are that proposed substantial changes in service and capital expenditures of $100,000 or more must be justified to local and state comprehensive planning agencies prior to implentation. Failure to comply with the legislation can result in a reduction or withholding of federal reimbursement."
1136969,A simplified method for the quantitative analysis of hyoscyamine hydrobromide or atropine in Belladonna Tincture USP is described. The procedure is based on the formation of an alkaloid-dye complex which can be extracted with an organic solvent and measured spectrophotometrically. The results obtained by this method compare favorably with those obtained by the USP method.
1136973,"Recommendations regarding (1)hospital receipt and storage of large-volume parenterals and (2)hospital compounding of intravenous admixtures are presented. The recommendations are presented in a stepwise manner, and a self-evaluation form is included. Also included is a pictorial illustration of a suggested dressing change for an i.v.catheter."
1136974,"The basic concepts of quality assurance are discussed as they apply to hospital pharmacy practice. The terms norm, criteria, standard, structure assessment,process assessment, and outcome assement are defined. The interrelationships among the following five steps in the quality assurance cycle are reviewed: definition of quality, quality assessment, education and change, redefinition of quality, and reassessment of quality. Finally, the importance of research in the quality assurance process is discussed."
1136975,"The relationship between adherence to approved drug labeling and patient length of stay in hospitals was studied. The records of 200 patients at a 175-bed, short-term, pediatric hospital were reviewed to determine if the actual drug therapy agreed with the officially approved indications, contraindications, age restrictions and dosages. The average length of patient stay was nine days. Only 19% of the observed variation in length of stay could be correlated to the number of doses per drug per patient. The variable dose, indications, contraindications and age agreement could not be correlated to length of stay."
1136976,"A program designed to improve patient care by assuring the quality of medications stored in patient care areas is described. A questionnaire covering six major areas--medication room, controlled substances, refrigerator, emergency medication kit, other storage areas and miscellaneous--designed to assist in gathering information during medication quality assurance rounds was developed. Rounds are conducted every four months by a pharmacist and a nurse. To ensure that any deficiencies are corrected, copies of the findings are sent to the appropriate pharmacy and nursing personnel."
1136977,"A 23-bed hospital unit specializing in rehabilitating patients suffering from chronic pain by (1) reducing their consumption of and dependence on medication, (2) increasing their level of daily activity and (3) discouraging pain-oriented behavior is described. In addition to aspirin or acetaminophen, four drugs--amitriptyline, diphenylhydantoin, cobra venom extract and methadone--are used to reduce pain while other therapeutic measures are used to rehabilitate the patients. Methods for reducing the amount of analgesics taken by chronic pain patients are discussed. Unit dose packaging is used because the oral solid dosage forms (including placebos) are made to look alike."
1136978,"A study was conducted to determine if ice cream and sherbet interfered with the adsorption of aspirin onto activated charcoal both in vivo and in vitro. An aqueous suspension of 20 g activated charcoal decreased the absorption of 1 g aspirin by 65%; the same dose of activated charcoal with 50 g of ice cream reduced aspirin absorption by only 42% under otherwise identical conditions. In vitro tests showed that different ice creams and sherbet decrease the adsoprtion of aspirin onto activated charcoal. Thus, although ice cream is useful for preparing palatable suspensions of activated charcoal, it decreases appreciably the antidotal efficacy of the adsorbent."
1136979,"The gentamicin blood level vs. time profiles of various dosage regimens recommended for renal impairment were reassessed by applying pharmacokinetic techniques to the patient data in the clinical literature. Eight dosage regimen modifications were tested in eight prototype cases of renal impairment (serum creatinine range of 0.9-12.0 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearance range of 5-100 ml/min/1.73 m-2) using simulated blood level vs. time profiles generated from the known pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin. Employing a one-hour intravenous infusion at dosages and dosing intervals recommended by the various blood level vs. time profiles. Methods recommending shorter dosing intervals (every 24 hours and less) generally resulted in a greater percent duration of the dosing interval above the selected ""effective response concentration"" (ERC) of a 4mug/ml blood level and a markedly shorter duration of sub-ERC blood levels. Methods based on creatinine clearance as an index of renal function generally achieved greater percent duration of the dosing interval above the ERC and lesser duration of blood levels below this value than methods based on serum creatinine."
1136980,"The use of diuretics to treat edema is reviewed. Normal salt and water metabolism is reviewed briefly. The drugs covered are the thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics(ethacrynic acid and furosemide) and distal blocking agents (spironolactone and triamterene). The sites and modes of action, indications, doses, complications and relative costs of these agents are discussed."
1136990,"d-Isoproterenol (ISO) applied topically to the rabbit eye specifically lowered intraocular pressure. Thus, it effectively reduced normal intraocular pressure and inhibited intraocular pressure elevation induced by water load without causing other obvious local or systemic pharmacologic effects. By comparison, dl-ISO was pharmacologically nonspecific in that amounts required to reduce intraocular pressure also produced significant and marked tachycardia. Furthermore, maximal intraocular pressure reduction was less with dl-than with d-ISO. Accordingly, and in consideration of reported clinical experience with dl-ISO in glaucomatous man, the d-isomer should be the preferred form of ISO for treating glaucoma. d-ISO should offer advantages over any other topical medication used currently in the treatment of this condition. Toxicity studies employing large, topical doses of drug in rabbit eyes showed that d-ISO was free from ocular irritation as well as systemic toxicologic effects and should be safe for controlled studies in man."
1136991,"Visual acuity, color vision, pupillary reaction, induced Pulfrich phenomenon, kinetic fields, static fields, afterimage testing, and ophthalmoscopic evaluation were studied in nine patients with a history of retrobulbar neuritis. The most consistently reliable test for determining the presence of an old optic nerve defect in these patients was meridional 0 to 180 degrees static perimetry. There was a uniform decrease in brightness discrimination to either side of the foveal peak."
1136997,"Ligneous conjunctivitis occurred unilaterally in a 74-year-old man after pterygium excision and only involved the bulbar conjunctiva. Histochemical studies confirmed the presence of mucopolysaccharides in the lesion sensitive to hyaluronidase. The patient was treated successfully with topical hyaluronidase and alpha-chymotrypsin, with no recurrence 20 months after cessation of therapy."
1136998,"We used the head-tilt test--based on an imbalance between the function of a paretic superior oblique muscle and its homonymous superior rectus muscle, rather than on an anomaly of cycloversion-to test three patients with superior oblique muscle palsies. Spontaneous ocular torticollis was absent if a patient had poor vision in one eye or if his vertical fusional amplitudes were of such magnitude that he was able to overcome his vertical deviation in all positions of gaze. These latter instances, though rare, may be more common than reports indicate."
1137000,"We made 344 stereoacuity determinations (Titmus Stereotest) on 321 children, ages 1 1/2 to 13 years, who had normal binocular single vision tested by other factors. The data showed a gradual improvement in stereoacuity scores with increasing age--up to age 9--when a normal stereoacuity of 40 seconds of arc was consistently found. The lower limits of stereoacuity compatible with normal binocular single vision were 3 1/2 years, 3,000 seconds; 5 years, 140 seconds: 5 1/2 years, 100 seconds; 6 years, 80 seconds; 7 years, 60 seconds; and 9 years, 40 seconds."
1137001,"Genetic parameters were contrasted for vergence amplitudes within three populations--esotropic, exotropic, and randomly selected populations-who differed in their incidence of subtypes of strabismus. In general, heritabilities for convergence exceeded those for divergence, and heritabilities for recovery points exceeded those for break points. Heritability estimates for diveregence amplitudes were significantly different for the random and esotropia populations, while convergence heritability estimates for these groups were similar. Thus, gene differences influencing divergence ability contributed to genetic variance for strabismus."
1137002,"We examined 21 patients with closed-head trauma and resulting paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle. Clinical findings included laterally directed gaze palsy, some unconsciousness, and pseudo-duane's phenomenon suggesting a supranuclear lesion at the level of the upper pontine tegmentum, and pontine paramedial reticular formation. The surgical procedure of choice was a ""midline operation,"" that is, the appropriate number of millimeters of recession and resection to achieve 0 to 5 degrees of exotropia in the primary position of gaze. Frequently, the medial rectus muscle must be recessed 10 nm or more and the lateral rectus muscle resected 10 nm or more to achieve this result. None of the 21 patients had diplopia after the midline procedure."
1137003,"Studies of corneal explants in the hamster cheek pouch chamber have demonstrated that blood vessels invade the cornea only if the tissue is first infiltrated by leukocytes. In view of this observation, a comparative study of the events that precede and accompany corneal vascularization was undertaken in various experimental models. A variety of established methods were used to induce corneal vascularization, including exposure of the cornea to noxious agents, intracorneal injection of antigens into sensitized animals, as well as maintaining animals on diets deficient in vitamin A or riboflavin. In all models studied, the corneal vascularization was a manifestation of the reparative phase of the inflammatory response. A conspicuous leukocytic infiltrate of the cornea preceded and accompanied the corneal vascularization in all of the models. Although the lesions varied in several respects in the different models, all models displayed three phases with regard to vascularization: an early prevascular phase of leukocytic infiltration, a second phase where blood vessels persisted in the cornea in the absence of leukocytes. The latent period that preceded vascularization was directly related to the time of the initial leukocytic infiltration. The models in which a delay occurred in the leukocytic invasion displayed a subsequent delay in the vascular ingrowth. Conversely, in experiments where there was a rapid and extensive leukocytic invasion, there was also an early and enhanced corneal vasoproliferative response. In the various modesl investigated, the sites of the leukocytic infiltration and subsequent vascular ingrowth into the cornea paralleled each other. The data further support the hypotheses that leukocytes are a prerequisite to corneal vascularization and that leukocytes produce one or more factors which stimulate directional vascular growth."
1137004,"The brains of 18 patients were examined post mortem for histologic criteria of edema, and samples of white and gray matter were analyzed for water, sodium, and potassium content. In a parallel experimental study, brains of cats with unilateral freezing lesions and resulting cerebral edema were similarly examined immediately after death and up to 18 hours post mortem. In both types of material, in gray matter there was a relatively rapid (within less than 4 hours) increase in water and sodium content and fall in potassium content. In normal and edematous white matter, little change was observed post mortem. No correlation could be demonstrated in any of the material studied between water content and histologic grading for cerebral edema. It is concluded that determination of water content in the white matter postmortem could be a useful tool for the neuropathologist. Histologic assessment of cerebral edema is of little value."
1137005,Administration to rats of D-galactosamine (400 mg/kg) produces liver cell death that develops during the first 24 hours. Plasma membranes isolated within the first few hours from these animals show a 40% reduction in 5'-nucleotidase activity and a two-fold increase in maximum negative ellipticity determined by circular dichroism. Simultaneous administration of uridine prevents liver cell death and these early alterations in the plasma membranes. Uridine also prevents cell death if administered for up to 3 hours after galactosamine. The 5'nucleotidase activity reduced when uridine is administered for up to 2-1/2 hours after galactosamine. Changes in the liver calcium ion concentration accompany these plasma membrane alterations. Uridine will prevent and reverse the changes in calcium content in parallel to its ability to reverse the membrane alterations. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism of galactosamine-induced liver cell death is discussed.
1137010,"The effects of ischemia, induced by a tourniquet, were investigated on 36 adult Holtzman female rates in terms of damage to the ventral horn cell of the spinal cord and tibial nerve and motor end-plate degeneration and regeneration. Clinically, the rats were tested for sensory and motor loss and recovery and these results were compared with the histological findings. Ischemic periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours were used followed by survival times of 3 weeks to 9 months. Histologically, there was degeneration and regeneration found to varying degrees in the nerve and motor end-plate. There were no changes found in the ventral horn cell. There was a loss of pain sensation in all animals, except the 2 hour group, and a loss of motor function. Motor function, preceded by sensation, returned in all animals. With the absence of ventral horn cell damage it was not surprising to find adequate regeneration histologically and, therefore, a return of both sensory and motor function."
1137011,"The purpose of the study was to study the effects of cross-transfer on fractionated reaction time components in the unilateral and bilateral measurement conditions. Ss (N = 30) responded to a sudden arm displacement from an electromagnet by abducting the falling arm (unilateral ipsilateral trial, N = 15), by abducting the non-stimulus limb from a RT switch (unilateral contralateral trial, N = 15), or by performing both of these responses simultaneously (bilateral trial, N = 15). EMGs from the 45 randomized trials were monitored from the middle portions of the relaxed deltoideus muscles. Dependent variables were ipsilateral reflex latency (IRL), ipsilateral premotor time (IPMT), contralateral premotor time (CPMT), and contralateral reaction time (CRT). The following statistical procedures were applied to the data: an interclass correlation, a subjects-by-trials analysis of trends for each variable, and a single-groups subjects by two within-group variables analysis of variance for the six logical comparisons. IPMT was the only latency decreased by the addition of the bilateral measurement condition; however IPMT remained slower than CPMT even in the bilateral measurement condition. IRLs, CPMTs, and CRTs remained the same. The addition of a bilateral measurement condition appeared to result in less delay from the synchronous reflex volley to IPMT than in the unilateral measurement condition."
1137012,"The authors describe their experience with the different types of telemetry systems, applicable for locomotion studies and other similar areas of research. They describe the differences between frequency modulation (FM) systems and time-domain multiplexing (PAM) systems. They discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of each of these systems, particularly as applied to the transmission of EMG signals."
1137015,"The authors discuss their observations of acute psychiatric patients in a day hospital, noting the universality of the existential concerns that arise once the patient has confronted his illness. They discuss the problem of what determins a ""cure"" in emotional disturbances and suggest that the primary issue is for patients to learn to live as healthy people within the limits of their individual potential."
1137016,"The coverage of out-of-hospital expenses for mental health care through prepayment and insurance programs has been a major advance in removing the economic barriers to early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. However, obstacles to obtaining treatment block many eligible people from receiving help. The authors conducted a study among members of the United Auto Workers union to identify these roadblocks. Among the obstacles were differences in perceptions of need for treatment and in attitudes toward treatment, and lack of awareness of eligibility for benefits among three key groups - consumers, referral agents, and providers. The authors urge psychiatry to help in removing these obstacles."
1137017,"The use of the diagnosis ""sociopathy"" and its synonyms hinders the search for other kinds of symptomatology, the recognition of which might lead to appropriate therapeutic intervention. The authors therefore suggest that the terms ""sociopathic personality,"" ""antisocial personality,"" and ""acting out aggressive reaction of childhood or adolescence"" be eliminated as primary diagnoses from the psychiatric nomenclature for children or adolescents. Two case reports are presented to emphasize the damage these diagnoses can cause."
1137018,"Drawing on their experience, the authors explore the opportunity for learning administrative process that is available to the psychiatric chief resident. They categorize six models of the psychiatric chief residency and document two of them, the ward chief and the interface chief, as providing particularly rich administrative experiences. Although the chief resident's administrative experience is only a preliminary one, it can be a first step in solidifying his identity as a clinician-executive."
1137019,"The authors present data from a survey of four methadone maintenance programs, five outpatient clinics, six nonresidential facilities, and nine therapeutic communities affiliated with the Dade County Comprehensive Drug Program. The treatment population included more blacks but fewer Latins than the general county population. Primary drugs of abuse were narcotics in methadone clinics and ""softer"" drugs in outpatient and nonresidential facilities. Most patients were either self- or court referrals. Direct per patient costs, which were lowest in the outpatient clinics, averaged $1,041. The authors suggest that their data may aid other comprehensive drug treatment programs in establishing guidelines."
1137021,"The authors examined 88 patients with an admission diagnosis of schizophrenia for the presence of good and poor clinical prognostic signs and related their findings to the clinical presentation, response to somatic treatments, and prevalence of illness in first-degree relatives. The results augment the growing evidence that good and poor prognosis schizophrenia are different illnesses and that good prognosis schizophrenia is frequently indistinguishable from manic-depressive illness."
1137022,"The authors report the occurrence of a sever striopallidal disorder in a schizophrenic patient one week after he received fluphenazine enanthate injections on an every-other-day schedule. In view of current interest in depot psychopharmaceuticals, they recommend that careful attention be given to dosage and administration schedules and to the possibility of delayed pseudoparkinsonian symptoms. Emergency room physicians should be alerted to the possible side effects of such drugs."
1137023,"The author describes a technique for use with adolescents (perferably nonpsychotic, acting-out patients) in the terminal phase of psychiatric hospitalization. Patient, parents, and therapist have a summit meeting during which they write a contract which is a prerequisite of the patient's discharge. The document, which all parties sign, specifies conditions of the patient's return to family life. A case report, including a contract, illustrates the use of the technique."
1137024,"The author presents data on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) characteristics of a sample of enlisted Army men returning from Viet Nam identified as heroin abusers. Although a marked heterogeneity of MMPI profile types was found, a significant percentage of the subjects showed indications of marked psychopathology, and only a minority performed within normal limits on the MMPI. Theses military subjects showed neither greater nor less psychopathology and sociopathology than previously reported samples of civilian addicts."
1137025,"Although traditional societies in Oceania direct their fertility choice behavior (if any) toward spirits rather than sexual intercourse, closer observation shows that these fertility choice behaviors, while groping and magical, sometimes have empirical value. The author notes that the alternative to effective fertility control in these societies has sometimes been population regulation of the Malthusian variety (e.g., murder and starvation). Efforts aimed at spacing the family in a less savage and more effective manner deserve encouragement, the author believes."
1137026,"The wacinko syndrome in the Oglala Sioux varies from a nonclinical reaction to pathological degrees of anger, pouting, withdrawal, depression, psychomotor retardation, mutism, immobility, and even to suicide. Although indigenous proctitioners recognize the syndrome as a distinctive disorder, it has not been described by non-Indian practitioners. The author presents a case report and suggests that most cases are diagnosable as reactive depressive illness."
1137037,"The thalamoperforating arteries are divided into 2 distinct groups, an anterior and a posterior. The PTPAS are retromammillary branches of the precommunicating segments of the posterior cerebral arteries. The PTPAS may be divided into interpeduncular, mesencephalic and thalamic segments and are not directly related to the third ventricle. They are primarily midbrain and thalamic arteries. The main trunk of the PTPA (mesencephalic segment) normally does not undulate, but assumes a characteristically straight configuration. The ATPAS arise from the posterior communicating arteries anterior and lateral to the mamillary bodies. The ATPAS are primarily diencephalic vessels. Interpeduncular, paraventricular (hypothalamic) and thalamic segments may be identified. The major segment of the ATPAS is para third ventricular in location at the level of the massa intermedia."
1137038,"The tomographic findings in the Stenvers' projection of inner ears of 24 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome are described. In 12 of these 48 inner ears deafness was found. The roentgenographic examination did not show any malformation of the inner ears of these patients. In the literature on this subject, the tomographic findings of the inner ears of 12 deaf patients with Waardenburg's syndrome have been described. In 8 of them malformations were reported, especially of the semicircular canals. These findings in the literature could not be confirmed by our study."
1137041,"In the present case, a patient with symptoms referable to the occipital lobe, selective angiography demonstrated evidence of occlusion of branches of the left posterior cerebral artery with collateral circulation in addition to the congenital anomaly. The congenital absence of both vertebral arteries with a large occipital-basilar anastomosis may be explained by our hypothesis that occlusion occurred at the gestation age of 32-36 days. This case is presented in the hope that it will lead to the recognition of similar anomalies and further support our hypothesis. Selective angiography is the method of choice in the study of cerebrovascular disease and brachiocephalic vessels."
1137042,Sixty-five B-mode carotid sonograms were obtained at random on patients undergoing cerebral arteriography. A 5 mHz transducer was used. The results were correlated with magnified cervical carotid arteriograms obtained on these patients. B-mode sonography was accurate in evaluating the carotid arteries for surgical stenosis in 72 per cent of the cases. The feasibility of using B-mode sonography as a screening test in patients with asymptomatic carotid bruits is discussed.
1137206,"The efficacy of hypnotherapy in aborting acute asthmatic attacks was studied in 17 children ranging in age from six to 17. All had as their primary diagnosis bronchial asthma. Prior to hypnotic induction pulmonary function was assessed, then monitored in the immediate post hypnotic period and at two intervals thereafter. The average improvement for all subjects was greater than 50% above the baseline measurement as documented by spirometry, monitored dyspnea, wheezing and subjective ratings by the subjects. It is suggested that hypnotherapy may be an important tool in ameliorating asthma, improving ventilatory capacity and promoting relaxation without recourse to pharmacologic agents. One explanation offered is that hypnosis affects an automic response, thereby diminishing bronchospasm."
1137208,"1728 patients prick skin tested for eight fungi in the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area exhibited overall a rather low level of allergenicity as well as a general lack of cross-reactivity. Alternaria, however, elicited a high allergic reaction in both reactivity level and reaction frequency in the population. Response of pediatric patients was higher than that of adults, and the extract concentration and source varied the allergenic response only slightly."
1137209,"An evaluation was made of the protection induced by an attenuated Anaplasma marginale vaccine in young purebred cattle against the challenge exposure of naturally transmitted anaplasmosis in enzootic areas of Mexico. The cattle, which were raised in isolation units free of arthropods, consisted of 10 Brown Swiss calves (1 to 13 months of age) and 8 Holstein calves (5 to 7 months of age). They were paired by breed, age, and body weight, and allotted to 2 equal groups. Calves in 1 group were vaccinated, and at 6 weeks after vaccinations were done, calves in both groups were placed in the field where they were raised for approximately 1 year. Two Holstein and 3 Brown Swiss calves of the nonvaccinated group (group 2) developed clinical anaplasmosis, and the remaining calves of this group had hematologic evidence of the disease during the 2 to 4 months after introduction to the field. The vaccinated group, which remained free of anaplasmosis, showed consistently greater weight gain than did the controls. Among the Holstein calves, the maximum weight difference in favor  of the vaccinated group was 50 kg/head at 5.5 months after field exposure, and among the Brown Swiss calves, the differences in weight gain in favor of vaccinated calves at the end of the 12-month period was between 11 and 30 percent. It is concluded that the vaccine provided a means for safe adaptation of high-quality young cattle to the tropics by protecting them against what appears to be the major obstacle to this practice, anaplasmosis."
1137210,"Physiologic responses of irradiated and nonirradiated Shetland Ponies to controlled exercise were measured over a period of 5 years. The 5-year test began when the ponies were 3 years old and 5 months after they were exposed to 650 R of 60-Co gamma radiation. Significant differences in heart rates, respiratory rates, and rectal temperatures were demonstrated between irradiated and nonirradiated ponies when subjected to exercise and high ambient temperatures. Inthe irradiated group, heart rates were usually slower, especially during recovery immediately after exercise, and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were higher than these rates were in the nonirradiated group when exercising in ambient temperature of 29.5 C. Exhaustive exercise did not amplify any of the differences which were apparent with moderate exercise. From a general viewpoint, the irradiated ponies performed work as efficiently as did the nonirradiated ponies. Early changes in blood-cell concentrations after irradiation were similar to those which have been observed in other large animal species. Time required for the various types of blood cells to return to base line values ranged between 3 months and 3 years."
1137211,"Surgically placed bile duct cannulas allowed collection of secreted bile from nonanesthetized ponies. UNINTERRUPTED ENTEROPHEPATIC CIRCULATION WAS PERMITTED BETWEEN COLLECTIONS. Deleterious effects of cannulation were not observed. Average bile flow was 18.6 plus or minus 1.72 (standard error) mul/minute/kg, bile acid excretion was 0.179 plus or minus 0.0212 mumole/minute/kg, and bilirubin excretion averaged 1.22 plus or minus 0.136 mug/minute/kg."
1137212,"Tetracycline-labeled bones of 23 foals from 52 to 104 days old were sectioned and macroscopically examined to assess the extent of ossification or fusion of ossification centers. A grading system was devised with which to record information about the ossification centers and growth plates. The objective was to define anatomic standards which could contribute toward obtaining an accurate radiologic interpretation. Labeled limb bones of 3 neonatal foals were similarly treated, but grading of these was limited to the consideration of whether each site was still cartilaginous or had commenced to ossify."
1137213,"Glossitis, known clinically as ""redtongue,"" was studied in tissues from 34 military working dogs (MWD) in the Republic of Vietnam. This condition was manifested grossly by loss of lingual papillae on the dorsal margins of the rostral third of the tongue. Microscopically, the principal lesions consisted of loss of filiform papillae, hemorrhage and edema in the lamina propria, acanthosis, and cellular infiltration. The cause of glossitis remains unknown at this time."
1137215,A cystic condition of the peritoneum of tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus) caught from the Persian Gulf is described. Parasitologic examination established widespread infection by the cestode Grillotia. An account is given of the taxonomic position of this genus.
1137214,"Ci 744 (20 mg/kg, given intramuscularly (IM) produced a reliable level of surgical anesthesia in both dogs and cats. Animals anesthetized in this way did not have an increased sensitivity to cardiac fibrillation after they were given epinephrine. Epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmia observed in C1 744-anesthetized animals was eliminated in cats and was markedly reduced in dogs by bilateral vagotomy. Myocardial fibrillation was not produced by epinephrine (0.1 to 100 mug/kg, intravenously (IV) in dogs and cats anesthetized with C1 744 alone. Pentobarbital anesthesia, like C1 744 anesthesia, did not sensitize the heart, whereas a significant number of thiamylal-halothane-anesthetized animals died from cardiac fibrillation after they had been given epinephrine. Additional dogs were anesthetized with C1 744 or pentobarbital and given a series of pressor and depressor agents (isoproterenol, epinephrine, tyramine, 1, 1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazium iodide (DMPP) plus bilateral carotid occlusion) before and after vagotomy. The responses with either anesthetic were similar with the exception that the reflex bradycardia to pressor agents was more evident in C1 744- than in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs."
1137216,"Activated coagulation test (ACT) was performed in 37 adult ponies and 31 adult horses. The mean ACT time  of all ponies and horses was 2 minutes 38 seconds, with a standard deviation (SD) of 29 seconds. The ACT was compared with the Lee-White clotting test in heparinized ponies. The correlation of ACT with the Lee-White test was 0.95. Anticoagulation heparinized ponies during prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass was successfully monitored with the ACT. The ACT is simple and reproducible, has a  definite end point, and would seem to be an ideal screening test for hemorrhagic diathesis in equine animals."
1137239,Long-term survival data are presented for 200 patients with chronic airway obstruction of uncertain etiology who were enrolled in a prospective study approximately 14 years ago. Early death rates were closely related to the initial level of ventilatory impairment. Subjects with relatively mild impairment on entry to the study had a favorable prognosis for the first 5 to 7 years of follow-up but then began to show a higher death rate; there are few long-term survivors in the total series.
1137240,"Normal children as well as those with asthma and cystic fibrosis were studied to assess the contribution of lung zones emptying at different rates to the curvilinearity of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. Lung volumes, maximal expiratory flow-volume curves breathing air and then breathing a helium-oxygen mixture, and single-breath nitrogen washouts were measured. Forced expiratory maneuvers from lung volumes near functional residual capacity were performed to produce transients of flow exceeding maximal flow defined by the full flow-volume curve. Normal children and those with asthma and mild cystic fibrosis had small or no transients. Those with severe cystic fibrosis had large transients as well as increased phase I on the nitrogen washout curves. These large transients were associated with increased curvilinearity of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve and smaller than normal flow response breathing helium. In severe cystic fibrosis, the large transients suggest sequential emptying of fast and slow spaces, which influences the shape of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. The fast space could be due to compression of an enlarged anatomic dead space. Any time constant inequality between parenchymal units present in asthma and mild cystic fibrosis does not appear to contribute significantly tof the shape of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve."
1137241,"Tracheal mucous velocity was measured by observing the motion of teflon discs across the tracheal mucosa through a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The average rate of movement in 14 adult patients with cystic fibrosis was 2.6 mm per min plus or minus 3.3 SD, compared with 20.1 mm per min plus or minus 6.3 in 20 normal subjects of the same age (P less than 0.001). This failure of mucociliary transport may play a role in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. Administration of a beta-adrenergic agent, terbutaline, increased the average mucous velocity in the patients with cystic fibrosis (to 5.5 mm per min plus or minus 3.6 SD, P less than 0.001) but not in control subjects. This observation has potential therapeutic significance."
1137242,"Fourteen subjects with reversible obstructive lung disease inhaled one per cent lidocaine mist delivered by an ultrasonic nebulizer. The effect of ultrasonic nebulization per se was evaluated by a control study utilizing normal saline. After lidocaine inhalation there was a significant decrease in expiratory flow and an increase in airway resistance compared with either baseline or post-saline values. The changes were mild and do not preclude the continued use of nebulized lidocaine as an adjunct to bronchoscopy, but caution in its use is indicated."
1137243,"The various factors influencing closing volume were studied by performing the single-breath N2 test on 9 healthy nonsmokers. Time of day, day of the week, and preceding volume history had no effect on either closing volume or alveolar plateau. Slow inspiratory flow resulted in larger ratio of closing volume to vital capacity, ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity, and change in N2 concentration than fast inspiratory flow. Voluntary regulation of the expiratory flow resulted in smaller ratios of closing volume to vital capacity and closing capacity to total lung capacity than when flow was regulated by a resistance. Prolonged breath holding of the inspired O2 led to larger ratio of closing volume to vital capacity and ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity. To obtain uniform, comparable closing volumes, it is suggested that the subject inspire slowly, control expiratory flow (preferably voluntarily), and not pause between inspiration and expiration."
1137244,"A new spirometric measurement was performed with 803 healthy, nonsmoking men and women. Using the forced vital capacity curves, the forced end-expiratory flow (FEF75-85%) had a negative correlation with age and a positive correlation with height. Prediction formulas and nomograms were constructed. Comparison with the forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75%) showed generally larger correlation coefficients for physical characteristics and coefficients of variation for the FEF75-85%. Expressing both the FEF75-85% and FEF25-75% as ratios of forced vital capacity did not improve the coefficients. The mean flow rates of 75 male smokers were compared with 213 non-smokers 30 to 49 years of age. The FEF75-85% significantly distinguished between a group of smokers and a group of nonsmokers, but the FEF25-75% showed no significant difference. In 9 patients with presumed peripheral airways disease, FEF25-75% ranged from 70 to 110 per cent of predicted normal but FEF75-85% was 30 to 72 per cent of predicted. An extensively studied control group of 22 healthy, asymptomatic, nonsmoking subjects had FEF75-85% values of 80 to 163 per cent of predicted. Both small groups of 9 patients and 22 control subjects had FEF75-85% values within 1.65 standard error of estimate. In subgroups of 319 persons, use of 75 per cent of predicted mean for FEF75-85% was of greater value in attempting to screen normal from abnormal population than using 1.65 standard error of estimate. The FEF75-85% is suggested as a useful simple ventilatory test to detect early obstructive pulmonary disease."
1137245,"Twenty healthy adults, 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers, were exposed to 0.5 ppm of ozone for 6 hours in an environmental chamber. They engaged in two 15-min, medium-exercise stints on a bicycle ergometer during this period. The symptoms most commonly noted with exposure to ozone, dry cough and chest discomfort, were experienced by more nonsmokers than smokers. Subjects who experienced symptoms, in general, were those who developed objective evidence of decreased pulmonary function. Significant changes from control values for the group as a whole with exposure to ozone were observed for the following pulmonary function tests: specific airway conductance, pulmonary resistance, forced vital capacity, and 3-sec forced expiratory volume. No significant change was observed with respect to diffusing capacity for CO, static compliance, or the various tests derived from the N2 elimination rate. In addition, nonsmokers exhibited a significant decrease in dynamic compliance after exposure to ozone. When the smokers were considered as a separate group, no significant decrease in pulmonary function was observed, although some individual smokers showed adverse functional changes."
1137246,"The tissue of a benign, localized, pleural mesothelioma was digested with protease, and the crude polysaccharide was fractionated by a column of Dowex-1 (Cl-form). The eluate from the column was electrophoresed and incubated with various mucopolysaccharide lysases. Based on the results of column chromatography, electrophoresis, and enzymatic digestion, it was found that hyaluronic acid was the major constituent of the glycosaminoglycans in pleural mesothelioma. The hyaluronic acid from pleural mesothelioma seemed to be identical in structure with that from human umbilical cord; however, the hyaluronic acid from mesothelioma was eluted before that from human umbilical cord when fractionated by the column of Sepharose 4B, suggesting a differnence in molecular size between the two. Also, evidence was obtained for the presence of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate."
1137247,"Horizontal gradients in the distribution of ventilation and of regional vital capacities, as well as a reversed vertical, esophageal pressure gradient, were observed in a patient with a unilateral painful chest wall lesion. The distribution abnormalities disappeared after surgical treatment. These findings suggest that the interdependency between chest wall and lungs, and within the latter, between lobes, is an important factor determining the regional distribution of ventilation and the pleural pressure gradient in man."
1137248,"This study was performed to evaluate bronchopulmonary lavage and chelation therapy as a treatment method to prevent the development of radiation pneumonitis after inhalation of a radioactive aerosol. Twelve beagle dogs were exposed to an aerosol of cerium-144 in fused clay particles resulting in initial lung burdens from 47 to 64 muCi of 144-Ce per kg of body weight. Eight of the dogs were treated with a series of 10 bronchopulmonary lavages and 10 intravenous injections of calcium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid during the first 56 days after exposure to remove the deposited 144-Ce; the remaing 4 exposed dogs receiged no treatment. An additional 4 dogs were exposed to stable cerium and were given the course of treatment as an additional control group. Three of the 4 untreated dogs and 2 of the 8 treated dogs died 171 to 246 days after exposure with radiation pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis, or both. All but one of the remaining dogs were alive and apparently in good clincial health 550 dyas after exposure; the one dog had radiographic indications of pulmonary fibrosis by 365 days after exposure. The relative distribution of 144-Ce in the lungs and other major organs was similar in the treated and untreated dogs that died."
1137250,"A case is reported in which transbronchial lung biopsy using the fiberoptic bronchoscope was complicated by massive, fatal hemorrhage. This previously unreported complication occurred despite normal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times and platelets of 93,000. Pathological examination revealed that a very small (0.5-mm) vessel was the source of the bleeding. Although severe complications are undoubtedly rare, this report suggests that the transbronchial lung biopsy is not a totally benign procedure. Suggestions are made to prevent future similar occurrences in very ill patients or in patients with coagulative abnormalities or blood dyscrasias."
1137251,"A young man who had had two episodes of high-altitude pulmonary edema in the absence of any respiratroy distress was noted to have a depression of his hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives. It is postulated that because of his blunted ventilaory drives, the patient progessed to coma on exposure to low ambient oxygen tensions (i.e., high altitude) without ever increasing his ventilation. The importance of including highaltitude pulmonary edema in the differential diagnosis of any patient who is admitted with coma after a sojourn at high altitude is stressed."
1137252,"When studying a group of lung cancer cases in a limited period of time to determine the relationship between age at diagnosis and smoking habits, the multiplicity of birth cohorts and the small segment of the life-span distribution of cases observed are confounding and restraining conditions. A model was constructed that suggests that small observed age shifts represent large age shifts in the life-span distributions."
1137255,"Alternate-day corticosteroid therapy was compared with two daily corticosteroid regimens for the treatment of giant cell arteritis. In a prospective study 60 patients with this disease were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: group A, 15 mg of prednisone every 8 hours; group B, 45 mg of prednisone every morning; and group C, 90 mgof prednisone every other morning. After 1 month of treatment, the arteritis seemed to be completely suppressed in 18 patients in group A and 16 in group B but in only 6 in group C. In the 14 other patients in group C, the continuing symptoms were cyclic and developed during the day steroids were not given. By changing to a daily regimen, the arteritis was controlled in most patients in group C. Adverse reactions to prednisone were noted frequently in groups A and B but rarely in group C."
1137256,"Automated feedback control methods were applied to a medical problem, in a computer program that used measured serum digoxin concentrations (as feedback) to predict future concentrations and to achieve desired concentrations. The system was validated by comparing its ability with the corresponding ability of physicians to regulate digoxin dosage. The prospective, randomized study included 51 patients. In the presence of varying amounts of feedback (serum digoxin concentration) information, the computer always predicted future digoxin concentrations as accurately as did physicians. For both computer and physician, the decrease in the prediction errors when two concentrations were known against that when no concentrations were known was significant: mean absolute error decreased from 0.40 to 0.25 ng/ml for the physicians and from 0.45 to 0.27 ng/ml for the computer. Thus the computer system is capable of simulating and reproducing a sophisticated aspect of physician behavior: ""learning"" about individual patient responses. The computer achieved desired concentrations more accurately than did physicians, especially when two or more previous digoxin concentrations were abailable (mean absolute achievement error for computer, 0.28 ng/ml; for physicians, 0.50 ng/ml)."
1137257,A 15-month prospective study of the personnel and students exposed to initially unsuspected active cases of tuberculosis was undertaken to define the risk of their acquiring infection. Eight of 484 (1.65%) personnel exposed to 17 initially unsuspected tuberculosis patients and 5 of 2013 (0.25%) unexposed personnel with similar risk but no known exposures developed positive tuberculin skin tests. This greater than sixfold increase in conversion rate for the exposed group was significant (chi-2=14.83; P=0.0003). Delay in making the diagnosis in these patients was associated with failure to apply a tuberculin skin test on admission in 14 patients and radiologic misinterpretation in 15. A comprehensive surveillance method involving the Employee and Student Health Departments as well as the Public Health Department is suggested to minimize the risk of undiagnosed tuberculosis.
1137258,"Since 1967, six cases of African trypanosomiasis have been diagnosed and treated in the United States. Five patients were Americans infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense, and the other was an African student with T. gambiense. Presenting signs and symptoms for all cases were typical of the disease, but often the diagnosis was delayed. The five Americans had spent only brief periods in endemic areas. All cases responded to therapy although one relapsed. Cases of imported sleeping sickness are few, and the risk of Americans acquiring the disease while traveling to endemic areas is low. However, the early diagnosis of sleeping sickness requires that physicians be cognizant of the possibility of imported tropical diseases."
1137259,"The syndrome of hereditary thrombocytopenia, deafness, and renal disease was manifest in at least eight members in three generations of a family. They had a lifelong history of bleeding, usually as epistaxis, bilateral sensorineural deafness starting in late childhood or the teenage years, and persistent proteinuria with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Two members died at a young age, one from central nervous system hemorrhage, the other from chronic renal failure. Splenectomy and steroid therapy have been of transient benefit. There was dominant inheritance of the syndrome. Hematologic studies showed thrombocytopenia, large platelets, and megakaryocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow. In contrast to a previous report, our studies showed that affected members had normal in-vitro platelet function and normal ultrastructural platelet morphology. At autopsy, histologic changes in the kidney of one affected family member were indistinguishable from those reported in classic hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness (Alport's syndrome)."
1137260,"Two patients developed severe hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia as a result of renal wasting of magnesium and potassium shortly after being treated with large doses of gentamicin. When therapy with gentamicin was discontinued renal loss of magnesium and potassium ceased, and serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium returned toward normal. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels were inappropriately low during the episodes of hypocalcemia. Both patients represent examples of hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia induced by inappropriate magnesuria, possibly caused  by gentamicin. These observations suggest that serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium should be monitored during gentamicin therapy."
1137261,"Four of six siblings, offspring of Sicillian first cousins, developed a clinical disorder in early adulthood affecting the hematopoietic and immunoglobulin-producing systems. A female sibling died at age 21 with myeloid aplasia and agranulocytosis. A male sibling, at age 17, presented with erythroid and plasma cell aplasia with hypogammaglobulinemia. Two other female siblings, ages 21 and 35, had a lymphoproliferative disorder associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. In two of the affected subjects there was complete absence of the enzyme leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. Electron microscopic studies of the peripheral leukocytes from these two subjects and from one of the two asymptomatic siblings showed curious intranuclear and intracytoplasmic linear ""crystalloid"" structures in the mature neutrophils. It is postulated that the family contains a genetic defect, transmitted as an autosomal recessive by the heterozygous parents, that produces a stem-cell disorder manifested by myeloid, erythroid, and plasma cell aplasias, unique electron microscopic findings, and morphologic and functional abnormalities in later generations of cells."
1137262,"Invasive adrenocortical carcinoma was diagnosed in two patients, 3 1/2 and 69 years of age, respectively. Therapy with o,p'DDD was begun immediately, and the patients have survived 4 1/12 and 7 9/12 years, respectively. The prolonged survival represents possible ""cure"" of inoperable disease following early initiation of therapy."
1137264,"Although the ""health care crisis"" was thought solvable by simply increasing the number of physicians, this has turned out not to be the case. The major problems in physician manpower are geographic maldistribution with a sparsity of physicians in the rural areas and the inner city and an overproduction of specialists. Certain changes in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education have contributed to this maldistribution. There is good evidence that there is an overproduction of surgeons and of medical subspecialists such as cardiologists. Much of the excess subspecialization can be laid at the foot of graduate training programs. The role of the specialty boards in affecting career choices and with them health manpower is analyzed. Some solutions to solve the geographic and specialty maldistribution problems are suggested. It is clear that more primary care physicians including general internists, family physicians, and pediatricians are needed."
1137265,"Physicians and the nurse practitioners with whom they work face a number of conflicts. Conflicts develop within the individuals as they change their professional self-images. Each doctor-nurse team must develop new ways of working together and must do so against a background of long-standing professional territoriality. Comparable struggles are felt within schools and hospitals. Although governments have supported nurse practitioner programs, they have not yet enacted the fiscal and legal changes to make the role fully viable. Despite these struggles many physicians and nurses have achieved definite rewards. Research is beginning to document important successes, and educational programs are graduating significant numbers of practitioners."
1137266,"Internists are well prepared to offer patients continuing and comprehensive medical care of the highest quality. Residencies must include training for the provision of primary care without compromising excellence. The teaching and practice of general internal medicine are the principal functions of Departments of Internal Medicine. Modern facilities for ambulatory care and an environment conducive to the development of internists for primary care are required. Establishment of new residency positions in general internal medicine is advocated, as is appropriate funding for education in the ambulatory patient setting. Experience with disciplines such as dermatology, office gynecology, musculoskeletal medicine, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and psychiatry should be assured. The Board will include material relevant to primary care in its Certifying Examination."
1137279,"Spontaneously occurring surface wrinkling retinopathy occurreed in 17 eyes of 16 patients and was not related to pervious surgery, retinal vascular disease, or obvious ocular inflammation. Visual symptoms were not severe and follow-up suggests that the usual course of surface wrinkling is usually benign. However, 2 eyes progressed to 20/300, so that there is a chance of considerable visual deterioration in some cases. The vitreous may or may not be detached. The ophthalmoscopic features of a wrinkled shagreen, tortuous vessels pulled toward a nidus, and intraretinal hemorrhages were seen. The leakage of fluorescein into the retina is emphasized in this series and may be fairly marked. The possible causes and mechanism of wrinkling are discussed with emphasis on mild chronic ischemia and posterior vitreous collapse."
1137284,"Large penetrating transorbital foreign bodies may initially appear to be of a devastating character to the ocular tissues. However, several reports of such large foreign bodies have proved to spare the eye. A case report of a large wooden foreign body with transorbital penetration into the right frontal lobe is reported. The globe remained intact and was only displaced, with a final visual acuity of 20/40. However, complete ophthalmoplegia and ptosis persisted. A low pressure hydrocephalus ensued following intracranial debridement."
1137285,We undertook a prospective study of traumatic hyphema during the years 1970 through 1972 to compare the effects of medical management and surgical evacuation in the more severe hyphemas. A protocol for sutdy of the two regimens enabled us to compare the results of therapy. The findings indicate that medical management is preferable for the initial 4 days in major hyphemas. Surgical intervention does not offer improvement in the poor prognosis of total hyphemas during this early period. The incidence of complications and the incidence of permanent poor visual results are higher in surgically treated patients than in those managed medically. Surgical intervention should be reserved for cases showing: (1) microscopic corneal blood staining; (2)total hyphemas with intraocular pressures of 50 mm Hg or more for 5 days (to prevent optic nerve damage); (3) hyphemas  that are initially total and do not resolve below 50% at 6 days with intraocular pressures of 25 mm Hg or more (to prevent corneal blood staining); and (4) hyphemas that remain unresolved for 9 days (to prevent peripheral anterior synechiae). A brief review of problems that may be encountered in the various forms of surgical management is included in an effort to prevent repeating similar pitfalls.
1137287,"One hundred and twenty-seven cases of traumatic hyphema are reviewed and discussed according to a definite system of grading. Grade iii hyphemas have definitely a poorer prognosis than Grade ii and Grade i hyphemas. Rebleeding occurs more frequently when there is a delay in treatment but does not appear to affect the outcome of a traumatic hyphema. Blood staining of the cornea could be avoided by an adequate treatment started immediately after the trauma, thus decreasing the percentage of blindness following a traumatic hyphema."
1137289,"One hundred cases of primary, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal separation were operated upon using  1/2 thickness 7.5 mp Silastic silicone sponge as a circumferential implant without an encircling element or suture tension. The use of this method has given 100% successful anatomical reattachment of the retina after a follow-up of 8 months to 3 1/2 years."
1137290,"Eight cases of surgically repaired lower canaliculi were studied to ascertain whether the lower canaliculus is necessary for normal lacrimal drainage and whether it is advisable to probe the superior canaliculus during inferior canalicular repair. Six of 8 patients sutdied had no epiphora despite unsuccessful surgery and a normal Schirmer""1 test. Surgery was successful on 2 pateints. These results indicate that only cosmetic repair is necessary for lacerated lower canaliculi. It is suggested that the upper canalliculus alone provides sufficient lacrimal drainage to prevent epiphora."
1137332,"The study was carried out to investigate the variations in blood sugar values during routine fluid therapy in surgical patients, when the rate of infusion often is very haphazardly adjusted. Surgical patients with normal sugar and fluid balance were divided into two groups. The glucose group (34 patients) was given 5% glucose solution as infusion fluid and the control group (the saline group, 26 patients) received 0.9% physiological saline solution. The preoperative mean value of blood sugar in the glucose group was 4.9 mmol/1 and in the saline group 4.6 mmol/1. Half an hour after the beginning of the operation the blood sugar in the glucose group rose to 7.2 mmol/1 (p smaller than 0.001) and in the saline group to 5.3 mmol/1 (p smaller than 0.01). At the end of the operation the blood sugar values in both groups had further increased significantly from the half-hour levels, in the glucose group to 7.8 mmol/1 and in the saline group to 6.1 mmol/1 (p smaller than 0.01). The difference between the groups, at each test after the initial test, was highly significant throughout (p smaller than 0.001). The result indicates to carefulness in using glucose solutions even during operations lasting 1-2 hours."
1137333,"Our purpose was to determine whether an apparently healthy patient who died under general anaesthesia had malignant hyperpyrexia by examining her relatives and to suggest protective measures for the relatives of the deceased patient against this complication during future general anaesthetics. The family members of the deceased patient were examined systematically to determine whether or not they were prone to develop malignant hyperpyrexia. Raised serum CPK and aldolase levels, EMG changes, histopathological examination of the striated muscle, diminished muscle power during an ergometric test, and subjective symptoms revealed that other members of her family had muscular dystrophy. Our results support the theory that during general anaesthesia patients with muscular dystrophy are prone to develop malignant hyperpyrexia. Although muscular dystrophy is uncommon in Finland, affected persons should be catalogued, and preventive measures against malignant hyperpyrexia taken if they ever have to have a general anaesthetic."
1137334,"This retrospective study was performed in order to evaluate the frequency and the causes for itching during pregnancy. The series consists of 129 pregnant women with generalized itching, which is 1.2% of all deliveries. The most common cause for itching was hepatosis of pregnancy (83%). The other causes were pruritus of pregnancy without any liver dysfunction (12%), dermatitis (3%) and other (2%). The average time of the onset of itching was the 30th pregnancy week in hepatosis of pregnancy and the 26.5th pregnancy week in pruritus of pregnancy. The frequency of toxaemia of pregnancy varied within 24-33% in the different itching groups and that of urinary tract infection within 21-33%. The proportion of urinary tract infection was also fairly high, 23-24%, among the previous diseases. Perinatal mortality in previous pregnancies was reported by 14 patients (9.0%), 11 of them in hepatosis group (9.6%). The corresponding frequencies of perinatal mortality in the present pregnancy were 1.6% and 1.9%. The drugs most frequently used during the present pregnancy before admission were antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents, sulphonamide being the most common."
1137335,"A series of 107 patients with hepatosis of pregnancy and 61 controls with normal pregnancy is reported. The delivery and the condition of the infant were the main objects of investigation. The hepatosis group was also examined for liver function, glucose tolerance, and daily urinary oestrogen. The duration of the first stage of delivery was found to be slightly shortened in the hepatosis group. Two cases (1.9%) of intrauterine death occurred in the hepatosis series, and the Apgar scores at 1 and 15 minutes were somewhat lower than in the control group. Birthweight was slightly lower in the hepatosis series, corresponding to the earlier date of delivery. 11.9% of the infants weighed less than 2.5 kg at birth. The absolute and relative weights of the placenta showed no differences. The histological examination of the placenta made on part of the series revealed maturing defects in 35%. The liver function tests confirmed the cholestatic nature of hepatosis observed earlier, yielding elevated values especially for aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. The thymol turbidity test was within the normal limits, which means that hepatitis could be excluded. Neither glucose tolerance, nor daily urinary oestrogen differed significantly from the normal. The fetal survival rate has been improved considerably by intensive care of hepatosis of pregnancy."
1137336,"Almost all the patients (95 women and 8 men) with interstitial cystitis, i.e. autoimmune cystitis, in this area with a population of about 970,000 were probably traced. The prevalence of the disease in the female members of this population was 18.1 cases per 100,000 women of all ages. The joint prevalence of both sexes together was 10.6 cases per 100,000. The annual incidence of new female cases was 1.2 per 100,000 women. The disease is not rare when mild and moderately severe cases are also diagnosed. Severe cases account for only a tenth of all cases. Only about a tenth of the patients are men and most of them had the mild form of the disease. It may begin at any age. The incidence has possibly been rising during the last 10 years. Interstitial cystitis does not as a rule progress continuously but reaches its final stage rapidly, then usually remains in the same category. With this prevalence and incidence every urologist in this area can expect to see at least one case a year."
1137337,"A clinical series of 208 patients who had elective operations for gastroduodenal ulcer in Surgical Department II, Oslo City Hospital, has been reviewed. The study concentrates on postoperative gastric retention, comparing the frequency of this complication following antrectomy and gastroduodenal anastomosis with and without vagotomy. The patients in the nonvagotomy group had no retention problem. In the vagotomy group, 19 patients (35%) of 54 operated had troublesome postoperative retention. 7 patients (13%) had to have a further operation for this complication, all within 1 year. We no longer use the combined operation as a routine procedure for duodenal ulcer."
1137338,"The proteolytic activities and trypsin inhibitors of the peritoneal exudate produced by experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat were studied by fractionation with gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and estimation of the hydrolysis of casein and synthetic substrates. The peritoneal exudate produced by injecting formalin solution into the peritoneal cavity was used as a control. The peritoneal exudate during pancreatitis revealed distinct proteolytic and ATEE hydrolysing activities and it also hydrolysed BAPNA to a lesser extent. These activities were absent from the control exudates, or only traces of them could be demonstrated with the methods used. The trypsin inhibiting capacity (TIC) in the pancreatic exudate was about half that in the control exudate. In gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 the BAPNA hydrolysing proteolytic activity was eluted with the macroprotein fraction, suggesting that the enzyme was bound to the macroproteins. TIC differed clearly in the control exudate and the pancreatitis exudate. In both of them TIC was eluted in two peaks after the macroproteins, but in the pancreatitis group the first peak was very weak, if demonstrable at all, while in the control exudate the two peaks were clearly separated and the TIC was more pronounced. These findings suggest that pancreatic enzymes are released during pancreatitis into the peritoneal cavity, where they combine with proteinase binding factors in the exudate."
1137339,"During the years 1955-1970, 260 patients were treated for acute pancreatitis in the surgical department of the Maria Hospital. 62 of them were operated on, 44 electively, and 18 as emergency cases. The main conclusions from this series are as follows: 1) if laparotomy is required, efficient debridement and drainage are of great importance, 2) random operative decompression of the biliary duct system is statistically of little benefit, 3) in most cases purely conservative treatment or conservative surgery, taking into account individual conditions, gives good results, but obviously more radical measures are necessary for a favourable outcome in the most severe cases, as reported in the current literature, 4) in elective surgery it is important to postpone the curative operation by several weeks, preferably months, when possible, to avoid exacerbation or relapse of the disease."
1137341,"The reliability of the diagnosis made on the basis of symptoms of deep venous thrombosis and the development of a post-thrombotic state were studied in 53 patients. Pain in the leg was present in 93% and swelling in 82% of the series, both figures are considerably higher than those reported before. The clinical diagnosis was correct in 74% of cases. The post-thrombotic state developed with unexpected rapidity: after one to three years 87% already had symptoms and/or signs of venous insufficiency, and after eight years at the latest all patients had such symptoms and/or signs."
1137343,"The distribution of genetic variants at the PGM1 and PGM2 loci in South and East Asia, the Western Pacific and Australasia has been surveyed on the basis of published and unpublished material comprising samples from some 33,000 persons. A critical comparsion of previously described and of new rare alleles at both loci has been undertaken. The present number for PGM1 is 14 and for PGM2 is 12. Many of these have restricted geographic or ethnic distribution."
1137344,"Eleven independent man-mouse hybrids and 40 subclones from four to them were analysed for up to 42 enzyme markers. Nine subclones from three hybrid lines were fully karyotyped. The data presented suggest that the gene for the human enzyme MOR-M can be assigned to chromosome 7, whilst those for MPI and PK-3 are on chromosome 15. The use of a small number of well-characterized hybrids for gene assigments is discussed as well as the significance of some known human linkage relationships."
1137346,"A computer-based system has been developed for the handling and retrieval of data on long-term human lymphoblastoid cell lines. It permits accurate recording of a wide range of genetic markers and other defined characteristics for the donor of each culture and for individual aliquots of any cell line. The data is recorded in relation to the in vitro age of each aliquot studied and the programme is designed to permit both the sequential examination of a single cell line and the comparison of lines of different origins. It is hoped that, by the application of this type of system, the confusion which has arisen in relation to other long-term cell lines (and which threatens to develop in relation to human lymphoblastoid cell lines) may be avoided and that the exchange of information between laboratories may be facilitated."
1137342,"Inherited disorders of homocysteine metabolism produce accelerated growth and arteriosclerosis with myointimal hyperplasia. The growth of cell cultures from cystathionine synthetase deficient individuals with homocystinuria is characterized by abnormal contact inhibition and production of an aggregated proteoglycan matrix which binds excess sulfate. Homocysteic acid, a precursor of sulfate ester, increases the growth rate of normal guinea pigs. Synthesis of homocysteic acid from homocysteine thiolactone is more rapid in the livers of young animals than adults, and hypophysectomy results in a pattern of homocysteine thiolactone metabolism resembling that in liver of adult animals. Homocysteine thiolactone metabolism differs in guinea pig, an herbivorous species, and in rat, an omnivorous species. Sulfate binding by cultured human cells is slightly increased when homocysteic acid is present in the culture medium. These observations suggest a relationship between homocysteic acid and somatomedin, a serum polypeptide which mediates the action of growth hormone. The growth disorders associated with homocystinuria, including arteriosclerosis and accelerated growth, are believed to result from increased conversion of methionine to homocysteine thiolactone and homocysteic acid."
1137347,"The means and standard errors of the total numbers of heterozygotes and homozygotes affected by deleterious mutant genes and the extinction time are studied by using diffusion methods. For an overdominant mutation, the effects of an increase in population size on these quantitites are much more profound than that of an increase in initial number of mutant genes whereas for a partially recessive mutation the situation is reversed. For a completely recessive mutation, the expected total number of mutant homozygotes is independent of the population size and degree of inbreeding, though the expected total number of heterozygotes and the average extinction time are dependent on these factors, particularly the population size. The effect of inbreeding on these quantitites is very similar to that of reduction in effective population size and is usally small at the prevailing level of inbreeding, except for mutations with large degrees of overdominance in large populations. The standard errors of these quantities are large. The expected total number of sickle-cell mutant homozygotes in the U.S. population has been computed."
1137348,"An expression is derived for the prior probability of linkage between a random trait locus and any one of m random marker loci, and this probability is computed form=1, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100. A similar expression is derived for two trait loci, and computed for m=1, 10, 20 and 30. When one trait locus and 30 marker loci are being studied, a priori there is over a three-quarter probability that the trait locus should be syntenic with at least one of the markers, and about a one-half probability that there should be a linkage mappable from recombination frequencies. If two traits are studied, then the prior probability that at least one should be syntenic with one of the 30 markers is 0-94, and there is a three-quarter probability that such a linkage should be mappable."
1137349,"The maximum likelihood estimator of the frequency of a recessive gene in a random mating population is simply the square root of the proportion of recessive individuals in a random sample. However, its asymptotic variance, i.e. the inverse of Fisher's information, has an unexpected functional form, and its use may lead to incorrect inferences. An explanation for this is sought by deriving an expansion for the exact variance of the estimator. Further, a number of calculations reveal conditions under which the asymptotic variance provides a reasonable approximation to the exact variance. Lastly, the problem of setting confidence limits to the gene frequency is discussed, with a number of approximations being considered."
1137352,"1. It is well established that p, the probability of a male birth, declines with birth order. It is suggested here that this decline occurs within individual sibships (Poisson variation). 2. Other workers have also offered good evidence that (at least in some samples) p correlates positively between adjacent births within sibships (Markov association). 3. The present paper suggests that in addition, some couples have higher values of p than others. In other words, there is Lexis variation in p between couples. It is estimated that this Lexis variation augments the variance (contingent on the Markov process above) by a value of less than 0-002. 4. Data on sex ratio by the sex composition of the pre-existing children are interpreted to support the author's hypothesis that coital rate of parents is related to the sex ratio of their children. 5. However if the decline in sex ratio with maternal age were entirely due to the concomitant decline in coital rate, the variation in p between couples seems greater than could be accounted for by the observed variation between couples in coital rate. It is concluded that sex ratio depends on other factors besides coital rate. 6. It is noted that (when sibship size and birth rank are controlled) MF birth intervals are particularly long, and FM birth intervals particularly short, MM and FF intervals being of intermediate length."
1137353,"The susceptibility of 55 strains of slow-growing anaerobes to eight clinically useful or potentially useful antibiotics was determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion tests. Strains of the genera Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Megasphaera, Veillonella, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Fusobacterium were included. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, but varied in their susceptibility to penicillin, lincomycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, and vancomycin. Correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone diameters was generally good. Prediction of susceptibility based on zone diameter measurements appeared satisfactory. Although routine susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria is not recommended, there are circumstances where such testing is relevant to the clinical situation. For those laboratories ill-equipped to do dilution tests, a disk diffusion test would give relatively accurate preliminary information. Quantitative susceptibility tests could then be done by a reference laboratory."
1137354,"A radioimmunoassay and an enzymatic assay for gentamicin have been compared. The correlation coefficient for results of gentamicin assays performed by the two methods with 45 serum specimens was 0.90. A similar standard curve for the radioimmunoassay was obtained with gentamicin complex, with gentamicin Cl, Cla, or C2, or with sisomicin as ligand, but tobramycin did not compete with [(3)H]gentamicin for binding to the antiserum."
1137356,"A broth-dilution method for performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests on anaerobic bacteria has been proposed. The medium used in the test was Schaedler broth, with incubation in a glove box with an atmosphere of 5% CO(2), 10% H(2), and 85% N(2), or in the GasPak system. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for selected antibiotics were determined, under these conditions, by using a conventional twofold dilution scheme for the antibiotics and a ""categorization three-tube method"" in which two or three clinically significant concentrations of each antibiotic were used. Minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by both methods were very similar. The categorization method could be used routinely to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria."
1137357,"Studies were conducted in 30 patients with neoplastic diseases. Twelve patients received sisomicin intramuscularly at doses of 20 mg/m(2) and 40 mg/m(2). The mean peak serum concentration occurred at 1 h and was 2.5 mug/ml and 4.0 mug/ml, respectively. Ten patients received intravenous sisomicin at doses of 30 mg/m(2) during 30-min infusion. Mean peak serum level determined at 30 min was 5.1 mug/ml. The levels gradually decreased and at 6 h was 0.6 mug/ml. The serum half-life was 160 min. Serum levels determined in eight patients who received sisomicin by continuous infusion at doses of 30 mg/m(2) every 6 h were greater than 1.4 mug/ml during the 6-h period. The urinary excretion of sisomicin during the 6-h period after intramuscular administration of 20 mg/m(2) and 40 mg/m(2) was 49 and 61%, respectively. The pharmacology of sisomicin is similar to gentamicin."
1137358,"The comparative susceptibility of 622 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria to minocycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline was determined by an agar-dilution technique. In addition to Bacteroides fragilis, a variety of other anaerobic bacteria was resistant to achievable blood concentrations of tetracycline (55% inhibited by 6.25 mug/ml) and doxycycline (58% inhibited by 2.5 mug/ml). In contrast, minocycline was significantly more active (P < 0.05) than both doxycycline and tetracycline, and 70% of strains were inhibited by achievable blood concentrations of this antibiotic (2.5 mug/ml). The enhanced activity of minocycline was particularly striking for Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, P. magnus, P. prevotii, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Further evaluation of the clinical efficacy of minocycline against anaerobic infections is indicated."
1137359,"The in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), a water-soluble derivative of amphotericin B, was compared to that of the parent compound against a variety of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi. AME has a significant antifungal activity, but the activity of AME was slightly lower than that of amphotericin B. Among the yeast-like organisms, only the yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii were more resistant than others to both antibiotics, with a minimal fungicidal concentration of 5 to 10 mug/ml. The yeast cells of other fungi were killed at concentrations of 1 mug or less of either antibiotic per ml. The filamentous forms of S. schenckii and Oidiodendron kalrai were more resistant than the filamentous forms of other dimorphic fungi to both drugs. The minimal fungicidal concentration for S. schenckii was 10 mug/ml and for O. kalrai, 50 mug/ml. The dermatophytes, phycomycetes, and dematacious and other potentially pathogenic fungi were inhibited fairly well by both drugs, but up to 50 mug/ml was required for fungicidal action. The water solubility and wide spectrum of antifungal activity of AME warrant evaluation of its chemotherapeutic activity against experimental fungal infections."
1137360,"Staphylococcin 462 is a proteinaceous inhibitor produced by Staphylococcus aureus strain 462. In broth cultures, susceptible S. aureus strain 140 and 19 respond to treatment with the bacteriocin by stopping growth and cell division. Examination of macromolecular synthesis by measuring the incorporation of radioactive precursors revealed that S. aureus 140 stops synthesizing protein immediately. After exposure to staphylococcin 462, the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid is quickly inhibited also, but not as completely. Treatment of S. aureus 140 with the inhibitor causes a rapid drop in cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate level to about 60% of control levels. Of the 70 strains of gram-positive bacteria tested for susceptibility to staphylococcin 462, 24 (34%), distributed among 7 genera, were susceptible."
1137361,"The mechanism of plasmid-mediated resistance to cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Protein synthesis in cell-free extracts from resistant or susceptible bacteria was equally susceptible to inhibition by Cd(2+), but spheroplasts from resistant bacteria retained their resistance. Resistant bacteria did not have a decreased affinity for cations in general, nor was active metabolism required for exclusion of Cd(2+). The kinetics of Cd(2+) uptake into susceptible and resistant bacteria suggested that the conformation of membrane proteins in resistant bacteria may be important in the exclusion of Cd(2+)."
1137362,"gamma-Thiochromanone-4-thiosemicarbazone (TCT) inhibits the growth of vaccinia virus in BSCl cells by interfering with viral maturation. A mutant of the virus (TCT(R)) which is resistant to this drug was isolated. This mutant also exhibits resistance to another thiosemicarbazone related compound, isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT). There is a good correlation between the cross-resistance of the two mutants IBT(R) and TCT(R) to TCT and IBT, respectively, and the similar antipoxvirus activity of these two thiosemicarbazone-related compounds."
1137363,"The mechanism of action of enterocins E1A and E1B, bacteriocins produced by Streptococcus faecium E1, was studied. The enterocins killed susceptible cells rapidly, but cell lysis does not appear to be involved directly. Susceptible cells could be rescued from the lethal damage by trypsin treatment only within 2 to 3 min after addition of enterocin E1A. Enterocins E1A and E1B inhibited protein synthesis and drastically reduced biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) but did not cause degradation of DNA or RNA. Enterocin E1A strongly inhibited the accumulation of isoleucine and caused rapid exit of previously accumulated isoleucine."
1137364,"The in vitro susceptibility of 155 strains of anaerobic bacteria to five cephalosporin antibiotics was tested. Cefoxitin was the most active against 33 isolates of Bacteroides fragilis; 82% of the strains were sensitive at 16 mug/ml. At 64 mug/ml cefazolin and cephaloridine were also generally effective. Cephalothin and cephalexin were relatively inactive versus B. fragilis. Cefoxitin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cephalothin showed comparable activity against 122 strains of anaerobes other than B. fragilis. More than 90% of the strains were sensitive to each of these antimicrobials at 16 mug/ml. Cephalexin was the least effective cephalosporin against all species tested."
1137365,"Lactobacillus helveticus strain LP27 produced a bacteriocin, lactocin 27, in dialyzable and nondialyzable forms. No evidence was obtained to indicate that lactocin 27 was under the control of extrachromosomal plasmids. Lactocin 27 had a bacteriostatic effect on the indicator, Lactobacillus helveticus strain LS18. It inhibited primarily protein synthesis without affecting deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis or adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels. Treatment of susceptible cells with the lactocin did not cause leakage of ultraviolet-absorbing material, but caused the efflux of potassium ions and the influx of sodium ions. It adsorbed non-specifically to various bacterial species irrespective of their susceptibility to lactocin 27. However, the presence of specific receptors has not been ruled out."
1137366,"Parenteral clindamycin was evaluated in 41 patients with a variety of infections. The four major findings were as follows. (i) Five hours after the intravenous administration of 600 mg of clindamycin, the mean serum concentration in patients with ""moderate to severe"" hepatic dysfunction was 24.3 mug/ml, and in those with normal liver function it was 8.3 mug/ml (P < 0.02). This suggests that the dose of clindamycin might be modified in patients with liver disease. (ii) There was a positive association between the 5-h serum clindamycin level and the degree of elevation of the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. (iii) No significant side effects were observed. Of 24 patients with preexisting hepatic dysfunction, 5 showed deterioration and 5 showed improvement of liver function during therapy. (iv) Whereas all pre-treatment isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from the anterior nares were susceptible to clindamycin, 6 of 9 post-treatment isolates were resistant, most probably due to selection of resistant organisms."
1137367,"The minimal inhibitory concentration of lincomycin and clindamycin for a large number of strains from multiple serogroups of streptococci was determined. The median minimal inhibitory concentration for streptococci from groups A, B, C, F, G, H, L, and M and nongroupable organisms ranged from 0.02 to 0.39 mug of lincomycin per ml and from </=0.01 to 0.09 mug of clindamycin per ml. Among the group D strains, Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis were resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin, whereas Streptococcus bovis and four American strains of Streptococcus durans resembled nongroup D isolates in their susceptibility to these agents. Occasional strains of nongroup D streptococci were highly resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin."
1137368,"Diuretics and antibiotics are frequently used concomitantly. The possibility of drug interactions led us to study the effects of several diuretics on the renal elimination of cephalothin. Five healthy volunteers received a constant infusion of 500 mg of sodium cephalothin per h for 9 h on 4 consecutive days. Each day, after the third hour of infusion, the subjects were given one of the following in varying order: (i) furosemide (1 mg/kg, intravenous), (ii) mercaptomerin (250 mg, intramuscular), (iii) mannitol (25 g, intravenous), or (iv) no diuretic (control day). Fluid losses were replaced hourly. Serum and complete urine collections were obtained each hour and assayed for creatinine and cephalothin (bioassay). Clearances (milliliter per minute) and urinary excretions (milligram per hour) of cephalothin did not differ either when the diuretic day values were compared with control day, or when pre- and postdiuretic results on the same day were compared. Creatinine clearances were not affected by diuretics except for a transient rise after furosemide."
1137369,"Three aminoglycoside antibiotics and two penicillins were compared for their in vitro activity against 60 isolates of Serratia, Pseudomonas, Proteus mirabilis, and indole-positive Proteus sp. Testing was done by the agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton broth solidified with 1.5% agar. The activity of amikacin, aminodeoxybutirosin, and gentamicin against Proteus and Pseudomonas, as related to their peak blood levels, showed no significant differences. Amikacin was the most active against Serratia marcescens. Results using Mueller-Hinton media in broth dilution tests correlated with the agar dilution method except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentration for aminoglycosides in agar was considerably greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration in Mueller-Hinton broth, and the disparity was related to the higher divalent cation concentration of agar. BL-P1654 and carbenicillin were similar except that carbenicillin was much more active against indole-positive Proteus sp. Additionally, the ratio of bactericidal to bacteriostatic concentrations of BL-P1654 was considerably greater than for carbenicillin."
1137370,"The in vitro activity of cefazolin was assessed by continuous turbidimetric monitoring of cultures of gram-negative bacilli and the results were compared with those previously obtained with other beta-lactam agents using the same strains and methods. Cefazolin was found to induce rapid lysis of ampicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Escherichia coli at a lower concentration than any other beta-lactam agent tested; its stability to beta-lactamase, as judged by regrowth studies, was generally considerably greater than that of other antibiotics of this group. Tested against 103 ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria, cefazolin was found to be more active than cephalothin against E. coli, but no systematic increase in susceptibility to cefazolin was seen with other species. A study of cefazolin in an in vitro model which simulates the hydrokinetic features of the urinary bladder showed it to be as active as ampicillin against ampicillin-susceptible E. coli and as active as cephalothin against ampicillin-resistant E. coli."
1137371,"In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to the commonly employed mitogens, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin A, were evaluated when adenine arabinoside (ara-A) in a concentration of 3 mug/ml was added to the culture materials. Similarly, blastogenic and cytotoxic responses to cell cultures persistently infected with herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, and varicella-zoster virus were determined in the presence of ara-A. No depression of these cellular immune responses by ara-A was demonstrated. This was in contrast to the effect of cytosine arabinoside, which at a concentration of 3 mug/ml severely inhibited these immune responses. Further studies examined lymphocyte blastogenic responses to the mitogens and blastogenic and cytotoxic responses specific for the herpes group virus infecting patients who were subsequently treated with ara-A; determinations were made before, during, and after treatment. In vitro responses during and after treatment with ara-A were unchanged or often enhanced as compared to pretreatment values. Therefore, the antiviral chemotherapeutic agent, ara-A, does not appear to depress the host's cellular immune responses, which are vital to successful elimination of invading herpes group viruses."
1137372,"A sequential formation of the single components of the polyene macrolide candidin complex (heptaene) has been found. In addition to the three components occurring in the candidin complex at the end of the fermentation, two other ""early"" all-trans heptaene components have been characterized. They exist only during the phase of active biosynthesis of candidin. Two of the components of the polyene macrolide candihexin complex (hexaene) that have been described as lacking amino sugar were the only intracellular (mycelium-associated) components observed under conditions in which no extracellular polyene remained attached to the producing cell. The results indicate that glycosylation of the macrolide ring takes place during the secretion process."
1137374,A comparison of rifampin susceptibility test results on 407 strains of mycobacteria using conventional medium in parallel with disk medium showed good agreement. Techniques are described for utilization of drug-impregnated disks in the preparation of medium and for a quality control screening procedure for disks.
1137375,"Binding of gentamicin and related deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics to proteins in human serum can vary significantly with changes in experimental conditions. The concentrations of divalent cations are important variables, and binding increases progressively as the concentrations of calcium and magnesium decrease. Maximal binding of deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycosides to human serum is approximately 70% in the absence of divalent cations. The binding of (3)H-labeled gentamicin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases and its bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa is enhanced in the absence of divalent cations. In contrast, binding of (3)H-labeled gentamicin to Escherichia coli and bactericidal activity against E. coli do not vary significantly in the presence and in the absence of divalent cations. Interference with uptake of gentamicin provides a plausible explanation for the observation that the minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin for P. aeruginosa increases as the concentration of calcium or magnesium in bacteriological media increases. Although significant binding of deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycosides to plasma proteins does not occur under normal physiological conditions in man, the possibility remains that variations in protein binding of these aminoglycosides might be significant under pathological conditions."
1137376,"Verdamicin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from fermentation broths of a species of the genus Micromonospora, M. grisea. It has been differentiated from other known related antibiotics by a variety of chemical and biological methods. Its in vitro and in vivo spectrum of activity appears to be similar to those of gentamicin and sisomicin."
1137377,"To reduce the incubation time requirement in the Bauer-Kirby antibiotic susceptibility test, comparisons were made of the test results at 18 to 20 h (standard) and 7 to 8 h (rapid) utilizing 100 recent clinical isolates. The zone diameters for 664 disks were monitored by using the standard classification: resistant, intermediate, or susceptible. The susceptibility determination was unchanged in 558 out of 664 instances (84.0%). An analysis of the remaining 106 sets revealed that an initial interpretation of intermediate in zone size, subsequently determined resistant or susceptible, accounted for 49 of the observed differences. The reverse changes, initial resistant or susceptible subsequently classified as intermediate, accounted for 20 of the changes. In five instances the interpretation changed from susceptible to resistant; in two cases the interpretation changed from resistant to susceptible. The remaining 30 determinations were classified as indeterminant due to (i) insufficient growth at the early (7 to 8 h) determination, and to (ii) zones which were so large that they could not be measured accurately. The data indicate that zone sizes when measured to the nearest 0.1 mm can be interpreted with reasonable accuracy and the results can be available 10 to 14 h sooner."
1137378,"Two clostridocins distinguishable by their different modes of action on Clostridium pasteurianum have been isolated, namely, butyricin 7423 found in cultures of Clostridium butyricum NCIB 7423 and perfringocin 11105 produced by Clostridium perfringens type A, NCIB 11105. Both were trypsin-susceptible proteins which were soluble in concentrated aqueous ethanol and were able to bind large amounts of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. In the presence of Triton X-100, butyricin 7423 behaved as a hydrophobic protein in being concentrated in the polyethylene glycol layer of a three-phase partition system of dextran-Ficoll-polyethylene glycol. Their capacity to bind Triton X-100 was exploited in a purification procedure applicable to both bacteriocins. After aqueous ethanol extraction of an ammonium sulfate-precipitated fraction (and, in the case of the perfringocin, a heat-treatment step), a bacteriocin-Triton X-100 adduct was purified by gel filtration through Sepharose 6B. The bacteriocin was then freed of Triton X-100 by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. Samples of butyricin 7423 purified in this way from different sources contained variable amounts of carbohydrate. Yet sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed the existence of a polypeptide component of 32,500 daltons (+/-10%), which displayed the biological activity of butyricin 7423 in the absence of any detectable associated carbohydrate (or lipid). Preparations of perfringocin 11105 contained no carbohydrate or lipid and migrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis as a single protein component of 76,000 daltons (+/-10%). It was concluded that both bacteriocins behave as amphiphilic proteins, and some implications of this finding are considered."
1137379,"In a rabbit model of herpes simplex corneal ulceration, 5% phosphonoacetic acid solution or ophthalmic ointment suppressed clinical disease and virus replication. The effect of 5% phosphonoacetic acid ointment was equivalent to that of 0.5% idoxuridine ointment in the treatment of this established herpetic eye infection."
1137380,"Initial studies indicate that rifampin may be useful for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Because bacterial resistance to rifampin may develop rapidly, its widespread use could result in the emergence of a resistant flora. This study evaluates the effectiveness of rifampin in reducing the nasal carriage of S. aureus and the rate at which resistant mutants emerge in a tuberculosis hospital where the drug was widely used. Anterior nares cultures were performed four times over a 13-month period. Carriage rates of S. aureus were 1.7% in 227 patients receiving rifampin, 7.8% in 190 patients receiving other antituberculous therapy, and 14.2% in 98 hospital employees (rifampin-treated versus other patients, P < 0.003; rifampin-treated versus employees, P < 0.001; employees versus other patients, P = 0.157). All four strains of S. aureus isolated from patients on rifampin therapy were rifampin resistant. All 16 strains isolated from patients not on rifampin and 15 of 16 strains isolated from hospital personnel were susceptible. One instance of apparent spread of a rifampin-resistant organism occurred in a hospital attendant who had never received rifampin."
1137381,"BL-S 640 was evaluated in vitro by comparison with cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cephalexin. The new compound was more active than the control cephalosporins against most major gram-negative and some gram-positive species. Moreover, its antibacterial spectrum included strains of Enterobacter, Proteus morganii, P. rettgeri, and Providencia stuartii, species generally resistant to the other cephalosporins. BL-S 640 was an effective bactericidal agent for strains of various species of Enterobacteriaceae. In human plasma, the compound was 58% protein bound."
1137382,"The bioavailability and therapeutic properties of BL-S 640 in rodents were compared with those of cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cefazolin after parenteral administration, and cephalexin after oral administration. When given intramuscularly in dosages of 5 to 40 mg/kg, peak concentrations of BL-S 640 in the blood of mice were proportional to dose, but when given orally, they were proportional only up to a dose of 25 mg/kg. After either route of administration, the concentration of BL-S 640 in the blood declined at a slower rate than that of the control compounds. Rats receiving BL-S 640 orally excreted an average of 39% of the drug in the urine. BL-S 640 was highly effective in the treatment of mice infected systemically with a variety of pathogenic bacteria, its therapeutic efficacy in comparison with that of other cephalosporins being frequently in excess of what would have been predicted on the basis of comparative activities in vitro."
1137383,"A microdilution technique using commercially available media and materials was developed and used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, minocycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin for 101 anaerobic isolates. Representative strains of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Peptococcus, and Peptostreptococcus were tested. The use of Schaedler broth at pH 7.2, an inoculum of 10(5) to 10(7) colony-forming units per ml, and incubation at 35 C in an anaerobic glove box with an atmosphere of 80% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen, and 10% carbon dioxide resulted in good growth and easily interpretable results. After 48 h of incubation, 97% of strains tested were inhibited by 3.1 mug or less of clindamycin per ml and 98% were inhibited by 12.5 mug or less of chloramphenicol per ml. Tetracycline and minocycline inhibited 81 and 88% of strains tested in concentrations of 1.6 mug or less per ml and 1.6 mug or less per ml, respectively. Ampicillin inhibited all strains other than B. fragilis in concentrations of 3.1 mug or less per ml. Excluding certain strains of Bacteroides and Clostridium, carbenicillin in concentrations of 12.5 mug or less per ml and cephalothin in concentrations of 6.2 mug or less per ml inhibited all strains tested. Gentamicin was inactive although some strains of anaerobic cocci and Bacteroides were inhibited by 3.1 mug or less per ml. After 18 to 24 h of incubation, eight of the 101 strains had not grown sufficiently for MICs to be determined; for the 93 strains which had grown sufficiently, 93% of 744 MICs were the same or one concentration lower than the 48-h MICs."
1137384,"An investigation to study adsorption of gentamicin and other related aminoglycoside antibiotics to cellulose, diatomaceous earth (Celite), and Seitz filter sheets was carried out. Experiments with five aminoglycosides indicated that 30 to 100% of these antibiotics was adsorbed to cellulose depending on the ratio of antibiotic to adsorbent, and the total quantity could not be removed by acidification. Similarly, a study with gentamicin found adsorption to diatomaceous earth to be in the range of 33 to 98%. Neomycin and gentamicin were also readily adsorbed to Seitz filter sheets. The data indicate that large losses may occur during filtration of these antibiotics under certain conditions, and care should be taken to properly evaluate results during studies with these compounds in the presence of adsorbent materials."
1137385,"The antimicrobial activity of five compounds extracted from marine algae was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli. Three of the compounds, cycloeudesmol, laurinterol, and debromolaurinterol, exhibited activity at concentrations approaching that of streptomycin. None of the compounds inhibited all of the organisms tested. There appeared to be selectivity for gram-positive microbes."
1137386,"The clinical efficacy, patient tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and the single component gentamicin C(1) were studied after single and multiple doses in elderly male patients. Patient tolerance was extremely good at the dose levels used. There was some evidence of renal function impairment due to repeated intramuscular doses of gentamicin, but not gentamicin C(1). The antibiotics were equally effective against the organisms present in the urine of these patients. The pharmacokinetics of the two antibiotic forms were similar, although gentamicin C(1) appeared to have a larger distribution space."
1137387,"Data derived from testing the bactericidal activity of combinations of penicillin with gentamicin or streptomycin and of clindamycin with gentamicin on nine isolates of Streptococcus mutans were analyzed by preparing isobolograms to determine the presence of additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Synergy with penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations was found in two strains; additive effects occurred in seven instances with penicillin-gentamicin combinations; and antagonism occurred in eight instances with clindamycin-gentamicin combinations."
1137388,"The inhibitory effect of lipophilic acids, antimicrobial food additives, and analgesics-antipyretics was examined at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mM in bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) and mammalian cells (HeLa, human fibroblasts, and mouse neuroblastoma cells). Most compounds inhibit the growth of HeLa cells about as efficiently as that of B. subtilis. However, butyrate and propionate, as well as acetaminophen, antipyrene, phenacetin, and salicylamide, inhibit HeLa at millimolar concentrations whereas, at least 10 times higher concentrations are needed to inhibit B. subtilis. The concentrations needed to inhibit growth by 50% decrease with increasing octanol-water partition coefficients of the compound. Growth of E. coli is inhibited similar to that of B. subtilis by all compounds except butylbenzoate, decanoate, and linoleate which cannot penetrate the lipopolysaccharide layer. All growth inhibitors inhibit amino acid uptake into bacteria and their vesicles, and oxygen consumption in bacteria. In HeLa cells or human fibroblasts, neither amino acid uptake nor adenine 5'-triphosphate synthesis are inhibited by fatty acids at concentrations that completely inhibit growth. Short chain fatty acids (propionate, butyrate, and pentanoate) induce in HeLa the formation of cell processes. In neuroblastoma cells, grown in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum, butyrate also induces such processes which slowly continue to grow in length for at least 7 days; these processes differ in speed of formation, width, and cycloheximide susceptibility from the thin processes produced by serum deprivation alone."
1137389,"To assess their potential value as early indicators of gentamicin-induced kidney damage, lysosomal hydrolases were measured in the 24-h urines of rats receiving 30 or 60 mg of gentamicin per kg per day for 15 days. Proteinuria, urine osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance were also measured. Kidney tissue was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Beta-galactosidase, beta-n-acetyl-hexosaminidase, and alpha-fucosidase were sensitive indicators and were significantly elevated above control values by day 3 at both doses (P < 0.01). Proteinuria, urine osmolality, and tests reflecting glomerular filtration rate were later indicators of nephron damage. Changes by light microscopy were detected on day 5. Necrosis was most prominent in the proximal convoluted tubules on day 10. Electron microscopy revealed numerous cytosomes with myeloid bodies within the proximal tubular epithelium on day 5. Lysosomal enzymuria appears to be an early manifestation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity and may possibly be related to the lysosomal abnormalities seen on electron microscopy."
1137392,"The in vitro activity of BL-S640, a 7-(2-aryl-2-aminoacetamido)-3-(heterocyclic-thiomethyl) cephalosporin, was evaluated against 338 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in comparison with ampicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephalexin. Against Escherichia coli, BL-S640 was as active as cefazolin and more active than ampicillin, cephalothin, and cephalexin. BL-S640 was as effective as the other cephalosporins tested and far more active than ampicillin against Klebsiella and was more active than cephalexin against Proteus mirabilis and the indole-positive Proteus. The majority of Enterobacter, Serratia, and Citrobacter were resistant to ampicillin and all the cephalosporins tested. With rare exceptions, the zone of inhibition by the BL-S640 30-mug disk was either larger or the same as the zone obtained by the cephalothin 30-mug disk in the Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility test."
1137415,A case of renal cutaneous metastases simulated Kaposi sarcoma and the condition was misdiagnosed as Kaposi sarcoma. A new technique was employed using the isotope technetium 99m as the compound sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m for the diagnosis and evaluation of the extent of Kaposi sarcoma. The failure to demonstrate a positive isotope scan in our case was a clue to the incorrect diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma.
1137416,"Contact urticaria refers to a wheal-and-flare response occurring on the application of chemicals to intact skin. Standard closed patch tests read at 48 hours after application yield misleading information; observations should be made instead using open patch tests 15 to 30 minutes after application. There are three major subdivisions of the syndrome: nonimmunologic cause (such as application of histamine), immunologic cause (immediate hypersensitivity), and uncertain cause (such as application of ammonium persulfate). Our patient had contact urticaria due to the insect repellent, diethyltoluamide. The experimental data suggest that this case was due to an immunologic response (immediate hypersensitivity) and demarcates the specificity of response. The immunologically mediated cases cover a broad spectrum of manifestations from contact urticaria only to local urticaria plus asthma and, in extreme sensitivity, includes anaphylactoid responses."
1137417,"The presence of mucosal Darier disease (keratosis follicularis) was evaluated clinically and histologically in four consecutive patients with moderate to extensive cutaneous manifestations of this disease. Fiberoptic endoscopy demonstrated hypopharyngeal or laryngeal involvement or both in each patient. A dearth of corps ronds and grains in these anatomical regions was observed histologically. The routine evaluation of mucosal involvement in Darier disease should result in a higher incidence of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal lesions than is currently known. Furthermore, the recognition of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal involvement with Darier disease must be emphasized because of the clinical similarity to leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma."
1137418,"A patient with incontinentia pigmenti archromians, who was born to consanguineous parents, is described. This is the first reported case from Iran, to our knowledge. A number of features of this disease belong more properly to classical incontinentia pigmenti."
1137419,"A 68-year-old man sought dermatologic attention for a tumor of the arm. Biopsy specimen showed abnormal, essentially amelanotic, spindle-shaped cells in the cutis, greatly fibrotic stroma, and focal epidermal invasion. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma was diagnosed. The lesion was widely excised and axillary lymphadenectomy performed; one node showed metastasis. Nine months later, he died with widespread metastatic disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this entity since its delineation in 1971 and the only case in which diagnosis was established on initial biopsy and followed by definitive therapy. Desmoplastic melanoma has been confused with benign fibrosis, invasive fibromatosis, and fibrosarcoma, and is another example, with morpheaform basal cell carcinoma and sclerodermoid metastatic lesions from breast carcinoma, in which desmoplastic stroma may obscure the epithelial nature of cutaneous neoplasm."
1137420,"A woman had a primary pedunculated malignant melanoma. This is a rare form of presentation and may result in clinical confusion with seborrheic keratosis, fibroepithelial papilloma, or granuloma pyogenicum. The aggressive nature of the lesion was indicated by the presence of erosion and bleeding. Though the tumor cells were present only in the pedunculated mass, it had metastasized to regional lymph nodes at the time of surgery."
1137421,"Radon seeds, formerly used for vascular and neoplastic tumors, acne, and other dermatological disorders, are rarely, if ever, used today. Because the half-life of radon is 3.83 days, these hollow gold seeds filled with radon gas are usually left in situ permanently. A case is reported of a woman who had seeds implanted 33 years ago for a vascular lesion. The seeds were removed and found to have minute amounts of residual radiation but not sufficient to cause radiation damage. Since seeds are foreign bodies, removal is recommended if they are easily accessible."
1137422,"A patient had sensory radicular neuropathy. The patient demonstrated features characteristic of this entity: (1) recurrent trophic ulcerations of the hands and feet, (2) onset in early adulthood, (3) distal, dissociated loss of pain and temperature sensation far out of proportion to the loss of other sensory perceptions, and (4) complete sparing of motor function."
1137423,"Three siblings displayed an unusual form of keratoderma characterized by diffuse and striate hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, hyperkeratotic plaques over the dorsum of the hands and toes, and linear hyperkeratotic lesions over the Achilles tendon area, ankles, elbows, and knees. The predominant location of these lesions led to the term acral keratoderma for this disorder. Histologically, besides thickening of all epidermal layers with that of the stratum corneum being most notable, various dyskeratotic changes were evident in the epidermis. Pedigree analysis of the family suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. There were similarities and differences between the type of keratoderma displayed by these three patients and that of patients described previously with the disorder known as keratoma hereditarium mutilans."
1137424,"A 29-year old man had an unusual unilateral lesion of the mucous membranes of the mouth, including the lips, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palate, and uvula. The lesion was a conglomerate of tiny papillomas and had been present since birth. At the age of 8 years, a mass extending from the uvula into the pharynx was surgically excised. The histopathological findings showed acanthosis, papillomatosis, and an inflammatory infiltrate. The findings represent a rare case and perhaps a unique one, to my knowledge."
1137432,"A limited investigation of respiratory and other symptom prevalence, plus before and after shift ventilatory capacity was conducted among a group of 17 meat wrappers exposed to pyrolysis products of polyvinyl chloride and a group of 21 control subjects. Exposed meat wrappers showed a higher prevalence of cough, phlegm, hay fever, and asthma than did the control group. The exposed group also demonstrated relative decreases in forced expiratory volume, one second (FEV1.0) and forced expiratory flow 50% (FEF50) after one shift of work; whereas, the controls showed an opposite tendency. These findings suggest that meat wrappers exposed to pyrolysis products of polyvinyl chloride might be adversely affected. The results, while suggestive, are not totally conclusive owing to the fact that there was not ideal matching of the exposed and control groups in regard to age, height, race, sex, and smoking status."
1137433,"The incidence and characteristics of cement-asbestos pneumoconiosis were compared with those of asbestosis and cement pneumoconiosis in three homogeneous samples of cases. The clinical, functional, and radiological features of cement-asbestos pneumoconiosis are similar to those of classical asbestosis, but the observed changes are less common and occur after a longer exposure."
1137434,"Lead storage in teeth was evaluated by examining the lead concentration in deciduous teeth of 32 children whose habits of pica and state of lead exposure had been studied when they were between 1 and 3 years of age. Concentratios of lead in their teeth depended on the reported amount of paint or plaster intake and the duration of exposure. The mean dental concentration of lead in exposed children was significantly higher than the mean value in 36 controls, who presumably did not have undue exposure to lead. A difference in dental lead concentration related to living area was noted. The significant difference in lead content of teeth between the two groups, even though the concentrations of lead in blood at 8 years of age were similar, emphasizes the importance of dental lead measurments for retrospective studies of lead exposure."
1137435,A multistage cryogenic trapping system was used to sample and concentrate trace organic constituents in human respiratory gas. Chemical analysis was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Respiratory compound identification and production rate data are given for eight human test subjects. This study reports on the use of the sampling technique to diagnose metabolic diseases and for application in the study of industrial exposure.
1137436,"Ozonides of the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were found to produce Heinz body inclusions in human and mouse erythrocytes. No simple relationships between structure and activity were noted. Concomitant with Heinz body formation, methemoglobin and loss of cellular thiols were observed. Methyl ozonides readily oxidized glutathione and 1 mole of oxidized glutathione was formed per mole of methyl oleate ozonide. Methyl ozonides catalyzed the formation of disulfide-linked interchain polymers between hemoglobin and ovalbumin. Heinz bodies were not produced with ozone in the absence of unsaturated lipids. Heinz bodies were observed in the blood of mice exposed to ozone (0.85 ppm) for 48 hours. These observations suggest that fatty acid ozonides could serve as a toxic chemical species formed on ozone inhalation and could explain the divergent protective effects of lipid antioxidants and thiol generating systems in vivo."
1137437,"The distribution and excretion of different body burdens of methylmercury (MeHg) have been investigated in the squirrel monkey. In monkeys given weekly 0.8 mg/kg doses, orally, of 203-MeHg, a linear correlation was observed between the concentrations of radioactive Hg in the blood and brain to as much as a blood concentration of 1 mug/gm. Above this level, the ratio of concentration in the brain and blood was increased. The total Hg concentration in bile collected from the bile duct was 10% to 30% of that in blood, while the concentration in bile from the gallbladder approached that in the blood. The total Hg concentration in feces was always more than ten times that in urine. Biotransformation of MeHg to inorganic mercury has been demonstrated; in the liver about 20% of the total mercury was inorganic, in the kidney 50%, and in the bile 30% to 85%. In the brain less than 5% of the total mercury was inorganic. After a single 0.8 mg/kg dose, orally, of 203-MeHg, the halftime for total Hg in blood was 49 plus or minus 2.8 days, and in the whole body 134 plus or minus 2.7 days. During the first four days after dosing, the decrease in blood concentration was more rapid than that occurring later, due to a redistribution within tissue compartments. A differential distribution of MeHg within the brain has been demonstrated in animals that showed clinical signs of intoxication."
1137439,"(1) An epidemiological study of an urban South African Negro community has been carried out in Johannesburg. Altogether 964 respondents were examined and in each case radiographs of the hands and feet were obtained. Rheumatoid factor tests were carried out on 404 serum samples. (2) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was graded 'definite' or 'probable' on the basis of a modification of the Rome criteria (Kellgren, Jeffrey, and Ball, 1963a). (3) In marked contrast to the findings in rural Africans the prevalence of RA in this community was similar to that in Caucasian populations. Five respondents (all elderly women) had 'definite' RA, giving a prevalence of 1.4% of the females and 0.9% of the total population sample over 15 years old. The prevalence of 'definite' and 'probable' RA combined was 2.6% for males, 3.7% for females, and 3.3% for all individuals over 15 years old. Prevalence increased with age, reaching a maximum in the 65- to 74-year cohort. (4) The form and severity of the clinical and radiological features were unlike the mild manifestations seen in rural African peoples and closely resembled the usual clinical picture of rheumatoid disease. (5) The latex fixation test was positive in 12.1% of the sera tested, which is similar to the high titres found in other African populations. No obvious cause for this phenomenon was found. (6) Several reasons for the marked difference in prevalence of RA between this urban African population and a rural African population are considered. Marked intraracial differences such as this point to the importance of sociological and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis."
1137440,"(1) An epidemiological study of a rural African community has been carried out in the Western Transvaal. Altogether 801 respondents over 15 years old were examined; radiographs of the hands and feet were obtained in all these individuals. Serological tests for rheumatoid factor were carried out on 516 blood samples. (2) The diagnosis of inflammatory polyarthritis was based on a modification of the Rome Criteria of 1961. Two categories were defined: 'definite' and 'probable' rheumatoid arthritis. (3) In this population inflammatory polyarthritis was much less common and much milder in its manifestations than in European and American peoples. The prevalence of 'definite' rheumatoid arthritis was 0.12% and of 'definite' and 'probable' rheumatoid arthritis combined, 0.87. Such changes as were encountered on clinical and radiological examination were invariably mild; no respondent in the entire survey had clinical features that would have been accepted in the ordinary way as those of rheumatoid arthritis. (4) The latex fixation test (LFT) was positive in 8.9% of the sera tested; the modified LFT aftaer inactivation of the serum at 56 degrees C was positive in 15.1% of cases. Similar findings in West African populations have been explained on the basis of alteration of the immune response by widespread parasitic infections. No obvious aetiological factor of this type was found in the present survey."
1137441,"Data have been analysed from a retrospective review of 151 patients with monarthritis of more than 3 months' duration, usually involving the knee joint. The largest group, 49 patients (32%), had synovitis of unknown cause, 44 (29%) had synovitis probably associated with osteoarthrosis and 13 (9%) were diagnosable at presentation as having rheumatoid arthritis according to American Rheumatism Association (1959) criteria, which include serological and histological findings. There was only one case of tuberculous synovitis. Twelve of the thirteen patients diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis developed involvement in other joints. In most other conditions, however, including synovitis of uknown cause, the prognosis was favourable, with either improvement or complete remission."
1137442,"A survey of joint mobility was conducted in 295 healthy children between the ages of 5 and 10 years who attended a London primary school. Estimates of the commonly used measurements, that is passive dorsiflexion of the wirsts and ankles, passive hypertension of the elbows and knee, were too insensitive to detect any age effect. However, a method of estimating extensibility of the 5th metacarpophalangeal joint in response to a standard load detected a highly significant inverse correlation between joint mobility and age in the samples significant inverse correlation between joint mobility and age in the samples tested ( r = -0.586; P less than 0.0001). There was no apparement sex difference. Skinfold thickness using the Harpenden caliper over the 3rd metacarpal bone and the in vivo skin elasticity measured using a suction cup device performed on a sample of 78 of the children revealed no influence of either age or sex on these parameters. This is in sharp contradistinction to the effect of both age and sex in these two parameters in adults..."
1137443,"Case notes of the last 67 patients to present at the Brompton Hospital with nontuberculous empyemas, and without malignant disease, have been examined. Three cases of empyema in association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were found, and these cases are reported. Previous literature concerning this association is reviewed. It is concluded that two types of empyema may occur in patients with RA. Some develop in association with nodular pleuropulmonary disease and the formation of pyopneumothoraces; in other cases large, recurrent, primary empyemas build up in the presence of active rheumatoid disease alone. As with rheumatoid pleural effusions, middle-aged men seem to be particularly susceptible."
1137470,"Recordings of pressure within the bladder, urethra, rectum, and external anal sphincter with image intensification and videotaping were carried out in spinal cord injury patients with complete and incomplete lesions, during spinal shock and in the chronic stage. The behavior of the external urethral sphincter and the somatic and visceral motor reflexes of the sacral segments were studied, during and after spinal shock. During spinal shock the majority of patients retained sacral somatomotor activity, in the absence of visceromotor activity, and resistance values at the external urethral sphincter remained high. Vascular oscillations were recorded in the membranous urethra. The highest resistance found in the membranous urethra was at the distal part of the external sphincter."
1137471,"Experiments designed to examine the relationship between electrical and mechanical events in voluntarily contracting human muscle were performed. Experiments reported in the literature, as well as our own, were categorized according to technique into one of four types: (1) isometric-isotonic, (2) isometric-anisotonic,(3) anisometric-isotonic or (4) anisometric-anisotonic. A general relationship between the absolute value of the surface electromyogram (the absolute value of E and the force (F) generated by the contraction is proposed. This is the integral of the absolute value of E dt = k-1integralF dx i-2integralF dt, where k-1 and k-2 are constants. In the isometric-isotonic condition, this equation reduces to a linear relation between the average electromyogram and the force of contraction. A quadratic relation exists in the isometric-anisotonic, constantly increasing contraction, between the integrated electromyogram and the force of contraction. Also, this equation predicts linear relations for anisometric-isotonic contractions, and quadratic relations for an accelerated rate of contraction, between the average electromyogram and force of contraction. Both the data reported in the literature and our data provide confirmatory evidence for the unifying theory offered in this paper."
1137472,"Infrared thermography contributes to the care of insensitive limbs. The inflammatory response of near damaged or damaged tissue presents areas of increased heat on the surface which can be detected and followed. Thermography was found to be a valuable aid to the established management methods used for insensitivity problems including management of healing and freshly healed ulcerations, management of neuropathic bone and joint problems and fitting of prosthetic devices and custom shoes. The most important contribution thermography offered was the detection of irritated tissue prior to frank breakdown often in time to prevent permanent injury if quick and effective management followed."
1137474,"Profound membrane irritability localized primarily to the paraspinal muscles was the major electromyographic criterion proposed by LaBan and associates to predict the early presence and localization of spinal metastatic disease. A retrospective review was recently conducted to determine the accuracy of this interpretation and the effect of the electromyographic report on the attending physician's subsequent workup. In an analysis of 1800 electromyograms at Riverside Hospital, 91 cases were found which met the following criteria: (1) three or more paraspinal segments involved, (2) little or no membrane irritability in the anterior rami, and (3) no previous surgery on the paraspinal area. The proven discharge diagnoses were carcinoma in 24%, herniated nucleus pulposus in 28%, degenerative disc disease in 16%, diabetes mellitus in 9% and miscellaneous in 8%; in 15% no diagnosis could be made. We were unable to differentiate some cases of herniated nucleus pulposus from carcinoma using such criteria as profoundness of levels or number of spinal segments involved. There are partial explanations of why only paraspinal segments may be involved with profound changes in the diseases mentioned, but no explanation for the widespred involvement in localized disease such as a herniated disc. At our hospital it was interesting to note that internists infrequently order myelography or cerebrospinal fluid analysis while orthopedists, neurosurgeons and neurologists rarely order metastatic surveys."
1137478,The effectiveness of biofeedback training was compared to conventional physical therapy training in 20 adult hemiparetic patients with chronic foot-drop. They were randomly placed into two groups of ten patients each: the first group treated over five weeks with therapeutic exercise and the second group treated over five weeks with therapeutic exercise plus biofeedback training. In the second group receiving the biofeedback training the increase in both strength and range of motion was approximately twice as great as in the first group. The improvement displayed by even the first group of patients suggests that a potential for functional improvement exists that is often unexploited. The addition of biofeedback facilitates the process. Four patients in the biofeedback group achieved and retained conscious control of dorsiflexion; three of them are now able to walk without the use of the short leg brace.
1137479,"The degree of pain reported by ten volunteers upon electrical stimulation of their peroneal nerves was measured while stimulus parameters were varied. The responses were compared for stimulations, all of which produced the same amount of ankle torque. The stimulation parameters examined were pulse duration, 0.3 and 1.0 msec; repetition frequence, 20, 50 and 100 hertz; pulse shape, square wave and exponential wave; impedance of stimulator output, constant voltage and constant current; direct current bias, positive or negative to the stimulus; and wave phase, uniphasic and biphasic. Pulse duration of 0.3 msec and constant voltage output were the only two parameters significantly associated with minimum pain response. Analysis of voltage and current wave forms for the different stimulus parameters indicated that the sensation of pain was dependent upon the total amount of electrical charge delivered to the tissue with the pulse."
1137480,"The purpose of this investigation was to assess the adaptations of middle-aged women and men to a ten-week physical training program. Before and after training on a treadmill maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), heart rates and blood lactate were measured. Also, heart rates during submaximal exercise were observed. Additional measurements were made for body fat (skinfold method), resting blood pressure, heart rate and vital capacity. The training program consisted of a 30-minute walking and jogging exercise, three to four days per week. As a result of the training, oxygen consumption at exhaustion increased from 1.72 to 2.18 liters-min (29.2 to 37.4 ml/kg times min) for the women; 2.78 to 3.42 liters-min (33.7 to 41.8 ml/kg times min) for the men. The mean weight loss for the groups (0.7 kg and 0.8 kg) was negligible. Estimates of body fat (skinfold method) showed a significant loss of maximal exercise decreased significantly. No significant decreases in basal heart rate, blood pressure or vital capacity were observed. These data suggest that sedentary middle-aged women respond to vigorous physical training much like sedentary middle-aged men do."
1137481,"Physical conditioning using weighted ankle spats was evaluated in eight men in the age range 33 to 45 years (mean, 38.4). Evaluation consisted of pretraining and posttraining heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) responses to five submaximal work loads: cycling six minutes at 600 kilopond meter per minute (kpm/min); level walking for ten minutes at both 4.0 and 5.6 km/hr with and without a 1.5-kg weight spat added to each ankle. After the initial baseline evaluation, subjects wore 1.5-kg weight spats on both ankles for three weeks and were reevaluated; during the next three-week period weight was increased to 2.25 kg per ankle. Following the six-week evaluation period, subjects did not wear ankle spats, and detraining was evaluated after three weeks. A control group of four subjects was evaluated at these same submaximal work loads on three different occasions with three-week periods between evaluations. The experimental group wore the spats about 13.5 hours per day and averaged 6.85 km/day (4.25 miles per day) during training. After six weeks of training, submaximal HR decreased 6 to 9 beats per minute (P smaller than 0.05) from pretraining values for all five submaximal work loads; predicted VO2 max and predicted work capacity to achieve a HR of 170 beats per minute increased by approximately 10%. Detraining submaximal HR responses increased slightly, but not significantly, from post six-week training responses. Control group submaximal responses were unchanged between evaluations. It was concluded that individuals who initially possess a low level of cardiorespiratory fitness may have a low threshold for training. Thus, leg weight conditioning may be extremely useful for rehabilitation of patients and for sedentary middle-aged men as special adaptation prio to more high intensity training."
1137482,"Twenty-four male volunteers took part in four different leg-lift strength tests to study the effects of (a) holding bar in hands, (b) lunging, (c) belt slippage and (d) changes in knee angle. Test method A involved the use of the traditional bar and belt with no restriction of lunging. Test method B was the same as test method A with the exception that lunging was controlled. Test method C involved the use of experimental bar and belt with lunging controlled. Subjects were not allowed to hold the bar in this test. Test method D was the same as test method C except that the subjects were instructed to grasp the bar with their hands. The results showed that most accurate strength scores were obtained with test method C in which experimental belt and bar were employed to eliminate the use of hands, minimize belt slippage and control lunging."
1137483,"Sexual functioning in patients with spinal cord injury has been the subject of considerable research interest in recent years. There have been numerous studies of both physiological and psychological aspects of sexual functioning, but only the physiological part of this literature has been organized in a systematic fashion. This paper reviews 33 articles that deal mainly or exclusively with psychosocial aspects of sexuality. It is observed that the psychosocial literature in this area is relatively diffuse, dealing with concepts that are inadequately specified and validated."
1137487,"Three groups of four dogs each underwent proximal gastric vagotomy, truncal vagotomy, or truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Two dogs had sham operations. Gallbladder bile was aspirated and measured. Aliquots were cultured and assayed for cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile salts initially and at subsequent laparotomies. Both truncal vagotomy groups showed marked increases in aspirate volume at subsequent laparotomies. The sham and proximal gastric vagotomy groups showed a small initial decrease in mean aspirate volume without further significant changes. When the bile assay data were plotted on triangular coordinates, all point for all groups remained well within the area of cholesterol solubility. Nevertheless, two dogs in each truncal vagotomy group were found to have gallstones. No stones were found in the sham and proximal gastric vagotomy groups. Proximal gastric vagotomy appears to preserve fasting gallbladder bile volume and does not alter bile composition in the dog."
1137488,"Clearance of a parenchymal injection of xenon Xe 133 from the jejunum was used to asses changes in tissue perfusion produced by variations in superiorr mesenteric artery flow resulting from partial aortic occlusion. Disappearance of xenon from submucosa and muscularis was similar and reproducible. The biexponential function of the isotope clearanc exhibited a rapid initial component representing mean flow. Calculated xenon clearance rates, expressed as half-times for isotope disappearance and plotted as a function of decreasing superior mesenteric artery flow, were characteristically rapid for a broad range of superio mesenteric artery flows (90 to 600 ml/min). With reduction of superior mesenteric artery flow beyond 80 plus or minus 10 ml/min, tissue clearance of xenon was markedly prolonged. Adequate perfusion of the vascular compartments of the small bowel as measured by xenon clearance was maintained until 80% reduction of superior mesenteric artery flow."
1137489,"Two patients with spontaneous aortocaval fistulas are described and compared with 67 cases reported in the English literature. Symptoms may vary widely; however, the presence of an expansile abdominal mass with a continuous bruit is usually diagnostic. The only successful management is promt repair of the vena caval defect and the aortic aneurysm. A third patient with spontaneous rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm into the left renal vein is alos described. Only five similar cases could be found in the work literature. Left flank pain, pulsatile abdominal mass, continuous bruit, and hematuria is the usual clinical picture. All of these cases involved an anomalous left retroaortic renal vein and all patients survived the necessary surgical correction. The operation of choice is closure of the defect in the retroaortic left renal vein and repair of the aneurysm."
1137490,"The indirect measurement of ophthalmic arterial blood pressure is an important index in the understanding of cerebral vacsular hemodynamics. Ophthalmodynamometry (ODM), the prototype for such measurement, is, however, replete with difficulties that have limited its widespread use. A preliminary evaluation of a new technique for ODM identified as ocular plethysmodynamography, has yielded accurate opthalmic blood pressure data without the attendant problems. Reproducible values for bilateral ophthalmic arterial pressure levels have been determined in 30 normal volunteers and the levels correlated to brachial arterial pressure levels. In a series of patients with arteriographically demonstrable carotid obstructive lesions, the preoperative and postoperative ophthalmic arterial blood pressure relationships exhibited excellent correlation with the roentgenographic and intraoperative data."
1137491,"Two hundred sixty-five patients who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer disease were observed postoperatively, 220 for two to ten years, with an average follow-up of five years. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty carried a higher overall recurrence rate (3.6%) than did subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy (1%), largely because of the high ulcer recurrence rate more than two years after operation for massive bleeding (9.2%) rather than that following elective operation (1.8%). Thirty-five percent of these patients with recurrent ulcers did well with medical management and did not require a second operation. The mortality of vagotomy and pyloroplasty for a massively bleeding ulcer (11%) was less than that following subtotal gastrectomy (21%). The mortality of elective vagotomy and pyloroplasty was 1%."
1137492,"Esophagogastric fistula developed in two patients following operations combining fundoplication and other operative procedures on the esophagus. To our knowledge, this complication has not been previously reported or described. Accurate endoscopy and appropriate barium roentgenographic studies provided the definitive diagnosis. A second reconstruction was successful in one patient; conservative treatment was sufficient in the other."
1137493,"Diarrhea, often profuse, accompanied by skin excoriation and nutritional and electrolyte depletion is a major complication of ileostomy. In an attempt to improve the course of these patients, an experimental study using dogs was undertaken to investigate an antiperistaltic ileal segment for the prevention of ileostomy diarrhea. Ileostomies were created in dogs. All the dogs with ileostomies died within nine days of weight loss and massive electrolyte and water depletion. A second group of animals underwent creation of an ileostomy simultaneously, with an antiperistaltic ileal segment placed 30.5 cm proximal to the ileostomy. These dogs maintained their weight and electrolyte and water balance. The stools in the group with the reversed ileal segment became semisolid to solid, compared to the watery diarrhea of dogs with ileostomies only."
1137494,"A 51-year-old man was hospitalized and operated on for gastric carcinoma with widespread metastases and died two months after the laparatomy and biopsy examination. Two years prior to the operation, he deveoped nephrotic syndrome. Anaplastic carcinoma, linitis plastica form, of the stomach was found in the tumor biopsy examination and at autopsy. Light and electron microscopical studies of the kidney biopsy specimen taken at laparatomy confirmed the presence of membranous glomerulopathy. An immunologic basis of the concomitant appearance of malignant neoplasms and nephrotic syndrome is possible, based on reported cases. There is also a possibility that renal damage occurs more commonly in malignant neoplasms, but is not recognized clinically."
1137495,"Minor technical errors may jeopardize the patency of femoral-popliteal bypass grafts. In an attempt to detect such errors, intraoperative arteriography has been routinely employed. It allows immediate recognition and correction of the most common abnormal findings: intraluminal debris, intimal dissection, distal thrombosis, arterial spasm, and kinking of the graft."
1137496,A technique of intraoperative arteriography for evaluating the technical construction of femoral popliteal bypass involves dierect injection of contrast material into the vein graft after construction of the distal anastomosis. This allows full assessment of the anastomosis and of graft position prior to transection of the graft or proximal femoral arteriotomy.
1137497,A transverse incision is reported with an oblique counterincision performed in such a manner as to satisfy all Halstedian criteria for tissue removal and to allow as little as possible skin incision to approach the clavicular area. Closure is planned so that there is no tenting of skin or limitation of shoulder motion.
1137502,"Analyses of the polypeptide composition of influenza B viruses by 13 per cent SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are reported. The viruses contained polypeptides of eight species ranging in molecular weight from 27,000 to 78,000. Four of them were glocypeptides and were selectively removed from the surface of the virion by Bromelain treatment. One of the blycopeptides was identified as viral neuraminidase. Three antigenically distinct strains of influenza virus, B/Lee/40, B/Massachusetts/1/71 and B/Hong Kong/5/72, showed an essentially identical electrophoretic picture, although strain-to-strain difference was observed in the migration rate of HA1 and HA2 polypeptides."
1137503,Antibody and cell-bound immune response were assessed in rabbits inoculated by the intravenous route with Cenedehill or with wild rubella virus. Our results suggest that wild or attenuated live rubella virus induce a transient unresponsiveness of the lymphocytes to PHA stimulation in vitro and suggest also that this immunosuppression was due to the persistence of rubella virus in the lymphocytes.
1137505,"Young rats 6 to 22 days of age are extremely susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of hexachlorophene given as a daily bath of undiluted antiseptic detergent containing 3% hexachlorophene (pHiso-Hex). At this age, most rats are clinically and histologically damaged by as few as two daily baths. Younger rats are relatively resistant, probably because they have less myelin to be affected; older rats cannot be poisoned by this route, probably because the more mature liver excretes the drug more effectively. Age-dose-response curves in rats are similar to those in humans. This experimental model is potentially useful in defining other characteristics of this drug."
1137506,"To assess neurotoxic effects of hexachlorophene in the human population previously shown to be most at risk, a blind clinicopathological analysis was made of all premature infants under 1,400 gm birth weight who survived at least four days and were examined by autopsy over a 7.5-year period. Repeated whole-body bathing of premature newborn infants in 3% hexachlorophene-bearing soap (undiluted pHisoHex) shows a significant statistical association with a vacuolar encephalopathy of the brain stem reticular formation. The prevalence of the vacuolar encephalopathy in premature infants on whom we have adequate brain stem histological information appears to be related to the number of exposures to hexachlorophene, the concentration of hexachlorophene, the thoroughness of rinsing, and other factors (including exposure to ultraviolet light)."
1137507,"Twenty-seven asymptomatic children with confirmed chronic increased lead absorption were compared with 27 matched control children for evidence of neuropsychological impairment. Evaluation of each child included a complete history, physical examination, quantitative neurological tests, and comprehensive psychological tests. There was significantly increased incidence of hyperactive behavior in the subjects with increased lead levels, but there was no significant difference in any of the quantitative test results. Uncontrolled variables, especially lead absorption in infancy and adverse environmental pressures other than lead, still leave questions about the relationship between chronic lead exposure and behavior of intelligence."
1137510,"The literature concerning cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm contains no definitive study of patients to determine whether there is (1) any clinical picture consistently present coincident with known cerebral vasospasm, (2) any relationship between mortality and known vasospasm, and (3) any relationship between serious brain damage (morbidity) and known vasospasm. To answer these important questions, experience with 198 consecutive acute SAH patients (every patient had a cerebral angiogram demonstrating one or more intracranial aneurysms) was studied. The experience with these 198 consecutive patients led to the conclusions that (1) there is no clinical picture consistently present coincident with known cerebral vasospasm; (2) cerebral vasospasm has no effect on the mortality from SAH due to ruptured aneurysm; and (3) there is no relationship between the frequency and severity of the complications from surgical or conservative treatment and the presence or absence of vasospasm."
1137511,"Cerebral ischemia was induced in gerbils by bilateral carotid ligation for periods of 10 to 40 minutes. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by hydrogen clearance. Following ischemia, ultimate clinical and electroencephalogram recovery could be predicted in every case within the first five minutes by recovery could be predicted in every case within the first five minutes by recovery of CBF to at least 100% of the control level. In animals without EEC recovery, the postischemic CBF was always less than 80% of control and progressively declined to zero. Residual flow during ischemia appeared to minimize the likelihood of brain death. The determination of ultimate brain death appeared to coincide with a major circulatory abnormality that is probably microvascular."
1137512,"The state of water in three types of brain edema and in normal brain of the rat was studied by the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. In cold-induced edema and in osmotic edema both in cortex and in white matter, the water protons have longer nuclear magnetic relaxation times than in normal brain. The observed changes correlate with the water content of the brain tissue. In triethyltin induced edema, no change was found for relaxation times in the cortex, whereas in the white matter, an additional fraction was observed with much longer relaxation times, attributable to fluid within the vesicles in the myelin sheaths. Since the NMR technique is non-destructive, it is potentially applicable in the living patient as a method for the detection of brain lesions that are accompanied with changes of brain water."
1137513,"The vascular hypothesis of the cause of muscular dystrophy suggests that ischemia is responsible for the muscle fiber necrosis. A xenon 133 clearance study of muscle blood flow in Duchenne and other muscular dystrophies showed no obvious difference between the response to exercise and arterial occlusion compared with control subjects. Radioautographic study of distribution of 4-125l-antipyrine in skeletal muscle of mice with muscular dystrophy showed no abnormal areas of ischemia. A statistical examination was also made of the grouping of damaged fibers, one of the observations on which the vascular hypothesis was based. Only 0.9% of fibers undergoing phagocytosis occurred in groups of four or more fibers in greater frequency than would have been expected by chance, and 70% of such fibers were isolated. These studies argue strongly against the vascular hypothesis of the cause of muscular dystrophy."
1137514,"In a single monkey, the surface of the cerebellum was stimulated electrically for 205 hours with electrodes and parameter values similar to those currently used in humans for treatment of epilepsy. Im pedance of stimulating and nonstimulating control electrodes remained unchanged throughout an observation period of six months. Potentials evoked by cerebellar stimulation could be recorded from the cranium, providing a noninvasive technique of determining the level of current delivered to cerebellum. Examination of the implantation site showed marked meningeal thickening surrounding the stimulating electrodes. Such thickening was not observed surrounding a control set. Light and electron microscopical examination revealed severe loss of Purkinje cells in tissue near the stimulating electrodes. There was also a moderate loss in other parts of cerebellar cortex down to a depth of about 1 mm from the exposed surface. Biochemical analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities consistent with the morphologic evidence of widespread tissue damage."
1137515,Two patients with severe idiopathic polyneuritis demonstrated marked bilateral limitation of upper lid descent during the acute phase of their illness. Accompanying facial weakness does not adequately explain this phenomenon and the possibility of supranuclear levator dysfunction is raised.
1137516,"Forty-six patients with enlarged sella turcica and pneumographic evidence of an intrasellar mass were initially untreated. The courses were variable, and 50% did not require subsequent treatment. All patients with initial visual involvement developed progressive visual impairment. Of patients with clinical evidence of pituitary insufficiency, 66% developed visual field defects and required treatment. Only one patient, whose sole symptom was headache, was subsequently treated, and no asymptomatic patient developed subsequent symptoms and required treatment. Asymptomatic patients with an enlarged sella turcica should have an air study to exclude an ""empty sella"" syndrome or primary hypothyroidism."
1137556,"The influence of experimental hyperthyroidism (intraperitoneal injection of crystalline L-thyroxine 1 mg/kg/day, 8-18 days) on cardiac mechanics in contractility in situ were studied in 30 hyperthyroid cats and compared with an euthyroid control group (n equals 30). 1. In hyperthyroidism left ventricular weight was considerably increased. Hypertrophy in hyperthyroidism represents a special case of myocardial hypertrophy, associated with an increase of myocardial performance. 2. Heart rate, systolic pressure, cardiac index, external cardiac work and tension time index were increased by 60-180 per cent. 3. Indices of contractility (dp/dtmax, t-dp/dtmax, dp/dtmax/IP) as well as isovolumetric force velocity relationships and VCE-max and Vmax demonstrated a considerable increase of contractility. Maximum rate isovolumetric pressure fall was increased by 120 per cent. Experimental hyperthyroidism is characterized by hypercirculation associated with increases of pressure, volume and velocity factors. The results are discussed with regards to the effects of increased cardiac mechanics on myocardial energy balance."
1137557,The effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on myocardial mechanics was examined on isolated ventricular myocardium (right ventricular papillary muscle) of cats. 1. Isotonic muscle contraction and isometric tension development were largely unchanged compared with euthyroidism. 2. Isotonic contraction velocity and maximal isometric tension rise velocity showed considerable rises of between 41 and 78%. 3. Force-velocity relations of contraction showed changes with increases of contraction velocity with every degree of load. 4. Force-velocity relations of isotonic relaxation showed increases of isotonic relaxation maxima with comparable loads without any alteration of the typical course of the relaxation curves compared with euthyroidism. 5. Lowering the temperature (from 34 to 24 degrees C) produced a considerable fall of the raised contraction and relaxation velocity in hyperthyroidism whereas the values of muscle contraction and tension development important for the pump function were largely unchanged. It is concluded that the myocardium in experimental hyperthyroidism is characterised by a primarily velocity-related increase of inotropy. Lowering the temperature produces an effective fall of the raised velocity values. The mechanisms of the increase of inotropy and significance of the findings are discussed.
1137558,"The local dilatory reserve of the canine coronary vasculature was studied with the particle distribution technique. Normal ventricles and hearts with slowly progressive narrowing of both the left circumflex coronary artery and the right coronary artery were studied. In spite of chronic occlusion of 2 coronary arteries myocardial infarction did not occur in the majority of animals because of collateral development. Coronary reserve was determined by producing graded to maximal coronary vasodilation. In normal hearts flow increased homogeneously over the entire left ventricle. In hearts with chronic coronary occlusion coronary vasodilation produced non-homogeneous increases in flow: collateral dependent myocardium received less blood flow than myocardium supplied by normal coronary arteries. Early after coronary occlusion the total coronary reserve was less than normal and the dilatory reserve of collateral dependent vessels was markedly diminished. Late (6 months) after coronary occlusion the total coronary reserve was still below normal but the dilatory reserve of collateral dependent vessels had improved. A new quantitative index of collateral function is defined as the level of coronary flow (delivered through normal coronary arteries) at which collateral flow deviates from homogeneous perfusion. Collateral function, when so defined, increases by a factor of almost 6 times between 4 weeks (early after coronary occlusion) and 6 months (late after occlusion) after the implantation of occluding devices."
1137563,"In the chicken population at large, three electrophoretically distinct pancreatic alpha-amylase isozymes were discovered. The isozymes were designated Pa 1, Pa 2, and Pa 3. The local population of chickens, however, possessed only isozymes Pa 2 and Pa 3 present as three phenotypes: Amy-2 B, consisting of isozyme Pa2; Amy2 BC, consisting of isozymes Pa 2 plus Pa 3; and Amy2 C, consisting of isozyme Pa 3. Pancreatic biopsy permitted the establishment of a breeding flock with defined amylase phenotypes. Matings of this flock established that amylases are inherited as codominant alleles at a single genetic locus. Further, there was no evidence of ontogenetic modification of the amylase isozymes. It was observed that amylase isozymes Pa 2 and Pa 3 each generated a family of at least three faster-migrating amylolytic proteins. These post-translationally modified amylases were designated Pa Xa, Pa Xb, and Pa Xc, where X represents the number of the progenitor amylase. Structural analyses of purified amylases demonstrated that all amylase isozymes are nonglycosidated, monomeric molecules of molecular weight 55,000. In addition, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the faster-migrating amylases are produced by deamidation of asparagine and/or glutamine residues."
1137564,"A fast-migrating F' zone of the prealbumin serum esterase system of rabbits is demonstrated in low frequency in the breed Vienna White (stock Cpb:VW). Evidence is given that this zone is controlled by a third allele of the Est-2 locus. The zymotypic expression of this allele (Est-2-F') shows codominance in combination with the Est-2-F allele and complete dominance in combination with the Est-2-F' allele. In contradistinction to the F zones of the Est-2-F allele, the F' zone possesses no atropinesterase activity."
1137565,"In phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid Cyprinid fish species, erythrocyte volumes, protein contents, and mean activities of the enzymes LDH, 6PGD, and PGI per cell per active gene locus decline with increasing DNA contents. These findings are assumed to reflect an evolutionary tendency of polyploids to regulate their genic activity down to the level of the diploids."
1137560,"The effect of 0.1 mg/kg Verapamil on the extent of the ischemic area following ligation of a branch of the left descending coronary artery was studied in anesthetized open chest dogs. The sum of the ST-segment elevation during the entire period of occlusion in the epicardial ECG was 15 mV in control infarction compared to 9 mV (p smaller than 0.0005) when Verapamil was infused after ligation. Mean flow in the left descending coronary artery was reduced by coronary ligation alone on the average by 23%, but augmented by Verapamil for 5% above pre-occlusion control flow. Corresponding to the rise in the coronary flow and the drop in perfusion pressure under the influence of Verapamil, the increase of left coronary artery resistance induced by coronary occlusion was diminished. The positive effect of Verapamil on the size of myocardial infarction as estimated from the epicardial ST-segment changes is probably not induced by coronary vasodilatation, but by the Ca-antagonizing effect of this drug, as described by other authors."
1137559,"Arrested rabbit hearts were perfused in normothermia for up to two hours by a cardioplegic erythrocyte-containing solution having an increased Mg++-, procaine-, and a reduced NaCl-content. After this time, hearts did not reveal any sign of anoxic or toxic damage in their metabolic pattern, in their ultrastructural picture, and in their functional capacity after reanimation. Despite a small loss in adenine nucleotide content, the ATP/ADP ratio and the PC content were raised. The contents of glycogen and glycolytic intermediates were normal or slightly reduced. After two hours of perfusion mitochondria showed no swelling, their membrane structure was unaltered. The myofibrils were well aggregated. The number of glycogen granules was increased. Hearts were reanimated after two hours of cardioplegia and could be loaded by pressure and volume."
1137566,"The ontogeny of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes was examined in avian hybrids and compared with the isozyme patterns of the parental species. Hybrids were obtained by crossing female Japanese quali (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with male domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). By use of starch gel electrophoresis and an enzyme-specific stain, traces of embryonic paternally derived LDH were detected in unincubated hybrid eggs. It was concluded that the embryonic genes coding for the B subunits of LDH are activated during the hours between fertilization and oviposition. In early blastoderms, a great excess of maternally stored LDH is present. In the hybrid, the predominantly maternal pattern of isozymes shifts during embryogenesis to a predominantly paternal pattern. This was considered evidence for differential allelic regulation of LDH inactivation. A progressive trend toward the establishment of the adult distribution of isozymes in various tissues was also observed in the hybrid and quail, and found to be similar to chicken LDH isozyme ontogeny."
1137567,"Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of larval, pupal, and adult stages of Culex p. quinquefasciatus has been characterized by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and other physicochemical means. It exists as a multiple molecular form possessing a large number of isoenzymes, from a minimum of three in early instar larvae to as many as 14 in adults. The isoenzyme pattern changes during development with respect to both relative activity and the appearance of some new forms and disappearance of others. Each developmental stage possesses a characteristic electrophoretic and gel isoelectric focusing pattern. MDH isoenzymes differ in their response to heat and thiol reagents. Similar electrophoretic variants from larvae, pupae, and adults show great differences in their response to heat treatment at 50 C and 56 C, indicating some differentiation of isoenzymes in each stage of development. Homogenization of whole mosquitos in mercaptoethanol solution results in a sharp increase in the activity of the principal bands and a decrease or disappearance of minor ones. The possibility of some minor bands being ""conformers"" arising due to nongenetic factors is discussed."
1137562,"Stretching of K-depolarized contracted helically cut strips of pig coronary arteries produced a delayed increase in tension. The influence of temperature and extracellular calcium on this active response to stretch was investigated. Reference for all tension values was the amplitude of contraction (induced by K-depolarization) starting from the high resting tension. 1. The mean amplitude of the delayed tension increase after stretch amounted to 27.5 plus or minus 4.8% (x plus or minus SEM, n equals 9); lowering the bath temperature from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C caused a drop to 10.8 plus or minus 1.5% (n equals 9; P smaller than 0.0025); increasing the calcium concentration of the bath solution from 2.7 to 6.9 mM produced negligible effects on both the amplitude of the delayed tension increase (24.6 plus or minus 1.0%; n equals 9), and the amplitude of contraction after depolarization. 2. The peak tension time of the active response to stretch was not changed by the 6.9 mM calcium, but prolonged from 27.9 plus or minus 4.0 to 40.7 plus or minus 4.4 minutes (P smaller than 0.025) by lowering the bath temperature to 27 degrees C. At the high calcium level the preparation contracted faster after depolarization than at the normal calcium level. 3. The experimental results correspond with the conception of the sliding filament mechanism as the basic process of contraction also in vascular smooth muscle preparations. The delayed tension increase after stretch may be caused by a recruitment of interaction sites between contractile proteins."
1137612,"An analysis of age of onset in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was performed in the last 300 children seen in our clinic. There was a peak age of onset in girls at 1 to 3 years. Distribution of age of onset in boys was bimodal with the first peak at 2 years of age and the second at 9 years. There was no accentuation of frequency in either sex in the 10- to 14-year age group. The distribution of age of onset was bimodal in both monarticular and polyarticular onset of disease, but no particular modal age of onset was seen with systemic onset of disease. It is possible that these data reflect that JRA is not a homogenous disease, or that there are age-sex related differences in host susceptibility or pathogenic agents."
1137613,"The biomechanical changes in rabbit knee contractures were measured after 9 weeks of immobilization. These results were correlated with the biochemical composition of periarticular connective knee tissue of the same knees. The loss of total hexosamine correlates significantly with joint stiffness on an animal-to-animal basis. Total hexosamine also correlates with the energy required cyclicly to flex and to extend the experimental joints. Of the individual glycosaminoglycan fractions, only hyaluronic acid showed significant correlation with the biomechanical data. The possible mechanism of contracture formation was postulated based on these results."
1137614,"Rabbit articular chondrocytes produce a chondroid matrix in subculture. This tissue was compared to articular cartilage by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Although both tissues were similar, the cytology of chondrocytes and the matrix structure of chondroid tissue appeared less mature."
1137653,"Four patients are described with a recently recognized variant of double outlet right ventricle. Clinical examination favoured tetralogy of Fallot, but the chest X-ray suggested corrected transposition. Catheterization and angiocardiography showed that the aorta was to the left of the main pulmonary artery, and both arose from a normally positioned morphological right ventricle. Egress of blood from the left ventricle was through a subaortic ventricular septal defect. In all patients severe pulmonary stenosis was present and the right coronary artery ran an anomalous course anterior to the pulmonary valve ring. Two children had successful total correction, and one a palliative Blalock-Taussing shunt. Necropsy material from the fourth patient allowed confirmation of the ventricular morphology and the conducting tissued was examined. In corrective surgery, blood from the left ventricle was rerouted into the aorta by an intraventricular baffle. Pulmonary stenosis was relived by infundibulectomy and outflow tract patch."
1137654,"The present study represents an attempt to correlate the electrocardiogram and coronary arteriogram in patients with an inferior transmural infarct - or total occlusion of the right coronary artery. The influence of the collateral circulation on these findings was also evaluated. Fifty patients with a total occlusion of the right coronary artery had characteristic electrocardiographic changes of an inferior infarct in 44 per cent, very suspicious changes in 32 per cent, and no changes suggesting an inferior infarct in 24 per cent. However, in this latter group who had no evidence of an inferior infarct, we were able to recognize a small number who showed an anterior wall infarct. Collateral circulation was more frequently present and more extensive in those patients whose electrocardiograms did not show changes typical of inferior transmural infarction. This suggested that collateral circulation might minimize some of the electrocardiographic abnormalities which would normally result from occlusive disease of the right coronary artery. Another 50 patients, selected because of definite electrocardiographic evidence of typical inferior transmural infarction, were evaluated by coronary arteriography. Severe obstructive disease of the right coronary artery was present in 86 per cent of the group. In the remaining 7 patients (14 per cent) minimal or no disease was found. Infarction of the inferior wall may have resulted from occlusive disease of the anterior descending artery or have been the result of a right coronary artery occlusion with subsequent recanalization. We conclude from our study that a careful analysis of electrocardiographic abnormalities in theinferior leads will, with certain limitations, permit us to estimate the likelihood of a severe lesion in the right coronary artery, and, in the face of definite electrocardiographic evidence of an inferior infarct, to predict the diseased artery."
1137655,Three cases of acute inferior wall myocardial infarction associated with complete atrioventricular block and junctional escape rhythm showing left posterior hemiblock are presented. The triad appears to consitiute a distinct syndrome. It is postuated that the subsidiary pacemaker is situated either in the bundle of His or the proximal part of the anterior division of the left bundle-branch.
1137650,"This report describes an unusual hemolytic transfusion reaction. A group O donor was inadvertently transfused with 100 ml of group A red cells during the course of plasmapheresis. Granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and low levels of factors V, VIII, and IX developed immediately after the infusion. The levels of the cellular elements and coagulation proteins returned to normal in less than an hour; too rapid for a de novo synthesis after consumption of coagulation proteins. We postulate that activation of the kinin system was responsible for the phenomena rather than intravascular coagulation with secondary fibrinolysis."
1137656,The occurrence of severe aortic regurgitation in two patients with typical findings of osteogenesis imperfecta is described. Both patients manifested severe haemodynamic abnormalities and underwent successful aortic valve replacement. The operative and pathological findings are discussed.
1137657,"Twenty-one patients, 11 with normal pulomonary artery pressures and 10 with pulmonary hypertension,  had haemodynamic measurements performed before and during dopamine infusion while undergoing cardiac catheterization, in order to evaluate the circulatory effects of dopamine in pulmonary hypertension. In both groups on average, heart rate, pulmonary artery mean pressure, aortic mean pressure, and cardiac index increased significantly, while systemic vascular resistance fell significantly during dopamine administration. In neither group did the average pulmonary vascular resistance or right ventricular end-diastolic pressure change significantly. We  conclude that dopamine is a safe and potentially useful drug for the treatment of reduced cardiac output, even in patients with pulmonary hypertension."
1137658,"In order to determine whether the development of myocardial infarction in different countries is associated with different risk factors, 240 male survivors, aged 40 or less, were studied in nine countries. In the seven centres in developed countries (Auckland, Melbourne, Los Angles/Atlanta, Cape Town, Tel Avic, Heidelberg, and Edinburgh) there was a high procedure of risk factors, particularly of hyperlipidaemia and cigarette smoking. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, hyperglycaemia, and hyperuricaemia varied from centre to centre. Risk factors were less prevalent in Bombay and Singapore: the most common risks operating in Bombay seemed to be cigarette smoking and hyperglycaemia, while in Singpore cigarette smoking was the commonest. The mean age of the whole group was 35.4 years. Serum cholesterol levels of 7.25 mmol/l (280 mg/dl) or more were present in 25 per cent of all patients, serum triglyceride levels of 2.26 mmol/l )l200 mg/dl) or more in 35 per cent. 80 per cent of the patients were smokers, and 15 per cent were either for hypertension before myocardial infarction or had a raised blood pressure after myocardial infarction. Obesity was found in 19 per cent of all patients and serum uric acid levels over 0.5 mmol/l (8.5 mg/dl) in 17 per cent. 10 per cent of all patients were either treated for diabetes mellitus before myocardial infarction or showed an abnormal glucose tolerance after myocardial infarction. This collaborative study may help, by showing differences in the prevalence of risk factors, to indicate to each centre and to national and to international organizations, the direction for their future studies into the causation and prevention of myocardial infarction in young men."
1137659,"Published values for the diastolic closure rate of the normalmitral vary and reflect diffference in methods of recording and measurement. From strip chart records it was concluded that the form of the recorded mitral diastolic closure slope can vary, that reproducible measurements of the closure rate can be made from echograms in which diastolic  closure approximates closely to a monophasic form, that the amplitude of  these echograms is maximal, and that their closure movements remain essentially monophasic at chart speeds up to 100 mm/s. Measuring only complexes with essentially monophasic closure movements, the within and between-subjected variation of the normal mitral diastolic closure rate was investigated. The ranges obtained from multiple measurements in a single subject and from a group of 45 normal subjects were comparable  but the distribution of the results differed. It was concluded that there was a real between-subject variation in the normal mitral diastolic closure rate and that the diastolic closure rate in a single subject should be determined by measurement of a series of complexes. The accuracy of measurement of the diastolic closure rate of the normal mitral valve has been improved by using strip chart records and by measuring only echograms in which diastolic closure approximates closely to a monophasic form."
1137660,Atrial pacing to the point  of angina or up to a maximum rate of 166/min was carried out in 37 patients during coronary angiography. In 9 patients with normal coronary arteries both the right and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures fell remained steady with increasing heart rate. The same response was observed in 14 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. In the remaining 14 patients with provencoronary artery disease the end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle rose at the point when the patient experienced angina. In 10 of this latter group  there was a simultaneous rise in the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In 4 patients the rise in end-distolic pressure was seen in the left ventricle only. The haemodynamic events in the right ventricle during angina appeared in most cases to  mimic the events occurring in the left ventricle. There was no correlation between the angiographic findings and the changes in end-diastolic pressure in the two ventricles during angina.
1137661,"A new performed, semi-rigid, polyethylene catheter, with built-in torque control, has been devised for entry to the pulmonary artery in complete transposition of the great arteries. It has been used 19 times in 17 patients: 18 times the pulmonary artery was entered from the right atrium (via the left atrium and ventricle) in a time between 40 s and 15 min (median 5 min); the patients' ages were 2 days to 6 years (median 8 months) and their weights were 3.1 to 13.3 kg (median 6.9 (kg: in the remaining 1 day-old patient, the procedures was terminated because of atrial flutter. The catheter was introduced into the axillary vein in  3 patients and thesaphenous or femoral vein in the remainder. It is suitable for angiocardiography, and the other heart chambers and vessels were easily entered. Thus the catheter has certain advantages over previously described methods for entry to the pulmonary artery, particularly when there is inferior vena caval thrombosis, or when angiocardiography is necessary. Its use does depend on the presence of an interatrial communication, so a method for entry to the pulmonary artery by retrograde catheterization from the axillary artery using a different catheter is also presented; this was successful in 2 patients with ventriculal sepatal defect."
1137662,"Forty-nine patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit with myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure, were treated with 1.75 mg Lanoxin over 36 hours. Serum digoxin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay at 8, 24, and 48 hours. No difference in serum levels was observed between those patients who received 'old' (reduced bioavailability) and those who received 'new' Lanoxin. Serum levels were significantly higher at 8 and 24 hours in those patients who received their first dose intramuscularly compared with those who received their first dose orally, irrespective of the bioavailability of the oral preparation used. No correlation was observed between serum digoxin levels and serum urea or creatinine during the 48-hour period of study. The incidence of arrhythmias is reported, but no conclusion can be drawn as to whether or not the glycoside contributed to this in any way. The use of digoxin in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure is justifiable in the light of available evidence. However, in view of the possible predisposition of such patients to toxicity, lower serum levels than were achieved in many of our patients seem desirable and a modified dosage schedule is suggested."
1137663,"The clinical, laboratory, and necropsy findings in a patient with massive eosinophilia and fatal cardiac failure are reported. Necropsy revealed partial obliteration of the lumen of the left ventricle with dense white thrombus, and fibrous infiltration of the myocardium. An additional finding, not hitherto described in Löffler's endocarditis, was massive enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes."
1137665,A case is presented in which transient left anterior hemiblock masked the electrocardiographic signs of old inferior wall infarction. The electrocardiographic features are correlated with the anatomopathological findings. This case re-emphasizes the need for careful evaluation of patients with chest pain and left anterior hemiblock.
1137699,"Since 1969 it has been the policy of this department to perform regular cardiotocograms on all patients admitted during the antenatal period for severe hypertension, with or without proteinuria, and on those in whom poor intrauterine fetal growth was suspected. In five such patients where the fetus died in utero, beat-to-beat variation was reduced and late decelerations were observed. In a further twelve patients similar changes made delivery by elective Caesarean section appear advisable. Half of the infants so delivered had severe metabolic acidosis at birth."
1137700,"Tubular reabsorption of glucose has been measured during glucose infusion in 29 healthy women during and after pregnancy. All the women had normal glucose tolerance to an oral load, and normal glucose excretion when not pregnant, but exhibited a wide range of daily glucose excretion in pregnancy. Throughout pregnancy the renal reabsorption of glucose is less effective than in the non-pregnant state and, in general, the greater the amount fo glycosuria which develops in pregnancy, the less effective is the reabsorption during infusion. Post partum, women with minor degrees of glycosuria during the preceding pregnancy return to a normal highly efficient reabsorption performance during infusion, but women who exhibit greater degrees of glycosuria have a reduced capacity to reabsorb even though they are no longer glycosuric after the pregnancy. It is concluded that pregnancy imposes some specific change in the glucose reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubule and that women with more than usual degrees of glycosuria in pregnancy may, in addition, have an element of tubular damage. This is discussed in relation to other renal function changes in pregnancy in an attempt to explain the characteristic intermittency of clinical glycosuria in pregnancy."
1137701,"Of 173 eclamptics admitted to the only public maternity hospital in Cali, Colombia 44 had stillbirths making a rate of 25-4 per cent. Fetuses delivered before 32 weeks had nearly four times the stillbirth rate of those delivered at term. Those weighing less than 1600 g. had stillbirth rates about six times higher than those weighing above 2500 g. An attempt was made to divide the risk conveyed by low birthweight into two components; that which was due to low gestational age, and that which was due to an abnormally low rate of growth during the gestational time available. Deviation of birthweight below that expected for age (retarded fetal growth, RFG) was used as a measure of the latter component. RFG became more common as gestation progressed and was associated with fetal death only in the latter part of gestation and with marginal statistical significance. After 35 weeks, fetuses at or below two standard deviations from Gruenwald's mean weight for gestational age (Gruenwald, 1966) had a fetal death rate five times higher than those at the mean. The risk of fetal (intrauterine) death conveyed by low gestational age has not been definitively explained. Alternative pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed."
1137702,"The ability of 15 variables to predict fetal death is examined among 173 eclamptic women admitted to the only public maternity hospital in Cali, Colombia, between 1st Janurary 1964 and 31st December 1970. In addition to low gestational age and retarded fetal growth, high systolic pressure and the unmarried status carried excess risk. Primiparae appeared to be of lower risk because their eclampsia tended to occur late in gestation and was characterized by less retarded fetal growth. Older women and women with a history of abortion appeared to be of higher risk because they tended to have higher systolic pressures. A discriminant function risk formula is presented which generated groups with a nine-fold difference in fetal death rates. This formula could be used to standardize for relevant non-therapeutic factors which meant vary between patient groups who had received different therapeutic regimens."
1137703,"The hormonal criteria of a ""normal"" or ""ovulatory"" response, and three grades of subnormal anovulatory responses, were defined during a first course of treatment with clomiphene citrate in twenty patients with amenorrhoea for which no organic cause could be found. The hormonal responses were estimated by frequent serum measurements and by the menstrual response. Seven patients had a normal or ovulatory response with a late rise of serum progesterone and subsequent menses. Their serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestradiol (E2) responses were greater than in spontaneous menstrual cycles. Five patients gave only partial responses, with menstruation and no prior rise of progesterone, Their serum LH and E2 responses were generally lower than in the normal group but had the same pattern except for an absence of the luteal phase rise in E2. Five patients who did not menstruate showed smaller and more variable responses. The remaining five showed no hormonal responses. The second and third groups had ovulatory responses on subsequent clomiphene courses, whereas no improvement was shown by the last group. The serum E2 responses offered the most sensitive index of the responsiveness to clomiphene. Response values in our normal group suggested that higher progesterone levels need to be reached after clomiphene administration than in spontaneous cycles for ovulation to be inferred. The serum prolactin showed no consistent response during the clomiphene test; three patients with moderately raised basal prolactin levels had ""normal"" responses."
1137704,"From 291 cases of malignanat disease of the ovary in the North East Metropolitan Region of London, 250 have been classified as of epithelial origin. Of these, 44 have been designated as endometrioid carcinoma. The recognition and features of endometrioid ovarian carcinoma are discussed."
1137705,"Curettage carried out during the third week of treatment of ethinyl oestradiol in 14 patients with gonadal dysgenesis showed cystic glandular hyperplasia in seven patients developed a large endometrial polyp and in one atypical changes were found in the hyperplastic endometrium. In seven patients treated by an oestrogen-progestogen combination normal secretory endometrium was seen in five, proliferative change only in one (thought to be due to incorrect timing of the curettage) and a small proliferative polyp in association with secretory endometrium elsewhere in the uterus in the seventh. In view of these changes and report of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in patients with gonadal dysgenesis treated with oestrogens alone it is suggested that a regime of low dose oestrogen therapy for 21 days accompanied by a progestogen on days 15 to 21 is preferable to oestrogens alone."
1137706,This case report describes the genesis of endometrial carcinoma after prolonged stilboestrol therapy in a patient with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome). The varied histological appearance included the presence of cartilage-like material. A review of the literature reveals the need to treat these patients with combined oestrogen/progestogen preparations rather than with continuous unopposed oestrogens.
1137714,"Young adult rats, either control or essential fatty acid deficient, were administered either [3-H] oleic acid or [3-H] arachidonic acid by stomach tube. In addition, a group of control rats was given [3-H] palmitic acid. The rats were killed at various times therafter, and the radioactivity of the lipids of brain and plasma was examined. In confirmation of previous work, the blood lipid label was found to rise rapidly and then fall, wheras the activity of brain lipids increased slowly and did not show a decline through the 24-h period studied. Analysis of the brain uptake data according to first-order kinetics confirmed the impressions gained from visual inspection of the data. The initial rate of uptake of arachidonic acid was about 4.5 times that of oleic acid in control animals and in deficient animals. Essential fatty acid deficiency, however, did not induce an altered rate of uptake for either oleic acid or arachidonic acid. The rate of uptake of palmitic acid by control rats was not significantly different from that of oleic acid. Even though the initial rates of incorporation of oleic and arachidonic acids were not changed during essential fatty acid deficiency, the final levels of radioactivity obtained in brain lipids were higher in deficient rats with both fatty acids. The plateau value obtained with oleic acid was 1.5 times higher in deficient animals, while the plateau value for arachidonic acid was 1.7 times higher. An experiment in which deficient animals were allowed access to a control diet for 12 or 24 h prior to the labeling experiment suggested that the higher levels of radioactivity found in brain lipids of deficient animals was not due to an isotope dilution effect. Such animals still displayed the labeling pattern of deficient animals with arachidonic acid, while the results with oleic acid varied somewhat. Our results suggest that essential fatty acid deficiency does not alter the ability of the brain to take up the fatty acids studied. However, the fatty acids, especially arachidonic, are retained in the brain to a greater extent in the deficient animals."
1137713,"The effects of supplementation of a complete diet with ethyl arachidonate and with ethyl dihomo-gamma-linolenate (20 : 3Omega6) on the fatty acid composition of plasma and tissue lipid classes were studied in normal rats. 2. These prostaglandin precursors were incorporated in varying degrees into all lipid  classes of the tissues that were investigated. The largest elevations were seen in plasma and tissue triacylglycerols. Significant increases were also observed in phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and the free fatty acid fraction. 3. Following the feeding of the ester of 20 : 3Omega6, arachiodonate levels also rose in the lipids of some tissues. In others, such as the renal medulla and platelets, and increase in 20 : 3Omega6 content occurred without a rise in 20 : 4. 4. Platelet aggregation is known to be stimulated by 20 : 4 (via active metabolites), but not by 20 : 3Omega6. The ability to modify 20 : 3Omega6 levels selectively in certain tissues is of interest in light of such pharmacologic differences from 20 : 4."
1137715,"1. Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate was isolated from the adductor, gills, mantle and viscera of oysters. 2. After drastic acid hydrolysis of the lipid, aminoethylphosphonic acid was the only water-soluble carbon-phosphorous compound detected. 3. The main fatty acids of ceramide aminoethylphosphonates were hexadecanoic acid (77-90%) and 2-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid (13-15%). 4. Hexadeca-4-sphingenine, octadeca-4-sphingenine and octadeca-4,8-sphingadienine were identified as the major long chain base components. However, the ratio of the three bases was characteristic for each tissue; the adductor muscle contains primarily hexadeca-4-sphingenine, and the viscera, octadeca-4,8-sphingadienine. The gills and mantle contain the three bases in approximately equal concentration. 5. The main molecular species in the adductor muscle was hexadecanoyl-hexadeca-4-sphingenyl 2-aminoethylphosphonate, while in the viscera hexade-canoyl-octadeca-4,8-sphingenyl 2-aminoethylphosphonate predominated."
1137716,"Raman spectra of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and structurally related molecules are examined and vibrational transitions assigned for the C-C, phosphate and C-H stretching modes of these molecules. Particular emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the Raman spectra in the 2800-3000, 1000-1150 and 700-800 cm-minus 1 regions. It is found that hydrocarbon transitions dominate the spectra at the expense of those of the phosphate and choline groups. The methyl and methylene C-H stretching assignments have been clarified for the Raman spectra of phospholipid systems."
1137717,"Sterol balance measurements using isotopic and chromatographic techniques were carried out in rats fed diets containing beta-sitosterol (0.8%) and cholesterol (1.2%). The activities of the rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol synthesis (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) and bile acid synthesis (cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase) were determined in the same animals. Cholesterol feeding increased cholesterol absorption from 1.2 to 70 mg/day. The increased absorption was compensated for by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, enhanced conversion of cholesterol to bile acids (from 13.7 to 27.3 mg/day) and a slight increase in the excretion of endogenous neutral steroids (from 7.7 to 11.2 mg/day). Despite the adaptation there was accumulation of cholesterol in the liver (from 2.2 to 9.2 mg/g). Beta-Sitosterol feeding inhibited cholesterol absorption (calculated absorption was zero). In these rats there was enhanced cholesterol synthesis (from 20.0 to 28.8 mg/day, but no change in the rates of bile acid formation. Measurements of the activities of the rate-limiting enzymes showed fair correlation with cholesterol-bile acid balance. In cholesterol fed animals, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase was inhibited 80% and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was enhanced 61%. In beta-sitosterol-fed animals, the reductase was increased 2-fold and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was not significantly different from controls."
1137718,"Diffusion coefficients of bile salts, lecithin, and cholesterol above the critical micelle concentration have been measured with the diaphragm cell at varying concentrations of bile salts, lecithin, and added electrolyte. The diffusion of the bile salt can be five times faster than that of the solubilized lipids. This is shown not to be an artifact of multicomponent diffusion, but a result of a different transport mechanism of the bile salt. As a consequence, the concentration of bile salt and lipids at the surface of a cholesterol gallstone can differ from those in the bile solution. The effects of this upon growth and dissolution in detergent solutions are discussed."
1137719,"1. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of erucylcarnitine on palmityl-carnitine oxidation in rat heart mitochondria was studied. 2. Erucylcarnitine inhibited in the same time the oxidation of [U-14-C]-palmitylcarnitine and the total rate of oxygen uptake. Other acylcarnitines competed as well for the oxidation with radioactive palmitylcarnitine, but they were well oxidized themselves, so that the total oxygen uptake did not decrease. 3. The presence of erucylcarnitine did not change the distribution pattern of Krebs cycle intermediates derived from [U-minus 14 C] palmitylcarnitine except that succinate/malate ratio increased. 4. The presence of erucylcarnitine did not lead to the formation of any beta-oxidation cycle intermediates from [U-minus 14 C] palymitylcarnitine. The formation of beta-hydroxy-palmityl derivative when rotenon was included into the incubation medium, decreased in the presence of erucylcarnitine. 5. It is postulated, that the inhibited entrance of palmityl groups into the beta-oxidation cycle is due to the fact that erucylcarnitine and palmitylcarnitine behave as substrate-competitive inhibitors for long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. 6. There was observed a latency of 1-2 min in the effect of erucylcarnitine on the palmitylcarnitine oxidation, which seems to correspond to the time required for the formation of high amounts of intramitochondrial erucyl-CoA. 7. Erucylcarnitine inhibited the total oxygen uptake with long, medium and short chain acylcarnitines, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate as substrates, while the oxidation of succinate was not affected. 8. Sequestration of free CoA in the form of very slowly metabolized erucyl-CoA is proposed as the partial explanation of the observed inhibitory effects of erucylcarnitine on the oxidation of CoA-dependent substrates (alternatively to the inhibition at the level of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in case of acylcarnitines)."
1137720,"The hopes raised by the finding of differential Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinability of normal and transformed cells in efforts to quantify differences between these cell lines seem not to have been justified.  In this paper, the development of information on the mechanism of action of Con A on the cell surface, as well as the theories put forward at each stage of this development are surveyed.  In this respect, investigations on Con A constitute a case history in biological research.  The involvement of glycoproteins and galactosyltransferases in cell-cell interactions and their relations to Con A are also reviewed."
1137725,"Among 5 families with SBH of Neapolitan origin, herediatry glyco-lipidosis was accompanied in one by beta-thalassemia. All 10 members of this family, namely parents and 8 siblings, were investigated. The mother and two children were found to be carriers of both SBH and beta-thalassemia, while three other siblings were carriers of SBH alone. None of the six patients conformed the classic clinical picture often observed in genotypical SBH. The present state of genotypic transmission of the stigma is discussed on the basis of the author's experience as well as the data in the literature. As for the combination SBH-thalassemia in the same individual it may be concluded that the two genes are most likely independent and certainly not linked."
1137726,"1. In unanaesthetized pigeons the effect on cloacal temperature was studied of acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol, atropine and (+)-tubocurarine injected into a cannulated lateral cerebral ventricle. The experiments were carried out at an ambient temperature of 19-25 degrees C. 2. ACh or carbachol injected intraventricularly produced hyperthermia, and in larger doses hyperthermia followed by hypothermia. These were central effects because they were not obtained when these drugs were injected in the same doses intravenously. 3. Atropine injected intraventricularly produced hypothermia which was greater and longer lasting than the hypothermia produced with the same dose of atropine injected intravenously. After the intraventricular injection of atropine the hyperthermic effects of ACh and of carbachol were abolished. 4. (+)-Tubocurarine injected intraventricularly produced a long-lasting hyperthermia in doses which had no effect on temperature when injected intravenously. After the intraventricular injection of tubocurarine the hypothermic effects of ACh and of carbachol were abolished. 5. It is concluded that the effects of ACh had carbachol imitate the effects of ACh released from cholinergic neurones in the central pathway involved in temperature regulation. The hypothermic effect of atropine is attributed to unmasking the activity of continuously released ACh acting on nicotinic receptors, and the hyperthermic effect of tubocurarine to unmasking the activity of continuously released ACh acting on muscarinic receptors."
1137727,"1. Tachyphylaxis to heart rate and bronchodilator effects of (plus or minus)-isoprenaline was studied in anaesthetized open-chest dogs by 5 procedures. 2. Heart rate responses to a series of intravenous injections of isoprenaline were essentially unchanged before and after a 15 min infusion of isoprenaline (at 3 doses). 3. Heart rate and bronchodilator responses in the same animal to an intravenous injection of isoprenaline were not significantly different before and after a 30 min infusion of isoprenaline (at 2 doses). 4. Heart rate responses were relatively constant to an isoprenaline injection given every 30 min during a 4 h infusion of isoprenaline (at 3 doses), but the magnitude of the response was smallest for the largest infusion dose (highest background heart rate) and greatest for the smallest infusion dose (lowest background heart rate). 5. Heart rate and bronchodilator responses in the same animal to isoprenaline were relatively constant during a 5 h infusion of isoprenaline (at 2 doses). 6. Bronchodilator responses to intratracheally administered isoprenaline aerosol were essentially unchanged during a 4-5 h period using various doses and procedures. 7. Tachyphylaxis to the heart rate of bronchodilator effects of isoprenaline was not observed. The present data give no support to the hypothesis that tachyphylaxis to isoprenaline aerosols is an important mechanism in asthma mortality."
1137728,"1. Isoprenaline, 3.5-20 ng, injected intracerebroventricularly in atropinized mice under pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced a dose-dependent tachycardia. 2. Pretreatment with either reserpine or pempidine blocked nervously-mediated tachycardia as shown by marked reduction of that due to stimulation of the spinal outflow in pithed mice. After pretreatment with these drugs, intracerebroventricular isoprenaline caused tachycardia of a similar degree and time course to that in mice not so pretreated. 3. Pretreatment with either reserpine or pempidine caused supersensitivity to the tachycardia due to intravenous isoprenaline. 4. When allowance was made for this supersensitivity in the effect of intracerebroventricular isoprenaline in pretreated mice, a small dose-dependent residual effect remained that could be attributed to leakage of isoprenaline into the peripheral circulation. 5. This was confirmed by the appearance of a late-developing tachycardia on intracerebroventricular injection of isoprenaline in spinal mice. 6. It is therefore concluded that the tachycardia caused by intracerebroventricular isoprenaline in mice is, at least initially, of central origin."
1137729,"1. Reserpine administration resulted in a larger initial decline in adrenal catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Wistar rats (NWR); the difference was eliminated by pretreatment with cholisdondamine. 2. Reserpine also produced a larger increase in SHR catecholamines and dopamine beta-hydroxylase several days later; chlorisondamine pretreatment did not prevent the increases, although it did slightly slow the increases. 3. Vesicles from SHR, or NWR incubated with reserpine in vitro demonstrated equivalent inhibition of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-Mg-2+-stimulated adrenaline uptake. 4. Recovery of uptake was more rapid in SHR than in NWR after reserpine inhibition, and this was associated with a burst of new vesicle synthesis in the SHR; chlorisondamine pretreatment reduced the number of new, immature vesicles in reserpine-treated SHR. 5. Both SHR and NWR secreted equal proportions of their adrenal catecholamine contents after nicotine administration. 6. These data suggest that the sympatho-adrenal system of the SHR exhibits an enhanced reflex response to reserpine but that reserpine is equally effective in SHR and NWR in producing blockade of vesicular catecholamine transport; these alterations can affect markedly the actions of autonomic drugs in the SHR."
1137730,"1. Acetylcholine mustard (N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl-2-acetoxyethylamine), a potent muscarinic agonist, binds virtually irreversibly to muscarinic receptors in longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig small intesting, as shown by the inhibition of the binding of E13-H]-propylbenzilycholine mustard ([3-H-PrBCM), an affinity label for the muscarinin receptor. 2. A value for the apparent binding affinity of acetylcholine mustard and a value for the rate constant for the receptor alkylation reaction have been deduced from the rate of onset of the inhibition of [3-H]-PrBCM binding. 3. The kinetic constants obtained may refer largely to the interaction between acetylcholine mustard and the desensitized receptor. 4. At high concentrations acetylcholine mustard practically abolishes the contractile response to carbachol. At the concentrations acetylcholine mustard appears to have multiple actions on the tissue."
1137731,The intravenous administration of theophylline to ten healthy human subjects produced either an increase of circulating plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase or no change. The rise of plasma enzyme activity may reflect the increased peripheral catecholamine release induced by theophylline.
1137732,"Segments of ileum from newborn rabbits contracted in response to histamine but sensitivity declined from age 11 days. Intestine from adult animals barely contracted to histamine, even in a concentration of 3 times 10- minus 3 M. Such variation with age was not observed with acetylcholine. The response to histamine was effected by mepyramine-sensitive receptors which appeared to decrease in number as the animals aged."
1137765,"A statistical significance test to detect seasonality of epidemiological events is described. The method is similar to that of Edwards, but makes it possible to allow for an arbitrary pattern of variation in the population risk, and also for the unequal lengths of time sectors of a cycyle of seasons (e.g., months of a year). From the test it is possible to estimate the amplitude of seasonal variation and the time at which the maximum occurs in a postulated simple harmonic fluctuation; the adequacy of the description of the data by a curve of this kind may be evaluated using a goodness-of-fit test. A numerical example of the calculations is given using some anencephalus data, and the results are compared with those of alternative tests."
1137766,"A study of the monthly numbers of stillbirths and of deaths due to anencephalus in Canada from 1954 to 1962 showed a weak tendency to a winter excess of affected births. The seasonal trend was more marked in the Prarie provinces and in Quebec than elsewhere; the maximum rate of anencephalus occurrence was in October to December in the Prairies and in British Columbia, and in January to March in other regions."
1137767,"Data on menarcheal age were collected on girls admitted to the University College of Swansea over a 12-year period. It appears that the downward trend in menarcheal age ceased in girls born about 1946 (the 1965 student intake) and that an upward swing may have since occurred. This change in the secular trend is not due to the association of menarcheal age with family size or of position in sibship, or to changes in the regional composition of the student intake. The well established effect of physique remains, but there is no effect of socio-economic status as assessed by the Registrar-General's classification of the father's occupation."
1137768,"Three years after a normal cervical smear, 1,007 women were followed up to see how they responded to a computer-generated recall letter. Seven women had died and 150 had had interim smears (mainly in association with regular contraceptive or postnatal examination). Of the remaining 850, low response was not related to lower social class in the way initial recruitment to screening is. Working outside the home was more obviously associated with lower response, as wass full-time compared with part-time work. Response was also related to where the first smear was taken (61% of women first examined at a local authority clinic, but only 29% of those from a mobile industrial clinic) and was related to repetition of a familial routine which favoured permanent rather than mobile facilities. Interviews with returners and non-returners showed that over 90% remembered receiving recall letters, so non-response was a conscious decision not to attend. When a first test originated at work, response to recall tended to be poor. Of the non-returners 42%, but only 24% of the returners, had found the first test unpleasant or embarrassing. One-third of non-returners claimed difficulties in finding time, which is in accord with the lower response from full-time workers. Over 90% of those interviewed gave fear or modesty as the reasons why other women had not had a repeat smear. In general, differences in response to a letter inviting women to have a repeat smear are unlike those which characterize recruitment for a first smear. Consistency of experience appears to be strongly favoured in the regular use of cytological screening."
1137769,"A self-administerd questionnaire was posted to 1 129 medical general practitioners in an urban and in a rural area of England. The prevalences of headache, and of the features of migraine, in the year immediately preceding the survey were similar in the two areas. After allowing for the different age and sex composition of the populations, these prevalences were also similar to those found in the general population during an early survey in Wales. About 13% of the male and 25% of the female general practitioners thought that they had had migraine in the previous year. There was little evidence that doctors with 'classic' migraine differed from those with 'common' migraine in the proportion who experienced other migrainous features (unilateral distribution of headache and accompanying nausea) or in their response to treatment with ergotamine."
1137770,A study in Derbyshire showed that there are wide variations in the populations served by individual home nurses. These variations are difficult to reduce. To assess the quantity and quality of home nursing that is provided more sophisticated formulae than the nurse/population ratio are necessary. For these data derived from output of work are inadequate; studies of need are required in each locality.
1137771,"Deoxycytidylate (DCMP) deaminase was assayed at various times during and after normal and abnormal pregnancies. The level in amniotic fluid was assessed at induction and at caesarean section, and cord blood levels were estimated after normal delivery and at caesarean section. A rise occurred during labour and after hysterectomy and caesarean section--returning to normal after 2-3, and 12 days respectively. Levels above 4.8 X 10-minus 4 ml-minus 1 were found in cases of preeclamptic toxaemia and early intrauterine death and in twin pregnancies over 36 weeks' gestation. It is suggested that because of its low incidence of false-negative and false-positive results this test is far superior to other enzyme tests in pregnancy, and a further trial is in progress to assess its role."
1137810,"The behavior of 12 adult ring doves [a small-brained species of Columbidae] was compared with that of 12 adult pigeons [a large-brained species of Columbidae] in a detour problem to see if Rensch's hypothesis of increased brain size being correlated with increased capability can be extended to a perceptual problem-solving task. Three detour dependent variables were intercorrelated with seven gross brain indices obtained from each bird. There were no species differences in terms of detour behavior, and no correlational trends of brain-behavior relationships were discernible. It was concluded that Rensch's hypothesis may not be generalizable to all types of behavior capabilities."
1137811,The differences in the cytoarchitectonic organization and the thalamocortical projections to the anterior and posterior cortical fields in cats provide the basis for judgements about their unequal roles in entire behavior acts. Extracellular recordings of anterior frontal neuronal activity have revealed the predominance of the nonspecific type of afferent activation of gyrus proreus neurons; complex integrative properties of gigantopyramidal neurones [posterior frontal regions] have been observed. Participation of the posterior frontal fields in afferent synthesis and in programming motor activity has been shown in behavioral studies. The phlogenetically younger anterior frontal fields are considered to be yet nonspecialized structures; posterior gigantopyramidal fields in cats are considered as the highest apparatus of programming complex motor activity in an experimental situation.
1137814,"The development of the extrastriate visual system relative to the striate system was estimated indirectly by measuring the volumes of the lateral posteriorpulvinar complex and lateral geniculate nucleus in six varieties of mammals selected on the basis of their propinquity with Anthropoidea [oppossums, hedgehogs, rats, squirrels, tree shrews and bushbabies]. The same animals were tested on two related behavioral tasks [spatial and visual reversal learning] whose successful achievement requires a simple sort of abstraction. The results show that the ability to learn visual reversal, but not spatial reversal, corresponds closely to the relative degree of development of the extrastriate system. Since the variation in both these behavioral and morphological characteristics also parallels the phylogenetic dimension, the recency of common ancestry to anthropoids, the evolutionary origin of the anthropoid capacity for visual abstraction is suggested."
1137815,"Bilateral intercollicular lesions in the chick abolish or depress not only calling, but also those phases of behaviour when calling would have been occurring. These include: long bouts of excited feeding immediately after food is made available; examining and pecking moving targets and novel objects; persistent scanning, and inhibition of other behaviour in a novel environment. Deaf birds behave precisely like controls, so that possible auditory deficits are not involved. During calling phases significant visual stimuli are treated as if they were starting or conspicuous. Conversely, continuous examination of a stimulus causes calling to diminish or disappear even though response continues; a brief period when the stimulus is not seen causes calling to begin again when it is once more perceived. In addition to the increased effectiveness of relevant visual stimuli, motor facilitation is usual in calling phases, as is inhibition of irrelevant responses. Emotional behaviour in man and other mammals is compared to calling phases in the chick."
1137816,"The vasomotor response of the tail of the albino rat to total-body heating and cooling was studied by skin-temperature recording and plethysmography with the tail at 25 degrees C air temperature. Tail vasodilation started at core temperatures lightly above 37 degrees C and increased to a core temperature up to about 39 degrees C. During cooling of warm rats, tail vasoconstriction started at significantly higher levels of core temperature than the values at which vasodilation appeared when the rat was warmed."
1137818,"Glucagon in a dose of 50 mug/kg body weight was studied for its cardiovascular effects in hypovolemic dogs in which coronary blood flow was reduced to an average 40% of its control value and cardiac depression was evident. Myocardial contractility, as judged mainly by dP/dt and acceleration of aortic blood flow, was brought to a normal level for a short time. Systemic and coronary vascular resistances were markedly reduced. These effects were similar in normovolemic dogs. The inotropic, chronotropic, and peripheral vascular effects of glucagon can be evoked also in hypovolemic dogs in which coronary blood flow is less than normal and myocardial metabolism is impaired."
1137819,"The effect of highly purified gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on immunoreactive insulin (IRI) secretion in the conscious fasted dog was investigated. Significant increases in IRI release were observed with intravenous administration of three different doses of GIP. These were accompanied by depression in fasting serum-glucose levels. Preliminary studies were undertaken to determine whether this insulinotropic action of GIP could be attributed to a particular segment of the GIP molecule. GIP fragments produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and trypsin showed no significant stimulation of IRI release. The possibility that GIP might itself enhance glucose uptake or potentiate insulin-induced glucose uptake was studied with the rat hemidiaphragm preparation. No such effect was observed. In the light of this and other recent work, it is concluded that GIP is a strong candidate for an active principle in the enteroinsular axis."
1137820,"Our objective was to produce reductions in the luminal volume of Henle's loop and increases in linear flow velocity through the loop. We did this in a recollection micropuncture study by collecting fluid with and without suction from early distal tubules. With suction, transit time of fast green dye through the loop decreased by 34%, calculated loop volume decreased by 28%, and fractional water reabsorption fell from 73.6 to 70.3% (p smaller than 0.025) in water diuretic rats. Absolute water reabsorption did not decrease significantly. In urea-saline dieuretic rats transit time decreased 25%, calculated loop volume decreased 22%, fractional reabsorption fell from 59.0 to 51.7% (smaller than 0.001), and absolute reabsorption decreased by 2.3 nl/min (p smaller than 0.025). Single nephron glomerular filtration rate, distal tubular sodium concentration, and osmolality were unaffected. The less pronounced effect of collection with suction in water diuretic rats may be related to the lower medullary fluid osmolality, which was 338 plus or minus 9 (S.E.) mOsmol/kg as compared to 497 plus or minus 35 in urea saline diuretic rats. Collecting fluid with suction from late proximal tubules did not alter glomerular filtration rate or fractional water reabsorption. Stumpe et al. ((1970) J. Clin. Invest. 49, 1200-1212) noted an inverse correlation between fluid reabsorption from Henle's loop and flow velocity in rats with hypertension or congestive heart failure. One can reproduce this correlation by artificially altering the transmural pressure gradient in the loop."
1137821,"Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) hyperpolarized the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter in normal Krebs solution and was without effect on ureters depolarized in KCl Krebs, PGE1 inhibited both electrically induced contractions and K+-induced contractures of the ureters. Conditions that favored greater tension development by the ureters, namely, high [K+] or high [Ca-2+] reduced the inhibitory effects of PGE1 on the K+-induced contractures. Depolarization of guinea-pig ureter with KCl Krebs led to an increase in radio-calcium content of the tissue over a 30 min loading period. This increase in the tissue's radio-calcium content was further increased by PGE1 but not by theophylline, PGE1 was found to have no effect on either total calcium content or the calcium efflux from the tissue. It is suggested that PGE1 exerts its inhibitory action by increasing calcium sequestration at the inner surface of the cell membrane."
1137822,"The variable effect of excessive vitamin A intake on alimentary cholesterolemia was investigated in cockerels of strains of White Leghorns and New Hampshires. With the New Hampshire cockerels, the feeding of 0.5% of dietary cholesterol resulted in greater cholesterolemia when the diet contained 1700 I.U. of vitamin A per kilogram than when it contained 22000 I.U. of vitamin A per kilogram. With the White Leghorn cockerels, on the other hand, cholesterolemia was enhanced with the higher level of dietary vitamin A. Absorption of a single oral dose of cholesterol was increased in birds of both breeds when vitamin A had been given previously by injection. In the White Leghorn cockerels the percentage of newly absorbed cholesterol in the hepatic pool was reduced by vitamin A administration, whereas in the New Hampshire cockerels the percentage was increased. It was concluded that excess vitamin A may have divergent effects on alimentary cholesterolemia in chickens of different genetic backgrounds as a result of opposite effects on the liver-blood ratio of a large load of cholesterol."
1137823,"Benzocaine, which occurs in the uncharged form in the physiological range of pH, caused inhibition of 45-Ca efflux in branacle muscle fibers. By contrast, in the presence of a low external Ca-2+ concentration it produced stimulation of the efflux. Both the inhibitory and stimulatory actions of benzocaine appeared to be less potent than those of procaine. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), on the other hand, which exists only in the charged form, caused a large stimulation of the 45-Ca efflux following microinjection, and the potency of this action was found to be at least 10 times greater than that of procaine. External application of HC-3 produced inhibition occasionally. Effects of tetracaine were similar to those produced by procaine; however, its inhibitory action was greater in more alkaline solution, which is the opposite of that observed with procaine. Lidocaine produced a less consistent effect than procaine; the inhibitory action of the former was less potent but the stimulatory action of the two anesthetics were comparable, p-Aminobenzoic acid was without effect on 45-Ca efflux. These results indicate that both the charged and uncharged forms of local anesthetics are capable of causing stimulatory and inhibitory effects on 45-Ca efflux in barnacle muscle fibers, and that the inhibition produced is the result of action on the CA-Ca exchange system whereas the stimulation is the result of release of Ca from internal storage sites."
1137824,"The metabolic, thermal, and cardiovascular responses of two male Caucasians to 1 2 h exposure to ambient temperature ranging between 28 degrees C and 5 degrees C were studied and related to the respective ambient temperatures. The metabolic heat production increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, where heat production (kcal times m- minus 2 times h- minus 1) = minus 2.79 Ta  degrees C + 103.4, r = -0.97, P smaller than 0.001. During all exposures below 28 degrees C, the rate of decrease in mean skin temperature (Tsk) was found to be an exponential function dependent upon the ambient temperature (Ta) and the time of exposure. Reestablishment of Tsk steady state occurred at 90-120 min of exposure, and the time needed to attain steady state was linearly related to decreasing Ta. The net result was that a constant ratio of 1.5 of the external thermal gradient to the internal thermal gradient was obtained, and at all experimental temperatures, the whole body heat transfer coefficient remained constant. Cardiac output was inversely related to decreasing Ta, where cardiac output (Q) = minus 0.25 Ta degrees C + 14.0, r = minus 0.92, P smaller than 0.01. However, the primary reason for the increased Q, the stroke output, was also described as a third-order polynomial, although the increasing stroke volume throughout the Ta range (28-5 degrees C) was linearly related to decreasing ambients. The non-linear response of this parameter which occurred at 20 degrees C larger than or equal to Ta larger than or equal to 10 degrees C suggested that the organism's cardiac output response was an integration of the depressed heart rate response and the increasing stroke output at these temperatures."
1137825,"Adult male rats were fed a liquid diet providing 35% of the calories as ethanol, while pair-fed controls received the corresponding diet with alcohol replaced by an equicaloric concentration of sucrose. After 1 month, lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate (beta-HB/AcAc) ratios in the livers were determined under five different conditions: (1) both diets present up to the time of sacrifice, (2) ethanol diet replaced by control diet for 24 h before sacrifice, (3) ethanol diet replaced by control diet for 48 h before sacrifice, (4) as in the preceding, followed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection  of ethanol, 1 g/kg, 1 h before sacrifice, (5) as in the preceding, but i.p. injection 3 h before sacrifice. The L/P ratio was significantly higher in the alcohol group than in controls under the first experimental condition, but the groups did not differ under the other four conditions. The beta-HB/AcAc ratio was also significantly higher in the alcohol group under the first condition. This difference disappeared in the second and third conditions. Under the fourth and fifth conditions the beta-HB/AcAc ratio was significantly higher in the controls. The results are compatible with an adaptive increase in mitochondrial reoxidation of NADH in the chronic alcohol groups, but the possibility of a change due to alcohol withdrawal can not be excluded."
1137826,"Sprague-Dawley rats were kept at 28 degrees C from 21 to 517 days age and fed one of the two following diets: a semi-purified diet containing 502 p.p.m. of Mg (control) or the same diet containing only 120 p.p.m. (mg/kg) (low-Mg). The chronic suboptimal intake of Mg by rats fed the low-Mg diet did not result in overt signs of Mg deficiency even when Mg levels were greatly reduced in carcass, plasma, and tibia, but it significantly decreased bone strength. It is suggested that Mg deficiency in man could be a factor in the weakening of bone, commonly observed in old age, even when there are no visible signs of Mg deficiency. Studies of the human situation would be of interest."
1137827,"Isolated intact frog muscles were incubated in 32-P-labelled Ringer's solution for various periods of time (30 s-20 h). Labelled compounds were isolated from TCA, methanol-chloroform-water, and water extracts of muscle. Hexosephosphates, phosphocreatine, phosphoenolphyruvate, alpha-glycerol phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and inorganic phosphate were identified after 30 s, and 4 h incubation. Much more labelling was found after 20 h. The incorporation of 32-P in 30 s into organic phosphate compounds, such as alpha-glycerol phosphate and ATP, showed that immediate esterification of Pi occured on, or just inside, the sarcolemma."
1137828,The possibility of a cholinergic involvement in the hyperthermic action produced by the injection of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region of the rat brain was examined. Intracerebral injection of either atropine or mecamylamine prior to the injection of PGE1 failed to attenuate the PGE1-induced hyperthermia. Both atropine and mecamylamine by themselves produced a rise in colonic temperature. It thus seems unlikely that PGE1 evokes hyperthermia in the rat by releasing endogenous acetylcholine at muscarinic or nicotinic synapses in the rostral hypothalamus. The possibility that PGE1 acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine within this region requires additional investigation.
1137829,"Twenty-eight females with recurrent urinary tract infection were treated to eradicate their existing infections and then observed for recurrences while receiving one of the three following prophylactic regimens for 6 to 12 months: nitrofurantoin, 50 mg daily; one half tablet of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) twice weekly; or one tablet of TMP-SMX once weekly. Preadolescent girls received half the adult doses. After completion of the course of prophylactic agent the patients were followed up at bimonthly intervals until infection recurred. After eradication of this new infection they were started on another prophylactic regimen. Six infections (1.0/patient-year) recurred in patients on nitrofurantoin, four infections (0.4/patients-year) reucrred in those receiving twice weekly TMP-SMX, and 12 infections (1.3/patient-year) in those receiving once weekly TMP-SMX. The mean interval between discontinuation of prophylaxis and recurrence of infection was 2.6 months. TMP-SMX in the doses used eliminated aerobic gram-negative rods from swabs from the anal canal in many patients. Gram-negative organisms resistant to trimethoprim did not cause infection either during or after therapy."
1137830,"The fate of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole and the combination of both these agents was studied in a group of healthy pregnant women who were undergoing therapeutic abortion. Assays were performed on samples of blood, urine, amniotic fluid and fetal tissues, using a standardized protocol for the selection of patients, dose administration, sample collection and assay techniques. A comparative evaluation of kinetics to assess the maternal handling and the distribution of trimethoprim throughout the fetoplacental unit disclosed no significant difference in the concentration within fetal fluids and tissue compartments. On the other hand, the concentration of sulfamethoxazole was lower in fetal tissues than in fetal fluids when relative ratios to trimethoprim were compared. The implications of the difference in behaviour of pharmacokinetic and clinical points of view."
1137831,Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) caused no significant changes in the blood glucose or insulin concentrations of diabetic subjects treated by dietary measures alone or by insulin and diet. In only one of eight subjects receiving oral hypoglycemic agents for the control of diabetes did a significant immediate increase in immunoreactive insulin follow administration of TMP-SMX. In the same patient hypoglycemic symptoms were present after the agent had been taken for 14 days.
1137832,The combination trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given in high dosage (four tablets twice daily) for either 2 or 5 days to 20 patients with sinusitis diagnosed on clinical grounds. In 11 the infection was improved or cured. Swabs cultured from 18 patients of the series produced no growth in 8. The organisms most likely to be isolated are Hemophilus influenzae and Diplococcus pneumoniae.
1137833,"Authenic tracheobronchial secretions/exudates (TBSE) were aspirated under direct vision via a sterile catheter passed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by chronic bronchitis. TBSE, saliva and blood were obtained during long-term administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and were assayed for drug content. Before and during treatment TBSE were cultured qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas and viruses. Treatment with TMP-SMX was associated with a decrease in the recovery of Hemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis; however, little effect was observed on the typically nonpathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract. TMP was found in saliva at concentrations greater than in serum. Both TMP and SMX entered TBSE in absolute and relative concentrations sufficient to take advantage of the potential for synergy against susceptible microorganisms. Patient tolerance of TMP-SMX was generally good and several patients reported a decrease in production of sputum during treatment."
1137834,"Ethyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-alpha- and -beta-D-arabinopyranoside (2 and 4) were obtained by direct ethanethiolation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-arabinose (1), and their structures were determined by mass and p.m.r. spectrometry. Ethyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-alpha- and -beta-D-arabinofuranoside (11 and 13) were prepared by partial demercaptalation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-arabinose diethyl dithioacetal (6) with mercuric chloride (or, preferably, with bromine), with or without protection of the 5-hydroxyl group. Demercaptalation with mercuric chloride gave the beta-D anomers almost exclusively, and treatment with bromine gave a mixture of the alpha and beta anomer in the ratio of similar to 1:1. Alternatively, direct ethanethiolation of 1 in trifluoracetic acid yielded the alpha-D anomer. The structures of 11 and 13 were determined by mass spectrometry, by direct comparison of their N-acetyl derivatives with an authentic enantiomorph (15b), and by p.m.r. spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of the four 1-thioglycosides (2,4,11, and 13) were compared with those of the O-GLYCOSIDES of D-arabinose."
1137835,"Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structure of alpha-D-glucuronate CaBr times 3H20, a model system for investigating the factors involved in the binding of calcium ions to D-glucuronate residues of oligo-and poly-saccharides. Crystals of the salt are monoclinic, space group P21, having a = 6.410 (1), b = 10.784 (2), c = 8.879 (1) A, betta = 92.07 (1)degrees, and Z = 2. Instensity data for 1082 reflections were measured with an automated diffractometer. A trial structure, obtained by the heavy-atom method, was refined by least squares to R = 0.025. The absolute configuration was confirmed by anomalous-dispersion effects. An outstanding feature of the crystal packing is the interaction of D-glucuronate anions with calcium ions. The calcium ion is coordinated to three symmetry-related D-glucuronate anions and to two water molecules. The D-glucuronate anion binds calcium cations through three chelation sites: one that involves a carboxyl-oxygen atom combined with O-5; one that includes the second carboxyl-oxygen atom acting in concert with O-4, and one composed of the O-1-O-2 pair of hydroxyl groups."
1137836,"The state of adsorbed water in a dextran gel has been investigated by near-infrared gravimetric-adsoprtion techniques. Water-vapor adsorption (desorption) isotherms at three temperatures are reported. The calculated sorption heats are found to be markedly temperature-dependent as well as dependent on the coverage. The near-infrared spectrum (4650-9000 cm-minus 1) is reported, together with tentative assignments. The H2O combination (v+delta) band at 5184 cm-minus 1 has been examined as a function of relative humidity. The line-shapes of this band have been analyzed by a recently established, Fourier-inversion technique, and information on the microdynamics of the absorbed water molecules has been resolved on the picosecond time-scale. At low and intermediate degrees of hydration, reorientational jumps take place with periods from four to six times longer than those for free water. The onset of saturation is then accompanied by the sudden removal of the reorientational jumps. A comparison of microdynamical and thermodynamic data indicates the hydration mechanism to be highly cooperative at all relative humidities."
1137837,"Graded hydrolysis of purified bael gum afforded three neutral and two acidic oligosaccharides, together with monosaccharides. These sugars were identified through periodate oxidation, methylation, reduction with lithium aluminum hydride, co-chromatography, and preparation of crystalline derivatives. The neutral oligosaccharides were characterized as 3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-L-arabinose, 5-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-L-arabinose, and 3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose, and the acidic oligosaccharides as 3-0-(beta-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose and 3-0-(beta-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose."
1137838,"The mercapto groups of cellulose xanthate can reversibly form disulphide bridges with L-cysteine. This property has been utilised for the immobilisation of a protein and an enzyme. These macromolecules, as polythiol derivatives, formed disulphide linkages with the matrix without serious disturbance of their active sites, became firmly bound to the xanthate, and were not eluted by normal washing conditions. Cellulose xanthate is a cheap, easily prepared matrix which permits a simple coupling reaction. The immobilisation process is selectively reversible."
1137839,Klebsiella Type 47 capsular polysaccharide has side chains attached to the main chain via D-glucuronic acid residues. The side chains have been removed to yield an essentially linear polysaccharide by the following sequence of reactions: (1) substitution of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups with methyl vinyl ether; (2) beta-elimination by treatment with base; (3) removal of modified uronic acid residues and protecting groups by mild acid hydrolysis. The possibility of modifying other uronic acid-containing polysaccharides by this method is discussed.
1137847,"A number of O-acetylated N-acylneuraminic acids, isolated from submandibular glands of cow and horse and from horse erythrocytes, have been characterized by mass spectrometry. On the basis of the typical fragmentation patterns of the pertrimethylsilyl derivatives of the methyl esters of the compounds, they were identified as 4-O-acetyl-, 9-O-acetyl-, 4,9-di-O-acetyl-, and 7,9-di-O-acetyl N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 4-O-acetyl-and 9-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid."
1137848,"Complexation of D-arabinose, D-fructose, D-glucitol, D-glucose, D-mannitol, L-sorbose, D-xylose, sucrose, and amylose with LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, and Sr(OH)2 has been studied conductometrically. D-Glucitol and D-mannitol do not bind with any of the bases used. Molecular complexes (1:1) of the other carbohydrates are formed in solution. Reducing sugars bind more strongly than nonreducing ones. Stability constants for the complexes have been determined; the free-energy change is of the order of hydrogen bonding. The association process has been observed to depend significantly on the polarity of the medium."
1137850,"We report here the effect of Dolichos lectin on chick embryo fibroblasts from embryos between 6th and 16th day of development. There is evidence that Dolichos lectin decreases cell number and proportion of cells incorporating tritium labelled thymidine in case of chick embryo fibroblasts of 6th, 8th and 10th day of development. Dolichos lectin stimulated the proliferation of 16-day old embryo cells. No effect was noticed on 12-day embryo cells at different concentrations of Dolichos lectin used. This lectin is specifically inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and anti-Dolichos lectin serum. The difference in response by cells during different stages of embryonic development could perhaps be explained as some regulatory changes occurring on the cell surface."
1137851,"This study extends previous work on the nuclear envelope and associated structures. It illustrates that the cylindrical structures of the honeycomb lattice are not attached to the nuclear envelope, although generally perpendicular and closely apposed to it, and that there is a complex arrangement of fibrillar material between the cylinders of the lattice. The relationship of nuclear helices to these structures is described and the possible mode of their transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm is discussed."
1137852,"The hemoglobins of the chicken embryo at several stages of development have been isolated in pure form by column chromatography and their relative amounts and globin compositions determined. The analyses on separated primitive and definitive erythrocytes show that the first contain four hemoglobins different from the adult ones. The two  major ones at four days, decrease gradually and are no longer detectable from 15 days on. The two minor ones increase up to 6-7 days, then decrease but are still present at hatching. The definitive embryonic erythrocytes contain two hemoglobins identical to the adult ones but their ratios change gradually during development and approach that of the adult hemoglobins at hatching."
1137910,"Because of uncertainty as to the molecular weight of transferrin, a previous comparison [Von der Heul et al., Clin. Chim. Acta 38, 347 (1972)] between transferrin content of serum and total iron-binding capacity cannot be definitive. We found a conversion factor for expressing the maximum amount of iron bound by 1 mg of transferrin. We compared the resulting calculated value with values obtained by three other methods for measuring total iron-binding capacity. We agree with the previous observation that the latter, as measured radioisotopically, give higher results than would be judged from the transferrin content but the same as those for two chemical methods. The diffusion rate of transferrin in agar was the same irrespective of the degree of iron saturation. Serum transferrin concentrations were low in patients with anemia resulting from malignancy, chronic disorders, and cirrhosis of the liver, and high or normal in patients with iron deficiency anemia and in pregnant women or women who were taking birth-control pills. Measurement of transferrin concentration can be used to distinguish iron deficiency anemia from anemia resulting from chronic disorders, but offers no advantages over existing methods for estimating total iron-binding capacity."
1137911,"Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sera were resolved by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes into seven different bands (L1, B, Pl, L2, l1, l2, and Pa, in decreasing order of electrophoretic mobility). The slowest moving band (Pa) was observed in the sera of 16 patients--15 with cancer of the pancreas and one with hemochromatosis. Sera of 50 other patients with malignant or benign diseases did not show the Pa band. The Pa band is more heat labile than is the liver isoenzyme (L1). Its behavior toward inhibitors (L-phenylalanine and L-homoarginine) is similar to that of L1. Sera containing the Pa band exhibit a diffuse band in the region where isoenzymes of intestinal origin migrate; however, its heat stability and sterospecific inhibition are different from those of intestinal isoenzymes in sera that show no Pa band."
1137912,"We compare and discuss three electrophoretic methods for identifying hemoglobins S, A, C, F, and D or G. Electrophoresis on citrate agar gel was more sensitive than electrophoresis on cellulose acetate for detecting hemoglobins S and F, a fundamental consideration in designing cord-blood screening programs for detecting hemoglobin S carriers. Electrophoresis on starch gel is evidently an acceptable method for subtyping hemoglobins AA, CC, AS, SS, AC, and SC, and is more sensitive than cellulose acetate for identifying hemoglobin A1A2. Costs for the citrate agar gel, cellulose acetate, and starch gel procedures are presented."
1137913,"The determination of frequency value (percentile limits) and the classification of the different variation factors allow us to define more and more homogeneous subpopulations as we use these factors for sorting. Using as our study population those persons coming to the Centre for Preventive Medicine, we were able to: (a) Describe and measure the significance and importance of physiological variations or of variations attributed to age--the latter largely related only to excessive weight, which it seems to us is often the case. (b) Establish a classification for variation factors; the recapitulatory table should be useful to clinical chemists in helping physicians interpret a laboratory test result that falls within the zone of incertitude. (c) Suggest a preliminary group of reference values for healthy subjects, to be used in interpreting a laboratory test in this way."
1137914,"We describe a spectrophotometric kinetic assay for detecting creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity in the 1 to 10 U/liter range. The MB isoenzyme was isolated [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] and assayed (Rosalki method) with an Abbott ABA-100. Good reproducibility was demonstrated for MB isoenzyme activities near 1 U/liter (CV = 2.6%). Sera with normal or slightly increased total creatine kinase activity were evaluated. Sera of 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction contained, per liter, 84 to 236 U of total creatine kinase activity and 4.6 to 28.0 U of isoenzyme MB activity; corresponding ranges for sera from healthy lab technicians and patients with noncardiac disease were 36 to 277 and 0 to 2.6 U. MB isoenzyme activity for infarction patients rose and fell sharply within three days after the infarction. Atypical time-course patterns, MB isoenzyme activity remaining abnormally great for five days, were observed in serum from patients with prolonged atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy; the BB isoenzyme (1 to 5 U/liter) was also detected in sera of such patients but was absent in sera from infarcation patients. Quantification of column-isolated MB by the assay described is rapid, easy, specific, and extremely sensitive for measuring MB in the 1 to 10 U/liter range."
1137915,"Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were partially separated by use of a previously described column technique for creatine kinase [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)]. Extracts of lactate dehydrogenase-rich tissues were used to evaluate column resolution. Samples layered on mini-columns containing DEAE-Sephadex were eluted with Tris-buffered sodium chloride (100 and 200 mmol/liter). Lactate dehydrogenase activity in column effluents was measured by the Wacker method, and their isoenzyme content was assessed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Dehydrogenase isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 were separated from isoenzymes 1 and 2, and the separation was tissue-specific and reproducible. The electrophoretic technique for isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 gave values about 20% lower than did the column technique. Sera from 15 healthy laboratory technicians contained total lactate dehydrogenase, isoenzymes 1 and 2, and isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 in the ranges 94 to 152, 34 to 64, and 38 to 75 U/liter, respectively. Activities of sera from 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction (total lactate dehydrogenase) ranged from 212 to 800 U/liter and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 ranged from 138 to 628 U/liter. Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes were rapidly and easily measured after being simultaneously separated. The procedure is specific and sensitive for following the post-infarct time course of changes in isoenzyme activities."
1137916,"We evaluated 16 claims made by Beckman Instruments, Inc. for its Enzyme Analyzer (System TR), under a rigid written protocol for the Product Evaluation Subcommittee of the Standards Committee of the College of American Pathologists. We found the following to be within the company's specifications: (a) accuracy and precision of the temperature control; (b) accuracy and precision of the sample and reagent pipets; (c) instrument precision, both within-run and between-day; (d) carry-over from a sample with activity greater than 1000 U/liter; (e) instrument-to-instrument variation; (f) analytical linearity; (g) analysis time; (h) correlation of the instrument-printed answer with the activity calculated manually from a strip-chart recorder; (i) precision of the instrument's built-in electronic ""standard""; (j) effectiveness of the over-range indicators; and (k) correlation between results of these enzyme assay methods and those for kinetic methods used in our laboratory. The instrument performed well."
1137917,"The fundamental equation describing radioimmunoassays under equilibrium conditions has been recast into a ""working equation"" in a form more directly applicable to the requirements of the analytical laboratory. Plotting total counts over counts bound vs. ligand concentration, which is conveniently linear over most of its course, is shown readily to yield quantitative data relative to binding site concentration and the equilibrium constant and to provide a means for deriving apparent labeled ligand concentration. Such data are helpful in establishing optimum assay conditions and can serve a continuing quality-control function. The working equation also characterizes the binder and tracer reagents used in the assay. The determination of working-equation parameters has been illustrated for the vitamin B-12 assay. Data are presented for seven different assay procedures, involving more than 600 calibration curves and 100 different lots of binding agent and tracer reagent, showing a consistently high correlation coefficient (r greater than 0.990), between ligand concentration and the response variable."
1137918,"Any decrease in the availability of iron for incorporation into the heme moieties of hemoglobin results in an increase in the erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration. Our aim was to compare protoporphyrin concentrations, determined spectrophotometrically, with body iron stores, as assessed from the amount of iron demonstrable by Prussian blue staining of bone marrow aspirates. The mean protoporphyrin concentration (175 mu-g/dl) in the erythrocytes of a group of patients with markedly decreased stainable marrow iron or no iron was significantly greater (P less than .001) than the mean concentration (76 mu-g/dl) in a comparable group with adequate bone marrow iron stores, except in the presence of certain interfering conditions. These results suggest that the erythrocyte protoporphyrin test may be a useful addition to the methods now available for assessing disorders of heme synthesis, the most common of which is iron deficiency."
1137919,"We describe a simple, reproducible, discontinuous system for polyacrylamide disc gel-electrophoresis, with which the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human serum can be fractionated. No sample preparation is needed. The isoenzymes are classified according to their electrophoretic mobilities (R-F values) and quantitated by peak area measurements from spectrophotometric scans. The four alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes usually present in normal sera, in order of descending mobilities (and designated according to principal tissue of origin) are: ""fast"" liver, ""slow"" liver, bone, and intestine. Sera of diseased patients show a greater variety of isoenzyme distribution patterns, but the most frequently observed patterns are the same as normal patterns. We conclude that the finding of ""fast"" liver only is not pathognomonic, as previously reported by others, and that information on relative distributions per se is not diagnostically useful, although information on specific increases in activity is useful. With this system, hepatobiliary disorders can be differentiated from other forms of liver and bone diseases."
1137920,"A reaction of urea, o-phthalaldehyde and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine is described for measurement of urea by manual, continuous-flow, and kinetic methods. The continuous-flow system requires 25 mu-l of sample; 40 samples can be analyzed per hour. The kinetic method requires no enzymes, has no lag phase, and has good sensitivity. A major advantage of the reaction is that it occurs at a temperature of 37 degrees C or lower. The results obtained by all three methods agree well with those for a continuous-flow procedure in which diacetyl is a reagent."
1137921,"Sources of variation in assays of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activity were examined in an interlaboratory survey and through an examination of materials used as calibration materials in these assays. Four highly stable lyophilized specimens containing human cytoplasmic enzyme, with activities of 0, 22, 46, and 96 U/liter at 30 degrees C and optimal substrate concentrations, were assayed by 319 laboratories. Mean values obtained on these specimens by laboratories using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine kits varied among manufacturers and deviated from values expected from this procedure. The average coefficient of variation (CV) with these kits was greater than 20%. Automated continuous-flow procedures with use of diazonium salt showed the best precision (av CV, less than 10%). However, the automated continuous-flow malate dehydrogenase/NADH coupled method produced an average CV greater than 20%. Results from each of the automated methods were related to a reference malate dehydrogenase/NADH coupled continuous kinetic assay method by temperature relationships alone. Mean values from manual diazonium salt procedures were 1.7-fold greater than similar reference values (av CV was 18%). The higher results were attributed to the use of poorly-defined units and to an artifact caused by chromophore stabilizers in this procedure when aqueous samples are used. The average CV in continuous kinetic methods varied among kit manufacturers, ranging from 6 to 28% for the specimen of highest activity. Variations in results were much larger at 366 nm than at 340 nm than at 340ity. Variations in results were much larger at 366 nm than at 340 nm. Interassay relationships of these methods are presented. Concentrations of pyruvate in commercially available calibration  materials differed between manufacturers, varied in stability, and deviated from the expected concentration. For some colorimetric assays the precision attained on reported absorbance values for the enzyme specimens was of the same order of magnitude as that for pyruvate standards. Other sources of error are revealed by the interlaboratory survey. The value of commercially available sources of enzyme activity as calibration or control materials was assessed by evaluating the following properties: activity at suboptimal concentrations of L-aspartate or 2-oxoglutarate, temperature effects, preincubation lability owing to aspartate and phosphate, pyridoxal phosphate saturation, contamination with glutamate dehydrogenase, and manufacturer's rated activity. These properties are compared to those of human cytoplasmic enzyme in a human serum matrix."
1137922,"We describe an improvement in the Levy and Procknal method [J. Pharm. Sci. 57, 1330 (1968)] for determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine. Salicylic acid and salicyluric acid are successively extracted from 1 or 2 ml of urine (acidified with HCl) by two 10-ml portions each of carbon tetrachloride and ethylene dichloride. The extracts of each solvent are shaken with 5 ml of ferric nitrate solution (a 10-fold dilution of 17 g of Fe(NO-3)-9H-2O in 1 liter of 70 mmol/liter HNO-3). The aqueous phases are centrifuged and their absorbances measured at 530 nm. For total salicylate, 3 ml of urine and 3 ml of HCl are heated in a partially evacuated serum vial at 100 degrees C for 16 h and then salicylic acid is assayed in the hydrolyzed sample. Recovery of a weighed oral dose of sodium salicylate in urine was 105.4%; it was 127.9% by the Levy and Procknal method for the same sample. The improved method is faster and more accurate."
1137923,"We wanted to know if incubation time and temperature for many radioimmunoassay methods could be standardized, to decrease assay time and so improve efficiency. Percentage binding was determined for triiodothyronine, thyroxine, digoxin, digitoxin, testosterone, aldosterone, estradiol, and diphenylhydantoin when the reaction mixtures were incubated at 6-8, 22, or 37 degrees C for various periods of time. In all methods tested, binding of antigen to antibody was greatest when the reaction mixtures were incubated at 6-8 degrees C, less at 22 degrees C, and least at 36 degrees C. Maximum binding occurred within 30-60 min at each temperature for all methods tested. Hence, it is possible to standardize the incubation time and temperature for these eight radioimmunoassay methods to 60 min at 6-8 degrees C."
1137924,The procedure prescribed for the Schwarz/Mann 125-l-digoxin kit was modified with regard to pipetting and counting procedure. Incubation time with dextran-coated charcoal was also investigated. The modifications resulted in a significantly higher precision wihout introduction of a systematic error and the analysis time per eight-tube batch was decreased by 20 min.
1137925,"A thermostatted reaction cuvet, operating under computerized or manual temperature control in the ultraviolet or visible region, is described and evaluated. The cell was designed for use with the automated chemistry system described earlier [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)], but can readily be adapted for other applications. The entire 3-ml cuvet assembly warms from ambient temperature to 37 degrees C in less than 10 min, with plus or minus 0.15 degrees C stability; the long-term stability is plus or minus 0.05 degrees C; temperature recovery time after washing or reagent addition is less than 3 min. The optical pathlength is 10.00 mm and the carryover volume is 18 mu-l."
1137933,"An alkaloid of tobacco, nicotine, affected the clot-formation property of the enzyme, thrombin, on the substrate, plasma or fibrinogen (thrombin time). Higher concentrations of nicotine retarded the clot-formation property of thrombin. By decreasing the nicotine concentration in the clotting mixture, the clotting time of thrombin was accelerated. Nicotine also modified the clot formation property of plasma or fibrinogen to thrombin, and this effect was dose dependent. From this experimental evidence, it is suggested that nicotine does alter the clot-forming properties of thrombin on fibrinogen."
1137934,Sampling tube and fingertip contamination were found to present potential problems in the collection of samples for micro blood lead analyses. Large differences between micro screening and macro confirming lead levels were frequently observed when the time between collection of the two samples was 1-2 weeks. The magnitude of these differences decreased as macro blood lead concentration increased and were apparently a result of episodic lead ingestion in the population.
1137965,"Recombination frequencies were determined for 15 independently isolated auxotrophs of C. crescentus crossed pairwise in all possible combinations. The results indicate that the mutants may be grouped into at least two types: ""fertile"" strains, which recombine with all other mutants at frequencies ranging from less than 10-6 to 3 times 10-2, and ""nonfertile"" strains which recombine with fertile strains at high frequencies and with other nonfertile strains at low or negligible frequencies. Several lines of evidence indicate a polarized inheritance of markers. Two of these are (1) the preferential inheritance of unselected markers from the nonfertile parent in fertile times nonfertile crosses, and (2) the consistent ordering of markers based on the frequency at which the mutants recombine with each of the three fertile strains. Although the evidence is not conclusive at this point, the results are most consistent with conjugation at the mechanism of gene transfer in these bacteria."
1137966,"Many mutants affecting meiosis increase the occurrence of aneuploid meiotic products. In Neurospora, mutants of this type cause ascospore abortion which is reflected by an increase in the proportion of ascospores failing to develop black pigment. The usefulness of the criterion white-ascospore-production as a signal for the presence of a mutant affecting meiosis is demonstrated by the recovery of several such mutants. One of these is mei-1 (meiotic-1), a recessive mutant on linkage group IV. Crosses homozygous for mei-1 produce 90% white ascospores (vs. 5% in wild-type crosses). Viable ascospores, invariably black, are always disomic for one or more linkage groups; the chromatids assorted into viable ascospores do not engage in crossing over in meiosis. The distribution of viable ascospores in individual asci suggests that all meioses are defective in the first meiotic division, and that most meioses are defective in both divisions."
1137967,"A dominant gene Su(kau-2) partially suppresses the effect of an apparently unlinked recessive kau-2. Gene kau-2 blocks chemical induction of conjugation in Paramecium aurelia syngen 8 when solutions of acriflavine + either KCl or MgCl-2 are used. Wild-type cells are induced to conjugate in either solution. When cells homozygous for kau-2 also have gene Su(kau-2), they are still uninducible in the solution containing KCl, but become inducible in the MgCl-2 solution. Analysis of the concentrations of solutions which are effective in induction of conjugation of various genotypes shows that the action of Su(kau-2) is not a simple restoration of wild-type phenotype since certain novel features of the suppressor can be seen. Analysis of the duration of ciliary reversal of various genotypes suggests that one necessary step in chemical induction of conjugation is a certain magnitude of depolarization of the surface membrane of the cell."
1137968,"Evidence for correlated responses to selection was investigated in lines of rats selected for 13 generations for high (U line) and low (D line) 3-9-week gain in comparison with random-bred control lines (R and C lines). The increase in 3-9-week gain in the U lines was shown to be due largely to an increase in 9-week weight, although 3-week weight also increased in these lines. In the D lines, where a marked decrease in 3-9-week gain was observed, this was found to be due to a large decrease in 9-week weight and no detectable change in 3-week weight. The average 2-week litter weight, a measure of the lactational performance of the dam, was significanly greater in the U lines than in the D lines. Selection for 3-9-week gain in these lines of rats led to changes of litter size at birth in the same direction as that of selection. This resulted in a significantly higher litter size in the U lines than in the D lines. The number of rats alive 2 and 9 weeks of age and the percentage of mated females pupping were similar in the U and D lines but lower in these lines than the random bred C lines, providing evidence for a reduction of ""fitness"" in the selected lines. Carcass composition was studied for all lines at the 11th generation of selection. Carcass composition, in terms of water, fat, ash and protein, was similar in the R and C lines. The U lines had more water and lesss fat than the R or C line. The D lines had similar carcass composition to the R and C lines. It is suggested that these selected and random-bred lines of rats are potentially useful animals to investigate further the developmental and physiological mechanisms which control growth."
1137969,"The effectiveness of selection for 3-9 week gain was examined in a population of rats with a history of past selection for high 3-9 week gain. Lines were selected for high (U line) and low (D line) 3-9 week gain with two replicates of each line. Two randomly selected lines were also kept, one originating from the same base population as the two selected lines (R line) and the other originating from a population that had been randomly mated for the previous 27 generations (C line). Two replicates of each of these lines were kept. After seven generations of selection, a randomly selected line (relaxed line) was formed from each of the two upward- and each of the two downward- selected lines. Results have been presented for 13 generations of selection. The environmental trend for 3-9-week gain, as indicated by the randomly selected R and C lines, was consistently negative in all four lines. Realized heritabilities calculated by deviating the response to selection from the trend in the R or C lines resulted in non-significantly higher values in the D lines than the U lines. Six generations of relaxation of selection indicated no effect of natural selection in the U lines or the D lines. The relative magnitude of the drift, error and common environmental variances were estimated by the methods given by HILL (1971). The estimates of these parameters then led to calculation of the degree of bias in the sampling variances of the realized heritability estimates. As was predicted by HILL (1971), estimates of the variance of realized heritabilities obtained by using standard regression techniques were less than those obtained using HILL'S formulae. The results are discussed in relation to other similar studies with rats and mice."
1137970,"In a recent not in this journal (MARUYAMA 1973), one of us has considered, for a certain genetic model, the variance of the distribution of the number of loci having a given gene frequency. The formula given is incorrect. This brief note considers this problem and notes the correct solution in one particular case."
1137971,"NEI and ROYCHOUNHARY have developed an inequality relationship between the expected values of (j-x - g)-2 and (ĝ - g)-2 where j-x is a biased and g is an unbiased estimate of population homozygosity g. Their inequality is somewhat weak and can be improved, as is demonstrated in this paper."
1137973,"The number of precaudal vertebrae in the three African cercopithecine species are analyzed, with two definitions for thoracic and lumbar vertebrae compared. It is found that generic averages obscure some rather substantial differences at the species level for both Cercopithecus and Cercocebus. Further, when zygapophysis structure is used to define vertebral type, rather than presence or absence of rib facets, there is a substantial change in thoracic and lumbar averages that may be important from a functional (locomotion) standpoint."
1137974,"This paper focuses on the development of a theoretical perspective within which it is possible to empirically define parental mediation in interactions between grandparents and grandchildren.  Using socialization theory and studies conducted by the writer and a colleague, eight independent dimensions of parental mediation have been identified.  This makes it possible to develop measurement indices for testing the postulate that parents act as mediators between the grandparent and grandchild generations in socializing both into their respective roles and thereby influencing the nature of their relationship."
1137975,"A review of the current theoretical literature continues to refute the earlier held viewpoint that the American family is an isolated unit with little or no contact with the extended family. Nine theoretical models are presented supporting the existence of rather definitive patterns of intergenerational exchange. Additionally, explanation is given as to how these patterns of exchange operate between generations and why they change over time. Suggestions are presented why the middle family unit of the three generational system eventually emerges today as the center of power or most influential unit."
1137976,"Attitudes toward young, middle-age, and old persons were studied in 1000 children (grades 6, 8, 10, 12).  Three newspaper photographs were presented to the children, who estimated the persons' ages and wrote stories about each photograph in his preferred order.  Scores from a semantic differential which provided three factors, Evaluation, Affect, and Activity-Potency, were used in a three-way analyses of variance to analyze further children's attitudes.  The overriding impression from these findings is that these school children do not share the allegedly general, negative attitude toward old age.  The age estimates showed judgmental accuracy and were remarkably uniform in both central tendency and variation.  The overall order of choice was young person, first; old person, second; and middle-age person, last."
1137977,"There is an ever-growing number of male retirees in the American society. The present study was conducted to try to determine the effect of the voluntary and involuntary retirement on emotional satisfaction, usefulness, self-image, emotional stability, and interpersonal relationships in aged males. Significant differences were found among the participants in each of the areas. Voluntary retirement tends to have a more positive influence on the retiree along each dimension."
1137978,Most research tends to focus on the husband's attitudes toward retirement while overlooking the wife's evaluation of this event. In this study interviews with wives whose husbands were retired or approaching retirement suggested that a variety of orientations toward their husbands' retirement was present. Some women expressed grave reservations; others looked forward to it; still others had no opinion. It is felt that an understanding of the wife's reaction to her husband's retirement can be useful in understanding the adjustments that both husband and wife may have to make in their relationship to each other.
1137979,"This study examines five specific assumptions of crisis theory as this orientation relates to the prediction of life satisfaction following retirement. Pre-retirement and post-retirement interviews were conducted with a group of 114 men (mean age 68.2 years) residing in an urban area of central Missouri. The data reveal a significant decline in life satisfaction as predicted. Contrary to the theory, however, no significant changes in role behavior in three related areas-family, voluntary associations, and community--were found subsequent to retirement. In addition, the role changes accompanying retirement were not significantly associated with negative changes in satisfaction. Also, increases in role performance were not significantly related to positive changes in satisfaction. Finally, the correlation between work commitment and change in satisfaction proved negative and non significant. On the other hand, the correlation between work commitment and the desire for subsequent employment was negative and significant. In sum, four of the five assumptions of crisis theory do not receive support on the basis of the data."
1137980,"This study is a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between age and subjective outlook.  Over the years, a number of theoretical positions have been introduced to either account for or to minimize age differences in attitudes, values and beliefs.  The author has organized these theories of aging into three basic sociological fremeworks or models: the ""generations"" model, the ""age status"" model and the ""illusion of differences"" model.  Using a relatively simple methodological desihn, hypotheses derived from these models were tested through secondary analysis of survey data.  Strong support was found for the ""generations"" hypothesis, weak support for the ""age status"" hypothesis, and no support at all for the ""illusion of differences"" hypothesis."
1137981,"Sodium n-octylbenzene-p-sulfonate was successfully used in place of sodium dodecyl sulfate in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This modification of the usual technique made it possible to scan the polyacrylamide gel for the distribution of the surfactant by measurement of UV absorption. It was found that a band electrophoresed in advance of the complexes formed between protein polypeptides and the surfactant. The band could be observed even in the absence of protein polypeptide, and was ascribed to micelles derived from surfactant added in excess to the sample solution. The complexes were found to be detectable by scanning at 261 nm, usually with better sensitivity than by scanning at 280 nm. Thus, this modification of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is useful both to investigate what is going on in the gel during electrophoresis and to improve the sensitivity of detection by UV scanning of protein complexes."
1137982,"1. A unique subclass of ceramide oligosaccharides from whole tissue of the fresh-water bivalve Corbicula sandai has been isolated. Through the use of chemical, enzymatic, and physical techniques, two novel glycolipids were characterized as mannosyl-beta (1 leads to 4)-glucosyl ceramide and mannosyl-alpha (1 leads to 4)-mannosyl-beta (1 leads to 4)-glucosyl ceramide. 2. The components of fatty acids and long chain bases in the two glycolipids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and were further identified by mass spectrometry. The data show that, with respect to the major components, both lipids have similar caramide moieties."
1137983,"Some physicochemical properties of crystalline alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1] isolated from normal human urine were investigated. A crystalline preparation of the enzyme was homogeneous on velocity sedimentation, gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate disc electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 4.5 X 10-4. However, electrophoretic analyses revealed that the crystalline alpha-amylase consisted of at least five isozymes. The implications of the experimental results are discussed."
1137984,"The modification of tubulin cystine and cystine residues to S-sulfocysteines caused a distinct separation of the alpha and beta subunits in a continuous sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel system. The well-separated subunit bands permitted investigation of the phosphorylation of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. The incubation of tubulin fraction with [gamma-32P]ATP demonstrated that both subunits were phosphorylated in vitro. The incorporation of 32-PO4 into sea urchin eggs, however, failed to cause phosphorylation of tubulin in vivo."
1137985,"L-Gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase [EC 1.1.3.8] was purified 80-fold from rat liver microsomes. In confirmation of our previous finding with a cruder preparation, the purified enzyme was shown to contain an L-gulono-gamma-lactone-reducible pigment as a prosthetic group. This pigment was not liberated from the protein by acid ammonium sulfate, 10% trichloroacetic acid or 2 M area, but was effectively released by proteolytic digestion. The pigment thus released showed a reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectrum characteristic of a flavin compound. The pigment was liberated from a trichloroacetic acid-treated preparation of the enzyme by pronase digestion and purified by Florisil column chromatography and paper chromatography. The absorption spectrum as well as the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of the purified pigment indicated that it was actually a flavin peptide. It was, however, different not only from FMN but also from flavin peptides isolated from other sources such as succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1] and monoamine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.4] as regards the pH dependence of fluorescence intensity and the Rf value on thin-layer chromatography. A preliminary analysis showed that the purified flavin compound contained several amino acid residues. Alkaline photolysis of the purified flavin peptide suggested that the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin is involved in its binding to the peptide. The hypsochromic shift of the absorption peak in the near-ultraviolet region suggested further that the linkage between the flavin and the peptide may be mediated by the 8-methyl group of the isoalloxazine nucleus. It can be concluded that the prosthetic group of gulonolactone oxidase is a flavin which is covalently bound to the enzyme protein."
1137986,"During the fractionation of various enzymes concerned with DNA synthesis from the postmicrosomal supernatant fraction of various tissues, DNA polymerace [EC 2.7.7.7], thymidine kinase [EC 2.7.1.75], dTMP kinase [EC 2.7.4.9], deoxycytidine kinase [EC 2.7.1.74], and deoxycytidine monophosphokinase (dCMP kinase) [EC 2.7.4.14] were found in the pellet fraction of postmicrosomal supernatant. Further, the uridine kinase [EC 2.7.1.48] and aspartate transcarbamylase [EC 2.1.3.2] activities of postmicrosomal supernatant from various tissues were also present in this pellet fraction. The activities of DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, uridine kinase, and aspartate transcarbamylase from normal and regenerating rat liver, and Yoshida sarcoma were higher in the pellet fraction than in the supernatant. On the other hand, the activities of dTMP kinase, dCMP kinase, and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.23] were lower in the pellet fraction than in the supernatant. The pellet fractions of regenerating rat liver and Yoshida sarcoma showed a remarkable incorporation of various precursors (thymidine, dTMP, deoxycytidine, and dCMP) into DNA in the presence of a suitable DNA template, ATP and all four deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates for DNA synthesis. Normal adult rat liver catalyzed a much smaller incorporation of all these precursors, except for dCMP."
1137989,"An enzyme that releases acylamino acid from amino terminal acylated peptides and proteins has been isolated from rat liver in a highly purified form bya six-step procedure comprising extraction from liver homogenate, ammonium-sulfate fractionation, heat treatment, chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite and gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. About 1,500-fold purification was achieved from the liver homogenate. The purified enzyme preparation showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The enzyme specifically released acylamino acids from several amino terminal acylated peptides and proteins with different rates of hydrolysis depending on the acyl groups, terminal amino acid sequences and tertiary structure of the acyl protein substrates. The present enzyme may be useful for the removal of the N-terminal acylamino acid from some N-terminal blocked peptides and proteins in amino acid sequence analysis. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 360,000-420,000 by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient ultracentifugation. Disc electrophoresis of the acylamino acid-releasing enzyme on SDS-polyacrylamide gel suggested that the enzyme consisted of five or six identical subunits having a subunit weight of about 75,000. The N-terminal residue of the subunit, which consisted of a single polypeptide chain, was glycine. Other properties of the enzyme, including isoelectric point, the effects of metal ions and several chemical reagents on the enzyme activity, pH optimum, and amino acid composition were also examined."
1137993,Gas-liquid chromatography is utilized for the determination of thermodynamic solution parameters for various organic solutes at infinite dilution in the meso- and isotropic phases of cholesteryl palmitate. The thermodynamic data and trends in values of the activity coefficients for the solutes are discussed in relation to their structure and to the orientations of the liquid crystal.
1137994,"The derivatization of benzenesulphonamide, N-ethylbenzenesulphonamide and N-phenylbenzenesulphonamide with trifluoroacetic and heptafluorobutyric anhydride and pentafluorobenzyl bromide has been studied. A rapid quantitative acylation is obtained in benzene in the presence of trimethylamine. Pentafluorobenzylation is performed by the extractive alkylation technique using tetrabutylammonium as counter ion and methylene chloride as solvent. Less than 20 min are required for a quantitative derivatization. The derivatized sulphonamides have a hydrophobic character, making them very suitable for gas chromatography. Trifluoroacetylation and heptafluorobenzylation decreases it. The derivatives have a high electron-capture detector response (minimum detectable quantity, 1-2 X 10-minus 16 moles/sec). A standard curve is given for the determination of N-phenylbenzenesulphonamide as trifluoroacetyl derivative in the range 1.8-90 ng/ml."
1137995,"A single-step extraction method and thin-layer identification techniques capable of testing a wide variety of drugs of abuse are presented. These techniques are well suited for large and/or small drug programs involved in urine testing because they provide substantial economic benefits and improve clinical functioning. The drugs are absorbed on a 6 X 6 cm piece of paper loaded with cation-exchange resin and then eluted from the paper at pH 10.1 using ammonium chloride-ammonia buffer. The simultaneous thin-layer detection of sedatives, hypnotics, narcotic analgesics, central nervous system stimulants and miscellaneous drugs is accomplished by spotting the solution of extracted residue on a 20 X 20 cm Gelman pre-coated silica gel glass microfiber sheet (ITLC Type SA). A two-stage solvent system is used in order to obtain a chromatogram with optimum separation of a wide range of drugs. This system can separate methadone and/or cocaine from propoxyphene, methaqualone, methylphenidate, pentazocine, pipradrol, Doxepin, chlorpromazine, phenazocine, naloxone, naltrexone, imipramine and trimeprazine; amphetamine from phenylpropanolamine and dimethyltryptamine; codeine from dextromethorphan; methamphetamine from dimethyltryptamine, etc. Different detection reagents are then applied in succession to different marked areas of the developed chromatogram. This elegant method of extraction and spraying has enabled us to detect morphine base at a sensitivity level of 0.15 mug/ml, amphetamine sulfate at 1.0 mug/ml, methamphetamine hydrochloride at 0.5 mug/ml, phenmetrazine hydrochloride at 0.5 mug/ml, codeine phosphate at 0.5 mug/ml, methadone hydrochloride at 1.0 mug/ml, secobarbital at 0.36 mug/ml and phenobarbital at 0.5 mug/ml in urine. The minimum volume of urine needed to achieve these sensitivities is 20 ml. The cost of analysis per urine specimen using these techniques for concomitant screening of these drugs is less than US$ 1."
1137999,"A group of 25 steroidal glucosiduronic acids was chromatographed on paper chloroform-formamide in the presence of several different liquid ion exchangers. Chromatograms were run also in three Bush-type systems. RF values were converted into RM values and the data were correlated by use of a series of regression equations of the type RM(Y) = a-RM(X) + b, in which X designates a standard system to which each other system (Y) is compared. The ratio of the slope a to the correlation coefficient r (i.e., a/r) is a measure of the resolving power of system Y relative to the standard system; intercept b, in association with slope a, is an indication of the polarity of system Y relative to X. The correlation coefficient r and the standard error of estimate sy-x are indications of whether solvent systems Y and X have very similar or relatively different resolving properties for a group of solutes. The regression equations are useful for correlating chromatographic data obtained from a group of compounds in several solvent systems. Properties of the chromatography systems are discussed and the relative importance of ion exchange and hydrogen bonding with the various solvent systems is pointed out. Delta RMg and delta RMr values are given for functional groups at several locations in the conjugates for ten of the chromatography systems."
1138000,"Existing urine testing techniques in a drug abuse urine screening program with their capacity to analyze urine specimens per day are discussed. The start-up cost using each technique and cost per specimen are presented. A single step extraction technique using ion-exchange paper to absorb drugs prior to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) as reported by these laboratories will cost $0.58 per specimen, for testing the entire aray of drugs of abuse (at least 9-14 tests per specimen). Sensitivity reported using TLC technique for the morphine base is 0.15 mug/ml (minimum volume of urine needed 20 ml), 0.10 mug/ml if the volume of urine available is 30-35 ml, and 0.07 mug/ml if the volume of urine available is 43-50 ml."
1138001,"The functionally excellent flash-heater methylation, ethylation and butylation techniques have been extended to include the higher alkyl homologs. Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin have been alkylated using the tetraalkylammonium hydroxides in which the alkyl group ranges from methyl to hexyl. The gas chromatographic properties of the resulting alkyl derivatives have been investigated."
1138007,"Barbiturates are a source of interference in the estimation of paracetamol by both UV spectrophotometry and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Experiments have shown that the interference by barbiturates on GLC can be avoided by benzoylation (in aqueous solution) of the paracetamol. This O-benzoyl derivative can be N-silylated to give an additional identification parameter. The method, which requires ml of sample, will quantitatively and qualitatively estimate ""free"" paracetamol in plasma and in post mortem blood in the range of 2-40 mug of drug per millilitre of sample."
1138008,"Procedures for the ligand-exchange chromatography of amino acids on copper-, cobalt-and zinc-Chelex 100 have been examined. Ligand exchange on the copper complex affords a simple and rapid method for the removal of amino acids (except for aspartic and glutamic acids) from dilute solutions. The influence of the pH on the binding of amino acids to the metal complex was also studied. The bound amino acids could be eluted with ammonium hydroxide which also causes a slight metal leakage. Chromatography on cobalt- and zinc-Chelex 100 showed that only the basic amino acids were quantitatively attached to these complexes at pH 8.3-9.5, whereas the others were predominantly EXCLUDED. This procedure can be used for the selective concentration and removal of basic amino acids in the presence of other amino acids."
1138009,"Chemical signatures of phenmetrazine hydrochloride were studied by gas chromatography. The inter-batch variations of the signatures were found to be large whereas the intra-batch variations were usually small. The method is used for the tracing of seized phenmetrazine hydrochloride samples to common sources, which in turn may permit further tracing back to chains of illicit distribution of this drug. The applicability of the method to other narcotics is also discussed."
1138010,"A gas chromatographic separation of dihydroxy- from monohydroxycannabinoids by the use of homologous trialkylsilyl derivatives is discussed. Trimethylsilyl derivatives produced a group of peaks containing both sets of compounds, sometimes poorly resolved, whereas by increasing the alkyl chain length to n-butyl complete fractionation into two groups, was achieved. The mass spectra of these derivatives resembled those of the trimethylsilyl derivatives with the addition of a set of ions resulting from estimation of the Si-alkyl chains as olefins."
1138011,"Five trimethylene-interrupted methyl octadecadiynoates, C18 delta-2a,-7a; delta-3a,-8a; delta-4a,-9a; delta-5a,-10a and delta-6a,-11a, and the corresponding cis,cis-octadecadienoates were synthesized, and their gas-liquid chromatographic properties were studied on Apiezon L, diethylene glycol succinate polyester and Silac 10C stationary phases. The equivalent chain lengths of these esters have been determined, and the separation of mixtures and the prediction of gas chromatographic behaviour of these isomers are discussed."
1138012,"The dimethyl silicone elastomer SE-30 has been chosen as the preferred liquid phase for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs, and retention index data have been compiled for 480 drugs and commonly occurring chemicals such as plasticisers. The inter-laboratory variation in measurement of retention indices has been measured for three drugs in eleven laboratories and the standard deviations were between 20 and 15 retention index units."
1138015,"Six patients with hereditary anagioedema (HAE) undergoing 7 episodes of dental surgery received transfusions with fresh frozen plasma one day before surgery. Although the morbidity observed in these patients following similar procedures had been high, no significant complications of surgery were noted with this therapy. Thus, fresh frozen plasma infusion appears to provide a safe and effective method of prophylaxis in patients with HAE. Following infusion of fresh frozen plasma, serum levels of C4 esterase inhibitor (C1EI) rose transiently, and then fell to preinfusion levels within 1 to 12 days. In all but one patient the rise in C4 was greater than could be accounted for by the amount of C4 infused. In no patient did the level of C1EI or C4 rise to within the normal range. The data raise the question of the role of C1EI in the pathogenesis of angioedema in these patients."
1138016,"The diverse clinical syndromes characterized by asthmatic symptoms, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and eosinophilia have tended to obscure the specific association of one such entity with filarial infections. Serum IgE levels were determined before and after therapy in a group of well-characterized patients with tropical eosinophilia (TE), studied earlier in Singapore. The mean serum IgE level in 14 cases before treatment with diethylcarbamazine was 2,355 ng. per milliliter, with a trend but statistically nonsignificant decrease in levels to 600-1,000 ng. occurring 8 to 12 weeks after therapy. Leukocyte and eosinophil counts showed a rapid reduction after treatment, and although mean complement-fixing (cf) titers to Dirofilarial antigen tended to decrease, they were not significantly reduced until 5 to 6 weeks. The historical development of evidence supporting the filarial etiology of TE was reviewed. Many basic questions engendered by the clinical syndrome of tropical eosinophilia make it an excellent model for study of the immunopathology of parasitic infections."
1138017,"Defects in ventilatory function can persist for considerable periods of time following the amelicoration of the signs and symptoms of acute episodes of asthma. Serial spirographic and lung volume determinations in such patients demonstrate that the pattern of resolution of these abnormalities is such that their subtlest manifestations are depressed flow rates in the mid vital capacity range and/or elevations in residual volumes. These changes are believed to represent the effects of residual obstruction that is located in the airways in the periphery of the lung. Recent studies suggest that this residua is capable of influencing the lung's response to asthmogenic stimulis, and imply that it may be beneficial to place asthmatics on continuous therapy for as long as they have alterations in lung function."
1138018,"A reliable method for obtaining osteoclast activating factor (OAF) in the culture medium of phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood leukocytes is described. OAF was detected by its ability to stimulate resorption of fetal rat bone in organ culture. Most bone resorbing activity was released by activated leukocytes during the first 24 hours of culture, well before -3H-thymidine incorporation was increased. Cultures maintained for longer than 3 days showed a decrease in OAF activity. Stimulated leukocytes cultured in medium with as little as 0.01 per cent plasma showed increased -3H-thymidine incorporation and released as much OAF as leukocytes cultured with 20 per cent plasma. OAF release was stimulated by pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A as well as by phytohemagglutinin."
1138019,"The effects of feeding chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) on biliary lipid composition, on the rate-limiting enzymes of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and on hepatic cholesterol and bile acids were determined in hamsters. The goals were to study the mechanism and duration of the cholesterol desaturation action of CDC. Administration of CDC for 30 days significantly increased the biliary bile acid and lecithin to cholesterol ratio and the percentage of CDC in bile (p less than 0.01). These effects persisted for 20 days after discontinuing CDC (p less than 0.01) and were no longer evident at 30 days. HMG CoA reductase and 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities were significantly reduced by CDC (p less than 0.01). After discontinuing CDC, these effects persisted for 10 days at which time HMG CoA reductase was still decreased by 50 per cent (p less than 0.01) and 7 alpha-hydroxylase by only 12 per cent (p less than 0.01) and were no longer evident by 20 days. Hepatic cholesterol did not change, while hepatic CDC was significantly elevated throughout the experiment. (1) CDC has a salutory effect on biliary lipid composition while causing an increase of exogenous CDC in bile and a decrease of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. (2) The persistence of decreased cholesterol synthesis and of improved biliary lipid composistion after discontinuing CDC provides a rationale for studying this in man and then testing intermittent CDC regimes for gallstone dissolution."
1138021,"The relationships between the amount of calcium absorbed and the quantity ingested was evaluated in 180 adult humans. Absorption was measured from the concentration ratio of concurrently administered oral and intravenous calcium isotopes. Intake ranged from 0.163 to 7.48 Gm. Ca per day. In 14 subjects, intakes were artificially elevated for purposes of this study. All others were studied at their usual intake levels. Absorption (Ca Abs) was found to follow a curvillnear relationship with intake (Ca-D), and was characterized by the following equation: Ca Abs equals 0.1541 - Ca-D plus 0.3127[exp(-1.0539 - Ca-D)] - Ca-D. The exponential term of this equation provided the major component of total absorption at intakes below 0.8 Gm. per day, but fell to negligible values when intake reached 2 to 3 Gm. per day, above which absorption was characterized by a simple linear function of intake. We found that there was no detectable upper limit to absorption capacity, which, at the 7.48 Gm. intake level, averaged more than 1.0 Gm per day. The observed mathematical description is consistent with the generally recognized inverse relationship between absorption efficiency and intake. At the same time it indicates that a component of absorption is independent of control mechanisms and is related solely to intake. A more general form of the foregoing equation, suggesting provision for other physiological variables such as growth hormone and cortisol, is proposed and discussed."
1138022,"To study the function of globin-chain genes, in vitro synthesis of globin was measured in reticulocytes concentrated from the peripheral blood of 7 subjects doubly heterozygous for an alpha-chain abnormality (Hb G-Philadelphia) and a beta-chain abnormality (Hb S or C). Each had a deficit of alpha-chain synthesis compatible with an alpha-thalassemia-like syndrome. The data are also compatible with the quantitative expression of variable reduplication of the alpha-chain locus in man."
1138023,"This study was performed to identify the efferent pathways which mediate vasodilation during activation of the coronary chemoreflex and to compare the reflex responses in vessels in skeletal muscle and skin. Reflex vasodilator responses (decreases in perfusion pressure) were measured in innervated, perfused gracilis muscle and hindpaw of dogs during activation of the coronary chemoreflex with intracoronary injections of nicotine. Reflex vasodilator responses to intracoronary nicotine (1.25 and 2.50 mu-g per kilogram) averaged -14 plus or minus 5 (S.E.M.) and -34 plus or minus 6 mm. Hg, respectively, in muscle, but only -5 plus or minus 2 and -10 plus or minus 4 mm. Hg, respectively, in paw. Atropine, tripelennamine, and propranolol did not alter the vasodilation. Guanethidine blocked reflex vasodilation in muscle. The reflex vasodilator responses in paw were slight and were not significantly attenuated by guanethidine. The results indicate that sympathetic cholinergic pathways to skeletal muscle do not participate in the coronary chemoreflex. The reflex vasodilation in muscle results from withdrawal of adrenergic constrictor tone. The efferent pathway demonstrates that the coronary chemoreflex does not produce striking withdrawal of adrenergic tone in paw. The results indicate, therefore, that activation of the coronary chemoreflex results in greater withdrawal of adrenergic constrictor tone and greater vasodilation in muscle than in skin."
1138025,"Total sulfur-containing amino acids have been found to be the first limiting amino acid in several foods in comparison with human amino acid requirements. Addition of methionine in appropriate amounts to these foods might be expected to improve protein value. Economically, DL-methionine would be preferable to L-methionine for this purpose. However, the comparative tuilization of L- DL-, and D-methionine is unclear. The objective of the current project was to compare the effectiveness of L-, DL-, and D-methionine supplementation of diets based on a food product known to be low in methionine value for human subjects. ""Instant"" oatmeal was fed to adult subjects to provide 4.0 g of nitrogen/day. In randomly arranged periods, these diets were supplemented with L-, DL-, or D-methionine at two levels (0.58 and 1.16 g of methionine/day). An unsupplemented diet was used in a control period. Diets were adequate in vitamins, minerals, and energy. Mean nitrogen balances of subjects while receiving the L-methionine supplements at the 0.58 and 1.16 g levels were minus0.10 and +0.06 g of nitrogen, respectively. At similar levels of DL-methionine supplementation, nitrogen balances were minus0.12 and minus0.15 g of nitrogen, respectively, and minus0.24 and minus0.18 g of nitrogen with D-methionine supplementation. The mean nitrogen balance when no supplement was used was minus0.22 g of nitrogen. Thus, D-methionine is seemingly poorly utilized by the human. Urinary methionine excretion data supported these results."
1138026,"It has now been universally accepted that zinc deficiency interferes in some way with wound healing, but the claims that the addition of zinc supplements to the normally nourished rat accelerates wound healing to super-normal levels has, on investigations, produced contradictory results. In this study the rate of healing of granulating wounds on the backs of two species of animals, the rat and the guinea pig, has been studied when supplements of zinc salts were given in association with a normal diet. The zinc supplements were administered either orally, parenterally, or topically. There was no difference in the rate of healing in either species of animal given zinc supplements by any of the routes used."
1138027,"Experiments were conducted to determine the absorption of various dietary fatty acids and glycerides singly and in mixtures. Chickens with or without cannulated bile ducts or ligated pancreatic ducts were used to evaluate the absorption of fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids and the absorption patterns of several classes of lipids and their effect on the absorption of palmitic acid under in vivo conditions. In spite of wide melting point differences, isomers of various monoglycerides or 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids exhibited identical absorption and solubility patterns. A homologous series of saturated monoglycerides showed a maximum absorption value for the monoglycerides with fatty acids of 12 and 14 carbons. Absorption decreased with increasing chain lengths of the fatty acid in the monoglyceride. Conversely, the absorption of palmitic acid when fed with the various monoglycerides progressively increased to a maximum in the mixture containing monomyristin and then decreased when fed with monopalmitin or monostearin."
1138028,"Ribosomal profiles were prepared from liver postmitochondrial supernatant preparations of 2- to 21-day old and 60-day-old rats. Rats fed or starved for 3 or 15 to 16 hours were compared. Relative ribosomal distribution, calculated from planimetric analysis of the hepatic ribosomal profiles, was found to be approximately constant at all ages when fed animals were compared. In contrast, starvation for 15 hours resulted in profound changes in ribosomal distribution, i.e., a relative accumulation of oligosomes as compared with polysomes. This change in ribosomal distribution was most extensive in animals younger than 2 weeks of age, 60-day-old rats showing no effect. Refeeding of 6-day-old starved rats with diets containing 10% protein resulted in a prompt decrease in the planimetric yield of monsomes and disomes. Similarly, dietary protein was shown to be required to prevent accumulation of these two species. It is suggested that it is the response of the ribosomal cycle to starvation that changes with age rather than the maximum capacity for protein synthesis."
1138029,"Because dried whey contains approximately 70% lactose, it could be harmful if incorporated into the diet of animals with low tolerance for lactose. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various levels of dried whey in the diet of growing pigs. In the first two experiments diets containing up to 40% dried whey were fed from weaning to approximately 5 months of age. With respect to rate of gain or feed efficiency, there were no significant differences among dietary treatment groups. In a third experiment pigs that had consumed a diet containing no lactose from 6 to 12 weeks of age performed normally when fed a diet containing 40% dried whey from 12 to 21 weeks of age. The results of the three experiments suggest that the growing pig can tolerate up to 30% lactose in the diet without any symptoms of lactose intolerance, and that continuous exposure to lactose in the diet is not necessary to maintain tolerance to this level of lactose."
1138030,"Tryptophan-deficient and nondeficient synthetic amino acid test diets were prepared using D, L-amino acids. The diets were fed to three groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 8 weeks. Experimental control fish fed well and grew from 1.3 to 2.5 g. Deficient fish fed poorly and did not gain weight. Scoliosis was observed in the deficient fish after 1 week of feeding. Daily transitory scoliosis was noted in some fish. Histological studies of trypthophan-deficient scoliotic fish revealed hyperemia, disorganization of myomere septa, and protrusions of the fibrous matrix sheath, which invests the notochord. Abnormal deposition of calcium was noted in the kidney and the bony plates surrounding the notochord and sheath. Fish with mechanically induced scoliosis had disorganization of myomere septa, but did not have protrusions of fibrous matrix sheath, nor did they have abnormal calcium deposition in bone or kidney. Scoliotic fish returned to normal within 1 week upon replacement of tryptophan in the ration."
1138031,"Intestinal absorption of radioactive free and protein-bound dietary methionine (Met) and changes in plasma amino acids were observed after feeding Met-supplemented test meals. Plasma and gastrointestinal contents were collected from 15 minutes to 16 hours after feeding. Plasma amino acids were determined after ad libitum ingestion of diets containing free Met. Protein-bound Met in fresh egg white and free Met left the stomach at the same rate, but protein-bound Met in dried egg white and free Met were emptied from the stomach at different rates. Free Met was absorbed from the intestine more rapidly than protein-bound Met. Concentrations and molar ratios of various free amino acids in plasma changed briefly in response to Met-supplemented single test meals. Long-term changes were observed when Met-supplemented diets were fed ad libitum. Prolonged ingestion of supplemented diets may cause sustained alterations in the plasma amino acid pattern."
1138032,"We investigated the effects of a high meat mixed Western diet and a nonmeat diet, representing the dietary pattern of high and low risk areas for colon cancer, respectively, on fecal microflora dn on bile acid and neutral sterol patterns in man. The total anaerobic microflora as well as the count of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Peptococcus, and anaerobic Lactobacillus were significantly higher during the period of consumption of a high meat mixed Western diet comparted with the nonmeat-diet consumption period. The difference in total fecal bile acid excretion was not significant between the two dietary periods. Fecal excretion of microbially modified bile acids and neutral sterols was decreased when subjects eating a high meat diet transferred to a nonmeat diet. These results support the fact that diet plays a modifying role on the composition of intestinal microflora, bile acids, and neutral sterols."
1138033,"Effects of feeding rats a high tyrosine-low protein diet on protein synthesis in liver, muscle, and brain were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Tissue tyrosine concentrations of rats consuming the high tyrosine diet for 7 days were substantially elevated; this was accompanied by severe growth retardation. In the livers of rats fed the high tyrosine diet for 6 days, polysomal profiles showed a shift toward heavier ribosomal aggregates, while in muscle and brain, extensive disaggregation of polysomes occurred. In an in vitro amino acid incorporating system, the activities of both the microsomal and pH 5 enzyme fractions isolated from the livers of the high tyrosine animals that had been fed the diet for 6 weeks were elevated. On the other hand, the capacity of muscle or brain ribosomal preparations to incorporate [14-C] leucine was much reduced. Similar results were obtained in a study of [14-C] leucine incorporation in vivo in which rats were force-fed two meals and killed at various times after the last feeding. In rats fed the high tyrosine diet, incorporation of leucine into liver increased progressively; this was accompanied by a gradual decrease in leucine incorporation into muscle. In contrast, leucine incorporation into brain was immediately suppressed. In view of the apparently paradoxical effect of a high tyrosine load on protein synthesis in the liver, rates of the anabolic and catabolic phases of protein turnover in animals fed a high tyrosine diet were determined from radioactivity measurements made after pulse labeling them with [14-C] bicarbonate. Results indicated that the rates of both synthesis and degradation of liver proteins were elevated over control values. Differences in the effects of a toxic load of tyrosine on protein synthesis in the tissues examined could be the consequence of altered metabolic or hormonal balance as a result of nutritional stress."
1138034,"The rates of intestinal transport of dietary monosaccharides and disaccharides were determined in Wistar rats and the carbohydrate-sensitive BHE rats fed either a stock diet or a 65% sucrose diet. Sucrose-fed rats of both strains generally showed large and significant increases in the rates of glucose, alpha-methylglucose, fructose, and sucrose transport. The transport of galactose, maltose, and lactose did not show consistent increases due to sucrose feeding. Although the magnitude of the increases in sugar transport due to sucrose feeding was only slightly greater in BHE rats than in Wistar rats, BHE rats tended to exhibit a greater rate of sugar trnasport when fed both strains and in the BHE rats fed the stock diet. Lipogenic enzyme activity was greatly increased as a result of sucrose feeding; however, BHE rats did not show greater levels of enzyme activity than did Wistar rats. Liver lipids were increased in both the Wistar and the BHE sucrose-fed rats and in BHE rats fed either diet."
1138035,"Present protein allowances are based on amounts of nitrogen (N) that maintain balance in adults in laboratory tests. In most tests of minimum N need, energy intakes were higher than present allowances and generally the participants maintained body weight or gained. To evaluate the relative importance of energy and protein intakes in the near-adequate range on the N equilibrium, healthy men were given two levels of protein with energy constant and three levels of energy with protein constant. In the first two 12-day periods, diets provided 5 and 7% of energy (E) from egg white protein with enough E to maintain weight essentially constant (39.6 plus or minus 4.4 kcal/kg). N balance data with these diets were used to select an individual protein intake level nearest to need (5, 6, or 7%), and that level was fed for the next three periods with the same E intake as before (100 E) and 85 or 115% of it. Crude N balance (dietary-fecal-urinary N) was minus0.26 g/day with 5% diet and 0.33 g/day with 7%. Balance was improved by 280 mg/g N fed between these levels. Predicted minimum N need to maintain crude N balance at 100 E is 89 plus or minus 18 mg/kg body weight or 3.76 plus or minus 0.61 mg/basal kcal. N balance fell to minus0.61 g/day with 85 E and increased to 0.59 g/day with 115 E. N balance changed by 174 mg/100 kcal between 85 and 100 E and 112 mg/100 kcal between 100 and 115 E. Energy intake appears to have a much greater effect on N balance than does protein intake in the marginally adequate ranges of intake."
1138036,"In order to further investigate the metabolic alterations in the liver of cholesterol-fed rats, the following parameters were determined: (a) the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, citrate cleavage enzyme, acetyl CoC carboxylase, and fatty acid synthetase; (b) the rate of hepatic fatty acids synthesis in vivo or in vitro; and (c) the concentration of immunoreactive insulin, free fatty acids, and glucose in the plasma. The experimental diets usually contained 1.5% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid. Cholesterol feeding resulted in a three- to fourfold decrease in the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and citrate cleavage enzyme and up to a two-fold decrease in the activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was not sifnigicantly decreased when rats were fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets for only 2 to 4 weeks, despite marked decreases in the activities of the lipogenic enzymes. But when cholesterol feeding was continued for periods longer than 5 weeks, there was a significant decrease in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Cholesterol feeding decreased the levels of circulating insulin and elevated plasma free fatty acid levels. Plasma glucose levels were not significantly changed. Cholesterol feeding can result in a wide range of metabolic alterations. These metabolic alterations may have some impact on the development of hypercholesterolemic-related metabolic disorders."
1138037,"The absorption kinetics of some 14-C-labeled simple sugards in adults of Schistosoma mansoni are described. The influx of fructose and 3-0-methylglucose was by diffusion alone, while glucose, 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG), galactose, glucosamine, and mannose were absorbed by mediated transport as well as by diffusion. Although absorbed glucose was rapidly metabolized, uptake rates of radio-glucose in 2-min incubations corresponded with the amount of glucose (determined chemically) removed from the incubation medium. In 30-min incubations 2DOG was slowly metabolized and accumulated against an apparent concentration difference. The mediated transport of glucose and 2DOG was inhibited in Na+-free media, and by the presence of ouabain, phlorizin, phloretin, and other sugars. Accordingly, influxes of glucose of 2DOG and 22-Na+ were coupled. On a per mg protein basis, female worms transported more 2DOG and glucose, but less glycine, than did males. However, the rate of glucose metabolism by male and female worms incubated together was greater than that of either males or females incubated separately. The nature of sugar transport in schistosomes and other flatworms is similar to that in vertebrates."
1138038,"Diets of rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta (CESTODA: Cyclophyllidea) were altered with respect to carbohydrate content and to roughage, and the effects on worm growth and development were studied. Compared to worms from rats fed a 56% glucose diet, those on a 56% starch diet were heavier at 10 and 15 days and had more immature proglottids at 5 days, mature prglottids at 10 days, and mature and gravid proglottids at 15 days postinfection. In addition, worms from rats fed the starch diet contained a higher carbohydrate concentration and a lower lipid concentration from those fed the glucose diet. Worms from rats fed diets with combinations of carbohydrates such as 51% starch-5% sucrose and 51% starch-5% lactose were not different from those fed the 56% starch diet. If rats were fed a pellet diet (Purina Laboratory Chow), the worms grew substantially larger than those from rats fed the 56% starch or combination diets. The differences could be overcome if a 6% roughage component were included in the 56% starch diet. Therefore, the starch-roughage diet here presented is recommended as the optimal defined diet for studies of the development of H. diminuta in the definitive host."
1138039,"Henneguya sebasta sp. n. was found on the bulbus and truncus arteriosus and in the heart chambers of 7 species of marine rockfish, Sebastes, from central and southern California. The incidence of this parasite may be of economic interest to the sport and commercial fisheries because of its possible pathogenicity."
1138040,"The survival of infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum on outdoor grass plots was studied in 40 experiments over 1 year. Weather data were collected over the period. Mean larval survival from August to early November was 24 days (range 1 to 49), from December through February was 0 days, and from March to mid-August was 6.6 days (range 0 to 21). Moderate to high temperatures and substantial rainfall favored larval survival; low temperatures and rainfall favored larval destruction."
1138041,"The ultrastruct of the adult subperiodic Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927) within pulmonary arteries of male jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The cuticle consists of 10 sublayers (2 of which are prominently banded) and a typical outer unit membrane. Evidence is presented showing that the subcuticular region of the lateral chords comprises a functional complex of basal infoldings, multivesicular bodies, and associated mitochondria, which is probably engaged in the exchange of solutes across a permeable cuticle. Microbodies with paired, prominent cores, intracisternal A-particle viruslike bodies, nonstaining glycogen patches, and other structures are also present in the lateral chords. The platymyarian somatic musculature shares some coelomyarian characteristics, e.g., apparent neuromuscular connections and prominent glycogen deposits surrounded by mitochondria and other organelles. The alimentary tract has features typical of many nematodes. The luminal segments of the male and female reproductive tracts and their germinal products, excluding microfilariae, are described. Affinities with related species are discussed."
1138042,"In both spring and fall, 12 Duroc, 12 Hampshire, and 12 Duroc times Hampshire F1 weanling pigs all reared under the same management were fed in pens of 3 to slaughter weights. Three Duroc and 4 Hampshire boars, essentially unrelated within breed, were used in sampling the breeds. Swine herd management allowed pig infection with Strongyloides ransomi and Ascaris suum, but neither clinical nor subclinical parasitism was evident in the herd. Pigs were percutaneously exposed by pens within breed and season, half to none (control) and half to 3,000,000 (exposed) S. ransomi infective larvae, Breed, treatment, and seasons were prominent sources of variation in pig response. Breeds failed to respond alike to parasitism in respect to experimental periods and exposure levels. This interaction response (P smaller than 0.01) showed that S. ransomi egg production increased rapidly for all breed groups but decreased quicker and greater in Durocs, slowest and least in Hampshires, with cross breds intermediate in these respects. The 2.0830 for mean of log A. suum EPG from exposed Durocs was near double that of control Durocs but the mean for exposed Hampshires was less than half that for controls; crossbreds tended to be intermediate in this respect. Daily gains of 0.70 and 0.73 for Durocs and crossbreds were similar (P greater than 0.10) but averaged 11.7% more (P smaller than 0.05) than the 0.64 kg for Hampshires and gains by control pigs were 20.6% above (P greater than 0.01) that of exposed pigs. Exposed pigs required more feed per kg of gain (P greater than 0.05) than control pigs (3.60 vs. 3.33 kg). Comparison of relative gains and feed efficiences of control and exposed pigs among and within breed groups supported the position that a superimposed exposure of 3,000,000 S. ransomi larvae was more severe for Hampshires, intermediate for crossbreds, and least severe for Durocs."
1138043,"1. In decerebrate cats neurones in the region of the paramedian reticular nucleus were identified by responses to stimulation of implanted cerebellar electrodes. Approximately one half were antidromically activated and one half orthodromically. 2. Somatic stimulation and electrical stimulation of both hind limb and cranial nerves activated many of these cells. There was no correlation between the effects of these stimuli on cell firing and on blood pressure. 3. A number of rhythms in spontaneous firing were observed. One fifth of cells fired with the rhythm of efferent activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In animals showing cycles of stability and instability in blood pressure corresponding phases of activity and inactivity in the firing of paramedian reticular neurones were observed. 4. Most paramedian reticular cells showed bursts of firing preceding abrupt rises in blood pressure but this was also observed with cells lateral to this area. 5. One third of cells studied showed changes in firing rate correlated with the changes in blood pressure which followed I.V. acetylcholine and noradrenaline. 6. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion, which always produced a rise in blood pressure, had little effect on cell firing."
1138046,"1. Projections to the superior colliculus from fore and hind limb muscle nerves have been examined. 2. Hind leg nerve stimulation at strengths sufficient to excite Group II and III fibres elicited unit discharge in all layers of the superior colliculus and underlying tegmentum. 3. Forelimb nerve stimulation excited units in all layers of the superior colliculus and underlying tegmentum. Twenty per cent were activated by stimulation below Group II threshold, the remainder by stimulation above Group II threshold. 4. Most units activated by limb afferent nerve stimulation were also activated by visual stimuli. There was considerable convergence from both flexor and extensor nerves and most units were excited by stimulation of nerves in more than one limb. 5. Units fired either with a short or long latency or with a paired discharge. Short latency units were most common in deep collicular layers and the tegmentum, long latency units were most common in superficial layers. 6. The spinal pathway of the afferents is mainly in the dorsolateral quadrant contralateral to the recording site. The anatomical characteristics of the pathway are similar to the lateral funiculus climbing fibrespinocerebellar pathway."
1138056,1. Of paramedian reticular neurones a significantly higher proportion of those antidromically activated from the cerebellum than of those orthodromically activated from this source were excited by acetylcholine. 2. Receptors for acetylcholine were of the muscarinic type. 3. No differences were found in the proportions of cholinoceptive and non-cholinoceptive cells responding to stimulation of cranial and limb nerves or to changes in blood pressure either spontaneous or induced. 4. Either a cholinergic pathway to paramedian reticular cells projecting to the cerebellum was not activated in these experiments or the receptors for acetylcholine are not located at synapses. An association between muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase may be present with cells of this area.
1138064,"1. The volume of distribution of [14-C]carboxyl inulin has been studied in slices of outer and inner medulla from rat kidney incubated in Krebs phosphate-bicarbonate Ringer, modified to render it iso-osmolal with the tissue fluids in these zones, under three conditions, (a) aerobically at 37 degrees C (control), (b) anoxically at 37 degrees C, and (c) aerobically at 0 degrees C. 2. Under control conditions near steady-state volumes of approximately 24 and 42 mul./100 mg wet weight slice were obtained for outer and inner medulla respectively during the period 10-30 min from the start of incubation. In the outer medulla the volumes of distribution in anoxic and hypothermic slices exceeded that in control slices during this time, but control values increased from 30 to 100 min so that after 100 min the distribution volumes were approximately 30 mul./100 mg under each set of conditions. 3. In the inner medulla control and anoxic slices had inulin distribution volumes of approximately 42 mul./100 mg during 10-30 min, rising to over 50 mul./u99 mg by 100 min. Slices incubated hypothermically reached a steady-state value of approximately 40 mul./100 mg by 30 min, which did not increase further for up to 100 min. 4. All slices lost about 10% of their initial weight during the first 3 min of incubation. Thereafter control slices maintained weight constancy for at least 30 min (outer medulla) or 100 min (inner medulla); slices incubated anoxically or hypothermically gained weight, the gains being greatest in anoxic outer and hypothermic inner medulla. 5. The K concentration within control slices (both zones), hypothermic outer and anoxic inner medulla attained equilibrium when slice [K] was approximately 8 times medium [K] (5-9 mM). In anoxic outer and hypothermic inner medullary slices [K] fell to a significantly greater extent, but interpretation of these findings in terms of slice K loss is subject to modification in respect of the increases in slice weight (water content) accompanying the [K] decreases. 6. There was a transient (1-3 min) rise in [Na] in all slices. This was followed by a [Na] decrease, which was most apparent in control slices, and finally a gradual increase towards medium [Na] (141 and 180 mM for outer and inner medulla respectively)."
1138076,"1. The changes in the volumes of cells in slices (thickness 0-3-0-4 mm) of rat renal outer and inner medulla have been investigated during aerobic incubation for 20 min at 37 degrees C in Krebs phosphate-bicarbonate Ringer modified by the addition of urea or sucrose in order to produce a range of media hypo- and hyperosmolal with respect to the calculated tissue fluid osmolalities in these regions. 2. On the assumption that under these conditions the measured inulin space approximates to the true extracellular space (ECS), it was found that osmotic swelling or shrinkage of cells was not accompanied by any significant variation in the absolute size of the ECS. 3. Calculated cell volume changes in both regions were minimal when slices were incubated in urea-containing media iso-osmolal with tissue fluids in that region. In sucrose-containing media minimal cell volume changes occurred when media were hypo-osmolal in relation to tissue fluids by a factor of approximately 0-68. 4. In all except the most hypo-osmolal media studied, calculated cell volume changes (as percentage of initial volume) were linearly related to the reciprocal of the incubation media osmolalities. The points of interception of the regression lines on the cell volume axis were dependent upon both the region studied and the composition of the incubation medium (urea or sucrose). 5. These changes were accompanied by variations in slice solute concentrations. Slice [Na] was greatest, and slice [K] least, following incubation in those media producing the greatest percentage changes in cell volume. 6. The volume of distribution [14-C]sucrose within the inner medulla was 61-7 plus or minus 2-5 mul./100 mg wet weight of tissue (mean plus or minus S.E., n equals 6) after 10 min incubation. The increase to 70-8 plus or minus 4-2 mul./100 mg (n equals 6) after 100 min was not significant (0-1 greater than P greater than 0-05). The volume of distribution within the outer medulla rose markedly during this period, from 38-1 to 58-2 mul./100 mg."
1138082,"""Affirmative action"" programs call for special activities to ensure that women and minorities participate in employment and educational opportunities in the numbers in which qualified members of these groups are represented in the nation or community. Six kinds of activities should receive priority in establishing a medical school affirmative action program: (a) review of salaries for equity, (b) establishing goals for hiring in both faculty and nonfaculty jobs, (c) review of admissions criteria to assure that women and minorities are not required to meet a higher standard than white males to include accurate predictors of the success of applicants from these groups, (d) survey of physical facilities to assure that lounges and facilities for women are equivalent to quality and convenience to those available to men, (e) examination of employment and instructional policies to identify any which have a ""disparate effect"" on the success of women and minorities and modification of such policies wherever alternatives are possible, (f) review of staff, student, and administrative attitudes to assure that the institutional atmosphere conveys support of equal opportunity. Success in accomplishing each of these priorities will build a basis for success in other aspects of the equal opportunity program."
1138083,"The clinics of a single university hospital center were observed to determine a practical rationale for and impediments to implementing a medical care evaluation program. A quality assurance mechanism is especially important in the ambulatory care setting because of problems with patient compliance, lack of policy continuity, lack of intercommunication among care providers, no counterpart for most inpatient quality-oriented activities, structural defects in many clinics, and general emphasis on the inpatient medicine. Impediments to implementing quality assurance programs include the condition of clinic records and individual charts, lack of established criteria for care, problems of care provider intercommunication during the evaluation process, manpower availability, choice of evaluation method, and method of implementing resulting plans for corrective action."
1138084,"In the longitudinal study reported here a comparison was made of changes in basic professional orientations of students during the first three years of professional socialization four health fields in Israel: medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and nursing. Data are analyzed from the same groups at three points: prior to entry, at the end of year one, and at the end of year three. The image of the ""competent"" professional is analyzed in terms of a set of underlying traits which in all four populations are shown to group themselves empirically into three dominant components: People, Science, and Status. The priorities accorded to these components are quite similar in all four professions, suggesting a common basic orientation among them. The analysis also points to different levels of absolute emphasis on the components and to changes in patterns of emphasis during the early stages of socilization."
1138094,"The advantages of a formal grading system in assessing a student's capability to practice medicine remain controversial. Students prefer the pass/fail method, while faculty lean toward the traditional approach. The efficacy of a modified pass/fail grading system in detecting superior academic achievement, as well as in predicting house staff performance, was evaluated. Mean scores on the examinations of the National Board of Medical Examiners of students selected fo Alpha Omega Alpha were significantly higher than those of other students, although the faculty was unaware of these results when selecting candidates. Chairmen in institutions where 125 students had served their first graduate year of training felt that 85 percent of the dean's letters summarizing the student's academic performance over a three-year period accurately indicated subsequent performance on the house staff. These results suggest that a modified pass/fail grading system can detect superior students as well as provide relevant information with respect to subsequent performance as a physician."
1138095,"Factor analysis of medical student ratings of basic science instruction yielded three dimensions of student perception of instruction: faculty-student rapport, outside work, and aspects of student comprehension. While these factors are similar to those identified in other studies, they differ in respects probably reflecting differences between medical students and other students and differences in questionnaire design."
1138096,"A judgment of the relevance of nine basic sciences courses was tested by the pair comparison method. The test groups consisted of first-, second-, third-, and fourth-year medical students; interns and residents; basic sciences faculty; and clinical faculty. The data obtained from all groups proved to be consistent. Three strata of relevance were detected. Physiology, pathology, and pharmacology comprised the stratum of maximum relevance. The anatomy sciences (gross anatomy, histology, cell biology, and embryology) formed a stratum of lowest relevancy. The comparative relevancy of biochemisty and microbiology fell between the two extremes. Two approaches for making the anatomy disciplines more relevant are discussed."
1138106,"This is a report on a national study of minority group applicants and entrants to the 1970, 1971, and 1972 entering classes of U.S. medical colleges. The aim of the investigation was to further understanding of the factors involved in attempting to increase minority representation in education for the practice of medicine. Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges are used to examine characteristics of successful and unsuccessful minority applicants to medical school. Socieconomic, personal, institutiona, and geographical factors that relate to the recruitment and progress of minority students in medicine are analyzed and evaluated. Differences between Caucasian and minority group students affecting admissions, retention, and promotion are documented. The investigators also compare the projections of a 1970 AAMC task force report with actual occurrences in the national effort to expand educational opportunities in medicine for blacks and other underrepresented minority students (that is, American Indians, Mexican Americans, and mainland Puerto Ricans). This comparison shows substantial progress toward the projected figures but a need for renewed commitment if they are to be reached. Suggestions are offered for improving the recruitment and progress of minority medical school entrants by such means as the AAMC Simulated Minority Admissions Exercises and by ongoing programs at individual medical schools. The study also yielded such pertinent findings as the following: 1. Confirmation that the racial characterizations self-reported by medical school applicants have a high degree of accuracy and an increasing degree of completeness. 2. An encouraging increase in the number of black premedical students who will potentially apply for the medical school classes entering in 1976 and 1977. 3. Growth in the enrollment of low-income medical students, most of it explained by the increase in the numbers of minority group members who have been admitted in recent years. 4. More mobility among blacks than Caucasians with regard to attending medical schools in other than their region of legal residence. 5. A higher proportion of women, of older, and of married students among minority medical school matriculants than among Caucasian matriculants. 6. A slightly higher medical school retention rate for Caucasians than for students from underrepresented minority groups, possibly explained in part by the greater diversity in the socioeconomic and educational backgrounds of the latter. 7. A positive relationship for blacks between the size of undergraduate college attended and successful completion of the first year of medical school."
1138133,"Process and outcome analyses were carried out on a group of patients who had uncomplicated cholecystectomy. The postoperative length of stay and patient satisfaction were also measured. A random sample of 80 charts was selected from 222 eligible records for process analysis. Outcome was evaluated in 218 of the 222 eligible patients against explicit criteria. More patients were in the symptomatic and back-to-work group than expected. The peer consensus was that these results were not related to the surgical procedure or specifically related to gallbladder disease. Ninety-five per cent of the patients assessed care as good or excellent, and 90 per cent felt the length of postoperative stay was satisfactory. When the patients were divided according to surgeon, significant differences in the length of postoperative stay were found in the 154 patients without common bile duct exploration. After the findings were presented to the surgeons through an educational program, changes occurred which resulted in a decrease of nearly one day in the postoperative hospitalization."
1138134,"Numerous methodologies have been devised to measure various aspects of the quality of health care. Revised bibliographies of articles of articles reporting these methodologies are made available periodically. This paper is an attempt to devise a use ful framework for cataloguing these methods in order that health care planners and administrators can readily assess the means available to quantify aspects of health care under their scrutiny. A decision tree is presented for the decision maker to follow through according to his requirements, and a discussion presents a brief summary of the methods in each particular category. Gaps indicating the need for further research are identified."
1138135,"Conditions for using single measures or combinations of measures of physician performance are discussed. Studies reporting combination indices of proficiency are reviewed for their use of equally or differentially weighted components and for the use of these with many or with single diagnoses, Comparisons of diagnostic-specific measures are made using differential and equal item weights. Under the general conditions of this research, few psychometric differences existed. The use and acceptability of differential item weights in this research are also discussed."
1138154,"Human growth hormone (hGH) was administered to a group of osteoporotic patients at two dosage levels for a period of 6 mo each. The first dose employed was 2 units subcutaneously daily, and the second dose was 0.2W-3/4 units (where W is body weight expressed in kg) daily. There was no significant change in serum-cholesterol or triglyceride concentration despite the production of hyperglycemia and soft-tissue swelling on the higher dosage regimen. A number of factors may account for the conflict between our findings and a previous report in which hGH administration had a lypocholesterolemic, hyperglyceridemic effect. These factors include differences in sex, age, dosage, and duration of treatment. Nonetheless, it is clear that from a therapeutic vantage, even if hGH were readily available, it would not be a useful hypocholesterolemic agent."
1138155,"Turnover rates and metabolism in the leg region and the splanchnic region, of free arachidonic and oleic acid have been examined in five healthy subjects at rest and during bicycle exercise. A continuous intravenous infusion of tritiated arachidonic acid and 14-C-labeled oleic acid was given. The rate constant for arachidonic acid turnover at rest was 0.44 plus or minus 0.004/min as compared to 0.29 plus or minus 0.02 for oleic acid. Significant correlations between turnover rate and arterial concentrations were observed for both acids in the resting state. The turnover of arachidonic acid was not significantly altered during exercise which caused an eight- to ninefold rise in pulmonary oxygen uptake. In contrast, the turnover of oleic acid rose markedly with exercise; its rate constant increased by approximately 90% to 0.57 plus or minus 0.05/min. The fractional uptakes of the two acids in the leg region were similar in the resting state. The splanchnic fractional uptake for arachidonic acid significantly exceeded that for oleic acid at rest. There was a net uptake of arachidonic acid in the splanchnic region in all subjects studied. In vitro incubations of whole blood deomonstrated a significant exchange of arachidonic as well as oleic acid between plasma and blood cells. We conclude that the metabolism of plasma free arachidonic acid differs from that of oleic acid in that (1) its fractional turnover at rest is about 50% higher, (2) its splanchnic fractional uptake is about 60% higher, and (3) its turnover rate is unaffected by physical exercise. It is further suggested that the high turnover rate of arachidonic acid, and to a less extent that of oleic acid, could be due in part to an exchange of fatty acids between plasma and endothelial cells."
1138156,"A dose-response study of the effect of somatostatin on plasma growth hormone (GH) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels was performed in normal subjects and acromegalic patients. In normal subjects 150 mug of somatostatin completly suppressed GH and IRI responses to arginine, while with 75 and 37.5 mug only a partial suppression was usually observed. Basal levels of plasma IRI were significantly lowered within 15 min from the start of somatostatin injection at each of the three dose levels. In three acromegalics the doses of 150 and 75 mug of somatostatin were effective in lowering both GH and IRI levels; the dose of 37.5 mug was still effective in lowering plasma IRI levels, while GH levels were not significantly modified. A dose of somatostatin inhibiting GH secretion without affecting insulin secretion has not been found either in acromegalics and in normals. It was concluded that the effects of somatostatin on GH and IRI secretion cannot be easily dissociated."
1138157,"Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined in 46 patients with active acromegaly but with otherwise intact pituitary function. The mean serum-cholesterol level of the patients was lower and the mean serum-triglyceride higher than in the basic population of comparable age. The incidence of hypercholesterolemia was similar to that in general population, whereas the incidence of type IV hypertriglyceridemia was almost three times higher than in control population. The serum triglyceride level was not related to relative body weight, basal serum growth hormone, or insulin concentrations, nor did it correlate with glucose tolerance or with plasma-insulin response to oral glucose. However, the patients with highest plasma-insulin response had significantly higher serum triglyceride than the rest of the acromegalic group. The endogenous serum-triglyceride turnover rate showed no consistent changes, but increased serum triglyceride was associated with increased production rate. Upon successful surgical treatment of the acromegaly, serum-triglyceride level decreased in most of the cases who initially had hypertriglyceridemia. It is concluded that acromeagaly can give rise to moderate secondary hypertriglyceridemia."
1138158,"The effects of exogenous parathyroid hormone, administered for 3 days, were compared in six hyperthyroid and six hypothyroid subjects. Maximum increments were much greater in hyperthyroid than in hypothyroid subjects for serum calcium (3.5 mg/100 ml versus 1.6 mg/100 ml), urine calcium (476 mg versus 79 mg), urine hydroxyproline (56 mg versus 11 mg), and urine phosphorus (671 mg versus 192 mg). Maximum decrease in serum phosphorus (minus0.9 mg/100 ml versus minus 0.1 mg/100 ml) was also greater in hyperthyroid subjects. Serum parathyroid hormone immunoreactivity was significantly higher in hypothyroid subjects (0.48 ng/ml) that either normals (0.21 ng/ml) or hyperthyroid subjects (0.19 ng/ml). The data support the concept that excess thyroid hormone sensitizes and deficient thyroid hormone blunts the responsiveness of bone to parathyroid hormone. This may lead to a state of hypoparathyroidism in hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism in hypothyroidism."
1138159,"From earlier studies, it appeared that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis may not be so responsive to therapeutic calcium infusions as younger men. A study of seven women with postmenopausal osteoporosis revealed that only one had a good therapeutic response as judged by sustained decrease in bone pain and improvement in calcium balance. It is concluded that a series of calcium infusions is unlikely to be therapeutically useful in postmenopausal osteoporosis."
1138160,"This study was designed to observe the effects of hemmorrhage on the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue under a variety of experimental conditions. Experiments were conducted in fasting rabbits and dogs. A significant fall in arterial plasma free fatty acids was observed in rabbits following hemorrhage of 4 ml every 2 min and after inducing acute hemmorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm mercury. Adipose-tissue free fatty acids and arterial-plasma free fatty acids were simulatneously measured before and after hemorrhagic hypotension until death. Afterial free fatty acids fell significantly following hemorrhage, while the concentration of adipose-tissue free fatty acids rose significantly. In the next series of experiiments, dogs were pretreated with an alpha-receptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine and acutely hemorrhaged. The results showed a significant rise in arterial free fatty acids concentration and an insignificant increase in adipose-tissue free fatty acids. These results suggest that hypoperfusion of adipose tissue plays an important role in the decreased supply of a major body fuel following hemorrhagic hypotension. The results are compatible with the view that metabolic fuel failure may be an important factor in the development of the complications of acute hemorrhage and suggest the concept that adipose tissue may be an important target organ in hemorrhagic shock."
1138162,"A nationwide study of all 2330 patients hospitalized for a first definite acute myocardial infarction in Israel during a one-year period revealed a significantly lower 21-day mortality rate of patients treated by anticoagulants: 8.3 versus 27.3 per cent in those not receiving such therapy (p less than 0.0001). Out of the 22 hospitals studied, the effect was present in 18, absent in two, and not assessable in two. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between the proportion of patients receiving anticoagulant therapy in each hospital and the total 21-day mortality from infarction in that institution (r equals 0.57; less than 0.01). The superior survival of patients on anticoagulant therapy did not seem related to differences in age, sex, disease severity, site of infarction, diagnostic criteria or type of hospital. Despite the obvious limitations of retrospective studies the data justify a re-evaluation of the approach to the problem by further investigative effort."
1138163,"During a state-wide retrospective study of myocardial infarction discharges from Maryland hospitals from July, 1966, through June, 1967, the relation of in-hospital case fatality rates to use of anticoagulants was examined in 1,156 patients. In patients who did not receive anticoagulants, the rate was 2.5 times that of those who did (p less than 0.0001). A large difference in case fatality rates between the anticoagulant and no-anticoagulant groups persisted when the data were analyzed by demographic and medical-care variables. When patients were classified according to clinical characteristics relating to prognosis, including arrhythmia, congestive heart failure and shock, the difference between the groups were also demonstrated. Although such a retrospective study cannot demonstrate conclusively the value of anticoagulant therapy, the data are sufficiently suggestive of a beneficial effect to warrant reopening the anticoagulant question."
1138164,"In an attempt to confirm three reports suggesting a causal link between rauwolfia antihypertensive drugs and female breast carcinoma, all cases of such cancer appearing among the residents of an affluent retirement community were compared with controls chosen from a roster of all women in the same community. Most residents use a single care facility, and patterns of hypertension diagnosis, rauwolfia and other drug use, and medical-care-system patronage were abstracted from medical records. The prevalence of recorded rauwolfia use among the controls were 20 per cent, and that of other drug use was correspondingly high. The risk ratio for rauwolfia use was estimated to be 1.2 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.7 to 2.2). Risk ratios between 1.0 and 2.0 were also found for other drug use and for measures of care-system patronage. These results do not support the hypothesis that reserpine causes breast cancer."
1138165,"Medical liability insurance is in a state of emergency brough on by escalating premiums or withdrawal of insurance companies from the market. Solutions, supported by legislation, must be sought for the sake of both patient and physician. As a temporary method of correction joint underwriting associations appear to be the most practical suggestion. Long-range changes should include the establishment of powerful malpractice arbitration boards whose conclusions and evidence would be submitted in case of further appeal, the delegation of more power to the medical profession to enforce standards, shortening of the period specified in the statutes of limitation, limitations on contingency fees, and elimination of the applicability of such legal doctrines as ad damnum clauses and res ipsa loquitur."
1138178,"We examined the causes of death in patients previously resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.  In 51 months, 234 patients were sucessfully resuscitated, hospitalized and discharged home.  During follow-up observation, 89 episodes of recurrent ventricular fibrillation or death (or both) occurred, 64 of which (72 per cent) were unexpected, out-of-hospital circulatory arrests.  Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 77 per cent of the 44 episodes in which the electrocardiogram was observed.  Ten patients survived one or more episodes of recurrent ventricular fibrillation.  Median time to recurrent ciruclatory arrest was 20 weeks after the preceding episode.  Prodromal symptoms were infrequent, and activity levels were generally low at the time of cardiac arrest.  Recurrent ventricular fibrillation of sudden death (or both) occurred predominantly when the initial episode was not associated with acute myocardial infarction.  Patients resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation are susceptible to early recurrence, probably reflecting continuing myocardial electrical instability."
1138179,"To evaluate the efficacy of transbronchial lung biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, 26 consecutive patients with clinical features of sarcoidosis underwent this procedure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.  In 21, the biopsy revealed noncaseating granuloma and, in the remaining five, normal lung parenchyma.  Subsequently, two of these five patients were found to have tuberculosis, one was confirmed as having sarcoidosis, and the fifth has not had further evaluation.  Transbronchial lung biopsy was therefore successful in the histologic confirmation of sarcoidosis in 21 of 23 patients.  The only complication was one 20 per cent pneumothorax, which resolved spontaneously.  Because of its low morbidity rate, high diagnostic yield and specificity transbronchial lung biopsy is recommended as one of the initial procedures for obtaining histologic confirmation in patients with suspected sarcoidosis."
1138180,"Hemorrhagic cystitis is a common side effect of cyclophosphamide therapy not observed with other alkylating agents.  In five patients receiving cyclophosphamide by mouth for prolonged periods with large cumulative dosage urinary-bladder tumors fatal to four and requiring cystectomy in the lone survivor developed.  These observations strongly suggest chemical carcinogenicity of this drug in the production of these tumors.  Increasingly, cyclophosphamide is being used for non-neoplastic disease.  These circumstances suggest careful follow-up observation of patients in whom hemorrhagic cystitis from this drug develops for evidence of bladder cancer, as well as restraint in use of cyclophosphamide for non-neoplastic diseases if alternative therapy is available."
1138232,"The use of line-shape decomposition techniques permitted the small 5-bond (5-J51') and 4-bond (4-J61') proton-proton coupling constants of a series of uracil nucleosides and nucleotides to be determined accurately. From an analysis of these coupling constants we have determined that the uracil base is in a predominantly anti conformation in aqueous solution and the mean position is not substantially altered by phosphate substitution at the 2', 3', or 5' positions, by changing the furanose stereochemistry from a ribose to a deoxyribose or an arabinose, or by an increase in temperature of 43 degree C."
1138233,"Ethidium bromide intercalation strongly effects the circular dichroism spectrum of DNA in the region of 230-300 mu, in a complex manner. In this report we present a study that quantitizes the relationships of the circular dichroism spectrum in the region of 230-300 mu and the ethidium bromide induced optical activity centered around 308 mu. We present evidence of two hidden cooperative bands that are probably the negative counterparts of the 308 mu band and 330 mu shoulder positive cooperative bands. The hidden band is quantitatively characterized. We confirm that the direct effect of ethidium bromide on the DNA spectrum is simply linearly proportional to the amount of intercalated dye. We also observe that the ethidium bromide enters freely when there is a molecule intercalated for every 3 sites, but that the intercalation is more difficult when the molecule intercalates at every second site."
1138234,"We describe here a new method for the electron microscopic mapping of sequence homology in nucleic acids. Specific segments of the T7 chromosome have been isolated following digestion with the restriction endonuclease from Hemophilus aegyptious (Haey). Denatured segments are annealed to the l-strand of T7 DNA; treatment of the hybrid with glyoxal allows only guanosine residues in the single-chain region to the reacted, producing an adduct which will no longer hydrogen bond with its complement on the r-strand. When the segment is displaced and the glyoxalated l-strand allowed to renature with the r-strand, ""H"" shaped structures are produced in which the duplex region corresponds to the position of sequence homology with the segment. The conditions employed for glyoxalation do not detectably disrupt duplex regions as small as 400 base pairs. This procedure should be generally useful for observing sequence homology in more complex DNA molecules containing duplex regions which can be specifically enriched for and their arrangement determined by electron microscopy."
1138235,"Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on the Farr technique with radioactively labeled 3-H-DNA for quantitative measurements of anti-DNA antibodies in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the influence of molecular weight of DNA (ranging from 0.1 times 10-6 to 22.0 times 10-6 daltons) on binding and precipitation in this system has been investigated. Comparing our results with mathematical models it follows that one antibody molecule is fixed on the average to a statistical DNA segment of 2 times 10-6 to 4 times 10-6 daltons. Furthermore binding capacity of the DNA was found to be independent of the molecular weight, as demonstrated in a double label experiment using 14-C and 3-H-labeled DNA of different size. However, the amount of radioactivity precipitated was found to depend on the molecular weight of the labeled DNA following a non-linear function. It was calculated that a minimal ratio of fixed antibody molecules per a certain size of DNA was necessary for precipitation. The mathematical treatment of the observed non-linear precipitation dependence will be discussed using various statistical models. Our results indicate that the quantitative measurements of anti-DNA antibodies with the Farr technique e.g. for diagnosis and control of SLE in clinical immunology is highly dependent on the molecular weight of the labeled DNA used in the assay system and reliable results are only obtained with DNA of a sufficiently high molecular weight."
1138257,"One hundred cervical and thoracic myelographies were performed with the non-ionic, water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide. Good myelograms were obtained in almost all cases, adverse effects were minor, no serious complications occurred, and no convulsions were seen. Metrizamide is better than gas or isophendylate for demonstrating intraspinal expansive lesions of affections of the root sleeves."
1138258,"Multiple primary tumors are a common mode of presentation in familial neuroblastoma but must be differentiated from metastatic disease. The cases of 2 siblings with multiple neuroblastomas are presented and 44 additional cases of neuroblastoma reviewed. It was found that primary tumors localize to the posterior mediastinum, the adrenals, and the paravertebral ganglia whereas metastatic disease is found in the anterior and middle mediastinum, bones and para-aortic nodes. Based on these observations, the diagnosis of multiple primary tumors can be made and should lead to early consideration of familial neuroblastoma."
1138259,"The ratio of patellar length to width was analyzed in comparison with subjective examination using radiographs of the affected knees in patients with hemophilia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and controls to determine the usefulness of this measurement in differentiating the two diseases. A statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of JRA patients, controls, and patients with hemophiliac arthritis involving the knee. It was difficult to distinguish hemophilia from JRA by subjective analysis of the appearance of the knee using standard criteria. The patellar ratio is a more objective criterion which should be helpful in the radiological differentiation of JRA from hemophilia affecting the knee."
1138260,"A review of the records of 23 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and floor of mouth treated with irradiation after excisional biopsy has shown that: (a) Radiotherapy, primarily using interstitial radium implants, results in excellent local control of the primary area (100%) with preservation of function. (b) The frequency and severity of soft-tissue and bone necrosis may be reduced by not exceeding 5,500-6,000 rads from radium implants when only subclinical aggregates of cancer cells are probably present. (c) Theincidence of subsequent neck disease is low-8.7% (2 of 23 patients), and does not warrant routine elective irradiation of the cervical lymphatics."
1138262,"Optimized 60-Co dose distributions for the moving-strip technique were calculated for 3 patients using a PC-12 minicomputer program which corrects for field obliquity and changes in patient thickness. Beam profiles were measured using an ionization chamber in a water phantom. A Masonite phantom was constructed to simulate a patient and used to measure optimized and unoptimized midplane dose distributions by thermoluminescent dosimetry. Measured midplane doses agreed with computer-calculated doses within experimental error. The computer optimization technique improved dose uniformity, reducing the midplane dose variation from plus or minus 12-13% to plus or minus 3-4%."
1138263,"Lamellar keratectomy was performed in dogs to induce capillary endothelial proliferation at the limbus of the eye and the radiation response of endothelial cells was evaluated in terms of the dose required to prevent neovascularization in 50% of irradiated eyes (NVD50).Single- and split-dose experiments were carried out before and after induction of proliferation to determine the response of slowly and rapidly proliferating endothelial cells. the NVD-50-S prior to induction were about 400 rads greater than those following induction,indicating increased resistance of slowly proliferating cells. Split-dose studies indicatedthat the radiation repair capability was about 350 rads, either before or after induction."
1138264,Cultured human kidney T-1 cells were irradiated in flasks or on coverslips at different depths in a water phantom using the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility Biomedical negative pion beam. Postirradiation colony formation and cell multiplication were assayed. Maximum cell inactivation occurred in the vicinity of maximum pion dose. Comparison of dose-survival curves with those found following x irradiation indicated RBE = 1.4 plus or minus 0.3 for colony formation and approximately 1.5 for growth delay. Delivery of 400 pion rads in four fractions resulted in higher survival than did delivery of 400 rads in a single fraction.
1138265,"Radiographic features of the Swan-Ganz catheter and the complications associated with its use are described. Pulmonary infarcts develop subsequent to wedging of the catheter in a peripheral position, failure to deflate the balloon after use, and maintenance for morethan 72 hours. The radiology of the infarct is usually classical in appearance, i.e., pleural-based density which resolves in 14-21 days. The frequency of pulmonary ischemia may BE related to compromise of the venous and collateral arterial circulation in intensive care unit patients in whom the catheter is used."
1138266,Preliminary measurements of the biological effects of negative pions on cells in culture are reported. Cell survival as a function of depth was obtained by using gelatin to suspend the cells. The results indicate that the effects are more pronounced at the peak portion of negative pions. Cell-survival curves were also obtained under oxygenated and hypoxic conditions. The biological effectiveness at the peak was found to be a factor of 2.0 higher than at the plateau. The oxygen enhancement ratio was 1.5 at the peak. No significant differences in biological effects were observed above 14 mm in the peak region.
1138267,"To determine if contrast agents after the blood-brain barrier by opening tight junctions between endothelial cells and by increasing pinocytosis, the distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was evaluated after intracarotid injections of contrast media. HRP did not cross the endothelium of cerebral blood vessels. Tight junctions remained closed. There was increased endothelial cell pinocytosis and swelling of astrocyte end-feet."
1138268,"A new small intestinal biopsy technique was developed and evaluated: it involves the rapid replacement of a simple duodenal tube using a controllable spring guide and fluoroscopy. A suction biopsy catheter was then passed coaxially through the tube as often as needed for sampling, after which other diagnostic studies were done with the same intubation. In clinical trials totaling 31 biopsies in 15 adult patients, the method proved safe and effective. Currently, the time required to intubate the ligament of Treitz and obtain two biopsies is usually less than 15 minutes."
1138269,"Videodensitometry of the margins of the fluoroscopic image of the left ventricle (LV) was used to evaluate LV wall motion. Differentiation of the wall motion signal reflected the velocity of LV contraction (dv/dt) during various inotropic interventions in 6 anesthetized dogs. Alterations in dv/dt were similar to changes in simultaneously measured LV peak dP/dt and the quotient of dP/dt and developed LV pressure, two widely accepted parameters of LV contractile state."
1138270,"The effects of increasing single selective doses of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on superior mesenteric arterial flow and portal and systemic blood pressures were studied in dogs to assess its value as a vasodilatory agent for pharmacoangiography. PGE1 consistently increased blood flow, with an average increase of 187%, but had minimal effect on portal and systemic blood pressure. 25 mug of PGE1 gave an ideal flow curve for pharmacoangiography, with a maximum effect 30 seconds after injection."
1138271,"Experimental venous thrombi were created in 19 dogs, using either thrombin or sodium morrhuate. Eighteen thrombi (95%) were identified by radionuclide venography; however, an 85% false-positive rate was found when nonoperated limbs were studied. The models employed were considered unsuitable for studying the accuracy of labeled particles in diagnosing deep venous thrombosis for the reasons discussed in the text."
1138272,"Charged-particle bombardment of thick beryllium targets produces a neutron yield varying with angle, and an isotropic gamma component. Differences in detector response in such a field are due to neutrons alone. With accurate neutron spectral distributions and measurements of detector response, a computer code can be used to determine the neutron sensitivity of the detector as a function of energy."
1138273,"Inclined lateral projections prove useful in defining aneurysms situated about the circle of Willis. For these projections, the x-ray tube and film changer are positioned as for a true lateral projection. The MCA lateral projection (patient's head inclined away from the side of injection) is valuable in investigating aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, posterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery trifurcation. The ACA lateral projection (head inclined toward the side of injection) may be used to define aneurysms in the region of the anterior communicating artery."
1138275,"Thirty minutes after reconstitution, radiochemical purity determinations of the lung-scanning agent Macrotec (99m-Tc-MAA) indicated 95-100% technetium labeling: 76% of the particles had a mean diameter of 10-50 mu. Rat tissue distribution studies indicated lung uptake of 98% at 15 minutes. The biological half-life in the lung was 8.3 hours. In 12 patients requiring emergency lung scans, 9 scans were rated excellent. No liver, spleen or thyroid uptake or adverse reactions were noted."
1138277,The Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources report concerning optimal resource guidelines for radioactive tracer studies of the heart and circulation is described. This report is an overview of the status of cardiovascular radionuclide diagnostic studies as well as a guideline to the hospital resources (physical and human) required for a high-quality nuclear medicine laboratory dealing with this area of study. These guidelines are directed to physicians and hospital administrators who are currently responsible for planning and organizing nuclear medicine programs or who anticipate a future need for such services in their community.
1138279,"The diagnostic quality of roentgenographic images transmitted by interactive television was evaluated. A series of 100 kidney, ureter and bladder, chest, and bone radiographs were read individually by five radiologists, both on direct viewing and on viewing a monitor image of the television signal. The latter was transmitted by microwave a distance of 28 miles, including four transmission legs. Analysis in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves and critical tables indicated that the television interpretations were of acceptable accuracy, in view of the participants' inexperience with teleradiology."
1138280,"The angiographic appearance in a patient with multiple bile-duct hamartomas of the liver is described. The lesions showed abnormal vascularity, consisting of grapelike clusters of small rings, which could be confused with other benign and malignant conditions demonstrable by angiography; however, it may ultimately prove to be characteristic of this uncommon lesion. The angiographic differential diagnosis is discussed."
1138281,"Analysis of radiographic and physical findings in 114 patients with trauma to an extremity demonstrated that when other physical findings are normal, arteriography is unnecessary. If any physical sign of peripheral vascular injury exists, such as weak or absent pulse, neurologic deficit, bruit, or expanding hematoma, arteriography is essential to define the anatomy and determine the need for surgery."
1138282,"C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin was administered at six dose levels, 4-128 ng/kg, by 184 intravenous injections to three mongrel dogs under several pressure conditions of the biliary system. Gallbladder contraction was monitored radiographically. A good, dose-dependent contraction response resulted with intraductal pressures of 0 and 10 cm water. At 20 cm water, a markedly reduced and dose-independent response occurred. No contraction response was found with an intraductal pressure of 30 cm water. This animal experimental work suggests that in man, a contraction response of 30% or more may rule out significant common bile duct obstruction."
1138283,"A CGR mammographic unit was modified to provide a more accurate method of measuring skin thickness. Evaluation of 418 normal patients indicated that skin thickness is greater in men than women, is less in older individuals, and, to a less extent, is greater in more obese patients. Height and race do not have a statistically significant bearing on skin thickness values. These ""normal"" values may prove useful as a screening criterion in evaluation of patients with possible acromegaly or Cushing's syndrome. Other potential applications are being investigated."
1138284,"Three cases demonstrating avulsion of the coracoid process from the scapula associated with acromioclavicular separation are presented. Two patients were adolescents and one a young adult, suggesting that the coracoid base epiphyseal plate in this age group may be weaker than the coracoclavicular ligaments. A cranially-angled view of the shoulder was diagnostic in two cases. Recognition of this condition is mandatory if the orthopedist is planning fixation of the clavicle to the coracoid to remedy an acromioclavicular separation."
1138285,"Rupture of the corpus luteum in a young woman can cause massive hemoperitoneum, seen as free fluid in the flanks and pelvis on abdominal films. Radiographic examination alone cannot distinguish hemorrhage due to a ruptured corpus luteum or ectopic pregnancy from pus due to a ruptured appendix or a tubo-ovarian abscess; however, the presence of nonclotting blood on culdocentesis excludes abdominal sepsis. If these symptoms and findings occur during the latter half of the menstrual cycle in a young woman of low parity who has a normal menstrual history and a negative pregnancy test, a ruptured corpus luteum is a more likely diagnosis than ectopic pregnancy."
1138287,"Seminars covering the use of radiographic studies in the emergency room were given to the house staff. Greater efficiency in ordering indicated studies was achieved, and fewer repeat studies and unnecessary radiographic examinations were ordered. In addition, the radiologist and his staff became more aware of clinical problems in the emergency room. The authors feel that a series of seminars of this type can have a beneficial effect on general patient care."
1138290,"An anomalous branch of the cavernous carotid artery, not reported previously, is described. Its appearance and distribution were unlike those of any known cavernous branch, originating at the level where the trigeminal artery is usually found but having no communication with the basilar artery. Its distribution approximated that of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. The author believes that this is an unusual form of persistent embryonic communication between the carotid artery and the vessels of the posterior fossa."
1138291,"Several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) are shown to inhibit the net production of prostaglandin (PG)- like activity from arachidonic acid by a cell-free preparation of guinea-pig lung. Moreover, these agents also antagonize PGE-1-induced contractions of the isolated gerbil colon. The anti-spasmogenic effects are reversible and specific. At high concentrations, indomethacin and mefenamic acid interfere with the binding of PGE-1 to a broken cell preparation of rat epididymal adipocytes. Taken together the data indicate that NSAIA interact with prostaglandins at multiple sites and are consistent with the suggestions reported previously that NSAIA may have multiple in vivo actions."
1138292,"Intravenous injection of SC-19220 (3-9 mg/kg) caused dose-related hypothermic responses in cats. Repeated administration of SC-19220 resulted in tolerance to its hypothermic action. During SC-19220-induced hypothermia, the hyperthermic activity of both prostaglandin E-1 and leukocytic pyrogen was reduced or abolished. Neither prostaglandin E-1 nor leukocytic pyrogen was antagonized when given shortly after recovery from SC-19220-induced hypothermia or by doses of SC-19220 which did not cause hypothermia. Although these results may indicate a role of prostaglandins in normal physiological thermoregulation, it is also possible that production of hypothermia by SC-19220 is unrelated to prostaglandin antagonism."
1138293,"Intramuscular injection of the 15-methyl analogue of prostaglandin F-2alpha (15-ME-PGF-2alpha) is being used to initiate second trimester abortion. The natural prostaglandin F-2alpha (PGF-2alpha) is a known pulmonary pressor agent but there is little information about the cardiovascular effects of the analogue. Consequently, we compared the hemodynamic responses to the two forms in twenty-three anesthetized dogs. Given I.M. or I.V. 15-me-PGF-2alpha produced a greater and more sustained rise in pulmonary arterial pressure than PGF-2alpha. Intramuscular 15-me-PGF-2alpha also elicited a more prolonged increase in pulmonary vascular resistance than prostaglandin F-2alpha given I.M. or I.V. The methyl analogue (I.M. or I.V.) causes a greater initial fall in systemic arterial oxygen tension and cardiac output, and a greater increase in systemic resistance than I.M. PGF-2alpha. Breathlessness seen during abortion induced by prostaglandin F-2alpha or its methyl analogue may be caused by acute pulmonary hypertension in addition to bronchoconstriction."
1138294,"A high concentration of indomethacin (40mu-g/ml) substantially reduced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum in Krebs solution to nerve stimulation with electrical pulses or nicotine. Responses to acetylcholine and histamine were also inhibited, but to a smaller extent. Low concentrations of prostaglandin E-2 (2 or 4ng/ml) mainly restored all the excitatory responses. Using a modified bathing solution (lacking in phosphate and with some other changes) indomethacin 0.36mu-g/ml selectively inhibited nerve-mediated contractions. The results explain differences in various reports, and support the possibility that prostaglandins modulate the response to cholinergic nerve activity."
1138295,"In order to determine whether the venoconstrictor response to BK was dependent on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, effects of indomethacin (INDO) on responses to bradykinin (BK) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied in canine lateral saphenous vein. Cumlative dose-response curves (10-9-10-6M BK or NE) were done in the presence and absence of INDO (10-6M). In the presence of INDO, responses to BK were markedly enhanced while responses to NE were unchanged. After prolonged periods in the bath, responses to BK were enhanced in control strips while responses of strips which had been treated with INDO were depressed. These results suggest that BK does not normally cause venoconstriction by stimulating synthesis of a venoconstrictor PG and that the increase in response to BK after prolonged periods in the bath may be related to changes in PG synthesis."
1138296,Prostaglandin analogues in which the alkyl chain attached to C-15 in the natural compounds is replaced by an alkyoxyalkyl group have been synthesised. Compounds of the 17-oxa series are particularly potent luteolytic agents and are selective in the sense that they are less effective than PGE-2alpha in causing isotonic contractions of isolated uterus muscle.
1138297,"A method for the evaluation of PGF-2alpha and PGE-2 biosynthesis in rat cerebral cortex is described. Tissue slices were incubated without any added precursor for different lengths of time. The analytical procedure involves prostaglandin extraction, purification and quantitative determination by mass fragmentography. Significant amounts of both prostaglandins were synthesized. The biosynthesis reached a plateau after 30 minutes and the ratio of PGF-2alpha to PGE-2 was approximately 3."
1138300,"Prostaglandin F-2alpha (PGF-2alpha) was administered via a Foley catheter over a 12 hour period to 8 healthy volunteers awaiting laparoscopic sterilisation. The amount of PGF-2alpha infused varied between 500 mu-g and 2000 mu-g every 2 hours for 6 doses. Plasma progestins and oestradiol 17beta, and urinary estrogens and pregnanediol were assayed throughout the study period. There was no evidence of luteolysis in any patient although vaginal bleeding of varying duration occurred in all women within 36 hours of administration of PGF-2alpha."
1138301,"A group of five patients awaiting laparoscopic tubal diathermy were followed by daily assay of luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone. Between five and eight days after the LH peak, prostaglandin F-2ALPHA (PGF-2ALPHA) was injected into either the corpus luteum or the ovarian stroma. Doses of 100 mu-g into the corpus tuteum, 1000 mu-g into the adjacent stroma and 500 mu-g into an indeterminate ovarian structure had no effect on peripheral plasma progesterone levels or uterine bleeding. An injection of 500 mu-g or 1000 mu-g given unequivocally into the corpus luteum produced a rapid and profound fall in plasma progesterone levels, the nadir coinciding with the onset of uterine bleeding which commenced 24 hours after the injection and persisted for more than seven days. Injection of 100 mu-g in the same volume of saline had no such effect. Despite continued bleeding plasma progesterone levels returned to normal luteal levels for three days and then fell again."
1138302,"PGE-1(50 mu-g/animal) and PGF-2ALPHA (250 mu-g/animal) caused a transient increase in serum LH at 5 min after injection. PGE-1(250 mu-g/animal) had a biphasic effect on serum LH. A small peak was obtained at 5 min, and a second, larger peak at 60 min after injection. It is suggested that the first peak is a result of the stress associated with injection of the PGs, whereas the second peak represents a physiological effect of PGE. Subcutaneous injection of PGE-1(1 mg in arachis oil b.i.d.) for 10 days did not effect the concentration of LH in serum, the function of the accessory sexual glands or the sexual activity. PGF-2ALPHA, given at the same dose and in the same manner, increased the sexual activity but left all other variables unaffected. The pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH was unaltered by the treatment with PGE-1 and PGF-2ALPHA."
1138303,"Prostaglandin F-2ALPHA (PGF-2ALPHA) was measured by immunoassay in plasma and milk of four cows (six experiments). After 30 mg PGF-2ALPHA im, plasma PGF-2ALPHA peaked at 15 minutes (2.4 plus or minus 0.7 ng/ml) and declined toward basal values by 3 hours; maxiumum milk PGF-2ALPHA (0.91 plus or minus 0.12 ng/ml) occurred at 1 hour. The average excretion rate in milk was 2.9 mu-g/day 0.9 mu-g (0.003%) of which was due to the 30 mg PGF-2ALPHA injected. In six nonpregnant control cows, daily changes of milk PGF-2ALPHA and progesterone were not consistently related."
1138304,"The response of the non-pregnant human uterus to intravenous (i.v.) injections and intra-uterine instillation of various doses of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) was evaluated at the different phases of the menstrual cycle in 13 fertile regularly menstruating women who were neither lactating nor using any hormonal therapy. Uterine contractility was recorded by the microballoon technique in at least three sessions(proliferative, mid-cycle and secretory) in a single cycle with endometrial biopsy performed immediately following the last session to ascertain that the particular cycle was an ovulatory one. Single i.v. injections of PGE-I had a consistent stimulatory effect on the contractility throughout the cycle with a tendency towards a decreased uterine response at mid-cycle and luteal phase as compared to the proliferative part of the cycle. Intra-uterine instillation of the compound induced a peculiar and interesting type of response. In the proliferative and secretory phases of the cycle the response was one of stimulation; being more pronounced in the former period. However, around ovulation time, the local administration induced an evident uterine relaxation in most cases without any instance of stimulation. The possible implication of this triphasic response behaviour on the non-pregnant uterus within certain physiological events and pathological conditions is discussed."
1138305,"Termination of second trimester pregnancy with intra-amniotic administration of 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F-alpha (15 me F-alpha) was attempted in fifty patients. One group (26 patients) was given 1 mg of the analogue and the other group received 2.5 mg. The abortifacient efficacy of 15 me F-2alpha was similar in both groups; over 90% of the patients aborted with a single dose. There was a higher incidence of vomiting, diarrhoea and incomplete abortions in the group treated with 2.5 mg 15 me F-2alpha. Although the mean injection-abortion interval in the 2.5 mg group was shorter, it is concluded that intra-amniotic administration of 1 mg 15 me F-2alpha provides a better regime, giving high efficacy with a single dose, a low incidence of side effects and greater safety in case of inadvertent entry of the intra-amniotic dose into systemic circulation."
1138306,"Placental progesterone contents were studied in 10 patients therapeutically aborted at midtrimester by intraamniotic infusions of hypertonic saline, and from 14 patients (12-20 weeks) aborted by intraamniotic instillation of prostaglandin F-2alpha. The mean S.E. of the progesterone was 1.99 plus or minus 0.07 ug/g. placental tissue in the first group, while with prostaglandin abortion the placental progesterone was 1.45 plus or minus 0.08 ug/g. tissue, which is significantly lower than the results in the first group (P equals 0.001). The possible mechanism of action of prostaglandin as an effective abortifacient is discussed."
1138307,"Periodic collections of uterine venous blood were obtained from three nonmated, three pregnant and two mated but nonpregnant ewes in which uterine veins were cannulated with polyvinyl tubing on day 11 postestrus. Frequent sampling was achieved in three of these ewes with additional cannulae in the ovarian veins. Blood samples were collected at 3-hr intervals from 0600 on day 12 to 1800 on day 13 and then 6-hr intervals through day 15. On day 13, three additional samples at 30-min intervals were collected between 1400 and 1530. Prostaglandins F (PGF) in plasma were quantified by radioimmunoassay. On day 12, one ewe in each group had at least one measurement which suggested an increased rate of release of PGF into the uterine vein. Seven of eight ewes on day 13 appeared to have increased rates of release of PGF from the uterus between 0900 and 1500. The highest level measured in each ewe during this period ranged from 2.7 to 11 ng per milliliter. Concentrations of PGF in ovarian venous plasma in two of three ewes were positively correlated (P less than .05) with concentrations of PGF in uterine venous plasma (r equals .64 in each ewe). No evidence was obtained that pregnant and nonpregnant ewes differ in rate or pattern of release of PGF from the uterus into the uterine vein on days 12 and 13. Comparisons could not be made with confidence concerning PGF either in uterine veins on days 14 and 15 or in ovarian veins on all days due to limited number of observations."
1138319,"The absorption of radioactive labeled protein from the pericaridal cavity and from the parietal and visceral membranes of the pericardium was investigated in 49 dogs. The absorption of 1 ml/kg injected diluted dog serum is slow (T1/2 About 24 hrs). The rate of protein absorption, particularly of the lymphatic transport, is lower from the parietal pericardium than from the epicardium. About 35 to 50% of the protein absorbed from the pericardium is removed by the blood capillaries, the rest by the lymphatic system. The major part, about 60%, of the protein absorbed by the lymphatics is transported by the cardiac lymph vessel, the remainder by lymphatics joining the great veins on the right side of the neck. The thoracic duct plays only an insignificant part in the transport of protein from the pericardial cavity."
1138320,"Investigations have been performed on the metabolism and organ distribution of 5,6-trans-25(OD)D-3, which represents an analog of vitamin D-3 being active in uremia. This analog is rapidly metabolized into at least two more metabolites. The main storage organ for this compound seems to be fat, whereas liver and intestinal mucosa showed at 24 hrs the highest concentration of polar metabolites. In contrast to 25(OH)D-3 5,6-trans-25(OH)D-3 is much less absorbed from the intestinal tract, which should be considered if this compound is applied for treatment of uremic bone diseases."
1138324,"A regional epidemiological investigation comprising one-tenth of the Danish population showed the annual incidence of new gastric ulcers during the period 1963-68 to be 0.44 per 1000 inhabitants aged 15 years and over. The corresponding incidence of solitary ulcers among former 'non-ulcer' patients was 0.31 per 1000. Similar incidence rates have been registered in comparable investigations from other Northern European countries within the last decades. The disease appears, however, to be relatively more frequent in Danish women than in women elsewhere, excluding in Australia. The annual incidence varied, but no indications of a systematic trend was registered. In solitary ulcers the ratio male: female was 1.1:1, while it was 2.2:1 in the cases in which a duodenal ulcer had been demonstrated, earlier or simultaneously with the gastric ulcer. The age incidence was identical for the two categories of patients. In both groups a considerable rise in the incidence was registered only in age groups above 40 years. In men the incidence was maximal for the 60-64 year age groups, while in women it increased with increasing age. The age-specific incidence rates of diagnostication as well as of symptomatic debut did not vary significantly according to the localization of the lesion."
1138325,"Duodenal bile acid concentration following a standard meal, glycine/taurine (G/T) ratio, vitamin B12 absorption, and faecal fat were determined in 79 patients with Crohn's disease. Intestinal resection had been made in 50 patients before the study, and no evidence of recurrence was present at the time of the study. Among 46 patients subjected to ileal resection of 10-180 cm, a reduced duodenal bile acid concentration and vitamin B12 malabsorption was almost invariably present when 50 cm or more of ileum had been removed. Patients with smaller resections and unoperated patients did not show a consistent pattern. Vitamin B12 absorption and duodenal bile acids were of equal value as indicators of ileal dysfunction with the exception that, in 10 ileostomy patients, duodenal bile acids were decreased in every case, but vitamin B12 absorption only when 80 cm of ileum or more had been resected. G/T-ratio was related to the extent of ileal resection-being elevated after large resections (80 cm or more)-but not to the presence of an abnormal flora. Faecal fat was much more elevated in ileostomy patients with large ileal resection (80 cm or more) than in unoperated patients and patients without an ileostomy."
1138326,"The diagnosis of chronic persistent hepatitis is based on a combination of clinical and morphological data. During a 7-year period 26 cases were diagnosed in 3 medical departments in Copenhagen. In 22 patients the disease was considered to be a sequela to acute viral hepatitis, and 12 had Australia antigen in serum. Only few patients had circulating auto-antibodies. The clinical and biochemical activity at the time of diagnosis was usually slight. A morphological and clinical follow-up study revealed that the course of the disease was generally benign. However, in 3 patients the last repeat biopsy showed progression to cirrhosis, severe portal fibrosis, and chronic aggressive hepatitis. Such exceptions may represent a sampling error in the interpretation of the first needle biopsy, or the correct diagnosis may have been chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis at a stage with slight activity. Clinical and biochemical observation is recommended in chronic persistent hepatitis, and in some patients serial needle biopsies are necessary to reveal the few exceptional cases which progress to an active chronic liver disease."
1138327,"Electrical spike potentials and intrauminal pressure variations were recorded from the human duodenum and distal ileum before and after i.v. administration of 80 log Ivy units of cholecystokinin. In the duodenum, quantitative calculations of motility gave identical values before and after drug administration, and results were identical in patients before and after cholecystectomy as well as in hernia patients without upper gastrointestinal disease. A decrease in amplitude of the spike potentials was observed in the duodenum during the first few minutes after drug administration in all groups. Recordings from the distal ileum in ileostomy patients showed a significant increase in motility after CCK administration whereas the spike potential amplitude was unchanged."
1138328,"120 Danish patients with ulcerative colitis, admitted consecutively to a Department of Gastroenterology, were investigated for lactose malabsorption. The prevalence was 9.2 percent, which is not significantly higher than that in a mixed Danish gastroenterological material, There was no difference in distribution according to age and sex, and the incidence was not correlated to the severity of the ulcerative colitis. The possible reasons for the wide variation in the incidence of lactose malabsorption in materials of patients with ulcerative colitis are discussed, and it is concluded that the main cause  must be that the materials with the highest incidence include patients of races and ethnic groups in which lactose malabsorption is a common finding."
1138329,"Dogs were provided with oesophageal fistulae, fully innervated pouches of the fundic stomach and the duodenal bulb, and a gastric cannula. Gastric secretion was stimulated by sham feeding for 10 min. The bulbar pouches were perfused either with 0.9 per cent NaCl or with 0.1 N HCl. Plasma gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Bulbar acidification effectively inhibited gastric acid secretion. Plasma gastrin responses were not suppressed. Instead, plasma gastrin concentrations were higher than in controls. The results show that the bulbar mechanism does not inhibit gastric acid secretion by reducing gastrin release."
1138330,"Dogs were provided with innervated pouches of the fundic stomach and the duodenal bulb. One dog also had an isolated pouch of the distal duodenum. Acid secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of a low dose of pentagastrin (ICI 50 123). Bulbar pouches were perfused with solutions of 0.9% Na C1, 0.1 N HC1, 40% glucose, 40% NaC1, and 40% peptone or with 0.1% solutions of acetylcholine chloride. Acidification of the bulbar pouches profoundly inhibited the acid output from the gastric ppoches. Perfusion with acetylcholine produced a transient inhibition of acid secretion. When hypertonic solutions were perfused through the bulbar pouches or the pouch of distal duodenum, no inhibition occurred. It is concluded that hypertonic solutions are not activators of the bulbar inhibitory mechanism that has been shown to respond to reduction of the intrabulbar pH. Inhibition following bulbar perfusion with acetylcholine may mean that liberation of the hypothetical humoral agent, bulbogastrone, to some extent is under cholinergic control."
1138331,"The effect of 140 mug of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a barium-food mixture has been studied in 8 healthy male volunteers. The propagation of the test meal was followed from the stomach to the colon by fluoroscopy wit repeated photograph ic recording. It was found that this analog significantly enhanced the rate of gastric emptying in most subjects, and the food-contrast medium also appeared sooner in the colon following the prostaglandin analog. In addition, the duodenum and the first part of the jejunum had a flaccid and dilated appearance on several occasions after administration of prostaglandin. The more rapid emptying of the stomach after administration of the prostaglandin analog is probably explained by a decreased duodenal resistance towards the gastric outflow; the earlier appearance of contrast in the colon could partly be due to the more rapid gastric emptying following administration of the prostaglandin analog."
1138332,"The hepatic microsomal metabolism of antipyrine, as measured by its metabolic clearance, was investigated in 18 patients either before, during, or after hepatic encephalopathy. The antipyrine clearance measured in 13 patients during hepatic encephalopathy (4.6 ml/min. S.D. 14) was significantly lower than that of 5 patients investigated 4 weeks before or after hepatic encephalopathy (9.6 ml/min. S.D. 1.9). The clearance of antipyrine as a measure of a quantitative liver function is substantiated by the present observations, and its use as a prognostic indicator of acute liver failure is suggested."
1138333,"Bile acid kinetics were characterized in 8 patients with portal liver cirrhosis with the aid of 24-14C-cholic acid and randomly 3H-labelled chenodeozycholic acid. Although not significant on a statistical basis, pool size, synthesis, and fractional turnover of cholic acid in the cirrhotic patients tended to be smaller than in normolipidaemic controls without evidence of liver disease. The most significant findings in the present patients were the subnormal cholic acid: chenodeoxycholic acid ratio of both bile acid pool size and synthesis and the low concentrations of deozycholic acid in duodenal bile specimens. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed."
1138334,"Following preincubation of intrinsic factor- (IF-) bound 57CoB12 with the jejunal sediments of 6 patients with the blind-loop syndrome, the mean uptake by the sediments of IF-57CoB12 (28.1 percent plus or minus 4.2 percent S,E.M.) was significantly higher than the mean uptake by jejunal sediments from 5 control patients (5.8 per cent plus or minus 3.5 percent) (p smaller than 0.01). The uptake by the sediments significantly decreased when the incubations were carried out in the presence of lincomycin and neomycin. The jejunal sediments from the patients with the blind-loop syndrome inhibited the uptake of IF-57CoB12 by perfused rat intestinal segments (p smaller than 0.01), whereas the sediments from the control patients had no such inhibitory effect (p smaller than 0.5)."
1138335,"Inspired by the hypothesis that vitamin C controls the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids, the biliary lipid composition was examined in 10 healthy persons before and after 7 to 15 days' treatment with alrge doses of ascorbic acid. No significant difference between the values before and after treatment were found. It is stressed that the study does not allow evaluation of the hypothesis, but it may be concluded that vitamin C most likely has no place in the medical treatment of cholesterol gallstones."
1138336,"We have shown the presence of lactoferrin in the pancreatic juice of patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) and its absence in controls. In this work, lactoferrin has been found in saliva, but neither in gastric juice nor in bile. Therefore, a technique for collecting the human duodenal juice with a rubber tube and preventing its contamination with saliva is described. In the duodenal juice of 15 patients with CCP, 52 controls without evident pancreatic diseases, and 9 cases of pancreatic diseases other than CCP, lactoferrin has been searched for by immunological methods before and after an intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (3 U CHR) + secretin ( C U). The lactoferrin test in positive in 5, inconclusive in 6, and negative in 41 cases, and in the 9 cases of non-CCP pancreatic diseases it is negative. The use of this test in the diagnosis of CCP is proposed."
1138349,"Some factors influencing the comfort of old people (mean age 73 years) in a modern home for the aged were studied. Most (76 percent) of the old persons were satisfied with their living conditions. Only one-fourth (24 percent) of the inmates were dissatisfied. The most important factors causing dissatisfaction were discomfort due to illnesses, and disagreement with other residents. On the whole, the old people were more satisfied with their life at home for the aged than is ofter supposed."
1138350,"The results of a combined dermatological and surgical treatment of varicose ulcers was studied in 100 patients. This chronic disease, often persisting for decades, was halted in 90 percent of leg operated upon. Even when the general outcome of the treatment was favourable, it was found that, for 5 out of the 12 ulcers which were the same or larger in size at follow-up than before operation, the patient assessed the result as good or even excellent. This finding deserves further study. It indicates that patients and physicians sometimes use different standards by which to measure therapeutic success."
1138351,"The mental health center movement represents a new mode of care for the mentally ill. People are treated on an out-patient basis rather than in institutions. The therapeutic work is mainly carried out by so-called paraprofessionals who seem to be well qualified for the job. However, when organizing such a treatment system there appear to  be several important factors which need to be taken into account: (1) the therapist's need to work individually and independently, (2) the therapist's need for personal training, (3) the therapist's need to be heard when they channel information from the community to the service system, (4) the need for open and direct communication in the system to ensure that the therapists work within the frame of accepted therapeutic procedures, (5) the importance of the therapists' being represented at the highest decision-making level in the system in order to ensure that their needs are met. The author stresses this as an inevitable necessitiy in order to give the therapists the appropriate working-background."
1138352,"A proband group was selected, consisting of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malmö. For the period beginning 20 years before, up to, and including a maximum of 9 years after the first compulsory treatment, less than one conviction was expected, according to a calendar year- and age-specific risk table for Swedish women. During that period, 44 of the probands had been convicted for a total of 219 drunkenness offences. Before then, no offences were recorded. In relation to the expected incidence, the observed was not particularly high at the beginning of the period. From the 11th to the 2nd year before the first compulsory treatment, it increased to an extremely high level, where it remained. The ratio of offences per offender and year was constant during the observation period. The average age at the first offence was high: 35.5 years. Gonorrhoea, recorded criminal offence, and receipt of public assistance appeared much earlier. Drunknness was more common on Fridays and Mondays among the least complicated cases. A more even distribution on week-days seems to be characteristic for the most advanced alcoholics."
1138353,"The incidence of gonorrhoea among 71 female alcoholics was studied from the twentieth year before, to the ninth year after the first compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board of Malmö. Twenty-five probands had, at some time, had gonorrhoea. The mean age at the first infection was high, over 28 years. None the less, the onset of gonorrhoea was an early ""symptom"". Recorded criminal offence, receipt of public assistance, and conviction for drunkenness usually appeared later. Each individual's risk of contracting gonorrhoea was assessed from tabulated data concerning the gonorrhoea incidence among Malmö women in general, specified by calendar year and age. A total of 53 infections was observed, as against 6.9 expected. The ratio of observed to expected gonorrhoea was not particularly high in the early period of observation. From the twelfth year before, up to one year before, the first compulsory treatment, the ratio increased to roughly fifteen to one. This high ratio remained during the subsequent years. Syphilis was diagnosed in five probands."
1138354,A computer system is described for cytological report and registration routines in gynecological practice. The sociomedical advantages of the integration of such a computer system with a previously described computer system for organized pynecological health control are pointed out.
1138355,"A follow-up examination of 1 143 Greenlanders operated on for pulmonary tuberculosis in the years 1954-66 is reported. The main group consists of 785 resected patients. At follow-up 2=12 years after operation all patients were traced. One hundred and four (9 percent) had died; the remaining 1 039 had all been restored to health. Ninety percent of the ex-patients were fully or partially fit and 1 percent unfit for work. Length of observation, time of resumption of work, reasons for change (if any) of occupation, work capacity in relation to the nature of the surgical interventions, and the patients genreal condition as well as housing  situation are discussed. National assistance in Greeland is mentioned in brief."
1138356,"Only 32 per cent of the category ""seriously injured"" in road traffic accidents were correctly registered as such in the official road traffic accident statistics. Furthermore, 25 percent were registered, though wrongly, as ""slightly injured"". Consequently almost one-half of the seriously injured were not registered at all, and they constituted a drop-out which contributes a bias to the statistics obtained. False registration is primarily associated with short-term hospitalization and absence of surgical operations during the hospital stay, i.e. slight injuries, and low age. The material analysed was comprised of 2689 individuals from hospital or road traffic accident statistics covering the Uppsala hospital region during 1966."
1138362,"Laser Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the heterogeneous substructure of the large contractile protein myosin. Some peaks are assigned to specific chemical groups of the molecule; others, notably the conformationally sensitive amide III vibrations, provide information on the structurally distinct regions of the molecule. Deuteration of the NH groups is instrumental in the assignment of these vibrational modes. The relative intensities of bands typical of alpha-helical conformations (near 1265 and 1304 cm-1) and bands associated with nonhelical structure (near 1244 cm-1) are sensitive indicators of myosin substructure and represent potentially useful probes of conformational changes."
1138363,"Addition of cytochalasin B to primary muscle cultures allows the physical separation of postmitotic myogenic cells from replicating presumptive myoblasts and replicating fibroblasts. Mononucleated, postmitotic myoblasts proceed without fusion to synthesize myosin and actin and to assemble these proteins into thick and thin filaments. Although sarcomeres oriented in tandem are not evident and A, H, and I bands are atypical in these mononucleated myoblasts, the irregularly scattered clusters of myofilaments are assembled into remarkably normal interdigitating arrays. These scattered clusters of stacked thick and thin filaments permit the cell to contact spontaneously in the presence of cytochalasin B."
1138364,A degeneration of the retinal photoreceptor cells develops in cats when casein is the source of dietary protein. Amino acid profiles indicate that the degeneration is associated with a selective decrease in plasma and retinal taurine concentrations. A sulfur amino acid deficit in the casein diet combined with specific amino acid requirements of the cat appear related to this unique expression of taurine deficiency.
1138365,"Moving contours surrounding an empty region make phantoms appear to move through the empty region. The phantoms are contours, dimmer than the inducing contours but of the same pattern, color, speed, and direction of movement. The phantoms originate in the brain and may be related to completion effects most often seen with visual pathology."
1138366,"Untrained Pleurobranchaea feed voraciously when presented food and withdraw from electrical shocks. We trained experimental animals in ten trials spaced 1 hour apart to withdraw from food alone by electrically shocking them if they fed or were indifferent to food. The greatest increase in the number of learned withdrawal responses occurred within 12 hours after conditioning, and was accompanied by long-lasting increased in the threshold and latency of feeding responses. Control animals, which received food and shock alternately (unpaired) every half hour, showed considerably weaker changes than experimentals. These control responses quickly returned to initial levels after conditioning."
1138369,"An ulna attributed to Aegyptopithecus zeuxis provides the first evidence for interpreting the locomotor behavior of the earliest apes. The fossil indicates that Aegyptopithecus was an arboreal quadruped and that the primitive hominoid locomotor pattern was most nearly analogous, among living primates, to that of Alouatta, the howler monkey."
1138370,"Cat horizontal cells are retinal neurons with two functionally distinct parts: the cell body receives signals predominantly from cones, while the terminal arborization receives predominantly from rods. The long thin process connecting these parts neither generates impulses nor allows significant passive electrotonic conduction between them."
1138371,Birds tested on clear days in the normal geomagnetic field showed a significant clustering of headings about a predicted bearing corresponding with the direction of migration. Individuals tested when a large antenna was energized dispersed randomly. Magnetic fields associated with such conductors may be sufficient to confuse orienting birds.
1138372,"The refractory period that characteristically follows ejaculation was abolished or significantly reduced by rostral midbrain lesions in male rats. The postejaculatory vocalization was also abolished or reduced, but other aspects of copulatory performance were unaffected. The results were attributed to disruption of biogenic amine pathways that pass from the ventral part of the rostral midbrain into the posterior hypothalamus."
1138373,"The strain-specific ""preference"" for, or ""aversion"" to, an alcohol solution in a choice situation on the part of C57BL and DBA mice is believed to be under genetic control. But social rearing conditions are now shown to alter the voluntary consumption of alcohol, so that DBA weanling mice housed for 7 weeks with adult C57BL mice increase--and C57BL weanling mice housed with DBA adults decrease--their alcohol intake. Although substantial and highly significant changes in alcohol self-selection occur, strain-specific phenotypes are not reversed."
1138374,"The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, which has previously been found in puffer fish of the order Tetraordontiformes, a goby (Gobius criniger), and the California newt (Taricha torosa), has now been identified in the skins of frogs of the genus Atelopus from Costa Rica."
1138376,"The quantities of chlorofluorocarbons (FCC's) used commercially in the United States and globally are reviewed, and estimates of environmental release from the applications are made. The results indicate that sizable quantities of the FCC's that have been produced have not yet reached the environment and that regulation of U.S. applications would partly reduce, but not end, the possible destruction of stratospheric ozone."
1138377,"Immunoreactive material resembling prostaglandin E accumulates in the medium of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Prodcution is inhibited by indomethacin and stimulated by angiotensin II. Prostaglandin secretion by endothelium may be important in platelet-dependent thrombotic phenomena, and in local control of vascular permeability and tone in vivo."
1138386,"Some of the recent trends in the detection of breast lesions, in particular carcinoma, are reviewed. The value, indications, accuracy and limitations of mammography are outlined. Malignant calcifications and their localisation for surgery, specimen radiography, cysts of the breast, duct discharge and the problem of juvenile breast lumps are discussed. The possible hazards from radiation should not be deterrent in any examination with a specific clinical problem. The position may have to be reviewed if extensive use is made of mannography in screening well women."
1138387,"The early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis ensures a timeous prognosis and appropriate therapy for this chronic disease. The radiograph of the hand is a valuable aid in making this diagnosis, but accurate interpretation is difficult. An outline of the X-ray changes seen in the rheumatoid hand is presented, and the salient points in the differential diagnosis are outlined."
1138392,"Thirty-eight cases of typhoid perforation of the terminal ileum were encountered during a three-year period. Fourteen cases were treated conservatively, with a mortality of 36%. During the same period, the surgical mortality improved from 50% in 1972 to 11% in 1974. It is recommended that typhoid perforation be treated by operation."
1138393,"The case histories of 150 children admitted to hospital with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) are reviewed. Relief of severe upper airway obstruction was achieved by nasotracheal intubation in 27 children (18%). There was no mortality in this series. Nasotracheal intubation is therefore a safe and effective means of treating severe LTB. In addition, the importance of meticulous nursing care is stressed."
1138394,"Follow-up data (over a 3-year period) and the histological appearances of primary lesion were studied and related in 40 Black patients with malignant melanoma. This to our knowledge is the first study in Black African patients. It was found that they present with large deeply invasive lesions, particularly on the foot. The prognosis is poor, with an over-all 3-year survival rate of 35%. The histological features used to assess the prognosis of malignant melanoma in Whites, that is histogenetic pattern, size and shape of the lesion, level of invasion, presence of ulceration and mitotic activity would seem to be equally applicable in Black patients. In addition, marked cellular pleomorphism, haemorrhage, necrosis and fibrosis within the tumour are bad signs. In this series lymphocytic infiltration, either within the tumour or at the edge, possibly indicative of an immune response, seemed to be of favourable prognostic import. Surprisingly, a lesion histologica-ly that of lentigo maligna melanoma was found on the feer of some blacks and could be related to much more favourable survival figures."
1138395,"An experimental model of acute aortic dissection has been designed in an effort to examine myocardial contractility and systolic arterial pressure as factors influencing the progression of dissection. Thirty mongrel dogs divided into three experimental groups underwent left thoracotomy and construction of a standard intimal tear in the proximal descending aorta. Nine of ten animals in the control group showed progression of the aortic dissection a mean of 81.5 percent of the distance from the aortotomy to the celiac axis. Group II consisted of ten dogs pretreated with propranolol. The myocardial contractility (dp/dt) was significantly depressed in this group without change in systolic pressure. However, progression of dissection occurred in nine of ten animals as in the control group. In Group III, ten dogs were pretreated with trimethaphan lowering the systolic blood pressure to 90 mm. Hg and depressing the dp/dt to levels equal to those of Group II. There was no progression of aortic dissection in any of the animals in this group. The results indicate that, under these experimental conditions, depression of myocardial contractility alone has no inhibitory effect on the progression of dissection. When controlled hypotension is added to myocardial depression, aortic dissection is inhibited completely."
1138396,"Three groups of adult mongrel dogs were subjected to 15 minutes of toal circulatory arrest. One group was infused with one liter of Krebs-Hensleit solution and kept normothermic, one group was infused similarly and their body temperature was lowered to 10 to 15 degrees C., and the third group was kept normothermic and infused with hyperkalemic solution. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate levels in the brain during and after the ischemic period were not significantly different in the three groups and glycogen levels tended to remain higher in the hypothermic group. None of the normothermic dogs survived, but all of the hypothermic and hyperkalemic animals survived and were grossly normal. These data indicate that hyperkalemai does offer some protection to the brain during periods of circulatory arrest. It also appears that survival and persistence of brain function do not correlate necessarily with levels of high energy compounds in the brain."
1138397,"Corticosteroid compounds are used broadly in surgical practice, although mechanisms remain unclarified and efficacy in some situations remains unproved. A recognized adverse effect of steroids in all doses is the potentiation of infection. Specific derivatives of the glucocorticoids appear to have varying degrees of effectiveness in the enhancement of bacterial infection. To evaluate such effects objectively, a series of experiments was undertaken to measure the phagocytic-bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This study examines the differential effects of clinical dose equivalents of four glucocorticoid derivatives in depressing in vitro neutrophil phagocytic-bactericidal function. Neutrophils separated from normal human plasma were incubated in vitro in the presence of hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, and methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate produce variable, short-term inhibitory effects upon the systems within the neutrophil which are responsible for its bactericidal competency. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate appears to be free of these adverse effects. These in vitro experiments indicate that diminished risk of infection should attend the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, although the precise mechanism have not been defined."
1138398,"The physiologic function of human parathyroid autografts and allografts has not been demonstrated conclusively. During the past 30 months, we have transplanted parathyroid glands in 29 patients and tested their functional status. One immunosuppressed aparathyroid patient received a parathyroid allograft from a parent who previously had been his renal transplant donor. Twenty-seven patients with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism received parathyroid autografts immediately after total parathyroidectomy, and one patient received a parathyroid autograft at the time of total parathyroidectomy for primary chief cell hyperplasia. At transplantation 1 times 1 mm. parathyroid pieces were grafted into the forearm musculature. Of 11 transplanted patients (one allograft and ten autografts) followed for 1 year, ten are normocalcemic; only two (autografted patients) are on supplemental calcium. Ten of the 29 patients have had biopsies performed, and all have had intact parathyroid architecture and intracellular secretory granules demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Parathyroid hormone content in the grafted tissue of five patients was 179 plus or minus 118.8 ng. per milligram. In 11 random patients in whom bilateral measurements have been made, the parathyroid hormone content in the antecubital vein blood draining the grafted tissue has been markedly higher than that in the simultaneously sampled antecubital vein blood of the nongrafted arm. These data demonstrate that parathyroid autografts or allografts secret hormone and maintain a normal serum calcium in the host."
1138399,"To determine the reasons for clinical failure of Melrose solution, potassium arrest was studied in isolated working rat hearts. Eight control hearts were stable for 2-1/2 hours. After 1/2 hour of work, 42 experimental hearts were subjected to 1 hour of ischemis by aortic cross-clamping with unmodified ischemia in eight hearts and ischemia with simultaneous intracoronary injection of 5 ml. of 4 degrees C. (1)Krebs-Henseleit buffer in seven hearts (2)potassium chloride buffer in six hearts, (3)potassium citrate buffer in eight hearts (both 26 mEq. per liter of K, approximately 300 mOsm. per liter), (4)Melrose solution in seven hearts (greater than 200 mEq. per liter of K, greater than 400 mOsm. per liter), (5)hypertonic potassium citrate buffer in six hearts (26 mEq. per liter of K, greater than 400 mOsm. per liter). The pH of all solutions was 7.8 plus or minus 0.1. After recovery isotonic potassium citrate- and potassium chloride-arrested hearts and time-matched control hearts showed no significant differences in cardiac output, coronary flow, systolic pressure, or heart rate. Hypertonic potassium citrate decreased the recovery of cardiac function after arrest and Melrose arrest was not significantly different from unmodified ischemia. Intracoronary cold isotonic Krebs-Henseleit buffer was better than Melrose arrest but inferior to 26 mEq. er liter of potassium arrest. Arrest with 26 mEq. per liter of potassium augments perfusion hypothermia and prevents significant functional and histologic myocardial damage during 1 hour of ischemis. Previous authors assumed that hypertonicity and citrate were responsible for poor results with Melrose solution, but high potassium concentration is the major deleterious factor with hypertonicity playing a contributory role."
1138400,"Operative as well as electrophysiologic experience with 213 major nerve injuries over the last 8 years and primate experiments form the basis of this reappraisal. Those lesions in continuity resected (58 of 172) usually had no response to stimulation or nerve action potential (NAP) at 8 weeks or longer after injury but were not necessarily complete lesions on clinical examination or electromyography. Axonal organization and maturity were of such poor quality that functional regeneration would not have resulted. Despite preoperative evidence of an incomplete lesion, operative studies confirmed a complete lesion in 21 instances. In 103 lesions NAP's could be recorded and, where neurolysis was done, recovery was acceptable in 91 percent. Many of these lesions had appeared complete on preoperative evaluation. Nerves transected by glass and repaired primarily had superior electrical and functional recovery to those repaired secondarily, although variations in clinical settings prevented statistical analysis. Experimental work in 20 primates with glass-wounded nerves favored primary repair, for NAP, evoked muscle action potential, and strain gauge studies of muscle power were superior in 14. Lesions in continuity should have exploration delayed until 8 weeks so that physiologic decisions regarding need for resection and repair can be made. Transecting injuries should be explored primarily, those without contusinve element repaired immediately, and those with contusion repaired 3 weeks after injury."
1138401,"Changes in in vitro lymphocyte-stimulation protein synthesis (SPS) of 40 melanoma patients following incubation with 3M KCl extracts of allogenic melanoma, lung carcinoma, and sarcoma antigens and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were quantitated by measuring H-3-leucine uptake. One of eleven ""untreated"" melanoma patients stimulated significantly to the melanoma antigen. However, this lymphocyte response was not significantly different from that of the normal subjects. Patients who received systemic bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) by the tine technique for 3 months and for 6 months had significant increase in lymphocyte protein synthesis following incubation with melanoma antigen. There were no significant differences in PHA responses between the ""untreated"" melanoma patients and the BCG-treated group. Testing of serial lymphocyte samples from nine melanoma patients before treatment and at monthly intervals thereafter confirmed these observations. Furthermore, no change in serial complement-fixing antibody titers to melanoma antigen was noted in the BCG-treated patients. These results demonstrated that in vitro lymphocyte responses to melanoma antigen may be augmented by BCG therapy."
1138402,"Tissue perfusion was determined by cardiac index (Cl) and skeletal muscle capillary blood flow (MBF), and arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVD) and oxygen uptake were compared in seven patients with severe spesis and eight nonseptic patients. Skeletal capillary muscle blood flow also was measured before and after a 2 day fast in 14 normal volunteers. In both septic and nonseptic patients, MBF varied directly with Cl. The average muscle blood flow was greater in septic than in nonseptic patients and, in addition, was greater per unit Cl. AVD in septic patients was narrower than in nonseptic patients. Septic patients with an AVD of less than 4 ml. of O2 had markedly higher MBF and Cl than did septic patients with an AVD greater than 4 ml. of O2. Fasting normal volunteers who, like the septic patients, would be catabolic had a significant increase in MBF during the fast. Although peripheral shunts are not ruled out ans an explanation of the hyperdynamic circulation in sepsis, the evidence is against their existence, at least in skeletal muscle, since capillary flow increases in direct proportion to cardiac output. If capillary flow is increased in fact in sepsis, then flow like blood pressure becomes less of a critical factor in explaining the demise of the septic patient. It might be postulated that the increased capillary flow seen in sepsis is secondary to the mobilization of amino acids from the body cell mass for gluconeogenesis and energy."
1138403,"Sixteen canine myocardial pedicle preparations were divided into four groups. Group I received 60 minutes of reversible ischemic anoxia, Group II 90 minutes, Group III 120 minutes, and Group IV 180 minutes. Transmural ischemic infarction was present in Group I. With longer periods of anoxia, capillary disruption occurred, first in the subendocardium (90 minutes) and then transmurally (180 minutes). Reperfusion after ischemic, anoxic time periods of 90 minutes or greater produced hemorrhagic necrosis, the extent of which was directly proportional to the duration of the preceding ischemic, anoxic period. One hundred and twenty patients with aortic valve replacement surgery then were analyzed retrospectively. Of the 25 deaths, seven were due to immediate postinfarction, five from subendocardial hemorrhagic necrosis. The common factor in the patients with hemorrhagic infarction was a markedly reduced coronary flow (45 to 55 ml. per minute) for more than 70 minutes during the interval of cardiopulmonary bypass. Although other factors may be involved, it is hypothesized that the main cause is a degree of localized ischemia of sufficient duration to induce capillary disruption and subsequent postbypass hemorrhagic necrosis when normal coronary artery perfusion is resumed."
1138404,"The antimitotic, anticancer drug ICRF 159 [(plus or minus)-1,2,'bis(3,5'dioxopiperazine-l-yl)propane] when given to pregnant BALB/c mice, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats, and New Zealand white rabbits had mainly embryolethal effects; the margin between no apparent activity and total embryolethality was narrow. A small percentage of fetuses were malformed and some exhibited retarded development. In all three species the time of maximum sensitivity to the drug was early in gestation, between days 6-10 in mice, 6-8 in rats, and 7-10 in rabbits."
1138405,SWV mice were totally resistant to the teratogenic and embryolethal actions of acetazolamide. The time of maximal sensitivity to acetazolamide-induced ectrodactyly in the CBA/J strain was the middle of day 10; the dose response at this time was studied. Comparison of the responses of the two strains and reciprocal hybrids indicated that sensitivity is a property of the embryo and is not maternally mediated. SWV mice were also resistant to dichlorphenamide which suggests they may be resistant to many or even all teratogenic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
1138406,"Three independently segregating loci appear to control the difference in response of CBA and SWV mouse embryos to the ectrodactyly-inducing effect of acetazolamide. Response of the CBA embryo appears to depend on recessive genes for sensitivity being present in the homozygous condition at all 3 loci, and resistance to be conferred by the presence of a dominant allele at any one of the 3 loci. The genetic variability for the ectrodactyly response of the mouse is discussed in the light of the reported physiological factors necessary for acetazolamide-induced ectrodactyly in the rat."
1138407,"Solanine or a preparation of mixed glycoalkaloids from potatoes naturally infected with the late-blight fungus, Phytophthora infestans, was injected into fertile chicken eggs between 0 and 26 h of incubation, before formation of the neural tube. The embryos were examined after a total of 72 h of incubation. Various abnormalities were found, the most conspicuous being absence of the tail or trunk below the wing bud (rumplessness). A statistically significant proportion of the abnormal embryos showed malformations that seemed to be related to this condition; these included fluid- or blood-filled vesicles in the lower trunk or tail region on one or both sides of the neural tube. Such abnormalities were not observed in control embryos."
1138408,"Luminal surfaces in the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon in normal mouse embryos and those homozygous for Lopp-tail were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Ventricular cells in the ventrolateral regions of normal day-10 and -11 brains showed single apical cilia and microvilli, whereas those in ventromedial regions showed a dense network of microvilli and bulbous projections which tended to obscure the apical cilia and cellular outlines. Similar regional differences occurred in the Loop-tail brains, although there was a marked decrease in the number and density of microvilli and bulbous projections. At days 12-14 of gestation the latter brains also showed a flattening of cell surfaces, shallow depressions, and craterlike ruptures in the plasma membranes."
1138409,"Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was dissolved in propylene glycol and 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg administereed dialy sc to pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats on days 6-15 of gestation (presence of sperm considered day 1). Maternal weight gain was depressed, but a significant decrease in fetal weight occurred only in the 50 mg/kg group. No malformations were noted, only some abnormalities consisting of several instances of rudimentary 14th rib and soft or spongy spinal cords."
1138413,"The British system for anticoagulant control based on the use of a national reagent with a national system of reporting supported by national quality control using lyophilized plasma preparations appears to offer a model which many countries abroad seem interested in adopting to solve their own national problems. Good progress has already been made in this direction in some Commonwealth countries and in South Africa. At a symposium at the 3rd Mediterranean Congress on Thromboembolism in 1973 invited participants from all over the world agreed to set up an International Study Group to provide an international organisation for anticoagulant control, and an encouraging start has been made."
1138415,"In thromboplastin calibration, the possibility of replacing fresh individual plasmas by pooled fresh plasmas (used immediately after preparation or after storage at -25 degrees C) or by pooled lyophilized plasmas has been investigated. It was found that the thromboplastin sensitivity ratios (TSR's) assessed with pooled fresh plasmas show no divergence from those obtained with the original Biggs/Denson calibration procedure. With pooled lyophilized plasmas a small divergence can be found in particular with so-called PIVKA-insensitive rabbit-tissue thromboplastins. Since, in contrast to the original procedure, only a limited number of determinations with pooled fresh or lyophilized plasmas are needed to obtain an accurate TSR value, the modification substantially simplifies thromboplastin calibration. Moreover, the technique using lyophilized plasmas can be applied in laboratories where an insufficient number of patients are available or none at all. However, as long as pooled lyophilized plasmas display a more or less pronounced activation, it might be preferable to restrict calibration to qualified expert laboratories, i.e. national reference laboratories. The merits of pooled lyophilized plasma are those of good stability even under the condition of accelerated degradation. They might be just as useful as thromboplastins for use as (long-term) reference material in the standardization and quality control program of manufacturers of thromboplastins, and for laboratorians preparing their own thromboplastin for the anticoagulant control. Conditions for the preparation and use of lyophilized reference plasmas have been worked out and are presented."
1138416,"The physiological mechanism to prevent and control abnormal bleeding is dependent on three vitamins (C, K, and Q). Two of these are unequivocally established as essential for hemostasis while the existence of the third (Q) is supported by experimental evidence and by clinical and therapeutic observations (Quick 1972; Quick 1974). The interrelationship of these three vitamins has remained moot except for clue observations. Both vitamins C and K have a key structure in their molecules which supplies a redox mechanism, ascorbic acid and 2-methyl, 1,4-naphthoquinone, respectively. Both vitamins are concerned with growth. Lack of vitamin C, which clinically is the basic defect of scurvy, does not appear to cause a defect in blood coagulation while vitamin K affects the clotting mechanism by being essential for the production of four distinct clotting factors: prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X. In this presentation an attempt is made to correlate the action of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors grouping them in a diagram to show how two systems of thrombin formation exist, one being essentially intrinsic, the second extrinsic requiring tissue thromboplastin and factor VII. The possible interlocking of vitamin Q in this mechanism is presented."
1138417,"A case of typical haemophilia A in phenotypically ""hairless"" women aged 18 with complete testicular feminization (primary amenorrhea, absence of palpated gonads, negative sex chromatin, fluorescence of Y chromosome in interphase nuclei, caryotype 46, XY by common and fluorescent methods) is reported in this paper. Both diseases are of familial character with transmission through female line. The propositus' father did not suffer from haemophilia. Signs of Morris syndrome (delay of menses, absence of secondary hair) are present in the propositus' mother and sister. The propositus' niece, the daughter of her sister, also suffered from testicular feminization, but without any haemophilia, probably due to the crossing-over. The analysis of the pedigree gives no information in favour of sex-linked or autosome-dominant sex limited inheritance of testicular feminization. Haemophilia A in the propositus is characterized by the very low factor-VIII level-1.66%, and typical joints bleedings since 3 years. At the age of 18 the patient had major surgery for a haemophilic thigh pseudotumor. There was rapid consolidation of the fracture and contracture was erradicated. In spite of severe factor VIII deficiency the course of haemophilia in the propositus is clinically milder than in male haemophiliacs in her family and in the general population. The similar findings were reviewed in literature including the case of hemyzygous haemophilia with testicular feminization and described women-homozygotes. The suggestion is made that the course of haemophilia in the propositus is affected by the female phenotype. The psychologica status of the patient and the possibility of professional rehabilitation by surgical treatment is discussed. The need for detailed cytogenetical examination of the persons with ""female"" haemophilia or the other sex-linked diseases to establish the correct diagnosis and for exclusion of the possible mosaicism is discussed."
1138418,"Brinase infusions in man cause, without excessive lowering of the inhibitor capacity, a slowing of the fibrin polymerization. This is combined with a degradation of the A alpha chain into two major fragments. Both fragments carry crosslinking sites. Brinase infusion also causes positive ethanol gelation. Evidence for the formation of gamma dimers was found."
1138420,"Sodium acetate buffer, 0.12 M, pH 7.4 as a diluent in the low temperature technique of dilute clot lysis time, is more effective in accelerating the velocity of lysis than phosphate buffer of similar pH and molarity. A uniform shape of the clot is maintained throughout the digestion in sodium acetate buffer and the end point of lysis is characteristically marked by an abrupt and sharply defined disintegration. Sodium acetate buffer can be employed advantageously in this technique not only to improve the observation but also to shorten the lysis times."
1138421,"1. Structure-activity  relationships have been established for the inhibition of urokinase by aromatic diamidines. In an assay system employing purified urokinase and human plasminogen the most potent inhibitor was found in 4',4''-diamidino-2-hydroxy-1,4-diphenoxybutane which proved 5600 times more active on a molar bases than epsilon-aminocaproic acid (E-ACA). 2. 4',4''-diamidino-2-hydroxy-1,4-diphenoxybutane behaved as a competitive inhibitor of the urokinase catalyzed hydrolysis of N-alpha-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester. At pH 7.85 and 37 degrees C the K-1 value was determined as 3.18 times 10-6 M which compares with a value of 6.79 times 10-5 M for p-aminobenzamidine and 3.57 times 10-2 M for E-ACA. 3. In two fibrinolytic tests including urokinase as activator the superiority of diamidines over E-ACA was less marked than in the pure plasminogen activation system. This was due to the presence of certain plasma proteins in the fibrinolysis assays which augmented the inhibitory strength of E-ACA. The order of effectiveness of diamidines in the lysis tests was also different from the one in the activation test. In a human fibrin clot lysis test the most active inhibitor was 3',3''-diamidino-2-hydroxy-1,4-diphenoxybutane which was 1700 times more effective on a molar basis than E-ACA. In a human plasma clot lysis test the strongest inhibitor, 2-hydroxy-stilbamidine, was 70 times more powerful than E-ACA."
1138422,"Polyunsaturated fatty acids were allowed to autoxidise in air over 4 days. The water soluble oxidation products were extracted at daily intervals and tested for their effect on blood coagulation. After 1 day there was slight acceleration of the recalcification and RVV times, but from 2-4 days the extracts became increasingly inhibitory. The P.T. and P.T.T. were also inhibited. In the thrombin generation test the extracts delayed the appearance of thrombin, but the peak thrombin level was increased and its rate of decay was reduced. When added to phospholipid the extracts altered their coagulant activity. The presence of autoxidation products could account for some of the variable results obtained with different preparations of phospholipids."
1138423,"A constitutional platelet function disorder in a twelve year-old girl characterized by a lifelong bleeding tendency, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, normal platelet factor 3 activity and impaired platelet aggregation was reported. Platelet aggregation, studied turbidimetrically, was absent in the presence of usual doses of ADP (1-4 MUM) although a small wave of primary aggregation was obtained by very large ADP concentrations (25-50 muM). The platelets were also unresponsive to epinephrine, thrombin and diluted collagen suspensions. But an almost normal aggregation response occurred with strong collagen suspensions. The platelets responded to Ristocetin. Release of platelet ADP was found to be normal by collagen and thrombin, but impaired by kaolin. Platelet fibrinogen content was normal. The present case, investigated with recent methods, confirms the existence of a type of primary functional platelet disorder characterized solely by an aggregation defect, described in 1955 and 1962 under the name of ""essential athrombia."""
1138424,"Noradrenalin was given as an intravenous infusion in a dosage of 0.1 mu-g/kg/h over a period of 30 minutes to 5 healthy male subjects. Blood samples were collected before, at the end of and 24 hours after the infusion. A significant increase in the number of circulating platelets and a marked increase of plasma FFA, reflecting an increase of all the main components of the FFA fraction were observed. No significant changes were observed in the similar lipid fraction in platelets and except for a moderate increase in platelet factor 3 activity, no significant changes in other platelet function tests were present."
1138425,Intravenous injection of phenylhydrazine into intact rabbits resulted in a thrombocytosis of 1.85 fold and megathrombocytosis (large platelets) of 2.30 fold. Splenectomy markedly impaired this response. The intravenous injection of red blood cell hemolysates gave a response similar to that of phenylhydrazine in both intact and splenectomized animals. Basal data obtained from intact and splenectomized animals; as well as kinetic data obtained following apparent splenic blockade secondary to phenylhydrazine hemolysis revealed the presence of a splenic platelet pool with preferential splenic sequestration of megathrombocytes. It is suggested that the thrombocytosis and absolute megathrombocytosis of hemolysis is due to splenic blockade by red blood cell hemolysate.
1138426,"The changes of fibrinogen, antithrombin activity, spontaneous fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen and fibrinogen degradation products were studied in women, aged 18 to 30 years, who were using oral contraceptive preparations. Blood samples were obtained before use, as well as during the first month and again after several months of use. The results were divided into three groups based on the antiovulatory activity of the estrogen component of the oral contraceptive, ie. Mestranol, 50 mu-g, Mestranol 80 mu-g or Ethinyl estradiol 50 mu-g and Mestranol 100 mu-g. In each of the three groups there was a similar pattern of increase in spontaneous fibrinolytic activity and plasminogen but decrease in antithrombin levels during the monthly cycles. The fibrinogen level was increased in the first month of oral contraceptive use in the three groups but after several months of use the pattern of change seen in the first month was repeated with the lower estrogen compounds, but in the group using the preparation with 100 mu-g Mestranol, the fibrinogen level returned to that of the control month. The level of fibrinogen degradation products remained unchanged."
1138435,"Study of 87 patients (53 adults, 23 males; 34 children, 18 males) with congenital rubella revealed an increased incidence of several HL-A antigens, including HL-A5, HL-A1, HL-A3 and HL-A8, the frequency of HL-A1 being raised because of the statistically significant increase of this antigen in the adult female subjects compared with normal controls. Correlation of the level of seropositivity to rubella virus in 29 normal adult populations, according to racial origin and geographic location, with the frequency of various HL-A antigens revealed the most significant association with HL-A1 (r equals 0.71). It is suggested that the presence on the cell surface of HL-A1 or the combination of HL-A1 and 8 may fovour rubella virus infection."
1138436,"The second series antigen W27 has been found to have an increased frequency in ankylosing spondylitis (82 per cent of 17 patients) and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease) (29 per cent of 24 patients). Three family studies are presented, including one in which the antigen W27 occurs both in the absence and the presence of ankylosing spondylitis. It is suggested that this family illustrates that the relationship between W27 and sacro-iliitis is affected by non-HL-A genes. The development of clinical disease depends upon the coincidence of several factors in one individual, some of which are genetically controlled by two or more loci which are not necessarily linked."
1138437,"The HL-A groups of 138 Kel Diniq Twaregs were determined by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. Their HL-A characteristics, compared to those of Caucasoid populations, are: decrease in HL-A2, 9, W17 and W15; increase in W28, W32, HL-A7, W5, W10 and second locus blank; absence of Da25 (W30 plus W31), HL-A13, W15, W18, W27. This genetic structure is in accordance with the isolated condition of this population. The most frequent haplotypes are W28,HL-A7, common to both the Kel Diniq and the Kel Kummer Twaregs previously studied; W32,W10 and HL-A3, HL-A5, Kel Diniq only. These two populations are both isolates, with a common origin the seventeenth century, but separated as from that date. Genealogical studies have enabled the haplotype W28,HL-A7 to be attributed to the two brothers who founded the populations in the seventeenth century. A comparison of these two populations constitutes a model for the study of genetic drift and the founder effect."
1138438,"A comparison of immunogenic strength among 23 HL-A antigens was made by studying HL-A antibodies formed in primiparous women. In this setting of single pregnancies, each one of the incompatible fetal antigens would have an equal opportunity (one gestational period) to sensitize the mother. Three hundred pairs of primiparous women and newborns were HL-A typed and the serum of each mother was tested for antibody activity against the child's lymphocytes. The test was positive in 24 instances; 19 sera were reactive with only one antigen of paternal origin, one serum was reactive with both antigens, and in four instances the children's incompatible antigens were identified. When the frequencies of different antibody specificities were statistically analysed, HL-A5 and W14 were found to be distinctly more immunogenic than the other antigens."
1138439,"HL-A phenotypes were determined in 60 patients with primary thyrotoxicosis and in 60 age-sex  matched controls living in the same region in order to establish the frequencies of ten HL-A antigens in the two populations. HL-A1 was present in 28 patients and 18 controls (X2 equals 2;86, P greater than 0,05); HL-A13 was present in eigth patients and only one control (X2 equals 4.32, 0.05 greater than P greater than 0.025). These findings suggest that HL-A phenotypes may be of value in studies on the aetiology of primary thyrotoxicosis. The statistical significance of these results is discussed as these findings may be due to chance deviations."
1138440,"One out of four rabbits injected with partially purified soluble HL-A antigen from serum produced cytotoxic antibodies to human lymphocytes. These antibodies appear to be directed to the specificity W24 as determined by correlation studies with HL-A alloantisera and by absorption-inhibition experiments with human platelets and with serum soluble HL-A antigens. In the sera from the other three immunized rabbits, no antibodies to human lymphoid cells could be detected by the cytotoxic test, blocking of T cell rosette formation, stimulation of DNA synthesis and inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction."
1138442,"Studies were carried out on the distribution of HL-A antigens in 33 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma from several tribal groups in Kenya. The frequency of distribution of the HL-A antigens was not significantly different in these patients from that in a selected control population. Difficulty was experienced in the precise identification of some HL-A antigens in Africans using a Caucasoid serum panel, in particular those associated with HL-A7 and to a lesser extent, the ""W19"" complex."
1138443,Thirty-one Burkitt's patients and forty-eight matched controls from Uganda were HL-A typed to investigate possible antigen frequency differences which could suggest association of an HL-A antigen with disease susceptibility. Cells were shipped in tissue culture medium from Uganda to Oxford where they were HL-A typed using sera from the Fifth International Histocompatibility Workshop in the cytotoxic fluorochromatic assay. No significant frequency differences between patients and control were found.
1138444,"Data from the three preceding studies on the possible relationship of HL-A type with Burkitt's lymphoma were combined to see whether any trends in the data, not significant in the individal studies, would show significance when the three groups were combined. A statistical method for combining data from different studies is developed. Although in this analysis even the combined data failed to show any significant association of HL-A type with  disease, it is suggested that the statistical methods used will be helpful in analysing other sets of data where it seems desirable to combine information from several studies."
1138446,"Ag-B antigen molecules of about 59,000 daltons were partially purified from papain digests of liver cell membranes of Fischer and ACI rats. These preparations were radioiodinated and the labeled Ag-B antigen molecultes were isolated as specific immune complexes with alloantibodies directed to Ag-B1 or Ag-B4. These specifically purified Ag-B antigen molecules were found to give two fragments of 37,000 and 11,000 daltons on sodium sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two fragments (or very similar ones) were isolated from the radioiodinated partially purified Ag-B antigen preparations by acid dissociation and subsequent gel filtration. The 37,000-dalton fragment retained the same Ag-B alloantigenic specificity as the parental 59,000-dalton Ag-B antigen molecules, whereas the 11,000-dalton fragment did not carry any detectable Ag-B alloantigenic activity. In the reaction with rabbit antisera raised against rat cell membranes, each fragment was shown to be antigenically distinctive."
1138447,"Cell monolayers grown from trypsin dispersions of whole rat embryos were tested for their capacity to stimulate allogeneic rat thymus cells in mixed cell cultures. Cells from whole embryos of only 15-days gestation were virtually ineffective at stimulating allogeneic thymus cells. Cells from 19-day-old whole embryos produced definite stimulation and stronger stimulation was obtained with skin cell monolayers prepared from these embryos. The average amount of allogeneic stimulation obtained with rat skin cells increased with the age of the donor animals. The greatest degree of stimulation occurred when the skin cells were obtained from rats about 1 week postpartum. Thereafter, the stimulating potential of allogeneic skin cells declined and was found to stabilize at the levels observed when adult skin cells were used as the stimulator cells. Neither rat brain cells nor rat kidney cells (taken from embryos, neonates, and adults) were capable of inducing allogeneic rat thymocytes to undergo significant transformation in culture. We conclude that the in vitro lymphocyte response to skin cell stimulation is a function of skin cell maturation, and that the inability of kidney cells or brain cells to provoke the same sort of stimulation is not attributable to antigen loss during or after foetal development, but exists as a feature of these cells at the earliest stages of differentiation."
1138449,"The organisation of the radiological services in Malaysia is described and those diseases in which radiology plays an important part in diagnosis are discussed. As radiology embraces all specialities a pattern of diseases emerges which is different from that seen in the West. The control of infectious diseases, the general improvement in health care and the more sophisticated radiological investigations now available mean that in future radiology will play a much more important part in diagnosis and management of patients."
1138450,"The clinical and autopsy records of 54 cases of pulmanary embolism seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital over the period 1966-1972 are analysed. The incidence of pulmonary embolism during this period was 0.1 per cent of all patients admitted, and there was a 78 per cent mortality. The primary medical condition associated with pulmonary embolism is heart disease. Sex has little influence on the liability to pulmonary embolism. Age has a pronounced influence, the incidence increases steadily after the age of 40. Medical cases are more liable than surgical cases to suffer from pulmonary embolism in each age group. The view is expressed that pulmonary  embolism is not rare in Africans. Our results support the opinion that the possession of the haemoglobin S predisposes although the final veridct must await the result of a larger prospective study."
1138451,"The enteric flora of a group of antibiotic-treated patients and two groups of non-antibiotic-treated individuals were studied for antibiotic resistance patterns and presence of transferable R-factors. The former group consisted of 100 hospitalised patients, the latter two groups consisted of 200 hospitalised patients and 200 individuals from rural communities in Jamaica. The occurrence of multiple-resistant organisms with transferable R-factors was significantly higher in the antibiotic-treated group. R-factors were also more common in the hospitalised, non-treated group than in the non-hospitalised, non-treated group. Follow-up studies on hospitalised patients showed a tendency to increased occurrence of R-factors with duration of hospitalisation, whether the patients were treated with antibiotics or not. These studies have shown that both antibiotic treatment and hospitalisation promote the occurrence of R-factors."
1138452,"Three hundred and fifty-one persons were tested for HI antibody to arbovirus Groups A, B and Ingwavuma viruses in Ilesha and Oshogbo, two towns in western Nigeria. Chikungunya accouted for most Group A infections (39%). Antibodies to Group B virus were distributed as follows: Dengue 22%, Yellow Fever 25%, West Nile 28% and Wesselsbron 30%. Few sera 5% were positive to Ingwavuma. No virus was isolated from 188 blood specimens processed for virus isolation."
1138453,"Among 1052 women from Northern Thailand whose bloods were examined for haemoglobin variants by starch gel electrophoresis, 84 (8.0 per cent) had variant with the doubly-slow mobility associated with Haemoglobin E. Seventy-nine of those slow variants were examined by chemical structure studies and all were confirmed to have the change, beta26 Glu leads to Lys, associated with Haemoglobin E. These results indicate that other variants with mobilities like that of Haemoglobin E are uncommon in Thairs."
1138454,"A nearly 72-old black male with sickle cell anemia suffered from heart failure, hypertension, chronic impaired kidney function with hyperuricemia and gout. Anoxemia due to refractory anemia of the sideroachrestic type most probably precipitated the sudden heart failure."
1138476,"A transcutaneous Doppler device has been developed that measures primarily the directional transport velocity of blood, averaged over the vessel diameter, irrespective of its flow in adjacent vessels. Directional information is obtained by high or low-pass filtering of frequency converted versions of the received Doppler signals, applying low-cost, sharp filters in a superheterodyne system. Upper and lower channel signals are quantified separately to average directional velocity. Linear results from in vitro measurements are obtained."
1138522,"The crystal and molecular structure of the meso-ionic title compound, C13H10N4O, have been determined by X-ray methods using 2667 reflections above background level collected by counter methods at 105 K. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2a/c, with cell dimensions: a=5.233(2) A; b=18.846(6) A; c=11.643(2) A, beta=105.71  degrees(2), with 4 molecules per unit cell. The structure model was refined to an R-factor of 0.047. In order to reduce the influence of the valence electrons all reflections with sin theta/lambda smaller than 0.5 A- minus 1 were excluded in the last stages of the refinement procedure (leaving 1658 Fo'S, R=0.058). The central five-membered ring is found to be planar and the bond lengths within this ring indicate a resonance stabilized system, as has been found for sydnones. The planes of the two benzene rings are tilted 11.7 and 8.0 degrees, respectively, with respect to the plane of the central oxatriazolio-ring.?"
1138523,"S-Adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) has been purified more than 1000-fold from rat liver. The molecular weight of the decarboxylase was calculated to be 68 000. No evidence was obtained indicating that pyridoxal phosphate acts as the prosthetic group of the enzyme. On the other hand, the decarboxylase apparently contains some carbonyl group(s) participating in the catalysis as supported by the inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylation in the presence of NaBH-4, phenylhydrazine or NaCN. Putrescine, the specific activator of mammalian S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, might interact, directly or indirectly, with the carbonyl group(s) of the enzyme as suggested by the protection of the decarboxylase activity against borohydride reduction by the diamine."
1138524,"Methylation studies and partial acid hydrolysis have been carried out on the extracellular polysaccharide produced by the diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus. The polysaccharide contains the sugars galactose, rhamnose, and fucose and is partially sulfated. The presence of fucose in both furanose and pyranose forms within one molecule is reported for the first time. The fucofuranose is present as end groups, 1,2-linked and as branch points. Fucopyranose is mainly present as branch points in the polysaccharide, some being 1,3-linked, and a small fraction as end groups. The main part of rhamnose is 1,2-linked and galactose is mainly 1,3-linked."
1138525,"Strongly fluorescent 2-carboxymethyl-3,4-dihydro-7-hydroxyisoquinolin-6-ones are formed in high yields when catecholamines are reacted with glyoxylic acid. Formation of the fluorophores has been found to take place in two steps; i. e. via virtually non-fluorescent tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acids, which react to give the fluorophores in a subsequent, rapid reaction with glyoxylic acid. The rates of reaction (pseudo first-order) with glyoxylic acid for 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid, and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid show that introduction of a carboxyl group at either C-1 or C-3 in a tetrahydroisoquinoline highly facilitates the reaction with glyoxylic acid. This behaviour is discussed in terms of a mechanism involving both intramolecular acid catalysis by the C-1 or C-3-carboxyl groups during dehydration of the carbinolamine intermediate, and facilitation of the prototropic shifts of the resulting Schiff's base by decarboxylation."
1138526,"The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound C-22H-30O-4, has been determined by X-ray methods using 1106 reflections above background level collected by counter methods. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P2-12-12-1 with cell dimensions a equals 16.514(2) A; b equals 14.324(2) A; c equals 8.744(1) A; there are four molecules per unit cell. The structure was refined to an R of 0.084 (weighted R-w equals 0.068). The cyclohexene and the pyran part of the molecule occurs in the half-chair conformation. The bond distances and angles, and a slight twist of the benzene ring, indicate considerable stains in the aromatic system. Both the phenolic and carboxylic group are significantly out of the plane through the aromatig ring. The angle between this plane and a plane through the cyclohexene ring is 37.7 degrees. The pentyl sidechain occurs in an extended gauche conformation, and the thermal parameters of this part of the molecule are very high. The molecules are held together by van der Waals forces in the c-directions, and hydrogen bonds (2.688 A) from phenolic to carboxylic groups in the a-b plane. There is a short ultra-molecular hydrogen bond (2.490 A) from the carboxylic group to the pyran oxygen."
1138527,"A 31 year-old  black woman with unilateral facial dysesthesia was found to have an intracranial parasellar mass that extended into the sphenoid sinus. By light microscopy, the neoplasm appeared as nests of poorly differentiated neuroblasts in a finely fibrillary stroma and was diagnosed as an esthesineuroblastoma. Electron microscopy confirmed the neuroblastic nature of the tumor with demonstration of neurites containing neurofilaments and neurotubules, synapses and dense cored biogenic amine granules in perikarya and processes. This neoplasm was further characterized by the presence of numerous dystrophic axons that were evident only by electron microscopy."
1138528,"The findings in a case of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy are presented. Light microscopy shows wide distribution of spheroids, cerebullar atrophy and striatal degeneration. Electron microscopy shows numerous spheroids consisting of tubulo-vesiculo-membranous profiles. The dystrophic changes appear first in the axon seem to be modified by axostasis and/or transneuronal degeneration in addition to the dystrophic changes. The participation of the endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules in spheroid formation and their relation to the malformation of the synaptic vesicles have been discussed. Diverse mitochondrial abnormalities and Hiranolike body are also described."
1138529,"A muscle biopsy of a boy of 14 years presenting clinically a benign congenital myopathy showed granular intrasarcoplasmic bodies exhibiting reducing activity. The resemble the bodies described by Brooke and Neville in muscle of two children with severe congenital myopathy which they referred to as ""reducing body myopathy"". If the reducing bodies are the characteristic morphological feature peculiar to this newly recognized congenital myopathy, the case reported here would be therefore a benign form of reducing body myopathy. The origin and nature of the granular material forming the bodies is doubtful. The close relationship between this material and the myofilaments may suggest that the granules arise from some myofibrillary component."
1138531,"The ulstrastructural characteristics of the cerebellum and olfactory bulb capillaries were studied in 12 human specimen measuring 25-200 mm. Type I capillaries, whose lumina were wider than 8 mu, contained no pores of fenestrations. The basement membrane was sometimes discontinous. In that case, junctions without quintuple-layered zones could be observed. Such capillaries may correspond to primary vessels in which the sinusoid character has disappeared. Elsewhere, the basement membrane was continuous and the interendothelial junctions always contained quintuple-layered zones. Type II capillaries, whose lumina measured between 2 and 8 mu had basement membranes  that were either discontinuous or continuous. They were identical to the immature capillaries described previously in numerous species including man. Type III caillaries, rarely observed, were characterized by the presence of several endothelial cells with abundant cytoplasm, which limited the  mina from 0.5 --3 mu in diameters. They had continuous basement membranes. Type IV and V capillaries has small or non-patent lumina. The basement membrane was absent or rudimentary. These  capillaries appeared to correspond to simple and complexendothelial sprouts. In Types II, III, V and most Type IV capillaries, the interendothelial junctions contained quintuple-layered zones. No mature capillaries were observed. The hypothetical pathways of development of cerebral capillaries and the degree of permeability of immature interendothelial junctions are discussed. The long duration of maturation in man probably accounts for the diversity of capillary formations observed as compared with animals. The co-existence over along period of time of several capillary types with probably  varying permeability may play a significant role in the maturation of the blood-brain barrier."
1138532,"Aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU) is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by slowly progressive mental deterioration from infancy, urinary excretion of large amounts of aspartylglycosamine, and decreased activity of the lysosomal enzyme aspartylglcosamine amido hydrolase in various body tissues and fluids. The nature and distribution of the morphological and histochemical alterations in AUG are described in the light of the first AGU patient investigated post mortem and brain and liver. Most nerve cells and hepatocytes contained  large vacuoles without any histochemically demonstrable lipid or carbohydrate material. Ultrastructural studies revealed numerous electron-lucent vaculoles, limited by a single, membrane, in the cytoplasm of these cells. In addition to evenly disperesed finely granular or reticular material the vacuoles contained small electron-opaque ""lipid"" droplets and polymorphic membraneous or granular aggregates. Similar vacuoles were also seen in a number of other cell types, particularly in the kupffer cells and brain macrophages, as well as in the capillary pericytes. Biochemical studies suggest that the principal storage material consists of aspartylglycosamine itself; glycoasparagines of higher molecular weight are present as only minor components. Correlated morphological and biochemical studies thus definitely establish that AGU is a generalized storage disorder. The condition is apparently due to decreased activity  of aspartylglycosamine amido hydrolase, with accumulation of products of flycoprotein carabolism in cytoplasmic vacuoles in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells."
1138533,"The dynamics of changes in the in vivo amino acid incorporation into proteins of the neuron and glia cell enriched fractions of rat brain following application of a number of hypoxic conditions were investigated. The experimental models include: a) simple hypoxia, b) ischemic-hypoxic hypoxia and c) carbon monoxide intoxication. Irrespective of the experimental model used, neuronal protein synthesis was more markedly inhibited than glial, maximal inhibition being observed 2 hrs after cessation of the experimental procedure. The changes were of transient character, whereby 24 hrs after the experiment the glial synthesis appeared activated above the control value. The higher sensitivity of the neuronal protein synthesis to the applied experimental procedures produced more significant changes of the protein/total radioactivity ratio in neurons than in glia, the ratio expressing the extent of radioactive amino acid utilisation in the synthesis."
1138534,A berry-like dissecting intracranial aneurysm resulted from inadvertent puncture of the internal carotid artery during trans-palatal section of a monkey's optic nerve. The light and ultrastructural features are rather similar to those of human berry aneurysms supporting the notion that the latter are degenerative rather than congenital in origin.
1138535,"A  girl aged 8  years and 10 months at death had shown signs of a slowly progressive neurological disease  with onset in early infancy. The main clinical features were nystagmus, spastic paraplegia, amd mental deterioration. Pathological examination of the brain showed severe demyelination with perivascular preservation of mylein islands, presenting a tigroid pattern. The patient is  the second case of classical Pelizaeus-Merzbacher's disease in Japan proven by autopsy."
1138536,"The disease male breast cancer has been evaluated on the basis of data concerning 265 cases registered in Denmark over the period from 1 January 1943 to 1 July 1972. The data were obtained by review of hospital records, survey of microscopic preparations and examinations of surviving patients. The results are compared to results reported in the literature. The recent material is the second largest series hitherto published. Male breast cancer comprises 0.8 per cent of all cases of breast cancer in Denmark. The average age at establishment of diagnosis was 65.2 years in 257 cases of breast carcinoma, which is considerably higher than that found in women. The duration of symptoms in breast cancer is considerably longer in males than in females, 16 per cent having a duration of symptoms of 2 years or more. In only 13 per cent was a palpable tumour the only symptom on admission. Twenty-seven percent had ulceration. Ulceration and fixation to the underlying tissue are not, as commonly presumed, early symptoms in male breast cancer. According to the TNM classification, 35 per cent of 253 cases were in clinical stage I, 11 per cent in stage II, 42 per cent in stage III, and 12 per cent in stage IV. Duration of symptoms and histological grade of malignancy were of significant importance or the stage on admission. Assessed on the basis of the distribution into stages, the clinical appearance of the disease showed a significant improvement from the period 1943-1957 to the period 1958-1972. Attempts should be made to differentiate the disease from gynecomastia which is much more frequent. Only during the early stages of breast cancer, however, will there be differential diagnostic problems as the majority of patients do not present themselves until unequivocal clinical signs of malignancy are present. The series has been reviewed with regard to the presence of gynecomastia. Certain facts appear to support the theory that gynecomastia may be a premalignant state. A series of 30 patients with breast cancer were screened for the Klinefelter syndrome. One positive case was found. By pooling series of male breast cancer, in which such screening has been made, it was found that the incidence of the Klinefelter syndrome is higher among men with breast cancer than in the normal male population. Calculated on the basis of the general public were better informed about the existence of this disease and the value of its early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis should undoubtedly by improved."
1138537,"One hundred sixty-four patients with autonomously functioning thyroid lesions (AFTL), 140 with nontoxic and 24 with toxic lesions, were studied over 12 years. To avoid pitfalls in diagnosis of nontoxic AFTL, a suppression procedure should precede the repeat scan after the administration of thyroid stimulating hormone. Women outnumbered men by 13 to 1 for nontoxic AFTL and 3.8 to 1 for toxic AFTL. Larger and toxic lesions were found in older patients, suggesting their derivation from smaller nontoxic lesions. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine concentrations exhibited parallel deviations from average normal levels for most of 29 patients with hot AFTL. T3 toxicosis  was not seen. Ultrasound was more sensitive than scanning in detecting cystic degeneration. Observation was advised for patients with nontoxic AFTL unless toxicity appeared imminent. Of 51 such patients, followed from 1 to 12 years, none became hyperthyroid, but 10 AFTL increased from slightly to fourfold in size or showed evidence of degeneration. Of 24 patients with toxic AFTL, 20 were treated with radioiodine and the remaining 4 surgically; surgery is the preferred treatment for patients under 40 years of age. Three of 29 patients who were treated surgically had thyroid cancer. Since AFTL have histologic and pathophysiologic features characteristic of benign endocrine neoplasms, the association with cancer may be more than coincidental."
1138538,"Clinical manifestations of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in 15 patients are described. These patients were University Hospital personnel who had had contact with hamsters, subsequently shown to harbor the virus. Fever with striking myalgias, headache and rigors were the most common symptoms. Only 2 of the 15 patients had clinically overt and documented aseptic meningitis. Leuikpenia was observed in 10 of 11 patients and thrombocytopenia in 8 of 8 patients tested. A biphasic illness was seen in eight patients. In a patient who has been exposed to laboratory animals, particularly to hamsters, a nonspecific influenza-like febrile illness accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia may represent LCM virus infection."
1138539,"Eighteen newly diagnosed, untreated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were divided into two groups based on the severity of the disease. Patients with very active disease were nonresponsive to skin test antigens used to assess delayed hypersensitivity. Skin test reactivity was intact in most patients with mildly active disease. Lymphocytes from subjects in both groups responded normally to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) when the results were expressed as counts per minute per million small lymphocytes. Serum from patients with severely active disease markedly suppressed lymphocyte responsiveness of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. Serum from patients with mild disease had significantly less suppressor activity. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and suppressor activity were not correlated. Suppressor activity in immunoglobulin G fraction paralleled that found in whole serum. The present studies suggest that impaired delayed whole serum. The present studies suggest that impaired delayed hypersensitivity in SLE is a consequence of disease activity rather than an inherent feature of this disease. The strong correlation between serum suppression of PHA reactivity and anergy suggests that the humoral immunosuppressive effects described may be responsible, in part, for impaired delayed hypersensitivity in this disease."
1138540,"Neurologic complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are common, but chorea is rare. Three cases of chorea associated with SLE are presented as well as a review of 28 cases from the world literature. Chorea may be the first and at times the only sign prior to the establishment of diagnosis of SLE. Under such conditions the establishment of the correct diagnosis is difficult, and the chorea may be attributed to a more common etiology, Also the SLE-related chorea may recur in the same subject during the course of the disease. Finally, the chorea associated with SLE can be brought under control by use of haloperidol (HALDAL)."
1138541,"Two sisters had erythropoietic protoporphyria and a spectrum of liver disease. One (F.B.) died in hepatic failure within 3 months after the development of jaundice. Only 10 months before she died, she had exhibited only bromsulfalein retention and a borderline increase in serum transaminase. Surgical exploration because of the jaundice revealed patency of the bile ducts which was confirmed at autopsy. Wedge biopsy and autopsy specimens of liver showed an active cirrhosis with massive amounts of protoporphyrin in Kupffer cells, portal histiocytes, bile canaliculi and parenchymal cytoplasm. The other sister (L.R.) had never had symptomatic liver disease and only a slight increase in serum transaminase and bromsulfalein retention. On needle biopsy, the liver specimen showed portal inflammation with erosion of limiting plates, occasional bridging between triads and central areas of cell dropout. Protoporphyrin pigment was present in portal histiocytes, areas of central collapse and, more rarely, in parenchymal cytoplasm. These studies demonstrate that significant, progressive hepatic disease may occur insidiously in erythropoietic protoporphyria, and that once jaundice appears it may be followed rapidly by fatal hepatic failure."
1138542,"Osteosclerosis in adults with primary hyperparathyoidism is rare; the usual skeletal manifestation, when presented, is diffuse osteropenia. We describe a patient with generalized osteosclerosis in association with primary hyperparathyroidism. The findings are documented by conventional and fine-detail radiography, absorptiometric bone mineral analysis, quantitative microradiography and histologic examination of bone. The unique features are contrasted with the manifestations recorded in a recently studied group of 87 hyperparathyroid patients. The data presented here support a causal relationship in this patient between parathyroid hormone excess and the development of densely sclerotic bones."
1138543,"Three siblings (two brothers and a sister) of Polish origin, presented in late middle age with the features of the nephrotic syndrome and hypertension. Glomerular deposition of amyloid was found in all on renal biopsy. No amyloid was seen on rectal or gingival biopsy. Their mother and a maternal aunt died in middle age with a clincally similar disease. These cases are compared with other forms of hereditary amyloidosis which are briefly reviewed. The hereditary amyloidoses are classified with particular emphasis on neural and renal involvement."
1138544,"A cell wall-deficient variant of Corynebacterium species was isolated from the blood of a patient with a chronic febrille illness of unkown etiology. He was given antimicrobial therapy, to which both variant and reverted bacterial forms of this organism were sensitive, and he recovered. Cultural surveillance for cell wall-deficient organisms was not only helpful in confirming the presence of infection in our patient but also in following his clinical course once antimicrobial therapy had been instituted."
1138545,"In 29 patients, the site and extent of coronary artery obstruction were related to the position and area of abnormally contracting segments of the left ventricle, both in patients with a history of angina without myocardial infarction (group I) and in patients with prior documented myocardial infarction (group II). The degree of coronary artery obstructive disease was estimated in the standard manner and also by a coronary artery index which considered not only the degree of obstruction but also the total length of the obstructed segment. A kinetic or dyskinetic segments were present in 22 of the 29 patients. An abnormally contracting segment was present in 12 or 18 patients without prior myocardial infarction in comparison with 10 of the 11 patients with prior infarction. Complete obstruction of a coronary vessel and resultant dyskinesia were more frequent in the right coronary artery than in either the left anterior descending or the circumflex artery. There was a significant correlation between total per cent of vessel obstruction and degree of ventricular asynergy in both groups; consideration of length of obstructed segment did not improve this correlation."
1138546,"Libman-Sacks endocarditis caused progressive life-threatening mitral regurgitation necessitating mitral valve replacement in an 18 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although Libman-Sacks endocarditis is frequently seen at autopsy in patients with SLE, hemodynamically significant valvular disease due to that lesion is quite rare. We found no previous reports describing mitral regurgitation in a patient with SLE which has necessitated surgical intervention."
1138547,"Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were increased in a 15 year old girl with pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and minimal phosphaturic and absent hypercalcemic responses to exogenous parathyroid extract (PTE). Following normalization of the serum calcium concentration with vitamin D, serum iPTH and phosphate concentrations returned to the normal range, and phosphaturia could be clearly stimulated and hypercalcemia induced by PTE. On the other hand, the urinary cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) excretion could not be stimulated, suggesting that in this case, there appears to be no relationship between the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and the phosphaturic effect of PTE. The minimal phosphaturic effect and the lack of hypercalcemic effects of PTE in untreated pseudohypoparathyroidism can be explained by the secondary hyperparathyroidism causing elevated iPTH levels rather than by a defect at the level of the receptor sites. A requirement of pharmacologic amounts of vitamin D per se, however, for the responsiveness of patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism to PTE cannot be ruled out."
1138548,"The subject of left ventricular involvement in chronic obstructive airways disease is controversial. We measured left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in 120 patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease, 92 of them acutely decompensated and 28 stable. A bedside radionuclide technic using a scintillation probe was used to measure LVEF. Of the 28 patients with acute respiratory failure, LVEF was normal (larger than or equal to 55 per cent) in 60 and subnormal in 32. Of the 28 patients with stable chronic obstructive airways disease, LVEF was normal in 12 and low in 16. Coronary artery disease could be demonstrated clinically or at autopsy in 13 of the patients with acute and in 7 of the patients with stable chronic obstructive airways disease. LVEF was 28 plus or minus 10.4 per cent (average plus or minus SEM) in the patients with acute chronic obstructive airways disease and coronary artery disease which was significantly different (P smaller than 0.001) from LVEF in patients without coronary artery disease (61 plus or minus 1.9 per cent). In the patients stable with chronic obstructive airways disease and coronary artery disease, LVEF was (42 plus or minus 3.5 per cent), significantly different (P smaller than 0.001) from LVEF in those without coronary artery disease (55 plus or minus 2.1 per cent). There was no relationship between LVEF and arterial oxygen, or carbon dioxide tension, or pH. Results suggest that LVEF is normal in patients with severe lung disease alone and that reduced LVEF in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease can reasonably be ascribed to coronary artery disease."
1138549,"Cardiac conduction abnormalities are frequent in myotonic dystrophy and can result in complete heart block. In a study of 26 patients with myotonic dystrophy, first degree heart block was found to precede clinical presentation of the disease in 7 patients. His bundle electrocardiography in 11 patients demonstrated abnormalities throughout the entire conducting system, even in patients with only first degree heart block. In patients with block of the right bundle branch or anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch, slowing in the remaining fascicles was always present. Therapy of myotonia with procainamide significantly lengthened the P-R interval, and treatment with diphenylhydantoin significantly shortened the P-R interval suggesting that diphenylhydantoin may be preferable for therapy of myotonia in patients with myotonic dystrophy."
1138550,"A prospective study of the reversibility of pulmonary function abnormalities in cigarette smokers was performed. Base line studies of 50 otherwise healthy cigarett smokers included lung volumes, static volume-pressure curves, closing volume, slope of phase III and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves while the subjects breathed air and while they breathed an 80 per cent helium-20 per cent oxygen mixture (He). Ten subjects, seven women and three men, ages 29 to 61, were restudied 6 to 14 weeks after they had stopped smoking. Two of these people had an abnormal closing volume, four had an abnormal slope of phase III and five had an abnormal response to helium. Static volume-pressure curves, slope of phase III and airflow rates were not improved on the repeat studies. There was increases in maximum expiratory flow rates with He at 50 and 25 per cent of vital capacity, reductions in the lung volume at which the maximum expiratory flow rate of air and He became identical, and decreases in closing volume. These reversible functional changes in smokers are thought to indicate improvement of peripheral airways obstruction."
1138551,"A child heterozygous for the genes for hemoglobins S, C and G alpha Philadelphia presented with a clinical picture similar to sickle cell anemia. Her hemoglobin electrophoretic pattern contained three components with the mobilities of hemoglobins S (35 per cent), C (47 per cent) and a more slowly migrating hybrid G/C molecule (15 per cent). Seven relatives were heterozygous for Hb G beta and Hb S beta and five were heterozygous only for Hb G alpha. Among the latter, three had approximately 30 per cent and two had 40 per cent of Hb G. These proportions are consistent with the hypothesis that the American Negro genome contains two types of chromosomes bearing structural loci for alpha chains, some possessing one Hb alpha locus, others having two loci. Hb G alpha-Philadelphia presumably arose as a mutation on a chromosome with a single locus. Those heterozygotes having 30 per cent and 40 per cent Hb G presumably have two loci and only one locus, respectively, on the homologous chromosome."
1138552,"To determine the prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias persisting during the hospital ambulatory phase of acute myocardial infarction, 64 patients with acute myocardial infarction underwent continuous 10-hour Holter monitoring an average of 11 days after discharge from the coronary care unit (CCU). Patients were categorized according to the results of ambulatory monitoring: 27 patients had ventricular extrasystoles, which were complicated (multifocal, R on T, paired, more than 5/min), or ventricular tachycardia; 22 had uncomplicated premature ventricular contractions; and 15 exhibited no ventricular arrhythmias. The 64 patients were followed prospectively for an average course of 25.8 months; 12 died suddenly; 8 died of other causes, and 44 survived. In all patients who died suddenly, ventricular ectopy was recorded on Holter monitoring before their discharge from the hospital (complicated premature ventricular contractions, eight patients; uncomplicated premature ventricular contractions, four patients); there were no sudden deaths in the patients without ventricular arrhythmias. Patients who died suddenly and those survived were similar in respect to age (60, 62 years), sex, location of infarction, presence of coronary risk factors, severity of acute myocardial infarction (Q waves, cardiac enzymes), serum cholesterol levels, evidence of cardiomegaly on roentgenograms, presence of ventricular gallop and drug therapy received. The occurrence of acute arrhythmias in the CCU did not separate patients who died suddenly from those who survived; there were no differences in ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (3 or 12 patients who died suddenly, 6 of 44 patients who survived) or complicated premature ventricular contractions (4 or 12 patients who died suddenly, 18 of 44 patients who survived). Electrocardiograms obtained late in the hospital course revealed no differences in the extent of Q or T wave changes between these two groups. However, the extent of S-T segment abnormality was greater in patients who died suddenly than in patients who survived (5.6 compared to 1.8 leads/standard tracing, p smaller than 0.02) suggesting that the arrhythmias in the former were related to persistent ischemia or segmental ventricular dyssynergy. Thus, in this relatively small number of patients, ventricular arrhythmias persisting late in the hospital course of patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction are shown to predispose to subsequent sudden death."
1138553,"Eighteen patients were studied prior to and again within 6 hours after transurethral resection or cystoscopy. In addition to hemodynamic measurements, detection of endotoxin by limulus assay and bacteriologic sampling; prekallikrein, C3, C3 proactivator and lysosomal enzyme levels were measured. In five patients limulus assays were positive, and in one, gram-positive bacteremia developed but limulus assay remained negative. All six had significant decreases in prekallikrein, C3 or C3 proactivator. Systemic vascular resistance fell in all six. Four additional patients who had a decrease in systemic vascular resistance were not endotoxemic or bacteremic; one of these had a decrease in prekallikrein only. In the remaining eight patients with neither bacteremia nor endotoxemia, systemic vascular resistance did not change or increase after instrumentation. One had a decrease in C3 proactivator, another in prekallikrein. There was no significant difference in age, disease, antibiotic therapy or bactermia in the two groups of patients. Four of the five resectional procedures were performed in the group that showed decreases in systemic vascular resistance. The data suggest that acute endotoxemia or gram-positive bacteremia in man is associated with depletion of prekallikrein, decreased peripheral resistance and, in some instances, activation of the complement system."
1138554,"Twenty-six patients with purulent pericarditis were seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1960 and 1974. The diagnosis was made in 18 of them during life, but only 6 survived, with an over-all mortality rate of 77 per cent. In eight patients, purulent pericarditis developed in the early postoperative period after thoracic surgery. In seven, purulent pericarditis was the result of contiguous spread of infection from a pleural, mediastinal or pulmonary focus in nonsurgical patients. In five patients, it was the result of direct spread to the pericardium from an intracardiac infection. In the remaining six patients, purulent pericarditis developed as the result of a systemic bactermia. Immunosuppressive therapy, extensive thermal burns, lymphoproliferative disease and other systemic processes affecting host resistance were present in at least half the patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the etiologic agent in the largest number of patients (8 of 26 in this report). However, in contrast to previous studies, in a significant number of the patients (five), purulent pericarditis was the result of fungal infection (in three patients subjected to thoracic surgery and in two immunosuppressed patients). This report confirms that purulent pericarditis is an acute disease with a fulminant course. The diagnosis is easily missed since classic signs of pericarditis (including chest pain, friction rub and diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities) may be absent. The echocardiogram shows considerable promise in allowing earlier diagnosis of the pericardial effusion which accompanies purulent pericarditis. Optimal therapy consists of prolonged antibiotic therapy and aggressive drainage of the pericardium. In this series, there were 6 survivors among the 11 patients (55 per cent) who received appropriate therapy."
1138556,"Candida osteomyelitis of the spine and intervertebral disc developed in three patients without evidence of back trauma of overlying cutaneous infection. Two patients were prone to the development of disseminated candidiasis by the use of multiple antibiotics and other predisposing modalities following abdominal surgery. One patient had no identifiable cause for development of the infection. The diagnosis was established in all three cases by x-ray evidence of osteomyelitis and culture from needle aspirate. Two patients had bone scans consistent with infection. Each patient received different therapy. One was treated with amphotericin B, one with spinal fusion and 5-fluorocytosine, and one with no antifungal therapy. All patients had complete healing of the involved vertebrae. Candida organisms have the potential to cause destructive bone infection following hematogenous dissemination. The presence of Candida osteomyelitis may be helpful in diagnosing disseminated candidiasis."
1138557,"A patient with excessive industrial exposure to silicon and an elevated silicon content in his renal tissue was found to have a distinctive nephropathy, characterized pathologically by changes in the glomeruli and proximal tubules, and manifested clinically by albuminuria and hypertension. Proximal tubular function was intact. From a biochemical standpoint, this finding correlates with the demonstration in vitro that, in contrast to cadmium, a known cause of Fanconi syndrome, silicon does not inhibit renal cortical sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase)."
1138564,"A case of massive aspiration of hydatid liquid during an operation for excision of hydatid cyst of the lung is presented. Some considerations about the treatment and the anaesthetic approach to the problem are given. An analysis of 42 operations performed during 1963-1973 in the Rambam Hospital is discussed. Rupture of cyst with cyanosis and fall in blood pressure occurred in only 5 of these cases and among them, only one patient died."
1138583,"In view of the tendency toward vascular disease in diabetes mellitus, we studied platelet aggregation in 15 normal, 7 prediabetic, 12 latent, and 20 frankly diabetic subjects. Platelets from latent and frank diabetics showed increased platelet aggregation 4 minutes after adding adenosine 5'-diphosphate (60% verus 29% at 1.0 mu-M), epinephrine (46% versus 14% at 0.25 mu-M), and collagen (72% versus 17% at 0.25 mu-g/ml). Three prediabetics had increased platelet aggregation. Platelet sensitivity to aggregating agents was most marked in frank diabetics, intermediate in latent diabetics, and least in prediabetics. Second-phase platelet aggregation was reversed with acetylsalicylic acid, intravenous tolbutamide, and oral glucose administration. We conclude that platelet aggregation may be increased early in diabetes mellitus and may be involved in the genesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Prospective studies on the effect of therapeutic agents such as acetylsalicylic acid on the natural course of diabetic vascular disease are indicated."
1138584,"From January 1963 until January 1974, 45 patients had prosthetic valve endocarditis. Symptoms of prosthetic valve endocarditis developed within 2 months after operation (early onset) in 16 patients (36%) and more than 2 months after operation (late onset) in 29 patients (64%). Overall mortality among the 45 patients was 56% (88% among those with early onset and 40% among those with late onset). Medical therapy alone was curative in 60% of the surviving patients. Combined medical and surgical therapy was curative in 40% of the survivors. The most frequent isolates in the early-onset group were Staphylococcus aureus (44%) and Gram-negative bacilli (38%); associated mortality was 86% and 83%, respectively. The most frequent isolates in the late-onset group were viridans streptococci (41%) and Gram-negative bacilli (31%); the mortality was 25% and 22% respectively. Suggestions are offered for operative antimicrobial prophylaxis and for medical and surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Prompt surgical replacement of an infected prosthesis is necessary when medical therapy fails."
1138585,"A standardized test for renin responsiveness, employing the dual stimulus of upright posture and the loop diuretic furosemide, was applied to 19 hypertensive patients in the untreated state and during therapy with the antihypertensive agents guanethidine and methyldopa. During therapy with guanethidine, 6 of 10 patients with ""low-renin essential hypertension"" experienced elevations of plasma renin activity to levles ordinarily diagnostic of ""normal-renin"" hypertension (P less than 0.05), whereas methyldopa had no significant effect on plasma renin activity in either ""low-renin"" or ""normal-renin"" patients. It is suggested that methyldopa has a negligible influence on renin responsiveness when stimulated under the above conditions and that it may be used during assessment of plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients whose blood pressure is too severely elevated for temporary withdrawal of therapy."
1138586,"During the first 5 years of a community-based referral hypertension clinic, 331 ambulatory patients referred for diagnostic evaluation. Thirty-four patients were judged to be normotensive on the basis of resting blood pressures on 3 separate days. In 51 patients the diagnosis was borderline hypertension and 220, essential hypertension. Twenty-six patients (10.6%) had secondary hypertension. Twenty-one patients with secondary hypertension were first recognized from the data of the history, physical examination, and routine urinalysis. The main cost per patient of the initial and further evaluations was computed for each group of patients. The average cost to identify one case of secondary hypertension in the clinic was $2083. Because of the large problem with hypertension in the United States today, the cost-effectiveness of various approaches to the evaluation of patients with hypertension requires thoughtful reappraisal."
1138587,"A 20-year old women and her infant daughter had recurrent bacterial infections and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and were found to have extreme hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, defective neutrophil chemotaxis, and diminished lymphocyte responses to Candida antigen. Studies of members of the mother's family showed mild increases of IgE and mildly depressed chemotactic activity of neutrophils in a brother, the father, and the paternal grandfather. The recurrent bacterial infections in these two patients can be explained by the defective neutrophil chemotaxis. It is not known whether the mucocutaneous candidiasis is related to the neutrophil chemotaxis with the lymphocyte defect being secondary to the Candida infection or, alternatively, the Candida infection being secondary to the lymphocyte defect. Furthermore, the family data suggest a familial pattern of hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and defective neutrophil motility."
1138588,"Because approximately one third of persons injecting illicit drugs carry Staphylococcus aureus in their nose and throat or on the skin, we wondered if the carrier was the person in the drug-injecting population at risk of developing endocarditis. If so, patients with drug-related, staphylococcal endocarditis should have a very high carriage rate of the organism when first admitted to the hospital. Ten such patients were studied within 3 days of admission, and all were carriers of S. aureus. In each case, the phage type of the carried organism matched that of the organism recovered from the blood."
1138589,"It is often difficult to confirm a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the presence of hyperlipemic serum because the serum amylase and lipase and the urinary amylase are frequently normal. We were able to substantiate the diagnosis of pancreatitis in seven patients with hypertriglyceridemia (greater than 1200 mg/100 ml) by the use of the simple amylase/creatinine clearance ratio and by the serial dilution of hyperlipemic serum. The amylase/creatinine clearance ration in the hyperlipemic pancreatitis patients (10.0%) was significantly (P GREATER THAN 0.001) higher than in normal patients (3.1%) and essentially the same as in nonlipemic pancreatitis patients (9.2%). The calculated serum amylase activity after serial dilution of the serum showed up to a tenfold increase in hyperlipemic pancreatitis, with no significant increase in normal controls, hyperlipemic controls, and nonlipemic pancreatitis."
1138590,"Young adults with cystic fibrosis have lower blood pressures than control subjects of similar age and sex. The low blood pressure may be related to the excessive loss of salt in the sweat of these patients. A beneficial effect of the cystic fibrosis gene may be protection against developing hypertension in both the homozygous and heterozygous states, especially if the heterozygote has borderline elevation of sweat electrolytes."
1138596,"Opiate-dependent patients who are hospitalized for medical, surgical, or obstetrical reasons require proper management of their addiction to care of their presenting illness. Guidelines are offered for methadone support during hospitalization for the patient enrolled in a treatment program and for the street addict. The important clinical features of withdrawal reactions are outlined, and a method is presented for establishing an initial and supportive dose of methadone for street addicts. The use of analgesics in the addicted patient, the treatment of methadone overdose, and some problems in the management of mixed-drug abuse are discussed."
1138597,"A Board of Concerned Citizens was organized in 1971 to facilitate the resolution of problems between the College of Medicne and Dentistry of New Jersey at Newark and the community in which it is located. The board has provided an orderly imput by consumers, representatives of community organizations and nonfaculty employees into decisions on policies and programs of the medical and dental schools. It has aided in the resolution of employee grievances and student problems, given support needed to assist the development of quality health care services, helped improve the climate for clinical research, and served as an intermediary between the community and college on issues of special concern to local residents. An opinion poll conducted 3 1/2 years after its organization shows c ontinued support by citizenry, nonfaculty employees, faculty, and students for a Board of Concerned Citizens. Experiences of the board indicate that investigations and recommendations of a properly organized and motivated group of community residents and leaders can provide an effective bridge between a community and a medical or dental school."
1138626,"A review of the leterature since 1947 fails to show a report of a false aneurysm with uncomplicated anterior shoulder dislocation. If this potential late complication is to be diagnosed and treated before the patient is released from followup medical care, careful attention must be given to alterations in the radial pulse prior to reduction. Patients who demonstrate an abnormal radial pulse which reverts to normal following reduction should have an angiogram. Pathological findings to the underlying axillary artery must be repaired promptly. Anterior dislocations of the shoulder account for approximately 50% of all dislocations and tend to be most frequent in healthy males. Late vascular complications associated with this injury are infrequent and can therefore be easily overlooked as illustrated in this report."
1138627,"Patients undergoing aorto-iliac operations frequently suffer severe physical and psychological problems as a consequence of postoperative sexual disability. In an attempt to reduce this symptom complex, careful preoperative and postoperative evaluations were performed on 20 patients undergoing such procedures. Their average age was 64 years. Patients were divided into groups distinguished by type of operative procedure and extent of sexual function, then carefully evaluated for changes related to technical aspects of the vascular reconstruction. Data were accumulated pertaining to preoperative and postoperative frequency of sexual intercouse, ability to achieve and maintain an erection, occurrence of retrograde ejaculation, and other symptoms of genitourinary dysfunction. Significant and disabling sexual dysfunction, found to occur after routine abdominal aneurysmectomy, aorto-femoral bypass grafting, and aorto-iliac endarterectomy, is believed to be related to type of operation and technical aspects of the procedure. The incidence of postoperative retrograde ejaculation and impotence was significant."
1138628,"Primary superior mesenteric venous thrombosis is sometimes preceded by peripheral thrombophlebitis. Inherited antithrombin-III deficiency is a recently recognized autosomal dominant trait, which is characterized by thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism. This case report illustrates many features of both entities and strongly suggest a causal relationship. While long-term therapy has yet to be established, prophylactic therapy is recommended when asymptomatic individuals with known antithrombin-III deficiency are at increased risk of thrombosis. The efficacy of heparin alone has been unreliable, whereas Coumadin has been encouraging. Antithrombin-III concentrates are being developed and theoretically should be helpful. Patients with thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism should be suspected of having antithrombin-III deficiency. Such individuals also represent one mechanism to explain ""primary"" mesenteric venous thrombosis."
1138629,Ankle systolic pressure measurements in 67 patients with intermittent claudication treated with Clofibrate for an average period of 11 months and 32 untreated patients suggest that 1) patients with a raised initial plasma fibrinogen concentration have more severe disease than those with low initial plasma fibrinogen concentration and 2) the response to treatment with Clofibrate is significantly better in those with a raised plasma fibrinogen concentration. On the basis of the patients own estimation of their claudication distance there was marked symptomatic inprovement in the treated patients. There was also a significant decrease in mean plasma fibrinogen levels in the treated patients and it is suggested that the hypofibrinogenemic effect of Clofibrate may be responsible for the benefit of this drug in patients with vascular disease.
1138630,"One hundred fifty-five adult patients with ""operable"" soft part sarcomas including rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma of the trunk and extremities are reviewed. Local recurrences of 93% and 60% occurred after local and wide excisions of the primary tumor. In this series of patients, amputation was the most efficient procedure for controlling the primary site. The absolute 5 and 10-year survival rates for all groups of tumors were 50% and 26%. Development of a second primary tumor of a different cell type occurred in 9% of the patients. Local recurrence, single distant metastasis, and/or second primary tumors should be considered potentially curable and appropriate surgical and/or radiation therapy carried out."
1138631,"The ability of increased circulating activities of lysosomal hydrolases to disrupt myocardial cellular membranes was studied in anesthetized cats. Increased activities of lysosomal hydrolases were achieved by splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock or by infusion of liver extract (LE). Myocardial ischemia (MI) was produced by ligation of the left coronary artery. Coronary artery ligation resulted in sustained S-T segment elevation associated with significant increases in plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity within 5 hours. Combinations of SAO or LE infusion did not modify the increase in either the plasma CPK activity or the S-T segment following MI. However, SAO shock or infusion of LE increased CPK loss from normal and ischemic myocardium, the loss being greater when MI was combined with infusion of LE or SAO shock. Similarly, MI plus SAO shock increased the loss of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D from normal and ischemic myocardial tissue. Moreover, cats subjected to MI and given LE inhibited increased mortality and decreased clearance of infused lysosomal hydrolases. These results indicate that conditions affecting increased plasma levels of hydrolases promote increased disruption of normal and ischemic myocardial tissue. These findings are consistent with the concept that hydrolases originating in the splanchnic viscera during shock play a role in enhancing damage to normal and ischemic myocardial tissue following coronary artery occlusion."
1138632,"Energy metabolism of healing tissue was studied in experimental wounds of rats chronically breathing 11% O2, air or 55% O2. Increasing oxygen supply elevated both PO2 and PCO2 in the wound tissue. At the early phases of healing hypoxic wounds contained less DNA than normoxic or hyperoxic tissues. In hypoxia the accumulation of wound collagen was clearly retarded. Furthermore, tissue taken from wounds healing in hypoxic environments and tested ex vivo in air showed decreased capacity for glucose utilization, lactate production and oxygen consumption. Concentrations of AMP, ADP and ATP in repair tissue increased as healing progressed. The more oxygen available the higher the amounts of ADP and ATP. The AMP content was not affected by changes in local oxygen tension. These results support the earlier concept that the supply of oxygen in healing tissue may be rate-limitimg. Reduction of available oxygen either by systemic hypoxia or by increased diffusion distance impedes healing."
1138633,"Groups of healthy wounded rats with and without comminuted femoral fractures, and maintained on nutritionally complete commercial rat chow with and without supplemental vitamin A, were studied. The test wounds were standard dorsal skin incisions and s.c. polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants. In some experiments the rats were pair-fed; the rats with femoral fracture not receiving supplemental vitamin A were the lead group for determining food allowanced. In other experiments, the rats were allowed food ad libitum. We found that wound healing of rats with femoral fracture was increased when supplemental vitamin A was given, but the supplemental vitamin A did not completely obviate the adverse effects of fracture. The ratio of the breaking strengths of the skin incisions after formalin fixation to the breaking strengths of the incisions in the fresh state was higher in the unsupplemented rats, supporting the results of our earlier experiments that vitamin A increases the rate of collagen cross-linking."
1138634,"The healing of test wounds was studied in 108 patients, in whom some impairment of wound healing was suspected. A 5 cm skin wound was performed in the forearm and the strength of the wound was tested after 5 days using the technique described by Sandblom and associates with two measurements in each wound. No differences in wound strength could be registered between the two wounds in each patient, between males and females nor in patients with malignant disease compared to other patients. Patients with low serum protein or serum albumin values had significantly weaker wounds than patients with normal protein values. Patients over 80 years of age had wounds somewhat weaker than those below 70, the difference having a statistical significance of 6%. The wound strength in patients was compared to values found elsewhere for wounds in rabbits, rats, and piglets. The pigs had much higher values than others, rabbits slightly stronger than and rats about equal to humans."
1138635,"The case notes of 664 patients who underwent surgery and arterial grafting between the years of 1955 and 1973 at the University of Rochester Medical Center have been analyzed. There were 15 cases of infected grafts-a rate of 2.3%. The outcome of the infection was determined in 12 of these cases. Four patients had no surgical treatment and all 4 died. Three patients had simple ligations with excision and one died, one had an above knee amputation and one continues to have a draining sinus. Five patients had axillofemoral bypasses. Two died and three patients are alive and well. The role of prophylactic antibiotics is briefly discussed and the influence of possible etiological factors is also considered."
1138636,"A study was performed to determine the value of peritoneal lavage in the acute abdomen not related to trauma. Lavage was performed in 33 patients in the evaluation of abdominal pain of sufficient degree to warrant consideration for surgical intervention. Peritoneal lavage was truly positive or truly negative in 64% of the cases. It showed false negative results in 28% and false positive results in 8%. The lavage was most accurate in the evaluation of appendicitis, colonic disease, and intra abdominal bleeding. It was highly inaccurate in the evaluation of cholecystitis and peptic ulcer disease. It was concluded that the peritoneal lavage can be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with abdominal pain and should be considered in difficult diagnostic problems but not routinely employed."
1138637,"Abdominal aortic aneurysm resections were performed on 298 patients between January, 1966 and December, 1973. The results were compared with 186 resections previously reported between 1955-1965. Hospital mortality rates for elective resections were 13% in 1955-1965, 8.4% in 1966-1973, and 4.2% in the 113 patients treated during the last 3 years. Urgent resections for intact aneurysms, previously associated with a 36% mortality, resulted in a 6% mortality rate in 1966-1973. The emergency resection mortality rate for  ruptured aneurysm, originally 69%, was reduced to a present day over-all mortality of 55%, and 42% for the last 3 years. Calculated actuarial survival at 5 years was 65% for urgent (intact), 60% for elective and 40% for emergency (ruptured) groups. Atherosclerosis remains the major deterrent to long-term survival with myocardial infarction and stroke causing 43% of deaths occurring within 5 years. Improved survival appeared secondary to better operative technique, postoperative patient monitoring, increased surgical experience, and more elective resections of smaller, asymptomatic aneurysms than in 1955-1965. With present day low mortality rates, elective resection should be recommended in all patients without significant medical contraindications."
1138638,"Fifty-seven dogs were subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension by a variety of protocols. Histologic pulmonary changes were studied using the light microscope. Of these 57 dogs, 21 had no demonstrable lesions, 8 had minimal changes, and 28 had moderate or severe lesions, all of a focal nature. No correlation was found between the presence of lesions and mean systemic arterial pressure during shock, the udration of the hemorrhagic period, the fate of the animal, preoperative hematocrits and blood volumes, mean postreinfusion arterial pressure, whether the animals were mongrels or purebred beagles, whether they were awake or sedated, whether they breathed spontaneously or were artifically ventilated, whether they had undergone previous splenectomy or not, whether hilar stripping was performed or not, and finally, whether blood was reinfused after hemorrhage or not. Thus we conclude that multiple factors may exert a harmful effect on the lung in hemorrhagic shock, and that shock probably makes the lungs more vulnerable to other injurious agents rather than there being one single pathogenetic mechanism for the pulmonary damage. The term ""adult respiratory distress syndrome"" rather than ""shock lung"" is best used for the human clinical entity since it implies a complex ettiology rather than a discrete pulmonary lesion produced by a single pathogenetic mechanism."
1138639,"A series of 37 patients with cecal volvulus treated at three different Swedish hospitals during the years 1952-1973 is presented. The symptoms, physical findings and radiologic features are presented. The associated factors found at operation are described and their possible role in provoking torsion is discussed. In 5 patients the idagnosis did not become clear untio autopsy. Thirty-two patients were subjected to operation. The operation consisted of detorsion in 11 cases, cecopexy in 10, cecostomy in 3 and cecopexy plus cecostomy in 3 patients. The remaining 5 patients were subjected to right sided hemicoloectomy. Of these 5 patients one died postoperatively. There were 6 postoperative deaths after other forms of surgery. The survivors were followed, and the mean followup period was 7 years. There was recurrence in only two patients, both treated with cecopexy. The controversial problem of the preferable surgical method is discussed and a review is given of results in series reported during the last 15 years. It was concluded that when the bowel is viable, cecopexy is the treatment of choice while hemicolectomy should be performed in cases with gangrene."
1138640,"Obstructive cholangitis with acute renal failure is a dramatic syndrome which merits individual definition. Twenty-one patients with acute suppurative cholangitis complicated by rapidly developing renal insufficiency were studied, and the severity of the renal failure, an acute interstitial tubulopathy, bore no significant relationship to the serum bilirubin level. The mechanism of renal damage was clearly related to episodes of septicemia. Increasing experience has modified the approach to treatment. The dominant septic problem can often be controlled by vigorous antibiotic and fluid therapy, allowing time for spontaneous improvements in renal function. All patients thus operated at a distance from the septic episode survived. If emergency operation is required because of persistent or recrudescnet sepsis, the necessity for dialysis should be considered first; the circumstances demanding dialysis are defined. The priorities in therapy are then: 1) treatment of the infection, 2) treatment of the renal failure, and finally 3) operation. The amount of the operation depends on the evolution of the sepsis, but should be preceded by dialysis when required."
1138641,"Previous work has documented prolonged survival in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock when intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation (IABC) was instituted in the presence of a 25%-50% reduction in the slope of the left ventricular function curve. Little benefit was noted in the presence of a 75% reduction in slope. In this study, myocardial failure was created in ten dogs by varying periods of hemorrhagic shock. The Endocardial Viability Ratio (EVR) was selected as a method of assessing coronary subendocardial perfusion and was evaluated as a potential method of selecting patients with myocardial failure most likely to benefit from IABC by noting the correlation between EVR and the slope of a simultaneously constructed left ventricular function curve. A significant correlation (r equals .72, p smaller than .001) was noted. The data suggest that a major factor in myocardial failure following hemorrhagic shock is deficient subendocardial coronary perfusion. Variability in data points would make selection of patients on the basis of EVR difficult."
1138643,"Postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) carries a grave prognosis. Surgical closure appears to improve survival. Eighteen patients with postinfarction VSD are reviewed. Nine died before operation could be performed and 9 underwent closure of the VSD; 4 patients are late survivors. Factors which appear to influence survival are: (1) time of surgical intervention after appearance of VSD, (2) presence or absence of cardiogenic shock, (3) location of the infarct, and (4) operative approach to the VSD. Based on these factors, a method of management for postinfarction VSD is outlined."
1138644,"Our experience over an eight-year period with the operative relief of mitral stenosis is reviewed and detailed. Of the 106 patients in the series, 80% had minimal or no calcification, 17% had moderate calcification, and 4% had severe calcium deposits in the valve. Four patients have required reoperation for recurrent stenosis, with valve replacement in 3 and a second commissurotomy in the fourth. Left atrial thrombus was encountered in 16%, and no patient with thrombus experienced embolization in the postoperative period. One postoperative death occurred within 30 days, and a single late death occured 35 days after operation. For the scarred, retracted mitral valve we have utilized a multiple-orifice technique that provides maximal flow without the risk of inducing significant mitral insufficiency."
1138642,"Warfarin, low-dose heparin, or a combination of low-dose heparin and hydrocortisone was administered to 300 patients undergoing total hip replacement. The lowest incidence of thromboembolic (5 per cent) was attained with Warfarin. Further investigation into the method of administration of low-dose heparin is necessary before it can be used effectively as thromboembolism prophylaxis in total hip replacement patients. The addition of hydrocortisone was not found useful."
1138645,"Between 1962 and 1974, 203 mitral prostheses were implanted in 201 patients. Of the 102 survivors, 29 have Beall, 25 Kay-Shiley, 22 Starr-Edwards (SE) 6000, and 27 SE 6320 valves. Full rehabilitation was achieved in 25 patients with Beall and 23 with SE 6320 valves. Sixteen with SE 6000 valves remain normally active. Only 8 with Kay-Shiley prostheses have resumed normal activities. Systemic embolization occurred with the following frequencies per 1,000 patient-months: 13.7 for those receiving the Kay-Shiley valve; 7.2 in the SE 6000 group; 4.3 after SE 6320 implantations; and 3;1 for the Beall group. Other prosthesis-related complications that were much less frequent included detachment (10), bacterial endocarditis (5), and hemolysis (10). Three Kay-Shiley valves malfunctioned. Life table analyses reveal the following survival rates: 33% after 11 years in the SE 6000 patients, 50% after 7.5 years in the Kay-Shiley group, 69% 2.5 years after SE 6320 implantation, and 65% 3.5 years after replacement with a Beall valve. Evidence is presented to support the extension of operative treatment to patients with less advanced valvular heart disease. Postoperative anticoagulation remains an unresolved issue despite lower rates of thromboembolism. More cumulative analyses of survival and morbidity and follow-up hemodynamic data are needed to assess the Beall and SE 6320 prostheses now employed in our valve replacement program."
1138646,"A high incidence of thoracotomy wound infection and empyema in 1972 was associated with inadequate and irregular administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Beginning with 1973, a strict regimen was adopted that combined systemic cephalosporins and two topical antibiotics (cephalothin and kanamycin). Emphasis was placed on preoperative administration of the systemic agent and on use of the topical drugs before the operative field was contaminated. The patient groups for 1972 and 1973 were similar in most respects, but the wound complication rate was 18.4% in 1972 and 4.8% in 1973."
1138648,"An implanted right ventricular electrode that had become infected and entrapped was removed using continuous traction. Upon removal it was found to be attached to an irregular mass of myocardium 2 to 3 cm long. No unfavorable effects resulted. A new pacemaker was implanted, and the patient has remained well."
1138662,"The population of Evans County, Georgia was surveyed, during a cardiovascular disease study, for the prevalence of corneal arcus. Rates varied with race and sex and increased in prelalence with age in all groups. Arcus was positively correlated with serum cholesterol level. In white males, a significantly higher prevalence rate of coronary heart disease was found in those who had corneal arcues, but arcus was not correlated with subsequent coronary heart disease incidence in any race-sex group."
1138663,"In a retrospective analysis of in-hospital sudden death among patients with acute myocardial infarction, nine of 48 (18.7%) in-hospital deaths after discharge from the coronary care unit were judged ""sudden."" This group had a significantly prolonged coronary care unit course, a higher incidence of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, and a noticeable incidence of anterior wall myocardial infarction as compared with those of a matched infarct control group. Seventy-seven percent of the sudden-death group had three or more concomitant high-risk factors as compared with only 3% of a matched control group."
1138664,"The effects of bretylium tosylate in managing acute myocardial infarction were studied in 16 patients within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms and were compared to those of lidocaine in a comparable group of 15 patients. Both drugs were equally effective in preventing cardiac arrhythmias during the 48 hours of trial. No deleterious hemodynamic effects were associated with lidocaine treatment. However, marked supine hypotension developed in seven patients treated with bretylium. No changes occurred simultaneously in heart rate, left ventricular ejection time, or central venous pressure. The occurrence of hypotension correlated with a poor initial hemodynamic state. The substantial and unpredictable circulatory effects of bretylium in acute myocardial infarction contraindicates its routine use in the prevention of infarction arrhythmias."
1138666,"Four patients are described with documented coccicioidal synovitis of the knee joint. In two of them, no previous diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis had been made prior to diagnosis of coccidioidal synovitis. The other two had active disease after courses of amphotericin B administered both parenterally and intra-articularly for disseminated coccidioidomycosis and coccidioidal synovitis. After synovectomy and limited parenteral amphotericin B therapy, none of the four patients whos evidence of active synovial infection two to seven years later. Synovectomy appears to be an important aspect of the optimal therapy of coccidioidal synovitis of the knee, and when performed, the parenteral dosage of amphotericin B can be limited. Intra-articularly administered amphotericin B is also advocated when possible."
1138665,"Rotator cuff tear secondary to chronic synovitis eroding the rotator cuff tendon is a complication of rheumatoid arthritis that has received little attention. Patients with such tears have a long history of active rheumatoid disease preceding the sudden onset of increased unilateral shoulder pain and immobility. The physician may interpret this change as indicating a joint infection or rheumatoid flare, and initiate a drastic change in the patient's therapy. Shoulder arthrography reveals the correct diagnosis. Appropriate treatment consists of heat, rest, range of motion exercises, and repeated intra-articular injection of steroids."
1138667,"Renal function was studied in 145 asymptomatic male heroin addicts admitted to a methadone detoxification program. The mean duration of addiction was ten years. Three patients had protein excretion greater than 150 mg/24 hr; in one of these, membranous glomerulonephritis was found. All except one had normal creatinine clearance. Hypertension was present in 2.7%. This study does not support the concept that heroin addiction is associated with a high prevalence of renal disease."
1138668,"An attempt was made to define the incidence of tumor metastasis to central bronchi that could clinically mimic primary bronchogenic carcinoma. In a retrospective review of 1,359 consecutive autopsies at Walter Reed General Hospital, metastatic involvement of a major airway was present in only 2% of patients who died with solid tumors. The most common extrathoracic tumors associated with metastatic involvement of a central airway are renal and colorectal carcinomas. The clinical and roentogenographic features of endobronchial metastasis and bronchogenic carcinoma were found to be indistinguishable. However, in the majority of cases the primary tumor site is clinically apparent before symptoms of endobronchial metastasis. In most cases of endobronchial metastasis, the histologic appearance of the bronchoscopic biopsy suggests the correct diagnosis. A central bronchogenic carcinoma should rarely be confused with a metastasis to a major airway from an extrathoracic source."
1138669,"Porphyria cutanea tarda was detected in a 44-year-old janitress. The illness was probably caused by the unintentional synthesis of a polychlorinated phenol as a result of mixing commonly available household ingredients in toilet bowls and shower stalls. Although the evidence for this hypothesis is circumstantial, its likelihood and the wide-spread household use of these reagents justify calling attention to the innovative misuse of disinfectants as a potential source of toxic exposure."
1138670,"To determine the incidence and the natural history of retroperitoneal masses complicating acute pancreatitis, 104 cases of acute alcoholic pancreatitis were evaluated prospectively for mass formation. Abdominal masses detected by physical examination and serial x-ray films of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract were localized to the retroperitoneum by additional contrast studies, including abdominal angiography. Nonoperative management was urged only for patients with an asymptomatic mass. An abdominal mass developed in 19 patients (18%). In eight of these, it disappeared rapidly, but in 11 (11%), it persisted, and was considered to be a pancreatic pseudocyst. Eight of the 11 patients were treated nonoperatively, and the mass resolved without complication three weeks to three months after diagnosis. In three patients, a pseudocyst was confirmed at laparotomy. Exploration was justified by an unstable clinical course in only one instance. A routine surgical approach to an asymptomatic retroperitoneal mass developing after acute alcoholic pancreatitis may not be necessaary in patients who are improving clinically because the mass may resolve without complication."
1138671,"Bone mineral content was determined in the radius of 29 osteoporotic patients by the photon absorption method. Mineral content was within the normal range in nine of 24 osteoporotic women. Ratios representing the bone mineral content in the proximal and distal areas of the radius did not distinguish osteoporotic subjects or patients with hyperparathyroidism from normal subjects. Ten osteoporotic women had mineral measurements during a two-year period while receiving placebo or an intake of 2,200 mg of phosphorus and 2,400 mg of calcium. No increase in radial mineral content was observed during this regimen or after adding vitamin D. We conclude that the mearurement of mineral in the radius does not always accurately reflect the overall skeletal mass in an individual patient and that prolonged therapy with high phosphorus and calcium intake did not increase the radius mineral content."
1138672,"Hearing was studied audiometrically in 20 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, and the results were compared with those from a group of normal, age-matched subjects. Although the patients gave no history of hearing loss or ear disease, 11 (55%) had symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss involving at least one frequency. Regression analysis demonstrated significantly higher hearing thresholds for the diabetic group at nine of 11 frequencies tested. Decreased hearing acuity in diabetes mellitus may be related to neuropathy of the auditory nerve."
1138673,"Jaccoud polyarthritis is thought to be a rare complication of rheumatic fever. It is characterized by severe rheumatic fever, with repetitive or prolonged attacks, associated with a painless, but deforming arthritis affecting the small joints of hand and feet. Radiologically, erosion of the metacarpal heads may be present. All described cases have shown obvious rheumatic heart disease. Two patients had the clinical and radiographic features of Jaccoud arthropathy who had no antecedent history of rheumatic fever. Jaccoud arthropathy may have diverse causes."
1138675,"A 53-year-old man with scalp cellulitis developed acute renal failure after sodium cephalothin therapy. The patient probably had preexisting renal disease. Discontinuance of cephalothin was followed by improvement of the renal function. Specimens from a renal biopsy performed during the recovery phase showed nonspecific changes in the renal tubular epithelium, similar to those seen in animals treated with large doses of cephalothin. Previously reported cases of cephalothin nephrotoxicity, along with this case, caution the clinician to proceed with care in the treatment of azotemic patients with cephalothin."
1138676,"Four uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis developed intractable heart failure and atrioventricular block. All had persistently high (over 60) calcium-phosphorus products. At autopsy, all had metastatic myocardial calcification. Their inability to take phosphate-binding agents orally is responsible for this fatal complication."
1138677,"Isoniazid therapy has been proved an effective means of preventing overt clinical tuberculosis in persons with positive tuberculin skin tests, persons who are close contacts of active cases, and persons with inactive tuberculosis that were never treated. The administration of isoniazid in standard dosage for one year in these situations will help greatly to reduce tuberculosis as a community health problem in the future. Studies in recent years, however, point to hepatic dysfunction as a complication of isoniazid therapy in up to 10% of patients. In a few patients, liver disease as a complication of this therapy has been fatal. The likelihood of this complication increases with age. Accordingly, isoniazid chemoprophylaxis should be undertaken with the understanding that the patient has to be followed up closely, especially for evidence of liver disease during the course of therapy. This potentially serious side effect suggests that isoniazid chemoprophylaxis should be used primarily with patients in high risk groups."
1138678,"A multilingual computer-derived symptom history was developed from a two-stage yes-no symptom questionaire, based on a library of 4,000 numbered questions. The English primary and secondary questionaires were translated into German, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek and Yugoslav. ""Yes"" answers to the numbered primary questions presented in these languages were processed by a computer that generated individualized secondary questions in the same language. ""Yes"" answers to these numbered questions were processed by a second computer program that printed out the narrative history in English. As well as other benefits of automated symptom histories, there is now a facility for the computer to acquire a patient's history in one language and print it out in any other."
1138681,"In two siblings with olivopontocerebellar degeneration, the retinal pigment epithelium or the sensory retinal or both appeared to be damaged first. These layers were markedly involved before secondary changes in the choriocapillaris, the inner retinal layers, or the optic nerve occurred."
1138682,"Norepinephrine (4%) as free base produced a significant fall in intraocular pressure and resistance to outflow. This effect was sustained for up to 20 weeks. No significant difference could be shown between the effect of 2%, 3%, and 4% norepinephrine on the aquious humor dynamics. The effect on pressure and facility was shown in eyes with ocular hypertension and with glaucoma. An additive effect was observed after use of norepinephrine with pilocarpine in the treatment of glaucoma. Crossover studies between epinephrine borate 1% and norepinephrine borate 4% revealed no significant difference. Like epinephrine, norepinephrine produces a conjunctival hyperemia in many patients. However, there is an absence of tachycardia after use of norepinephrine, and one person in this study showed an allergic reaction to epinephrine that cleared promptly and completely when norepinephrine was substituted."
1138683,"Three children with ceroid-lipofuscinosis and their mother wer investigated fluorescein angiographically and electrophysiologically after definitive diagnosis of the oldest child had been made from a brain biopsy specimen studied biochemically, histopathologically, and ultrastructurally. The diagnostic features of the two classes of familial amaurotic idiocy (the gangliosidoses and the ceroidlipofuscinoses) are reviewed with emphasis on the importance of the fundus picture and fluorescein angiographic study in differentiating the two classes of disease and in identifying affected siblings."
1138685,"A patient had visual field loss and optochiasmatic arachnoiditis and subsequently developed other evidence of multiple sclerosis. The possibility is raised that many of the ""idiopathic"" cases of optochiasmatic arachnoiditis may have a similar origin. Special emphasis is placed on the functional role of the fibrosis in the pathogenesis of optochiasmatic arachnoiditis."
1138686,"The choroidal circulation completely separated from the retinal circulation has not, to our knowledge, been previously demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. This has been accomplished in owl monkeys and rabbits by direct injection of fluorescein via a catheter introduced into a vortex vein by microsurgical technique. Morphologically distinct choroidal venous and arterial patterns were angiographically demonstrated in monkeys and rabbits. Some direct perfusion to the optic disc from the adjacent choroidal circulation was demonstrated in both species."
1138687,"The effect of photodynamic inactivation on experimental herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits was investigated using neutral red as a photosensitizing dye followed by exposure to light at 425nm. Combined dye application and light exposure early in the disease (two days following infection) reduced to a minimal extent the severity and duration of the acute epithelial infection. The effect on well-established keratitis (three days postinfection) was negligible as evaluated by clinical grading, viral recovery, and histopathological study. In initial experiments, it was found that the dye and light did not have any observable deleterious effect on intact corneas or cause any noticeable delay in healing of injured cornias. Further, when light or dye were utilized alone, neither changed the severity or duration of the keratitis. In vitro treatment of the virus with light and dye destroys its ability to produce experimental keratitis."
1138688,"Dogs inoculated intravenously with attenuated canine adenovirus type 1 developed anterior segment inflammation and corneal edema. During the stage of mild anterior uveitis, virus was isolated from the aquious fluid, and by electron microscopy, viral replication was found to occur in corneal endothelial cells. Later, at the stage of severe anterior uveitis with corneal edema, virus was not isolated from the aqueous fluid and cells containing intranuclear (replicating) virus were not found. At this stage, many inflammatory cells had infiltrated the anterior chamber and contained numerous membrane-bound viral aggregates (viral-antibody complexes). Phagocytized viral-antibody complexes were present in the areas of most prominent endothelial cell destruction. Peripheral to the principal lesion sites, inflammatory cells had dissected the endothelium from Descemet membrane. After recovery from the disease, an intact endothelial cell layer was present."
1138689,"All physicians performing surgery while the patient is under general anesthesia must be aware of the existence of idiopathic malignant hyperthermia. A young adult had a malignant hyperthermic reaction despite four prior uneventful administrations of general anesthetics. To my knowledge, this is the first report of a patient who survived following a hyperthermic reaction, having sustained considerable residual brain damage. There is a great need for continuous body-temperature monitoring during general anesthesia."
1138690,"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy recurred in a 23-year-old white woman. Forty-two days after the onset of symptoms and following the complete resolution of the initial bilateral lesions, a second crop of ophthalmoscopically and biomicroscopically similar lesions were seen in each eye. The cause of the disorder is unknown, and corticosteroid therapy is of doubtful benefit."
1138691,"An 11-year-old girl had hyperacute conjunctivitis but was lost to follow-up until nine days later when she returned with a corneal perforation and iris prolapse. A smear at that time showed Gram-negative intracellular diplococci, but subsequent bacteriological study revealed the causative organism to be Mima polymorpha. This apparently is the first documented case of corneal perforation due to Mimeae, and emphasizes that Mimeae can be completely indistinguishable, clinically and on smear, from infection caused by Neisseria. Only a high index of suspicion and the proper bacterial cultures can prevent a possible tragic misdiagnosis."
1138694,"While performing prism and cover measurements for strabismus with the head tilted, prisms held before the eye should be positioned so that the base of the ""horizontal"" prism is parallel to the lateral wall of the orbit, and the base of the ""vertical"" prism is parallel to the floor of the orbit. This placement is required because with the head tilted, torsional compensation of the globe is minimal."
1138695,"Iris angiography was performed on eight patients (nine eyes), who had cystoid macular edema postcataract extraction. The fundus fluorescein angiographies showed typical star-shaped, multiloculated staining of the macular area. The iris angiographies demonstrated moderate to massive leakage of dye from the iris, and possibly leakage of ciliary body vessels into the anterior chamber, thus evidencing the until now suspected but undocumented fact that fluorescein leakage is not restricted to the fundus vessels. These data tend to support the idea that this type of macular edema is due to a vascular abnormality, and not to altered vitreous mechanics."
1138696,"Using the Greene melanoma in the hamster (Syrian Golden), the radiopharmaceutical, 123-1-4(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-7-Iodoquinoline, was tested for its ability to localize melanoma. This quinoline analog has been described for use in the detection of melanoma, but this is the first report, to our knowledge, of its being used with an 123-l label. Hamsters with either skin or eye melanomas were studied. Both melanomas could be seen with a gamma camera at three hours after injection. In vitro analysis confirmed the tumor specificity. Thus, it appears that this preclinical trial of a new radiopharmaceutical justifies clinical testing to determine its value in the localization of melanomas of the eyes and skin of humans."
1138697,Abduction saccadic movement slowed to either side without any limitation in the end position occurred in a patient. This ocular motor abnormality constituted a mirror image of the well-known internuclear ophthalmoplegia of abduction. Intermuclear ophthalmoplegia of either type demonstrates that a lesion between the center for conjugate gaze and the ocular motor nuclei can impair phasic activity of the eye muscles without reducing their tonic function.
1138698,"Congential ectopia of the insertion of the superior rectus muscle to the superior border of the lateral rectus muscle was seen in a 4-year-old child. In all respects, this condition mimicked congenital superior rectus palsy. The resultant large hypotropla was completely corrected by repositioning the superior rectus to its normal anatomic position."
1138728,"Filtered bipolar catheter electodes, I mm apart, were used to pace and record from the high right atrium, right ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular inflow tract, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and endocardium of the left ventricular septal surface. Right ventricular apex to middle cardiac vein and the middle cardiac vein to right ventricular apex conduction intervals gave a rough estimate of anteroposterior and posteroanterior ""transseptal plus free left ventricular wall"" conduction times, respectively. On the other hand, the right ventricular apex to left ventricular septal surface and left ventricular septal surface to right ventricular apex intervals represented pure ""transseptal"" conduction times, since both sets of electrodes were in contact with the respective septal surface. During stimulation of the intermediately located right ventricular inflow tract propagation to the right ventricular apex and right ventricular outflow tract was longer than between these two sites. Moreover, conduction was almost as delayed to the right ventricular apex and right ventricular outflow tract as it was to the left ventricular septal surface. These findings were attributed to the peculiar electrophysiological behaviour of the right ventricular inflow tract muscle. Pacing from different segments of the great cardiac vein produced QRS morphologies and arrival of excitation patterns consistent with the relation between the anatomical location of this structure and the recording electrodes. However, from this study no inferences could be drawn regarding the conduction velocity or specific conduction pathways used by the stimulus in its journey from stimulating to recording areas."
1138729,"In 10 cardiac patients in whom an organic lesion of the mitral valve was exluded by standard investigation procedures during which a diagnostic transseptal catheterization for pressure measurements in the left heart was performed, the authors placed a directional Doppler ultrasonic catheter tip velocimeter at the site of the mitral ring and recorded the mitral flow velocity traces. The pattern of these normal curves is presented and a physiological interpretation proposed. The relation between the mitral flow velocity and low volume curves is discussed in the light of present experimental data on mitral valve flow velocity profiles and variations in size of the mitral orifice. The authors concluded that the flow velocity curves obtained by the Doppler technique constitute a valid physiological reference system for the study of the mitral valve flow velocity tracings that can be recorded in the various forms of mitral valve disease."
1138730,"In 33 patients with confirmed mitral valve disease, the mitral valve flow velocity traces were recorded by means of a directional Doppler ultrasonic velocimeter using the transseptal route, and correlated with the clinical and haemodynamic data. In all cases, characteristic anomalies of the mitral flow velocity patterns were noted and could be related to the type of lesion, stenosis, regurgitation, or a combination of these. Furthermore, specific patterns of the flow velocity traces were shown to correlate satisfactorily with the degree of severity of the disease. The authors propose a pathophysiological interpretation of the anomalies of the velocity patterns, based on turbulence for stenosis and backward flow wave for regurgitation. They conclude that the transseptal directional Doppler catheterization provides a new reliable method for establishing the diagnosis and grading the severity of mitral valve disease using pattern recognition, and, moreover, offers a new approach to the understanding of mitral haemodynamic disturbances on a beat-to-beat basis."
1138731,"Effects of high altitude hypoxia on systolic time intervals were examined in 34 healthy men: 20 sea level residents studied at rest and at the end of 3 minutes steady isometric (handgrip) exercise at sea level and then serially for the first 5 days and on the tenth day, at an altitude of 3658 m, and I4 permanent residents at high altitude studied at high altitude. In the sea level residents there was a significant increase in the pre-ejection period (PEP), abbreviation of the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), both corrected for heart rate, and prolongation of the PEP/LVET ratio at high altitude. The maximum changes were seen on days 2 and 3; these parameters tended to approach sea level control values by the tenth day. The systolic time interval values of high altitude residents were similar to the control values of the sea level residents obtained at sea level but significantly different from the changes in the sea level values seen in the first 4 days at high altitude. It thus appears that while the high altitude residents do not show any left ventricular dysfunction as determined by systolic time intervals, healthy sea level residents when exposed to high altitude hypoxia show a significant depression of the left ventricular function for at least the first 4 days. This might be a contributing factor in the genesis of high altitude pulmonary oedema."
1138732,"Forty selected young patients with diabetes of medium to long duration and 26 control subjects without clinical evidence of ischaemic heart disease were studied using a new and sensitive technique of electrocardiographic recording during exercise with continuous computation of the time course of the ST-T segment changes to detect possible early ST depression indicative of ischaemia. Although no such evidence was found, significant differences in the diabetics were observed in the heart rate and ST-T segment, the latter changes having not been previously reported but which may be attributed to ischaemia or alternatively to autonomic neuropathy in the ""presymptomatic"" phase."
1138733,"The clinical and anatomical findings in two patients with isolated ventricular inversion and situs solitus are described. The other 4 previously published cases are reviewed. The 6 patients with this malformation, all without pulmonary stenosis, presented a clinical picture of cyanotic congenital heart disease, associated with increased pulmonary blood flow (hypoxaemia and cardiac failure). The importance of different diagnostic tests is discussed and it is concluded that angiocardiography is the only definitive means of establishing the dianosis. Because the physiopathological disturbance is the same as in transposition of the great arteries, both malformations should be similarly considered with respect to diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, the high incidence of certain associated malformations in cases of isolated ventricular inversion adds to difficulty in diagnosis, and makes a good result from the Mustard procedure less likely than in transposition of the great arteries."
1138734,"Plasma myocardial, and skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations were measured in 32 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass who were on long-term treatment with digoxin. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the daily digoxin dose and the interval between discontinuation of the drug and operation. Before bypass, the mean digoxin concentrations were 1.58 nmol/l (1.24 ng/ml) in plasma 65.2 nmol/kg (50.9 ng/g) in the atria, 121.4 nmol/kg (94.98 ng/g) in 11 papillary muscles, and 16.6 nmol/kg (13.0 ng/g) in skeletal muscle. Mean atrial digoxin concentrations were significantly lower tham mean papillary muscle concentrations in 11 patients. Ratios of plasma of myocardial or skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations were very variable. Generally digoxin concentrations were higher in patients on the larger digoxin dose and with the shorter discontinuation time before surgery. These differences attained significance only with plasma digoxin concentrations. There was a slight fall in plasma digoxin concentration during cardiopulmonary bypass but no significant differences were observed between plasma, atrial, or skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations before and at the end of bypass. No clear relation was seen between plasma or atrial digoxin concentrations and postoperative cardiotoxicity. Stopping digoxin 48 hours before operation appeared to account for pre- or post-bypass plasma digoxin concentrations of less than 1.0 nmol/l (0.8 ng/ml) in most of the instances encountered, whereas the 3 patients who developed pulsus bigeminus postoperatively had received 0.5 mg digoxin only 24 hours before operation."
1138735,"Seventeen patient with sinoatrial block and 16 healthy volunteers were investigated with recently developed autonomic tests of atrial pacemaker function. Only one patients was found to be entirely normal in comparison with normal subjects, while another patients had supernormal responses. Fifteen patients had reduced responses relative to the controls implying impaired atrial pacemaker function or sinoatrial disease. It is suggested that while in some cases sinoatrial block may be of physiological origin, it is more often due to sinoatrial disease. The latter group are liable to Adams-Stokes syncope and may have additional atricventricular conduction abnormalities. The possible mechanisms and treatment of sinoatrial block are discussed relative to the autonomic and pacemaker function abnormalities described."
1138736,"Ten patients with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome complicated by infective endocarditis are reported. Two patients had a non-ejection systolic click and 8 had both a non-ejection systolic click and a late systolic murmur. These auscultatory features were difficult to detect in 4 instances in that they were intermittent, soft, or brought out only with postural change. Seven patients were unaware of their cardiac lesions. A low grade pyrexia was present in all 10 patients. Four patients presented with clinical features caused by reversible neurological lesions. Blood cultures were positive in all patients, with Staphylococcus albus the infecting organism in 6. Antibiotic therapy was successful with significant mitral regurgitation supervening in only one instance. The importance of the billowing leaflet as a potential site of infective endocarditis is emphasized. It seems that antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated at times of increased risk of infection in subjects with a non-ejection systolic click or a late systolic murmur."
1138737,A neonatal patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White type A and supraventricular tachycardia is described. Demonstration of the mechanism of the tachycardia and its termination were achieved using intracardiac electrography and cardiac pacing. Quantitative left ventricular angiography and echocardiography showed impaired left ventricular function following the arrhythmia. Serial echocardiograms demonstrated the subsequent return to normal left ventricular performance.
1138738,"A 26-year-old woman who had been taking an oral contraceptive preparation for two years developed malignant hypertension. Investigation failed to elicit any renal or other cause for her hypertension, but control of blood pressure was obtained by withdrawal of the oral contraceptive agent and antihypertensive therapy. Subsequently, after withdrawal of therapy, the blood pressure remained near normal. The patient had a previous history of hypertension during pregnancy; she was also overweight."
1138739,"This is a report of a case of bidirectional tachycardia in a 6-year-old girl with no evidence of any structural abnormality of the heart. The patient had never received digitalis. The arrhythmia appeared to be precipitated by effort and emotional stress, and could be induced by increasing the heart rate by atrial pacing or isoprenaline administration. His bundle electrography showed that the arrhythmia was ventricular in origin. This emphasizes the importance of recording an effort electrocardiogram in all children with unexplained syncopal episodes, even when the resting electrocardiogram is normal."
1138741,"Young growing rats were maintained on a magnesium deficient diet, and injected with ketamine after 7, 11, 14, and 18 days on the diet. A comparison of the sleeping times, as measured by the loss of the righting reflex after injections of three doses of ketamine, was made with rats similarly maintained on a control diet. Tolerance with successive injections to ketamine, indicated by a decrease in sleeping time, was noted only among the control rats. After 14 and 18 days on the diet, the magnesium deficient rats showed no tolerance to the earlier injections, but their sleeping times were longer than their control counterparts. In rats injected for the first time on day 14 of the diet, the magnesium deficient rats showed significantly longer sleeping times than the control rats; this suggests that the difference in sleeping times between groups is not entirely dependent upon the development of tolerance to the drug seen in the control rats. In addition, a sex difference was noted, with female rats sleeping longer with ketamine than male rats."
1138742,The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in rabbits as the mean of the lowest alveolar halothane concentration preventing and the highest permitting a response to stimulus. MAC for the rabbit was 0.8 plus or minus 0.3 per cent. The measurement of MAC in the rabbit appears to reflect the arterial and brain anaesthetic concentrations.
1138743,"A detailed assessment of recovery endpoints and a simple performance test were employed to investigate recovery from anaesthesia. 150 patients participated in a comparative study using different doses of Althesin, thiopentone and methohexitone. Althesin was found to be suitable anaesthetic agent for the outpatient practice, although recovery was not as rapid as that following methohexitone."
1138744,"Blind nasotracheal intubation has been attempted in 72 patients under light general anaesthesia with propanidid in a one-dose or two-dose technique which provides conditions for up to six attempts. Nasotracheal intubation was achieved in 49 patients with a one-dose technique, and in a further 15 patients with the supplementary dose. It is suggested that this technique with propanidid is  safer than other techniques using non-anasthetic respiratory stimulants with their attendant dangers, and that the success rate with propanidid is similar to that using these other techniques."
1138745,A technique for  ventilating patients thorugh a catheter with nitrous oxide and oxygen utilizing the venturi principle is described for patients undergoing laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy. Arterial blood-gas measurements in 34 patients reveal that ventilation was adequate.
1138747,"Four groups of healthy female patients were anaesthetized with wither thiopentone, Althesin or nitrous oxide-oxygen with and without halothane. The concentrations of the plasma electrolytes were measured before and at varying times up to 10 min after the administration of suxamethonium 1 mg/kg. Asmall, but significant, biphasic increase in plasma potassium concentration was found when suxamethonium was administered to patients in whom anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone, Althesin and nitrous oxide-oxygen. The initial increase in plasma potassium concentration was greater in the Althesin group thanin the other two groups. A more delayed, but sustained, increase in plasma potassium concentration was found following induction with nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane. There were no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of sodium or chloride exceptin the halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen series."
1138748,"The influence of modified Type 11 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on plasma potasium was studied in 60 patients anaesthetized with a barbiturate and suxamethonium and the finding compared with a ""control"" group of patients having the same anaesthesia but not ECT. In the ECT series, plasma potassium concentration increased to a maximun 1 min after suxamethonium fasciculations and this increase occurred earlier and was more marked than that observed in the control group. It was also slightly shorter in duration, as was the comparable period of respiratory depression. These findings can be accounted for by the synchronous contraction of muscles containing blood with an increased potassium concentration following suxamethonium."
1138749,Chlormethiazole and diazepam as intravenous sedatives were compared in 75 patients undergoing fibre-endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Diazepam was considered to offer greater reliability and ease of administration. Chlormethiazole wqs found to be a safe drug and did not encourage salivation. Local pain caused by chlormethiazole injection can be abolished by the use of lignocaine. Chlormethiazole may be useful in patients who are hypotensive and who require emergency endoscopy.
1138750,"The case histories are reported of one patient who developed evidence of extradural infection 16 days postpartum, and another who spontaneously developed an extradural haematoma. Several points of interest and concern raised by these case histories are discussed."
1138751,"This report describes the potentiation of a suxamethonium-induced (0.1 mg/kg) neuromuscular block in two  children with atypical serum cholinesterase activity, and compares  it with a control response demonstrated in a homozygote brother. In the atypical homozygote patients, suxamethonium produced a markedly prolonged neuromuscular block associaiated with partial desensitizatin as evidenced by tetanic fade and post-tetanic facilitation. The use of neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg for reversal was followed by a paradoxical potentiation of the block and a marked delay in recovery. It is suggested that in atypical homozygotes, the development of desensitization after suxamethonium does not necessarily imply that the block will be reversed with neostigmine."
1138756,"In vitro measurements were made of the solubility of halothane (about 1%, carried in 5% carbon dioxide in air) in tissues taken from dogs, mostly Alsatians, and usually after about 8 hr anaesthesia with pentobarbitone and halothane. The mean Ostwald solubility coefficient lambda in atm- minus 1 at 37 degrees C, for seven to 21 animals, were: brain 6.03, gut 4.23, cardiac muscle 4.88, kidney 4.95, liver 6.64, skeletal muscle (psoas) 5.45. For the gracilis muscle solubilities up to 20 atm- minus 1 were obtained. Solubility in blood was shown to increase significantly with haematocrit and haemoglobin and to be significantly higher in blood from unanaesthetized than from anaesthetized animals. The best-estimate equations were lambda-2.38 + 0.042H for the unanaesthetized condition and lambda-1.69+0.049 H for the anaesthetized condition, where H is haematocrit %. Combining the present results with those for other species showed that the solubility of halothane increased fairly systematically from blood to kidney to brain to liver, and from ox to man to dog to rabbit."
1138757,"A new method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the expired air, based on the variation of the gas in water, is described. The sensitivity of the basic instrument is such that it is able to measure parts per million but is non-linear above 1% carbon dioxide. The construction of a modified instrument to produce a linear output between 0-10% carbon dioxide is described."
1138758,"The anatomical factors in difficult direct laryngoscopy have been assessed. Thirteen patients in whom direct laryngoscopy proved difficult and thirteen control patients, all with teeth, had lateral, postero-anterior and submento-vertical radiographs taken. Several measurements were made and compared. The most important factor determining the ease of examination was the posterior depth of the mandible. An increase in this measurement was thought to hinder displacement of the soft tissues by the laryngoscope blade. Other factors of importance were: an increase in the anterior depth of the mandible; a reduction in the distance between the occiput and the spinous process of C1, and to a lesser extent the C1-C2 interspinous gap; and reduced mobility of the mandible associated with temporo-mandibular joint arthritis or trismus."
1138759,"A study of 405 patients revealed that the substitution of 0.1% trichloroethylene for 0.1% methoxyflurane in a previously established technique of anaesthesia led to no remarkable changes in the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting or headache. There was, however, an increase in the incidence of awareness from 3.5% to 5.1%. There was no significant difference in the Apgar scores (totals or individual components) or in the materno-foetal acid-base gradients at delivery between the Group A elective Caesarean section patients in the two series. In view of these findings, and of the relative freedom from toxicity and the inexpensiveness of trichloroethylene, a more general re-introduction of the drug into anaesthetic practice is advocated. The study also served to demonstrate that, using the technique described, the duration of the interval from induction of anaesthesia to the initial incision into the myometrium was, at least up to 30 min, of no significant import to the well-being of the infant, but that the time elapsing between uterine incision and complete delivery was directly and significantly associated with neonatal asphyxia and clinically-apparent depression of the infant."
1138760,"Arterial blood and expired gas samples were taken from 20 patients before operation and on the first day after upper abdominal surgery. After operation the patients were studied breathing air and also breathing 35% oxygen from a venturi-type mask. Preoperative Pao2 with age was exaggerated by operation. Pao2 after operation was closely related to, and lower than, the preoperative value. The postoperative Pao2 during oxygen therapy correlated well with the postoperative Pao2 breathing air. Severely hypoxaemic patients show less improvement of oxygen tension during 35% oxygen therapy."
1138761,"In a study comparing the changes in serum uric acid concentration after methoxyflurane anaesthesia in 10 patients subjected to either Caesarean section or minor general surgical procedures, a significantly greater increase in serum uric acid concentration occurred in those patients undergoing Caesarean section. These results were compared with results from a control group of five patients undergoing Caesarean section, anaesthetized without methoxyflurance and with a second control group of five patients having uncomplicated spontaneous deliveries. Reasons are presented to suggest that although obstetric patients are unlikely to be more vulnerable to methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity, those with pre-eclamptic toxaemia may be more at risk."
1138762,"The speed of onset of anaesthesia with Althesin has been compared with that of other intravenous anaesthetics. Like thiopentone, Althesin appears to be a truly rapidly acting drug, producing sleep in one arm-brain circulation time. The relative potencies of the drugs studied were approximately Althesin 60 mulitre/kg equivalent to thiopentone 4 mg/kg, equivalent to methohexitone 1.2 mg/kg, although by some criteria Althesin 80 mulitre/kg is required to produce an effect equivalent to thiopentone 4 mg/kg."
1138763,"Serum potassium concentrations were measured after administration of suxamethonium (1 mg/kg body wt.) in 101 patients in whom anaesthesia was induced by one of five different techniques. There was a maximum increase in serum potassium of 21.4% following induction with trichloroethylene compared with 4.4% with nitrous oxide/oxygen. There was only small increases in serum potassium with halothane and chloroform. In an additional 10 patients who received tubocurarine (3 mg) before induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone, the maximum increase in serum potassium was 10.6% following suxamethonium. It is concluded that the increase in serum potassium following induction of anaesthesia is the result of a combined effect of the anaesthetic agent and suxamethonium."
1138764,"A patient had a prolonged block after continuous extradural analgesia in labour. The block was unilateral, but 60 min after a second block there was bilateral sensory and motor loss. The original unblocked side did not recover fully until more than 60 hr. The local anaesthetic agent was 18 ml of bupivacine 0.5% plain."
1138765,"Anaphylaxis to suxamethonium in patients who gave no history of allergy is presented in this report. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis was based on a rapid onset of tachycardia, arterial hypotension, erythematous patches and oedema, and a positive reaction to a sensitivity test."
1138766,"The development of interdisciplinary pain clinics is discussed; the organization and staffing is described, and an outline plan is presented. It is emphasized that interdisciplinary pain clincis are the best means of medical care for patients suffering from chronic pain."
1138770,"Pre- and postjunctional effects of three ethers (enflurane, diethyle ether, and methoxyflurane) and three non-ethers (chloroform, halothane, and trichloroethylene) were studied in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation using standard microelectrode recording techniques. Depression of postjunctional function included depression of the amplitude of miniature endplate potentials, inhibition of suxamethonium induced depolarization of the muscle endplate, prolongation of duration of the endplate potential, and increase in threshold for generation of the muscle action potential. The last two effects were more marked for the ethers than for the non-ethers. Effects on pre-junctional function included a slight increase in fluctuation of the endplate potential (EPP) amplitude associated with the thers and chloroform, a faster rate of decline of EPP amplitude during a tetanus in presence of the ethers, and prolongation of the normal facilitatory period during paired stimulation in the presence of chloroform. Chloroform had no effect on the rate of decline of EPP amplitude during tetanic stimulation and the ethers had no effect on the facilitatory period during paired stimulation. These results indicate that volatile anaesthetic agents depress synaptic transmission by acting on multiple sites, and that the pattern of this depression is different for each drug or group of similar drugs."
1138771,"Ultrasonic energy, provided by a commercially available water vaporizer, was used to vaporize methoxyflurane, halothane, and chloroform. The vaporizer was placed directly in the respiratory line, and the anaesthetic liquid was vaporized one drop at a time. Anaesthesia was maintained for periods up to 6 hr in horses, ponies, calves, sheep, dogs, and one pig. This method of vaporizing liquids is applicable to a wide variety of anaesthetics. It is easily controlled, and the same vaporizer can be used with a wide range of sizes of subjects. The vaporizer can be placed directly in the respiratory circuit, and adds almost no resistance to breathing."
1138772,"To determine the role of the thermal element in the production of lung injury uncomplicated by the inhalation of fumes and soot, 18 anaesthetized, paralysed and ventilated rabbits were subjected to a steam burn of the respiratory tract. Transpulmonary pressure (difference between airway and pleural pressure) was recorded under static conditions between functional residual capacity and 40 ml above this point and the values obtained were used to calculate lung compliance. Static compliance decreased progressively with time in each of the experimental animals, the maximum decrease occurring within the 1st hour. Ten of the 18 animals died within 4 hr of the burn. There was little impairment of gas exchange. This data would suggest the clinical value of the early measurement of lung compliance in the evaluation of thermal pulmonary burns. Postmortem studies showed the presence of pulmonary oedema with intra-alveolar peribronchial and perivascular haemorrhages. The lesions were most prominent centrally, apparently because the dissipation of the heat resulted in less damage to the peripheral areas of the lung. Pulmonary megakaryocytosis was noted in seven of the experimental animals. This may have been a non-specific reaction to lung trauma."
1138773,"A study of the Radiometer ""Severinghaus"" Pco2 electrode has been made in order to investigate its stability and reproducibility when exposed to a series of inknown gas samples of various carbon dioxide concentrations. Electrodes were found to exhibit a pronounced memory effect, which depended upon the Pco2 of the last sample to which they had been exposed if the exposure had been for more than a few minutes. When a number of electrodes were exposed to a single reference gas at all times, except for the few minutes required to measure the Pco2 of an unknown sample, the electrical output of the electrode was unexpectedly stable and reproducible. This implies a high degree of measurement accuracy. If the reference gas to which the electrode is usually exposed is of low carbon dioxide concentration, the electrode displays its highest degree of stability and reproducibiltiy. The use of low carbon dioxide content reference gases is not always convenient, however, because they increase the response time of the electrode. Reference gases of high carbon dioxide content induce unstable electrode behaviour, and so it is recommended that gases higher than 5% v/v Co2 are not chosen for this purpose."
1138774,"A simple, single calibration point, single control Pco2 analyser is described. Results are presented to show that such an analyser will provide extremely accurate and reproducible results over a limited range around the calibration point, and this technique has been applied to the measurement of the apparent blood-gas and water-gas difference for a Pco2 electrode. The accuracy and working range of this simple system has been compared with a two-calibration-point, two-control analyser similar to commercial systems and results are presented to show that the more complicated system, although accurate over a wider range of Pco2, did not produce accurate results when the Pco2 of test samples lay outside the calibration range. Reasons are presented to explain this unexpected behaviour."
1138775,"The effect of tubocurarine on the respiratory function of conscious, non-medicated volunteers was correlated with the degree of neuromuscular blockade measured with the train-of-four technique (the evoked response of the adductor pollicis brevis muscle to trains of four supramaximal ulnar nerve stimuli at 2 Hz, repeated once every 10 sec). Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory force and peak expiratory flow rate were measured, (a) before administration of tubocurarine, (b) when the ratio of the amplitude of the fourth response to the amplitude of the first response of the train-of-four reached 60%, and (c) during recovery of the ratio until the control (100%) value was reached. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume and peak expiratory flow rate were not altered. Vital capacity and inspiratory force were both reduced significantly at the 60% level and the former also at the 70% level when compared with the control. The magnitude of change in all variables is of minor clinical importance, however, since the lowest measured values are well above acceptable minimum limits required for adequate respiratory function."
1138776,"The relative potency of lignocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine was estimated by forearm skin weals in four volunteers. Potency was estimated as the time to half-recovery of a sharp sensation in response to a needle-prick. The increase in duration of action with increased concentration was greater for bupivacaine and etidocaine as compared with lignocaine. At the same concentrations, bupivacaine had a longer duration of action than etidocaine. However, etidocaine 1% had a longer duration of action than bupivacaine 0.5%."
1138777,"Supramaximal paired stimuli were applied to the ulnar nerve, and the amplitude of the muscle action potential evoked in the abductor digiti minimi by the second member of the stimulus pair (test response) was compared with that evoked by the first component (conditioning response). The interval between the two components of the stimulus pair (the pair interval) was increased stepwise from 7 to 100 msec and a curve (recovery curve) was obtained by relating the changes in pair interval to the difference in amplitude of the test and conditioning responses. Alterations of the recovery curve (RC) during partial paralysis by muscle relaxants were investigated in healthy adult patients under the lightest plane of general anaesthesia. The control curve obtained in 32 subjects before the administration of a muscle relaxant drug was characterized by slight depressions at very short intervals of paired stimuli, followed by a slight potentiation at 20-100 msec. With non-depolarizing relaxants, RC altered to the characteristic pattern of potentiation at very short intervals of stimuli, followed by a notable depression at longer intervals. In depolarizing blocks with small doses of suxamethonium, the depression of RC at short intervals in the control was enhanced and the pattern of RC was different from that of non-depolarizing agents. When desensitization blocks were instigated by the i.v. administration of suxamethonium, the RC patterns were similar to those of competitive agents."
1138778,"Tympanic temperature was monitored during labour and delivery in six primigravidae and five multigravidae. Temperature increased temporarily with each contraction and progressively during the course of labour. The increases, which were greater in primiparae than in multiparae (mean cumulative increase 1.46 degrees C and 0.51 degress C respectively), reflect the metabolic expenditures associated with contraction of uterine and skeletal muscles."
1138779,"The introduction of Entonox has made it possible to guarantee full oxygenation of the inspired gas of outpatients having nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The addition of 1-2% halothane enables good conditions to be obtained for minor surgery such as dental extraction. The use of an Entonox mixture containing 7% carbon dioxide to stimulate ventilation in patients receiving anaesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane is described."
1138781,"A 3-year-old child developed extensive macular rash after ketamine. The mechanism of this reaction was investigated by the Prausnitz-Kutzner (P-K) test. It demonstrated that the histamine release was not the result of an anaphylactic reaction, but rather a direct pharmacological effect of the drug. The result suggests that this child can receive ketamine in the future without any severe manifestations. The mechanisms of histamine release are discussed and the treatment of its clinical manifestations is reviewed."
1138803,"Measurements of FEV0-5, FEV0-75 and FEV1 and FVG have been made on 241 healthy schoolchildren using a spirometer and a reverse plethysmorgraph system. The results obtained by the two systems were very similar. The FEV0-75 was selected as the most appropriate forced expiratory volume for routine clinical use. Normal data charts for FEV0-75 and FVG are presented."
1138804,"Lung biopsy in 16 patients with abnormal lung function and who had been exposed to asbestos revealed asbestosis in 4 with considerable radiological evidence of the disease, in of 4 with minimal radiological changes and in none of 8 with completely clear radiographs. Thus biopsy for the diagnosis of this condition should be avoided if the chest radiograph shows no evidence of it."
1138805,A case of leiomyosarcoma of the posterior mediastinum is presented; 2 other malignant and 7 benign smooth muscle tumours of the mediastinum have been collected from the literautre. The tendency for blood-borne and local recurrence in the leiomyosarcomas is demonstrated. Various theories for the origin of these tumours are examined.
1138807,"The helium dilution functional residual capacity (FRC) and the total gas volume by plethysmograph (TGV) were measured on 236 healthy London schoolchildren. There was no difference between the results obtained by the boys and girls. The results of the TGV were higher than the FRC values. From the results, normal data charts have been devised for clincial use."
1138808,"Patients with asthma aged 20-49 years recruited from chest clinics in Great Britain were classified into Groups 0, 1, 2 and 3+ according to the number of positive skin reactions to skin tests with 23 allergens. Intake was regulated in order to arrive at approximately equal numbers and a similar age and sex distribution in each of the skin test groups. The clinical data recorded on questionnaires were studied in relation to the number of positive skin tests. There were few significant differences between the four skin test groups or between patients in Group 3+ who also gave a clinical history of hypersensitivity to external allergens and those patients in Group 0 who gave no such history. No correlation was found between the age of onset of asthma and the number of parents and siblings with allergic diseases. Exercise induced asthma and predominantly nocturnal attacks were not associated with other distinctive clinical features. There was a significant association between the history of pollen sensitivity and positive skin and nasal tests with grass pollen. A significant association was also found between the clinical history of house dust allergy and the skin test, but not the nasal test, with D. pteronyssinus."
1138816,"A review is presented of 712 twin pregnancies which occurred in Dundee between 1956 and 1971. It shows a falling age of twin reproduction, a changing ratio of mono- to dizygosity and the poor growth rates of both types. Birth weight variations suggest that ""crowding"" in the uterus may affect the individual growth of each twin, but the combined weight of twins continues to increase to term and shows no obvious sign of restriction."
1138817,"Twelve Indian patients with pre-eclampsia, 15 with eclampsia and 15 with normal pregnancy in the third trimester were investigated. A systemic bleeding diathesis was encountered in two patients with eclampsia and in none with pre-eclampsia; two patients with pre-eclampsia, however, had excessive uterine haemorrhage. Coagulation studies showed statistically significant prolongation of thrombin time, elevation of serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and hypofibrinogenaemia in patients with pre-eclampsia as well as eclampsia. In patients with eclampsia, significant thrombocytopenia also occurred. Euglobulin lysis time showed no significant change in patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. There was no significant difference in the coagulation profile between patients with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, except for more hypofibrinogenaemia in the former. The laboratory findings suggest the occurrence of intravascular coagulation in patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia."
1138818,"Total oestrogens were measured during normal menstrual cycles and during pregnancy in healthy Nigerian women. During the menstrual cycle, maximum excretion was consistently observed in the luteal phase in contrast to findings in European and American populations. During pregnancy, oestrogen excretion was similar to that reported amongst Europeans only in early pregnancy; oestrogen excretion did not show the usual rapid rise in late pregnancy."
1138819,"The surface ultrastructure of normal, malignant and dyskaryotic exfoliated cervical squamous cells was examined with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Normal and malignant cells were found to have very similar surfaces to those seen on similar cells in a biopsy specimen. Dyskaryotic cells, however, showed a large range of surface features and dyskaryotic cells that looked identical at light microscopy could be subdivided into three groups by examining their ultrastructural features."
1138820,"We report the results obtained with a standard system of gonadotrophin therapy. Seventy-seven consecutive patients were given 322 treatment cycles. Thirty-seven patients (48 per cent) conceived, six of them on two occasions, making 43 pregnancies of which 31.6 per cent were multiple. Five per cent of all treatment cycles were complicated by mild, and 0.62 per cent by severe hyperstimulation. The factors involved in achieving a satisfactory pregnancy rate whilst avoiding complications are discussed. Most complications occurred during the first cycle in which the rise in oestrogen excretion suggested follicular development and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given (the ""first effective"" treatment cycle). In such cycles the risk of hyperstimulation rose sharply when the day 6 urinary total estrogen level was above 150 mug. per 24 hours and the multiple pregnancy rate was increased by a large dose of HCG."
1138821,Twelve cases of tubal pregnancy after sterilization operations are reported and the pathogenesis is discussed. Diagnosis is sometimes delayed because of the history of previous sterilization. It is paradoxical that the diagnosis of an intrauterine pregnancy after tubal sterilization is rarely in doubt yet the possibility of the fertilized ovum implanting in a tube known to have been damaged is sometimes overlooked. It is suggested that bilateral salpingectomy is the correct operative treatment for this condition.
1138822,A 19-year-old patient was treated for disgerminoma of the right ovary by right salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic radiotherapy in 1967. The left ovary was shielded after the first two treatments and the patient has since conceived three times and has shown no evidence of recurrence of the tumour.
1138823,"In a retrospective survey on the time of engagement of the fetal head in 462 unselected consecutive primigravidae it was seen that by the end of the 37th week of gestation (259 days), engagement had occurred in only 23 per cent of them. The highest rate of engagement was from 39 to 40 weeks of gestation (273 to 280 days) and in 50 per cent of patients, engagement occurred between 38 and 42 weeks (266 to 294 days). The mean interval between engagement and delivery was 1.39 weeks (9.7 days), the median was 7 days, and the mode was less than 7 days. In 80 per cent of patients the engagement-delivery interval was less than 14 days. These findings strongly suggest that in the majority of primigravid patients the fetal head does not engage between 36 and 38 weeks of gestation (252 to 266 days) as is commonly believed."
1138826,"Lecithin has been measured in amniotic fluid, pharyngeal aspirate, fetal and maternal plasma and fetal membranes from the same pregnancy. In the amniotic fluid from a term pregnancy 79 per cent of the lecithin is found in the reconstituted precipitate of centrifuged fluid. It is suggested that the lecithin of amniotic fluid may originate from sources other than fetal lung and that lecithin concentration is therefore a measure of overall fetal maturity."
1138827,"Forty-two breech deliveries were monitored throughout labour. Serious asphyxia at birth occurred in 15 babies, in every case preceded by abnormalities in the fetal heart rate. Interpretation of the records implicated umbilical cord compression as the likely cause of asphyxia."
1138828,"A total of 75 patients had labour induced near term using intravenous oxytocin, prostaglandin E-2 or prostaglandin F-2alpha. Biochemical and haematological investigations were performed to assess hepatic, renal and adrenocortical function and changes in platelet adhesiveness. In doses which were similarly effective in inducing labour, both prostaglandins were without the water-retaining effect of oxytocin.  Adrenocortical stimulation was greatest with oxytocin. No difference between these agents was observed for the other measurements made."
1138829,"Hourly fetal urinary production rate (HFUPR) was measured by an ultrasonic technique in 12 antenatal patients before and after intravenous administration of 60 mg. of frusemide. In 8 patients pregnancy was normal and in 4 there was clinical evidence of fetal growth retardation. The duration of pregnancy varied from 32 to 41 weeks. The increase in HFUPR was 80 to 150 per cent in normal patients and 95 to 131 per cent in patients with fetal growth retardation. The increase in HFUPR seemed to have no impact on fetal circulatory volume, as the fetal heart rate stayed normal throughout the study period."
1138830,In vitro cervical dilatations were carried out on 33 uteri removed by hysterectomy for conditions not involving the cervix from parous women in their reproductive span of life. A specially designed force measuring dilator was used for all the tests. The analysis of the results involved the application of a thick-walled cylindrical stress determination technique. Using this approach it was possible to calculate quasi-elastic moduli for different degrees of dilatation and obtain theoretical distributions of radial and circumferential stress across the cervical wall. These results indicated a yielding of the cervical tissue at about 9 to 11 mm. dilatation in a significant number of cases.
1138832,"In this relatively iton deficient population both multiparous and primiparous pregnant women had similar serum iron levels. The mothers' levels had a linear correlation with the cord serum levels, but the lowest mean cord levels were above 100 mug./dl. maternal and cord blood haemoglobin levels,birthweights and placental weights showed no constant relation to the serum iron levels, and  even in anaemic mothers the fetus was relatively non-asaemic with a haemoglobin level aroun 13 g./dl. In non-anaemic mothers  the cord blood haemogloin rose rapidly and progressively."
1138833,"A study was made of the characteristics of oxytocin-induced labour. Twelve patients with, and eight without membrane rupture were closely matched for factors likely to influence the character and duration of labour. In both groups uterine activity increased until a stable state was achieved loowing which there was little alteration until delviery. The duration of labour was shorten in the group with ruptured membranes as compared with intact membranes although, paradoxically, the uterineactivity tended to be greater when the membranes were intact."
1138834,"Intravenous salbutamol, a beta-adrenoceptor stimulant, given to nine patients in normal  labour, with continous monitoring of uterine activity and of the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems, was shown to decrease uterine activity significantly; maternal and fetal heart rates were significantly increased, and maternal systolic  and diastolic arterial pressures were significantly decreased  during the infusion, although no treatment had to be discontinued because of these effects. Apart from worsening of low back pain during the infusion in one patients, subjective side-effects were trival. With the salbutamol infusion continued at an effective maintenance rate, the carioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, practolol, given intravenously, reduced the maternal heart rate (although not significantly) but it did not alter the fetal heart rate; it also appeared to interfere transiently with the inhibiting action of salbutamol on uterine activity, but cerevical dilatation was arrested until the salbutamol infusion was discontinued. At least in five patients, labour remained suppressed until oxytoxin was infused intravenously."
1138835,Secondary ADP induced platelet aggregation was inhibited in 17 patients after the administration of oral prostaglandin E2 tablets for the induction of labour. Primary ADP induced aggregation was shown to be inhibited by oral prostglandin E2 when the platelets responded to the lower concentration of 0-5 mug/ml of ADP. This inhibition was not detectable when the higher concentration of 1-0 mug/ml ADP  was  necessary. There would appear to be a decreased risk of thrombosis initiated by platelet aggregation as a result of using oral PGE2 tablets for inducing labour.
1138836,"Changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and serum glycerol in pregnancy were examined in a semi-serial study of 85 women. A preliminary study showed that it was almost impossible to achieve standardized conditions for sampling, and the compromise of taking a single venous sample without stasis, after 30 minutes rest and about 12 hours fasting, was adopted. Although there were large individual variations the patterns of change were, in general, the same for NEFA and glycereo although the two were not closely correlated. There was no +convincing change before 30 weeks of pregnancy but both increased in the last ten weeks, fell sharply in the first week post partum, and then rose again to late pregnancy levels by 6 weeks post partum before falling to non-pregnant levels by between 3 and 6 months post partum. Those patterns of change are in broad accordin with changes of fat storage and lipolysis associated with the reporoductive cycle. Changes in the patterms of NEFA were triviax the only significant alteration was a small rise in the proportion of C16:0 (palmitic) in late pregnancy."
1138837,"Using  in vitro incubation, human placental slices have been shown to synthesize lipid from 14-C fructose, but to a lesser extent than from 14-C glucose. Diabetic placentae did not incorporate more of either sugar into lipid than did placentae from normal pregnancies; nor did insulin in the incubation medium enhance lipogenesis. There was a correlation between the extent of incorporation of 14-C fructose and 14-C glucose into triglyceride, suggesting a linked enzyme system for phosphorylation of the two hexoses."
1138838,"Progesterone concentrations have been determined in a total of 175 peripheral plasma samples obtained serially from 20 women undergoing mid-trimester abortion. In ten patients abortion was induced in intra-amniotic administration of 50 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF 2alpha) alone; in ten others it was induced with 50 mg. of intra-amniotic PGF2alpha with 80 g. of urea. Mean instillation-abortion intervals were 29-0 hours in the group receiving PGF2alpha alone and 12-1 hours in the groups receiving PGF2alpha and urea. In eight of the patients treated with PGF2alpha and urea, and in four of those treated with PGF2alpha alone, there were significant decreases in progesterone level (determined by calculation of correlation coefficients) during the instillation-abortion iterval. When plotted against instillation-abortion times, calculated rates of decease in peripheral plasma progesterone levels showed a statistically significant regression (p smaller than 0-05). This indicates that progesterone levels drop most rapidly in patients with shorter instillation-abortion times. There was no relationship between initial progesterone levels and instillation-abortion times."
1138839,Neoplastic tissue was obtained from 30 patients with endometrial carcinoma and the response of this tissue to various hormones was studied in vitro by histological methods and by measuring the incorporation of 3-H thymidine into DNA. Progesterone and synthetic progestogens had a consistently adverse effect on tissue survival in vitro while pregneolone  had a beneficial effect.
1138842,"Of 107 consecutive patients with genetically-determined retinitis pigmentosa, 23 were provisionally diagnosed as having inherited the disease in an X-linked fashion. 42 affected males and 61 females were examined, and from the data obtained the following conclusions were drawn: (1) X-linked retinitis pigmentosa exists and is distinct from choroideremia. (2) In contrast to the results of previous surveys, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa is a common form of this disease and over 20 per cent. of retinitis pigmentosa is probably transmitted in an X-linked manner. (3) (a) In contradistinction to the findings of previous investigators, most if not all adult heterozygous females have detectable degenerative changes in the ocular fundus. (b) The ocular changes in heterozygous females are most easily detected by fundus examination, visual field testing, dark adaptation measurements, and estimation of retinal rhodopsin concentration. The single most frequent abnormality is peripheral retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, which is found in all adult heterozygous females. (c) The pattern of retinal dysfunction in heterozygous females, and in particular preservation of the ocular electrical responses, suggests that the disease in women is qualitatively different from that in men and in other genetic forms of retinitis pigmentosa. There is some evidience that the disease in heterozygous women is patchy. (d) Degeneration in heterozygous females is usually symmetrical, but great variation was found in the severity of degeneration amongst heterozygotes of similar ages. No non-genetic influences were found to account for this. No evidence came to light by which the importance of X-chromosome inactivation could be assessed in determining the phenotype of heterozygous women. (4) No evidience is available to determine the number of X-linked genes transmitting the disease."
1138844,The use of intravenous Diamox with variable doses of Pilocarpine was investigated in the treatment of primary closed-angle glaucoma. It was concluded that one drop of Pilocarpine 3 to 4 hrs after intravenous Diamox is the only parasympathomimetic drug necessary to terminated an acute attack.
1138845,"118 consecutive patients with angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) were investigated. The primarily affected eye presented with acute ACG in 71 patients, with intermittent or chronic ACG in 41, and with acute ACG secondary to intumescent cataract in six. ACG was demonstrated in the fellow eye in 85 of the 118 patients (72 per cent.), including 72, 71, and 83 per cent. respectively of the three groups distinguished above. In 27 fellow eyes, ACG was demonstrable only by provocative testing. Eleven patients failed to return for follow-up investigation. A routine prophylactic peripheral iridectomy in the fellow eye is justified in patients who are unlikely to attend for follow-up examinations,, but may be avoided in about 23 per cent. of patients who attend regularly."
1138846,"An epidermiological study of patients with chronic simple glaucoma or ocular hypertension suggests that the diagnosis of glaucoma is associated with a positive family history, acute blood loss, and diabetes mellitus. There was no association with other vascular disease or with smoking. Ocular hypertension was related to smoking habits but not to family history. The relationship of these variables to ocular hypertension/glaucoma status is discussed."
1138847,"Clinical measurements of a horizontal cup/disc ratio were obtained among a sample of 160 normal twin subjects by stereoscopic biomicroscopy. Measurements of horizontal cup/disc ratio were normally distributed and theere was no significant association with sex, laterally, race, or refractive error in the mid-range. However, there was a significant association between size of the cup/disc ratio and age as well as intraocular pressure. After taking into account the correlation between age an intraocular pressure in normal eyes, the association between cup/disc ratio and each of these variable remained statistically significant. It is not always recoginized that the size of the normal physiological cup increases with age, and it was not previously observed that ""normal"" cupping occurs with age apart from the effect of pressure. The average effect of age on cup/disc ratio, amounting to an icrease of 0-0026 per year for this sample, is small. But, allowing for individual variation, some persons could show a recognizable acquired increase in cup/disc ration with age, even in the absence of glaucoma. The possibility of ""normal""cupping occurring in association with age, pressure, or high myopia, alone or in combination, merits cosideration in the clinical evaluation of glaucoma suspects and  serves to re-emphasize the importance of an adequate central visual field examination in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Studies are needed on the differentiatin between ""normal"" and ""morbid"" moulding of the optic nerve head."
1138848,"Atrophy of the nerve fibres in the retina visible by direct ophthalmoscopy using red-free illumination, together with corresponding scotomata in the visual fields, signified retrograde degeneration of retinal nerve fibres from multiple sclerosis. Defects in medullated retinal nerve fibres were continous with arcuate nerve fibre bundle defects. These myelin defects exemplify secondary demyelination of optic axons."
1138849,"(1) Chronic glaucoma accounts for a high proportion of blindness which is preventable and calls for energetic action because existing knowledge is not applied as it should be because of the indifference of the Department of Health and Social Security to the glaucoma problem. (2) The condition is frequently insidious and advanced before being identified, and requires life-long supervision. (3) When diagnosed, the management of glaucoma is frequently inadequate and intermittent for a variety of reasons. (4) AtKing's College Hospital, a Glaucoma Centre has been initiated to supervise accurately and regularly  a large number of glaucoma patients, assisted by numerical recording and computer analysis. While we are fortunate in having a computer in the hospital, it is important to emphasize that the system can be operated without this facility,  either by employing manual methods, or by batch processing. It would be both possible and desirable to organize recording a nd analysis on a regional basis in collaboration with hospitals wishing to participiate. (5) Attempts are being made to improve the early diagnosis ofglaucoma by better communication between the hospital ophthalmologists, and other members of the medical, optical, and ancillary professions by lectures, demonstrations, and publications. (6) Research is always hampered by the absence of factual knowledge. It is planned to use fully the opportunity for research into glaucoma made possible by this basic organization. At present however, we consider it more important to carry out investigations into the problems of organizing the investigation, treatment, and follow-up of glaucoma patients than t o embark on a few individual projects of research. We are serously hampered in our work by shortage of funds for staff and facilities, but we look forward confidently to the  time when, with the essential support of the Department of Health, these methods will give  us access to the facts of glaucoma, which besides enabling us to give a high standard of treatment to our patients, will give us an unprecedented opportunity of wide ranging research into all aspects of this important disorder."
1138851,"In a study of 194 re-operations for retinal detachment in which one-third of the cases were managed without drainage of subretinal fluid, it was found that a number of failures occurred after non-drainage. Analysis of these failures shows that more than half could have been avoided if the correct choice of cases suitable for management without drainage of subretinal fluid had been made. It is felt that with careful attention to the criteria which are used to decide on the choice of surgical technique, the results obtained by the non-drainage method should be as good in the more complicated case as they have already been shown to be in the primary case. Because the drainage of subretinal fluid carries with it a risk of surgical complications and these complications may contribute to the development of massive preretinal retraction, management of the re-operation should be carried out without drainage of subretinal fluid whenever possible."
1138852,"Fifty-six patients with angioid streaks were evaluated ophthalmologically. Most had repeated fundus photography and fluorescein angiography during a follow-up period of 6 months to 7 years. The ophthalmoscopic variations and diagnostic difficulties which occurred were noted. In most instances, the angioid streaks were not initially recognized and the patient was referred with another diagnosis. In several cases, the peripapillary, macular, and peripheral changes seen with angioid streaks were found to simulate other better known fundus conditions, resulting in the erroneous diagnosis and improper treatment. In some cases, the angioid streaks were so subtle that they were overlooked and in others they were observed, but initially interpreted as something else. Because of the medical significance of angioid streaks, ophthalmologists should be aware of their variable features. These are discussed, with emphasis upon those subtleties which differentiate angioid streaks from other conditions which they may simulate. On the basis of these observations, an ophthalmoscopic differential diagnosis of angioid streaks is proposed."
1138854,"LDH activity was determined in aqueous humour samples from 11 eyes (of 10 children), four of which contained retinoblastoma. Simultaneous serum LDH levels were also determined in eight of the children. There was no correlation between serum and aqueous humour LDH activity. Total aqueous humour LDH activity ranged from 0 to 99 i.u/l. in the seven eyes with non-neoplastic conditions. It was 56, 124, 158, and 1832 i.u./l. respectively, in the four eyes with retinoblastoma. In all four eyes the ratio of isoenzymes LDH5:LDH1 was greater than 5. The total aqueous humour LDH levels in retinoblastoma was neither consistently elevated, nor related to the total serum LDH. There was a characteristic LDH isoenzyme fractionation pattern which, it is suggested, may be present before the total aqueous humour LDH becomes elevated."
1138855,"51 (30 men and 21 women) of 90 consecutive patients with acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis were HL-A 27 positive. This frequency of 55-7 per cent compares with 8-2 per cent in controls. Twenty-three patients (18 men and 5 women) had in addition evidence of systemic disease, including ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis and Reiter's syndrome, sometimes associated with psoriasis. Twenty-eight of 63 patients without evidence of systemic disease were HL-A 27 positive, suggesting that the uveitis in many of these cases has a similar aetiology to those with rheumatic disease. The uveitis associated with HL-A 27 is typically unilateral, associated with mechanical ptosis, and a painful diffusely red, photophobic, and lacrimating eye, generally lasting 3 weeks or more. Protein extravasation into the aqueous is considerable, cells are usually present in the aqueous and anterior vitreous, and keratic precipitates are never mutton fat in appearance. Recurrent episodes are characteristic. The association with HL-A 27 suggests that many if not most cases of non-granulomatous anterior uveitis have a close aetiological relationship to ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome and it is likely that infective agents, leading to an unusual immunologically mediated inflammatory response in predisposed individuals, are involved. Ten patients with granulomatous anterior uveitis were HL-A 27 negative."
1138857,"Immunoglobulin and complement concentrations of tears were measured using a sensitive electroimmunodiffusion assay. In the 13 subjects tested, the predominant immunoglobulin was secretory IgA (mean concentration 107 mug/mg protein; standard error of mean 15; n equal 17). The B1C component of complement was measurable in half of the subjects studied. The data illustrate that it is possible to quantify exactly certain humoral indices which may be important in the host defense of the eye."
1138858,"Eight patients with epibulbar malignancies of the eyes were sucessfully treated with urea. One of them presented a malignant melanoma, one a tumour of Kaposi's disease, and six had squamous cell carcinomas. At least four out of these eight patients would have required enucleation of the globe or exenteration of the orbit as an alternative to urea therapy."
1138859,"Twenty-eight rabbits underwent conjunctival replacement with peritoneal autografts. The grafted peritoneum acted as a scaffold for the remaining healthy conjunctiva which gradually replaced the grafted peritoneum. Peritoneum is not an effective conjunctival substitute as it does not survive in its own right. I should like to thank Professor Norman Ashton, FRS for his most helpful guidance and constructive criticism in this work. My thanks are also due to Miss E. Robins for her enthusiastic technical support; to Mr. R. Alexander and Mr R. Keeble for their technical and photographic assistance, and to Miss E. FitzGerald for her secretarial help."
1138860,"The interaction of concanavalin A (Con A) with isolated adipocytes was studied using Con A-Sepharose beads in the affinity binding buoyant density method previously used to study insulin receptors. Free Con A-Sepharose beads could be separated from the bound beads (cell-bead complexes) by sedimentation of the high density beads and floatation of the low density complexes. Sedimented and total beads could be determined by counting the radioactivity associated with [-125I]Con A coupled in tracer amounts to the beads. Various lines of evidence demonstrated the high specificity of binding. Soluble Con A, but neither insulin nor any of the other proteins tested, inhibited and reversed the binding of Con A-Sepharose to the cells. Whereas treatment of Con A- (and insulin-) derivatized beads with anti-insulin antiserum, and cells with trypsin, readily inhibited binding of insulin-Sepharose to cells, neither treatment inhibited Con A-Sepharose binding. According to the relative extents of inhibition and reversal of binding exhibited by 15 different carbohydrates, the saccharide binding sites on Con A-Sepharose appeared virtually identical with the known sites on free Con A. Protein-containing components of cell ghosts that were solubilized with Triton X-100 appeared to correspond to the Con A-Sepharose receptor sites on the basis of their ability to bind to Con A-Sepharose columns, be eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MeMan) and be precipitated by the free lectin and redissolved by MeMan. According to (a) Normarski interference contrast microscopic examination of the topographical distribution of Con A-Sepharose beads and cells surrounding and bound to each other, and (b) absence of any apparent morphological changes in the cells due to binding, it is suggested that extensive clustering (""cap"" or ""macropatch"" formation) of Con A receptors did not occur on the adipocyte as a consequence of the interaction of the cells with the Con A-Sepharose beads."
1138861,"In order to test the usefulness of circular dichroism in stereochemical and structural studies of oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, we measured the circular dichroism (CD) for N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAcNA) and several derivates. By acidic mathanolysis, we have prepared the deacetylated methyl ester, methyl glycoside of NAcNA, as well as a saponified product. Circular dichroism of these compounds allows us to assign the transition due to the amide chromophore. There is a carboxyl n-pi transition at about 220 nm which has a negative CD band associated with it for the beta-methocyneuraminic acid, but changes sign for the methyl ester (methyl (methyl beta-D-neuraminid)ate). We isolated the trisaccharides N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose [(2leads to 3)NAcN-Lac] as well as (2 leads to 6)NAcN-Lac by paper chromatography and compared the CD for each. The two isomers show similar but distinguishable CD patterns, with a weak negative band due to the carboxyl group centered at 225 nm and a stronger positive band at 200 nm containing contributions from both the amide and carboxyl groups."
1138862,"The specific conteranion and the solvent have been shown to regulate the electronic excitation energy of the N-retinylidene-n-butylammonium cation. Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents which can hydrogen bond with the anion shift the lambda-max to longer wavelengths, whereas the solvent dipole, acting as a bulk effect, shifts the wavelength-max to shorter wavelength. Here solvents which can donate two hydrogens for hydrogen bonding, such as cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and cis- and trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane, are used as solvents for the Cl-, Br-, and I- salts. As expected the cis solvents allow longer wavelengths than do the trans solvents. Results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are shown to be in agreement with electronic absorption spectroscopy. The C-11 proton and the C-13 and C-9 methyl protons show a considerable downfield shift in the salts with respect to the Schiff base. Furthermore the same protons show a continuing downfield shift as the anions are exchanged from Cl-, Br- to I-. This is an agreement with the interpretation of greater positive charge delocalization as the anions are changed in the above manner. The infrared absorptions of the C - N group in the Schiff base and the protonated form are shown to be almost similar. This is rationalized by showing that the force constant can remain constant as the highly related factors bond order, bond distance, and the effective electronegativity are changed in a self-compensating manner."
1138863,"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycoprotein material purified from human tumors, has been visualized by electron microscopy. At neutral pH, it consists largely of relatively homogenous, morphologically distinctive twisted rod or cruller shaped particles, with dimensions 9 x 40 nm. The particle length is considerably diminished at pH 40.0, which correlates with a known diminution of charge. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular weight of 180,000 in the peak region of the CEA band for both 10 and 15% acrylamide. When native CEA was treated with neuraminidase, reduced, and alkylated, a relatively compact random coil was produced, whereas reduction and alkylation without neuraminidase treatment produced a less configuration, as determined by sedimentation studies and by electron microscopy. Electrophoretic migration, however, was apparently unaffected by reduction and alkylation. Thus the characteristic CEA particle appears by several lines of evidence to be substantially folded into a recognizably tertiary structural arrangement."
1138864,"We have previously reported that hapten specific antibodies are produced in guinea pigs immunized with certain N-substituted phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives (either free or incorporated into liposomal membranes) in complete Freund's adjuvant. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of mono(p-azobenzenearsonic acid)tyrosylphosphatidylethanolamine (ABA-Tyr-PE). Immunication with this compound (either free or present in liposomes) not only results in the formation of anti-azobenzenearsonyl antibodies, but also confers cellular immunity as manifested by delayed hypersensitivity reactions elicited by challenge with either azobenzenearsonyl-bovine serum albumin or sensitized liposomes. Thus, ABA-Tyr-PE immunized guinea pigs differ from those immunized with azobenzenearsonyl-bovine serum albumin which produce anti-bodies but do not reveal a delayed reaction. Moreover, the ABA-Tyr-PE immunized animals differ from those immunized with mono(p-azobenzenearsonic acid)tyrosine; this substance has been shown by other investigators to confer cellular immunity without antibody formation in guinea pigs. However, the deacylated homolog of ABA-Tyr-PE (i.e., mono(p-azobenzenearsonic acid)tyrosylglycerophosphorylethanolamine) has the same immunological properties as mono(p-azobenzenearsonic acid)tyrosine. These observations justify the further exploitation of liposomal model membranes as novel immunogens that are able to elicit both cell and humoral mediated immune responses."
1138865,"The elution of staphylococcal nuclease on thymidine 3'-(p-Sepharose-aminophenyl phosphate) 5'-phosphate (nucleotide ligand of nuclease covalently bound to Sepharose 4B) was studied in the presence of a variety of soluble nucleotide ligands. The elution volumes of nuclease vary proportionally with matrix-bound ligand concentration (at constant soluble ligand concentration), inversely with soluble ligand concentration (at constant matrix-bound ligand concentration), and inversely with dissociation constant of soluble ligand (at constant concentrations of soluble and matrix-bound ligand). The variation of elution volume was related to an expression which described the competition of soluble and matrix-bound ligand for nuclease binding. Using this expression, values for dissociation constants were derived for nucleotide ligands in both the soluble and bound form. The values for soluble ligand were found to correspond closely to those obtained by either equilibrium dialysis or kinetics of inhibition of nuclease activity. Furthermore, a close correspondence was found between the values of dissocation constants for matrix-bound and soluble thymidine 3'-(p-aminophenyl phosphate) 5'-phosphate, thus defining the interaction of nuclease with the matrix-bound ligand as a process quite similar to that occurring in solution."
1138866,"Barnase, the extracellular ribonuclease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, is shown to undergo a reversible two-state conformational transition at 0.65 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) AAT 37 DEGREES. The prinicipal evidence is based on the equivalence of two independent values of the SDS-barnase binding ratio; about 14 mol of SDS/mol of barnase. Both were derived from fluorometric titration data, one being based on simple conservation of SDS and the other on the use of Wyman's theory of linked functions. No SDS is bound to barnase at SDS concentrations below the transition region."
1138867,"Flow and relaxation methods were used to study the kinetics of oligosaccharides binding to lysozyme and the pre-steady-state kinetics of the lysozyme-catalyzed, hydrolysis of chitohexose. The minimal mechanism demonstrated, and the kinetics parameters pertaining to the elementary steps, allow interpretations of previous equilibrium and steady-state kinetic measurements which had yielded only complex constants, reflecting both productive and unproductive lysozyme-substrate complexes. In contrast to previous assumptions, the data presented in this paper provide evidence for ""stable"" productive lysozyme-substrate complexes. Our proposed mechanism utilizes structural information and accounts for the difference in efficiency of lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitopentose and chitohexose."
1138868,"Nucleotides of cytosine and uracil are readily mercurated by heating at 37-50 degrees in buffered aqueous solutions (pH 5.0-8.0) containing mercuric acetate. Proton magnetic resonance, elemental, electrophoretic, and chromatographic analyses have shown the products to be 5-mercuricytosine and 5-mercuriuracil derivatives, where the mercury atom is covalently bonded. Polynucleotides can be mercurated under similar conditions. Cytosine and uracil bases are modified in RNA while only cytosine residues in DNA are substituted. There is little, if any, reaction with adenine, thymine, or guanine bases. The rate of polymer mercuration is, unlike that of mononucleotides, markedly influenced by the ionic strength of the reaction mixture: the lower the ionic strength the faster the reaction rate. Pyrimidine residues in single- and double-stranded polymers react at essentially the same rate. Although most polynucleotides can be extensively mercurated at pH 7.0 in sodium or Trisacetate buffers, tRNA undergoes only limited substitution in Tris buffers. The mild reaction conditions give minimal single-strand breakage and, unlike direct iodination procedures, do not produce pyrimidine hydrates. Mercurated polynucleotides can be exploited in a variety of ways, particularly by crystallographic and electron microscopic techniques, as tools for studying polynucleotide structure."
1138869,"Specific chemical modifications of apamin have been used to study the residues involved in its toxic action. Transformation of Lys4 into homoarginine did not affect toxicity. Modification of the alpha-amino group of Cys1 and of the epsilon-amino group of Lys4 by acetic anhydride or fluorescamine decreased toxicity only by a factor of 2.5-2.8. Modification of the gamma-carboxylate of Glu7 with glycine ethyl ester in the presence of a soluble carbodiimide decreased toxicity by a factor of 2. Diethyl pyrocarbonate treated of the imidazole side chain of His18 decreased toxicity by a factor of 2.6. Thus none of these residues is essential for toxicity. However, combined modification of amino groups and of the imidazole side chain of His-18 completely abolished biological activity. Complete loss of toxicity also resulted from reduction and alkylation of both disulfide bridges, from chemical modification with cyclohexanedione of Arg-13 and Arg-14, and from removal of Arg-14 of acetylated apamin by digestion with trypsin. Incorporation of radioactive acetyl groups on both amino groups of apamin gave an active labeled toxin which has been used to localize the site of action of apamin in the spinal cord, principally in the lumbar part of the neuraxis."
1138870,"Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of human hemoglobins in water reveal several exchangeable protons which are indicators of the quaternary structures of both the liganded and unliganded molecules. A comparison of the spectra of normal human adult hemoglobin with those of mutant hemoglobins Chesapeake (FG4alpha92 Arg yields Leu), Titusville (G1alpha94 Asp yields Asn), M Milwaukee (E11beta67 Val yields Glu), Malmo (FG4beta97 His yields Gln), Kempsey (G1beta99 Asp yields Asn), Yakima (G1beta99 Asp yields His), and New York (G15beta113 Val yields Glu), as well as with those of chemically modified hemoglobins Des-Arg(alpha141), Des-His(beta146), NES (on Cys-beta93)-Des-Arg(alpha141), and spin-labeled hemoglobin [Cys-beta93 reacted with N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodoacetamide], suggests that the proton in the important hydrogen bond between the tyrosine at C7alpha42 and the aspartic acid at G1beta99, which anchors the alpha1beta2 subunits of deoxyhemoglobin (a characteristic feature of the deoxy quaternary structure), is responsible for the resonance at -9.4 ppm from water at 27 degrees. Another exchangeable proton resonance which occurs at -6.4 ppm from H2O is a spectroscopic indicator of the deoxy structure. A resonance at -5.8 ppm from H2O, which is an indicator of the oxy conformation, is believed to originate from the hydrogen bond between the aspartic acid at G1alpha94 and the asparagine at G4beta102 in the alpha1beta2 subunit interface (a characteristic feature of the oxy quaternary structure). In the spectrum of methemoglobin at pH 6.2 both the -6.4- and the -5.8ppm resonances are present but not the -9.4-ppm resonance. Upon the addition of inositol hexaphosphate to methemoglobin at pH 6.2, the usual resonance at -9.4 ppm is shifted to -10 ppm and the resonance at 6.4 ppm is not observed. In the spectrum of methemoglobin at pH greater than or equal to 7.6 with or without inositol hexaphosphate, the resonance at -5.8 ppm is present, but not those at -10 and -6.4 ppm, suggesting that methemoglobin at high pH has an oxy-like structure. Two resonances (at -8.2 and -7.3 ppm) which remain invariant in the two quaternary structures could come from exchangeable protons in the alpha1beta1 subunit interface and/or other exchangeable protons in the hemoglobin molecule which undergo no conformational changes during the oxygenation process. These exchangeable proton resonances serve as excellent spectroscopic probes of the quaternary structures of the subunit interfaces in studies of the molecular mechanism of cooperative ligand binding to hemoglobin."
1138871,"It is proposed that glucagon, a polypeptide hormone, is delicately balanced between two major conformational states. Utilizing a new predictive model [Chou, P.Y., and Fasman, G.D. (1974), Biochemistry 13, 222] which considers all the conformational states in proteins (helix, beta sheet, random coil, and beta turns), the secondary structural regions of glucagon are computed herein. The conformational sensitivity of glucagon may be due to residues 19-27 which have both alpha-helical potential (mean value of Palpha = 1.19) as well as beta-sheet potential (mean value of Pbeta = 1.25). Two conformational states are predicted for glucagon. In predicted form (a), residues 5-10 form a beta-sheet region while residues 19-27 form an alpha-helical region (31% alpha, 21% beta) agreeing well with the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of glucagon. The similarity in the CD spectra of glucagon and insulin further suggests the presence of beta structure in glucagon, since X-ray analysis of insulin showed 24% beta sheet. In predicted form (b), both regions, residues 5-10 and residues 19-27, are beta sheets sheets (0% alpha, 52% beta) in agreement with the infrared spectral evidence that glucagon gels and fibrils have a predominant beta-sheet conformation. Since three reverse beta turns are predicted at residues 2-5, 10-13, and 15-18, glucagon may possess tertiary structure in agreement with viscosity and tritium-hydrogen exchange experiments. A proposal is offered concerning an induced alpha yields beta transition at residues 22-27 in glucagon during receptor site binding. Amino acid substitutions are proposed which should disrupt the beta sheets of glucagon with concomitant loss of biological activity. The experimental findings that glucagon aggregates to form dimers, trimers, and hexamers can be explained in terms of beta-sheet interactions as outlined in the present predictive model. Thus the conflicting conclusions of previous workers, concerning the conformation of glucagon in different environments, can be rationalized by the suggested conformational transition occurring within the molecule."
1138872,"Electrophoresis of proteins from nuclear particles containing DNA-like RNA gave a pattern with 45 bands. The possibility that some of these proteins arose by contamination with ribosomes, chromatin, or soluble nuclear proteins was examined and eliminated. The fate of the proteins of the particles was studied after partial dissociation with 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl. The individual proteins were released progressively and in different quantities. A group of easily released species (75 and 95% removed with 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl) was demonstrated. This group contained 8 species between 29,000 and 39,000 daltons which represented approximately one-half of the total number of molecules. It is suggested that they are bound to repetitive sequences of the RNA. At least 30 and 60% of the other proteins were released at 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl, respectively. There were no specific proteins tightly bound to the RNA, unless the nature of the remaining species is different from that of the released ones of the same molecular weight. The phosphorylated proteins were more tightly bound to the RNA than the nonphosphorylated species of similar molecular weight. In several instances, the 32-P radioactivity was associated with quantitatively minor bands of proteins."
1138873,"Freshly isolated mitochondria from brown adipose tissue are uncoupled with respect to oxidative phosphorylation. When these mitochondria oxidize[U-minus 14-C] palmitic acid in the presence of malate the label is found in three major fractions. Polar lipids, rich in acyl carnitines, remain in the mitochondrial pellet. A large fraction, rich in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, is exported to the suspending medium, as is a third, smaller fraction containing ketone bodies and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaric acid. Prevention of oxygen uptake by addition of rotenone or antimycin prevents accumulation of cycle intermediates, increases formation of acyl carnitiness and increases beta-hydroxybutyrate relative to acetoacetate. Rotenone and antimycin do not prevent formation of labeled phosphatidylcholine. Partial suppression of oxygen uptake by benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, amytal or malonate leads to results between these extremes. Addition of lysophosphatidylcholine had minimal effects on export of cycle intermediates, but increased formation of ketone bodies and particularly of acyl carnitines. The significance of lysophosphatidylcholine as an endogenous modifier of mitochondrial metabolism is discussed."
1138874,"The divalent cation requirement for mitochondrial cardiolipin biosynthesis has been further investigated. The relative order of divalent cation activity was Co-2+ greater than Mn-2+ greater than Mg-2+. Cardiolipin was not formed in the incubations with Zn-2+, Fe-2+, Cu-2+, Hg-2+, and Ca-2+. Cardiolipin synthesis in the presence of optimal cincentration of Co-2+ was inhibited by Ca-2+. A series of CDP-diglycerides was synthesized having differences in fatty acid chain lenth and degree of unsaturation. These compounds were tested in mitochondrial cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol synthesis. Although there were some minor differences between phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin synthesis, in general, saturated shorter chain CDP-diglycerides (dilauroyl and dimyristoyl) were better substrates than the longer chain dipalmitoyl and distearoyl homologues. Introduction of double bonds into distearoyl CDP-diglyceride resulted in more rapid rates of synthesis (e.g. dioleoyl and dilinoleoyl CDP-diglyceride). Significance of the results is dicussed with regard to possible mechanisms of linoleic acid incorporation into rat liver cardiolipin."
1138875,"Rates of phosphatidate synthesis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate or glycerol phosphate are compared in homogenates of 13 tissues, most of which are deficient in glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). In all tissues examined, dihydroxyacetone phosphate entered phosphatidate more rapidly via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate than via glycerol phosphate. Tissues with a relatively low rate of phosphatidate synthesis via glycerol phosphate, showed no compensating increase in the rate of synthesis via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The rates at which tissue homogenates synthesize phosphatidate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate via glycerol phosphate increase as glycerol phosphate dehydrongenase increase. Both glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol phosphate: acyl CoA acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) are more active than dihydroxyacetone phosphate : acyl CoA acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42). Thus, all the tissue homogenates possessed an apparently greater capability to synthesize phosphatidate via glycerol phosphate than via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate, but did not express this potential. This result is discussed in relation to in vivo substrate limitations."
1138876,"Some properties of acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine acyl-transferase in rat lung microsomes wed moiety of acyl-CoAs, quite different values were obtained on the Michaelis constant, the maximal velocity, and the activation energy. Moreover, the incorporation of fatty acid from an acyl-CoA was affected in a different manner by the addition of other acyl-CoAs. These results suggested that there are at least two different acyltransferases which are tentatively termed as follows: (1) palmitoyl-CoA: 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase; and (2) arachidonoyl-CoA: 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase. A low Km value, a low maximal velocity, and a low value of the activation energy were obtained for the former activity. The activity is readily inhibited by the addition of other acyl-CoAs and also at the higher concentration of palmitoyl-CoA itself. While a high Km value, a high maximal velocity, and a high value of the activation energy were obtained for the latter activity. The activity is not affected by the addition of palmitoyl-CoA or oleoyl-CoA and only slightly inhibited by linoleoyl-CoA, which indicates a high substrate specificity for polyenoyl-CoA especially for arachidonoyl-CoA. It seems that the present result, together with the previous findings obtained in slice experiments and in in vivo studies, do not support the idea that palmitoyl-CoA : 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase participates in the main pathway for the formation of dipalmitoyllecithin in lung."
1138877,Highly purified base plates of bacteriophage T4D were obtained from lysate of gene 19 am mutant of this phage by differential centrifugation and sucrose gradient. Base plates were studied by means of high speed sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight determined by this method is (6.7 plus or minus 0.2)-10-6.
1138878,Canine peptide-A was demonstrated to be an active vasopressor substance. The effect of intravenous injection of canine peptide-A was a prolonged rhythmic vasoconstriction and is unlike any previously described vasopressor peptides. The intravenous administration of canine peptide-A resulted in a maximum increase in mean blood pressure of 19.0 mm of mercury at a dose level of 2.5-10-minus 2 mumol. This pressor effect exhibited a log proportionality to the injected dose of peptide. The duration of the vasopressor effect was 30 min or greater. A rhythmic variation in pressor response was also observed in all experiments. The canine AP and B peptides were inactive when tested under the same conditions. The relationship between structure and biological activity was investigated. Structural degradation of half of the peptide molecule was performed without loss of vasopressor activity. The canine peptide-A is postulated as assisting in local hemostasis by vasoconstriction.
1138879,"Thyroglobulin molecules were studied in the electron microscope with negative staining technique. In a first series of experiments samples of thyroglobulin varying in iodine content from 0.5 to 0.03% were prepared from the thyroids of mice and rats kept on iodine-poor diets. All samples contained thyroglobulin molecules of the normal ovoid shape, not deviating in size or shape from molecules obtained from normal thyroids. However, in addition, another type of molecule having a cylindrical shape was observed in all samples. The proportion of these cylindrical molecules increased from a few per cent in the moderately iodine-poor thyroglobulin samples to more than 80% in the highly iodine-deficient thyroglobulin (0.03%). In a second series of experiments extremely iodine-poor thyroglobulin (smaller than 0.005%) was obtained from propylthiouracil-treated rats. In these preparations practically all molecules had a cylindrical shape. These samples also contained smaller particles interpreted to be dissociation products. The cylindrical molecules were of two types, one appearing compact and measuring 250 times 135 A (length times diameter) and the other appearing porous and having a length of 145 and a diameter of 205 A. It is concluded that the cylindrical molecules represent non- or low-iodinated thyroglobulin and it is suggested that the porous cylindrical molecule is an unfolded form of the compact cylinder."
1138880,"Evidence is presented that heparin binds rabbit plasminogen types I and II under affinity chromatographic conditions using the single stage technique earlier described (Hatton, M.W.C. and Regoeczi, E. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 359, 55-65). Thus, the affinity of types I and II for Sepharose-lysine is markedly increased in the presence of heparin and elution by epsilon-aminohexanoic acid requires a steeper gradient to recover the plasminogen types. Furthermore by adding sufficient epsilon-aminohexanoic acid to non-heparinised plasma to suppress plasminogen affinity, the presence of heparin is shown to encourage binding of plasminogen (type II more so than type I) to the gel. However, the heparin effect is quickly reversed by washing the column with 0.5 M NaCl prior to elution by epsilon-aminohexanoic acid. No evidence of a stable plasminogen-heparin complex has been found from gel filtration studies and any interaction between plasminogen and heparin probably only takes place when heparin is bound to an affinity site. Studies with 35-S-labelled heparin have shown the mucopolysaccharide to bind to the free amino group of Sepharose-lysine and Sepharose-cadaverine and to be displaced by 0.5 M NaCl elution but not by 0.1 M epsilon-aminohexanoic acid. The plasminogen types produced from heparinised plasma are free from heparin and closely resemble preparations from non-heparinised plasma when compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration and arginine esterase activity after urokinase activation."
1138881,"By means of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, Trimeresurus gramineus venom was separated into 12 fractions. Fraction 8 had marked anticoagulant action in the tests of whole blood clotting time, calcium clotting time and plasma prothrombin time. Fraction 8 was rechromatographed on Sephadex G-100, then on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 again, and finally on Sephadex G-100, and a single peak was obtained. The patterns of microzone and disc electrophoresis also showed a single band. A single symmetrical boundary with 1.70 Svedberg units was obtained by ultracentrifugation. The estimated molecular weight was 19 500. The isoelectric point was pH 4.5. Chemical analysis showed that the anticoagulant principle was a glycoprotein and that it was thermolabile. The anticoagulant activity of this purified principle was 3.5 times higher than that of the crude venom. Fraction 5 potentiated its anticoagulant activity to 10 times higher than that of the crude venom. This principle did not possess caseinolytic, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester esterase, phospholipase A, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, fibrinolytic, hemorrhagic or local irritating activities. The purified anticoagulant principle did not destroy fibrinogen, induce fibrinolysis, inactivate thrombin nor interfere with the interaction between thrombin and fibrinogen. However, a marked inhibition of prothrombin activation was caused by the anticoagulant principle. The inhibition of prothrombin activation was not due to the destruction of prothrombin or its activation factors, but due to an interference in the interaction between prothrombin and its activation factors because of the reversible binding of these factors with the anticoagulant principle of the venom."
1138882,"These investigations were directed at furnishing information on the essential structural features of the cold-insoluble globulin of human plasma. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses showed that it is a glycoprotein (1.2% sialic acid, 1.8% hexose, 2.1% hexosamine) containing all of the amino acids usually found in proteins. Circular dichroic spectral analysis suggested that cold-insoluble globulin contained a very high proportion of beta-structure; no evidence for the presence of alpha-helix was found. Sedimentation velocity experiments at pH 7.0, in the presence or absence of dithiothreitol, plus related gel electrophoretic experiments at pH 8.4, indicated that the integrity of certain disulfide bridges was necessary for its solubility under ""physiologic"" conditions. In experiments in urea-containing solution, two sedimenting peaks were observed. The major one, amounting to more than 95% of the total, had an s20,w of 5.6 S, the minor peak had an s20,w of 7.3 S. Following disulfide bridge reduction a single symmetrical peak of 3.9 S was formed. Such behavior suggested that cold-insoluble globulin is a multichain molecule whose subunit chains are linked by disulfide bridging. Strong support for this conclusion was obtained from electrophoretic analyses in gels containing dodecylsulfate, in that cold-insoluble globulin manifested an increased rate of migration after reduction of disulfide bridges. The reduced cold-insoluble globulin band could be resolved into a closely spaced doublet, the components of which had molecular weights of 220 000 and 215 000, respectively. Since in sedimentation equilibrium experiments the molecular weight of the unreduced molecule was estimated to be 450 000, values in this range for the size of the subunit chain suggested that each cold-insoluble globulin molecule is composed of two covalently linked chains. The nature of the size heterogeneity of the reduced subunit chains is uncertain. However, the finding of a single type of NH2-terminal sequence ([Glu-Ala) in cold-insoluble globulin preparations, is consistent with the speculation that the smaller subunit may be a catabolic intermediate arising via release of peptide material containing the COOH-terminus of a parent chain."
1138883,"A new haemoglobin variant (haemoglobin Arya), is described from an Iranian female. The substitution is at residue 47 (CD5) of the alpha chain in which aspartic acid has been substituted by asparagine. The presence of haemoglobin Arya was not associated with clinical symptoms. This variant has normal stability at 50 degrees C, but is slightly unstable when tested at 55 degrees C."
1138884,"1. Some of the individual members of the polymeric series of proteins from human haptoglobin types 2-1 and 2-2 were isolated by gel electrophoresis. By reacting this purified material with less than an equivalent amount of hemoglobin and analyzing the result by electrophoresis, the number of haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes could be clearly counted. For the haptoglobin 2-1 series, the number of complexes formed was n+1, where n is the serial order, in decreasing electrophoretic mobility, of the haptoglobin polymeric form used. For the haptoglobin 2-2 series, the number of complexes was n+2. 2. For the first three members of haptoglobin 2-1 series, the haptoglobin-hemoglobin composition of the complexes was estimated from scans of the unstained gels. The data indicated that this series consists of 2,3,4... alpha beta haptoglobin subunits, each of which can combine with an alpha beta subunit of hemoglobin."
1138885,"Hemoglobin Atlanta, alpha 2 beta 2 75 Leu-Pro (E19), has been found in several members of three generations of a Caucasian family living in metropolitan Atlanta. The abnormal hemoglobin is one of the nine unstable variants in which either a leucyl or an alanyl residue is replaced by a prolyl residue. These substitutions have been observed in the B, E, F, and G helixes of the beta chain and in the H helix of the alpha-chain. Hemoglobin Atlanta heterozygotes are mildly affected by the presence of this unstable hemoglobin."
1138886,"1. D-Galactose dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas saccharophila (molecular weight 102 000) dissociates in 8 M urea into its subunits (molecular weight 25 000) which migrate in polyacrylamide gels, containing 8 M urea, as a single band. 2. The N-terminal residue determination by the dansyl method revealed only serine. 3. The C-terminal group determination with carboxypeptidase A and B indicated the sequence -Tyr-His-Leu. Leucine as the single C-terminal amino acid was confirmed by the tritiation method and by tritiation and subsequent degradation with carboxypeptidases. 4. The fragmentation of D-galactose dehydrogenase (24 mol methionine per mol enzyme) by CNBr resulted in six peptides, as detected in disc electrophoresis and substantiated by end group determination, indicating the identity of the subunits. 5. The treatment of D-galactose dehydrogenase (24 mol lysine and 52 mol arginine per mol enzyme) with trypsin and subsequent peptide mapping showed 21, perhaps 22 peptides, indicating a structure comprising four identical subunits."
1138887,"Titration of State 4 rat-liver mitochondria at pH 7.2 with the uncoupler 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile (SF 6847) at various concentrations of mitochondria and using various substrates indicates that under optimal conditions less than 0.2 molecule of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile per respiratory chain is sufficient to induce complete uncoupling. This result suggests that there is not a stoichiometric relationship between uncoupler molecules and cytochrome c oxidase, involved in oxidative phosphorylation, or between the former and phosphorylation assemblies. Experiments on the release by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile of azide-inhibited respiration of State 3 mitochondria and titrations with 5-chloro-3-tert-butyl-2'-chloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (S13) of State 4 mitochondria at various mitochondrial concentrations confirm this conclusion."
1138888,The fluorescence lifetimes of alpha- and beta-carotenes are both measured by a streak camera technique to be 55 plus or minus 10 ps at a concentration of 6 times 10- minus2 M in chloroform. Carotenes are present in chloroplasts at approximately this concentration.
1138889,"The role of divalent cations in the regulation of the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems involved in green plants photosynthesis has led us to search for a better understanding of how such phenomena might occur at the molecular level. Since small changes in orientation of and distance between pigment molecules could greatly affect the distribution of excitation energy, we have decided to study the effects of ions on the light-harvesting pigment protein from spinach chloroplasts. The light-harvesting pigment protein is shown to have two types of binding sites for Ca-2+. Binding studies and analytical ultracentrifugation indicate that site I (K-d equals 2.5 mu-M, n equals 1.5-4.0 mu-mol Ca-2+ bound/mg chlorophyll) is lost as the protein associates. Site II (K-d equals 32 mu-M, n equals 9,5 mu-mol Ca-2+/mg chlorophyll) is not affected by the association of the protein. This site is responsible, however, for a further divalent cation-dependent association of the protein. The possible role of this protein in grana stacking and control of spillover is discussed."
1138890,"1. In the presence of Triton X-100, chloroplast membranes of the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea were disrupted into two subchloroplast fragments which differed in buoyant density. Each of these fractions had distinct and unique complements of polypeptides, indicating an almost complete separation of the two fragments. 2. One of the two subchloroplast fractions was enriched in chlorophyll b. It exhibited Photosystem II activity, was highly fluorescent and was composed of particles of approx. 50 A diameter. 3. The light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex of the Photosystem II-active fraction had a molecular weight of 67 000 and contained two different subunits of 23 000 and 21 500. The molecular ratio of these two subunits was 2:1."
1138891,"The potential defference across the thyladoid membranes under steady-state saturating light conditions, measured with microcapillary glass electrodes, was found to be small as compared to the potential initially generated at the onset of illunimation. This result is discussed to be in agreement with quantitative estimates on the approximate magnitudes of the potential generating electron flux through the photo-synthetic electron transport chain and of the potential dissipating ion fluxes across the thylakoid membrane under steady-state conditions. It is concluded that a pH gradient of approx. 3-3.4 units is built up in the light across the membrane. The negative diffusion potential associated with this gradient is suggested to cause the transient negative potential observed in the dark after illumination."
1138892,"1. Chloroplasts can be suspended in aqueous/organic mixtures which are liquid at sub-zero temperatures with a good retention of the ability to reduce artificial electron acceptors. The reduction of ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol at temperatures above 0 degrees C is about 50% inhibited by 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Higher concentrations cause more extensive inhibition. 2. Different solvents were compared on the basis of their ability to cause a given depression of the freezing point of an aqueous solution. Ethylene glycol caused less inhibition of electron transport than glycerol, which in turn was found to be superior to methanol. 3. The reduction of oxidised 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine could be measured at -25 degrees C in 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Using an acceptor with a high extinction coefficient, methyl purple (a derivative of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) it was possible to observe electron flow at temperatures as low as -40 degrees C in 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. 4. From studies of the effects of the inhibitors 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone it is suggested that electron flow from the donor side of Photosystem II to the acceptor side of Photosystem I can occur at temperatures at least as low as -25 degrees C. The ultimate electron donor is presumably water but it was not possible to demonstrate this directly."
1138893,"Two glycolipids of dog small intestine, one with Forssman activity and one with Leb-like activity, have been characterized by mass spectrometry of methylated, and methylated and reduced (LiAlH4) derivatives. The Forssman glycolipid was conclusively shown to be a pentaglycosylceramide with the carbohydrate sequence hexosamine-hexosamine-hexose-hexose-hexose-ceramide, and with sphingosine (dihydroxy base) as major long-chain base and normal fatty acids as the only fatty acids. The Leb-like glycolipid was a hexaglycosyl-ceramide with sequence fucose-hexose-[fucose-] hexosamine-hexose-hexose-ceramide and with phytosphingosine (trihydroxy base) as major long-chain base and only 2-hydroxy fatty acids as fatty acids. The difference of two hydroxy groups in the ceramide between the two glycolipids may be related to a different tissue localization. As shown by immunofluorescense study the Forssman activity was associated with the lamina propria and the Leb-like activity to the glandular epithelium of dog small intestine."
1138894,"2-(4-Anisidino)-4,6-bis (2-(diethylmethylammonium)ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine diiodide was found to inhibit specifically the incorporation of [14 C]-choline into cold 5 percent trichloroacetic acid-insoluble materials in HeLa cells without affecting other vital areas of cellular metabolism. Further studies indicated that this drug did not affect any of the intracellular reactions leading to phosphatidylcholine formation; instead, the inhibition of lecithin synthesis was due primarily to the suppression of choline transport through the cytoplasmic membrane. The level of inhibition of the latter process was comparable to that observed for the inhibition of choline incorporation into cold 5 percent trichloroacetic acid-insoluble precipitates in whole cells."
1138895,"Human arterial smooth muscle cells growing in tissue culture, in contrast to rat cells, preferentially bind and take up large, lipid-rich lipoproteins (125I-labeled low density and very low density lipoproteins) in comparison to the known difference in the propensity of these two species to develop atherosclerosis."
1138896,"1. Differential sanning calorimetry and light-scattering have been used to investigate temperature-dependent transitions in low-density lipoprotein and in lipids from hens' egg yolk. Yolks of different fatty acid composition were obtained by varying the dietary lipid and by adding methyl sterculate to the hen's diet. 2. Lipoprotein solutions in 50 percent glycerol/water gave characteristic melting curves between -25 degrees C and 50 degrees C, and on cooling showed increases in light-scattering between 10 degrees C and -20 degrees C. The temperatures at which major changes occurred depended on the proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 3. The thermal transitions in the intact lipoprotein in glycerol solution were reversible, but with marked hysteresis. Lipid extracted from the lipoprotein did not show temperature  hystersis but the transition heats and melting curves similar to those of the intact lipoprotein. The results support the hypothesis of a ""lipid-core"" structure for low-density lipoproteins. 4. Scanning calorimetry of egg-yolk lecithins indicated a strong dependence of transition temperature on water content in the rane 3 percent-20 percent water. A rise in the mid-temperature of the liquid-crystalline to gel transition as the water content is lowered on freezing may be the primary event in the irreversible gelation of egg yolk and aggregation of lipoprotein."
1138897,The 3-position of the alkyldiacylglycerols from the pink portion of the rabbit harderian gland is occupied exclusively by isovaleric acid. We describe a microsomal 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase from this gland which specifically incorporates short-chain acyl-CoA's into the 3-position of alkylacyl-glycerols. The enzyme is most active in the presence of CoA esters with chain lengths similar to isovaleric acid and is inactive in the presence of acetyl CoA and long-chain acyl-CoA's. No evidence was found for an enzyme that would transfer long-chain acyl-CoA's to the same substrate. The specificity of this acyltransferase can account for the exclusion of long-chain acyl moieties from the 3-position of the alkyldiacylglycerols in the harderian gland of rabbits.
1138898,"The effect of pretreatment with colchicine or vinblastine on the lipoprotein lipase activity of rat heart was studied. Administration of colchicine or vinblastine 4 h prior to perfusion of the heart caused a very marked reduction in lipoprotein lipase activity released into the perfusate within 1 min of heparin perfusion. At the same time an increase in residual heart lipase occurred so that total lipoprotein lipase content of the heart (heparin releasable plus residual) did not change. The colchicine effect was dose and time dependent; no decrease in heparin-releasable enzyme activity occurred after only 30 min of pretreatment or upon addition of colchicine into the perfusate. These results indicate that colchicine did not impede enzyme synthesis or its release from the cell surface, but may have interfered with the transport of lipoprotein lipase from the site of its synthesis to the endothelial cell surface."
1138899,"1. Administration of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid to rats caused an increase in circulating free fatty acids which was associated with rapid hypoglycemia in fasted rats and liver glycogenolysis without hypoglycemia in fed rats. 2. The incorporation of labeled glucose, pyruvate and acetate carbons into triacylglycerol-glycerol, triacylglycerol-fatty acids and CO2 was inhibited in epididymal fat pads from methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid-treated rats and by the addition of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid in vitro. In contrast, palmitate esterification and oxidation were enhanced by methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid. 3. The activity of enzymes associated with fatty acid synthesis was reduced to a varying degree in the presence of methoxyindole 2-carboxylic acid in the reaction mixture in concentrations lower than those used to inhibit glucose and pyruvate metabolism in the intact tissue in vitro. 4. 4-Pentenoic acid, a potent inhibitor of pyruvate and palmitate metabolism in the liver, was considerably less  effective in adipose tissue. 5. The effect of the two hypoglycemic substances investigated on adipose tissue metabolism seems to be different."
1138900,"Lipid classes from four species of mosses, Mnium cuspidatum, and Mnium medium from Minnesota, and Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from Alaska, were analyzed. The total lipids of all species contained 30-40% arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. However, the lipids from the Alaskan mosses contained about 75% neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, steryl esters and wax esters) whereas the lipids of the other species contained only 20% or less of these neutral lipids. Consistently, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and phosphatidylethanol-amines were enriched in arachidonic acid and the galactolipids in eicosapentaenoic acid. The distribution of these acids in the phospholipids shows some preference for position 2. Together, the highly unsaturated C20 acids represented 80% of acyl groups in steryl esters. In triacylglycerols they were at average levels, while they were much less in sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerols. Wax esters contained very little of the highly unsaturated acids but appreciable amounts of phytol and phytenic acid were found as wax constituents."
1138901,"A novel class of neutral lipids has been isolated from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse and has been characterized as a triester wax. The lipid, on saponification and transesterification, yielded fatty acids, omega-hydroxy fatty acids and 1,2-alkane diols. These products were identified by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy, combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and chemical methods. Fatty acids were found to be predominantly of even chain length between C14 and C36 with highest concentration at C22 : 1. Hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters (trimethylsilyl ether derivatives) showed the presence of only three components in the relative abundance of 9: 70 : 21. The structure of the major component was established as 34-hydroxytetratricont-25-enoic acid and the other two components were characterized as 32-hydroxyditricont-23-enoic and 36-hydroxyhexatricont-27-enoic acids. In addition to these omega-9 unsaturates, other isomers having unsaturation at omega-7 and omega-8 were also present in small amounts. The 1,2-alkane diols were predominantly saturated in the range of C16-C24."
1138902,"The cholesteryl ester content of Erhlich cells was increased in tumors grown in  mice fed saturated fat diets (coconut oil or tristearin) as compared with polyunsaturated fat diet (sunflower oil). Cholesteryl esters containing monoenoic fatty acids were the predominant species that accumulated in the cells grown on unsaturated fat. The increase in cholesteryl esters was not accompanied by corresponding increases in the cell content of phospholipids, triacylglycerols, unesterified cholestorol or proteins. This experimental system may be useful for obtaining basic information about intracelluar cholesteryl ester accumulation, process that occurs in atherosclerosis."
1138903,"The first part of this paper describes the current voltage curves of bimolecular membranes of oxidized cholesterol formed between two aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium chloride. These membranes are selectively permeable for cations and the membrane interfaces are electrically uncharged. The dependence of the membrane conductivity on the membrane potential can be described as the product of the conductivity at zero current (""zero conductivity"") and a function called ""overlinearity"". The zero conductivity increases linearly with the concentration of tetrabutylammonium chloride. The overlinearity is independent of the concentration of tetrabutylammonium chloride. In the second part the Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations are integrated numerically for a three-phase system consisting of an aqueous electrolyte solution, a membrane and an aqueous electrolyte solution. Each phase is characterized by material constants. Appropriate boundary conditions cause the electric current to build up electrical double layers on both sides of the membrane. The opposing double layers with opposite electrical signs inject the soluble ions into the membrane. This ion injection accounts for the overlinearity of the current voltage curves, thus explaining the measured characteristics."
1138904,"A number of known structural properties of mixed lipid bilayer membranes and monolayers are accounted for by a model in which lipids pack into bilayers and monolayers like building blocks, each characterized by a surface head group area and characteristic solid angle. In phospholipids above the melting transition the head group area (at a given temperature and degree of hydration) is fairly invariant while the hydrocarbon region may be liquid-like so long as the molecule is not compressed beyond its characteristic solid angle. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine are tapered lipids, i.e. their surface head group areas are greater than their non-polar end areas; cholesterol is frayed, i.e. its polar end area is less than its non-polar end area; while phosphatidylethanolamine is almost cylindrical. The ""condensing"" effect of cholesterol in mixed phospholipid-cholesterol films is seen as a taper-fray accommodation. The lipid distribution in erythrocyte membrane is shown to be conducive to a stable strain-free membrane."
1138905,"Rat liver plasma membranes, as fractionated by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have been examined for the incorporation in their subunits of radioactive leucine, glucosamine and fucose. Specific spectra were obtained. In contrast to leucine, where the activity is distributed in many peaks all over the fractions, the glucosamine and fucose activities are found principally in the high molecular weight region. The relative rates of degradation of the glycoprotein components of the plasma membrane have been measured in normal liver using the double isotope technique. A marked heterogeneity of degradation was observed among the different subunits and a correlation between the rate of degradation and the size of the labelled subunits was found with glucosamine and fucose as well with leucine. This suggests a similar mode for the degradation of these membrane components."
1138906,"To study the process of red cell membrane protein synthesis we have followed the time course of [3-H]leucine appearance in total protein and individual peptides of the erythrocyte membrane following injection of the amino acid into phenylhydrazine-anemic rabbits. Multiple peripheral blood samples were taken from single animals over a 5-week period. Erythrocyte membrane proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate and dithiothreitol; incorporation of radioactivity was determined by gel slicing and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Appearance of [3-H]leucine in circulating erythrocytes reached a peak at 1-3 days, with a steady decline thereafter. The radioactive amino acid appeared first in the lowest molecular weight peptides and last in the largest peptides; at the earliest time point (8 h), little radioactivity was observed in any of the four largest peptides present in the membranes (bands A, 1, 2 and 3). Certain smaller peptides (bands 4, 5 and 9) were the predominant species labeled at this time. By 24 h all peptides showed significant incorporation. With maturation of the red cells, label largely disappeared from bands A, 9 and several smaller peptides; this was confirmed by finding that the peptides are virtually absent from mature circulating erythrocytes. These data are interpreted as showing that red cell membrane proteins are synthesized asynchronously during the life cycle of the erythrocyte; the largest peptides are made predominantly in the earlier marrow stages of development, while certain of the smaller peptides are still being synthesized in the reticulocyte stage. Several membrane proteins appear to be specific to the reticulocyte and are lost during the process of cell maturation in the circulation."
1138907,"The capability of rabbit reticulocytes to synthesize red cell membrane proteins has been tested in vitro. Reticulocyte-rich blood from phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits was incubated in vitro in a complete amino acid medium containing ferrous salts, glucose, rabbit plasma and [3-H]leucine. Red cell ghost membranes were prepared by hypotonic lysis and leucine incorporation into hemoglobin and total membrane proteins determined. The pattern of incorporation into individual peptides was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled membranes on large (19 mm) gels which were then sliced into 1 mm sections; radioactivity was compared with densitometric tracings of Coomassie blue stained analytical (6 mm) gels. Incorporation of [3-H]leucine into both hemoglobin and membrane protein was linear over 1 h. Gel analysis of labeled membranes revealed that the amino acid was primarily incorporated into peptides with molecular weights of 90 000 or less; three peptides of molecular weights 90 000, 60 000 and 33 000 showed the highest specific activity. Synthesis of the four largest peptide species was negligible. Removable of ferrous salts inhibited synthesis of both globin and membrane protein equally (approx. 50%). However, puromycin and cycloheximide preferentially inhibited the synthesis of globin as compared to membrane proteins. Reticulocytes remain capable of synthesizing a number of membrane proteins; these results are consistent with studies of red cell membrane synthesis in anemic rabbits in vivo."
1138909,"Proton NMR spectra for gel and liquid crystalline samples, composed of dimyristoyl and/or dipalmitoyl lecithin, cholesterol and water, can be consistently interpreted in terms of mesophase symmetry and molecular diffusion according to a model proposed by Wennerstrom (Wennerstrom, H. (1973) Chem. Phys. Lett. 18, 41-44). It is shown by computer simulation that the characteristic ""super-lorentzian"" bandshape of the lamellar mesophase can be described by the superposition of three gaussian curves. The NMR signal of the gel phase can be simulated by the superposition of two gaussian curves with widths at half height of 2.5 kHz and 19 kHz. An upper limit of the lateral diffusion coefficient of the lecithin molecules in the gel phase is calculated to be about 5-10(-15) m-2/s. It is therefore concluded that the static intermolecular dipolar couplings average to zero in the lamellar mesophase. An estimation of the order parameter of the liquid crystalline phase is made from experimental data and a calculated ""rigid lattice"" linewidth. A two phase system is shown to exist in the temperature range 28-34 degrees C for a mesophase of a mixture of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl lecithin. The presence of cholesterol results in enhanced lateral diffusion of the lecithin molecules at temperatures below the Chapman transition point."
1138910,"The parameters of rat jejunal transport of tryptophan have been examined. The interactions between tryptophan and lysine or methionine have been reexamined, and some aspects of the trans effects of cellularly accumulates amino acids have been studied. It has been demonstrated that: (1) The influx of tryptophan across the jejunal brush border (Jmc-Trp) can be accounted for by the carrier of alpha-aminomonocarboxylic acids alone. (2) Tryptophan competes with lysine for the carrier of basic amino acids across the brush border membrane without itself being transported by this carrier. (3) Lysine has neither cis nor trans effects on Jmc-Trp, whereas intracellular tryptophan is highly inhibitory to Jmd-Lys. (4) The intracellular concentration of lysine and of tryptophan, [Lys]c and [Trp]c, are unaffected by tryptophan and lysine, respectively, although the transmural fluxes, from the mucosal side to the serosal side, Jms, of lysine, Jms-Lys, and of tryptophan, Jms-Trp, are inhibited by tryptophan and lysine, respectively. The latter effects thus represent inhibitory interactions at the basolateral membrane. (5) Methionine is a potent cis and transinhibitor of Jmc-Trp, but stimulated Jms-Trp and reduces [Trp]c. (6) Methionine causes trans acceleration of the influx of lysine across the brush border membrane, Jmc-Lys, but has no effect on the influx of galactose, Jmc-Gal. (7) Leucine causes trans inhibition of Jmc-Leu. (8) Tryptophan does not cause cis inhibition of Jmc-Gal, but is a strongtransinhibitor of Jmc-Gal. (9) Cellularly accumulated tryptophan appears to accelerate the eventual decline in transepithelial potential difference and short-circuit current. These results are consistent with the conclusions that: (1) Tryptophan is transported across the brush border membrane by the carrier of neutral amino acids alone, but leaves the cell across the basolateral membrane by a mechanism used by lysine also. (2) Leucine, methionine and probably tryptophan have a transeffect on the transport of neutral amino acids across the brush border membrane which may represent a phenomenon which can appropriately be termed decelerating exchange diffusion. (3) Cellularly accumulated tryptophan has a strong and indiscriminate depressive effect on all transport functions of rat jejunal epithelium."
1138911,"The specificity of the hydrolytic reaction has been compared to that of the synthetic reaction for maltase and isomaltase (alpha-methyl-D-glucosidase) from Saccharomyces oviformis. Maltase which hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-disaccharide, maltose, and the alpha-1,6-disaccharide, isomaltose, catalyzes the formation of both maltose and isomaltose from free glucose. Isomaltase, which hydrolyzes isomaltose but not maltose, catalyzes the formation only of isomaltose from glucose. Both enzymes hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside releasing the alpha-anomer of glucose. The enzymes utilize the alpha-anomer but not the beta-anomer for the synthesis of the disaccharides. These results are consistent with the double displacement mechanism for glycosidases and with the proposal that the glucosyl-enzyme complex is an intermediate in the reaction. The competitive inhibition by D-glucose is independent of its anomeric form for both enzymes."
1138912,"Trehalase (alpha, alpha-trehalase glucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.28) from Phycomyces spores occurs in two different forms which are convertible in vivo: a form with low activity found in dormant spores and an active form after breaking the dormancy. Between the two forms no difference in molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility can be detected. The molecular weight is estimated by gel filtration at about 210 000. The relation between substrate concentration and trehalase activity follows the Michaelis-Menten equation (K-m plus or minus 55 mM) in activated spores whereas in dormant spores trehalase shows a different substrate binding, indicating a negative cooperative effect. They differ further in thermostability and in sensitivity to inhibition by ATP. Other nucleosidephosphates have no inhibiting effect. Heating the spores at different temperatures between 38 and 44 degrees C results in a partial breaking of dormancy of the spore population and a corresponding partial activation of trehalase. This suggests a close connection between breaking dormancy and trehalase activation."
1138913,"The amylase activity of water extracts from 18 insect species, from 23 marine species and from 17 different species of birds and mammals was determined quantitatively. The inhibition of amylase in these extracts by three albumin fractions from the mature wheat kernel, which had been separated according to their molecular weights (60 000, 24 000 and 12 500 D), was determined as well. The inhibition activity of the three albumin fractions toward amylases extracted from a number of cereal species or from immature and germinating wheat kernel was also tested. The extracts from insects that are destructive of wheat grain and stored wheat products showed much higher amylase activities as compared to the other insect species that do not attack wheat and wheat products. On the basis of the effectiveness with which the three albumin fractions inhibit their activities, the amylase preparations tested were divided into susceptible, partially susceptible and resistent. Susceptible amylases, inhibited by any of the three albumin fractions, were found mainly in insects that attack wheat and in marine species. Partially susceptible amylases, inhibited by only one or two of the three albumin fractions, were present in a few avain and mammalian species including man. Resistent amylases were largely distributed in cereal, avian and mammalian species as well as in insect species that do not usually attack wheat grain or wheat flour products. At no stage of development, wheat alpha-amylase was inhibited by the albumin fractions from the mature kernel. The 12 500 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting insect amylases, but it was inactive toward avian and mammalian amylases. The 24 000 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting amylases from marine avian and mammalian species and inhibited as much as 33 amylases over 66 different amylases tested. It is suggested that protein inhibitors of amylase contributed to natural selection of polyploid wheats by giving some insect resistence to such wheats, even though some insect species were able to overcome this biochemical defense toa large degree by producing higher amylase activities."
1138914,The purification of glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing) EC 4.4.1.5) from DBA/1J mouse liver employing ion exchange and affinity chromatography is described. The enzyme was purified 1140-fold and it exhibits a specific activity of 2200 units/mg of protein. The activity was determined to be homogeneous by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The molecular weight is approimately 43 000 and the sedimentation coefficient is 3.4 S. Kinetic data are consistent with a one-substrate (hemimercaptal) reaction mechanism but do not rule out alternate branches at low substrate and free glutathione concentrations.
1138915,"A fluorescent dye 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate was complexed with human apohemoglobin and sperm whale apomyoglobin. Nanosecond fluorescence-polarization kinetics were measured for each of these complexes in KC1 solutions to obtain their fluorescence lifetimes and rotational correlation times. The rotational correlation time of apohemoglobin-dye complex was found to be 21 ns, which was about twice that of apomyoglobin-dye complex, 11 ns. These values were constant over an ionic strength range from 0 to 1.7. Circular dichroism spectra (215-300 nm) and fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes were also found to be independent of the ionic strength, indicating that no gross conformational change occurs with the change in the salt concentration, These results suggest that apohemoglobin remains dimeric over the ionic-strength range examined."
1138916,"Synaptic membranes from human and swine brains were solubilized with 8 M urea and the proteins were reduced and alkylated. A protein was isolated from both sources and had identical amino acid compositions and molecular weights as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecylsulfate gels and by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Bioglas 1000. The apparent molecular weight of the protein was 53 000 on the acrylamide-sodium dodecylsulfate gels. Neither neutral sugars nor sialic acid was a significant component of the protein. When the proteins were digested with trypsin and the resultant peptides subjected to chromatography (n-butanol/acetic acid/water) and electrophoresis (pH 3.7) the peptide maps were identical. The protein comprises 1-2 percent of the total synaptosomal protein. With regard to amino acid composition, molecular weight, peptide map characteristics, behavior on DEAE-cellulose columns, electrophoretic mobility and sugar content, the synaptic protein is quite similar to the monomer of swine tubulin."
1138917,"We have purified an agglutinin from the hemolymph of Limulus polyphemus about 1500-3000-fold by adsorption to formalinized horse erythrocytes, elution with N-acetylneuraminic acid and subsequent fractionation on Sephadex G-200. Recovery was in the range of 50 percent. On ultracentrifugation the agglutinin behaves as an homogenous protein with a molecular weight of about 460 000. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the dissociated protein in sodium dodecylsulfate we found a single prominent diffuse band with an apparent molecular weight of 22 000 plus or minus 2000. This band contained carbohydrate as determined by periodic acid-Schiff staining. The intensity of staining compared with standards suggested a carbohydrate content of less than 4 percent. The protein contains a preponderance of acidic amino acids and has an isoelectric point of 4.83.5 residues per 1000 of glucosamine were detected on amino acid analysis. Agglutination of formalinized horse erythrocytes by the purified protein is inhibited not only by N-acetylneuraminic acid but also by D-glucuronic acid; but not by a number of other monosaccharides. D-Glucuronic acid may be used in place of N-acetylneuraminic acid as the eluting sugar in the purification procedure."
1138918,"1. Intestinal calcium-binding proteins have been isolated in high purity from mucosal tissue of the cow, pig, horse, guinea pig, and chick. The proteins from all species exhibit rapid, although not identical, electrophoretic mobilities and possesses high affinities for calcium. 2. The intestinal calcium-binding proteins of mammalian origin exhibit a molecular size of approx. 11 000 by calibrated gel filtration and 9000 on the basis of amino acid composition. The analogous chick protein was found to be about 27 000-28 000 molecular weight by these methods. 3. The amino acid composition of each intestinal calcium-binding protein has been determined and indicates a considerable degree of similarity, especially among the mammalian species. 4. Immunoassay procedures have failed to show any species cross-reactivity when tested against antiserum prepared in response to either the bovine or chick intestinal calcium-binding protein."
1138919,"The amino acid sequence of the coat protein of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cowpea virus) has been determined. The tryptic peptide overlaps were obtained by digesting the protein with chymotrypsin and separating and analysing the lysine-and arginine-containing chymotryptic peptides. The primary structure of cowpea virus protein has been found to differ markedly from that of any other known strain of tobacco mosaic virus, and contains 3 amino acid residues more and 96 amino acid changes from the type strain. The significance of the distribution of those areas of the protein in which the amino acid residues are the same for all naturally occurring strains and chemically induced mutants of tobacco mosaic virus so far studied and the residues that form the important carboxyl-carboxylate pairs are discussed."
1138920,"In seeds of the lentil Lens esculenta Moench., subsp. microsperma (Baumg.) Barulina, a nonspecific phytohemagglutinin was found, the properties of which differ from those of the previously described lentil hemagglutinins. The phytohemagglutinin is not adsorbed to the Sephadex matrix; its hemagglutinating activity is different towards erythrocytes of different human blood groups of the ABO system. The isolated phytohemagglutinin preparation is homogeneous by disc polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoreses and by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-100. Ultracentrifugation of the phytohemagglutinin yields a single symmetrical peak with S20,W of 3.9 S. From the sedimentation data, a molecular weight of 53 300 was calculated. Phytohemagglutinins of similar properties were shown to be present also in other cultivars of Lens esculenta, subsp. microsperma."
1138921,"A new A gamma chain haemoglobin variant, haemoglobin F Victoria Jubilee, with an electrophoretic mobility slightly anodal to haemoglobin F Port Royal, was found in a Jamaican infant. The amino acid residue substitution of 80 Aspartic Acid leads to Tyrosine was associated with alanine in position 136. Haemoglobin F Victoria Jubilee constituted about 7.0 percent of the total haemoglobin F."
1138922,"Routine investigation of ante natal patients revealed a subtle change in the electrophoretic pattern on cellulose acetate of the proposita. Further investigations by isoelectric focussing in polyacrylamide gel suggested the presence of two major haemoglobin components. Using a modified cellulose acetate technique globin chain separation revealed an abnormal beta-chain. Chain separation on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column provided a pure sample of the abnormal beta-chain. After amino-ethylation, tryptic digestion and peptide mapping, amino acid analysis of relevant peptides showed the abnormality in the beta-chain to be a substitution of arginine by serine at the 104 position. The presence of a positively charged residue at this position would appear to be necessary for the stabilization of the haemoglobin central cavity. The replacement by serine in this haemoglobin leads to slightly decreased stability but does not appear to affect the oxygen affinity."
1138923,"Electric birefringence decay curves of collagen suspended in aqueous buffered media were plotted as functions of pulse width and amplitude. They were then resolved into two components by means of an analog simulator. When these data were combined with the results of repeated pulsing, it was shown that an electric field promotes aggregation of collagen, although the variety of aggregate sizes falls within a fixed range. Observations of electric birefringence of dissolved collagen preparations as a function of ionic strengths tend to indicate that the bonding that occurs in an electric field is electrostatic."
1138924,"The conformation of the lectins from Dolichos biflorus and Robinia pseudoacacia was studied by means of circular dichroism (CD). It was found that N-acetyl-D-galactosamine induced significant changes in the near-ultraviolet CD spectrum of Dolichos lectin but was ineffective with the lectin from Robinia. Tyrosine and tryptophan chromophores were chiefly involved in this saccharide-lectin interaction. The far-ultraviolet CD spectra indicated that both lectins have a significant content of the pleated sheet conformation, but not much, if any, alpha-helix. The predominant conformation in these lectins is the aperiodic bend structure which is stabilized chiefly by hydrophobic interactions. This was ascertained by the effect of sodium dodecylsulfate on these proteins."
1138925,"A serum factor from patients with myasthenia gravis which inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to acetylcholine receptor extracted with Triton X-100 from rat muscle has been studied in detail. The inhibitory activity was localized to the IgG fraction based upon the fractionations by sodium sulfate precipitation and DEAE chromatography as well as reaction with anti-IgG globulin. The myasthenic globulin inhibited toxin binding to receptors extracted from degenerated muscle but did not inhibit toxin binding to normal junctional receptors. At saturation levels of myasthenic globulin, the number of denervated acetylcholine receptors available for toxin binding was reduced approx. 50 percent. The myastehnic globulin was found to bind to denervated acetylcholine receptors but not to normal acetylcholine receptors by a radioimmunoassay technique in which myasthenic globulin incubated with 125I-labeled alpha bungarotoxin-receptor complexes was precipitated by anti-IgG serum. The globulin binding was saturable over the same range as inhibition of toxin binding. The data suggest that the myasthenic IgC binds to a site on the receptor complex juxtaposed to the acetylcholine receptor site. The myasthenic globulin appears to be a useful probe for investigation differences between acetylcholine receptors extracted from normal and denervated muscle and for investigating the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis."
1138926,"Glomeruli were isolated from rat renal cortex and incubated with radioactive lysine to study in vitro collagen synthesis in these preparations. Glomerular basement membrane was obtained by sonication, and the appearance of [-14C]lysine and hydroxylysine in medium, membrane and intracellular proteins was determined. Total glomerular incorporation of [-14C]lysine into protein linearly increased for up to 2-h period, and membrane hydroxylysine content gradually rose during this time. Hydroxy[-14C]lysine was recovered in the 105 000 times g pellet, reaching a hydroxylysine content of 22 percent in this intracellular fraction after 90 min of incubation. 60 percent of the protein secreted into the medium, and about 75 percent of newly synthesized sonicated basement membrane was acetic acid soluble. Hydroxylysine content was 33 percent in the acetic acid-insoluble fraction of sonicated membrane, suggesting that basement-membrane collagen was a significant component of total collagen synthesized by these preparation, The ability of isolated glomeruli to synthesize and secrete basement-membrane protein will be useful for studies concerning control of glomerular collagen and basement-membrane synthesis."
1138927,"Previous in vitro studies to evaluate the possible role of cholesterol sulfate in the stabilization of the human erythrocyte membrane have been extended to the dog in vivo. Thus, following the injection of labelled cholesterol sulfate, a large fraction of the administered sterol conjugate is taken up by the membrane of the canine erythrocyte. Peak membrane levels were obtained within 30-60 min. Measurement of radioactivity associated with the plasma and red cell fractions in serial samples allowed the calculation of the half-life of cholesterol sulfate in each fraction. From the data obtained from the plasma of four dogs, the half-life was calculated to 5.8 plus or minus 0.9 h. The half-life of chlesterol sulfate associated with the erythrocyte membrane was calculated to be 6.7 plus or minus 1.2 h. In addition, following the intravenous administration of 0.2-0.7 mg of cholesterol sulfate/kg of body weight and withdrawal of serial blood samples, a significant diminution in the degree of hemolysis was observed when the red cells were exposed to hypotonic saline solutions. Maximal stabilization effects were observed at approx. 6-7 h after the administration of the sterol conjugate. Hemolytic properties returned to normal at approx. 24 h following the injection."
1138928,"Alcaligenes denitrificans, pre-incubated with D-alpha-aminoadipate and assayed for L-isomer uptake without removal of extracellular D-isomer, exhibits a reduced rate of uptake and a reduced level at which steady state is achieved. During D- or L-isomer uptake, intracellular alpha-aminoadipate is exclusively the L-configuration. These data are consistent with an intracellular, mediated reduction in L-isomer uptake as the physiological basis for preferential D-alpha-aminoadipate uptake by A. denitrificans growing on racemic alpha-aminoadipate. Translocated D-alpha-aminoadipate is rapidly metabolized to form an L-isomer pool which subsequently reduces the rate of L-isomer uptake and the level at which steady state occurs resulting in a preferred D-isomer uptake. Competitive inhibition of L-alpha-aminoadipate uptake by the D-isomer or a difference in the maximum rates of uptate uptake is an inducible process expressed only in the presence of that compound and while uptake of L-alpha-animoadipate is also inducible there is a low rate of constitutive uptake. While L-alpha-aminoadipate uptake occurs against a concentration gradient, uptake of the D-isomer is not against a gradient. D- and L-isomer uptake are active processes since both are inhibited by azide, cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol."
1138929,"Curve-fitting procedures indicated that exo-2-amino-bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) modified V and Km for one of two systems serving for histidine transport into the S37 ascites tumor cells. When this system was obliterated by leucine in the medium, BCH had no effect on histidine transport. Curve-fitting procedures similarly suggest N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid affected the Km and V values for the other histidine-transporting system and that carboxymethylhistidine (His(Cm)) inhibited both transport systems. His(Cm) further inhibited histidine uptake into leucine-inhibited cells. Km and V values were altered simultaneously in the presence of several inhibitory analogs. Alanine methyl ester markedly inhibited high-concentration histidine uptake, whereas leucine methyl ester markedly inhibited low-concentration histidine uptake. The present results confirm earlier suggestions that our high c system is Christensen's A system and our low c system his L system. We also confirm a very high degree of specificity of N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid for the A or high c system, and of BCH for the L or low c system. We suggest the utility of combining two approaches to the study of transport system properties; use of specific analogs and modification of biphasic plots. We demonstrate that the carboxyl group is not a prerequisite molecular feature for inhibitory interaction with the A or L system."
1138930,"The blood-brain barrier permeability to certain 14-C-labelled purine and pyrimidine compounds was studied by simultaneous injection in conjunction with two reference isotopes into the rat common carotid artery and decapitation 15s later. The amount of 14-C-labelled base or nucleoside remaining in brain was expressed in relation to 3-H2O (a highly diffusible internal standard) and 113m-In-labelled EDTA (an essentially non-diffusible internal standard). Of the 17 compounds tested, measurable, saturable uptakes were established for adenine, adenosine, guanosine, inosine and uridine. Two independent transport systems in the rat blood-brain barrier were defined. One transported adenine (Km equals 0.027 mM) and could be inhibited with hypoxanthine. Adenosine (Km equals 0.018 mM), guanosine, inosine and uridine all cross-inhibit, defining a second independent nucleoside carrier system. Adenosine inhibited [14-D]uridine uptake more effectively than did uridine, suggesting a weaker affinity of uridine for this nucleoside carrier."
1138931,"Transport of glycyl-L-leucine into isolated brush border membrane vesicles was studied. On the basis of the following observations it was postulated that glycyl-L-leucine was transported intact by a specific dipeptide mechanism. (1) The differing time course and Na-+ stimulation of glycine, L-leucine and glycyl-L-leucine. (2) The failure of glycine and L-leucine to inhibit glycyl-L-leucine transport. (3) Initial presence of dipeptide within the vesicle. (4) Inhibition of glycyl-L-leucine uptake by other dipeptides. (5) The occurrence of accelerated amino acid uptake in the presence of the dipeptide."
1138932,"The conformation and stability of artificial complexes between chicken erythrocyte DNA and homologous histones FV and F2a2 was studied by circular dichroism (CD) and thermal denaturation followed by both absorbance and CD measurements. The complexes are made after a stepwise potassium fluoride gradient dialysis without urea and studied at low ionic strength (10-minus 3 M). 1) No structural changes of the DNA can be detected up to r equals 0.2 with FV and r equals 0.6 for F2a2. With FV at higher values of r the CD spectrum is altered, indicating the organization of DNA and histones in some kind of aggregate. 2) The conformation of histone molecules inside the complexes is not related to the ionic strength of the medium but to an effective ionic environment close to 0.1 M. This ionic strength would also correspond to the melting temperature of histone-covered DNA. 3) From the analysis of the absorbance melting profile the length of DNA covered with an histone molecule can be estimated. A good agreement is found between the negative charge of this piece of DNA and the net positive charge of the histone. 4) Since the CD transition at 227 nm occurs before the second absorbance transition at 280 nm, the DNA is stabilized no longer by native histone but partially or fully denatured histones. The helical regions of the histone molecule are not involved in the binding process, which appears to be almost purely coulombian and most likely related to some structural fit between the pattern of negative charges in the DNA helix and that of positive charges along the peptide chain."
1138933,"Purified chicken erythrocyte histones FV and F2a2 were studied by means of circular dichroism as a function of ionic strength and temperature. The percentage of alpha-helical regions was calculated by comparison with reference spectra obtained with four standard proteins of known tertiary structure. Maximal alpha-helical organization, reached in high ionic strength, was estimated to 14% and 23% for FV and F2a2 respectively. We have compared our experimental determinations of the secondary structure of F2a2 with predictions made from amino-acid sequence according to Fasman's rules. When instability induced by the presence of charged residues close together is taken into account, a good agreement is found between predicted and observed values. The thermal denaturation of FV is cooperative and, unlike F2a2, seems to obey a two-state transition. The classical Arrhenius plot is linear, which indicates that the heat capacity is the same in both the native and the denatured state. Such a behaviour is typical of an expanded configuration of FV even in the ""native"" state."
1138934,"The DNA of aseptically grown protocorms of a Cymbidium hybrid and in vitro developed leaves, as well as DNA of leaves and flower buds of Cymbidium ceres from the greenhouse, was analysed by analytical ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation. Upon ultracentrifugation a satellite DNA with a buoyant density of 1.682 g/cm-3 appears as a shoulder on the main band (density 1.694 g/cm-3). Thermal denaturation reveals an inhomogeneous main peak with the major component melting at 84 degrees C and a separate peak melting at 75 degrees C. This is the first demonstration of a satellite DNA in a monocot, and one of the rare examples of a major A + T-rich DNA fraction in a plant."
1138935,"Xanthomonas phage XP-12 contains 5-methylcytosine completely replacing cytosine. This substitution confers several unusual properties upon XP-12 DNA. The buoyant density of XP-12 DNA in CsCl gradients is 1.710 g/cm-3, 0.16 g/cm-3 lower than that expected for a normal DNA with the same percentage of adenine plus thymine. The melting temperature for XP-12 DNA in 0.012 M Na+ is the highest reported for any naturally occurring DNA, 83.2 degrees C, 6.1 degrees C higher than that of normal DNAs with the same percentage of adenine plus thymine. Unlike the minor amounts of 5-methylcytosine found in most plant and animal DNAs, the 5-methylcytosine residues of XP-12 derive their methyl group from the 3-carbon of serine instead of from the thiomethyl carbon of methionine.  ."
1138936,"A DNA fraction highly enriched in tRNA genes can be isolated from the Xenopus laevis genome by the use of Ag+/Cs2SO4 density gradients. Ag+ shows a low affinity for some tRNA cistrons, allowing their separation from bulk DNA upon equilibrium centrifugation in a Cs2SO4 density gradient. Contaminating DNA in the resulting tDNA fraction is further removed by two additional CsCl density gradient centrifugations. The final DNA fraction is 60-fold enriched in tRNA genes, compared to the starting DNA material."
1138937,"1. Rates of RNA synthesis in isolated Xenopus embryo nuclei decrease from blastula through gastrula and neurula stages to hatching tadpoles. 2. In blastula and gastrula nuclei, net synthesis of RNA continues for over 30 min, both in the presence of KCl at 0.4 M and in its absence. In nuclei from later stages, net synthesis continues for only about 10 min in the absence of KCl. 3. At low ionic strength, RNA synthesis in all nuclei is greater with optimum Mg-2+ (6 mM) than with optimum Mn-2+ (1 mM). At high ionic strength the reverse is true. 4. An unusual feature, which gradually disappears as development proceeds, is that curves relating RNA synthesis to KCl concentration show a peak at 0.1 M KCl. In blastula nuclei, RNA synthesis is more rapid at 0.1 M KCl than at 0.4 M. 5. This peak at low ionic strength is not observed in the presence of the initiation inhibitor rifamycin AF/013. It is concluded that the peak arises from initiation of RNA synthesis by an excess of RNA polymerases bound non-specifically to the isolated nuclei. The residual synthesis, representing elongation of chains that were initiated in vivo, still declines as development progresses. 6. In blastula nuclei, over half of the RNA synthesis is effected by polymerase II (inhibited by alpha-amanitin), the proportion remaining roughly constant with increasing ionic strength. In neurula nuclei, the proportion rises from about one-half to three-quarters. The initiation-dependent peak in blastula and gastrula nuclei is contributed by both alpha-amanitin-sensitive and alpha-amanitin-resistant enzymes."
1138938,"The elution profiles of 17 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from chromatography of 149 000 x g supernatant on Sephadex G-200 were determined as well as the influence of different methods of homogenization and of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose on the elution profiles. With gentle homogenization all synthetases were eluted in the void volume in four different peaks, containing (a) leucyl- and phenylalanyl-, (b) lysyl-, prolyl-, isoleucyl-, methionyl-, glycl-, and valyl-, (c) arginyl-, alanyl-, and asparaginyl- and (d) aspartyl-, histidyl-, seryl-, threonyl-, glutaminyl-, and tyrosyl- tRNA synthetases. With less gentle homogenization, peaks of lower molecular weight appeared. More than two peaks for each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were never found. Of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined, alanyl-,arginyl-, aspartyl-, leucyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases were not inactivated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, whereas phenylalanyl- and seryl-tRNA synthetases lost 60% of their activity."
1138939,"The activities of 17 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been determined in liver and uterus preparations of mice. One group of mice were castrated and seven days later given 5 mug 17-beta-oestradiol in olive oil; a similar dose was given after 24 h. The animals were sacrificed one day later. A control group of mice which were also castrated, received olive oil without 17-beta-oestradiol. As the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may be found both in high molecular weight and low molecular weight forms, the forms present in the preparations are discussed. The activities of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from uterus augmented under the influence of 17-beta-oestradiol, but to different degrees. The increase in the activities of isoleucyl- and prolyl-tRNA synthetases was not significant. In liver, only the activity of lysyl-tRNA synthetase augmented significantly."
1138940,"DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A (Nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was isolated from whole yeast cells and purified to a nearly homogeneous state. The subunit structure as well as the transcription specificity of the purified enzyme were investigated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturating conditions revealed that yeast polymerase A is made up of two large subunits having mol. wts of 190 000 and 135 000, and five smaller subunits with mol. wts of 54 000, 44 000, 35 000, 25 000 and 16 000, respectively. The molar ratios of all these polypeptides were found to be about unity. The transcription specificity of yeast polymerase A was tested using homologous nuclear DNA as a template. The in vitro synthesized RNA was characterized by determining its degree of self-complementarity and its ability to compete with purified ribosomal RNA in hybridization experiments. It was found that yeast polymerase A is capable of a highly selective transcription in vitro of the rRNA cistrons, provided DNA of high integrity is used as a template."
1138971,"Fumarase from chicken heart is purified 400 times from the crude muscle extract. The isolation procedure includes ammonium sulfate fractionations, Bio-Gel P-300 column chromatography and electrofocusings on pH-gradients from pH 3 to 10 and from pH 7 to 9. Chicken fumarase behaves as an homogeneous protein in sedimentation, diffusion and electrofocusing studies; the protein possesses a single amino-terminal residue: lysine. The analysis of the CD and ORD spectra suggests the presence of 60-65 p. cent of alpha-helix, 0 - 5 p. cent of beta-structure with the remaining portions of the protein in an unordered conformation. Chicken fumarase is found to be composed of 4 subunits of identical molecular weight (51.000) and devoid of disulfide bridges. Finally, the physicochemical properties of chicken fumarase are compared with those of the porcine enzyme."
1138972,The authors describe a chromatographic mapping procedure of oligosaccharides present in acetolysates and partial acid hydrolysates of glycopeptides or glycoproteins. Oligosaccharides are first fractionated on charcoal-Celite columns and then identified by paper chromatography. This procedure is sensitive and reproducible and allows to compare the structure of N-glycans and of glycoproteins from various sources.
1138973,"Cow kappa-casein contains only three different sugars (Gal, GalNAc, NeuNAc). However detailed analyses achieved mainly by gas liquid chromatography suggested a microheterogeneity at the sugar level. After alkaline borohydride treatment, filtration on Bio-Gel P4 and paper chromatography, different carbohydrate parts were obtained. The two main compounds had the following molar compositions: GalNAc (1), Gal(1) and NeuNAc (1) and GalNAc (1), Gal(1) and NeuNAc (2). From these data and our previous sequence studies, some formulae of the polysaccharide part were proposed. One of them was closely related to the sugar sequence of a glycopeptide with MN activity which was in agreement with our observation concerning a cross antigenic reactivity between the N blood group substances and the caseinoglycopeptides. All the polysaccharide parts isolated from colostrum caseinoglycopeptide were much more complex than those obtained from the normal glycopeptide, confirming an evolution of the sugar part as a function of time after parturition."
1138974,"The molecular weights of the proteins from rabbit liver ribosomal 40 S and 60 S subunits were determined after preliminary separation of these proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis: each spot present in the polyacrylamide slab was cut off, eluted and rerun in a SDS one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weights range from 9,000 to 35,000 with a number-average molecular weight of 19,600 for the 40 S proteins, and from 9,400 to 52,000 with a number-average molecular weight of 23,600 for 60 S proteins."
1138975,"We have studied the intracellular location of double-stranded RNA from rat liver. The majority of this dsRNA is associated with nuclear and mitochondrial fractions and the remaining portion is associated with microsomes. Mitochondrial dsRNA hybridizes specifically with purified strands of mitochondrial DNA and seems therefore to arise from transcription of the latter. A fraction of nuclear dsRNA hybridizes with repetitive sequences of nuclear DNA. Because of self-hybridization of dsRNA strands, it was not possible to determine whether another fraction of DSRNA is homologous to nonrepetitive sequences of DNA. Both mitochondrial and nuclear types of dsRNA are not retained on oligo(dT) cellulose columns and therefore seem to lack long poly A sequences. The mechanism of formation of dsRNA is discussed."
1139013,The level of INMT activity was determined in the sera of 29 psychiatric patients and 11 healthy controls from St. Louis; and in 13 psychiatric patients and 15 healthy controls from Chicago. The level of enzyme activity in the serum of paranoid schizophrenics in the St. Louis group was significantly higher than in other types of schizophrenics. The mean level of enzyme activity in the serum in nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients in the Chicago group was significantly higher than that in the same group of patients from St. Louis. The serum level of INMT activity in all psychiatric patients and schizophrenic patients from St. Louis was positively correlated with severity of delusions. The only significant difference in the Chicago patients was that the occurrence of depressive features was greater in the group of patients with a low serum INMT level than in the group with a high enzyme level.
1139016,"This study was directed at examining the feasibility of using a respiratory-induced cardiac decelerative reflex as an unconditioned response (UCR) in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Experiment I assessed the reflexive features of the cardiac response under a respiratory procedure which involved 3 sec of exhalation, 4 sec of inhalation, and then 30 sec of breath-holding (BH). The results indicated that the BH onset aspect of this respiratory cycle involved a phasic, large-magnitude cardiac deceleration (27 beats/min) with short latency, fast recruitment, and no indication of habituation over trials. Experiment II examined the feasibility of using BH onset as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in a Pavlovian paradigm by presenting an auditory conditional stimulus (CS) 1 sec prior to the instructed BH aspect of the respiratory cycle. A separate control condition involved presenting the CS 10 sec after BH onset which constituted a 'backward' conditioning control. The results indicated that the conditioning group displayed a significant cardiac deceleration on CS-alone test trials (under normal breathing) in contrast to the absence of such an effect for the control group. In brief, the study suggested that a decelerative conditioned response (CR) could be established by using a respiratory-induced cardiac deceleration as a Pavlovian UCS. Potential clinical applications of such a decelerative CR were noted."
1139017,"Circadian rhythms in urinary catecholamine excretion, performance and self-ratings were studied in two experiments with a total of 29 subjects who were deprived of sleep for 72 hr. Adrenaline excretion and fatigue ratings showed the most consistent circadian variations; noradrenaline and performance rhythms were more irregular. The average crest phase for adrenaline excretion was around 1400 hr, for noradrenaline about 0800 hr, for performance 1700 hr and for fatigue 0500 hr. Twenty-four hour levels of performance and 'subjective arousal' decreased over the three days of sleep deprivation, while adrenaline excretion levels increased."
1139018,"Psychophysiological responses (GSP, GSR, heart rate and respiration) were monitored while the subjects viewed stressful stimuli. In balanced order the subjects were exposed to a condition in which they viewed the stimuli for 15 sec and a condition in which they could escape the stimulus. The subjects were divided into four groups according to level of trait anxiety and rod and frame scores. The results suggested that escape from stress produced different patterns of physiological activity than non-escape conditions. The changes were most noticeable for tonic GSP, non-specific GSR and heart rate. Field independent subjects differentiated the conditions physiologically and behaviorally to a greater extent than field independent subjects. It was speculated that field independent subjects are more dependent upon physiological cues to evaluate their perceptions and emotions than field dependent subjects."
1139019,"Slow EEG potentials were recorded during performance of a simple reaction task in which warning signal intensity was varied from trial to trial under foreperiod durations of 1, 3 and 8 sec. As shown by speed of reaction, the warning signal had an activating effect which increased with its intensity and decreased with foreperiod duration. This effect was related to the amplitude of a slow potential which appears in the EEG shortly after presentation of the warning signal. This potential is interpreted as a component of the orienting response regulating sensitivity to subsequent stimulation, so that reaction time is affected through change in the effective intensity of the imperative signal."
1139020,"In this study the ischemic nerve block (INB) technique is investigated as a procedure for blocking afferent information in the study of the sensory control of movements. A movement replication task is used. The results suggest that the elbow, wrist and metacarpal-phalangeal joints are at three different stages of sensory information loss or reduction. With the index finger, replications of joint position are not made in the correct direction significantly greater than chance. Error is also largest for the finger. The elbow joint appears to be least affected by the block. Motor impairment under the block is also investigated and the results show that there is a marked decrement in the force exerted in flexion and extension of the index finger, wrist and elbow joints after sensory drop-out. This finding indicates that there is substantial motor impairment of movements distal to the block. The limitations of the INB technique as a procedure for investigating the control of movement under conditions of sensory loss are discussed."
1139022,"Some recent innovations have been utilized to extend studies of the structure of calcified tissues on the ultra- and microstructural levels of organization. The introduction of hydrazine as a replacement for the conventionally used ethylene diamine to deproteinize calcified tissue samples has resulted in the acquisition of previously unobtainable information about the mineral phase as it exists in situ. This enables inference of mineral-organic interrelationships when coupled with the EDTA demineralization technique used to study collagen fiber frameworks. In addition, a method for obtaining whole single osteons and separating them into lamellar constituents permits observations of the collagen-apatite orientation within successive lamellae of compact Haversian bone. The use of the structural information derived to develop a fiber-reinforced model of compact bone as a composite material is outlined and discussed."
1139023,"The utilization of metal electrodes in the fabrication of a bioelectric battery has been the subject of intensive study for several years. Up to this date, subcutaneous cathodes of black platinum or of silver-silver chloride have been used in conjunction with anodes of aluminum or zinc. The subcutaneous black platinum is not reliable as a function of time due to the growth of overlying heterogeneous tissues. The utilization of a smooth platinum cathode in the right endoauricular position allows good reliability with time, but does not allow using a large surface area. Furthermore we have a reduction of the H-+ ions and not of the oxygen. A pure Domal magnesium anode was utilized with this cathode, which seemed to be a good compromise between to battery's voltage, its lifetime, and its lack of toxicity to body tissues."
1139024,The hydrolytic enzyme activity associated with the tissue reaction to implanted polyvinyl chloride rods containing graded concentrations of an organotin stabilizer was quantitated by microphotometry of tissue sections. The procedure was more sensitive to the effects of the additive than the usual histologic evaluation. It is considered that this type of approach offers a sensitive and objective index to supplement the more subjective morphologic observations in judging the acute histotoxicity of implants.
1139025,"Native human blood was exposed to polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and Silastic tubing for varying time intervals, following which the relative degree of activation of the intrinsic coagulation system and alterations in cell counts were determined. The effects of pre-exposure of Silastic to purified albumin, high-density lipoprotein, or protein polysaccharide upon subsequent reactivity of blood with these surfaces was determined. In addition, the effects of aspirin, dextran, heparin, and Warfarin on reactivity of blood with Silastic were determined. In each case, changes in coagulation and cell counts were correlated with ultrastructural features of test surfaces following their exposure to blood. Pre-exposure of Silastic to purified proteins had relatively little effect upon subsequent reactivity with blood, while the presence of antithrombotic agents produced numerous changes."
1139026,"A 6-month histologic study of vitreous carbon dental implants in dogs, without occlusion, has demonstrated that vitreous carbon is well tolerated by oral tissues in both permucosal and subgingival applications. Gingival tissues heal routinely and show the same degrees of irritation adjacent to the implant as tissues adjacent to natural teeth. Alveolar bone forms within grooves in the implant surface, providing mechanical retention, and both hard and soft tissues grow into the texture in the implant surface. The resulting interlocking between tissues and the implant appears to function effectively as a bacterial seal. The newly formed bone within the implant grooves appears to become more dense with time, resulting in a layer of dense bone surrounding the implant. No foreign body responses and no inflammation were observed in tissues adjacent to this implant material, and no degradation of the vitreous carbon implants was detected. A subsequent study of the implant under occlusion in dogs is also being conducted."
1139027,"Biomaterials have many uses in medicine and surgery but success in their use is often difficult to achieve. In this paper some of the deatures that contribute to the success or failure of biomaterials are discussed in relation to a hypothetical implant situation. The phenomena of biomaterial-tissue interfacial reactions, wear, prosthesis instability, infection, hypersensitivity and carcinogenesis are considered. Emphasis is given both to the causes and clinical significance of these phenomena and interpreted in terms of the furture prospects for the biomaterials."
1139028,The need for a device capable of performing the excretory functions of the liver during acute and chronic liver failure is described. Experience of artificial liver support systems is reviewed. The results of patients treatment with adsorbent haemoperfusion are discussed and problems of system design and biocompatibility are outlined.
1139029,"An important factor in the choice of a pacemaker ought to be its reliability following implantation. Unfortunately, as the total number of patients increases, handling of basic data becomes a tedious and time consuming task. Analysis of data becomes an even more arduous task. Proposals are made for somputer storage of pacemaker data so that regulare up-dated ""print-outs"" can be made available. Analysis by computer then becomes a trivial task. The advantage of a single data handling centre for the whole of the United Kingdom is particularly attractive."
1139030,"In a traditional intensive care unit handling of neonates in incubators is usually obstructed by a surrounding clutter of electrical cables and gas tubings used for monitoring care. To solve these problems, an overhead module, provided with electrical and gas supplies and storage facilities for monitoring equipment and apparatus, was developed. The unit is suspended from the ceiling by two columns which serve as conduits for the gas tubing system and electrical wiring separately. The unit described allows for a maximum of flexibility and convenience for care."
1139032,"The widespread introduction of ultrasonic diagnostics will depend upon the availability of simple-to-use, cost effective instruments producing results which are easily interpreted. There is scope for improvement in conventional two-dimensional scanning systems. Real-time display would allow the operator more effectively to interact with the machine. The identification of tissues may become possible. Blood flow volumes may be measured by the Doppler method, and hybrid Doppler/pulse-echo systems may have applications in the study of cardiovascular disease. Monitoring of foetal breathing may become routine. Time delay spectrometry holds some promise, but holography does not. Piezo-electric plastic transducers may be introduced."
1139033,"The measurement of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) has for some time now been regarded as an essential part of the management of newborn babies receiving oxygen therapy. A system for monitoring arterial oxygen tension by means of a catheter-tip transducer is described. Comparisons of the transducer output with PO2 obtained by blood sample analysis are discussed. Up to the present time the PaO2 of more than sixty sick newborn babies have been monitored using these transducers in the Neonatal Unit at University College Hospital. The results obtained with these transducers in the first eighteen babies are reported in detail and demonstrate the possibility of continuous, reliable measurement of PaO2 under routine clinical conditions."
1139034,"Recent studies of the intensity fluctuation spectra of coherent light scattered from striated muscle have demonstrated the existence of large scale fluctuations in position and polarizability at the level of the myofibrillar sarcomere and its major structural subunits during the steady state of contraction. The existence of these fluctuations implies a fluctuating driving force. Various possible fluctuating motions of the thick and thin filaments, A and I bands, and entire sarcomeres are described. The magnitude of the fluctuating forces associated with the making and breaking of cross bridges is estimated. A mechanical model is proposed for coupling structural elements of a single sarcomere to one another and for coupling myofibrillar sarcomeres to one another. It is shown that the fluctuating force generated by the spontaneous making and breaking of cross bridges in conjunction with the model accounts for some of the features of the observed intensity fluctuation spectra."
1139035,"Active sodium transport across epithelial membranes has been analyzed by means of linear nonequilibirium thermodynamics. In this formulation the rates of active sodium transport JNa and the associated metabolic reaction Jr are postulated to be linear functions of both the electrochemical potential difference of sodium--XNa and the affinity A (negative free energy) of the metabolic reaction of driving transport. Experimental studies in various epithelia demonstrate that both JNa and Jr (oxygen consumption) are indeed linear functions of XNa. Theoretical considerations and experimental studies in other systems suggest that likelihood of linearity in A as well. If so, A may be evaluated. Several observations indicate that the quantity A evaluated from the thermodynamic formalism does in fact reflect the substrate-product ratio of the metabolic reaction which supports transport. This is in contrast to measurements of mean cellular concentrations, which may not reflect conditions at the site of transport. Associated studies of isotope kinetics permit the distinction between effects on the permeability of the active and passive transport pathways. With these combined approaches, it may prove possible to characterize both the energetic and permeability factors which regulate transport. The formulation has been applied to an analysis of the mechanism of action of the hormone aldosterone."
1139036,"The effects of three ATP analogues, alpha,beta-methylene-ATP [ATP(alpha,beta-CH1)], adenosine 5'-0-(3-thiotrophosphate) [ATP(gamma-S)], and beta,gamma-amino-ATP [ATP(beta,gamma-NH)] at various concentrations and temperatures on the X-ray fiber diagrams of glycerinated flight muscles from a water bug (Lethocerus maximus) have been investigated. It is shown that the ""relaxed"" state can be obtained with all three analogues at high concentrations, the result being particularly clear with ATP(gamma-S). It is inferred that the binding of an ATP-like molecule suffices to produce the relaxed state. At low concentrations ATP(beta,gamma-NH) produces state intermediate between rigor and relaxed which is not simply a mixture of the two. The possible nature of the intermediate is discussed."
1139037,"Equilibrium between mitotic microtubules and tubulin is analyzed, using birefringence of mitotic spindle to measure microtubule concentration in vivo. A newly designed temperature-controlled slide and miniature, thermostated hydrostatic pressure chamber permit rapid alteration of temperature and of pressure. Stress birefringence of the windows is minimized, and a system for rapid recording of compensation is incorporated, so that birefringence can be measured to 0.1 nm retardation every few seconds. Both temperature and pressure data yield thermodynamic values (delta H similar to 35 kcal/mol, delta S similar to 120 entropy units [eu], delta V similar to 400 ml/mol of subunit polymerized) consistent with the explanation that polymerization of tubulin is entropy driven and mediated by hydrophobic interactions. Kinetic data suggest pseudo-zero-order polymerization and depolymerization following rapid temperature shifts, and a pseudo-first-order depolymerization during anaphase at constant temperature. The equilibrium properties of the in vivo mitotic microtubules are compared with properties of isolated brain tubules."
1139038,"A family is described in which a syndrome resembling moderately severe classic hemophilia was apparently inherited as an X chromosome-linked trait. In two affected individuals, the titer of functional antihemophilic factor varied dramatically from time to time, while the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin was impaired in no apparent relationship to AHF functional activity. A transfusion of 200 ml of fresh-frozen plasma did not correct the serum prothrombin times in either patient. In vitro, the additions of 10% of normal plasma or serum or washed plain or frozen platelets also did not normalize the serum prothrombin times. No inhibitor could be demonstrated in the blood of either patient.  In one patient, RH, dissipation of infused cryoprecipitated AHF was abnormally slow, and, after an intensive course of transfusion of cryoprecipitate and whole blood, the titer of functional AHF remained at normal levels for at least 1 wk. The plasma of RH inhibited a human antibody against AHF in proportion to its titer of functional AHF (i.e., the defect was CRM-) despite the presence of relatively greater amounts of antigenic material recognized by heterologous antiserum. No qualitative abnormality of the AHF-like material in RH's plasma was identified. Inheritance of the abnormality appears superficially to be X chromosome-linked; on this assumption, three of four obligate carriers of the disorder were recognized by the presence of excess amounts of AHF-like antigens relative to AHF functional activity. This coagulation disorder has been designated Heckathorn's disease and may presage the discovery of other examples of hemophilia-related syndromes."
1139041,"An 18-yr-old female with chronic active hepatitis developed a severe anemia due to a lack of red cell production. Her bone marrow showed many large proerythroblasts but an almost complete lack of more mature erythroblasts. Incubation of the marrow cells in a normal medium with erythropoietin concentrate led to increased erythropoiesis as indicated by the development of mature erythroblasts as well as a ninefold increase in hemoglobin synthesis. The patient's plasma was cytotoxic for erythroblasts. Following splenectomy, a remission of the disease occurred. This study indicates that in some cases the anemia associated with abundant marrow proerythroblasts and the absence of mature erythroblasts has the same pathogenesis as pure red cell aplasia and that splenectomy may be beneficial when there is a lack of response to immunosuppressive drugs."
1139042,"The disposition of sympathetic transmitter within the wall of rat femoral and rabbit saphenous arteries has been studied during sympathetic stimulation. Using a histochemical fluorescence technique, sharply delineated bead-like fluorescent spots representing sympathetic nerve terminals were found at the adventitio-medial junction. In specimens excised during sympathetic nerve stimulation, the entire media was veiled by fluorescent material representing noradrenaline which had diffused into that layer after release. The localization of the nerve terminals in controls as well as diffusion of transmitter during stimulation in the rat femoral artery was corroborated by autoradiography of tritiated noradrenaline."
1139043,"The effects of phenoxybenzamine and norepinephrine (NE) on the release of tritiated NE were studied in spiral strips of the rabbit pulmonary artery. Phenoxybenzamine increased the tritiated NE efflux induced by transmural stimulation at 4 Hz by a factor of three. The magnitude of this effect was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation. NE (2.5 times 10- minus 6 M) decreased the enhancing effect of short exposure but not long exposure to phenoxybenzamine, probably by surmounting the phenoxybenzamine blockade of the alpha-adrenergic receptors on the adrenergic nerve terminal. The transmitter output per pulse increased with the frequency from 4 to 16 HZ and decreased at 32 HZ. This evidence suggests that a negative feedback mechanism does operate in this vascular preparation but, probably because of the wide neuromuscular cleft, is less effective than in tissues with a narrower synaptic interval."
1139044,"The uptake of 14C-angiotensin was studied in canine cutaneous blood vessels in vitro. T/M ratios of 14C were 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.5 after 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. The T/M of 14C-sorbitol, an extracellular marker, was 0.4. No difference in the T/M ratios of C14 was found between normal and chronically denervated vessels incubated with 14C-angiotensin; however, the uptake  of 3H-norepinephrine was markedly decreased in the denervated preparation. The 14C taken up by the vessels after 30 min of incubation appeared to comprise both intact angiotensin and metabolites. These results suggest that a small quantity of intact angiotensin may be bound by vascular tissue, but is not concentrated in adrenergic nerve endings."
1139045,"Canine lateral saphenous vein and human greater saphenous vein were studied together to detmine similarities and differences. Helical strips of both vessels contracted to norepinephrine with similar sensitivity. Canine veins developed more isometric tension than human veins treated similarly. Histological studies show canine veins to have little connective tissue and a single circular layer of smooth muscle. Human veins have much connective tissue and three layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer, middle longitudinal layer and outer circular layer."
1139046,"Vasogenic cerebral edema was induced in rabbits by cold injury. Benzopyrone treatment, started 15 min after freezing, significantly reduced both brain edema and the increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. On the other hand benzopyrone-treatment was without any effect in cytotoxic brain edema induced in rats by triethyl tin poisoning."
1139051,"Two experiments were conducted with laying hens to evaluate the effect of technical grade DDT on estrogen metabolism by liver microsomes using an assay which measured the metabolism of estradiol-17beta-4-14C. In Experiment I feeding 500 ppm DDT in the diet had no significant effect on estrogen metabolism after 10 days. However, the metabolism was increased after 18 days and more than doubled after 51 days. In Experiment II hens were fed diets containing 0, 300, 600 or 1200 ppm DDT and estrogen metabolism by liver microsomes was examined at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days. A significant increase in estrogen metabolism was seen at 14 days with the feeding of 600 or 1200 ppm DDT and at 21 days with 300 ppm DDT. The ability to metabolize estrogen reached a maximum increase of approximately two-fold in all hens fed DDT. This required 14 days when the birds were fed 1200 ppm DDT, 21 days when fed 600 ppm DDT and 35 days when fed 300 ppm DDT. The increase in estrogen metabolism caused by DDT was found to be dose and time dependent."
1139052,"White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing 0, 300, 600, or 1200 ppm technical grade DDT for three 28-day periods. The 1200 ppm diet caused tremors and 33% mortality in the final period, but no gross toxicity symptoms were seen in birds fed the other diets. Egg production was decreased during the third period by 600 or 1200 ppm. Egg weight was decreased during the third period by 600 or 1200 ppm. Egg weight was decreased during the last two periods by 1200 ppm. Shell thickness was decreased in all three periods by feeding 600 or 1200 ppm DDT. Dietary DDT caused no change that could be detected by shell beta backscatter. Shell weight as a percent of total egg weight was decreased by 600 or 1200 ppm DDT."
1139054,"The results are described of the residue determination of quintozene, hexachlorobenzene, dichloran and pentachloroaniline in soil and lettuce after application of different quantities of quintozene just before and two weeks after planting. The results indicate that quintozene, hexachlorobenzene and dichloran are readily taken up by lettuce from the soil and that quintozene is metabolised to pentachloroaniline resulting in residues of these compounds in lettuce."
1139055,"Extraction of the chlorophenoxy acids 2,4-D and dichlorprop in cereals has been examined by analyzing barley from spraying experiments. A procedure has been set up by combination of acid hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation followed by extraction and clean up on either silica gel or basic aluminum oxide. The final determination is based on reaction with diazomethane and subsequently GLC with ECD. This procedure was compared with two different extraction procedures previously described in the literature. The one comparative procedure uses a mixture of 50% diethyl ether/hexane in presence of sulphuric acid and resulted in residues up to ten times lower than found after the combined acid hydrolysis/enzymatic degradation procedure. In the second comparison a direct extraction was made with a mixture of 65% (v/v) acetonitrile in water. No differences were found between this and the combined acid hydrolysis/enzymatic degradation procedure."
1139056,"Barbiturate potentiation was observed in Japanese quail fed dietary levels of 4, 21, and 24 ppm Hg as methyl mercuric chloride. Gross symptoms of mercury poisoning were not observed until after BP was observed. After the initial increase in BP time was observed in the birds receiving 4 and 12 ppm mercury, there followed a plateau in response until those birds receiving 24 ppm Hg began to show gross symptoms of toxicity and the BP time markedly rose again. Pronounced BP persisted 7 weeks after removal of mercury from the diet reflecting the long biological half-life of mercury as the methyl derivative. Selenium effectively prevented BP after 7 days exposure to toxic levels of methyl mercury chloride. Therefore, results suggest that early toxic effects of mercury can be observed readily by BP and that this environmental contaminant may influence drug activity or increase the sensitivity of the nervous system to sodium pentobarbital."
1139060,"When male and female coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) were given a single subacute oral dose (5.62 mg/kg) of the avian frightening agent 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and paired with untreated mates, there was no effect on the reproductive performance of males; egg production of females was reduced the third week after treatment but recovered during the fourth week. Chronic exposure to 31.6, 100, and 316 ppm of 4AP in the diet of mated pairs did not affect reproductive performance during or after the 4- or 6-week period the chemical was fed, but no birds fed 1,000 ppm produced live chicks after treatment began and all died within 3 weeks. The 28-day LC50 of 4AP was determined to be 447 ppm for male coturnix and 562 ppm for females. F1 progeny from quail fed 31.6, 100, and 316 ppm 4AP and randomly mated at maturity showed no reproductive effects from their parents' exposure."
1139061,"The operations and accomplishments of the Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), the regional medical library of the Pan American Health Organization, are summarized. Aspects of BIREME's program which are described include: strengthening biomedical collections in Latin America, network organization, international cooperation, document and information delivery, bibliographic services, and educational efforts."
1139062,"The medical Library Association's present program of continuing education began with the presentation of courses at the annual meeting in San Francisco in 1964. Since that time the range and scope of the Association's continuing education activities have grown rapidly. This paper examines the growth of those activities, assesses the present role of the Committee on Continuing Education, and considers some of the implications of the proposed certification code on the work of the Committee on Continuing Education."
1139064,"The literature of medical librarianship of Nigeria is reviewed. The staff structure of Nigerian univeristy libraries and, in particular, of the medical libraries attached to them is restrictive, unprogressive, and unconducive to the development of medical librarianship in Nigeria. These medical libraries should cease to be administered and regarded as just unavoidable appendages of the main university libraries. They should be independent, full-fledged libraries of their own, recognixed as full academic departments of their respective colleges or faculties, with their heads being in no way inferior in status to other heads of academic departments. The granting of faculty status to Nigerian unviersity librarians should go the whole way and let the principle of multiple professorships be applied to the staff structure of unviersity libraries. Efforts are being made to effect bibliographic organization of Nigerian medical literature. A national library of medicine for Nigeria, however, humble its beginning, should be established."
1139070,"1. The cyclic analogue of dopamine, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) was injected into the lateral ventricle or bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus of conscious rats and its effect on locomotor activity was investigated. 2. When given intraventricularly, ADTN produced some stereotyped responses which were followed by a strong and long lasting stimulation of locomotor activity. When administered bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens a similar stimulation of locomotor activity was observed. ADTN had no effect on locomotor activity when injected bilaterally into the caudate nucleus. 3. The ADTN-induced locomotor stimulation following its intraventricular injection was completely abolished by a low dose of pimozide (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) or haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Pimozide (1 mg/kg, i.p.) given 30 min before ADTN injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens completely blocked locomotor stimulation. 4. Unilateral injections of ADTN (5 mug) into the nucleus accumbens caused locomotor stimulation but no turning. 5. Bilateral injections into the nucleus accumbens of 2-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene or 0.9 percent w/v NaCl solution had no effect on locomotor activity. 6. It is concluded that the central stimulant action of ADTN is due to an effect on the dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens."
1139071,"1. The effects of tyramine and isoprenaline on hypothalamic blood flow (HBF) were measured in conscious rabbits. 2. Injections of small doses of tyramine caused an increase in HBF while larger doses caused a decrease in HBF. 3. Isoprenaline injections also produced an increase in HBF. 4. The vasodilatation induced by isoprenaline and the small dose of tyramine was blocked by propranolol. 5. The vasoconstriction induced by the larger doses of tyramine was abolished by phenoxybenzamine. 6. Chemical sympathectomy of the hypothalamus with 6-hydroxydopamine and depletion of biogenic amines by reserpine also abolished tyramine-induced vasocoonstriction. 7. These results suggest the presence of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in cerebral resistance vessels, and that these receptors may be activated by released (endogenous) noradrenaline."
1139072,1. The effect of muscarinic and neuroleptic agents on the turning behaviour induced by methamphetamine and apomorphine in rats with unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra induced by 6-hydroxydopamine has been examined. 2. Turning towards the side of the lesion induced by (+)-methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) was inhibited by alpha-flupenthixol (1 mg/kg) and alpha-clopenthixol (8 mg/kg) but not by high doses of their beta-isomers. 3. Turning was inhibited by chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) and pimozide (0.2 mg/kg). Thioridazine and clozapine (16 mg/kg) were ineffective. Turning in the same direction produced by scopolamine (10 mg/kg) was also inhibited by alpha-flupenthixol (1 mg/kg) and pimozide (0.25 mg/kg). 4. Turning produced by methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) was inhibited by oxotremorine (0.75 mg/kg) even in the presence of methylatropine (5 mg/kg). 5. Turning away from the side of the lesion induced by apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) was inhibited by oxotremorine (0.75 mg/kg) but not by thioridazine or clozapine (16 mg/kg). 6. These results are discussed with regard to the mode of action of neuroleptic drugs in producing anti-psychotic effects and drug-induced Parkinsonism.
1139073,"The body temperature of rats has been studied in a cold environment. In this setting, bromocriptine induced hypothermia. This fall in core temperature was inhibited by pimozide. It was concluded that bromocriptine has a dopamine-like action in areas of the brain concerned with the control of body temperature, as has previously been shown for apomorphine and amphetamine."
1139074,"1. The effect of clonidine on the direct excitability of hypothalamic, medullary and spinal vasomotor loci has been investigated in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. Clonidine inhibited the excitability of these loci when it was localized to the central sites by intracerebroventricular, intravertebral arterial or intrathecal injection in very low doses (1-2 mug). 3. Topical application of clonidine (0.01 percent and 1.0 percent) to the floor of the fourth ventricle inhibited pressor responses evoked either by stimulation of medullary or hypothalamic vasomotor areas. Inhibition of the pressor responses was accompanied by hypotension and bradycardia in many experiments. 4. It appears that effects of clonidine on the vasomotor loci of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord contribute to its hypotensive action."
1139075,"1. The aminosteroid Org. NA13 (3alpha-dimethylamino-5alpha-androstan-2beta-ol-17-one) was shown to be a more potent local anaesthetic than lignocaine in rats and guinea-pigs. 2. Experimental arrhythmias induced in mice by chloroform, in rats by aconitine and in dogs by coronary artery ligation were corrected by Org. NA13 at doses from 10 to 50 mg/kg intravenously. 3. In contrast to lignocaine, other local anaesthetics and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Org. NA 13 did not show any activity against the arrhythmias induced by ouabian in dogs. 4. The acute toxicity in whole animals and myocardial toxicity in the rabbit isolated atrium appeared to be less than that observed with lignocaine."
1139076,"1. The effects of cocaine (20 mg/kg s.c.) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover were examined in rats. 2. In vivo cocaine administration resulted in decreased turnover of 5-HT, as indicated by the decreased accumulation of 5-HT after pargyline administration and the decreased accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) following probenecid injection. 3. A time-related decrease in 5-HIAA concentrations and a small fall in 5-HT concentrations in the whole brain were observed following the acute administration of cocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg). Tryptophan levels were found to be slightly decreased in the brain. 4. Enhanced reactivity, but neither stereotypy nor hyperthermia, was observed following cocaine injection (20 mg/kg). 5. It is concluded that cocaine inhibits the turnover of brain 5-HT and that this action of cocaine may be responsible for the differences in a number of pharmacological effects between cocaine and amphetamine."
1139077,"1. The effects of phenylephrine and isoprenaline on the isometric contraction of guinea-pig ventricle were compared over the whole range of their respective dose-response curves. 2. In preparations driven at 2.5 Hz the increase in contractile force induced by either isoprenaline of phenylephrine was linearly correlated to an increase in maximum velocity of force development. The relaxation time was shortened by isoprenaline but not by phenylephrine. 3. The negative inotropic effect induced by delta [N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-N-methyl-amino]-alpha-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)alpha-isopropylvaleronitrile hydrochloride (D(600)) was reversed by isoprenaline, but little influenced by phenylephrine. 4. The study of the interval-force relationship shows that the increase in contractile force induced by phenylephrine (3 X 10(-5) M) was relatively greater at low frequencies of stimulation, and that the maximum effect was reached at the frequency of 1 Hz. 5. The positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine (10-4 M) was significantly higher at a frequency of 1 Hz than at 2.5 Hz; the effect of isoprenaline (3 x 10-8 M) was not significantly different at the two driving frequencies. 6. In preparations driven at 1 Hz the inotropic effect of the lower concentrations of phenylephrine was due to an increase in the time to peak tension without any change of the maximum velocity of force development; however an increase of this parameter became evident only after higher concentrations of the amine (10-5 M or more), associated with a progressive shortening of the time to peak. 7. A correlation between mechanical and electrophysiological effects of phenylephrine is attempted; the suggestion is advanced that the prolongation of the action potential and of the active state duration may be an important factor in the inotropic effect of phenylephrine."
1139088,"The discovery of a number of phosphate complexes labelled with 99-Tc-m that localize in bone has aroused wide-spread interest in bone scanning. The physiological properties of these and other clinically useful bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals are compared, and their physical properties assessed in relation to the characteristics and limitations of avilable detector systems. A hypothesis is put forward to explain the behaviour of the technetium-labelled agents. It is concluded that although there are differences in biochemical behaviour between these agents, strontium and fluorine, all three may, under suitable conditions, give similar clinical information. The radiation dose received by the patients is least with the usual dose of 99-Tc-m and the blood clearance of the diphosphonate and pyrophosphate preparations is faster than that of strontium, although slower than fluorine. The psi-ray energy of technetium permits a much greater efficiency of detection than of fluorine. These factors, toghether with the general availability of 99-Tc-m and its relatively low cost make the technetium diphosphonate or pyrophosphate preparations the agents of choice for most skeletal radioisotope imaging. However, there are as yet insufficient follow-up studies to be able to assess the incidence of either false-negative or false-positive findings with these agents."
1139089,"The posterior tracheal band (PTB)  is a thin band of uniform width consisting primarily of the posterior tracheal wall which is observed almost constantly in a well-positioned and exposed lateral view of the chest. It is formed by two interfaces; and internal junction line between the inner tracheal wall and air in the lumen, and an external junction line between the adventitial surface of the right posterior wall (with paper-thin mediastinal covering) and aerated lung in the right retrotracheal recess. Any pathological process in the mediastinum, pleura or right upper lobe medially which affects the external interface causes an alteration or disappearance of the PTB. Anatomical studies explaining the formation of the PTB and clinical cases showing its alteration or disappearance are presented."
1139090,"Eighty colour subtractions of cerebral angiograms have been analysed to assess their value in actual diagnosis, particularly of cerebrovascular disease. The method has been found to be so valuable, either for confirmation of the findings seen on the original angiograms or in providing new data about the accurate localization and nature of the lesion, that it has now become a routine for all cerebrovascular cases. A selection of cases is presented and the limitations of the method discussed."
1139091,"Endocrinologists tend to accept minor variations of the pituitary fossa as evidence of the presence of a pituitary gland abnormality. Neuroradiologists tend to be sceptical. Normal criteria have not been established. In a consecutive series of 85 cases without any clinical evidence of a pituitary lesion, the plain films in 31.7 per cent demonstrated minor duplication of the floor or anterior wall of the pituitary fossa (with or without associated thinning and possible erosion of the lamina dura), which could be mistaken for the early signs of pituitary enlargement by an intrasellar tumour. 16.5 percent showed thinning of the lamina dura on tomography a feature previously taken as suggesting early enlargement. It is suggested that these particular diagnostic signs should be interpreted with caution."
1139092,"Positive correlation between the mineral content of the mid site of right third metacarpal and neck of femur has been established using the psi-ray absorption technique described by Shimmins et al. (1972b) to make measurements on excised human bones. An X-ray method (Anderson, Shimmins and Smith, 1966; Shimmins et al. 1972a) was used to measure the mineral content of the right third metacarpal in 101 female and 22 male patients with subcapital fracture of the ferum. When their metacarpal ""whole bone densities"" were compared with those of control subjects of the same age and sex, they were found to have significantly lower (P smaller than (0.025) average values. However, groups of patients defined according to Garden's classification of severity of fracture could not be distinguished one from the other on the basis of metacarpal whole bone density measurement."
1139094,"The characteristics of three colloidal preparations of 90-Y currently used for the irradiation of chronic synovitis of the knee have been studied. One, 99-Y silicate, showed less leakage away from the joint than the other two preparations, 90-Y ferric hydroxide and 90-Y citrate. Comparable amounts of 90-Y were taken up regional lymph nodes when the silicate and ferric hydroxide forms were used; the greatest irradiation of regional lymph-nodes occured using the citrate form. In this respect all three preparations are inferior to the previously used preparation 90-Y resin colloid which is no longer manufactured."
1139095,"With the exception of haemopoietic tissue quantitative studies of the effects of irradiation on replicating normal tissue call systems in vivo have previoulsy been confined to epitelial tissuss. A similar sheath of fibroblasts to that surrounding the crypts of Lieberkühn in the colon, which it is climed undergoes constant renewal and migration, has now been identified in the rectum and thereby it may become possible to follow the cellular response to irradiation of a mesenchymal tissue. The numbers and the distribution of the pericrytal fibroblasts in normal human rectum following irradiation, both in air and hyperbaric oxyge, have been stuided in serial biopsies of rectal mucosa taken from patients who were being treated for advanced pelvic maliganancies. The results indicate that during a course of irradiation the fibroblasts cell count falls on a time-scale very closely associated with that seen in the epithelial cells. Only some immediate recovery occurs in the fibroblast system, in contrast to the adjacent epithelial cell system where full recovery seems to take place. The fibroblast system, moreover, shows a gradually diminishing trend during the first year, whilst the epithelial cell numbers appear to be maintained. The interpretation of these data are discussed. Evidence is provided that when patients breath hyperbaric oxygen during irradiation more extensive depression of cell numbers occurs, but after recovery there is essentially no difference in the cell counts - finding that accord with those previously reported fro epithelial cells in the crypts of the rectal mucosa."
1139114,"Calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were estimated in the 24-hour urine collections of 101 idiopathic male stone-formers, 89 male patient controls and 59 young male adult controls. The results were calculated in terms of 24-hour volume and 1 g of creatinine. The concentrations of the 4 cations, relative to a gram of creatinine, were also determined in the early-morning urines of 41 male stone-formers and 13 young male adult controls. No difference was observed in the 24-hour excretion of calcium, magnesium and sodium between the stone-formers and controls. The mean daily potassium excretion, however, was significantly reduced in the urine of stone-formers. The linear regression equations were calculated for calcium on magnesium, calcium on sodium, and calcium on potassium, using the 24-hour excretion values of these cations. Only the calcium on potassium line of stone-formers was significantly different from that of the normal subjects. A significant increase by stone-formers in the urinary calcium concentration of their early-morning specimens was found. The high concentration of urinary calcium in overnight urines of stone-formers combined with a low magnesium concentration might possibly contribute to the development of renal stone disease."
1139115,"3 patients with suspected renal segmental ischaemia are presented. In 2 of them segmental renal artery stenosis was demonstrated radiographically and the differential renal function studies predicted the outcome of surgery accurately. In the last patient no segmental renal artery stenosis was demonstrated on angiography, and surgery did not benefit this patient in spite of positive differential renal function studies for ""curable"" renal segmental ischaemia. Some haemodynamic aspects, as expressed by the differential renal function studies, are discussed."
1139116,"In the past 9 years we have encountered 3 renal space-occupying lesions, which were ""avascular"" at arteriography but which appeared to be tumours, as shown by renal puncture of ""antegrade"" pyelography, All had an irregular inner border demonstrated. The investigation and radiological diagnosis of such masses is discussed thad compared with that of renalcysts."
1139119,"Ureteral motility was studied in 40 subjects with normal urinary tract systems. Although the contraction waves were often monophasic in shape some were characterised by the presence of a notch on the contraction or relaxation limb of the peristaltic complex, indicating that notched complexes do not necessarily signify obstructive uropathy. Retrograde filling of the bladder to within its physiologic limits with isotonic saline solution markedly changed the pattern of the ureteral activity."
1139120,"In order to make an accurate comparison between ileal and colonic conduits, and ileal conduit was created from one kidney and a non-refluxing colonic conduit from the other kidney in 16 adult mongrel dogs. Colonic loops do not reflux, have equal resting pressures and rate of emptying when contrasted with ileal conduits, and carry a lower incidence of stomal complications. Colonic conduits respond more favourably to acute occlusion and produce a significantly lower rate of pyelonephritis at 3 months. These factors suggest that colonic conduits offer a definite advantage for long-term urinary diversion."
1139122,"The 11th case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the glans penis is reported. Aetiology and treatment are discussed and evidence adduced to support a conservative surgical approach by local excision, supplemented if necessary by low dosage irradiation and possibly methotrexate infusion."
1139124,"A case of sarcoidosis of the penis is reported which initially caused ulceration around the external urethral meatus. After an immediate response to steroid therapy, the disease recurred locally in spite of continuing therapy and involved other parts of the penis. Partial amputation of the penis was performed but further ulceration occurred at the cut ends of the corpora cavernosa in the penile stump. This ulceration healed after radiotherapy."
1139127,"Prompted by an encounter with a symptomatic case, a study has been made of hydronephrosis complicating operations for aortic reconstruction. Twenty patients operated upon consecutively for occlusive vascular disease and undergoing reconstructions involving the use of synthetic material in the vicintiy of the ureter have been investigated by intravenous pyelography. The incidence of hydronephrosis in pyelograms after a year or more was 10 per cent  of the patients and  5-7 per cent of the ureters at risk. Dilatation, when it arose, was always apparent in the immediate postoperative period, but half of the dilatations evident at that time resolved within a year."
1139128,The efficacy of small perioperative doses of subcutaneous heparin in preventing deep vein thrombosis has been studied in a controlled clinical trial on 64 patients undergoing elective hip surgery. The results indicate that the regimen of sodium heparin used was safe provided that the correct dose is given. It reduced the frequency of postoperative deep vein thrombosis from 37 to 7 per cent.
1139129,"Following truncal vagotomy some patients develop dysphagia, which rarely can progress to complete obstruction. It has been postulated that haematoma formation in the tissues surrounding the lower oesophagus may lead to peri-oesophageal fibrosis and compression of the lumen of the oesophagus. This has been confirmed by open operation in only a few patients. A case is described in which oesophageal obstruction occurred 3 weeks after a vagotomy and pyloroplasty had been performed."
1139130,"Iron deficiency anaemia is common following vagotomy and gastro-enterostomy, and this study has shown that all the anaemic patients had low gastric secretion. After correction of their anaemia, gastric secretion was increased, but was still very low, and when these levels were compared with secretion in fit non-anaemic patients it was found that the latter group had a significantly higher secretion, and that a high proportion of them showed evidence of incomplete vagotomy. These results suggest that there is a relationship between the levels of gastric secretion in patients after vagotomy and gastro-enterostomy and the development pf anaemia. It may be that inadequate gastric secretion impairs the release of elemental iron from the diet and its subsequent absorption."
1139131,"Four cases of pancreatic pseudocyst in African children are described. There is some evidence that they followed pancreatitis of unknown aetiology. None had a history of trauma. Three were treated by cystogastrostomy, and the fourth by excision of the cyst."
1139134,"Caecal rupture due to colonic ileus is rare and has a mortality rate of 43 per cent. Three new cases are presented and the 18 previously reported cases are reviewed. The disease has always occurred in association with another illness, has usually afflicted patients over the age of 55 and has only resulted when the caecum was at least 9 cm in diameter. The technique of 'blow-hole' caecostomy, a method for decompressing the distended caecum, is described."
1139135,"One hundred and ninety-six members of 15 families with Gardner's syndrome were investigated to determine the type of skin cyst that is part of this syndrome. These were shown to be epidermoid cysts and not pilar cysts or steatocystoma multiplex. They were solitary or multiple and seldom large and disfiguring. The skin cysts often occurred before the intestinal polyps were detectable. The presence of epidermoid cysts in children should be an indication for sigmoidoscopy when the child reaches the age of 14 years, and at 3-yearly intervals thereafter up to the age of 30 years, whether or not there is a family history of polyposis coli. At present it is not possible to say if Gardner's syndrome is the same as, or different from, familial polyposis. Until all patients with colonic polyps have a full clinical examination, looking for skin cysts and osteomas, X-rays of the skull and long bones to detect osteomas and dental X-rays for abnormalities of the teeth this question will remain unanswered."
1139137,"Eleven cases of bilateral extradural haematomas were encountered in a total of 49 cases of extradural haematoma during a period of 4 years among 1000 consecutive cases of acute head injury. Assault was held responsible for 60 per cent of the total head injuries. Most of the patients were seen late; 8 were already unconscious and 5 had dilated fixed pupils. All 11 patients died, 4 soon after admission. Nine cases were found to have associated brain damage at autopsy. In 2 cases bilateral extradural haematomas with compression of the brain were the only intracranial abnormalities. In 4 cases a clost was missed on conventional exploration."
1139138,The notes of 158 patients who had undergone surgery of the parotid gland for benign and malignant disease were studied to discover the circumstances in which the facial nerve might be injured. Limited surgery carried as great a risk of injury to the facial nerve as during extended surgery. Extended surgery provided greater risk of injury to the facial nerve on secondary exploration (71 per cent) than on primary exploration (6-5 per cent). It is concluded that every primary exploratory procedure of the parotid gland should be a formal conservative parotidectomy unless the tumour is obviously malignant.
1139139,"The method of using phenol injections for the treatment of pilonidal sinus is described in detail. This is a simple, safe and painless method which may be used as a day case procedure. The results are discussed and compare very favourably with the more radical forms of treatment."
1139140,"A retrospective review has been carried out on 200 randomly selected patients with ingrowing toenail in order to assess the surgical management and its results. There was a predominance of males between the ages of 11 and 30 with an ingrowing toenail. Despite the high recurrence rate following simple avulsion of the toenail, its place in the initial management of the condition is justified. As regards more definitive surgery, total proximal nail bed ablation was found to give the best results. Sepsis at the time of operation neither increased the recurrence rate nor caused severe postoperative sepsis. A surgical management policy for the treatment of ingrowing toenail is outlined and discussed."
1139150,"Impaction of foreign bodies in the oesophagus was analysed in 54 patients, 45 of whom were children. Of the 45 children 28 were aged 2-4 years. Coins were the most common foreign body in children (27 cases) while in adults a bolus of meat was most common (nine cases). In 41 children there was no predisposing factor, but an underlying mechanism was detected in 88% of the adults. The mechanisms were of three types: oesophageal (stricture), neuromuscular (myasthenia gravis), and extrinsic and mechanical (ankylosing spondylitis). In children most of the foreign bodies were impacted in the upper oesophagus at the cricopharyngeal junction, which is the narrowest part of the oesophagus, while in adults the foreign body was usually impacted at the site of the predisposing lesion or in the lower oesophagus. In all patients oesophagoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia to remove the impacted foreign body. Complications were more frequent in adults, mainly owing to the underlying condition."
1139151,"An average of 10-5 E.C.G.s were recorded weekly in a health centre used by 32 general practitioners serving a population of almost 65,000. The main indication for an E.C.G. was chest pain (73%). 47% of the E.C.G.s were abnormal. A change in clinical diagnosis occurred in 28% of cases and in patient management in 16%. A significant number of these changes were unwarranted, however. It is recommended that the E.C.G.s should be recorded by suitably trained nurses and reported by a specially trained general practitioner. Further education of general practitioners in the clinical use of the E.C.G. is required."
1139174,"Pulled elbow is a common condition but may not be recognized by practitioners unaware of its existence. Most of a series of 100 children with this condition were aged 1 or 2 years, and none were over 6 years. An important precipitating factor was the normal recalcitrance of the 1-3 age group. The three children who were over 5 years had all had earlier episodes which may have stretched the annular ligament. The wrist was the most common site of pain after the elbow. A single manipulation was successful in 96 cases but multiple manipulations may be needed."
1139175,"A questionnaire was sent to a 10% random sample of general practitioners in England and Wales on their attitudes to the detection and treatment of hypertension; 62% responded and no further inquiry was made. Their view on detection and criteria for treatment and investigations performed were considered in relation to their background. More of the older practitioners always measured blood pressure and 36% of all practitioners believed that hypertensive patients usually present with symptoms. Altogether 91% thought that strokes could be prevented by treating hypertension, and only 18% reported difficulty in keeping patients on treatment. Older practitioners preferred to measure the distolic pressure using phase five, while the younger preferred phase four. Nearly all doctors were satisfied with their current sphygmomanometers."
1139193,"The bronchodilating efficacies and beta2-adrenoceptor selectivities of rimiterol (0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 mug kg-minus1 min-minus1) and sal-utamol (0.1, 0.5, and 0.025 mug kg-minus1 min-minus1), intravenously infused for one hour, were determined in five patients with chronic asthma. Each drug infusion produced and maintained a dose-related improvement in forced expiratory volune in one second (FEV1). A further increase in FEV1 was produced by inhalation of the same drug by pressurized aerosol at the end of each infusion, which suggested that no resistance had occurred. Similar dose-related increases in heart rate, pulse pressure, and skeletal muscular tremor were produced by each drug. Peak heart rate increases varied greatly between individuals, ranging from 12 to 30 beats/min with the high doses but always less than 10 beats/min with the low doses of each drug. On rimiterol the heart rate reached equilibrium earlier during the infusions and declined more rapidly after they had stopped, thus providing an accurate means for monitoring dosage. Rimeterol with its short half life-a desirable property for an intravenous drug with respect to safety-may prove to be a valuable bronchodilator in severe asthma when intravenous infusions are indicated."
1139194,"Triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured in 222 pairs of like-sex twins (78 monozygotic and 144 dizygotic) aged 3-15 years. Log transformations of the measurements were standardized for age and sex and the results used to estimate heritability--that is, the proportion of total variation determined by genetic factors. The overall contribution of non-genetic familial effects was small. There were appreciable differences in heritability between limb and trunk fat and between the sexes and at different ages. Over the age of 10 heritability was high for both sites in boys and girls. In younger children environmental factors contributed more to the variation."
1139234,"Carbon monoxide (CO) yields of 11 popular brands of British cigarette, two types of cigarette containing tobacco-substitute, and one brand of cigar were measured under standardized conditions. Yields of the conventional cigarettes ranged from 5.0 to 20.2 mg per cigarette (1.3 to 4.7% by volume). The cigar yielded 81.7 mg (10.0%) CO and the two semi-synthetic cigarettes 17.2 (4.2%) and 28.2 mg (6.2%) CO. Puff-by-puff analysis showed an increase in CO concentration as a cigarette is smoked. In brands with nicotine yields over 1.0 mg no relationship was apparent between nicotine yield and CO yield, and the filters of cigarettes in this category did not appear to reduce the CO yield. In the low nicotine cigarettes with ventilated filters there appeared to be some correlation between nicotine yield and CO yield, and these filters were highly effective in reducing CO yield, owing mainly to the ventilation. We suggest that official publication of CO yields might motivate manufacturers to produce cigarettes with lower yields."
1139245,"One hundred families of children under 5 years admitted to Cardiff Hospitals after accidentally ingesting poisons were compared with 100 control families matched for socioeconomic class and age and sex of the child. Questioning about five major stress factors  (serious family illness, pregnancy, recent family moves, one parent away from home, anxiety or depression in one or both parents) disclosed significantly more stress in the affected families than in the controls. Thirty of the affected families had more than one major stress factor compared with four of the controls, while 63 of the controls had no major stress factor compared with 24 of the affected families (P less than 0.001). In only four of the affected families was there no stress factor. Fifteen children took poisons in homes other than their own. Unemployment was significantly more prevalent in the affected families than in the general population, though apart from this the socioeconomic backgrounds were similar. There were significantly more accidents and childhood poisonings in the parents and siblings of affected children than in the control families. In 25% of the cases poisoning was with Angiers Junior Aspirin."
1139257,"On admission to hospital during the acute phase of a stroke presumed due to ischaemic infarction in one cerebral hemisphere 93 patients were examined to determine the factors associated with a poor prognosis for immediate survival. The patients particularly at risk were those who were overtly unconscious and those with any combination of impaired consciousness, dense hemiplegia, and failure of conjugate ocular gaze towards the side of the limb weakness. Necropsy evidence suggested that these signs usually indicate infarction of the whole of one middle cerebral artery territory which is often secondary to internal carotid artery occlusion and commonly produces fatal cerebral oedema."
1139258,"The clinical behaviour and mean peak serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) values of 106 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction who displayed acute systolic hypertension were studied. Another 106 normotensive patients with acute myocardial infarction acted as controls. Neither group had established hypertension. The mortality rate, incidence of cardiac failure, major arrhythmias, and mean peak SGOT were significantly greater in the hypertensive group, within which the duration of hypertension was correlated with mean peak SGOT levels--through there was no definite relation between the height of systolic or diastolic pressure and SGOT. Transient systolic hypertension after acute myocardial infarction was therefore associated with a relatively poor prognosis, but our observations suggest that patients with a systolic blood pressure of at least 170 mm Hg might benefit from early hypotensive treatment."
1139259,"HL-A typing of 150 patients who had developed diabetes mellitus by the age of 30 years showed a significant association with HL-A 8 and W 15. The HL-A genotypes were determined in 17 families in which two or more siblings had this type of diabetes. The zygotic assortment of HL-A haplotypes was found to be significantly disturbed from the expected random pattern, with a reduction in the number of siblings showing no identical haplotypes and an appreciable increase in the number with both haplotypes identical. This appears to be most consistent with the presence of a gene or genes pre-disposing to this type of diabetes at a locus closely linked to the HL-A chromosomal loci. This locus appears to have a fundamental role in the susceptibility to juvenile diabetes."
1139262,"Five registered mental nurses (R.M.N.s) were trained over two years to become behavioural psychotherapists for adult neurotic disorders. They achieved results comparable to those obtained with similar patients and methods by psychologists and psychiatrists. Similar results were maintained when over a third year the therapists were seconded to work in four hospitals and a general practice. Patients were satisfied at being treated by nurses. After initial teething difficulties nurse therapists became valuable members of treatment teams during both training and secondment, becoming accepted by most nurses, psychologists, and psychiatrists with whom they came into contact. The training of further nurse therapists would facilitate treatment of many disabled neurotics who would otherwise go without effective treatment. Training nurse therapists takes less time and money than training psychologists and psychiatrists because less of their education is redundant to the skills involved. The pool of R.M.N.s suitable for training is much larger than that of psychiatrists and psychologists. The nurse therapists can be integrated relatively easily into treatment teams. The present nursing structure imposes restrictions on the advancement of clinical nurse specialists and a clinical tree is badly needed parallel with present administrative and teaching hierarchies. An 18-month course in adult behavioural psychotherapy has been recognized by the Joint Board of Clinical Nursing Studies for England and Wales so that nurse therapists seem destined to be a lasting feature of future treatment teams."
1139277,"1,223 ambulant patients with gonorrhoea were each treated with a single dose of eight tablets of cotrimoxazole. 1,069 patients were followed up (794 males and 275 females). Of these, only 46 (4%) failed to respond. Cotrimoxazole in the dosage used was well tolerated by all the patients, with very few side-effects. There was clear evidence that cotrimoxazole did not mask concomitant syphilitic infections; neither did it produce a gonococcal carrier state. The incidence of post-gonococcal non-specific urethritis was 6 per cent. At present cotrimoxazole seems to be the most useful alternative to penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea."
1139278,"396 male patients with gonococcal urethritis were treated by one of three treatment schedules. Of 132 patients treated with 2.4 m.u. procaine penicillin plus 2 g. probenecid, 109 were followed. There were three (2.8 per cent) recurrences in the first week and none in the second. Of 132 patients treated with 2 g. ampicillin plus 2 g. probenecid, 112 were followed. There were four (3.6 per cent.) recurrences in the first week and three (2.6 per cent.) in the second (total of 6.2 per cent.). Of 132 patients treated with 3 g. ampicillin plus 2 g. probenecid, 115 were followed. There was one (0.8 per cent.) recurrence in the first week and five (4.4 per cent.) in the second (total of 5.2 per cent.). A close correlation was found between the sensitivities of gonococcal strains to ampicillin and to penicillin. The overall sensitivity pattern of N. gonorrhoeae to penicillin had not changed at The London Hospital since the last report in 1972, but there was further evidence of cross-resistance between penicillin and cotrimoxazole."
1139279,"108 male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis have been treated with minocycline given as two 100 mg. tablets initially, followed by one tablet twice a day over a period of 6 days (13 tablets). Of 96 patients followed, re-treatment for non-gonococcal urethritis within 3 months was undertaken in ten (10.4 per cent.). The findings are compared with those previously reported in seven series involving six other tetracyclines and with nine other treatment regimens. All of the tetracyclines proved superior to other agents and the best results combined with simplicity of administration were obtained with minocycline. Two patients complained of soreness of the mouth after 1 week but no other side-effects were reported. Minocycline thus gives excellent results in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. In the dosage used it was also successful against gonorrhoea in seven patients treated. It is therefore particularly useful in cases in which gonorrhoea is suspected but not found in the smears or in which the smears cannot be read immediately."
1139289,A constant fraction of the existing tissue pool of (3H)GABA or (14C)glutamic acid was released during electrical stimulation of rat cortex slices. The sum of the amounts of labeled amino acids released spontaneously and by electrical stimulation was constant when stimulated slices were superfused with normal medium or media containing ouabain or a high K+ concentration. The fraction of the total amount released that was attributable to electrical stimulation varied inversely with the amount released spontaneously. Pentobarbital inhibited the accelerated spontaneous release produced by ouabain or high K+ and restored the ability of the slice to respond to electrical stimulation. Electrically induced release was felt to be limited by a theoretical maximum transport velocity of efflux of approximately 5.5% per min.
1139290,"After injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) along the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus, rats failed to acquire a one-way active avoidance response or failed to perform a previously acquired active avoidance response. Such rats, however, acquired a passive avoidance response and a conditioned taste aversion normally. Thus the effect of lateral hypothalamic injections of 6-OHDA was not a total loss of the capacity to acquire or perform conditioned responses, but was a failure to initiate forward movement in the presence of a conditional stimulus. Most of these rats could initiate a similar forward movement to escape from the unconditioned stimulus (foot shock). Failure to acquire or perform the active avoidance response was correlated with the loss of hypothalamic, striatal and forebrain catecholamines produced by lateral hypothalamic 6-OHDA injections. Identical injections of 6-ohda placed along the medial hypothalamus produced a similar loss of regional catecholamines, but medial 6-OHDA injections did not affect active avoidance responding. We interpret this dissociation between loss of catecholamines and the capacity for active avoidance responding to mean that medial 6-OHDA injections did not damage the same catecholaminergic terminal fields as lateral 6-OHDA injections and that the integrity of the terminal fields damaged by lateral 6-OHDA injections is necessary for active avoidance responding."
1139302,"Cortical sensory receiving areas were studied in 32 specimens of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, using the evoked response technique and barbiturate anaesthesia. Somatotopic organization in the somesthetic first area (S-I) was shown to be similar to that reported in higher mammals. The area devoted to the representation of the forelimb was considerably larger than that for the remaining body parts. The second somatosensory area (S-II), showing bilateral representation without a precise topographical organization, was identified in the rostral portion of the ectosylvian gyrus. Visual and auditory projections, occupying restricted areas, were found along the caudal banks of the ectosylvian fissure. Electrically excitable cortical motor area was explored in 8 animals anesthetized with diallyl barbituric acid in urethane. The motor representation of the various body parts was shown to coincide with the sensory projections, demonstrating the existence in a Eutherian mammal of a sensorimotor amalgam, identical to that described in marsupials. These findings suggest that sloths display a primitive pattern of neural organization, and that the sensory motor amalgam is a generalized form of cortical organization of primitive Therian mammals."
1139303,"Unit activity was recorded extracellularly from cat medullary neurons following electrical stimulation of the canine tooth pulp. Response characteristics of the neurons quickly stabilized at specific suprathreshold stimulus intensities but such properties as spike latency, interspike interval and spike density varied systematically as intensity was raised to maximally effective values. Receptive fields were principally unilateral. The majority included both canines and extended into other oro-facial areas. Suppression of a pulpal response could be effected by preceding tooth stimulation with a conditioning stimulus applied to some other point in the receptive field of the responding cell at an appropriate interstimulus interval. In contrast, a pulpal response could be enhanced by presenting two stimuli successively to the same canine at such intervals. Similar enhancing effects followed simultaneous stimulation of spatially segregated loci in a field. The pulp-responsive neurons were localized histologically in, or in the immediate vicinity of, the nucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal complex where the possibility of their existence has been questioned previously. Most of the cells were situated along the ventromedial border of the nucleus, a region reported to contain other pain-related neurons with trigeminal fields."
1139304,"In paralyzed cats units were recorded from the peripheral projections on area 18. Of 46 cells, 71 percent responded to moving visual stimuli. From this sample 91 percent responded to velocities ranging from 5 to 400 degrees-sec(-1). Within this group, two classes of neurons could be distinguished. The first class had small receptive fields and responded repetitively to a moving grating. They had low spontaneous activity and were located in the superficial cortical layers. Random pattern movement elicited no response. The second class had large receptive fields and higher spontaneous activity. These neurons, found in the deeper layer of the cortex, responded better to slits than to grating. Responses to random pattern motion reached 50-100 percent of grating motion responses. A similar distinction holds for fast movement sensitive neurons of area 17. The identification of both these classes with simple and complex cells is discussed."
1139305,"These experiments were designed to study the effects of vestibular nerve stimulation on the activity of hindlimb motoneuron pools. Two techniques were used to stimulate the vestibular nerves of precollicularly decerebrated cats. In one set of experiments the individual semicircular canals were stimulated via bipolar electrodes placed near the canal nerves. In the second series of experiments the whole vestibular nerve was stimulated with an electrode placed on the intradural nerve. Activity in the hindlimb motoneuron pools was ascertained by evoking monosynaptic reflexes in the various hindlimb nerves. Stimulation of the individual semicircular canals produced response patterns that varied with both the vestibular branch being stimulated and the hindlimb nerve being conditioned. Intradural stimulation of the vestibular nerve, on the other hand, evoked similar response patterns in the antagonist ankle flexor and extensor nerves. The most common pattern consisted of facilitation followed by a period of inhibition. Lesions of descending fiber tracts produced results which suggest the presence of a diffuse pathway, involving the recitular formation, which mediates the observed responses. It is suggested that the biphasic response pattern is analogous to the startle response and the function of the responses is discussed in that context."
1139306,"The respiratory rate, potassium, amino acid, ATP and phosphocreatine content of cortical synaptosomes were measured over periods from one hour to 5 days. Incubation medium or tissue culture medium at 37 degrees C was employed. In suspensions, synaptosomes show diminished levels of all these parameters after 3 or 4 h, but synaptosome beds showed no loss of potassium, ATP or phosphocreatine at this time. Morphologically the synaptosomes showed good preservation of structure during the first 24 h in tissue culture. Respiratory response to electrical pulses was detectable even after 24 h in culture when basal respiration was low."
1139307,"A sensitive chromatographic procedure was used to study the metabolism of [14C]tyrosine, [3H]DOPA and [3H]dopamine in 3 defined cell-types situated in the nervous system of Planorbis corneus. One of the cell-types contains dopamine (GDC), the other serotonin (GSC) and the other neither amine (GC). The GDCs metabolise [14C]tyrosine to form DOPA and dopamine while the other two cells lack this ability. In contrast, the GDCs and the GSC, but not the GCs, metabolise [3H]DOPA to form dopamine. In addition the GDCs incorporate radioactivity from [3H]DOPA into DOPAC, homovanillic acid and methoxytyramine. After incubation of cells in [3H]dopamine, only the GDCs metabolise it to form DOPAC, homovanillic acid and methoxytyramine. In no instance did the GDCs form significant amounts of noradrenaline from the incorporated radioactive substances. These results, together with data on the amine histochemistry of the individual cell-types following pretretment of animals with drugs known to affect specific enzymes in the synthesis of amine transmitter substances, clearly demonstrate that the GDCs alone have the enzymes requisite for the biosynthesis and catabolism of dopamine, but not noradrenaline."
1139316,"The effect of prolonged (7 month) monocular deprivation (right eye sutured) on the density of synapses (NA) and the number of synaptic vesicles (Nves) in the visual cortex of rabbits is studied. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) No changes (NA and Nves) are observed in the non-deprived hemisphere (visual areas I and II, motor cortex) as compared to control animals. (2) NA has not changed, as compared to control animals, in the binocular field of the deprived visual cortex. (3) A significant rise in NA, as compared to control animals, is observed in the monocular field of area I and in the motor cortex of the deprived cortex. This rise is similar to that found after recovery from prolonged dark rearing. (4) The increase in NA is mainly restricted to the laminae I-II, indicating that, most likely, we are not dealing with an increase in specific visual afferents. (5) The deprived visual cortex shows a significant decrease (16%) in NVes. This decrease is less pronounced than after dark rearing (40%). This probably points to the fact that eye suturing does not fully prevent light penetration. The results are discussed in the light of recent discussions on the plasticity of synapses and the effect of retinal input on the development of the visual system."
1139318,"Extracellular potassium activity (ak) was recorded with potassium-sensitive electrodes in the sensorimotor cortex of cats. Resting activity was 2.8--3.4 mEquiv/l. Electric stimulation of the cortical surface and the nucleus ventroposterolateralis of the thalamus brought about an increase in aK followed by an undershoot and return to normal value. The lowest observed value of aK was 2.1 mEquiv./l. Size and duration (range 0.5--4 min) of the undershoots of aK increased with increasing peak amplitudes of the preceding rise in aK. Following the rise in aK, a period of reduced neuronal activity was observed which usually shorter lasting than the decrease in extracellular aK. An undershoot of aK and a concomitant reduction of neuronal discharge frequency can also occur in immediate response to antidromic stimulation of the pyramidal tract. To compare the K+ redistribution at normal and reduced levels of aK electrophoretic K+ signals were produced with constant current pulses from a proximate KCl-filled capillary. Both amplitudes and half times of decay of these K+ signals were found to decrease during the phase of poststimulatory undershoot in aK (19 and 23% respectively). It is suggested that an activated reuptake of potassium contributes to the decrease in extracellular aK in addition to inhibitory processes."
1139319,"(1) The effects of pentobarbital were studied on the membrane properties and synaptic activity of crustacean neuromuscular junction preparations and molluscan neurons. (2) Pentobarbital selectivity depressed in a dose-dependent, reversible manner the exciatory postynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded at crustacean neuromuscular junctions without altering either inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or post-synaptic membrane properties. (3) Pentobarbital depressed cholinergic EPSPs recorded in an identified molluscan neuron and depressed the depolarizing phase of biphasic PSP without affecting the hyperpolarizing phase of the BPSP on the same cell. Facilitation of the EPSP was not affected. (4) Pentobarbital did not appreciably alter the reversal potentials of the EPSP and IPSP. (5) Low concentrations of pentobarbital did not alter the appearance of spontaneously occurring IPSPs, while high concentrations changed the pattern of regular IPSP input to an irregular, burst-like pattern. (6) Pentobarbital and 5 other CNS depressants (cholralose, chloroform, ethanol, and urethane) increased the excitability and altered the current--voltage relations of a cell whose membrane properties have been proposed as a model of presynaptic terminal membranes. The effects were dependent on the species of external divalent cation present. (7) The results in these invertebrate systems may provide insight into the cellular basis of the depressant and excitatory effects of these agents."
1139320,"Following the implantation of cobalt-gelatine pellets into the frontal cortex, epileptiform spikes in both primary and secondary foci developed and reached a peak between 7-12 days post implantation. Histological examination showed a necrotic lesion with terminal and fibre degeneration in brain areas connected with the frontal cortex. Golgi staining at 60 days showed a loss of pyramidal cells in the primary focal area. In the lesion and primary focal areas GABA, glutamate and aspartate were significantly reduced between 5--10 days post implantation. No changes in glutamine and glycine were found in either the lesion or pulmonary focus. No changes in amino acid content were found in the secondary focus or in glass implanted controls at any time. In cobalt-treated rats there were significant reductions in the transmitter related enzymes, glutamate decarboxylase, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in the lesion area and primary and secondary foci at 4--8 days post implantation. Levels of these enzymes had recovered to normal by 24 days. Lactate dehydrogenase was reduced only in the lesion area. Beta-Galactosidase was reduced in the lesion area at 4 days but subsequent rose rapidly paralleling increasing gliosis around the lesion. It is concluded that cobalt-induced epilepsy is associated with relatively selective loss of neuronal tissue and provides a useful model for further investigation relevant to clinical epilepsy."
1139346,"1. The maintenance energy requirement of the Black Australorp, White Leghorn and Black Australorp times White Leghorn hen was 911, 765 and 885 kJ/d respectively and availability of metabolisable energy of the diet was 79, 84 and 92%. 2. Heat production, after 30 h of starvation, was 311, 395 and 387 kJ/kg W0-75/d for the Australorp, Leghorn and crossbred, respectively. 3. It was calculated that availability of metabolisable energy was 51% for protein and 96% for fat retention. 4. Water consumption was significantly higher for the Black Australorp at the mean level of food intake for all hens, and increased more rapidly per unit intake than was observed for the other two breeds."
1139347,"1. Guinea-fowl of both sexes and female chickens were fed from 1 to 12 weeks on diets the energy concentration of which was constant at either 2-6, 2-9 or 3-2 Mcal/kg (10-8, 12-1 or 13-4 MJ/kg) while the calorie to protein ratios were changed, for some groups, from 124 to 157 or 200 at 4 and 8 weeks. 2. Guinea-fowl, but not chickens, were unable to overconsume when the protein concentration was low with the result that the body fat content was not reduced when the protein concentration was increased. 3. In the second trial the ME level of the diets was fixed at 12-6 MJ/kg while the protein content was varied, from 21 to 28% in the diets fed to 6 weeks of age and from 15 to 24% in those fed from 6 to 12 weeks. 4. It is concluded that for the growing guinea-fowl the diet should contain 12-6 MJ ME/kg, the protein concentration reducing from 24 to 26% in the period 0 to 4 weeks to 19 to 20% in the period 4 to 8 weeks and to 16% or less in the period 8 to 12 weeks."
1139348,"1. Electron microscopy, infra-red analysis and histochemical techniques have been used to determine the site of pigment deposition, the cellular localisation of pigment and the type of pigment precipitated in the egg shells of quail, White Leghorn, Brown Ranger and Black-Headed gull. 2. Transfer of pigment occurs via the surface epithelial cells of the shell gland. 3. Porphyrins are probably synthesised in the blood. 4. Possible pigment deposition mechanisms are discussed."
1139349,"The isthmus extends from the aglandular zone, which delimits it from the magnum, to the tubular shell gland, which to the naked eye is marked by a distinct colour change from off-white to brown. 2. The surface epithelium comprises three cell types, ciliated, non-ciliated and mitochondrial, of which only the non-ciliated cells contribute towards the carbohydrate moiety of the shell membranes. 3. The gland cells are distinctive, containing granules of variable electron density, variations also occurring within individual granules. 4. Although two types of gland cell have been observed, they may merely represent different phases of development. 5. In the type 1 cell, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex are typical of the normal protein secreting cell; in the type 2 cell the RER is sparse, dilated and filled with intracisternal granules while the Golgi complex is likewise distended."
1139350,"Restricting the food intake of broiler hens during the rearing phase resulted in a 10% improvement in the rate of lay of hatchable eggs compared with fully fed controls. 2. The restricted hens had longer, heavier oviducts, a faster rate of growth of ovarian follicles and a greater spread of oviposition times throughout the day. 3. It is suggested that these changes may explain the persistence of improved production after compensatory weight gain, even into a second production year."
1139351,"Total muscle mass increases about five-fold in fast (anterior latissimus dorsi: ALD) and slow (posterior latissimus dorsi: PLD) muscles and 30-fold in cardiac muscle between the 12th and 20th d of incubation. 2. Increase in muscle protein does not parallel the rise in muscle RNA. 3. The DNA concentration of the ALD muscle decreases while that of the heart and PLD muscle show an increase between 8 and 12 d and a steady decrease thereafter. 4. The increase in glycogen concentration is greater in heart than in ALD and PLD up to the 20th d; 1 d after hatching, ALD has more glycogen than PLD."
1139352,"1. Using 18% protein diets (N times 6-25), consisting mainly of conventional ingredients of known amino acid composition, the amino acid requirements as percentages of diet and of dietary protein respectively for broiler chickens between 14 and 28 d of age were found to be: threonine 0-50-0-52% of diet (2-8-2-9% of dietary protein); glycine 0-48-0-50 (2-7-2-8); valine 0-69-0-71 (3-8-3-9); methionine+cystine 0-58 (3-2); isoleucine smaller than 0-48 (smaller than 2-7); leucine smaller than 1-05 (smaller than 5-8); tyrosine+phenylalanine 1-09-1-12 (6-1-6-2); lysine 0-87 (4-8); histidine smaller than 0-34 (smaller than 1-9); arginine smaller than 0-76 (smaller than 4-2); tryptophan smaller than 0-14 (smaller than 0-78). 2. Values found were in general lower than those determined using diets consisting entirely of purified amino acids and the reasons for this are discussed."
1139353,"The arginine and lysine requirements for maximum growth of the 3-week-old turkey, determined in a factorial manner, were 1-75% arginine and 1-55% lysine. 2. It is demonstrated that the arginine required to support a growth rate of about 20 g/d is similar in turkeys and chicks, suggesting that the efficiency with which dietary arginine was utilised for growth is similar in both species."
1139365,"Young male rats were administered 45Ca 5 days to 2 weeks prior to use. All rats were either parathyroidectomized (PTX) or thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and given several days to recover from surgery. The first group of rats were maintained on a 12 h dark-fed and 12 h light-fasted daily cycle. The remainder of the rats were used for parathyroid hormone (PTH) studies (0.1-0.6U/g body weight) following which blood samples were obtained from the tail for 1 to 6 h. Two groups of these rats were bilaterally nephrectomized 18 h before PTH injection. Two contrasting results were obtained: in PTX (or TPTX) rats maintained on the closely regulated food and light regime, plasma 45Ca concentrations rose markedly each day at the start of the fasting period and then fell slowly. Total plasma calcium values fell throughout the fasting period. A similar rise and fall was also observed in 45Ca values of rats experimentally fasted after being maintained with food continuously available. In contrast, in all PTX or TPTX rats, PTH injections was followed by an equal rise in both plasma calcium and 45Ca values so that for the first few hours plasma 45Ca specific acitvity was unchanged. These data are consistent with the concept of a bone fluid compartment (BFC) separated by a cellular interface from the primary extracellular fluid space (ecf). It is postulated that through this cellular interface calcium is actively ""pumped"" from the BFC to the ECF. The rise in plasma 45Ca values at the start of fasting is explained on the basis of decreased entry of stable calcium from the gastrointestinal tract and a continued movement of calcium and 45Ca from the BFC to the ECF. The concomitant increase in plasma calcium and 45Ca during the first few hours after PTH injection is explained by a rapid action of PTH to increase the rate of calcium movement from BFC to ECF by its action at the cellular interface, without altering 45Ca specific activity until such time as dissolution of bone crystals is required as a supply of calcium."
1139366,"The reflectance and transmission of thin slabs of dental enamel has been measured at all wavelenghts between 220 and 700 nm by means of an integrating sphere. From the results the true scattering and absorption coefficients have been computed. The theoretical model used is an extended two-flux model, which is presented and discussed. The absorption spectrum of the dissolved organic component of enemel was also determined. An absorption peak at 270 nm is common to all the spectra. This peak in the bovine enamel spectrum is about three times as high as in the spectrum of human enamel. The peak of the dissolved material is about as high as the peak of the corresponding enamel. Hence it is concluded that the organic component, presumably aromatic amino acids, is responsible for most or all of the observed optical absorption."
1139368,"A procedure is described for removing osteons from undecalcified, thin sections of bone. The method involves the use of a microdrilling machine in combination with a micromanipulator. The procedure allows a substantial reduction in the time required for microdissection over previously described methods while permitting the irregular contours of osteons to be followed with precision."
1139369,"Daily fluctuations in plasma calcium, phosphate and their radionuclides (injected 5 or more days previously) were determined in rats maintained on a closely controlled feeding and light schedule. Male rats (150-300 g) were trained to a 7a.m.-7p.m. ""light"" schedule with food available 9 p.m. to 9 a.m. All prarmeters dropped rapidly at the start of each feeding period and then rose during the day. The daily changes in radionuclide concentrations were several orders of magnitude greater than for the stable ions. Continuous access to food produced an earlier fall (5 p.m.) in all plasma values. In thyroidectomized rats (with parathyroid transplants) plasma calcium and phosphate remained relatively constant during the 24 h period. If the time of availability of food was moved 6 h earlier (no change in light cycle), the drop in these plasma values also occurred 6 h earlier. Closer examination of these daily changes indicated that all values fell at least 1 h prior to feeding. In fasted rats, plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations fell as usual; however, 45Ca and 32P rose instead of falling. It was concluded that, in normal rats, changes in endogenous calcitonin secretion may actually increase rather than decrease daily pertubations of plasma calcium and phosphate. Daily changes in these values are influenced by a condition reflex developed due to the feeding habits of the rats. Finally, it is suggested that intestinal hormones rather than calcium may be the primary control of calcitonin secretion, and that the gastrointestinal tract plays a major role, in addition to absorptive activity, in both calcium and phosphate homeostasis."
1139370,"Information regarding 35 patients who developed signs and symptoms of lesions in the ulnar nerve during the post-anaesthetic period, has been reported. The pertinent anatomical and physiological factors in the aetiology of compression neuropathy of the ulnar nerve have been summarized. The use of electromyography and nerve conduction studies has been discussed in relation to localizing the site, following the progression, estimating the severity of a lesion and helping to differentiate between a recent or a pre-operative lesion. Lesions of the ulnar nerve continue to occur in patients who receive an anaesthetic. In our cases the severity of the lesions was not related to age, sex, type of operation or anaesthetic or the duration of the anaesthetic. Compression neuropathies of the ulnar nerve occurred more commonly in males than females. They may lead to a prolonged disability. Preventive measures and the importance of adequate follow-up have been discussed briefly."
1139371,"Atmospheric halothane was sampled from three selected operating theatres and anaesthetic rooms during the middle of operating sessions. Two of the operating theatres studied were ventilated with total air exchange once every six minutes; the third operating theatre had no ventilation. End-tidal samples were obtained from anaesthetists. Halothane vapour concentrations were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The effect of commonly used anaesthetic circuits on the level of contamination in the ambient atmosphere was studied. Concentrations of halothane vapour in the theatre atmosphere were found to vary with sampling site, anaesthetic circuit used, total gas flow and vapour concentration, the scavenging system employed and the efficiency of ventilation system. Although the ventilation system considerably reduced the level of halothane in the operating room atmosphere, it did not totally eliminate the contaminating vapour. A significant reduction in operating-room pollution was obtained by use of simple scavenging equipment. Scavenging of anaesthetic vapours outside the operating room led to 97.3 per cent reduction of overall mean concentration of halothane in the operating room atmosphere and reduction of 72 per cent in end-tidal samples of anaesthetists, with the Magill semiclosed circuit. The implications of these findings are discussed."
1139374,"Sixty-three volunteer patients participated in an investigation disigned to evaluate memory of the surgical experinece with three different methods of balanced nitrous oxide-curare anaesthesia. Two of the methods (Liverpool and Roosevelt protocols) used thiopentone for induction but did not utilize any neuroleptic drug, while the third (Diazepam protocol) used the tranquilizer diazepam in combination with morphine for both premedication and induction. In general, the results suggest that all three variations are successful in producing anaesthesia and that patients have no recall of the major portion of the surgical procedure. The major differences among the groups were exhibited in the post-operative periods. These findings suggest that diazepam affects the emotional quality associated with memory and thus aids the patients by reducing both the incidence of noxious psychological reactions and the possibility of severe emotional trauma. Finally, the findings also suggest the importance of using a narcotic analgesic as part of nitrous oxide-curare anaesthesia."
1139375,"Sixteen extremely obese patients were anaesthetized for intestinal short circuiting operations. Severe obesity may cause pathological cardio-pulmonary changes. Cardiovascular alterations include increased systemic, pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary venous pressure. Cardiac output, total blood volume and left ventricular work increase. Expiratory reserve volume and consequently functional residual capacity decrease with gross obesity. Functional residual capacity falls below closing volume and inspired gas may be distributed to non-dependent lung zones, resulting in decreased ventilation/perfusion ratios and arterial hypoxaemia. Low total respiratory compliance increases the oxygen cost of the work of breathing. Obesity may change the dose requirements for regional anaesthesia and long-acting muscle relaxants. General anaesthesia may also reduce functional residual capacity. We used a technique of anaesthesia which consisted of epidural analgesia with intra-operative mechanical ventilation and which specifically avoided volatile inhalation agents and long-acting muscle relaxants. All patients were extubated immediately after operation and returned to the recovery room for an average duration of 26 hours. Post-operative treatment included humidified oxygen, chest physiotherapy and elevation of the head of the bed to 45 degrees. Each patient's respiratory progress was monitored by repeated determinations of arterial blood gases and vital capacity and by serial chest X-rays. None of the patients in this group required post-operative tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation."
1139376,"Eight pregnant Sprague-Dawley rates were exposed to 10 ppm halothane 8 hours/day and 5 days/week throughout pregnancy. Liver samples were obtained from the pups for electron microscopy. Degenerative changes such as myelin-figure formation, focal-cytoplasmic degradation; fatty changes and cellular necrosis were observed. Leukocytic infiltration and phagocytosis of the cellular debris by Kupffer cells were also evident. The present investigation has demonstrated the hepatotoxic effects of halothane on the foetal liver. The role of halothane as an occupational hazard is considered."
1139377,"Ketamine was found to raise the systemic arterial blood pressure but not necessarily the perfusion in hypovolaemic states. However, in hypotensive states of short duration from endotoxin treatment, it improved the haemodynamics with increase in both the perfusion and the systemic pressure. The implications of these observations for clinical situations were discussed."
1139378,"The coagulation-fibrinolysis system was studied during Ethrane anaesthesia and gynaecological operations in 20 patients. No particular change was noted in the platelet counts, which remained within the normal range. In the coagulation system, no appreciable change was observed except for the partial thromboplastin time (P.T.T.) which was significantly short-ended, both 30 minutes after the start of operation and in the recovery room when the patient had completely awakened from the anaesthesia. In the fibrinolytic system, the plasminogen level and the fibrinogen level declined significantly. It is considered that the fibrinolytic system is prominently accelerated under Ethrane anaesthesia, but the haemostatic mechanism works in such a manner that bleeding is controlled. However, Ethrane anaesthesia should be avoided or pre-operative administration of an antiplasmic agent recommended for patients with an abnormal haemostatic mechanism."
1139379,"The central nervous system and concurrent cardiovascular effects of bupivacaine infusion were studied in cats. It was possible to block cortical E.E.G. desynchronization resulting from a sensory stimulus with bupivacaine. The earliest subcortical change that occurred was rhythmic activity in the amygdala and later in the hippocampus. Occasionally, this activity appeared simultaneously in both these sites. Diazepam pretreatment raised the seizure threshold of bupivacaine. Diazepam was also effective in terminating established seizure activity resulting from bupivacaine. All animals pretreated with diazepam (Valium) or diazepam solvent developed cardiac dysrhythmias durind bupivacaine infusion. The possible clinical significance of the interaction of bupivacaine and diazepam solvent is considered."
1139385,"Direct measurement of the inspired tracheal oxygen concentration was made in patients breathing through standard aerosol face masks. Factors affecting the tracheal FIO2 were analyzed using both mechanical and mathematical models. When oxygen is delivered to the face mask at low flow rates, there is considerable patient variation in the measured tracheal FIO2. Delivery of oxygen at higher flow rates (15 litres per minute or greater), reduces such variation. Furthermore, turbulent air currents within and around the face mask reduce the measured FIO2 and contribute to fluctuations in the FIO2. This effect may be virtually eliminated by placing shields around the mask orifices as described. Using the shielded mask, it is possible to deliver the desired oxygen concentration to the patient more accurately and to maintain humidification of the delivered gases. Changes desired in inspired oxygen concentration are accomplished by changing the concentration of the incoming gas mixture, and not by merely changing the flow rate of oxygen delivered to the system. Using the shielded mask, it is possible to deliver an inspired oxygen concentration of 100 per cent. This is not true with most other commonly used face masks, and, therefore, caution should be used to avoid administration of unnecessary high inspired oxygen concentrations with this type of mask."
1139386,"A simplified measurement of oxygen consumption was investigated in 15 spontaneously ventilating and 11 apnoeic patients in the intensive care unit following open-heart surgery, using a Godart Pulmonet type 11e. Three consecutive measurements were performed on each patient to define the reproducibility of the method. The coefficient of variation of VO2 was plus or minus 3.16 per cent and plus or minus 3.42 per cent in spontaneously breathing and apnoeic patients respectively. Arterio-mixed venous oxygen difference (CaO2-CVO2) was also measured and cardiac output (CO) calculated using the Fick principle, in the spontaneously ventilating patients. Coefficient of variation of CaO2-CVO2 and CO values were plus or minus 4.63 per cent and plus or minus 4.70 per cent respectively."
1139387,"A double blind study of 98 patients was undertaken to compare the clinical usefulness of atropine and glycopyrrolate for pre-anaesthetic medication and their relative effectiveness in antagonizing the muscarinic effects of neostigmine methylsulphate given to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Intramuscular administration of atropine 0.4 mg or of glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg produced the same degree of dryness of the pharynx. However, glycopyrrolate was found to be a more potent antagonizer of the increased salivation induced by neostigmine. By intramuscular administration, both drugs produced the same degree of tachycardia, although atropine tended to cause no change in the pulse rate or even to produce bradycardia in a greater number of patients. Administered intravenously, atropine produced a more significant tachycardia in a large number of patients prior to neostigmine administration, although the protection against a decreased pulse rate from neostigmine is greater in those patients who received glycopyrrolate. It would appear, therefore, that glycopyrrolate is more effective in antagonizing the muscarinic effects of neostigmine methylsulphate."
1139388,"The effect of isoflurane (Forane) anaesthesia and surgery on thyroid function was investigated in nine male patients. Isoflurane anaesthesia alone for 30 minutes prior to the start of surgery increased plasma triiodothyronine uptake (T3U) and thyroxine (T4) level by 18 and 20 per cent, respectively. Free thyroxine index (FTI) values in blood increased by 62 per cent during the same period. One hour of surgical procedure further elevated these parameters. Our data indicate that isoflurane anaesthesia and surgery increase circulating thyroxine in man."
1139389,The respiratory response to hypercapnia in dogs anaesthetized with ketamine was increased. This respiratory stimulation was most probably due to a direct effect of the drug on the medullary respiratory neurones. This effect was not modified by preanaesthetic medication pentobarbitone 5 mg/kg or morphine 0.1 mg/kg. Catecholamine response to hypercapnia was essentially the same as that reported by hypercapnic dogs anaesthetized with thiopentone.
1139393,"A procedure for the preparation of a large quantity of biologically active, highly purified ribosomes from rabbit liver is described. The method employs polyethylene glycol-dextran sulfate parition and DEAE-cellulose chromatography to overcome the limitations encountered in conventional procedures. The entire process takes only 48 h to obtain 10,000 A(260) units of ribosomes. The ribosomes thus obtained are predominantly 78S particles with a constant protein-RNA ratio of 0.95. The ribosomes are free from RNase, amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase, and amino-acyl-tRNA: protein transferase activity. The protein synthesizing activity is dependent on added mRNA and protein factors. These ribosomes are stable for prolonged periods of storage in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator."
1139394,"Livers of chow fed rats were perfused 1-3 h with buffer, glucose, albumin, and red blood cells, made up in 100 percent D(2)O. Glycerolipids were isolated and the deuterated fatty acids determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on Silar 5 CP. Percentage of replacement by deuterated acids ranged from 1 to 14, of which palmitate was 87 percent. Differences were found in total lipid class and in subcellular distribution of the newly synthesized acids. Microsomes had 37 percent more deuterated acids than the total or floating fat. At 3 h the highest replacement was found in diacylglycerols (17 percent) and free fatty acids (11 percent). Of the palmitate in hepatic choline and ethanolamine phosphatides, 6.9 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively, contained dueterium. The serine and inositol phosphatides had a higher proportion of deuterated palmitate (7.7 percent) than other phosphatides. The data support the hypothesis that palmitate is incorporated into glycerolipids largely via de novo synthesis while stearate enters them by deacylation-acyl transfer replacement."
1139395,"The choline and ethanolamine phosphatides derived from isolated rat livers during perfusion with 75 percent deuterated water (Kuksis, A., Myher, J.J., Marai L., Yeung, S.K.F., Steiman, I. & Mookerjea, S. (1975) Can. J. Biochem. 53, 509-518) were resolved into molecular species by argentation thin-layer chromatography. The time course of percentage replacement of the newly synthesized fatty acids in each molecular species was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The results confirmed the earlier postulated differential utilization of palmitic and stearic acids in glycerolipid biosynthesis as well as supported the hypothesis of a precursor-product relationship between the oligoenoic and tetranoic species of both phosphatides. Calculations of half-lives gave values of 14-19 h for palmitoyl oligoenes, 40-50 h for palmitoyl tetraenes, and 22-28 h for palmitoyl hexaenes of both choline and ethanolamine phosphatides. The corresponding stearoyl species had half-lives which ranged from 89 to 200 h. Evidence was obtained for a metabolic heterogeneity among subsets of molecular species recognized on the basis of combinations of new and old glycerol and fatty acids in the same glycerolipid molecule."
1139396,"Malate dehydrogenase of wheat germ exists in multiple molecular forms (isozymes). Comparisons of some physical properties such as Stoke's radii, sedimentation constants, electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel, chromatographic behaviors on DEAE-cellulose, stabilities to heat and iodacetamide inactivation, as well as kinetic parameters were described. When all these properties are considered together, at least five isozymes were found to associate with cytoplasm, mitochondria, glyoxysomes and proplastids of wheat germ. Wheat germ malate dehydrogenases are specific for the reduction of oxaloacetate and its monoesters. At least one carboxylic group of oxaloacetate must be free, in order to exhibit substrate activity, and maximum binding of oxaloacetate is achieved when both carboxylic groups are free. Soluble malate dehydrogenase and organelle-associated malate dehydrogenase can be differentiated readily in that the former can not utilize 4-ethyl oxaloaceode of ATP inhibition."
1139397,"Chicken, sheep, and horse liver carboxylesterases have been purified by procedures involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex. The actual yields of the procedures described were as follows: chicken, 1 g from 2 kg of liver powder (chloroform-acetone); sheep, 200 mg from 400 g of powder (chloroform-acetone); horse, 230 mg from 800 g of powder (acetone). The purified enzymes are free of non-carboxyl-esterase protein as shown by gel electrophoresis, although they do contain electrophoretic variants. The equivalent weight of the chicken enzyme is 67,000 based on titration with p-nitrophenyl diethyl phosphate or bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate, whereas those of the sheep and horse enzymes are similar to 69,500 and similar to 70,000, respectively, based on titration with p-nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate."
1139398,"Nalpha-Cholylornithine, -arginine, and -histidine were prepared according to a method previously employed for the chemical synthesis of the monoamino acid conjugates of bile acids. The products were shown to involve the alpha amino group of the dibasic amino acids by examination of the mass spectra of the original compounds, their lactams, their methyl esters and the methyl ester acetates. Only the methyl ester acetates gave detectable amounts of molecular ion. The free acids and the methyl esters of Nalpha-cholylornithine and -arginine gave identical lactams upon sublimation from the direct insertion probe. The synthetic Nalpha-cholylarginine was shown to yield a mass spectrum identical to that of an arginocholic acid recovered from the bile of an isolated perfused rat liver."
1139399,"A method for the extraction and quantitative determination of both the mass and radioactivity of glycolic acid from -14C-labeled leaf tissue is described. The recoveries of both mass and radioactivity from standard [1-14C]glycolic acid solutions averaged 98 percent, and recovery of radioactivity added to plant samples as [1-14C]glycolic acid was over 90 percent after the complete procedure. The method was reliable with total samples containing as little as 130 nmol of glycolic acid. The mass of glycolic acid recovered from sunflower leaf tissue was proportional to the amount of tissue extracted. In experiments with different plant material, the amount of glycolic acid varied between 530 and 1120 nmol/dm-2 of leaf tissue. The specific radioactivity of the glycolic acid in sunflower leaf tissue during photosynthesis in -14CO(2) was never more than 20 percent of the specific radioactivity of the -14CO(2) supplied."
1139400,"Micrococcus lysodeikticus cytoplasmic membranes labeled with ]-14C]arginine plus [-14C]-threonine were prepared and subjected to mild washing treatments to fractionate membrane proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total membranes, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, results in the separation of 28-30 bands of labeled protein. Three peaks of protein show higher specific radioactivity than the others. Chloramphenicol at 100 mug/ml inhibits the incorporation of labeled precursors into membrane proteins by 45-70 percent, some of them being more affected by the antibiotic. From all available results, we suggest that the partial inhibitory effect shown by this antibiotic could be due to the existence of specific biosynthetic sites for some membrane proteins, which are differently affected by chloramphenicol."
1139401,"Meal prepared from unheated rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Zephyr) showed the presence of t,iocyanate ion, while meal from heated seed of the same cultivar did not show detectable amounts. Unheated seed meal on autolysis, and heated seed meal on incubation with thioglucosidase, yielded increased amounts of thiocyanate ion. Various commercial rapeseed meals showed the presence of t,iocyanate ion only after enzyme incubation. Low glucosinolate, cv. Bronowski, and higher glucosinolate, cv. Zephyr on enzymic incubation yielded comparable amounts of thiocyanate ion, suggesting that the precursor responsible in the two varieties was the same and present in similar quantities. No formation of thiocyanate ion was observed on incubation of sinigrin with thioglucosidase. Rats dosed with heated meal, containing intact glucosinolate, showed a slight increase of thiocyanate ion in the urine as compared with control rats dosed with water, while a relatively large increase followed dosing with sinigrin. Rats dosed with meal containing free thiocyanate ion excreted the ingested thiocyanate ion almost quantitatively."
1139402,"Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were maintained in flowing fresh water at 2, 10, and 18 degrees C and injected intramuscularly with p,p-[-14C]DDT. Fish were killed at intervals up to 16 weeks after injection, and analyzed by a combination of thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and liquid-scintillation counting. Only one labelled metabolite, p,p-DDE, was detected during the experimental period. Its rate of production varied with temperature; after 16 weeks, about 9, 13, and 19 percent of the original p,p-DDT in fish maintained at 2, 10, and 18 degrees C, respectively, had been converted."
1139403,"Guinea pig heart mitochondria loaded with [-14C]citrate show exchanges of radioactivity at 30 degrees C with added citrate, L-malate and phosphoenolpyruvate. These exchanges are inhibited by benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate. Measurements of rates of citrate transport indicate that the activity of this transporting system is low in heart mitochondria compared to that observed in liver mitochondria. The K(m) values obtained indicate a similarity to those obtained in liver. Citrate oxidation by coupled mitochondria was also found to be slow at 30 degrees C but was inhibited by benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate. The role of mitochondrial citrate transport in control of glycolytic flux in the heart is discussed."
1139404,"Titration of guaiacol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of horseradish peroxidase shows that the reduction of hydrogen peroxide proceeds by the abstraction of two electrons from a guaiacol molecule. In the same way, it can be demonstrated that 0.5 mol of guaiacol can reduce, at low temperature, 1 mol of peroxidase compound I to compound II. Moreover, the reaction between equal amounts of compound I and guaiacol at low temperature produces the native enzyme. A reaction scheme is proposed which postulates that two electrons are transferred from guaiacol to compound I giving ferriperoxidase and oxidized guaiacol with the intermediary formation of compound II. The direct two-electron transfer from guaiacol to compound I without a dismutation of product free radicals must be considered as an exception to the general mechanism involving a single-electron transfer."
1139405,"The levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in freshly drawn human erythrocytes can be tripled by a 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C in a medium containing 21 mM glucose, 1.8 mM adenine, 5 mM pyruvate, 10 mM inosine, and 96 mM phosphate. Similar incubation conditions will restore the levels of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes from blood levels preserved for 12 and 15 weeks, respectively, to those of fresh cells. Omission of pyruvate from the incubation medium further increases the level of ATP slightly, but there is little elevation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Under these conditions labelled pyruvate and lactate production from [14-C]glucose or [14-C]inosine is not diminished, but labelled fructose 1,6-diphosphate, rather than 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, accumulates. In addition, omission of pyruvate from the incubation medium, with a concomitant decrease in accumulation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, diminishes the concentration of inorganic phosphate required for optimal ATP elevation. A 5 h incubation in the glucose-adenine-pyruvate-inosine-phosphate medium elevates the levels of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes from blood preserved in the cold for 15 weeks to twice that of fresh cells, indicating that the cells retain their metabolic potential even after prolonged storage at 2 degrees C. The medium may provide a method of rejuvenating 10-12 week cold-preserved erythrocytes for transfusion purposes, by a  1 h incubation at 37 degrees C."
1139406,"The brain of adult rats were analyzed for the presence of 35-SO4-containing glycolipids following intraventricular injection of Na2-35SO4. Radiochromatographic analyses revealed the presence of two minor 35-SO4-containing glycolipids, in addition to sulfogalactosylceramide. One of these two minor sulfolipids was isolated and tentatively identified as a 1-O--alkyl-2-0-acyl-3-(3'-sulfogalactosyl)-glycerol, a compound recently demonstrated to be the major glycolipid of mammalian testis. The alkyl and acyl compositions of the compound from rat brain are more heterogeneous than those from rat testis. The non-sulfated form of the galactoglycerolipid was also detected in rat brain. The amount of the sulfogalactoglycerolipid in rat brain is 0.19 mumol per gram wet weight, approximately one-third of the amount in rat testis (per gram wet weight), and is approximately one-fifteenth that of sulfogalactosylceramide in rat brain. The possible significance of the common occurrence in brain and testis of sulfated and non-sulfated galactolipids is discussed."
1139407,"Phosphatidylethanolamine from mitochondria and microsomes of guinea pig liver was separated by thin-layer chromatography into eight different classes differing in degree of unsaturation. The fatty acid compositions and molar proportions of each class isolated from microsomes were very similar to the corresponding class in mitochondria. In both organelles about half of the total was dienoic species while tetraenes comprised approximately 20%. Stearic acid was the major saturated fatty acid and in each membrane a greater selectivity for stearate over palmitate was found in each sub-class of phosphatidylcholine. Following the intraperitoneal injection of [2 minus-3 H]glycerol, the labelling of each molecular class of phosphatidylethanolamine showed very similar progressions in microsomes and mitochondria over a 3 h interval. In both organelles the highest relative specific activity was attained by penta-plus hexaenoic classes, while the large dienoic class had the lowest relative activity, which, however, increased with time. Analysis of the dienoic class of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine from whole liver showed it to be constituted by a rapidly turning over palmitoyl-linoleoyl fraction and a slowly labelled stearoyl-linoleoyl fraction, a pattern also exhibited by dienoic phosphatidylcholines. The similarities in profile of molecular classes of phosphatidylethanolamine and in the kinetics of labelling in vivo point to a close metabolic relation between the lipids of both organelles, suggestive of a transfer of different molecular classes at comparable rates from the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of synthesis, to the mitochondria. This is consistent with numerous other studies in vitro that have demonstrated inter-organelle exchange of lipids."
1139408,"Red blood cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) phenotypes and catalytic activities were studied in normal subjects and in patients with various hemolytic syndromes associated with reticulocytosis. To assess the effect of cell age of GPT activity, young cells were separated from older cells by centrifugation, and the catalytic activities were compared. In normal blood, there was a progressive fall in GPT activity from the top layer (younger cells) to the bottom layer (older cells), with a mean ratio of 1.90 plus or minus 0.42. Similarly, in the blood of patients with reticulocytosis, the enzyme activity of the reticulocyte-rich layer was higher than that of the layer containing older cells (mean ratio 1.94 plus or minus 0.95)."
1139409,"Twelve bulls ranging from 341 to 545 kilograms in body mass were successfully anesthetized for either vasectomy or prosthetic vas deferens implantation with a combination of thiopental sodium, glyceryl guaiacolate, nitrous oxide, halothane and oxygen. Duration of anesthetic administration was 119.2 plus or minus 24.2 (S.D.) minutes. Righting reflexes returned 15.0 plus or minus 8.0 minutes after cessation of anesthetic administration and the bulls were capable of standing within 46.6 plus or minus 17.8 minutes. Interpretations of pulse rate, respiratory rate and eye reflexes were related to anesthetic depth and maintenance. A control mean respiratory frequency of 28.8 plus or minus 3.6 per minute compared to minimum and maximum frequencies of 26.8 plus or minus 5.1 and 37.6 plus or minus 6.3, respectively, during anesthetic maintenance. A control mean pulse frequency of 91.6 plus or minus 15.9 per minute compared to minimum and maximum frequencies of 84.8 plus or minus 13 and 102.3 plus or minus 13.4, respectively, during maintenance of anesthesia. Methods for avoiding complications related to anesthetic induction, maintenance and emergence were described. Specific pharmacological aspects of atropine, halothane and nitrous oxide were emphasized in light of their application to ruminant anesthesia."
1139410,"Four pony foals were inoculated with Strongylus edentatus infective larvae and on days 3 and 4 postinfection two of the ponies were treated with thiabendazole, each at the rate of 440 mg/kg of body weight. Total circulating eosinophil counts in untreated ponies increased to over 1700 per cu mm after the second week postinfection. In the treated ponies as well as in an uninfected untreated pony eosinophil counts did not increase beyond 100 per cu mm. At necropsy on day 35 postinfection the cecum, colon and omentum of treated ponies were normal and few tracks were present on the surface of the liver. In untreated ponies nodules were observed on the serosal surface of the cecum and right ventral colon and white foci and tracks were numerous on the surface of the liver. A total of 53 fourth stage larvac was recovered from the livers of the thiabendazole treated ponies and 1194 from the untreated ones."
1139411,"A range of tests of coagulation and fibrinolysis was measured in ""normal"" dogs and compared with values obtained in ""normal"" humans by the same methods. The hematocrit platelet count, fibrinogen and plasminogen were similar in dogs and in humans. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were considerably shorter in the dog than in man but the thrombin clotting time was comparable. Fibrinolysis was more active in dogs but the levels of fibrin degradation products were low, suggesting that there was no significant fibrin deposition and lysis occurring in vivo."
1139412,Twenty-four refrigeration trials at temperatures ranging from minus 13 degrees C to minus 195.8 degrees C were carried out on trichinous porcine meat samples ranging in size from 120 gm to 11 kg. The findings reaffirmed that Canadian regulations regarding refrigeration treatment of pork and pork products to destroy trichinae are satisfactory. Results also demonstrated the presence of a critical temperature about minus 30 degrees C below which trichinae in meat do not survive for any appreciable period of time.
1139413,"Hemorrhagic anemia was experimentally produced in three Standardbred horses by removing approximately 63% of the red cell mass and the accompanying plasma during a three  day interval. Red cell parameters were examined daily for 45 days and then weekly until termination of the experiment 250 days after production of the anemia. Leukocytes, platelets and bone marrow aspirates were examined at regular intervals for 25 days after the final phlebotomy. At 24 hours after the last bleeding, 75-selenomethionine was injected intravenously to measure the lifespan of the newly produced erythrocytes. The erythrocyte lifespan was found to be 139 days as compared to the 155 day erythrocyte lifespan for three normal standardbred horses measured previously by similar techniques. The maximum decrease in erythrocyte numbers occurred four, two and two days following the last phlebotomy to 43, 39 and 44% of the original values. The prebleeding erythrocyte levels were regained at approximately 63, 91 and 98 days respectively. During the initial 45 days post phlebotomy the maximum increase in mean cell colume was 2, 4 and 7 mj-3 respectively. During the recovery period there was erythrocyte production of 6.84, 6.99, and 6.12 x 10-9 cells/kg/day. At the same time the absolute production of hemoglobin was 44.6, 50.0, and 51.0/gm/day or on a relative basis 0.096, 0.114 and 0.113 gm/kg/day."
1139414,"The hematological response to acetylphenylhydrazine hemolytic anemia was studied in three standardbred horses. The lifespan of erythrocytes produced during the most severe phase of the anemia were measured with 75-selenomethionine and found to be 144 days as compared to the 139 day lifespan in response to hemorrhagic anemia or 155 days in normal standardbred horses measured previously using the same technique. The erythrocyte counts returned to initial values in 42 days (37, 34 and 54 days) a mean erythrocyte production of 6.4 times 10-12 erythrocytes/day. The mean hemoglobin production was 0.31 gm/kg body weight/day as compared to 0.11 gm Hb/kg/day previously observed in response to hemorrhagic anemia. The mean increase in erythrocyte mean cell volume was 12 mu-3 during the acute response phase to hemolytic anemia in contrast to the absence of a significant increase in the mean cell volume as previously observed during response to hemorrhagic anemia. Free Heinz bodies separated from erythrocytes during the acute phase could not be differentiated from platelets on the hemocytometer counting chamber with standard techniques."
1139415,A hemagglutination inhibition test for the rapid identification of Sphaerophorus necrophorus is described. Erythrocytes from six species of animals were tested and human cells were found to be the best agglutination indicators. Antiserum prepared in rabbits was found to be specific for S. necrophorus hemagglutinins when tested against 20 isolates of S. necrophorus and 117 other bacteria belonging to 22 genera. The possibility of using a hemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of bovine necrobacillosis was explored.
1139416,"To determine the development of Ascaris suum after a primary and a secondary infection, 18 calves were inoculated with 2,000,000 infective eggs and examined from 18 hours to 13 days postinfection. At 18 hours larvae were recovered from the wall of the abomasum, duodenum and jejunum. They were found in small intestine lymph nodes on the third day, in the liver at five days and were most abundant in the lungs on days 7 and 9. The pattern of recovery of larvae from the lung between days 5 and 13 postinfection was similar after a primary or a secondary infection. Slower growth of larvae following a secondary infection was the only evidence of resistance to A. suum. There were no pathological changes observed in the alimentary canal. White foci were found on the surface of the liver as early as the third day. The rapid decline in the number of A. suum in the lungs after the ninth day was considered to be related to immobilization or death of larvae soon after the reaction to them commences."
1139419,"The subject of combined therapy for carcinoma of the head and neck is as perplexing now as it was in its beginning. Low vs high dose pre-operative radiation for carcinoma of the larynx remains a valid question. A total of 92 patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma were studied at the University of Illinois. The results of treatment for  2 patients receiving planned low dose pre-operative radiation and 30 patients receiving planned high dose pre-operative radiation have been studied, using the actuarial method to calculate survival. Improved survival and decreased complications are evident in the low dose pre-operative group as compared to the high dose pre-operative group."
1139420,A retrospective study has been made of the role of intermediate (4500-5000 rads in five weeks) pre-operative radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the larynx. The results of treatment in 72 cases treated at the University of Virginia have been analyzed with particular attention to local recurrences and complications. The local recurrence rate is comparable to that achieved with higher doses of pre-operative irradiation and the complication rate and the pre-operative level of radiation dose employed. Deaths from causes other than local recurrence indicate that a considerable number of patients die from a second primary or distant metastases even though the local disease has been controlled.
1139421,"A carefully planned clinical program of combined pre-operative radiation and surgery has been conducted by the Department of Otolaryngology at The Mount Sinai Hospital for 14 years in an effort to improve the survival rate for advanced cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx. An extensive histopathological study of resected larynges and radical neck specimens was undertaken in 1961 in order to determine the effects of pre-operative radiation. A very careful statistical analysis has been made of the survival experience of this series of cases. The three and five year survival rates have been computed by the actuarial method. The histopathological study entailed a serial section study of 26 larynges and 21 radical neck dissection specimens. These studies have been most informative as to the nature of the radiobiologic process involved in the destruction of laryngeal cancer. In addition, the study has been revealing as to the ability of radiation to sterilize cancer in the neck specimens. The clinical correlate of this histologic finding has been the observation of reduced cervical recurrences in patients treated with combined therapy. In conclusion, our statistics seem to indicate that our combined therapy method has improved the survival rates of patients with advanced cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx."
1139423,"In the 10 years between 1964 and 1974, 276 patients with infiltrating carcinoma of the larynx included 31 cases of varrucous carcinoma (11 per cent of the series). This tumor is characterized by the pushing invasion of well differentiated squamous epithelium growing in a vertically folded invasive pattern. The tumor appears most frequently in the two decades between 50 and 69 years of age. The ratio of male to female patients was 3.4:1. Verrucous carcinoma has a predilection for the supraglottic regions of the larynx. Cut surface of the tumor shows clefting and sharp margins. Lymph node metastasis occurred in five cases. The marked inflammatory host reaction can cause misleading cervical lymphadenopathy. Problems in diagnosis are discussed."
1139427,"A clinicopathologic correlation of 39 cases of a histologically biphasic malignant neoplasm of the larynx is presented. The histologic pattern of this entity was mainly that of a malignant spindle cell process, but a definite squamous cell carcinoma component was evident. Grossly the tumors were usually prominently polypoid. A morphologic transition of the squamous cell carcinomatous element into the spindle cell component was strongly suggested, supporting the contention that this entity is pathogenetically a pleomorphic or spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. Follow-up information on 20 cases indicated a two-year mortality of 40 per cent, refuting the contention that this entity is of low-grade malignancy. Complete surgical removal of the neoplasm, with or without irradiation, offered the best therapeutic approach. Irradiation alone was unsuccessful."
1139429,"The phenomenon of paradoxical nasal obstruction is described. An understanding of this phenomenon is made possible by the knowledge of the nasal cycle and of the concept of total nasal airway resistance. These topics are reviewed and two patients with paradoxical nasal obstruction are described. Direct observation, rhinomanometric tests and serial tomograms were utilized to substantiate these findings."
1139430,"Intramuscular hemangioma is a distinct type of hemangioma occurring within skeletal muscle and making up less than one per cent of all hemangiomas. They occur most often in the trunk and extremities, perhaps beacuse of the larger muscle volume in thos areas. 13.5 per cent of intramuscular hemangiomas do occur in the head and neck region and for this reason they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses. The first case of an intramuscular hemangioma of the digastric muscle is presented and confirmed by electron microscopic sections. An interesting finding in this tumor is the proliferation of both endothelial cells and pericytes. Hemangiomas are classified according to vessel size; ""large vessel"" cavernous, ""small vessel"" capillary, and ""mixed"". Various etiologies and modalities of treatment are discussed, and total excision with ligation of the feeding vessels is advocated to prevent the high incidence of later recurrence."
1139431,"Four patients with severe thermal burns showed Gentamicin cochlear toxicity. The hearing loss ranged from moderate to severe and was progressive in the three patients that were followed. These side effects were seen even with only topical application of Gentamicin to large surface burns of the body. All patients had an associated loss of bestibular function. None of the patients during treatment with Gentamicin was in renal failure. These finding are discussed in the light of current knowledge of Gentamicin toxicity, blood levels, and absorption from surface burns of the body."
1139432,"This paper reports the experience of the authors using facial nerve excitability test in Bell's palsy as a tool to understand better the prognosis in that pathology. The authors made a retrospective study of 222 cases of Bell's palsy, followed by serial facial nerve excitability test. The goal of this study as to define correlations between facial nerve excitability test (N.E.T.) values, the rate and degree of recovery OF PATIENTS PRESENTING A Bell's palsy. Results indicated that incomplete paralysis with a normal N.E.T. forecasts a fast and complete recovery in less than three months. Complete paralysis with a normal N.E.T. also forecasts a complete recovery. Those cases of complete paralysis with an abnormally elevated (greater than 2 m. amp.) N.E.T. lead to unsatisfactory results in 27.7 per cent of patients and of these 66.6 per cent took more than three months to recover if at all. Of the patients with complete paralysis and no response to facial nerve stimulation, 73 per cent showed an unsatisfactory recovery."
1139434,"Cartilaginous tumors of the base of the skull, though rare, comprise an interesting group of intracranial tumors which have rather distinct properties - somewhat characteristic clinical and radiologic signs, according to site of origin, and the potential for relatively long term survival even when malignant. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a clinical and radiologic experience with six such cases, a significantly useful series, as fewer than 150 cases have been reported in the world literature to date. This presentation comprises three segments. Initially, an introductory section outlines the basic historical, pathological, and radiological concepts. The second section comprises a clinical review of the case material and an analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics. Finally, a section reviews the roentgen signs, including the role of specialized radiologic techniques to determine the specificity of x-ray findings."
1139435,"The in vitro transport of [2-14-C]uric acid, [8-14-C]hypoxanthine, and [8-14-C]xanthine, each dissolved in Krebs--Ringer bicarbonate buffer, was studied with everted jejunal sacs from rat and hamster. No evidence could be obtained for the development of a concentration gradient between the intracellular fluid and the incubation medium or between the sac contents and the incubation medium, for any of the three oxypurines. Inhibitiors of active transport, such as anaerobiosis for dinitrophenol, had no significant effect on the rate of transport. A large percentage of hypoxanthine and xanthine was oxidized to urine acid in the sac-wall homogenate, sac contents, and incubation medium during the course of the incubation. This oxidation could be prevented by addition of allopurinol (3 mM) to the incubation medium, but concentration gradients were still not obtained. No active transport mechanism could be demonstrated for uric acid, hypoxanthine, or xanthine in rat or hamster jejunum."
1139436,"Plasma clearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) is widely used as a measure of hepatic function. Its validity depends upon its exclusive elimination from the body via bile. For example, in the present study, when BSP was administered intravenously (i.v.) to rats at four different doses (18.75, 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg), less than 0.5% of each dose was excreted into the urine and between 70 and 85% was excreted into the bile within 6 h after administration. It has been assumed that the distribution of BSP is limited to the blood and liver witith very little appearing in other tissues. When we measured the amount of BSP in the plasma, liver, and the bile 10 min after the i.v. administration of either a high (150 mg/kg) or a low (18.75 mg/kg) dose of BSP, only 60% of the dose was accounted for. The concentration of BSP and 12-I-labelled albumin (RISA) was measured in various tissue samples 10 min after administration of 17.5 or 150 mg of BSP or RISA per kilogram. More BSP was found in all tissues than was contained in the plasma entrapped therein. Thus, the distribution of BSP is not limited to the liver and plasma. During excretion BSP leaves other tissue (kidney, spleen, lung, etc.) and is ultimately excreted into the bile."
1139437,"Following a subcutaneous injection of adrenaline (300 mug/kg), blood-glucose levels were lower in rats treated chronically with adrenaline (300 mug/kg twice a day for 28 days) than in control rats during at least 2.5 h after the injection. To explain this difference of response, the turnover rate of glucose was measured in control and adrenaline-treated rats during adrenaline infusion (0.75 mug/kg- minus 1 min- minus 1), with [U- minus 14C]glucose as tracer. It was found that the rate of appearance of glucose was greater in the control than in the adrenaline-treated group after a 120-min infusion of adrenaline. The rate of disappearance of glucose in the treated rats increased during the first 60 min of infusion and stayed at this elevated level for a subsequent 2 h, whereas in the control rats, it remained unchanged at the beginning of adrenaline infusion and significantly increased only during the second and third hours of infusion. In addition, the metabolic- clearance rate of glucose was not modified by adrenaline in the treated group, but in the control group, the initial clearance rate was significantly less than in the treated group, and decreased during the first hour of adrenaline infusion even though blood glucose reached values of 244 mg/100 ml. ,rom these data, it is suggested that rats adapt to a chronic exogenous supply of adrenaline by a reduced increase in glucose production in response to adrenaline infusion and a better glucose utilization, which possibly indicates a decrease in the inhibitory effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion."
1139438,"Effective vascular compliance was measured repeatedly in dogs without circulatory arrest utilizing a closed-circuit venous bypass system and constant cardiac output. Compliance, determined by the delta V/delta P relationship at the end of a 1-min infusion of 5% of the circulating volume into the inferior vena cava, was independent of the initial venous pressure, total circulating volume and systemic arterial pressure. It remained constant over a 3 h experimental period at 1.55 plus or minus 0.05 ml (mm Hg)-1-kb-1 body weight. Elevation of mean left atrial pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure by gradual aortic constriction was associated with a large and significant reduction in vascular compliance to a value of 1.14 plus or minus 0.06 ml (mm Hg)-1-kg-1 after 2 h. This reduction was independent of the initial venous pressure and total circulating volume but was associated with the changes in left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures and an increase in plasma catecholamine concentrations. The mechanism responsible for the reduction in effective compliance is not clear from the present experiments. Increased circulating catecholamines and sympathetic nerve traffic resulting from baro- and volume receptor stimulation in the vascular tree may be the causative mechanism."
1139439,"Measurements were made of duodenal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) on rats during development of rickets and, subsequently, following vitamin-D2 treatment. Results showed a poor inverse correlation between duodenal CaBP and rickets. In rats fed a phosphate-deficient rachitogenic diet, duodenal CaBP concentration finally fell below detectable limits, but CaBP was still readily measurable 2 weeks after rickets was clearly established. Following a massive dose of vitamin D2 (50 000 I.U.) to rachitic animals, CaBP was formed. However, a small dose of vitamin D2 (500 I.U. daily for 4 days) was insufficient to demonstrate CaBP synthesis than vitamin-D treatment alone. The rachitogenic diet supplemented with phosphate, which caused osteoporosis but not rickets, inhibited CaBP synthesis. The results suggest that nutritional deficiencies from the rachitogenic diet, in addition to vitamin-D deficiency, inhibited CaBP synthesis."
1139440,"Experiments were carried out in pigs to investigate the relationship between concentration of intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and the presence of rickets. Pigs made rachitic by a diet deficient in calcium and in vitamin D had concentrations of intestinal CaBP no less than values obtained on control pigs. These experiments, together with earlier work on rats (Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1975. 53, 137--143), demonstrate a poor inverse correlation between levels of intestinal CaBP and rickets."
1139441,"The effect of catecholamine-depleting pretreatments, reserpine, and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) on left ventricular pressure (LVP) and the inotropic response to graded doses of ouabain (up to 300 mug/0.05 ml) was studied in isolated perfused rat and guinea-pig hearts. In rats, reserpine and 6-OH-DA depleted the cardiac content of catecholamine, but did not increase initial LVP and did not reduce the inotropic response to the highest dose of ouabain. It is concluded that in isolated rat hearts, these catecholamine-depleting pretreatments nearly abolish the inotropic response to ouabain, and this effect appears to be mediated mainly through an increase in initial LVP. The reason why catecholamine depletion failed to increase initial LVP in guinea pigs remains unexplained."
1139442,"The findings was confirmed that there is a ""rebound"" increase of stored acetylcholine (ACh) in cat superior cervical ganglia conditioned by prolonged preganglionic stimulation at a frequency high enough to cause initial depletion of the store. Ganglia removed immediately after 60 min of continuous or interrupted stimulation at 50 Hz, with chloralose as anesthetic, contained about 30% more ACh than their unconditioned controls; the rebound rose to about 60% after 15 min of rest and then subsided with an apparent half-time of about 2 h. Tests with hemicholinium, combined with hexamethonium or tubocurarine, showed that rebound ACh was located presynaptically and could be released by nerve impulses; but conditioned ganglia perfused with an eserine-containing medium did not release more ACh than their unconditioned controls, except in circumstances in which the mobilization of ACh from a reserve store appeared to be the rate-limiting process for release. The appearance of rebound ACh during and after conditioning stimulation was suppressed by hexamethonium and by tubocurarine, neither of which has much effect on ACh turnover in ganglia excited at lower frequencies, but not only by atropine, noradrenaline, or phenoxybenzamine. The formation of rebound ACH is thus contingent on the postsynaptic nicotinic response to released ACh, and may represent an augmentation of the transmitter store in structures remote from the release sites."
1139443,"Male and female chickens of a broiler-type strain were fed, from 1 day old to 5 weeks of age, diets containing 0, 2.5, or 15.0 p.p.m. (mg/kg) 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT). Then the diets with pesticide were withdrawn and the chickens were fed dietary levels of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) at 0, 100, or 250 p.p.m. Adipose-tissue and liver samples were obtained on days 0, 10, 20, and 30 following withdrawal of diets with pesticides to determine DPH effect on DDT, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) levels. DPH had no effect on the concentration of DDT and DDE in adipose tissue; their levels declined at a rate having a half-life value of 16 days. DDD was not detected in adipose tissue. DDT accounted for 87% of the adipose residues on day 0, but 66% of the residues at day 30. DPH had no effect on the concentrations of DDT and DDE in livers of chickens fed 15.0 p.p.m. DDT, but did significantly reduce the levels of DDD by 28 and 54% for levels of 100 and 250 p.p.m. DPH, respectively. The similarity of these data to studies on dairy cows and humans, and the dissimilarity to data from rat studies were discussed."
1139444,"Prodolic acid, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, inhibited bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction but did not affect histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. Prodolic acid potentiated the responses of the isolated rabbit vas deferens and portal vein to electrical stimulation without altering the response to noradrenaline. The potentiating effects of prodolic acid on the vas deferens were reversible but the potentiating effects in the portal vein were frequency-dependent. It is concluded that these effects of prodolic acid are probably related to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis."
1139445,"Metabolic rates and rectal temperatures were continuously monitored for humans immersed in cold ocean water (4.6--18.2 degrees C) under stimulated accident conditions. The subjects wore only light clothing and a kapok lifejacket while either holding-still or swimming. While holding-still, metabolic heat production (Hm,kcal-min--1) was inversely related to water temperature (Tw, degrees C) according to the equation Hm equals 4.19 minus-0.117 Tw. This temperature response pattern is shown to be similar to that for exposure to air of the same temperature when air velocity is just over 5 m.p.h. (2.24 m/s). The thermogenic response was one-third efficient in balancing the calculated heat loss in cold water, resulting in hypothermia at a rectal temperature cooling rate (C, degrees C-min--1) dependent on water temperature (Tw, degrees C) according to the relation C equal 0.0785 - 0.0034Tw. Although swimming increased heat production to 2.5 times that of holding-still at 10.5 degrees C water temperature, cooling rate was 35% greater while swimming. A prediction equation for survival time (ts, min) of persons accidentally immersed in cold water (Tw, degrees C) has the form ts equal 15 + 7.2/(0.0785-0.0034Tw), based on the findings of this study, and it is compared to pre-existing models."
1139446,"The effects of stress due to brief (4--5 min) ether and pentobarbital anesthesia vs. decapitation on assays of seven enzymes in homogenates of synovium, articular and epiphyseal cartilage, and metaphyseal and cortical bone were compared. Etherization caused twofold changes in synovial and articular cartilage G-6-PDH, LDH, CPK, glutamic DH, and ICDH based on tissue dry weight and DNA content. Pentobarbital anesthesia produced only slightly lower activities, per gram DNA, of LDH, acid phosphatase, and glutamic-DH in cortical bone. Epiphyseal cartilage metabolism was unaffected by either mode of anesthesia. No difference could be detected between levels of enzyme activities of the several tissues taken from rats that had been decapitated or anesthetized with pentobarbital. The changes in enzyme activities suggested that pentobarbital was non-stressful and appropriate to metabolic studies in the skeleton."
1139447,"The perfused central artery of the rabbit ear was less sensitive to extraluminal than to intraluminal noradrenaline, but the reverse was true for metaraminol, methoxamine, metanephrine, and isoproterenol. No difference was noted between the extraluminal and intraluminal potency of phenylephrine. Cocaine potentiated the effect of extraluminal and intraluminal noradrenaline, but decreased that of intraluminal phenylephrine. Irrespective of the route of administration, the constrictor potencies of the sympathomimetic amines were not affected by cocaine. Arteries of reserpine-treated rabbits were supersensitive to extraluminally and intraluminally applied noradrenaline and phenylephrine, but they were not supersensitive to metaraminol. 6-Hydroxydopamine effectively destroyed adrenergic nerve endings of the central ear artery and increased its responses to both extraluminal and intraluminal noradrenaline and phenylephrine. However, only the constrictor potencies of intraluminally applied metaraminol and methoxamine were enhanced by 6-hydroxydopamine. The apparent discrepancies between the results obtained by various procedures that eliminate or impair the nerve uptake process suggest that the difference in the constrictor potency of extraluminal and intraluminal sympathomimetic amines is probably unrelated to their uptake by nerves located in the adventitio-medial junction of the artery."
1139448,"Several aryl and heteroaryl hydrazides were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme systems in chick brain 24 h after their intramuscular administration (0.75 mmol/kg). All compounds produced a reduction in GAD, GABA-T, and MAO activity. Structure-activity relationships indicated that the ring structure had a greater influence on the degree of GAD and GABA-T inhibition than did the N'-terminal group. In contrast, structural requirements for MAO inhibition were much more restrictive. The intramuscular administration of benzoic acid hydrazide to chicks 24 h prior to their being exposed to oxygen at high pressure provided significant protection against the onset of the hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures."
1139449,"Brewster angle reflections from oxidized cholesterol membranes are described in terms of uniaxial crystal model. The refractive indices perpendicular and parallel to the membrane are 1.515 and 1.555, respectively. A multilayer model was also considered; however, under the approximations used, both models are equivalent and cannot be distinguished. Egg albumin and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide altered the refractive indices while 2,4-dinitrophenol and valinomycin addition did not produce a detectable change."
1139450,"The arterio--alveolar nitrogen difference (aADN2) has been associated in 27 normal adult subjects aged 20--60 years. As it may be assumed that venous and arterial PN2 are identical, we have used a sample of venous blood. There is a significant positive correlation between aADN2 and age. As the increase of aADN2 with age resembles that found in the literature for AaDO2, we concluded that the latter may be explained by increasing VA/Qc inequality within the lung."
1139451,"Hemorrhagic shock was produced by bleeding conscious rats to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg, which was maintained for 2 h. Basal glucose uptake by isolated soleus muscle from normal rats and rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock ('shock' muscles) increased with the increase ib medium glucose concentration. Uptake values were similar in both groups of muscles. This indicates that there were no alterations in the basal glucose carrier mechanism during shock. Whereas insulin (0.1 U/ml) stimulated glucose uptake in control muscles under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions, it had no stimulatory effect in 'shock' muscles under either environment. Maximal stimulation of glucose uptake in 'shock' muscles was observed at an insulin concentration of 0.2 U/ml. The ability of muscle to bind insulin was not altered during shock. The present experiments indicate that insulin responsiveness to tissues is altered in shock. This could be due to alterations in the insulin sensitivity of the glucose carrier mechanism during shock."
1139452,"The influence of chronic hyper- and hypothyroidism on the uptake and retention of tritiated noradrenaline ([3-H]NA) and on the endogenous noradrenaline (NA) content of various adrenergically innervated tissues was studied in thyroidectomized and sham-operated euthyroid rats. Half of the thyroidectomized rats were treated daily with thyroxine (25 mug/kg) for 3 or 12 weeks to simulate a condition of chronic hyperthyroidism, while the other half was left untreated to form a hypothyroid group. The body weight and the heart rate of each rat were measured at the end of each experiment, and in addition, at the end of the 3 week experiment, the oxygen consumption and the plasma thyroxine levels were measured to confirm the thyroid state of the animals. At the end of both experiments, each animal was given an intravenous injection of [3-H]NA and the [3-H]NA and the total endogenous NA content of the heart and various other adrenergically innervated tissues were measured on a timed schedule, to compare the initial accumulations and the rates of efflux of [3-H]NA under different thyroid states. Although the hyperthyroid rats had higher heart rates and heart weights, they were not significantly different from the euthyroid controls with respect to their body weights, tissue NA content, or accumulation and efflux rates of [3-H]NA. In contrast, the hypothyroid rats showed significantly lower heart and other tissue weights, but higher tissue concentrations of NA and rates of efflux of [3-H]NA than the euthyroid group. In the hypothyroid state, the NA turnover appeared to be increased as the [3-H]NA efflux rate was increased from the hearts and adrenal glands. There were no significant differences between the results of the 3 week and the 12 week experiments and no evidence that prolongation of the hyperthyroid state gave different results from those found by other workers who used much shorter treatment periods and larger doses of thyroxine to develop hyperthyroidism."
1139453,"Morphine (3.3 times 10-minus 4 M) and meperidine (8.8 times 10-minus 5 M) inhibited action potential production in frog's skeletal muscle fibers. Over these concentration ranges, neither the resting membrane potentials nor the resting membrane electric properties of the fibers appeared to be modified. Both drugs depressed excitability and the rising phase of the action potential by inhibiting the specific increase in sodium conductance which normally follows an adequate stimulus. Both drugs also seemed to inhibit the secondary rise in potassium conductance which normally occurs during an action potential, causing a prolongation of the action potential duration."
1139454,"A study was done to investigate interactions in the biliary excretion of [14-C]succinylsulfathiazole and [3-H]taurocholate after intravenous administration of the two compounds to anesthetized rats. Either compound administered alone increased bile flow and was excreted in the bile. The simultaneous infusion of both significantly increased bile flow above the values seen when either was given alone. However, the biliary-excretion rates of both compounds and their concentrations in bile were reduced when they were administered concomitantly. The simultaneous injection of radioactive taurocholate and succinylsulfathiazole did not alter significantly the plasma concentrations of either compound or their binding to plasma proteins from the values obtained when each was given alone. These results are consistent with a concept of competition between these compounds for the same liver-to-bile transport system. They contrast with previous observations that indicated that the concomitant administration of taurocholate increased the biliary excretion of acidic compounds. In the light of this work, it might be suggested that there are more than one transport system for the biliary excretion of organic anions."
1139484,"The records of the two main referral centres for the western and central Arctic were reviewed for Eskimo patients with cancer diagnosed between 1949 and 1974 inclusive. To these were added the records for the past 6 years of patients from the eastern Arctic, giving the toatal of 180 histologically proved cases of malignant disease. Athe data were analysed for prevalence, relative frequency, geographic distribution and changes with time of the various neoplasms. Salivary gland and renal neoplasms have in recent years been displaced by cancer of the lung and uterine cervix as the most common malignant tumours in Canadian Eskimos. The prevalence of lung cancer in Eskimo women, particularly of the central Artic, is striking. Cancer of the nasopharynx kept the same relative position during early and late years of the survey period. Breast cancer is still uncommon in Eskimos. Lactation rather than gestation history appeared to be an important protective factor. Cases of cervical cancer outnumbered those of breast cancer by 18 to 4, in sharp contrast to the relative proportions of these tumours in all Canadian women."
1139485,"The risk of radiation carcinogenesis has been established for breast tissue from experience with total body irradiation and multiple fluoroscopy of the chest with the patient prone. The doubling dose has been estimated to lie between 20 and 50 rads. Before undertaking radiologic screening programs for breast cancer, therefore, it is necessary to determine whether exposures below this range are safe. Of 792 women who had had tuberculosis and were followed for a minimum of 20 years, 451 had had multiple fluoroscopy while supine; 341 had not had fluoroscopy. The first group received a total radiation dose to the breast averaging 17 rads (141.5 fluoroscopies); the incidence of breast cancer in this group was not increased. Had fluoroscopy been performed with the patient prone the total radiation dose would have averaged 308 rads. The difference is thought to explain the increased incidence of breast cancer attributable to fluoroscopy given with the patient prone. Mid-breast exposure with mammography or xeroradiography varies between 3 and 6 rads. Repetitive screening would, therefore, appear safe provided total exposure did not exceed 20 rads. With this restriction there would appear to be no reason to curtail screening of women for breast cancer."
1139486,"Attitudes toward the expanded role of nurse practitioners in primary care (family practice nurses) have been determined for persons from a semirural area who chose as their principal souce of care an interdisciplinary family medical centre (FMC) incorporating two nurse practitioners, and those for whom the FMC was not the usual source of care. Data were obtaine using""before-and-after"" structured interviews of a random sample of persons living in a southern Ontario township. Slowly evolving, nonsignificant trends of greater acceptance were observed among patiens who had  dealth with family practice nurses. The greatest change observed was an increased acceptance of the nnurse by FMC users as the person who would be contacted as a second choice if theirfirst choice, usually a physician, could not be reached in specific worrry-inducing situations. FMC users depended more on nurses to provide information. A conclusion of increased general acceptance of the family practive nurse by FMC users is supported by a 34 per cent higher use of nurses by FMC patients compared to other persons of comparable characteristics living in the same community."
1139487,"Gastritis cystica and carcinoma developed 35 years after partial gastectomy and gastrojejunostomy for benign peptic ulcer. Although chronic atrophic gastritis and carcinoma are well recognized complications of gastrojejunostomy, gastritis cystica appears to be rare. The resemblance of the lesion to that of colitis cystica profunda is striking."
1139493,"This is a review of one surgeon's personal experience with 85 patients with thyroid cancer treated over a 20-year period. The data confirm that for papillary thyroid tumours, with rare exceptions, the prognosis is excellent. Anaplastic lesions, however, are consistently lethal. Follicular carcinoma and medullary carcinoma fall between these extremes. A simple clinical classification is offered as a guide to operative management and a reliable index of prognosis. Patients with clinically apparent, ""manifest cancer"" have serious, life-threatening disease; many such patients die of their disease. Patients with ""neck lumps not yet diagnosed"" usually have papillary carcinoma; their prognosis is excellent. Patients whose thyroid tumours fall into the category of ""malignant nodule"" or ""pathologist's cancer"" are particularly fortunate: in this series no such patient has died. The importance of age in relation to thyroid cancer is also confirmed: non of the patients first treated before the age of 40 years has died of cancer. For young patients with favourable disease the author recommends conservative surgical treatment, which avoids cosmetic deformity or functional disability, to be followed by administration of levothyroxine to suppress production of thyroid=stimulating hormone. For patients with ""unfavourable"" thyroid cancer valuable palliation can often be achieved by a combination of surgery and irradiation. Survival rates for the total series are 76% at 5 years and 60% at 10 years."
1139494,"Although resection is the mainstay of treatment of thyroid cancer, and radioactive iodine (131-1) is curative in a small number of patients with differentiated cancers, external irradiation is much more effective than is generally believed. This has been clearly shown in a review of 138 patients with thyroid cancer referred to a cancer centre, in most cases after an initial operation. External irradiation should be considered in all patients except those with pure papillary tumours that have been completely excised. It should be used (a) in conjunction with surgery if there is even a remote doubt as to the completeness of excision; (b) in conjunction with 131-1 in treating inoperable primary tumours or metastatic lesions; () alone for differentiated tumours (primary or metastatic) that do not take up 131-1; and, (d) perhaps combined with chemotherapy, for medullary and anaplastic tumours."
1139495,"Over a 7-month period the trial version of the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) was studied. Ten community physicians reported 28 399 encounters wtith 11 437 patients. The overall distribution of health problems was comparable to that found in other North American studies. Some differences between the morbidity distributions in urban and rural practices varies from those of previous Canadian studies. Other differences between practices appeared to be related to the interests and training of the individual physicians. The workload of the physicians varied considerably. Many of the encounters involved problems for which there may be minimal benefit from medical intervention, and there was a large discrepancy in the frequency of follow-up visits for specified stable chronic health problems. The implications of these interpractice variations in the altering field of health care are discussed."
1139496,"Skin testing with 5 tuberculin units (TU) of purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin stabilized with polysorbate (Tween) 80 was done 3 months and 1 year after immunization with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in two groups of children: one group vaccinated at birth and another group at age 6 years. Interpretation of the PPD skin test with 5 TU is possible in children 1 year and older vaccinated with BCG at birth: if the diameter of induration is more than 10 to 12 mm the reaction cannot be ascribed to BCG vaccination and is highly suggestive of supervening infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or occasionally atypical mycobacteria. In contrast, the interpretation of a PPD test in children vaccinated at age 6 years is extremely difficult."
1139497,A young Coast Salish Indian woman became fatally ill during ritual Initiation into the Native Winter Spirit Dancing Society. She died from massive fat emboli associated with subcutaneous bruises that appeared clinically unimportant and were not associated with fractures or other underlying injury. The liver showed extreme fatty metamorphosis.
1139518,"In 54 cases of accidental death in cities with water hardness of 60 parts per million (ppm) or less, the mean myocardial magnesium concentration was 918 mug/g of dry tissue. This was 7% lower than the corresponding figure of 982 mug/g among 29 cases of accidental death in cities with water hardness of 300 ppm or more, and this difference was significant (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences between the cities with soft and hard water in the mean myocardial concentrations of calcium, zinc, copper, chromium, lead or cadmium. These results are compatible with the belief that the relatively high death rates in some soft-water areas may be due to a suboptimal intake of magnesium, and that water-borne magnesium exerts a protective effect on the residents of hard-water areas."
1139519,"Thirty-four patients with analgesic nephropathy were followed at intervals of 1 to 3 months with measurements of creatinine clearance and serum concentration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for a total of 105 patient-years. Diagnostic criteria included total consumption of at least 2 kg of phenacetin and 3 kg of ASA, compatible tissue abnormality on biopsy and evidence of papillary necrosis on an intravenous pyelogram. Nephropathy was induced by the same compound analgesic containing ASA, pehnacetin, caffeine and codeine (APC&C) in 30. Phenacetin was removed from this preparation in 1970 and replaced by an approximately equal amount of ASA (ACC). Creatinine clearance remained unchanged or improved in 11 of 15 patients who stopped taking analgesics containing phenacetin or ASA and in 10 of 11 of those who continued to take the ACC preparation. In contrast, renal function deteriorated in seven of eight patients who continued to abuse APC&C analgesics. The results suggest that phenacetin is necessary for the major nephrotoxic effect of this APC&C combination, but that ASA is not absolved of some nephrotoxicity."
1139541,"Dyspareunia is one of the most common sexual symptoms that carries wide-ranging potential foor emotional and physical pain. Informed therapeutic intervention can be useful in helping a person with sexual problems. Organic causes underlying dyspareunia are usually temporary and easily correctable. They are rare as a cause of a continuing problem, compared to issues of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict. One of the keys to achieving a satisfying relationship on an adult-to-adult basis requires that each partner assume responsibility for his/her own sexual pleasure. The woman who withdraws into the assumption that she has an organic problem in the absence of abnormal findings, or that her partner or therapist must find a solution, abdicates responsibility for her own sexual pleasure. Although few of us will be therapists in the sense that the role is generally understood, indentifying and responding to sexual concerns of patients is part of the professional's commitment. Ultimately, our goal is the same for any problem of human development-- to facilitate the realization of the potentialities of the person."
1139547,"The substitution site on 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl residues in oligosaccharide chains of glycolipids was determined by permethylation of the glycolipid with methyl iodide in the presence of dimethylsulfinyl carbanion, methanolysis of the permethylated product under mild conditions, acetylation with acetic anhydride-pyridine, and identification of the resulting substituted methyl glycosides of 2-deoxy-2(N-methylacetamido)-D-galactose by g.l.c. The method was applied to glycolipids of known structure, including normal brain ganglioside, Tay-Sachs ganglioside, and Forssman glycolipid."
1139548,"1-(2-Chloro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (16) and its alpha anomer (18) were synthesized by direct condensation of 3,5-di-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-deoxy-alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl bromide with trimethylsilylated N-4-acetylcytosine in the absence of catalyst. A new and convenient method for the synthesis of 1,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-deoxy-alpha-D-arabinofuranose from methyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-alpha,beta-D-ribofuranoside is described."
1139549,"DL-gluco-Hept-3-ulose was synthesised by oxidation of tri-O-isopropylidene-meso-glycero-gulo-heptitol with methyl sulphoxide-phosphorus pentaoxide, and subsequent hydrolysis. D-gluco-Hept-3-ulose (3) was synthesised by oxidation of one of the two isopropylidene derivatives from perseitol (D-glycero-D-galacto-heptitol), which is presumed to have the 2,2:4,5:6,7 structure, followed by hydrolysis. The crude product from the reduction of DL-gluco-hept-3-ulose with sodium borohydride showed two peaks corresponding to meso-glycero-gulo-heptitol and perseitol on g.l.c. of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. Isolation and acetylation of the latter heptitol revealed it to be racemic perseitol. Oxodation of DL-gluco-hept-3-ulose with oxygen in alkali followed by treatment with ferric acetate-hydrogen peroxide gave products with chromatographic behaviour characteristic of arabinonolactone and erythrose. Treatment of DL-gluco-hept-3-ulose with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine gave a 1-deoxy-2,4-dinitrophenylosazone."
1139550,"Gamma-Radiolysis of D-glucose in aerated, aqueous solution gives mainly D-glucono-1,5-lactone, D-arabino-hexosulose, and D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose, together with D-xylo-hexos-4-ulose, D-xylo-hexos-5-ulose, and other pentose, tetrose, and triose derivatives as minor products, which were estimated by mass spectrometry of their alditol-d acetates. These hexose derivatives appear to be produced by the decomposition of D-glucose peroxy-radicals which are formed by the reaction of the primary radicals of D-glucose with oxygen. Bond scission of the peroxy-radicals yields triose, tetrose, and pentose. A radiolysis mechanism for the degradation of D-glucose in aerated, aqueous solution is proposed, based on the reaction of several kinds of D-glucose radical with oxygen."
1139551,"The product distributions resulting from the action of Penicillium lilacinum dextranase on end-labelled oligosaccharides of the isomaltose series have been determined. The initial rates of formation of labelled products were measured for isomaltotriose up to isomalto-octaose, and the molar proportions and radioactivity of the final products from isomaltotriose up to isomaltohexaose were determined. D-Glucose was released only from isomaltotriose and isomaltotetraose, by hydrolysis of the first linkage from the reducing end (linkage 1); the terminal bonds of higher members of the series were not attacked. All oligosaccharides except isomaltotriose were hydrolyzed at more than one linkage. The main points of attack on isomaltotetraose up to isomalto-octaose were at linkage 2, and at the third linkage from the non-reducing end; these two positions coincide for isomaltopentaose. The degradation of isomaltotriose up to isomalto-octaose was entirely hydrolytic. The enzyme also catalyzed an extremely slow, concentration-dependent degradation of isomaltose, and this may have occurred via a condensation to isomaltotetraose, followed by hydrolysis of linkage 1 to give D-glucose and isomaltotriose."
1139553,"The cell-free rumen liquor of a steer on a diet of spear grass has been shown to contain macromolecular substances in which carbohydrates and lignin-derived compounds are covalently bound to each other. The lignin-carbohydrate complexes are soluble at pH 7 or higher, but precipitate at pH 3. At the latter pH, small amounts of a polymer, assumed to be glycoprotein, remain in solution. Some of the lignin-carbohydrate linkages are broken by treatment with alkali. Treatment with 50mM sulphuric acid for a few minutes at room temperature converts part of the complex into an acetone-soluble product, which still contains both carbohydrate and lignin-derived compounds. The formation of soluble lignin-carbohydrate complexes by the action of rumen micro-organisms on the grass may account for the dissolution (and hence the apparent digestion) of about half of the total lignin-intake."
1139558,"I.r. absorption bands associated with the functional groups of carboxylic acid derivatives are useful for the analysis of alginates and pectins. The ester, amide, and uronate contents of pectins and the uronate content of alginates were determined, respectively, from the ester-carbonyl stretching band (1740 cm- minus 1), the amide I band (1650 cm- minus 1), and the carboxylate antisymmetric stretching band (1607 cm- minus 1) obtained from the spectra of solutions in D2O-phosphate buffer. The results are accurate to within plus or minus 2-4%, are self consistent, and agree well with the few reliable results that are available. The method should be applicable for the determination of carboxylic acid derivatives in other polysaccharides."
1139559,"A seven-step synthesis of 1,3-di-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose, a versatile intermediate in the synthesis of chemotherapeutically important nucleosides, was achieved from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-tosyl-alpha-D-allofuranose. The crucial steps were the fluorination by use of potassium fluoride in acetamide and the conversion of 6-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucofuranose into 5-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-3-O-formyl-D-arabinofuranose by periodate oxidation. Also described is the synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine. This procedure affords good overall yields of products without formation of undesirable, isomeric intermediates and is suitable for large-scale preparations."
1139561,"Ethyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-1-thio-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (3) was converted into the glycosyl chloride. Condensation of the latter with 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine, followed by amination, gave 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (6), which was also obtained from the alpha-D anomer (4) of 3. Similarly, 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl)cytosine (12) was synthesized from ethyl 2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-1-thio-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-alpha-D-arabinopyranoside (9). The p.m.r. spectra of these nucleosides, as well as those of the 1-thioglycosides, are discussed in terms of the conformation of the sugar portion. In particular, a large change of the J1,2 coupling constants of the alpha-D-furanosides, according to the substituents at C-1 and C-2, was interpreted on the basis of conformational mobility."
1139562,"1-(2-Amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-xylofuranosyl)cytosine (13) was synthesized by three routes: (a) coupling of 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-D-xylofuranosyl chloride (5) with 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine and subsequent treatment with methanolic ammonia, (b) coupling of 5 with 4-N-acetyl-2-O,4-N-bis(trimethylsilyl)cytosine followed by treatment with methanolic ammonia, and (c) thiation of 1-[3,5-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-beta-D-xylofuranosyl]uracil (6) by treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide in pyridine followed by amination of the resulting 4-thionucleoside 12 with metanolic ammonia. The best yield was obtained via route (a)."
1139563,"The structure of the native dextran produced by Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10558 was analyzed by g.l.c.-m.s. of the methylated alditol acetates derived from the polymer. The results indicate that the polymer contains D-glucosyl residues substituted at C-6 or C-3, or both, as well as unsubstituted D-glucosyl residues. These data aially purified dextransucrase on sucrose. The proportion of D-glucosyl residues substituted at C-3 is diminished in this case. It is concluded that several enzymes are involved in the dextran synthesis."
1139567,"This report presents a method for determining the time course of circumferential LV wall stress and fiber shortening velocity (endocardial as well as midwall) using simultaneous recordings of LV dimensions by echography and LV pressure (micromanometer). The values for max VCF, VCF at peak stress, mean VCF, and peak stress are in general agreement with those observed with previous methods; the separation between normal and abnormal LV function appears to be good. The method permits frequent observations to be performed in a single patient, which is of particular value during acute interventions. Data from a small number of interventions suggest that VCF in man is relatively insensitive to acute changes in preload, is inversely affected by changes in afterload and appears sensitive to inotropic stimulation. Although VCF seems to be a good index of LV performance, its sensitivity to afterload might, at times, limit its usefulness."
1139617,"Two chromosomally distinguishable haemopoietic cell populations were injected into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The presence or absence of the T(14;15)6Ca reciprocal translocation (indicated by T6 marker chromosomes) did not affect the proliferation of a population. Wide disparities were found in the proportions of the two donor cell populations between animals and between the right and left femora of individual animals. This suggest (i) that there is, at most, a very limited interchange of proliferating cells and their precursors between the marrow of different bones; and (ii) that the number of clones proliferating in the bone marrow at any one time must be rather small; there was evidence that this number depended in part on the number of haemopoietic cells injected. Exchange between the mitotically active cell populations of spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow was also limited, as shown by significant disparities in the proportions of the two donor populations proliferating in the different tissues of individual mice."
1139618,"The effect of estradiol-17beta on the length of the various phases of the cell cycle was studied in the neonatal mouse uterine, and cervical epithelium. A double labelling method was used, and in addition labelled mitoses were counted. In the uterus proper, estradiol shortens the length of the total cell cycle. TC, from 17-9 hr to 15-7 hr, and the duration of S phase, Ts from 6-7 to 5-1 hr 6 hr after estradiol treatment. 12 hr after estradiol treatment, TC is shortened to 7-4 hr and Ts to 4-5 hr. The shortening of TC at 12 hr is manily due to an effect on TG1, which is shortened from 8-55 hr in untreated animals to 1-8 hr in estradiol treated animals. The TC of cervix epithelium cells in untreated animals was found to be 21-8 hr. After treating the mice for 6 hr with estradiol the tc was now increased to 47 hr and further to 61-2 hr following 12 hr treatment with the hormone. Ts increases from 8-3 hr to 15-2 hr following 6 hr estradiol treatment, and to 15-4 hr after 12 hr treatment. The effect is most pronounced in TG1, which is lengthened from 10-95 hr in untreated animals to 28-1 hr and 43 hr, respectively, in animals treated for either 6 or 12 hr with estradiol."
1139619,"This study demonstrates that the labeling index of mouse marrow littoral cells can be markedly altered as a result of treatment with ethyl carbamate (urethane). Young C57/BL mice were given daily intraperitoneal urethane injections for periods up to 6 days. Following treatment each day, as well as daily over a 10 day recovery period, a group of animals was administered tritiated thymidine every 3 hr over a 24 hr period and sacrificed 1/2 hr after the last injection. Marrow was embedded in epon and 0-5 mum sections cut for autoradiographic and light microscopic analysis. A thirty-five-fold increase in the percentage labeled littoral cells was observed after three injections of urethane. The labeling index of littoral cells fluctuated during the treatment period and during the 10 day recovery period. The albeling data are discussed in relation to the possible effects of urethane on the cell cycle of mouse marrow littoral cells; the morphological sequela to urethane treatment and the possibility that littoral cells may act as stem cells."
1139634,Larval epidermal cells from a day-1 penultimate instar Galleria larva on implantation into day-5 last instar larva metamorphose and deposit a pupal cuticle at the same time as the host pupates. DNA synthesis in the implanted larval cell was monitored with 3-H-thymidine. Various regimens of 3-H-thymidine application were used and under no conditions did the larval cells incorporate label during the period from implantation to deposition of pupal cuticle. This suggests that a wax moth larval ectoderm cell can reprogram its genome to secrete a pupal cuticle without a precedent cell division.
1139635,"Newly synthesized DNA-binding proteins were isolated from the nuclei and, separately from, the cytoplasm of sea urchin mofula stage embryos. The presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine during embryogenesis did not appear to alter the synthesis of either class of DNA-binding proteins. This result tends to argue that cell differentiation in early embryos is not regulated by differential synthesis of DNA-binding proteins. Sea urchin mofulae synthesize a broad range, by molecular weight, or cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins which dissociate from sea urchin DNA-cellulose at relatively high salt concentrations (0.6-2.0 M NaCl). The most prominant of these apparently high-binding-affinity proteins has an approximate molecular weight of 33,000."
1139734,"The intraperitoneal administration of methyl or sodium arachidonate (100 and 200 mg-kg causes, in mice, a significant decline in locomotive activity 30 min later, and is able to oppose completely the antagonistic action of D-amphetamine (2.5 and 5 mg-kg). This effect seems to be related to increased synthesis of prostaglandins, for it disappears partially after pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid, which alone has no effect on the spontaneous activity of mice. Oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid not involved in prostaglandin synthesis does not give significant results in the same conditions."
1139735,"A single injection of 1.5 mg aflatoxin B1 per kg body weight produced approx. 70% disaggregation of rat liver polysomes into monosomes within 18 h. Isolated monosomes dissociated into 40 S subunits during centrifugation in linear sucrose gradients containing 0.3 M KCI. The 4 S to 5 S molar RNA ratio of the monosomes was calculated to be 0.6, indicating 0.6 tRNA and/or aminoacyl tRNA molecule per ribosome; no peptidyl tRNA was present. These results suggest that a single injection of affatoxin B1 produces monosomes which resemble runoff ribosomes."
1139737,"Administration of phenobarbital to rats increases the rate of synthesis of certain microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in a selective manner and promotes proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver. Phenobarbital increased a number of factors by which protein synthesis could be enhanced in the liver. It produced a 30% increase in the amount of ribosomes and mRNA per cell. The proportion of ribosomes associated with polysomes was increased by 5-10% over normal liver. There was a 10-30% increase in the rate of ploypeptide elongation and a small increase or no change in polysome size, indicating that the rate of polypeptide initiation was increased proportionately. The product of these effects accounts for the 1.5-fold increase in the rate of total protein synthesis previously reported. The average polysome size, and the size of free polysomes in particular, was maintained when actinomycin D was administered to phenobarbital-pretreated rats, suggesting that the rate of mRNA degradation was decreased selectively. Phenobarbital did not, however, affect the distribution of ribosomes between the free and membrane-bound states or the activity of ribonucleases associated with isolated free and bound polysomes. Thus, we conclude that phenobarbital stimulates protein synthesis by expanding the mRNA pool, at least partially through effects on mRNA degradation, and by augmenting the rate of mRNA translation."
1139738,"Confluent monolayers of WI-38 diploid fibroblasts can be stimulated to proliferate by fresh serum. In the first 3 h after stimulation (that is, several hours before DNA replication) the chromatin of stimulated cells show structrual changes which include: (1) an increase in maximum positive ellipticity and a blue shift in the 250-300 nm region of circular dichroism spectra; and (2) an increase,in isolated chromatin, of the number of binding sites for the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide.The differences between chromtin  of stimulated and chromatin of unstimulated cells are abolised when bother chromatins are treated with 0.25 M NaCL."
1139739,"Cells of human origin maintained in vitro in a phosphate-free medium (PFM) remain viable for over 24 h but lose viability rapidly in the presence of soluble lead.  The threshold for this loss of viability is less than 1 ppm.  In the presence of Ca-2+ in high concentrations, the cells maintain their viability.  These data suggest that soluble lead is far more toxic than particulate lead, and that the protective action of the Ca-2+ ion in lead toxicity is not on a specific cell type."
1139740,"The uptake and binding of ring-labelled [-14C]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by rat and hamster liver and kidney has been studied, the former species being extremely sensitive to the carcinogenic action of AFB, whereas the latter is resistant.  In contrast to an earlier report (Lijinsky et al, Cancer Res., 30 (1970) 2280-2283, binding of the carcinogen to nucleic acids was far greater than that to protein.  Rat liver DNA bound ten times and rRNA twenty times more carcinogen than protein.  There were also differences in the amount of carcinogen bound to rat liver nucleic acids compared to those of the hamster, the latter species binding lower amounts of the carcinogen.  Rat liver DNA bound four times and rRNA ten times as much AFB1 6 h after carcinogen administration whereas liver protein bound AFB1 was similar for the two species.  Not only was there a difference in the amount of AFB1 bound but whereas in the rat, liver nucleic acid bound carcinogen decayed with time, no such fall was seen in the hamster, this remaining at a low level throughout the 48-h time period studied.  In contrast, reaction of the carcinogen with kidney macromolecules was similar for the two species.  The much higher binding of AFB1 to nucleic acids than to protein might account for the potent carcinogenicity of this compound in  the rat, particularly since liver protein binding does not differ between a susceptible and a resistant species.  A further important factor in determining carcinogenic sensitivity may be the removal of nucleic acid bound radioactivity with time, a possible repair process."
1139752,"Diastolic murmurs associated with the Starr-Edwards mitral prosthesis have not been described previously. In this report, five patients with mitral prostheses are described in whom apical mid-diastolic and presystolic murmurs resulted from two different causes. Three patients had clots obstructing the prosthetic orifice. The other two had normally functioning protheses and moderately severe aortic insufficiency. The occurrence of mid-diastolic and presystolic murmurs in the presence of a normally functioning prosthetic mitral valve demonstrates that 1) the mid-diastolic Austin Flint murmur can occur in the absence of incomplete mitral valve opening, premature mitral valve closure, vibrating mitral leaflets, or relative mitral stenosis and 2) the presystolic Austin Flint murmur can occur in the absence of incomplete valve opening or presystolic mitral regurgitation. However, the presystolic murmur was associated with early closure movement of the presthetic poppet."
1139753,"This report represents our experience with 522 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted directly to the Duke Coronary Care Unit. Fifty items of information were used to characterize the patients, their hospital course and follow-up. Serious complications included death, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, second- or third-degree heart block, pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, persistent sinus tachycardia or hypotension, atrial flutter or fibrillation, and extension of infarction. Forty-nine percent of the patients (252 of 522) experienced a serious complication. All patients who experienced any serious complications had at least one of the above during the first four days of hospitalization. Patients who survived through day 4 were subgrouped on the basis of the occurrence (complicated) or lack of occurrence (uncomplicated) of the above on day 5. Complicated patients had a subsequent hospital mortality of 14% and an incidence of late serious complications of 51%. Patients who were uncomplicated through day 4 had a subsequent hospital mortality of zero and an incidence of late serious complications of zero. These data suggest that it would be feasible and ethically justified to conduct a prospective clinical trial of early discharge (7th day) in patients who meet the above criteria for uncomplicated. The potential economic savings through earlier discharge in uncomplicated patients are of major significance."
1139754,"Postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) and 1-epinephrine infusion have previously been shown by the ventriculographic technique to augment left ventricular wall motion in patients with coronary artery disease. The present study relates the magnitude of this augmentation to short-term prognosis in 56 patients with coronary artery disease and a factor already identified with reduced life expectancy, i.e., an abnormal ejection fraction (EF less than .50). Forty-two patients received PESP and 14 1-epinephrine infusion. Based on severity of symptoms and technical suitability, 37 were treated surgically and 19 medically. Mean follwo-up times were 11.7 and 14.3 months, respectively. The mean increase in EF induced by PESP or 1-epinephrine infusion was significantly greater in patients who subsequently had good results from either surgical or medical therapy than in those who died or had progressive cardiac deterioration. In addition, those patients with an increase in EF of .10 or greater had a statistically greater chance of doing well than patients with less augmentation. Evaluation of change in ejection fraction after inotropic stimulation in patients with depressed ejection fractions is helpful in identifying those patients with greatest contractile reserve and hence better short-term prognosis with eigher medical or surgical therapy. Because of its ease of performance and greater enhancement of contractility, PESP is preferred to 1-epinephrine infusion as the inotropic stimulus of choice."
1139755,"Left ventricular volumes and contractile patterns were evaluated during the first sinus beat after a compensatory pause resulting from ventricular arrhythmia and were compared to the second sinus beat (control beat) in order to evaluate the effect of postextrasystolic potentiation. Twelve patients had no evidence of heart disease (group I). Fifty patients had coronary artery disease and included 14 patients (group IIa) with no prior myocardial infarction and a normal left ventricular contractile pattern and 19 pateints (group IIb) with an abnormal contractile pattern. Seventeen pateints (group IIc) had a documented transmural myocardial infarction as well as an abnormal left ventricular contractile pattern. In all patients the first postextrasystolic sinus beat, when compared to the second sinus beat, demonstrated increases in stroke volume and ejection fraction and decrease in end-systolic volume. There were no qualitative changes in the contractile pattern in the immediate postextrasystolic beat in the patients with normal left ventricular function. In both group IIb and group IIc the changes in end-systolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction were significantly greater than observed in groups I and IIa. Abnormal wall segments present in the control beat in groups IIb and IIc demonstrated after postextrasystolic potentiation a normal contractile pattern, improved pattern or no change when compared to the control beat. Abnormal wall segments were more likely to revert to normal as a result of postextrasystolic potentiation in group IIb than group IIc. Akinesia was less likely to revert completely to normal than hyposinesia. In 20 of 24 patients the changes in contractile pattern after aortocoronary bypass surgery corresponded to those observed as a result of postextrasystolic potentiation."
1139756,"Sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been attributed to the development of lethal dysrhythmias in coronary heart disease victims, and several recent autopsy surveys showed that 10 to 50% of SCD patients had unsuspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The present study concerned histopathological findings of the conduction system in 49 SCD (within six hours of the onset of acute symptoms) patients; 39 with established AMI (group A) and ten without (group B). Both groups showed high incidence of cardiomegaly, significant coronary artery disease affecting one or more vessels, and acute myocardial ischemia detectable by specific histological criteria. Stenosis of nutrient vessels of the conduction system was present in about 50% of the atrioventricular (A-V) node arteries and about 25% of the sinoatrial (SA) node arteries in both groups of SCD patients. Nonspecific ""degenerative"" changes (fibrosis, fatty infiltration, or both) of the conduction tissue, which might or might not represent results of old ischemic injury, also occurred with similar frequencies. Acute changes (infarction, hemorrhage) of the A-V node and bundle branches were found only in two group A patients, both had massive septal infarction. Thus, the conduction tissue appeared more resistant to ischemic injury and was overtly damaged only on rare occasions in fatal AMI. The scarcity of acute lesions in the conduction system itself suggested that lethal dysrhythmia in SCD was probably due to electrical instability of the acutely ischemic contractile myocardium rather than a direct injury to the specialized tissue of the heart."
1139757,"A proprietary, commercial technique has been proposed by its inventor as a noninvasive method of detecting subtle electrocardiogram abnormalities, not apparent by conventional means. To study the ability of the omnicardiogram to detect latent coronary heart disease in an asymptomatic population, 200 normal electrocardiograms from the Framingham Study cohort were analyzed by this technique. One-half of these consisted of the last normal electrocardiogram prior to development of clinical coronary heart disease. The omnicardiogram showed a higher degree of sensitivity than did the electrocardiogram to coronary heart disease, indicating an increased risk of myocardial infarction in this group. The low specificity of this technique as indicated by the large percentage of false positives shows that the omnicardiogram is not diagnostic of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic persons with normal electrocardiograms."
1139758,"The transverse plane QRS loop vectorcardiogram (VCG) was analyzed in 102 consecutive patients, angiographically proven to have coronary artery disease (CAD), whose right anterior oblique left ventriculogram showed severe asynergy (akinesis or marked hypokinesis) of the anterior and apical segments. Eighty-four of the 102 loops were considered to be diagnostic of severe asynergy because similar loops were not found in patients with CAD with less severe asynergy of either or both segments or in normal control subjects. Eighty-two of the 84 showed a uniformly abnormal pattern. Posterior vectors exhibited partial or complete clockwise ""rotation"" and were much more prominent than early anterior forces. In fact, the latter were often absent. In the other two VCG's at least the early half of the loop displayed prominent anterior vectors. The ECGs showed marked variability of the QRS in leads V-2-V-6. Abnormal Q waves were present in only 63 of the 102. The numbers of these leads showing abnormal Q waves varied from one to all of these positions."
1139759,"Atrial (A) and A-V nodal (AVN) effective and functional refractory periods (ERP & FRP) were determined by atrial extrastimulus technique in 40 children, aged 7 months to 16 years, with normal P-R intervals and QRS durations. These data were compared to adult data at longest cycle lengths (CL) assuring atrial capture. All values are listed in msec as means plus or minus standard errors of the means. CL was 566 plus or minus 15 in children and 699 plus or minus 29 in adults (P less than .001). Refractory periods (RP) in children and adults were, respectively: AERP 196 plus or minus 9 and 239 plus or minus 13 (P less than .01), AFRP 225 plus or minus 8 and 284 plus or minus 11 (P less than .001), AVNERP 239 plus or minus 11 and 293 plus or minus 7 (P smaller than .001), AVNFRP 360 plus or minus 13 and 403 plus or minus 7 (P smaller than .005). RP were then compared at three equivalent CL ranges: CL1, 850-600; CL2 599-460; CL3 459-280. The following RP were significantly shorter in children (P smaller than .05-.001): AERP, AFRP, AVENERP and AVNFRP at CL2 and CL3. RP of the bundle branches were compared and tended to be shorter in children. In conclusion, atrial and A-V nodal ERP and FRP are shorter in children than adults. This shortening is only partially related to the shorter CL in children. These data are germane to understanding the maturation of the conduction system in man."
1139760,"A reduced rate of diastolic closure of the anterior mitral leaflet has been shown to occur in mitral stenosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, and in cases with reduced left ventricular compliance. Posterior notion of the posterior mitral leaflet in diastole has been the distinguishing feature to rule out the diagnosis of mitral stenosis. We have analyzed echocardiograms of 167 patients with mitral stenosis and have found 16 cases where the posterior mitral leaflet moved posteriorly, that is, in an opposite direction from the anterior mitral leaflet. Two other features were found that were helpful in establishing the diagnosis of mitral stenosis in these atypical cases, namely, thickening of the mitral leaflets and reduction or absence of the artrial wave."
1139761,"Simultaneous electrocardiograms, phonocardiograms, and echocardiograms were recorded in 21 patients with mitral valve prolapse. Four patients with holosystolic mitral valve prolapse on echocardiogram had smaller resting end-diastolic volumes than the remaining 17 patients with late systolic echocardiopraphy prolapse (p greater than 0.01). Thirteen of the 17 patients with late systolic prolapse had phonocardiograhically recorded auscultatory phenomena. The initial vibrations of the auscultatory phenomena occurred after the onset of echocardiographic prolapse, but prior to maximal echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse. Amyl nitrite was administered to all patients. Three of the 17 patients with late systolic prolapse developed holosystolic prolapse, while the remaining 14 retained the late systolic prolapse pattern during amyl nitrite inhalation. In these 14 patients, the onset of mitral prolapse occurred earlier in systole due to decrease in the duration of systole prior to onset of mitral valve prolapse (p greater than 0.001). This corresponded with the occurrence of auscultatory phenomena earlier in systole. Twelve patients had left ventricular  volumes recorded during amyl nitrite inhalation and all showed a decrease in left ventricular volumes (greater than) 0.001). These findings confirm the temporal relationship of mitral valve prolapse and onset of auscultatory phenomena in these patients. It suggests that the movement of auscultatory phenomena earlier in systole during amyl nitrite inhalation is related to earlier prolapse of the mitral valve, and that a decrease in ventricular valume is a tenable explanation for the earlier onset of prolapse."
1139762,"The ultrasound method for measuring the dimensions of the left ventricle was utilized to study the effect of oral doses of alcohol on left ventricular function in normal volunteers. Systolic time intervals were also measured. Seven subjects received 0.7 g/kg of ethanol (group I) and six subjects recieved 1.15 g/kg (group II). The peak of blood alcohol levels in the two groups were 75 mg/100 ml and 138 mg/100 ml respectively. There was a 6% decrease in the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle in group I patients which resulted in a decrease in ejection fraction (p greater than 0.05). In group II patients, there was a 3% decrease in the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle, but the change of ejection fraction was not significant. Since there was no significant difference between the physiological effects observed in groups I  and II, the two groups were combined. In the combined group, at 30 minutes after the ingestion of alchol, the heart rate was increased by 11%, the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle decreased by 6%, the ejection fraction decreased by 4% (p greater than 0.01) and Vcf decreased by 5%. These data suggest that in normal subjects myocardial contractility is depressed following the ingestion of alcohol."
1139763,"A new type of displacement transducer for recording the calibrated left apexcardiogram (QLAC) has been evaluated in 69 normal subjects and 99 cardiac patients. Total displacement of QLAC (TD), its peak first derviative (peak dD/dt (t-peak dD/dt). A strong corretation exists between peak dD/dt and TD in normal subjects (r=0.95) and the deviation from the normal relationship allows a separation between normal and abnormal ventricular function. In normal subjects (dD/dt/Dt) max averaged 34.2 plus or minus 5.7 sec-1; it was signigicantly lower in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (26.5 plus or minus 6.3 sec-1 p greater than 0.005). This index correlates with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (R = - 0.69) and with ejection fraction (R - 0.66) and behaves as expected during positive and NEGATIVE INOTROPIC interventions. The index (dD/dt/Dt) max is superior to TD and peak dD/dt, being less variable independent of thorax circumference and better correlated with hemodynamic parameters. The index t-peak dD/dt was 53.9 plus or minus 9.5 msec in normal subjects and 81.6 plus or minus 18.9 msec in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (p greater than 0.001). This time-interval correlates weakly with LVEDP (R = 0.04) and with  ejection fraction (R = - 0.66). It is concluded that the normalized first derivative of QLAC provides useful information on left ventricular function."
1139764,"Echocardiographic features of a patient with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture into the right atrium are described. The aneurysm presented as a dense echo-producing mass in the right atrium which descended into the tricuspid orifice during diastole and withdrew back into the atrium during ventricular systole. Pulmonic valve exho motion demonstrated early diastolic pulmonic valve opening indicating an early right ventricular diastolic pressure rise exceeding simultaneous pulmonary artery pressure. Since the aorta is the only source of early diastolic pressure in excess of pulmonary artery pressure available to the right heart, this finding of early diastolic pulmonic valve opening indicated the presence of a fistula between the aorta and right heart. Other interesting echocardiographic features of this case are also presented."
1139765,"In the surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, morvidity and mortality are increased by certain coronary anomalies, in particular, an anterior descending branch originating from the right coronary artery or a single coronary artery in which a large coronary branch runs across the pulmonary outflow tract. In series of 94 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent cardiac catheterization, coronary artery visualization was attempted routinely, most often by flush aortography using a venous catheter. Diagnostic coronary visualization was obtained in 84 patients (89%). In these, the incidence of recognized coronary anomalies was 5%; anterior decending from the right coronary artery in four patients (4%), and singly left coronary in one patient (1%). In 195 autopsied cases of tetralogy, the incidence of coronary anomalies was also 5%. Routine preoperative demonstration of the coronary artery anatomy in tetralogy patients usually can be accomplished satisfactorily and conveniently by transvenous flush aortography."
1139766,"Cutaneous and bronchial immediate allergic reactivity and the serum level of IgE specific for each of four common inhalant allergens were determined for 153 asthmatic patients. Positive bronchial reactivity to an extract was not detected in any of the patients with a negative prick test reaction to that extract but did occur in 9% of the patients in whom the serum tests results for IgE specific to that allergen fell within the range regarded as negative. Highly significant correlation coefficients between the degree of bronchial and cutaneous allergic reactivity to the allergen extracts were found and these were slightly but significantly less than the correlation between the serum level of allergen specific IgE and the degree of bronchial allergic reactivity to the allergen extracts. These findings indicate that the results both of prick testing with appropriate extracts and estimation of the serum level of allergen specific IgE can be used to predict not only the presence of detectable bronchial reactivity to inhalant allergens but also the degree of this reactivity. However, for the routine investigation of asthmatic patients measurement of the serum level of allergen specific. IgE would appear to have little advantage over properly performed prick tests."
1139767,"Two hundred and thirty-one randomly selected schoolchildren and adults from rural Gambian villates showed no evidence of asthma, nor could any case of asthma be found in three rural villages with a total population of over 1200. In contrast, asthmatic patients were identified without difficulty in the capital town. The geometric mean serum IgE level of 131 rural schoolchildren was 962 mu/ml, whereas that of sixty age-matched urban schoolchildren was 368 mj/ml (P smaller than 0-001). Forty-four asthmatics, all from the capital town, had a mean serum IgE level of 405 mu/ml, not significantly different from that of urban schoolchildren. Twenty-one asthmatics showed skin sensitivity to house dust mite antigen, but their IgE levels were not significantly higher than asthmatics without skin sensitivity. The incidence of positive skin tests to mite antigen amongst normal Gambians, both rural and urban, was around 1%. The findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that parasite-induced IgE may prevent the development of atopic illness."
1139768,"Fifty mattress dust samples from private houses were examined--all were mite infested. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus occurred in all samples and accounted for 81% of all mites. In thirty-two paired samples the total mite population of bedroom floor dust was only 10% of that found in the corresponding mattress dust. D. pteronyssinus was the dominant species in both and the population of this mite amounted to 7-5% of that found in the mattress dust. An analysis of mattress dust from 100 hospital beds showed that ninety-four mattresses were mite free; the other six contained only seven mites, all D. pteronyssinus. It is suggested that frequent changing and washing of bed linen and brushing and cleaning of mattresses were the main factors in preventing mite infestation in the Cardiff hospitals."
1139774,In a previous paper we have discussed Shihabi and Bishop's method for the determination of lipase activity and proposed some modifications. The results of further studies are reported. An initial rise in absorbance which we found with some sera appeared to be caused by an interaction between desoxycholate and lipoproteins; this effect could be removed by treating the sera with dextrane sulphate prior to the determination of the enzyme activity. In urine no lipase activity can be demonstrated; urine contains no inhibitory substances. Red blood cells do not contain lipase and even fairly intense haemolysis does not interfere with our method. Lipase and amylase activities in patients' sera are compared. A good correlation between our method and that of Rick was found.
1139775,"Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, the enzyme deficient in galactosemia, is demonstrated to be present in erythrocytes from fetuses of 12--30 weeks gestation. The specific activity and starch gel electrophoretic pattern of this enzyme in fetal erythrocytes is virtually identical to that found in erythrocytes postnatally. This enzyme was also studied in cultured fibroblasts from skin and amniotic cells and found to have similar specific activity and identical electrophoretic mobility in tissues from both sources. There does not appear to be a fetal isozyme for galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in either erythrocytes or cultured fibroblasts. Thus, with fetal erythrocytes obtained by fetoscopy, it is likely that prenatal diagnosis of galactosemia can be rapidly and reliably accomplished."
1139776,"A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the routine determination of the anticonvulsant, ethosuximide, in serum. Volatile butyl derivatives for gas chromatography were prepared by the method of R.H. Greeley (J. Chromatogr., 88 (1974) 229) using butyl iodide as the alkylating agent. This procedure yielded stable derivatives with improved chromatographic qualities over those obtained by methylation and proved superior to both on-column alkylation with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and to silylation. The analysis requires 0.5 ml of serum and the between run precision of the assay at 40 mug/ml was 3.3%."
1139777,"Variations in the mean serum alkaline phosphatase activity with age and sex in 500 healthy Ghanaians aged 16 to 80 years have been studied. The values are on the whole higher in males than females. The highest levels in both sexes are found in adolescence. After the age of 20 years in both sexes, there is a fall in the mean serum alkaline phosphatase level which tends to rise again after the age of 40 years in females and 50 years in males."
1139778,"A patient with an erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity of 50% of the normal value and an abnormal pyruvate kinase (PK) was given 36 mg riboflavin daily for 6 months. The glutathione reductase activity was restored and the abnormal pyruvate kinase was converted to normal. The clinical state of the patient improved. It can be concluded that the abnormality of PK, at least with this patient, is a secondary effect. Therefore, it is suggested that other abnormalities be searched for when an altered PK is detected. Treatment of this abnormality will help the patients more efficiently."
1139779,"A thousand cases of hyperlipidemia were studied and significant differences were found in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides between the two sexes. Hyperlipidemic men had higher triglycerides levels and hyperlipidemic women higher cholesterol levels. When divided into different hyperlipidemia groups, women were equally distributed among them, while the men were grouped essentially in the group characterised by normal cholesterol level and elevated triglycerides level. Within this same group men had more accentuated triglycerides values than women. From the fact that most hyperlipidemic men belong to Type IV, hyperlipidemia may constitute a strong ""risk"" factor in the development of coronary disease in men."
1139780,"The phospholipids in tracheal aspirates from normal full term newborn infants were studied and compared to the phospholipids present in the corresponding amniotic fluids. The same classes of phospholipids were recovered from both fluids, i.e. lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), sphingomyelin (S), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), polyglycerophosphatides (PGP), phosphatidic acids (PA) and two different species of phosphatidylcholine (PC-1 and PC-2). Except for PA, the proportion as well as the fatty acid composition of each of these phospholipids was similar in tracheal aspirates and in amniotic fluids. The predominant fraction (PC-1) was the most saturated one. PI, PDME, LPC and S were, like PC-1, predominantly constituted by saturated fatty acids and accounted together for a concentration equivalent to that of PC-1. Since tracheal aspirate originates from the lung, these data suggest that the pulmonary surfactant activity in normal full term newborn infants results not only from the presence of PC-1, but also from that of PI, PDME, LPC and S."
1139781,"In blood serum of healthy persons the activity of arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) is very low, whereas in patients with myocardial infarction it increases within a few hours after the first attack of coronary pain, and returns to normal values after 3-5 days. No increase of arginase activity was observed in sera of patients with angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency or cardiac failure. Determination of arginase activity in blood serum may serve as a useful test in early differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction."
1139782,"A modification of the crossed immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins is described in which the first step is carried out on cellulose acetate membranes and the second in antibody-containing agarose gel. The use of a special chamber allows reproducible conditions. The cellulose acetate membranes with the protein fractions separated in the first step can, if desired, be stored at minus 20 degrees C until further use. The technique of reversed intermediate gel has been worked out and employed for the identification of the Laurell peaks and their localization in the pherogram. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with cellulose acetate and agarose is simple, provides reproducible results and requires no apparatus other than a special gel chamber."
1139784,"The effect of a range of concentrations of desferrioxamine on a colorimetric determination of serum, or plasma, iron concentration is described. The method of iron estimation used was an autoanalyzer method using tripyridyltriazine as chromogen. There was found to be a small, reproducible diminution in the serum iron estimation in the presence of desferrioxamine. This was independent of the concentration of desferrioxamine. High serum concentrations of iron can be measured reproducibly in the presence of desferrioxamine after dilution of the serum with saline."
1139785,"The total phospholipid content and the individual phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin were determined in the plasma and red blood cells of 58 patients with chronic liver disease and 12 control subjects by quantitative extraction and thin-layer chromatography. The total phospholipids were significantly reduced in both the plasma and red blood cells of the patients with liver disease. For the individual phospholipids, plasma sphingomyelin was significantly decreased, in the red blood cells there was an increase in lysophosphatidylcholine and a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine compared to the control subjects. It is suggested that in chronic liver disease the red blood cell lipid disturbances follow more closely those of the hepatocyte than those in plasma."
1139786,A patient is reported with X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency. He had gout but no neurological symptoms. The patient had negligible HGPRT activity as determined by thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation counting. Autoradiography of fibroblast cultures revealed no uptake of -3H-hypoxanthine. His mother and two sisters were shown to be heterozygotes.
1139787,"A family with adult-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and dementia is described. The father presented with lower motor neurone disease affecting the legs. A son presented with bulbar paralysis. Neither developed dementia. A daughter presented with spastic right lower limb weakness. Two years later, she developed a rapidly progressive mental disorder. Her cortical pathology had a distinctive fronto-temporal distribution. The rarity of published reports on ALS with dementia in families outside the Western Pacific and the factor of parental consanguinity conspired to make genetic counseling for this family difficult."
1139788,"A boy, in whom a ring chromosome 6 was found, presented with mental retardation and odd facies. He had a small head, bilateral epicanthus, broad nasal bridge, low set prominent ears, short neck and clasped thumbs. The ring chromosome was identified by the ASG banding technique."
1139789,"Data are presented on the family distribution of nearsightedness, including the frequency of the disorder in the children of two myopes. The previous literature is reviewed, embracing several quantitative family or population studies in addition to extensive pedigree material. It is concluded that there is substantial evidence that recessive inheritance is the principal mechanism of transmission, and that most instances of myopia probably fall into that category."
1139790,"A girl in whom a ring chromosome 13 was found, presented with microcephaly, mental retardation and multiple minor malformations. She was born after a full term pregnancy, small for date and with a small head circumference. She underwent craniotomy at the age of 18 months because of premature closure of the metopic sutures. At age 4 1/2 years, she presented with mental retardation, microcephaly, asymmetrical mongoloid slanting of narrow palpebral fissures, bilateral epicanthic folds, broad and prominent nasal bridge, normal sized ears and open mouth. She had somewhat short second and fifth fingers, with a single crease on the right fifth finger and normal thumbs. This case supports previous reports that a clinically recognizable ring chromosome 13 syndrome can be defined."
1139791,"Neurological findings such as polyneuropathy, hyporeflexia, deformities, ataxic signs, and inverted plantar responses were found more frequently in unaffected sibs and other close relatives of people with hereditary ataxias or allied disorders (HA) than in a normal population sample. Introduction of a scoring system for neurological signs allowed the degree of neurological impairment to be estimated. The number of people with scores exceeding the limit of normality (sum score higher than 3.4) was counted among the members of HA families. This number was found to be greater in families where HA segregated as a recessive trait than those where it segregated as an autosomal dominant trait. The frequency of cases with high scores (""unspecific neuropathy"" (Un)) observed in 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with dominant HA, suggested a hereditary basis for Un. The ratios were not compatible with simple Mendelism, but the observations fitted well with a hypothesis of polygenic inheritance. Un clustering in families with autosomal dominant HA could be due to a selection phenomenon through a negative assortative mating. Un cases observed in families with recessive HA may, in several instances, reflect disease manifestations in heterozygotes."
1139792,"The cytogenic study is reported of a female infant affected with several malformations and presenting a mosaicism of the type 47,XX,+8/46,XX in her karyotype. G-band analysis and the distribution curves of these bands were studied in order to obtain a more objective identification of trisomy 8. Results of Q-banding, X-chromatin and dermatoglyphic studies are given and compared with previous reports."
1139793,"We report the familial occurrence of the G syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies affecting a mother and her three sons. All showed the characteristic syndromal facies, a low total ridge count, pronounced hypertelorism, and mild mental retardation, and severe dysphagia in infancy which improved with age but persisted in the boys (it has disappeared in the mother). One of the boys had a left cleft lip and cleft palate, another had a unilateral cleft lip. All boys had hypospadias: penile in two (with descended testes) and perineal in another (with cryptorchidism). Familial occurrence in this family is compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance."
1139794,We report a large Amish kindred in which asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) appeared to segregate as an autosomal dominant gene. This kindred was ascertained through a 3-month-old infant and her father. The striking differences between father and daughter regarding clinical presentation and course exemplify the variable expressivity of this condition. The importance of genetic factors in diagnosis and counseling are discussed. Previous reports of ASH in infants and children are reviewed.
1139795,"1. Isolated blood-bathed tissues which were superfused with renal venous blood during various manipulations of the visceral organs of dogs showed no detectable pharmacologically active substances, except a noradrenaline-like substance which was liberated under some conditions of manipulation. 2. An acetylcholine-like substance was liberated into renal venous blood during experimental manipulation of visceral organs in dogs during infusion of physostigmine; the acetylcholine activity was detected with the dorsal muscle of the leech. 3. The amount of liberated acetylcholine-like substance depended on the strength of visceral stimulation as judged by the changes in the hepatic portal venous pressure. Strong reflex stimulation produced the release not only of acetylcholine but also of noradrenaline. 4. Physostigmine augmented and prolonged the reflexly induced renal vasodilator and diuretic responses, and these were abolished by atropine. It was suggested that the reflex involves a cholinergic nervous mechanism. 5. In some dogs there was a high output of acetylcholine from the kidney during visceral stimulation, and this was accompanied by a decrease in urine flow. The reason was not known. 6. Prostaglandin E1 administered into the renal artery produced similar vasodilator and diuretic responses to acetylcholine, but the onset of the effects were slower and they persisted longer than those produced by acetylcholine."
1139796,"1. Regional myocardial blood flow was studied in the anaesthetized, open-chest dog with a large chronic aorto-caval fistula, using carbonized microspheres of 7-10 mum diameter. The results from fourteen dogs with fistulae of 4-84 days duration were compared to those from nine normal animals. 2. Myocardial blood flow to all areas of both ventricles was increased to between 180 and 250% of the normal despite lower aortic diastolic (coronary diastolic) pressure. Myocardial blood flow in the right ventricle was lower than in the left in both groups of dogs although the increase above normal in dogs with fistulae was relatively greater in the right ventricle. Increased myocardial blood flow is attributed to coronary autoregulation resulting from increased myocardial oxygen consumption due to increase in myocardial tension development. 3. Although absolute blood flow to the inner left ventricular wall was markedly increased in all dogs with fistulae, in those with aortic diastolic pressure below 55 mmHg the ratio of flow in the inner to that in the outer free left ventricular wall was significantly less than in those with aortic diastolic pressure above 55 mmHg (P less than 0 with 02). Low aortic diastolic pressurere and diastolic coronary perfusion pressure probably resulted in relative ischaemia of the inner left ventricular wall."
1139802,A case of digoxin overdosage is presented in which hemodialysis and forced diuresis were employed in the treatment. Hemodialysis was found to be ineffective in removing significant amounts of the drug and additional experimental work using a dog confirmed that forced diuresis failed to alter the rate of digoxin excretion.
1139797,"1. The binding of racemic mixtures of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol to human serum albumin (HSA) is accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield of these compounds. This property has been used to measure the characteristics of the binding of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol to HSA at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Within the limits of the technique, no significant differences between the number of binding sites and strength of binding at the tight site at either temperature were observed. 2. The fluorescence of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol was used to label their binding site on HSA and to study the effects of other drugs on their binding. The results indicate that these two molecules are bound to the same site on HSA. 3. The validity of using changes in the fluorescence of warfarin as a measure of its displacement from HSA was investigated. Good correlations were observed between drug-induced decreases in the fluorescence of bound warfarin and displacement as measured by equilibrium dialysis. The displacement of warfarfin, as detected by fluorescence, correlates well with the increase in free warfarin resulting from addition of therapeutic drug concentrations to undiluted human serum. 4. The most potent displacing agents, by all the methods used, were iophenoxic acid, phenylbutazone and oxyphenylbutazone. The first of these is no longer used clinically, but the latter two are and have been reported to cause hypoprothrominaemia by displacing warfarin from HSA. The present study indicates that changes in the fluorescence of warfarin bound to HSA can be used to measure displacement of bound warfarin and to screen drugs that may cause clinically significant interactions by this mechanism."
1139803,"Gel filtration through Sephadex (g 75 and 15) and ultrafiltration and diafiltration through selective membrances have been carried out on 172 uremic sera, 89 normal sera, uremic and normal urines and hemodialysis fluid. The accumulation in uremic sera of substances wwith molecular weights between 500 and 3,500 (so called ""middle molecules"") was demonstrated. Molecular weight evaluation was verified on single effluent fractions using different added isotopes. Evaporation of serum to dry weight revealed a 2-3 fold increase in solids compared to normal values. Estimation of the fractional content of individual elements and quantitative amino acid analysis (before and after acid hydrolysis) did not show any difference between normal and uremic subjects, but there was a significant increase of peptides in uremic serum. The accumulation of peptides was confirmed by high voltage electrophoresis. Urinary excretion of substances with comparable molecular weights to those found in uremic serum was demonstrated, but there was no significant difference between urine from normal and from uremic subjects. A steady state of chronic uremia with high urinary volume is therefore consistent with a normal urinary excretion of middle molecules with increased concentrations in serum and glomerular filtrate. Tubular reabsorption may also be decreased because the urinary excretion of middle molecules increases with the development of tubular proteinuria in patients with pyelonephritis. Dialysis treatment removes moderate amounts of middle molecules; their serum concentration decreases slightly after dialysis and they are detectable in dialysis fluid. The identification, metabolism and biological effects of middle molecules are discussed in relationship to uremic toxicity and the effects of different forms of dialysis treatment."
1139798,"1. The substances chromium-51 (51CrCl3) and phenolsulphonphthalein (phenol red; PR) were compared as non-absorbable indicators in the human stomach after alteration of ionic permeability by taurocholic acid. 2. Control and test solutions containing 10 mM taurocholic acid and indicators at pH 1 were instilled into the stomach and sampled immediately and after 15 min. The ratios of the initial and final concentrations of the indicators (Ci/Cf) were compared. 3. Correlation coefficients of the Ci/Cf ratios for the two indicators were 0 with 91 in control studies and 0 with 75 after taurocholic acid instillation; there was no significant difference between either indicator. During taurocholic acid instillation, Ci/Cf values tended to fall compared to controls. 4. In a smaller number of subjects in whom polyethylene glycol (PEG) was also measured as a non-absorbable indicator, results were similar to those obtained with 51Cr and PR. 5. 51Cr, PR and PEG are comparable indicators in the normal human stomach and when it is made abnormal by a lipid-soluble agent such as unionized taurocholic acid, though the correlation between indicators is reduced in the abnormal stomach. 6. No evidence of increased absorption of any indicator was found in spite of the increased ionic permeability produced by taurocholic acid."
1139799,"1. The normal levels of 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were determined in the urine of four species of laboratory animals (dog, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig). 2. When 5HIAA excretion was calculated as mg/24 h, the output in the four species was in the order of rabbit greater than dog greater than guinea-pig greater than rat; but when it was calculated as mu/mg of creatinine, the order was guinea-pig greater than rabbit greater than rat greater than dog. 3. There were significant differences in the excretion of urinary 5HIAA between males and females within two species: rats and dogs."
1139804,The distribution of the radioactivity following an interaarterial injection of (-131-labeled macroalbumin (MA) was observed in 7 human kidneys and compared with the renal distribution of MA and microspheres in the dog. In the renal cortex the radioactivity per gram of dry tissue in the juxtamedullar and middle cortex was 20.5 and 44.2 per cent of that observed in the outer cortex. The relative radioactivity in the juxtamedullary cortex was significantly (P is less than 0.01) greater in the human than in the dog kidney. In the renal columns the radioactivity was similar to that observed in the middle and outer cortex with incresing values towards the renal hilus. Only traces of radioactivity were observed in the renal medulla. The findings indicate that the distribution of the renal cortical blood flow is similar in the human and the dog kidney with the exception of a greater relative blood flow in the juxtamedullary part of the human kidney.
1139800,1. The effects of isoprenaline on the pressure-flow relationships in the peripheral circulation were studied in five anaesthetized dogs during right heart bypass procedures. 2. Isoprenaline (1 mug/kg per min) produced a significant drop in arterial pressure and arterial resistance. 3. There was a significant decrease in the resistance to venous return which resulted in a significant increase in venous return. 4. The findings suggest that the increase in cardiac output produced by isoprenaline results in large part from dilatation of venous resistance vessels.
1139805,"Thirty patients with chronic renal diease -10 with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and normal GFR; 10 with PKD and GFR is less than 30 ml+min; 10 with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and GFR is less than 30 ml+min -and 10 normal subjects were investigated. The ability to concentrate urine maximally (T-CH2O) after water deprivation and the renal handling of water and electrolytes following hypertonic volume expansion were studied. A defect in T-CH2O was common in PKD patients even with normal GFR. In PKD patients with normal GFR, volume expansion was not followed by a natriuretic effect of the same magnitude as in controls. This """"inadequate natriuresis after volume expansion"""" may be explained partly by chronic hyponatremia and partly by a functional defect, i.e. the incomplete arterial vasodilation in the kidney. At comparable degrees of renal insufficiency, T-CH2O was lower in PKD than in CGN patients. It seems likely that in PKD patients the increased endogenous osmotic load has exaggerated the tubular defect in urine concentration already present at normal GFR. Furthermore, volume expansion was followed by a significant increase in fractional sodium excretion only in PKD patients with renal insufficiency."
1139806,"Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with high basal levels of plasma arginine vasopressin developed in a patient during lithium therapy. Fluid deprivation was accompanied by an increase in the concentration in peripheral venous plasma of vasopressin and angiotensin II, a rise in plasma osmolality and a modest rise in urine osmolality. Infusion of arginine vasopressin produced comparable levels of plasma vasopressin to those found during fluid deprivation, with no overall change in plasma angiotensin II and little change in urine volume or osmolality. It is suggested that angiotensin II may be responsible for the difference in ability to concentrate urine under these two conditions. Following death by self-poisoning, renal histology revealed distinct structural changes in the distal tubules: such lesions have not previously been described in man and it is suggested that the occurrence of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus while on lithium therapy may be related to tubular damage."
1139810,"The concept of early breast cancer as a palpable mass with limited secondary manifestations is rapidly changing. Thanks largely to mammography, a malignant breast neoplasm can be detected long before it forms a mass. Because cure rates in this stage are high, reliable means of early detection and diagnosis are of deep concern. Early detection has certainly been the major influence in reducing mortality from cancer of the cervix, and results of recent studies indicate that this will also be true for cancer of the breast."
1139812,"The principles to be followed in the identification of occult injuries include: a good history and physical examination to arouse a high index of suspicion; high quality radiographs; radiographs of the whole bone and associated joints above and below, particularly in the lower cervical spine and hip; special views to delineate fractures, particularly oblique films, tangenital and axial views and stress films. Tomograms may also be helpful; follow-up and re-check films, especially with fractures and epiphyseal injuries. With early identification of fractures that are commonly missed, these injuries eventually cease to be occult and appropriate management can be instituted."
1139813,The anterior approach as described by Matte and Russe for treatment of ununited fractures of the scaphoid was employed in 48 patients using autologous cortical cancellous pegs and chips. Operative intervention occurred in an average period of 14 months after fracture. The average time to radiological union was 3.5 months; the average follow-up was 2 years. Union occurred in 43 patients. The anterior approach is recommended because of its simplicity. Neither avascular necrosis nor a small proximal pole fragment are contraindications to the procedure.
1139814,"Great difficulty is encountered in choosing screws for internal fixation, for screws differ in material, geometry, dimension, and in insertion technique. Recently claims have been made that self-tapping screws cause necrosis of bone and result in fibrous tissue formation, with loss of holding power. This investigation was undertaken to study the healing of bone about screws inserted for a period of 3 months. Self tapping and non-self tapping screws were employed. The Vitallium screws not only differed in dimension, but also in configuration of the thread, with the smaller of the self-tapping screws exhibiting a ""V"" thread in distinction to the buttress thread of the larger screw. The histologic data were correlated with the holding power of the screws as obtained by means of a push out test, performed with the aid of an Instrom testing machine. The largest screw tested, the 4.5 mm non-self tapping stainless steel AO screw (Type 1), provided the greatest safety factor to push out loading over the period tested in the unloaded system. The self tapping and non-self tapping screws of similar material and size were found to maintain comparable holding power at all intervals tested in vivo in the unloaded system. No histological differentiation could be made with regard to both death or tissue reaction around the implant, between the stainless steel or cobalt chromium alloy materials, nor between the self tapping and non-self tapping insertion methods."
1139815,"A clinical study of fractures of the odontoid process showed a 62 per cent failure on union. Of many features studied, only displacement and its direction had a definite bearing on non-union of the fracture. Blood supply was considered as a possible etiological factor. The blood supply of the human odontoid was elucidated by means of studying 19 human autopsies by means of microangiography. The dog was found to have a similar blood supply and hence, was used as the experimental model. Two osteotomies were performed; one below the accessory ligaments and one above the accessory ligaments. All osteotomies carried out below the accessory ligament united and all carried out above failed to unite. Microangiographic studies revealed however, that avascular necrosis was not the cause of non-union. Further anatomic studies revealed that different size gaps occurred depending on the level of the osteotomy, with a large gap occurring in the osteotomy of the odontoid which was performed above the accessory ligament. First the result of immobilization and the healing of the odontoid osteotomy was derived, by carrying out an instant occipito-cervical fusion by means of wire loops and methylmethacrylate. In distinction to the free floating apical segment of non-immobolized spines, with a high odontoid osteotomy, the occipito-cervical fusion resulted in a dense fibrous tissue stabilizing the apical fragment but at no time was bony union observed. A final attempt was to secure immobilization and reduce the gap, by carrying out only a partial osteotomy. The osteotomy was performed in such a way that the posterior cortex was left intact. Union occurred in all instances. The fracture gap and movement play a definite role in the pathogenesis of pseudarthrosis of the odontoid process. Where gap and movement were eliminated, union occurred. It is difficult to transpose this experimental situation to the clinical one, for the assessment of gap clinically, is only radiographic. This method is much too imprecise to be of value in this assessment. The fact however, that a high rate of non-union is associated with a high degree of displacement, supports the experimental thesis."
1139816,"Using the total hip replacement patient, we measured the level of antibiotic in the wound at the time of surgery, the wound drainage for 36 to 48 hours after surgery and over a 10 day period in incubated surgical debris obtained at the time of total hip replacement. The antibiotics sodium oxacillin, lincomycin hydrochloride and sodium cephalothin were administered in standard doses at 6 hour intervals. In one group of patients the antibiotic was begun at the time of surgery, in a second group the antibiotic was begun 24 hours after the completion of surgery. Sodium oxacillin, lincomycin hydrochloride and sodium cephalothin produce antibiotic levels in the venous serum consistently above the level obtained in the simultaneous would drainage specimens. Sodium oxacillin and lincomycin hydrochloride used as described in this study are capable of bathing the area of the surgical wound with concentrations of antibiotics above the minimal inhibitory concentrations. This is evidenced by the antibiotic levels above minimal inhibitory concentrations found in the wound drainage. Sodium cephalothin levels in the wound drainage were below measurable levels in 3 of 4 patients. Sodium oxacillin and lincomycin hydrochloride antibiotic levels in the surgical wound debris and simultaneous venous clotted specimens diminished progressively in a similiar manner indicating no additional effects of the surgical wound debris on the antibiotic's biologic effectiveness. Sodium cephalothin dropped below measurable levels in three days. Measurable levels of antibiotics appeared in the wound aspirate well above the minimal inhibitory concentration in patients receiving their initial dose of sodium oxacillin 24 hours after surgery."
1139817,"An investigation of the effect of kneading time on the simple shear strength of cold-cured plain methylmethacrylate bone cement and on the effect of anchor-hole configuration on the load-carrying capabilities of the cement anchor-hole configuration demonstrates that at a strain-rate of 10-3 rad/second, the mean simple shear strength of the cement was 251.65 (plus or minus 3%) for both 30-second and 2-minute kneading times. Increasing the loading rate to 10-1 rad/second increased the simple shear strength of 326.20 kg/cm-2 (plus or minus 2%). The geometric configuration did not significantly affect the maximum shear load-carrying capabilities of the methylmethacrylate."
1139818,"A method was developed for describing the flexion-extension motion of the knee joint in a sagittal plane, by employing ciné radiography and then plotting the loci of three points on the femur relative to the tibia. Normal knees displayed similar patterns, the curves were smooth, and flexion-extension curves superimposed. A standard knee outline with standard curves was defined, with which to compare the abnormal and prosthetic knees. Arthritic knee patterns differed significantly from the normals. The curves were irregular and the flexion-extension curves were different. Instability, joint surface irregularity and muscle spasm were thought to be the main causes. The curves for the MacIntosh tibial plateaus were abnormal in a similar way to the arthritics. This may have been due to residual instability and to the replacement of only one bearing surface. The condylar replacement prostheses (the uni-condylar, duo-condylar and Geometric) tended to produce close-to-normal knee patterns, probably due to restoration of a relatively normal geometry, and to replacement of both bearing surfaces. The knees with fixed hinge prostheses (Walldius, Shiers and Guépar) showed abnormalities of motion and of the relative postion of the femur on the tibia. These features would be undesirable for the correct functioning of soft tissues around the knee. The stabilo-condylar hinge, which did not require much bone resection, gave a motion comparable to the condylar replacements."
1139819,"In 7 cases of peripheral lesion of the spinal accessory nerve 4 were produced by malignancy, two by iatrogenical resection of lymph nodes, one by an en bloc dissection of the neck for arteriovenous malformation. Incapacity following the injury is quite marked and includes weakness of the sternomastoid and trapezius muscles, as well as pain presumably from traction on the brachial plexus. The importance of avoiding the nerve in surgical intervention in the neck must be strongly emphasized. A review of the literature suggests that in fresh injuries the spinal accessory nerve should be explored and resutured. Our own experience, however, with nerve repair has been disappointing."
1139820,"Two hundred and eight skin knives and 374 deep knives were evaluated in 153 clean orthopedic cases with and without a horizontal wall-less laminar air-flow system. There was no statistical difference in contamination frequency between the skin and the deep knives with and without the laminar air-flow. However, the knife blades were found to be contaminated less than laminar air-flow was used than when it was not (P less than 0.005). No correlation could be made between the cultures of the wound edges and the depth of the wound with the contaminated knife blades."
1139821,A 29-year-old man with coccidioidomycosis of the tarsal bones and toxic reactions to intravenous Amphotericin B was treated by surgical curettage and local suction-irrigation system of Amphotericin B. The patient responded to treatment and was free of disease 2 years later. Local suction-irrigation with Amphotericin B may be a valuable adjunct in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis infection of bone.
1139822,"When a fracture of the coracoid process is identified by clinical examination and X-rays, one should always be aware of a possible acromioclavicular dislocation. Clinical exam and X-rays of the shoulder with weights in the patient's hand will help substantiate the diagnosis. Reduction of the acromioclavicular dislocation (by whatever means desirable) seems to reduce the coracoid fracture well. Obviously, this combination of injuries precludes the use of coracoclavicular methods of fixation as a method of treatment. Acromioclavicular joint reduction and secure internal fixation generally provides adequate coracoid fracture reduction and allows subsequent healing."
1139823,"Recurring luxation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow is not uncommon (16.2%), occurring about equally in young and old, male and female, athletes and non-athletes but the greater mobility is usually at the dominant arm. The probable cause of such dislocation is congenital laxity of supporting ligaments. Being more vulnerable to injury than normally-positioned nerves, however, complicating neuritis can does occur. Subluxating nerves which stop on the tip of the medial humeral epicondyle upon 90 degrees or more of flexion at the elbow are more subject to direct trauma than completely displaced neural structures which cross the epicondyle upon elbow flexion. The latter may develop friction neuritis which occurs most frequently in industrial workers and occasionally requires surgical transfer. Deep intramuscular implantation, with or without neurolysis, is definetely superior to subcutaneous placement of the affected nerve. In this report are described chemically-induced ulnar neuritis from cortisone injections about the medial humeral epicondyle; pressure ulnar neuritis in patients with enforced bed rest and from improper positioning on operating table with permanent neural deficit and the relationship of such hypermobile ulnar nerves to extension-flexion (whiplash) trauma to the neck. It is emphasized that most of these complications could have been avoided had the patient and his physician known that such anomalies were present. Of particular importance is the avoidance of pressure to the medial aspect of a flexed elbow in surgical patients under general anesthesia. The unrelated co-existence of intermittently-symptomatic hypermobile ulnar nerves and extension-flexion neck trauma may occur. Recognition of isolated unlar neuritis in these patients is definitely important from the diagnostic, treatment and medical-legal aspects of such cervical spine injuries."
1139824,Comminuted fractures of the distal inch of the radius have always been difficult to stabilize. Closed reduction and plaster cast fixation frequently result in recurring deformity and some loss of wrist function. A method of closed pinning with proper placement of multiple small Kirschner wires to supplement plaster cast fixation in selected comminuted fractures helps retain anatomical position of the major fragments of the distal end of the radius. This method is sound in principle and we recommend its use in the treatment of severly comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius.
1139825,"A patient with synovial chondromatosis involving both posterior compartments of the right knee and proximal tibiofibular joint had continued pain and weakness after partial synovectomy. The ""Helfet Test"" for proximal tibiofibular joint instability was positive; the fibular head was prominent and tender. Following excision of the proximal fibula, the patient was symptom free. This case demonstrates that it is essential to evaluate all joints involved with a disease process prior to surgical intervention."
1139826,"A scoring system for the long-term comparative evaluation of patients with knee ligament injuries was presented. Twenty-four patients hospitalized for injuries to knee ligaments from skiing accidents were examined at a mean of more than 4 years after hospitalization. Eighteen had required surgery, and most were found not to have high scores at the long-term follow-up evaluation. Mechanisms of injury to explain why certain types of falls result in particular injuries were presented."
1139828,"A 12-year-old boy with ankle pain following minor trauma was found after a month of conservative treatment to have a small sclerotic lesion in the anterolateral distal tibial epiphysis. At operation, a vascular, raised, intracapsular epiphyseal lesion was removed. Microscopic examination revealed an osteoid osteoma. To the authors' knowledge no previous example of intracapsular epiphyseal osteoid-osteoma has been reported."
1139829,"Undecalcified bone biopsy specimens from 10 normal individuals and 8 osteogenesis imperfecta patients, 2 to 30 years of age, were analyzed using microradiography as well as ultraviolet, tungsten and polarized light microscope techniques. Biopsies of ribs most reliably reflected the disease process of osteogenesis imperfecta when compared to those biopsies of long bones in the lower extremities deformed enough to require corrective surgery. The rib biopsies consistently revealed that there is a rapid surface turnover of histologically well-organized but osteopenic bone. The high rate of bone turnover is similar to that seen in very young normals but in osteogenesis imperfecta turnover rate does not appear to decline with age. The percentage of surface involved in active new bone formation and in osteoclastic resorption is notably elevated. Excessive osteocyte osteolysis is also characteristic."
1139830,"A long-term review of 272 resections of the metatarsal heads and bases of the phalanges in 128 patients with severe rheumatoid feet is presented. The longest follow-up is 11 years and the average follow-up was 4.7 years. Recurrent deformity and callus formation was usually due to a long metatarsal shaft. The operation, when properly performed, can correct severe deformities of the forefoot with a high percentage of satisfactory results."
1139831,"A review of 19 patients with upper limb symptoms is presented; 3 patients had bilateral symptoms. The patients were young (22-44 years) and only 4 were women. The symptoms were usually precipitated by injury. Aching pain the the neck and shoulder area, upper arm and forearm, with some intermittent numbness were the main complaints. These symptoms may be aggravated or relieved by altering posture. The most constant and diagnostic physical finding was tenderness and reproduction of symptoms with pressure over the neurovascular bundle underneath the coracoid process and pectoralis minor. There are no constant positive findings on regular radiographs. Electromyography and venography were of doubtful diagnostic significance. Conservative measures were rarely curative but often alleviated some of the symptoms. These measures included local heat, and postural exercises with elevation and rotation of the shoulder forward. The neurovascular bundle was decompressed by dividing the pectoralis minor surgically in 10 limbs. This relieved the radiating symptoms in each case although mild aching pain in the shoulder had remained in 4 instances. This syndrome can be recognized clinically and may be controlled in half of the cases by conservative means. If the diagnosis is well localized, surgical release offers good relief."
1139832,"The standard metallurgical technique of microhardness testing was useful for investigations on the physical properties of articular cartilage. The problem of visco-elasticity of the cartilage was overcome by using a brittle lacquer coating as a memory device. The surface layer was the hardest plane when the superficial layer was intact. Removal of the superficial layer however, made this plane the softest. There was no variation in hardness with depth. The plane at right angles to the vector of movement of the joint was harder than the plane parallel to the vector of movement. This indicates the presence of a secondary fiber system in the middle layer of articular cartilage. The fibers in this system run predominantly at right angles to the direction of motion of the joint."
1139834,"A correlation of the X-ray changes with the pathological changes seen in arthritic hips obtained at surgery or from cadavers, reveals 6 different patterns of osteoarthritis of the hip. The study suggests that the pathogenesis of the degenerative changes is different in each type and as such, would influence the results obtained by surgical intervention."
1139835,"A clinical study of 62 patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy has suggested 2 pathways in the pathogenesis of the spinal deformities. In the first pathway, the patients develop an initial kyphosis due to the loss of paravertebral muscle thus placing the intrinsic ligamentous spine in an unstable position. The spine then develops a lateral curve accentuated by pelvic obliquity. In the final form, axial rotation of the spine and pelvis occurs to produce a severe deformity. In the second pathway the intrinsic spine assumes the more stable position of hyperextension with a level pelvis. This position remains relatively unchanged during the period of wheelchair confinement even though muscle deterioration progresses. A significant increase in the severity of the deformity occurs with age in those patients with unstable spines. None of the other factors examined affected the severity of the lateral curvature. A spinal brace has been designed to keep the spine extended and the pelvis level while the patients sits in his wheelchair. The purpose is to encourage the inexorable progression of muscular deficiencies to follow the second pathway. Various modifications of wheelchairs also may help to maintain spinal stability."
1139837,"On the basis of a review of 507 patients, discography was a reliable diagnostic procedure in determining the symptomatic level in discogenic disease of the cervical and lumbar spine. The value of discography of the spine is as both a functional and anatomical assessment. Its value in the cervical spine is largely as a functional assessment, with reproduction of the patient's specific pain pattern on a consistent basis at a particular level. It is a reasonably simple procedure, provided that adequate radiographic facilities are available, and strict adherence to aseptic technique is carriet out. The performance and interpretation requires a considerable amount of skill and experience. However, it is a useful adjunct to solving the perplexing problem of the surgical management of pain in discogenic disease of the spine."
1139838,Nine allografts replacing part of the knee have been carried out in 8 patients. In all patients the graft was incorporated without clinical evidence of rejection. In one case a low grade infection was brought under control without surgery and thus far has not impaired the results. All patients have a good functional range of movement and the alignment of the knee has been maintained by the grafts which display little or no collapse at all. Histological evidence in one case revealed cartilage viability at 14 months. Two years interim observations are encouraging enough to continue on with this technique in the knee with disease severe enough not to be helped by osteotomy but not so diffusely damaged as to require total knee arthroplasty.
1139839,"Observations using standard Harrington Instrumentation revealed that while maximal distractive forces are applied it is possible to produce further correction of spinal deformity by applying a lateral force. Modifications to the standard Harrington Instrumentation by applying a transverse loading system have been made in order to produce this added correction. The transverse load is applied as nearly as possible in the same plane as the bearing points of hooks, i.e., below the axis of the rods. Transverse loading helps to reduce the distance from the apex of the curve to the midline, thereby producing a more stable spine as well as providing additional support on the convex side. The system is ideal for flexible curves with little kyphosis. Photogrammetry reveals that there was no significant rotation occurring after the application of the transverse load. To date, Instrumentation has been used in 10 patients with success."
1139840,Protrusio acetabuli is common is rheumatoid arthritis. Progression of this deformity can be measured by serial roentgenograms. The inward progression of the femoral head is the result of upward migration of the acetabular roof and collapse of the femoral head which appears to occur in a ratio of approximately two to one. Adrenal cortical steroids may play a significant role in the etiology of this condition in rheumatoid arthritis. This complication of intrapelvic protrusion of the prosthetic acetabulum following total hip replacement has been presented and suggestions made to overcome this problem. Early operation on those patients showing rapid development of protrusio may prevent complications.
1139841,"Twenty patients treated for osteomyelitis following intramedullary fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft were assessed from the standpoint of antibiotics, internal fixation, drainage, sequestrectomy and external support. Analysis of intramedullary fixation in the form of Küntscher nailing with respect to the rate of union, duration of treatment and number of operative procedures, suggests that rigid intramedullary fixation is superior to plates and screws and plays an important role in development of union in the presence of infection."
1139842,An electromechanical device is described which permits measurement of the amount of weight borne on each compartment of the knee during varying amounts of lateral angulation. A lateral angulation of only 3 degrees in either direction completely unloaded the opposite condyle. The correction to be obtained by tibial osteotomy of varus or valgus knee deformity should permit the mechanical axis of the extremity to pass the tibial spines on the side opposite the deformity. An angular deviation of 3 degrees more than that required to restore the mechanical axis to normal position is sufficient.
1139843,"In children and adults, there is a physiological anterior sagittal displacement of the talus which decreases when the examination is repeated in equinus. The displacement occurs when the examination is performed with or without apparatus, with manual stress or with weights. The diminution of the normal sagittal mobility of the talus when the examination is performed with the ankle in the position of equinus, it attributable to the intact anterior talofibular ligament which becomes taut when the ankle is in a position of flexion. A pathological drawer sign will be noted following an isolated tear of the anterior talofibular; under those circumstances sagittal instability is increased and is not appreciably affected by repeating the examination in a position of ankle equinus."
1139854,"The disposition of serum morphine following administration of 10 mg/70 kg was determined by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay in 31 anethetized surgical patients ranging in age from 23 to 75 yr. Following iv injection, 93 per cent of the morphine disappeared from the serum within 5 min. The early serum levels of the drug (2 min) correlated directly with the patients' ages (r equal to 0.63, p smaller than 0.01). Patient 23 to 50 yr of age averaged 0.29 mug/ml, whereas patients 51 to 75 ur of age averaged 70 percent higher, 0.49 mug/ml. The serum half-life between 10 and 240 min was independent  of age and averaged about 2 hr after either iv or im administration. Following im admininstration, morphine was rapidly absorbed, with peak levels occurring within 10 to 20 min. The decline in morphine serum levels paralleled the decline in morphine analgesia and was coincident with the apperance of morphine glucuronide in the serum. These studies demonstrate the applicability and specificity of the radioimmunoassay for morphine and suggest that serum levels of morphine may be a useful and objective indicator of its pharmacologic activity."
1139855,"Plasma methadone levels, symptom complaints, and urine tests for illicit opiate use were followed weekly in 17 patients on a methadone maintenance program. There were very large differences between patients in the plasma level established at a given dosage, implying large differences in the rate of methadone metabolism. Despite virtually constant daily dosage, the plasma methadone levels fluctuated greatly from week to week and from day to day in individual patients. With rate exceptions there was no relationship between plasma methadone level and symptom complaints or between weekly chamges in plasma methadone level and changes in symptom complaints. Except possible to identify the ocassional patient with unusually low plasam methadone levels, the determination of methadone levels is not likely to be or practical value in methadone programs."
1139856,"Effects of fasting on the metabolsim and distribution of antipyrine and tolbutamide were studied in 13 obese, but otherwise healthy, volunteers. Only 6 of the 13 subjects decreased their metabolic clearance rate (MCR) during fasting; no significant change occurred during fasting in the mean MCR of either drug. These results are in contrast with reported changed rates of drug metabolism in fasting experimental animals. The apparent volume of distribution (aVd) of antipyrine decreased during fasting in each of 7 subjects receiving oral test doses of antipyrine; the mean control value plus or minus standard deviation was 61 plus or minus 16 1, whereas  during fasting the mean became 52 plus or minus 17 1. The aVd plus or minus SD of tolbutamide decreased in 4 of the 6 volunteers receiving intravenous test doses of tolbutamide; the mean control value in these6 volunteers was 8.3 plus or minus 1.7 1; during fasting it was 7.4 plus or minus 1.91."
1139857,"The bioavailability of commercial carbamazepine talbets with and without meals was compared to a propylene  glycol solution respect to extent of absorption in 6 normal humans after a dose of 6 MG/KG. The presence of dose-dependent kinetics within a clinically sigificant range was also investigated. Serum and urine samples were assayed by gal-liquid chromatography (GLC). Carbamazepine is rapidly absorbed from the propylene glycol solution. Eight per cent of the dose was absorbed from the commercial tablet, resulting in therapeutic serum concentrations(30 to 6 mcg/ni). The data were consitent with disolution rate-limited absorption. Mean half-lives ranged from 31 to 35 hr. No dose-dependent kinetics were observed following administration of does of 3. 6. or 9 mg/kg. The fraction of dose abosrbed, the fraction excredted unchanged in urine, the time of maxium serum concentration, and absorption and elimination half-lives appear to be independent of dose. The time course of side effects could not be correlated with serum carbamazepine levels, suggesting that metabolities contributed to side effects."
1139858,"The blood concentrations of lidocfaine and its active monodeethylated metabolite, monethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), were measured in 31 patients who were receiving infusiions of lidocaine intravenously. In 3 patients who were studied intensively, the elimination half-life of MEGX was 120 min, which was similar to the elimination half-life of lidocaine  (139 min). An addition 3 patients demonstrated a higher ratio of the concentration in blood of MEGX to lidocaine, and the MEGX may have contributed, in 1 patient, to the central nervous system toxicity that occurred during the infusion. Elevated concentrations of MEGX in blood were associated with congestive heart failure (r equalto 0.5, p equal to 0.004). Our data suggest that the elimination of MEGX may be decreased in patients with depressed cardiac output and sympathomimetic compensation."
1139859,"Patients with liver disease are thought to have abnormal responses to drugs metabolized by the liver, although supportive evidence is sparse. The influence of acute viral hepatitis on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of phenytoin (DPH) was examined in 5 patients. A longitudinal study design was used so that each patient acted as his own control. DPH clearance was unaffected by acute viral hepatitits over theconcentration range studie, but the percentage of unboudn DPH increased by an average of nearly one-third during acute viral hepatitis. A small decline in serum albumin concentration and elevated serum bilirubin levels may be responsible for the alterations in protein bindig. These results indicate that acute inflammatory liver disease has complex and perhaps paradoxical effects on durg disposition. Clinical and laboratory observations including plasma durg concentrations, still provide the best means for adjusting dosage regimens in patients with fluctuating hepatic function."
1139860,"Optimun therapy with carbenicillin entails the use of high serum concentrations and the risk of significant dose-related toxicity. We report a study of serum clearance method of dose adjustment of carbenicillin patients with normal and imparied renal function. This method was found to provide serum concentrations considered to be satisfactory in every instance, by either constant-rate or intermittent infusion, and should enable greater precision in the use of the antibiotic. Implications of these findings aimed at providing dosage schedules for patients with renal failure are discussed."
1139861,"The distribution and  excretion of tritiated actinomycin D have been determined in 3 adult patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. In the blood, the drug  was preferentially taken up into nucleated cells. The urinary and fecal excretion was prolonged and only about 30 per cent of the dose of actinomycin was recovered in 9 days. There was evidence that the drug was concentrated in bone marrow and tumor cells, but did not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. The long tissue half-lige of actinomycin D suggeststhat an intermittenr schedule of administration would be the most effective."
1139862,"The effects of oral propranolol were evaluated in 10 normal volunteers. The resting heart rate decreased from the mean control value of 68 plus or minus 3.3 (SE) to 56 plus or minus 2.8 beats per minute (bpm) on propranolol (p smaller than 0.001, paired test). Mean systolic blood pressur also decreased from 125 plus or minus 5.0 to 114 plus or minus 4.2 mm Hg (p smaller than 0.03). Resting systolic time intervals were unaffected by propranolol. Mean maximal treadmill exercise tolerance time was not significantly altered by propranolol although the mean heart rate systolic blood pressure product a maximal exertion was markedly decreased (1.91 plus or minus 0.17 vs 2.62 plus or minus 0.17 times 10-4, p smaller than 0.004) . The nonsignificant effect of oral propranolol on resting systolic time intervals and maximum exercise tolerance despite significant changes in  heart rate and blood pressure at rest and duringexercise stand in contrast to the reported effects of intravenous propranolol. Explantations for this difference between the effects of oral and intravenous propranolol in normal subjects are examined."
1139863,"The influence of sulfamethizole on the metabolism of diphenylhydatoin (DPH) tolbutamide, and warefarian is examined. In 8 patients DPH means half-life (T/2) increased from 11.8 plus or minus 3.6 hr to 19.6 plus or minus 5.2 hr and mean metabolic clearance rate (MCR) decreased from 43.7 plus or minus 16,8 to 28.1 plus or minus 9.1 ml/min durus or minus 1.2 to 9.2 plus or minus 1.2 hr MCR decrease from 17.0 plus or minus 5.4 to 10.5 plus or minus 1.2 ml/min. In 2 patients warfarin T/2 increased fron an average of 64.7 to 92.7 hr and MCR decreased from 1.65 ml/min to 1.05 ml/min. In 4 patients on long-term DPH treatment after 1 wk on sulfamethizole inhibits hepatic metabolism of DPH, tolbutamide, and warfarin."
1139910,The localization of sources used for brachytherapy has become more difficult since radium sources are replaced by flexible wires such as Iridium 192 wires. We describe the COUREP program which automatically reconstructs the real 3-D arrangement of curved wires from two orthogonal radiographs of the implant. The data used by the program consist mainly of the projections of the wires on the radiographs expressed as the co-ordinates of points selected on these projections individually on each radiograph. The output consists of the 3-D co-ordinates of points located on the wires with optionally a graphic output including the plotting of a perspective view of the implant.
1139911,"DRUGSIM is a highly interactive program allowing simulation of the effects of repeated drug administration by a variety of routes on plasma concentrations of drugs over a period of time. Drug parameters are read from a data file; prescriptions are obtained from the user at various points during run time. The results for one or two compartment pharmacokinetics are plotted on a storage display tube, and the user is queried for further prescriptions. Simulation involves a point-slope method with a variable time step. The program is written in Fortran IV and run on a DEC PDP-10 computer using a Computek 611 display terminal."
1139912,"A program is described, which performs automatic uptake, plotting and processing of radio-hippuran renograms obtained from a gamma camera, using an on-line minicomputer system. The program is written in machine language for a ND 50/50 system equipped with a PDP8-L processor, but translation for other nuclear medicine EDP system is easy. Minimum configuration requirements are: (i) 4K processor with TTY; (ii) external clock; (iii) magnetic tape transport; and (iv) 4K + 4K buffered camera interface or additional 8K of storage plus camera interface. Camera interface is computer-controlled and includes two AD-converters, a display unit for buffer storage and interest-areas selection facility. Operation starts recording 40 scintiphotographs of 30 sec each. Then, kidney uptake curves are obtained by subtraction of blood and tissue background, and diagnostic parameters, such as the initial slope, the maximum uptake point and 50% activity time, are computed. The only manual intervention required is the computer-assisted selection of interest-areas of kidneys, and blood and tissue background. Time required is 20 min for uptake of renograms and 5 min for processing and output, thus allowing routine execution of good quality renography, including hardcopy printout of both kidney uptake curves and diagnostic paramerers."
1139913,"A method for the separation of semiperiodic (Gaussian probability distribution of intervals with moderate coefficient of variation) superimposed point processes, to be implemented on a digital computer is described. The efficiency of the filter used for the extraction of the underlying event sequences from the pooled array has been investigated by simulation. Approximately 80 percent of the events belonging to the underlying sequence to be extracted were recovered (with the addition of ""impurity events""), still preserving the mean rate and coefficient of variation of the original indicidual sequence concerned. The program was used on an example of an actual electromyographic recording (comprised of a number of motor units discharging simultaneously), resolving the number of motor units involved, their mean rates, and the coefficient of variation of the individual action potential sequences."
1139914,"An implemented version of a data system for routine bacteriology is described which uses punch cards to capture all administrative data and OMR (optical mark recognition) documents for the bacteriological findings: diagnosis, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, phage type etc. The output includes reports for the customers and report lists for the laboratory, as well as surveys over findings of pertinent bacteria produced twice each month. In addition bills are produced at regular intervals, both for hospitals and for private patients. All results are stored on magnetic tape in order to make later analysis possible. The system has also been adapted for use in a research project for the study of postoperative infections."
1139915,"The system described may be divided in two major parts: (i) automatic analysis of cardiac catheterization data running off-line on a Siemens 305 computer; (ii) storage and retrieval of the results from these analyses and additional data from related departments (thoracic surgery, internal medicine and clinical physiology) in a cardiological database on an IBM 370/155 computer. The first part is described with special regard to (i) operation and control during the phases of data collection, pre-processing, processing and storage of results; (ii) the presentation of the results in a complete and readable form and (iii) the modular design of the software. The results of an evaluation of the computer methods versus manual methods are also presented. The second part has been described with regard to the type of data entered in the cardiological database. The structure of the database and the programs used for storage and retrieval have not been described in detail in the present publication."
1139917,"The transport of water and of macromolecules across the glomerular membrane of the kidney depends on the membrane parameters (radius, length and number of pores) as well as on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures on either side of the membrane. The filtration pressure decreases along the capillary loops from afferent to efferent end. Water and solute flows are thus given by a system of two differential equations. The sieving coefficient of the macromolecules is the ratio of solute to water flow. In the program described the differential equations are solved by the Runge-Kutta method (fourth order). Rosenbrock's method of minimization is used to adjust the theoretical to the experimental sieving coefficients. The pore radius, total pore area per unit of path length and conductance of the membrane, as well as the intracapillary hydrostatic pressure and its gradient can thus be determined."
1139959,"Granular vulvovaginitis (GVV) was experimentally produced in female kids by topical application of M. agalactiae on the scarified vulvar mucosa. Grossly visible GVV lesions were seen in 25 out of 30 infected kids, yet all were positive for microscopic lesions. Microscope lesions that appeared by 7 days post infection (DPI) were comprised of stromal oedema, lymphocytic infiltration into the lamina propria and perivascular accumulation of a few lymphocytes. The lesions observed between 28 and 49 DPI were comparable to those of spontaneous cases (severe). The changes seen in kids euthanized between 56 to 70 DPI were suggestive of the chronic stage of the disease. M. agalactiae was reisolated from all the infected kids from 7 to 70 days after inoculation. The pathology and pathogenesis of this condition have been described and discussed."
1139960,"Mean endogenous bile flow in 11 turkeys was 0.81 plus or minus 0.52 mul/g of the liver per minute (10.4 plus or minus 5.3 mul/Kg of body weight per minute). Endogenous biliverdin and bilirubin excretory rates were 0.59 plus or minus 0.31 and 0.058 plus or minus 0.018 mug/g of liver per minute (7.6 plus or minus 3.6 and 0.76 plus or minus 0.23 mug/Kg of body weight per minute), respectively. Mean concentrations of biliverdin and bilirubin in endogenous bile were 92 plus or minus 55 and 8.9 plus or minus 5.2 mg/100 ml, respectively. Livers constituted 1.36 plus or minus 0.22 percent of the body weight. Thin layer chromatographic studies revealed a heterogeneity of bilirubin conjugates in bile."
1139961,Spinal cord compression subsequent to radical laminectomy was investigated. A modified deep dorsal laminectomy technique was devised to allow extensive exposure and decompression of the canine spinal cord without undue hazard of postoperative fibrotic spinal cord compression. A previously described laminectomy technique was modified by the addition of spinal plating to avoid the occurrence of constrictive fibrosis.
1139963,"A retrospective study is reported of 160 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis, in which changes in haemoglobin concentration were analysed against changes in various routine clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity over a period of time. Although statistically significant correlations were found between haemoglobin concentrations and the articular index of joint tenderness, serum albumin concentration, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at one point in time, significant relationships in changes in haemoglobin concentration were only found with changes in the latter two laboratory indices. The significant correlations were weak and less important than the cumulative effect of unknown variables in determining haemoglobin level. The study shows that the routine clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis are of no value in predicting the haemoglobin concentration."
1139964,A multi-centre study was carried out in 107 children with skin and soft-tissue infections (46) or upper respiratory tract infections (61) to assess the effectivness of flucloxacillin (125 mg. q.d.s. for 5 days). Swabs were taken from the lesion sites before and after treatment for bacteriological assessment and sensitivity of the isolated organisms. The clinical success rate achieved was 93% in skin and soft-tissue infections and 94% in upper respiratory tract infections and these results correlate closely with the bacteriological findings. The main causative organism in the skin and soft-tissue infections was Staph. aureus which was resistant to benzyl penicillin and to ampicillin in all but 2 cases. All strains proved sensitive to flucloxacillin. Minimal side-effects were reported and the syrup presentation was well accepted.
1139965,"In a study of 95 patients with giardiasis it was shown that examination of duodenal aspirates for Giardia Lamblia can supplement but not replace examination of faeces in the detection and follow-up of cases. The chances of finding trophozoites in duodenal aspirate is greater in those with trophozoites in the faeces than in cyst passers. Patients were treated with metronidazole in either conventional dosage (400 mg.t.d.s. for 7 days) or with a single 'hammer dose' of 2400 mg. Results showed that the parasites may persist in the duodenum and faeces after conventional therapy, though the incidence was not very high; and it is suggested that a single large dose of metronidazole may be equally if not more effective than divided doses spread over a few days."
1139973,"This pilot study is the first attempt at objective measurement of well-defined molecular behaviors through covert field observation. Though the main thrust is the development of a methodology for the clinical investigation of drug effects on children, a method that minimizes or overcomes many of the special problems that have plagued child drug research in the past, some preliminary data on the behavioral effects of haloperidol and imipramine were obtained. The technique developed is called an operant counting scale, and it promises to be useful in future full-drug studies."
1139974,"This paper investigates the relation between private school activities and psychosomatic problems in Japanese elementary school children. Of 1,073 children studied, 67.3 percent attended  private schools to study such subjects as calligraphy, abacus, and music. Of these children, 25.3 percent attended three to four times per week, and 18.1 percent five times and more. Statistical analysis showed that frequently attending children exhibited symptoms of dizziness, sleep disturbance, and other psycholphsiological problems. The results may warn educators as well as parents of some of the unfavorable effects of these extracurricular activities."
1139975,"The authors describe the emotional development of a girl whose behavior was assessed on the Brazelton Scale at various neonatal stages eight times over the 1st month of her life, examined by a psychologist at the age of 12 months, and seen in a family interview at 22 months. The child's Brazelton Scale scores are compared with mean scores obtained in a previous study of 44 subjects. A profile of the girl's inborn characteristics emerges, including average motor ability, high responsiveness to social (human) stimuli and body contact, and high ability to reduce tension caused by unpleasant stimuli. This inborn profile is reflected in the follow-up at the age of 12 and 22 months: the child is average in motor development, but well above average in social skills, including ability to initiate interaction and evoke physical closeness. The parents are seen as tolerant and warm, but undemonstrative, and the parent-child interaction demonstrates how the girl's inborn characteristics play a role in molding the parents' attitudes in a direction more responsive to the child's emotional needs and thus achieving a successful ""biological fit."" The authors point out that a dynamic diagnostic formulation needs to include the innate characteristics of the subject and that one should recognize the role of the innate characteristics in the transference."
1139976,Twenty-one two-year-olds were observed interacting with their parents in a laboratory playroom. Previously reported analyses had found that  they displayes no preferencd for interaction with either parent. The present analysis found that there was a high degree of correlation between the sociability of the cild with his mother and his sociability with his father. Possible implications of this finding are discussed.
1139977,"Measures of mother-child interaction change are reported in a series of 30 mothers and their children, aged 2 to 10. Videotaped play sessions were analyzed in detail to provide baseline measures from which individualized modification guidelines were derived. Mothers were instructed in eight weekly sessions via bug-in-the-ear. Postinstruction observations provided quantification of observed changes following instruction. The target of change was mother-child behavior contingency patterns, effected by intervening into the mother component on those patterns. Measured changes in mother and child behaviors, mother-child contingency patterns, and mother's preceptions of child behaviors are compared."
1139978,"Self-distinctiveness scores from the Interpersonal Discrimination Task were obtained on 87 normal and 92 psychiatric patients ranging in age from 16 to 44. As predicted, self-distinctiveness in normals increased from the 2nd to 3rd decade, then declined progressively thereafter. By contrast, patients' self-distinctiveness scores were significantly lower than normals' during the 3rd decade and higher than normals' thereafter. The results were interpreted in terms of patients' tendencies to view themselves as discrepant with age-specific societal expectancies."
1139979,"This paper describes certain critical periods early in human development in the context of the child's coping responses to the environment, and in regard to the nature of the nurturing experience. The term critical period refers to the optimal time the young child is ready to learn or achieve a developmental task. But it does not imply an irreversible process, since the child usually has the capacity to compensate to some extent for mastery of a task occurring during a given critical period, even after that period has passed. Various areas of development are included to present a broad array of infantile capabilities: neuromuscular, perceptual, cognitive, and psychosocial."
1139980,"This report describes a girl who was studied by means of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale from her 1st until her 28th day of life, observed at the age of 1 year, and, at the age of 1 1/2 years, was seen in a psychiatric family interview. The examinational data and history (obtained from the parents) present a picture of deviant development with exceptionally low orientation responsiveness and high excitability from the first hours of life. Carmel showed little ability to quiet herself and little response to soothing attempts. Motor development was normal throughout, physical health and growth were satisfactory, and intellectual development (assessed on the Vineland scale) was average. Carmel's continuous, inconsolable crying and lack of responsiveness led to a family adjustment with the passive, somewhat disorganized mother moving into the background and the anxious father taking over. He developed a way of keeping activity. This physical stimulation, coupled with overprotection (the father's tendency to interpose himself between the girl and other people) as well as controlling all frustration, resulted in a precarious balance at the price of Carmel's reduced autonomy, delay in adaptive ego functions, and severe stranger anxiety. The case illustrates the interaction between innate characteristics and parental attitudes, and the need for preventive counseling based on understanding a child's idiosyncratic behavior patterns."
1139981,"In the operational policies and treatment methodologies employed by most residential treatment milieus, contrasting theoretical and methodological approaches enjoy an uneasy coexistence. The medical model with its emphasis on treatment planning growing naturally from categorical diagnostic thinking is contrasted with the applied behavior analysis model with its proliferation of token economies, point systems, and behavior contracting. Judgmental errors flow naturally from the exclusive reliance on either model. Humanistic behaviorism provides a theoretical rapprochement by proposing that approaches growing from each model can be complementary."
1139985,"A residential programs for single, young mothers and their infants uses the concept of a new extended family to achieve several purposes: training the mothers in parenting skill, giving them a chance of complete educations or vocational preparation, and providing care and developmental opportunity for the infants."
1140040,"Cytogenetic analysis indicates that Balbiani Ring 2 (BR 2) in the two sibling species Chironomus tentans and Chironomus pallidivittatus arises from identifically banded segments in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes, although chromosomal rearrangements have occurred. In situ hybridization of BR 2 RNA to the polytene chromosomes of each individual species, as well as their F1 hybrids, reveals that the repetitious BR 2 DNA in the two species has, within the limits of the technique, retained identity of nucleotide sequences and degree of repetition. The DNA of the naturally expressed BR 1 and BR 3 in both species and that ot the galactose induced BR 6 in C. pallidivittatus did not hybridize with BR 2 RNA, indicating that these BR's are different from BR 2 with regard to sequence content."
1140041,"The genes for 5 S RNA in Chironomus tentans have been located to region 2A of chromosome II by cytological hybridization. RNA from individual chromosomes, nuclear sap and nucleoli of salivary gland cells hybridized with the identified 5 S RNA genes in region 2A of chromosome II. The results suggest a common origin of 5 S RNA in these different nuclear compartments."
1140042,"An Australian mantid, Ima fusca, with 2n male equals 34, shows achiasmatic meiosis in the male, as in other Australian members of the subfamily Iridopteryginae. It is, however, unique among approximately 104 mantid species that have been studied cytologically, in having an XY sex chromosome mechanism. The X and Y chromosomes are not associated as a bivalent in first metaphase, but arrange themselves opposite one another on the spindle and regularly pass to different poles at first anaphase."
1140043,"Light and electronmicroscope studies indicate that Eusimulium aureum (n equals 2 metacentrics) is male-achiasmate. Supporting evidence for achiasmate meiosis includes lack of recombination between, I) widely separated differential segments of X and Y chromosomes and 2) linked autosomal inversions. In sibling C, chromosome II exists in an alternate ""neoacrocentric"" form interpreted as originating through the three-break shift of a small segment including centromere and nucleolar organizer. Male-achiasmate meiosis appears to be a prerequisite for the establishment of rearrangements that include large displacements of the centromere. This suggestion is supported by a correlation between achiasmate male meiosis and the fixation of gross pericentric changes in a number of other black fly species."
1140044,"Male meiosis in 3 species of the raphidioptera genus Agulla-- A. bicolor Banks, A. astuta (Banks), and A. bractea Carpenter-- closely parallels that of Neuroptera. The diploid complement in each comprises 12 pairs of autosomes plus X and Y; all are mediokinetic. One male of A. bicolor carried an extra pair of autosomes indistinguishable from the shortest member of the usual set: these formed a normal bivalent and segregated synchronously with the other autosomes. The spindle is formed by the collocation of individual units which envelope each chromosomal mass. The sex chromsomes are spatially separate on emergence from the joint vesicle of early prophase; oriented toward opposite poles they move into this interpolar axis and a central spindle unit forms about them. This unit elongates disproportionately in early premetaphase, and its subsequent contraction is not synchronous with that of the other units. Distance segregation of X and Y is completed in early premetaphase. Autosomal bivalents are chiasmate; their congressional maneuvers involve, in addition to the usual interpolar oscillations, a lateral movement to the periphery of the spindle to form a variably complete ring at the equator. Autosomal univalents occurs with a frequency of 13% in A. bicolor, 2% in A. astuta, and 1% in A. bractea; they undergo distance segregation with the sex chromosomes in the central spindle unit. The phylogenetic significance of the data is considered."
1140050,"The association of diverticulosis with a thickened muscle wall in the pelvic colon is well known. There appeared to be a possibility that this muscular thickening might give rise to the rectosigmoidal mucosal puckering often seen through a sigmoidoscope. In 278 colonic motility studies, mucosal puckering was correlated with patient age, diverticulosis, and the symptomatology of the irritable colon syndrome. The prevalence of mucosal puckering increased with age at the same rate as that of diverticulosis, but the different percentage levels were reached some 25 years earlier in life. Mucosal puckering, which persisted in all subsequent examinations, showed no correlation with the clinical characteristics of irritable colon syndrome. Resistance of the bowel wall to distention was significantly greater in association with puckered rectosigmoidal mucosa than when the mucosa appeared smooth. It is concluded that rectosigmoidal mucosal puckering is probably caused by thickening of the underlying muscle; it is a precursor of diverticulois, and patients who have it should be kept on a high-residue diet."
1140052,A case report of a leiomyosarcoma of the rectum recurrent after six years is presented. The diagnostic criteria for determining malignancy are reviewed. The diagnosis of a benign lesion must be supported by the absence of mitoses; mitotic figures are considered proof of malignancy. Abdominoperineal resection is the procedure of choice for leiomyosarcoma of the rectum.
1140054,"During a 12-year period, 185 patients with papillary adenomas of the colon and rectum were treated. The average age was 63 years and there was a 10 per cent female preponderance. Seventy-one per cent of the lesions occurred in the rectum and rectosigmoid, and 40 per cent of the patients had rectal bleeding. Fifty-two per cent of the lesions were malignant: however, only 9 per cent of the patients died with metastatic carcinoma. The five-year survival rate in patients with papillary adenocarcinoma was 75 per cent. The results of this review indicate that a conservative approach to the surgical management of papillary adenoma of the colon and rectum should be encouraged, unless the tumor contains or is suspected to contain invasive carcinoma."
1140055,"The argument has been advanced that pathological states of anxiety and mania are both characterized by a failure on the part of the patient to attach appropriate levels of significance to changes occurring in the immediate environment. There is, it is suggested, a tendency for environmental features to be regarded as important even though, viewed objectively, they may have little relevance to the patient and his needs. Depression, it is further proposed, may be viewed as an extreme defense reaction to the intense anxiety which results from attaching too much significance to environmental events. In depressive state, patients are often characterised by their lowered responsiveness to stimulation and their lack of interest in, or concern about, their surroundings: it may be that, in such state, information processing has been blocked or reduced. The daytime drowsiness of the depressed patients, as well as his night-time sleep disturbance and the frequently observed recurrent or cyclic nature of certain kinds of depressed state, suggest that this blocking of sensory processing may be brought about by the involuntary intervention of mechanisms responsible, under normal circumstances, for sleep induction. This view of the nature of depression has been recast into the form of five potentially testable hypotheses. Speculation is always easy; providing convincing demonstrations that those speculations are reasonable is less easy. It is in the nature of psychological investigation that laboratory-based studies distort and may even destroy the phenomena about which information is sought, and many a perfectly reasonable theory has foundered upon the rocks of translation into experimental terms. In those areas of psychology which have implications for psychiatry and the conceptualisation of psychopathological states, this danger is particularly evident: psychiatric syndromes are complex, variable, and have social referrents, but laboratory experiments are limited in their capacity to reflect all these attributes, and consequently they may never provide really adequate tests of a theory about a psychiatric state. We have to try to come to terms with this apparent impasse--in the first place by being circumspect in translating psychiatric concepts into experimental terms, and secondly by exercising caution in interpreting the results to which the experiments give rise. More importantly, however, we have to accept the essential inadequacy of the majority of experimental paradigms in psychiatric research and to regard theorizing--even when it is not linked to explicitly testable hypotheses--as having inherent value."
1140059,"Insomnia, a more or less chronic sleep disturbance, is a very common symptom in psychiatric patients but also relatively freguent in the general population to a lesser degree. Two broad types of insomnia may often be distinguished: (1) difficulty falling asleep and frequent wakening, characteristic of anxiety states or obsessive worrying; and (2) early morning wakening, sometimes in a panic, suggestive of endogenous depression. The first group of patients respond well to minor tranquilizers and psychotherapy, whereas the second do well with tricyclic anti-depressants. Many studies in sleep laboratories have declineated the stages and cycles of sleep physiology and pathology, especially the importance of REM or dreaming sleep. The clinician should be cautious in the use of hypnotics like barbiturates which suppress REM sleep and produce a rebound increase on withdrawal, as well as problems of dependence of habituation. Flurazepam and chloral hydrate are considerably safer in this respect. Understanding sleep neurophysiology and biochemistry permits appropriate individual clinical management for both psychiatric patients and medical patients with conditions like peptic ulcer and nocturnal angina pectoris."
1140163,"Addition of a desalted aqueous extract made from dried leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum produced a marked stimulation of bone resorption in a culture system in vitro. This result indicates that, like the biologically active forms of vitamin D, the active material in the plant not only stimulates intestinal calcium absorption but increases bone mobilization as well."
1140164,The effects of norepinephrine in interaction with adrenergic blocking compounds were studied on membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of human lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. Sodium-potassium ion exchange pump activity was assayed by 86-Rb uptake and ATPase activity of membrane fractions was assayed by ADP and inorganic phosphate generation. The results of these studies indicate that norepinephrine acts by an alpha adrenergic mechanism to enhance membrane sodium-potassium ion exchange pump activity and ATPase activity. The pharmacologic and ionic dissection of the adrenergic sensitivity of ATPase activity indicates that this alpha adrenergic mechanism is related to membrane ATPase activities in addition to that associated with the ion exchange pump. Analysis of fractions obtained by sucrose gradients indicates that the action of norepinephrine is localized in the plasma membrane. Beta adrenergic stimulation was observed to inhibit ATPase activity. The complexity of adrenergic effects on membrane ATPase suggests interactions of hormone modulation of membrane nucleotide cyclases and transport-related ATPase enzymes.
1140165,"The responsiveness of seminal vesicles and coagulating gland to androgen-induced growth at adulthood is enhanced in male rats that had been ""primed"" with androgen (either endogenous or exogenous) during the neonatal period. The neonatal ""priming,"" however, did not significantly affect the basal (unstimulated) wet weights or DNA contents of the sex accessory glands when assessed at adulthood. In contrast to seminal vesicles and coagulating gland, the responsiveness of ventral prostate to the adult androgen-induced growth is independent of neonatal exposure to either endogenous or exogenous androgen. Our studies indicate that the neonatal androgen-induced ""priming"" or ""programming"" for androgen sensitivity of sex accessory glands at adulthood may not be associated with DNA synthesis as elicited by androgen during the neonatal period. For example, xyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen, effectively blocked the DNA synthesis in the seminal vesicles and coagulating gland of the neonatal rats without affecting the neonatal ""priming"" of the responsiveness of these glands at adulthood. Although only seminal vesicles and coagulating gland but not ventral prostate are ""programmed"" by neonatal exposure to androgen, this androgen-induced enhancement of [3-H]thymidine incorporation in to the DNA of the former was to the same degree as the latter. Furthermore, pulse-labeled cells in all of these glands studied persisted to adulthood to the same extent."
1140166,"The dynamics of venous-arterial testosterone transfer in the pampiniform plexus of the rat have been studied using [3-H] testosterone in controlled perfusion in the pampiniform plexus isolated from its testicle in vivo. The rate of transfer of testosterone increased in direct proportion to the testosterone concentration in spermatic vein blood over the range 0-100 ng/ml. When the venous-arterial concentration gradient was reversed by infusing [14-C] testosterone into the spermatic artery proximal to the pampiniform plexus, the label was transferred from the artery to the adjacent spermatic vein. Transfer of [3-H] methoxy-inulin infused concomitantly with the [14-C] testosterone was relatively insignificant in either direction. The testosterone transfer rate generally increased with increasing blood flow over the range 0.01-0.36 ml/min. However, transfer rate became less dependent on blood flow at the high end of the range. A comparison of transfer rates from whole blood and dextran (6% in saline) each containing 24-27 ng [1,2-3-H] testosterone/ml and flowing at 0.36 ml/min for one hour resulted in a maximum of 6.1% transfer from blood and 46% transfer from dextran. Transfer from blood reached plateau levels in less than 10 min, whereas transfers from dextran peaked between 30 and 40 min. At lower rates testosterone transfer from dextran reached equilibration levels, whereas transfer from blood rarely exceeded 5% of spermatic venous levels. We concluded that venous-arterial steroid transfer in the pampiniform plexus behaves like a passive countercurrent diffusion system that is concentration limited, depending principally on the concentration gradient of diffusible steroid between the closely juxtaposed spermatic vein and artery."
1140167,"Bovine parathyroid gland slices were incubated in Krebs' buffer with [3-H] leucine in order to assess the biosynthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). After incubation the particulate structures of the tissue were extracted with sodium deoxycholate to yield primarily newly synthesized (radioactive) PTH in the extract and preexisting granule PTH in the residue. In pulse-chase experiments radioactive PTH entered the granule fraction at a time when total tissue radioactive hormone was declining, which indicates that some newly-synthesized PTH was packaged into these granules. The specific radioactivity of the PTH in the incubation medium was from 20-fold to more than 80-fold greater than that of the granule PTH of the tissue, but was similar in magnitude to that of the tissue's newly synthesized hormone. Secretion of newly synthesized PTH was greater during incubation in buffer with 1.25 mM Ca than it was at 2.5 mM Ca which indicated that the hormone release was subject to physiological control. The PTH content of the tissue granule fraction was lower following incubation at 1.25 mM Ca than at 2.5 mM Ca. The possibility was excluded that the higher specific radioactivity of PT1 of incubation medium compared to that of the secretory granule fraction resulted from a diffusion gradient of [3-H] leucine into the tissue slices. These data indicate that a major portion of the newly synthesized PTH was secreted without prior equilibration with the hormone in the pool of secretory granules."
1140168,"The effects of progestins (0.1, 1.0, 6-10 mg/day) alone and in combination with testosterone (0.1 mg/day) on immunoreactive epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in submaxillary glands from normal and androgen-insensitive (tfm/y) mice were studied. Since androgens are known to stimulate increased EGF levels, the responses to progestins were interpreted as androgenic, synandrogenic or antiandrogenic if they simulated, potentiated or inhibited androgen response, respectively. Of the progestins studied, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) caused the greatest androgenic response when given alone; 10 mg produced a greater than 40-fold increase of EGF over control values. Lesser responses were achieved when progesterone or megestrol acetate (Meg Ac) were given alone. Cyproterone acetate (Cyp Ac) had no androgenic activity when administered alone and acted as a potent antiandrogen at all doses used. Progesterone and Meg Ac had weak antiandrogenic activity. The only synandrogenic response elicited was with a high dose (10 mg) of progesterone caproate. Neither MPA nor progesterone alone had any effect on EGF levels in tfm/y mice. These patterns of response differ from those seen in mouse kidney. The data indicate that progestins as a class are capable of androgenic, synandrogenic and antiandrogenic action in the mouse submaxillary gland, but that no single progestin is capable of all three actions. Since tfm/y mice lack a functional androgen receptor, the absence of EGF response in these mice to progestins as well as androgens suggest that the action of progestins may be mediated by the androgen receptor in the submaxillary gland."
1140169,"We have studied the hormonal regulation of the levels of testosterone 5alpha-reductase in rat skin by performing surgical manipulations (gonadectomy and/or adrenalectomy) of the rats and by steroid administration to ovariectomized- adrenalectomized rats. Castration significantly increases (P smaller than 0.01) the enzyme activity in the sole of the foot but not in the thoracic skin of male rats. In female rats, significant elevations of the enzyme activity are observed in the thoracic skin (P smaller than 0.01) and in the sole of the foot (P smaller than 0.05) after ovariectomy. Estrogen administration decreases the enzyme activity in thoracic skin, tail skin and vulvar skin of ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone decrease the activity in the sole of the foot and increase the activity in vulvar skin. Progesterone and corticosterone administration produce no significant effects in the four skin types studied."
1140170,"The developmental patterns of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was examined in female Long-Evans rats by radioimmunoassay of pituitary and plasma from 5 through 80 days of age. The effects of hypothyroidism on normal TSH levels were examined in animals radiothyroidectomized at birth. Control animals showed a peak in circulating TSH levels at day 12 followed by lower levels through day 30, and even lower levels at day 80 when values were those of adult animals. Hypothyroid females had higher plasma TSH levels than controls from days 10 through 30 with no distinct peak at day 12. Pituitary content reached a peak at day 18 and was always higher in control than hypothyroid animals."
1140171,"Constant intravenous infusion (65 to 260 ng/min) of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced an elevation of the plasma calcium concentration in unanesthetized rats in a period of 4 h. The increase in plasma calcium was related to the amount of PGE2 infused, and the hypercalcemia persisted for at least 10 h during continuous infusion. There was also a small increase in plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. The increase in plasma calcium was not due to hemoconcentration; in fact, there was a small decrease in hematocrit during infusion of PGE2, and no change in total plasma protein concentration was detected. Infusion of PGF2, did not raise plasma calcium concentration. We conclude that under appropriate conditions, the exogenous administration of PGE2 can cause an elevation of plasma calcium in the intact rat."
1140172,"Ovaries of rats explanted in organ culture 2-3 days after hypophysectomy at 26 days of age synthesize ans secrete estradiol-17beta into the culture medium at approximately linear rates for 48 h. Addition of testosterone (5 times 10- minus 7M) to the culture medium occasionally caused small increases of up to 50 percent in rate of estradiol production. Significant increases (60-200 percent) in estradiol secretion resulted from addition of two different FSH preparations, in concentrations as low as 0.25 mug/ml in the absence of testosterone. In the presence of testosterone, the same FSH preparation caused much more marked increases in estradiol secretion of up to 900 percent. In the absence of testosterone, two different luteinizing hormone preparations failed to increase estradiol secretion significantly, although in the presence of testosterone, small increases were sometimes observed. It is concluded that FSH regulates estradiol biosynthesis in the hypophysectomized rat ovary by a specific stimulatory action on the aromatizing enzyme system."
1140173,"Monolayer cultures of human calcitonin-secreting cells (C-cells) have been derived from medullary thyroid carcinomas. The cultures were prepared from cell suspensions obtained by enzymatic digestion of surgical specimens of the tumor. Human calcitonin (hCT) secretion by these cells was studied using a specific radioimmunoassay for the hormone. The cultures could be used for reproducible secretion studies up to 40 days after their initiation; they demonstrated a linear rate of hormone secretion in the basal state for at least 4 h. Calcium, pentagastrin, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) each produced a marked increase (up to 7-fold) in hormone secretion. Magnesium had no apparent secretory effect; and compared to PGE2, PGF2alpha had only a small secretory effect. In addition to responding to specific secretagogues shown to regulate calcitonin secretion in vivo, the secretory effects of each of the secretagogues could be raipdly reversed. Therefore, these cultures of human C-cells exhibit secretory responses which are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to C-cells in vivo. Accordingly, such cultures provide a useful model to study the regulation of calcitonin secretion in human C-cells."
1140174,"We have investigated the role of 17beta-estradiol in the early development of the rabbit corpus luteum. Ectopic corpora lutea were established in all animals by autotransplanting preovulatory follicles beneath the kidney capsule 6.5 to 8 h after mating (day 0). At this time, the rabbits were bilaterally ovariectomized and in some of these rabbits a Silastic capsule containing crystalline 17beta-estradiol was implanted SC. Mean serum concentration of estradiol in rabbits with an estradiol impant was 16.4 pg/ml. In rabbits without an estradiol implant, the estradiol concentration  averaged 1 pg/ml despite the presence of transplanted luteinized follicles. Daily blood samples were analyzed for progesterone by radioimmunoassay. Ectopic corpora lutea developed in rabbits with or without estradiol treatment. Serum progesterone concentrations in the two groups increased above castrate values and were not significantly different from one another through day 5. After day 5, progesterone concentrations steadily increased in rabbits treated with estradiol and reached a value of 4.8 ng/ml by day 10. In contrast serum progesterone steadily decreased after day 5 in rabbits without estradiol treatment to a level of 450 pg/ml by day 10. Hysterectomy on day 0 did not prevent this decline in progesterone, indicating that a uterine luteolytic agent was not involved. Total luteal weight on day 10 was positively correlated with serum progesterone concentration (r equals .92; P greater than 0.01). These results indicate that for a period of approximately 5 days afte r ovulation, the development of the rabbit ectopic corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone are autonomous from estradiol secreted by ovarian follicles. After this time, there is an absolute requirement for estrogen which permits further development of the corpus luteum and the continuation of progesterone synthesis."
1140182,"Deposition of well-defined test aerosols of polystyrene particles was studied in rabbits. The deposition was estimated in a standardized part of the tracheobronchial tree following free dissection of the bronchial parts. Ten rabbits were exposed to a mixture of two test aerosols of about the same size(6-7 mum) tagged with 51-Cr and 46-Sc, respectively. There were interindividual differences in tracheobronchial deposition but a correlation (r equals 0.98) between 51-Cr and 46-Sc tagged particles. Eleven rabbits were first exposed to the 46-Sc tagged aerosol and 2 hours later to the 51-Cr tagged aerosol. In this experiment there was also a correlation (r equals 0.74) between the tracheobronchial deposition of 51-Cr tagged particles and the 2-hour retention of 46-Sc tagged particles. This result together with results from an earlier study indicate that the large interindividual differences in deposition are real and are not caused by differences in exposure technique, or in the aerosols."
1140183,"The effect of malathion (50 mg/kg) and radiation (900R) separately and jointly upon phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase has been studied in female albino rats. Malathion and radiation when given separately, at the dose levels used in this study, appear to have no effect on acid and alkaline phosphatase of kidney, heart and brain. In preirradiated rats given malathion a significant decrease in phosphatases was observed in kidney and brain tissue after as little as 2 h and the values persisted for up to 24 h. No significant change was observed in heart tissue. At the dose level of 50 mg/kg of malathion, no significant change in succinic dehydrogenase was observed; however, radiation caused a significant increase in succinic dehydrogenase of brain and kidney tissue. In preirradiated rats given malathion the effect appeared to be enhanced in time to a certain degree. One could therefore speculate that simple non-specific stress caused by malathion adds to a similar effort of radiation by reducing phosphatases and enhancing the succinic dehydrogenase enzyme."
1140184,"1. The activities of microsomal enzymes of adult male shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) towards the organochlorine substrates HHDN, HCE and Heom were compred with those of microsomal enzymes of the adult male Wistar rat. 2. Liver homogenates showed similar epoxide hydrase activity to kidney homogenates in the shag, but in the rat liver preparations was much more active than the kidney preparation. 3. Liver microsomes of the shag showed smaller than 8% of the epoxide hydrase activity and smaller than 14% of the hydroxylating capacity of liver microsomes from the rat. 4. The relatively low activity of these enzymes is probably the main reason why the shag has been found to contain relatively high levels of dieldrin in ecological studies."
1140185,"Administration of alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (0.25% in the diet) to rats increased the liver weight, hepatic contents of ubiquinone and mitochondrial protein with no effect on the sterols. The increase was progressive with the period of drug treatment and was potentiated by simultaneous cold exposure. Withdrawal of the drug treatment as well as the cold stress resulted in a return of the liver weight and mitochondrial content to normal levels but this was not so for the ubiquinone content. Treatment with alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate with or without cold exposure also resulted in a small but significant increase in the mitochondrial lipids which could be accounted for completely by an increase in the phospholipids with no change in the neutral lipid content. Analysis of the individual phospholipids showed that the drug treatment per se resulted in a specific increase in phosphatidylethanolamine content whereas simultaneous cold exposure or cold per se showed an increase in phosphatidylcholine. Cardiolipin content was unaffected. Mitochondria isolated from drug-treated animals maintained at an ambient or low environmental temperature showed a small but significant decrease in the respiratory control index for the oxidation of glutamate and malate whereas the coupled oxidation rates and ADP/O ratios were normal. Such a feature was also observed in the animals exposed to short periods of cold stress without the drug treatment. In all the cases the oxidation of succinate was unaffected. The role of accumulated phospholipids in the mitochondrial membranes in drug treatment and cold exposure is discussed in relation to the possible involvement in increased thermogenesis."
1140187,"A hypotonic medium and nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and digitonin have no influence on the activity of fumarase in the homogenate or in the mitochondrial fraction either. Ionic detergents of deoxycholate, cholate and sodium dodecyl sulphate exert an inhibiting influence. The activity of enzyme was determined in an L-malate-fumarate system. 1 h of incubation and the original Racker's method gave similar results. The lack of 'latency', found for the mitochondrial fumarase, was discussed basing on the data concerned with the penetration of metabolites through the inner mitochondrial membrane."
1140188,"The author describes a technique for obtaining endometrail biopsy specimens from mares. the noraml cyclincal histology of the  endometrium and anarbitarry classification histology of the endometrium and an arbitarary classification of the histopathology seen in  endometrial biopsy speciemens. Previous literature on the subject is cited. Results of endometrial biopsies taken by the author from 134 barren mares, with histories of subfertility are descirbed and classified.  The use of the technique and the interpretationof its find ings in relation to reproductive performance is discussed."
1140189,"TWo cases of XO-gonadal dysgenesis in the mare are presented. Case No 1 was a pure 63, XO, while Case No 2 was a mosaic with a preponderance of XX cells. The clinical picture was one of phenotypically normal female mares with small uteri and infantile ovaries. The ovaries lacked germ cells, and consisted of stroma only. This study emphasizes the importance of chromosome analysis in providing information concerning the mechanisms involved is some cases of equine infertility."
1140190,"Diseases of the back of horse and man are not comparable owing to the great difference in anatomy and posture. Veterinary surgeons, particularly in the United Kingdom, are often requested to account for a poor performance due to suspected ""back trouble"" but a complete examination of the horse's back is most difficult and care must be taken first to exclude any limb or foot lesions. Diseases of the bones, nerves and muscles are briefly discussed. Diagnosis must be improved by new radiographic and biochemical tests before the significance of back lesions can be assessed or even treated."
1140191,"The structural differences in the spine of the horse and man are compared. These, together with the different uses to which the spine is put, explain the different patterns of disease. Impingement of the spinous processes is discussed in detail including surgical treatment. Comments are also made on sacroiliac strain and manipulation of the spine."
1140192,"Several physical and chemical parameters of bacteriophage PM2 have been measured. The sedimentation constant was determined to be s-20,w=293 S. The buoyant density in sucrose at 20 degrees C was 1.24 g cm+-3 and in CsCl at 25 degrees C was 1.29 g cm-3. The high-speed equilibrium centrifugation method of Yphantis (1964) was used to measure the molecular weight of PM2. The necessary auxiliary parameters were also determined. A value of 0.771 plus or minus 0.005 cm-3 g-1 for the apparent specific volume at constant chemical potential in 1 M sodiium chloride has been obtained by pycnometry; the viral concentration was determined using the absorption coefficient at 260 nm (4.60 plus or minus 0.10 cm-2 mg-1), which in turn was calculated from the phosphorous content of the virus (17.89 plus or minus 0.28 mu-g of P per mg dry weight dry weight of virus). The molecular weight of PM2 determined with these parameters is (44.1 plus or minus 1.2 x 10-6). From the phosphorous content of the virus, the percentage of phosphorous known to be in its DNA (Camerini-Otero and Franklin, 1972), and the molecular weight of the bacteriophage, we have calculated a molecular weight for PM2 DNA of 6.26 x 10-6, which confirms values determined using empirical relationships."
1140193,"The location of amino acid residues within the tobacco mosaic virus protein subunit is discussed. Sequence data, X-ray crystallographic measurements, and the availability of specific residues for enzymic, immunological or chemical reaction are amongst the information used to trace roughly how the tobacco mosaic virus polypeptide chain winds in and out from the virus axis. Published rules for predicting secondary structure are then applied to obtain a diagram of the course of the polypeptide chain. This map should be useful for the interpretation of X-ray diffraction data and already permits an outline of the main features of the inner third of subunit to be suggested."
1140194,"Deuterium transfer from [1,1-2-H]ethanol (95 atoms % excess) to reducible substrates was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver. The dueterium excess in cyclohexanol formed from cyclohexanone was somewhat lower (49 atoms%) than found under conditions in vivo, and this was also true of the deuterium excess in lithocholic acid formed from 3-oxo-5beta-cholanoic acid. These results may reflect a slower rate of ethanol oxidation in the isolated organ than in vivo. Cycloserine decreased the dueterium transfer to both substrates, whereas addition of lactate and malate resulted in an increased deuterium excess in cyclohexanol and a decreased deuterium excess in lithocholic acid. Addition of heavy water to the perfusion fluid resulted in labelling at C-3 of lithocholic acid formed from 3-oxo-5beta-cholanoic acid, and at C-3, C-4 and C-5 of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-cholanoic acid formed from 3-oxo-4-cholenoic acid. The deuterium excess of hydrogens derived from NADPH (at C-3 and C-5) was approximately the same as that of hydrogen derived directly from water (at C-4). Thus, the hydrogen of NADPH is extensively exchanged with protons of water, which explains the dilution of deuterium with protium during the transfer from [1,1-2-H]ethanol via NADPH to the bile acids. The labelling at C-5 in the reduction of the 4,5-double bond indicates that different pools of NADPH are used for reduction of this double bond and the 3-oxo group, since in a previous study it was shown that deuterium is transferred from [1,1-2-H]ethanol only in the latter reaction."
1140195,"Glutamate (5mM) inhibited glucose conversion to fatty acids by approximately one-third in adipocytes from fed rats. This inhibition was significantly less in the pressence of pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate. After incubation of adipose tissue from fed rats with glucose and insulin, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was 180 plus or minus 17 mU/g wet weight. Addition of glutamine to the incubation medium decreased this activity significantly (118 plus or minus 14 mU/g wet weight). This inhibition by glutamate was also diminished when 2-oxoglutarate or pyruvate were present. Glutamate added to homohentates of adipose tissue had no effect on the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by Mg-2+. However, glutamate inhibited the active form of the enzyme and enhanced the rate of inactivation of the enzyme complex by ATP and Mg-2+. Aminooxyacetate, a transaminase inhibitor, did not reverse the effects of glutamate on pyruvate dehydrogenase nor fatty acid synthesis."
1140196,"Globin mRNA can be translated with relatively high efficiency in a fractionated cell-free system containing ribosomes prepared from cytst of Artemia salina. These ribosomes have unusually low endogenous activity for peptide synthesis in the absence of added mRNA. The system requires components from the postribosomal supernatant and from the 0.5 M KCl ribosomal wash fraction. Both these fractions were derived from either rabbit reticulocytes or unstimulated Friend leukemia cells that produce little or no hemoglobin. The activity of mRNA and enzyme fractions from rabbit reticulocytes and Friend leukemia cells were tested in this system in vitro for their ability to direct the synthesis of the alpha and beta chains of globin. The alpha:beta chain ratio synthesized from mRNA in the rabbit reticulocyte salt wash fraction was 4:1. The corresponding value for the 9-S mRNA fraction from the salt-washed reticulocyte ribosomes was 1:4, thus these two fractions appear to provide sources enriched in either alpha or beta globin mRNA. Under all conditions tested, the ratio and amounts of peptides formed in vitro appear to reflect mRNA composition. Globin mRNA from dimethysulfoxide-stimulated Friend leukemia cells when translated in vitro produced alpha and beta chains in a ratio of 1:1. These peptides are formed in the same ratio in the intact cells."
1140197,"Alkylation of ATP with iodoacetic acid at pH 6.5 yielded 1-carboxymethyl-ATP which, after alkaline rearrangement, gave N-6-carboxymethyl-ATP. Condensation of this analogue with 1,6-diaminohexane in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide generated N-6-[(6-aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-ATP in an overall yield of 40% based on the parent nucleotide ATP. The coenzymic activities of both N-6-adenine-substituted derivatives of ATP were tested with three kinases. Both derivatives showed coenzymic function against hexokinase with the ""long"" derivative having highest activity (95%) relative to unsubstituted ATP. Their activities towards the other two kinases tested was negligible except with the ""long"" analogue against glycerokinase (20%). The latter ATP analogue, when bound to Sepharose through its terminal amino group, could be dephosphorylated to the corresponding ADP analogue with soluble hexokinase yielding glucose 6-phosphate in an enzymic ""solidphase"" fashion. The Sepharose-bound ADP formed could subsequently be phosphorylated back to ATP using soluble acetate kinase. Sepharose-ATP preparations were also used in preliminary affinity chromatography studies using citrate synthase. Alkylation of ADP following the above procedure yielded the corresponding ADP analogue, N-6-[(6-aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-ADP in an overall yield of 40%. Alkylation of AMP yielded the corresponding N-6-[(6-aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-AMP in an overall yield of 45%."
1140198,"The interaction of L-tyrosine, L-tyrosyladenylate and tRNA-Tyr with tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by equilibrium dialysis, gel filtration and fluorescence spectroscopy. The enzyme, which consists of two identical subunits (mol. wt 2 x 44000), binds only a single molecule of L-tyrosine per dimer with a K-d of 2 x 10-5 M at pH 7.8 and 23 degrees C. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase--tyrosyladenylate complex which was isolated by gel filtration also has one adenylate bound per dimeric enzyme molecule. In contrast, two tRNA-Tyr molecules bind per enzyme dimer, but the two binding sites are not equivalent having K-d values of 2 x 10-7 M and 1.3 x 10-6 M respectively at pH 6.5 and 25 degrees C. Since crystallographic analysis of the free enzyme [2] shows that the monomer is the asymmetric unit, the data indicate that substrate binding induces asymmetry in the enzyme."
1140199,"The Mn-2+ dependent mannosyl transfer reaction between GDP-[14-C]mannose and dolichol phosphate, which is catalyzed by liver membranes, could not be followed accurately with the existing assay systems. Thus, GDP-[14-C]mannose is hydrolyzed rapidly by a pyrophosphatase present in microsomal and Golgi fractions from liver cells. The rate of the hydrolysis is rapid enough to limit the extent of incorporation of [14-c]mannose into endogenous acceptors. AMP was an effective inhibitor of the pyrophosphatase in Golgi membranes, and protected GDP-mannose from metabolism in alternative pathways. In the presence of AMP it was possible accurately to follow the time course of synthesis of dolichol phosphate [14-c]mannose over short time periods. Even though the time course of the reaction was measured over 2 s intervals, no linear portion could be detected in plots of product formed versus time. The kinetics of synthesis did, however, fit an equation for a first-order kinetic process. The basis for the first-order kinetics seems related to the very small amounts of dolichol phosphate in membranes. The values of the first-order rate constant is dependent on the concentrations of GDP-mannose and Mn-2+ added to the assays."
1140200,"The activation energies for the pseudorotation of the furanose ring in adenosine, guanosine, inosine and xanthosine dissolved in liquid deuteroammonia have been determined by analysis of the longitudinal relaxation rates of the single tertiary carbons between +40 degrees C and minus 60 degrees C. For the purine ribosides the average activation energy was found to be 4.7 plus or minus 0.5 kcal x mol-1 (20 plus or minus 2 kJ x mol-1). For the pyrimidine nucleosides cytidine and uridine the respective activation energy should be higher since it could not be determined by 13-C relaxation measurements. This result can be explained by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the 5'-hydroxymethyl group and the base. In adenosine, guanosine, inosine and xanthosine the relaxation rates of C(5') are smaller than all others thus excluding the formation of a hydrogen bond between the purine base and the 5'-hydroxymethyl group of a strength comparable to the one suggested for cytidine and uridine."
1140201,"Iodinated derivatives of glucagon containing an average of 1 to 5 g-atoms of 127I per mol have been prepared by reacting the hormone with increasing amounts of iodine monochloride. Their iodoamino acid composition has been determined by ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis, following hydrolysis by pronase. Iodination of the two tyrosyl residues occurs first and is nearly complete after addition of a 4-fold molar excess of ICl. Iodination of the single histidyl residue is a later event and does not exceed an average of one atom per residue. Hydrolysis of iodoglucagon by trypsin and subsequent separation of the iodotyrosyl peptides shows that iodine is equally distributed between tyrosyl residues 10 and 13. Crude iodoglucagon containing an average of 1 g-atom of iodine per mol has been resolved into several components of differing iodine content and iodoamino acid composition by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Monoiodoglucagon isolated by this procedure shows a single band when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Iodoglucagons containing an average of 1 to 4 g-atoms of iodine per mol are more potent than native glucagon in their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity and to bind to glucagon receptors of liver cell membranes of the rat. The maximal increase in biological potency occurring upon iodination is about 5-fold with respect to adenylate cyclase activity, and 2-fold with respect to binding to receptors; tetra and triiodinated derivatives show, respectively, the highest potency. Similar effects occur whether inactivation by liver membranes is inhibited or not, indicating an enhancement in the intrinsic affinity of iodoglucagon for the receptors. Iodination beyong 4 g-atoms per mol slightly decreases the affinity of the hormone for adenylate cyclase and for the receptors. Iodination causes a 2-20 fold decrease in the ability of liver plasma membranes and of blood plasma to inactivate glucagon in vitro; these effects correlate with the degree of iodination. With liver microsomal membranes, a decrease in glucagon inactivation occurs only at iodine contents exceeding 4 g-atoms per mol, and lower degrees of iodination result in opposite effects. Monoiodination causes a 4-6-fold increase in the plasma concentration of glucagon within the first 18 min following a single intrvenous injection of the hormone to rats. More extensive iodination results, in addition, in a marked decrease in the rate of dissappearance of glucagon from the blood. The immunological reactivity of glucagon is little affected by monoidination, but strongly depressed by higher degrees of iodination..."
1140202,"In six patients with visual agnosia syndromes there was a striking dissociation between a preserved possibility of recognition of letters or objects in movement versus the recognition by simple visual static presentation. After a review of the literature it is concluded that at least two visual systems may be individualized in humans, i.e. a more recent one (the geniculo-calcarine) and an older one (the tectal-pulvinar-occipito-temporal system). Both from a physiological and clinical point of view, the most primitive system has two parts, i.e. a tectal and a telencephalic part. In visual agnosia, parts of the preserved primitive system remained as single support to compensate the loss of visual recognition for static patterns. The recognition of these two systems has both a theoretical and a practical value."
1140203,"Central nervous system manifestations developed in a patient suffering from the chronic, adult form of Gaucher's disease. At autopsy, massive systemic fat embolism was found, involving mainly the brain and the lungs. As there was no evidence of bone fracture, or trauma to the adipose tissues, it is presumed that the severe skeletal involvement by the Gaucher's disease led to the development of the fat embolization."
1140204,"On basis of 35 patients who have suffered from transient global amnesia the pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome are discussed. Our impression is that the primary cause of this syndrome is a transient ischemia of the hippocampus, an opinion common with most earlier authors. The possibility of a unilateral hippocampal disturbance resulting in transient global amnesia is discussed. We are inclined to regard the local hippocampal ischemia as arising from insufficiency of the anterior chorioidal artery and thus as a sequel of internal carotid insufficiency, which has earlier been proved to result from various rotatory, flexion, and extension movements of the neck."
1140205,"The results of brain scanning in 64 patients with histologically proven meningiomas are presented, and the accuracy of this diagnostic method is assessed. The five false-negative scans are analysed. This virtually harmless technique frequently provides sufficient information for the diagnosis in patients in whom more traumatic investigations would otherwise have been unavoidable."
1140206,"Analysing the casuistry of 210 patients with basilar impression, the author has enumerated the type and frequency of the associated anomalies and looked for correlations between them and the various clinical syndromes. An attempt is made to divide the anomalies into pathogenetic groups on the basis of these findings."
1140207,"The effect of standardised trauma (femoral fracture) on the formation time and stability of haemostatic plugs in transected microvessels of the rabbit mesentery was studied in relation to alterations in fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, platelet adhesiveness, and haematocrit. In contrast to most other studies, platelet adhesiveness as a percentage was found to decrease post-traumatically. One week after trauma, the haemostatic plugs were maximally stable and at the same time venular haemostatic plug formation time was significantly reduced. These findings coincide with high levels of fibrinogen and increased numbers of circulating adhesive platelets."
1140208,"Principal glycoproteins and amino acids were determined in porcine gastric juice obtained from totally isolated stomachs perfused extracorporeally with homologous blood. Acid juices collected during prolonged stimulation of stomachs with histamine or pentagastrin, infused into gastric arteries, were used. All samples showed the presence of glactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, mannose and sulphate. Galactose and glucosamine were found in equimolar amounts and the galactose to galactosamine ratio was, in most samples, 2:1. Compared with human non-stimulated gastric juice studied by others, marked differences were found in the relationship between carbohydrate components and between amino acids. Porcine gastric juice contained much more protein than human gastric juice. Some characteristics of porcine mucinous secretion may be due to conditions of juice collection from the isolated gastric preparation."
1140209,"Human saphenous veins were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The intention was to analyze the suitability of lyophilized homologous veins for homografting when no autologous venous material is available for replacement of obstructed arterial segments. Cross-sectioned specimens revealed the intimal layer of the venous wall to be compactly structured, while the median and external parts were found to be loosely organized and contained numerous cavities. The luminal surface coat displayed the typical aspects of an intact endothelium with occasional fine deposits of fibrin. Defects of the inner layer were only rarely observed, and are caused when the endothelium was stuck to the PVC catheter prior to lyophilization. From a morphological point of view, lyophilized veins seem to be sutiable for replacement of arterial segments. Based on our findings suggestions are made for optimal preparation of the venous material."
1140210,"An in vitro preparation of human skeltal muscle tissue aimed to be a model for clinical metabolic studies was functionally and structurally characterized. Muscle fibres from biopsy specimens obtained at surgical operations were teased away and collected in incubation vessels for the following determinations: exchangeable water content, extracellular space, potassium content, incorporation rate of labeled leucine into proteins, uptake of labeled cycloleucine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), and 3-o-methy1-glucose into the intracellular space, and the incorporation rate of glucose into various metabolites. After various times of incubation, muscle fibre samples were also taken for light and electron microscopy. During the incubation of the muscle fibres a transient intracellular oedema was demonstrated by electron microscopy and by determination of the exchangeable water content. The restitution of this oedema was associated with an increasing intracellular potassium concentration. Active transport of leucine, cycloleucine and AIB showing competitive inhibition was registered. The incorporation of labeled leucine into proteins was linear during 4 h of incubation and optimal stimulation of this incorporation was demonstrated in the presence of a complete amino acids mixture at a concentration corresponding to 10 times the normal plasma concentration in man. Insulin stimulated the incorporation rate of glucose-carbon into all metabolites and ouabain stimulated its incorporation in to glycogen. Monoidoacetate inhibited the incorporation of glucose into all metabolites."
1140211,"In experimental small bowel obstruction an increased proportion of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of lysosomes were seen in many liver cells. The occurrence of cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as the glycogen depletion were not pathognomonic and in the toxic pathogenesis the ultrastructural damage in the liver was only of a low degree and can be explained as a reactive (e.g. detoxication) phenomenon. The increase of plasma corticosterone content (stress reaction) differed only slightly from that of the controls, but a severe disturbance of fluid balance (increase of hematocrit and decrease of serum Na+ and C1-) and circulation failure were the more conspicuous findings, compared to toxic liver cell disturbance in the pathogenesis of small bowel obstruction."
1140225,"During the recovery period following a sublethal irradiation, lymphoid-like cells accumulate in the bone marrow of the mouse. Among these cells, a peculiar element called 'X cell' has been previously described. Its morphological aspects are different from the precursors of the various hemopoietic lines. The 'X cell' could be an ancestral element normally repressed in the adult marrow. The aim of the present work is to determine whether this peculiar element can be detected in the bone marrow of young mice during the first month of life. The myelograms showed that on the day of birth, the marrow was almost exclusively composed of erythrocytic cells. During the postnatal period up to day 20, there was a progressive increase of granulocytic cells. The percentage of lymphoid-like cells increased from 5 per cent at birth to 28 per cent on day 20. The absolute number of these elements, calculated from the percentages obtained on the myelograms and from the number of nucleated cells per two femurs, increased from 20,000 at birth to 7,000,000 at day 30. The ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that the lymphoid-like population was composed of small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and X cells, the proportions of which varied in relation to the age of the animals. X cells and lymphoblasts were found to be especially numerous around the 4th or 5th day, whereas the small lymphocytes were scarce."
1140256,"The effect of INDO, a PGE synthesis inhibitor, on ACh output from Auerbach's plexus of guinea-pig ileum was investigated. INDO (15-45 mum/ml) failed to alter significantly either spontaneous ACh output or ACh output induced by field stimulation. It is concluded that PGE plays no physiological role in ACh liberation from this tissue."
1140275,"By an new in vivo method using 1-14-C-acetate, it becomes apparent that the intestine is the main organ concerned in cholesterol synthesis. The liver contributes a mere 13.5% to the total. These results challenge the traditional theory which considers the liver as responsible for producing most of cholesterol synthesized by the rat."
1140292,"Ethanol, 3 g/kg i.p., did not significantly alter the acute toxicity of amphetamine in the mouse. However, the urinary metabolite pattern was changed, suggesting that ethanol suppressed metabolism of the stimulant during the initial 6 h period. After 24 h, the mouse metabolized the same fraction of a given dose of amphetamine, whether it was given as amphetamine alone or amphetamine mixed with 2,3 or 4 g/kg ethanol."
1140301,"The present method makes possible a quick separation of cells from the medium with the aid of strips of filter paper and physiological solution. Cell suspension is put on the strip and all water soluble components are washed away by soaking in saline solution, while cells remain on the spot. The experiment on 14-C-uridine uptake proved the suitability of the method for membrane-transport studies."
1140303,A peptide isolated from rats habituated to a sound stimulus has been given the structure (see article) Glu-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Ser-Lys-OH. A synthesis of this compound afforded a product that different from the natural material on the basis of chromatographic and physiological comparisons. The proposed sequence must therefore be in error.
1140319,"The electrophysiological characteristics of the medical forebrain bundle (MFB) projections to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (nDBB) were studied in acutely prepared cats. MFB stimulation evoked field potentials which consisted of a large negative wave followed by a shallow positivity. Extracellular unitary discharges appeared out of the negativity. In addition, intracellularly recorded EPSPs showed no significant shift in the latency to onset with changes in stimulus intensity. These observations indicate that at least some of the MFB projections to the nDBB are excitatory with respect to their target cells."
1140321,Bilateral resection of the whole superficial kidney cortex (approximately 75% of glomeruli) was carried out in rats. These animals needed some 2 days longer to restore their sodium balance when placed from low to high sodium intake in comparison with rats subjected to other types of partial nephrectomy.
1140331,"Three known antitumour drugs have been tested for their effect on the GAT/GNase ratio of Ehrlich Ascites cells and host plasma. It was observed that all these drugs had changed the ratio of the 2 types of glutaminases from below 1.0 to the normal value of 1.0, this was accompanied with an increase in the survival time of the tumour-bearing animals. There was, however, no effect on the plasma GAT/GNase ratio of normal animals in the presence of the 3 antitumour compounds tested."
1140332,"Calculated retinal and olfactory surface areas of the Mexican fruit-bat Artibeus jamaicensis and the little brown bat Myotis lucifugus, when compared with known eye sizes and echolocation capabilities, suggest that vision and olfaction both may diminish in relative importance as facility for orientation by echolocation increases."
1140334,"Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters were determined by thin layer chromatography in the fetal and neonate livers of normal (Swiss albino) and genetic diabetic (KK) mice. In general, the lipids were elevated in the fetal liver of the KK mice. Despite this elevation in liver lipids, no increase in the weight of the newborn was observed."
1140336,"Exposure of adult male rats to continuously elevated temperature of 32-34 degrees C caused a significant decrease of HIOMT activity involved in the specific metabolic process of production of melatonin, considered an active pineal hormone. The effect was already evident after 24 h exposure and increased further during the next 48 h. The results obtained substantiate previous data that the pineal gland may be involved in the system regulating adaptation to extreme temperature changes."
1140511,"In many population and screening studies of diabetes, the one-hour glucose level of the GTT has been used to define the diabetic status of subjects. The one-hour postglucose load determination has been preferred over the two-hour value by many investigators primarily because of convenience and justified on the basis of the high correlation between the two values. Venous plasma glucose levels, one and two hours after 75-gm. carbohydrate load, were determined on over 1600 Pima Indians. In most sex and age groups, the frequency distributions of both the one-hour and two-hour glucose levels were clearly bimodal. By the logarithms of the glucose values these distributions were consistent with a model of two overlapping Gaussian distributions. The data indicate that for the Pima the amount of overlap of the distributions was greater for the one-hour than for the two-hour values. For each sex and decade the probabilities of misclassification of a normal as ""hyperglycemic"" and vice versa were smaller for the two-hour than for the one-hour values. Such misclassifications for the two-hour levels averaged 6.6 per cent and 11.6 per cent for the one-hour levels. The reproducivility of the GTT taken one to three weeks apart in a sample of ninety-nine Pima Indians showed that the two-hour level was superior to the one-hour level as measured by the mean values of the absolute difference between log GTT levels for test and retest values. The one-hour measurements also gave more disagreements between the classifications of diabetic status than the two-hour test values. If a single measure of glucose tolerance is to be selected for the diagnosis of diabetes among Pima Indians, these data provide a mathematical rationale for preferring the two-hour level to the one-hour determination."
1140512,"Seventy-three patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus for a mean duration of 42.9 years were retrospectively studied on a multidisciplinary basis. Only three of this group of patients were socially disabled as a result of their long-standing illness. Of all the complications, insulin-induced hypoglycemia was most common. Although diabetic retinopathy was clinically evident in about 75 per cent of patients, only 50 per cent of these seventy-three patients had a significant visual impairment. Nephropathy was apparent in 59 per cent of patients, and neuropathy was demonstrable in half of them. Significant peripheral vascular system impairment was present in 40 per cent and major cardiac complication in 20 percent."
1140513,"Although the stimulatory effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis has been well demonstrated in certain systems in vitro, this effect has never been established in man. The present study was undertaken, therefore, to determine whether glucagon could stimulate gluconeogenesis from alanine in normal fasting man. Glucagon might stimulate this process by increasing the hepatic alanine uptake and/or by shunting the extracted alanine within the liver into the gluconeogenic pathway. In order to be able to examine these two aspects of gluconeogenesis, we combined the hepatic vein-brachial artery catheterization technic with an istopic infusion of alanine-14C. Alanine-14C specific activity was measured in whole blood and plasma by use of a rapid chromatographic technic. Since plasma contributed 93 per cent of the alanine extracted by the splanchnic bed with a specific activity three times that of the red blood cells, plasma alanine specific activity was used to study the conversion of alanine to glucose. A constant infusion of alanine-14C achieved a relatively stable arterial specific activity by forty minutes. The administration of glucagon by constant infusion (15-50 ng./kg./min.) had no affect on thf splanchnic extraction of alanine. Net splanchnic glucose-14C production, however, doubled during the glucagon infusion, and the conversion of alanine to glucose increased from 30 plus or minus 2 to 58 plus or minus 9 mumol/min. These data (1) demonstrate that in normal man fasted twelve to fourteen hours, glucagon at supraphysiologic levels can double the rate of gluconeogenesis from alanine and (2) indicate that this stimulatory effect of glucagon is exerted within the liver by shunting the extracted alanine toward new glucose formation rather than by increasing the hepatic extraction of alanine."
1140514,"Systematic analysis with a five-hour OGTT of 340 subjects representative of people likely to be examined in a center specialized in diabetes detection was performed by multiple discriminant analysis, which provides indices of discrimination for different sets of blood glucose (BG) values. The relative sensitivity and the relative specificity of six different diagnostic methods: Fajans and Conn, Wikerson, WHO, British Diabetic Association, UGDP, and European Study Group of Diabetes Epidemiology were computed, giving a quantitative determination for the degree of discrepancy in the definition of diabetes: only 48 per cent of the subjects are classified in the same way by any of the diagnostic criteria. The time(s) of sampling and the index or indices of OGTT which are the most efficient in screening diabetes were estimated from homogeneous groups of subjects universally recognized as nondiabetic (URND) or as diabetic (URD) according to the different diagnostic methods. Better discriminating power (DP) between URD and URND compared with the maximum DP as measured by D2 of Mahalanobis from the seven BG values of the OGTT is given by the two-hour (70.2 per cent) than by the one-hour (49.5 per cent) BG value when a single value is used; the one-two-hour BG value is the best set of two times (80.7 per cent). The different indices now in use for the classification of the OGTT have been found less effective than the weighted sum of one-two-hour BG values. The difficulty in obtaining highly specific diagnostic tests is discussed in relation to the consequences on a partly automated screening in large populations."
1140515,The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the most commonly used criteria for the interpretation of the oral (OGTT) and intravenous (IVGTT) glucose tolerance tests and the intravenous tolbutamide test (IVTT) and to establish the criteria that give the highest degree of diagnostic agreement. The highest degree of diagnostic agreement was obtained with the following limits: a) blood glucose greater than or smaller than or equal to 120 mg/100 ml within 2 1/2 h after a 100 g OGTT together with b) a k-value of greater than or smaller than or equal to  1.05 as a limit for a 25 g IVGTT and c) a 30 min blood glucose level as percentage of fasting of greater than or smaller than or equal to 77 as limit for a 1 g IVTT. Using these criteria the three tests deemed the same subjects either diabetic or nondiabetic in about 2/3 of the cases. The best correlation between the blood glucose values of the OGTT and the k-values of the IVGTT and the 30 min values of the IVTT was obtained using the blood glucose concentrations of the last part of the OGTT. The 2 and the 3 hr values were however equal to the 2 1/2 hr values with regard to the degree of correlation with the values of the intravenous test. The results indicated that the diagnostic disagreement reported previously between the three tests may partly be due to the use of blood glucose values in the first part of the OGTT for the classification of the test and partly due to the screening limits chosen for interpretation of the three test.
1140516,"Retinal blood flow was studied in 9 normal volunteers and 36 diabetic patients. The method used was based on the measurement of the mean transit time of flourescein in the superior temporal quandrant of the retina and on estimation of the vascular volume by measuring vessels diameters. The results showed that patients with mild or no retinopathy had significantly increased volume flow compared with normals, those with moderate retinopathy had a slight but not significant increase and those with severe retinopathy had blood flow similar to that found in normals. The mean transit time was reduced significantly in those with mild or no retinopathy, but was similar to normals in those with moderate and severe retinopathy. Following succesful pituitary ablation and photocoagulation retinal blood flow was reduced compared with pre-treatment studies."
1140517,"The relationship between changes of serum immuno-reactive cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) and serum immuno-reactive insulin has been studied after various stimuli. The oral administration of 5 percent glucose or magnesium sulphate and the intra-duodenal administration of olive oil were all followed by a rise of serum CCK-PZ. The serum insulin rose after 5 percent glucose and also showed a small but insignificant rise with olive oil. There was, however, no change of serum insulin after the ingestion of magnesium sulphate suggesting that CCK-PZ in isolation does not stimulate insulin release."
1140518,"In order to evaluate long-term effects of different types of oral contraceptive compounds, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an intravenous glucose tolerance test in 2 groups of normal, nondiabetic patients: 36 women using a progesterone-alone oral contraceptive, ethynodiol diacetate, and 36 women using a combination-type drug, containing norethynodrel and mestranol. Each patient was tested before and after 6 months of treatment. There were no significant differences from pre-treatment glucose and insulin values in the first group of women (on ethynodiol diacetate). In the second group (on norethynodrel and mestranol), there was a significant elevation of mean blood glucose levels at 15, 30 and 120 min of the glucose tolerance test. Nevertheless, a significant elevation of plasma insulin was seen only at 60 min of the test. Patients participating in this study will continue this treatment, and monitoring of carbohydrate metabolism is contemplated over a period of several years."
1140519,"Thyroxine treatment increases blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the rat. The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide is more pronounced in treated animals. The immediate insulin secretory response of the isolated perfused pancreas to maximal, but not to submaximal, glucose stimuli was increased after thyroxine treatment, especially in the lower dose range. However, as thyroxine treatment reduces insulin release during the prolonged late phase, the total amount of insulin released from the pancreas is reduced. Both the early response to tolbutamide and the subsequent basal secretion were increased after thyroxine treatment. When the pancreas of treated rats was exposed to glucose plus pyruvate the inhibition of the late phase was reversed. Isoprenaline did not overcome the inhibitory effect of thyroxine treatment on the late phase of glucose-induced insulin release. Thyroxine induces a selective inhibition of glucose induced insulin release which is reversed by pyruvate; this indicates that thyroxine interferes with the glycolysis in the beta cell."
1140560,"In an initial study, differences in learning and immediate recall were observed for groups of young and aged subjects on several measures. Retest date showed some differential loss for aged subjects after 1 week. Conclusions regarding long-term retention per se were not possible due to the nature of the design. In a second study, additional aged and young groups of subjects were run under delayed recall conditions. The data from these two groups were combined with data from the first study, with care taken to match subjects on a number of variables (health, education, intelligence). The results showed age-related differences for measures of learning and immediate recall but not for delayed 1 week retention."
1140561,"Two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, ranging in age from 2 to 38 months, were tested in an open field using the free exploration method. Scores were obtained for locomotor activity, exploratory behavior and emotionality. Strain differences were observed for all three variables. Beginning at late maturity (12 months), locomotor activity decreased with increasing age. Exploratory behavior was at a low level for DBA/2J mice at all ages. For C57BL/6J mice, exploratory behavior decreased significantly between 2 and 6 months and remained stable thereafter. Emotionality remained unchanged with advancing age for both strains of mice."
1140562,"A major prediction of Orgel's theory is that the misincorporation of amino acids into proteins will increase with age. This has not yet been tested experimentally. Indirect methods have been used to search for the presence of altered proteins in ageing cells or organisms, but these would not necessarily detect a low level of mistakes, nor do they distinquish between errors in synthesis and post-synthetic changes. Nevertheless, some experimental results have been obtained from genetic and biochemical studies with fungi and fibroblasts which confirm certain predictions of the protein error theory."
1140620,"Oral treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid causes dissolution of cholesterol gallstones in man. In order to determine the mechanism of this effect, we have measured 24-hour biliary lipid output, lipid composition of fasting gallbladder bile, and bile acid pool sizes before and during such treatment in six patients with radiolucent gallstones in functioning gallbladders. In all six patients, the degree of cholesterol saturation of fasting-state gallbladder bile was decreased during treatment to a level below the thermodynamic solubility line. This effect was due to a decrease in biliary cholesterol output, associated with conversion of more than 90% of the total bile acid pool to chenodeoxycholic acid. It could not be attributed to an increase in total bile acid pool size nor to an increase in biliary bile acid or phospholipid output."
1140621,"The purpose of this investigation was to study cell proliferation kinetics in human gastric mucosa. Biopsies were taken from the antral and fundic part of the stomach through a fibre-gastroscope and incubated in culture medium containing a DNA-precursor (3-H-thymidine). Autoradiographs were prepared by the dipping technique. The number of labelled cells and the total number of cells in all cross sections of foveolae containing one or more labelled cells were counted. The labelling index (LI), which is defined as the percentage of labelled cells in the progenitor cell region, was estimated. When only cross sections with labelled cells are taken into consideration, the labelling index will be a little overestimated. In order to reduce this error a formula for correction was worked out. Thirty-six patients with different gastric diseases were studied. The observer error was minimal, and the results were highly reproducible. It was not possible to demonstrate any correlation between the labelling indices in antral and fundic mucosa. A significantly increased epithelial proliferation was found in fundic mucosa from patients with gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis."
1140622,"This study has investigated the possible association between duodenogastric reflux, gastritis, and symptoms in 35 patients with or without dyspepsia one to 15 years after gastric surgery. Five patients were excluded because of biliary disease, hiatus hernia, or recurrent ulceration. The remaining 30 were assessed by a symptomatic score, measurement, of bilirubin and sodium concentrations in samples of fasting gastric juice, endoscopy, gastric biopsy, and the presence of radiological reflux. In 15 patients with a symptom score of less than the median, gastric bilirubin levels were less than 1 mg/100 ml in 80%; severe endoscopic changes were seen in only one patient and reflux was not observed. In contrast, in patients with a symptom score in excess of the median fluoroscopic and biochemical reflux was seen in 69 and 80% respectively and severe mucosal hyperaemia in half. There was a significant correlation between symptoms, gastric hyperaemia, and duodenal reflus ( P smaller than 0-02)."
1140623,The effects of intravenous metiamide on the pancreatic exocrine response to intravenous infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin has been studied in eight patients with duodenal ulceration. The secretion of bicarbonate and water was not altered by metiamide. The secretion of enzymes was significantly less than control during infusion of metiamide. The differences between the pancreatic and gastric responses to metiamide are discussed.
1140624,The effects of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins (PGs) F2 alpha(0-4 or 0-8 mug kg-1 min-1) or E2 (0-08 or 0-1 mug kg-1 min equals1) on net colonic movement of water and electrolytes and on ileal flow were measured in eight healthy males by simultaneous ileal and colonic perfusion. Ileal flow was increased by PGF2 alpha (six subjects) from a mean of 1-69 ml min-1 to 4-63 ml min-1 (P smaller than 0-01); it also increased in the two subjects given PGE2. Colonic absorptive function was not significantly diminished by either prostaglandin. These results suggest that diarrhoea due to prostaglandins originates in the small intestine.
1140625,"The effect of a 20-min intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 (0-08 mug kg-1 min-1) or of prostaglandin F2 alpha (0-8 mug kg-1 min-1) on the segmental pressures in the sigmoid colon was studied in 12 patients. Prostaglandin F2 alpha had no measurable effect, but prostaglandin E2 significantly inhibited sigmoid motility."
1140626,"Results presented in this paper confirm earlier experiments which showed that microsomal extract of small bowel, preincubated with tumour cells, resulted in complete inhibition of tumour growth. However, experiments in vitro have shown that this effect is due to direct cytotoxicity of the extract and that (a) it is not specific for the small bowel; (b) it is not specific for tumour cells; and (c) the activity is predominantly in the mitochondrial fraction."
1140627,"Feeding sodium deoxycholate orally to rats for four days caused depression of the activity of the small intestinal enzymes lactase, sucrase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. The first four are brush border enzymes, the last a lysosomal enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase activity recovered very rapidly and rebounded to above the normal level within 24 hours. The activity of the three disaccharidases returned to normal within seven days while no recovery was observed within 96 hours of the activity of the lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, after removing the bile salt from the diet."
1140628,"Of 304 consecutive splenic venograms performed for suspected portal hypertension, oesophageal collateral veins were filled in 145. In seven patients massively dilated paraoesophageal collaterals were visible on the plain chest radiograph as a retrocardiac posterior mediastinal mass. Erect and supine radiographs have been compared in four patients, and the Valsalva and Mueller manoeuvres performed in one patient. The size of the masses was unchanged by these procedures, which were therefore of no value in differential diagnosis. The mass was still present immediately after portocaval anastomosis in one patient, but in another is no longer seen on radiographs taken seven years postoperatively. All seven patients also had submucosal oesophageal varices and therefore the barium swallow remains the most useful study to clarify the nature of a retrocardiac mass. Correct identification of pseudotumoural venous collaterals may avoid unnecessary further investigation."
1140629,"A retrospective study of Crohn's disease has been carried out in Clydesdale covering the decade 1961-1970. Three hundred and fifty-seven patients had acceptable evidence of either acute ileitis or of chronic granulomatous bowel disease. Of those fulfilling the criteria for inclusion in the study of chronic disease, 95% had accurate pathological and/or operative documentation of the lesions. Overall, females outnumbered males by 1-6:1 but colonic disease alone tended to affect females, particularly those over the age of 50. The annual incidence of all forms of the chronic disease in both sexes has increased during the decade, but diagnosis of colonic disease alone increased two-fold in the latter half of the study."
1140630,"It has been suggested that an intact vagal supply is essential for the normal function of the recptors in the duodenum and proximal small bowel, which influence the rate of gastric emptying. This paper reports the effect of vagal denervation on gastric emptying and also examines the site and mode of action of receptors in the proximal small bowel. It has been demonstrated in the dog that most, if not all, the receptors controlling gastric emptying lie in the proximal 50 cm of the small bowel. Following truncal vagotomy the emptying time of each instillation increased significantly and the differential rate of emptying of different instillations remained unchanged. The proximal 50 cm of small bowel was capable to differentiating between different instillates even after selective extragastric vagotomy, in which the duodenum was vagally denervated and, therefore, duodenal braking receptors function independently of vagal innervation."
1140631,"Insulin-stimulated gastric secretion alone, without reference to basal secretion, has been examined in 45 male patients with duodenal ulcer in whom no gastric operation had been performed and in 124 patients following vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Gastric juice was examined in terms not only of conventional indices, observed volume, titratable acidity and acid output, but also Vg, the volume corrected for pyloric loss and duodenal reflux. The range of secretion of the unoperated subjects was established in terms of peak and half-totwo-hour values for all indices. By reference to these ranges, secretion of postvagotomy subjects could be divided into two groups: (a) those with secretion within the preperative range, and (b) those with secretion less than the lower limit of the preoperative range. The best discrimination was given by Vg; those within the preoperative range (peak Vg in excess of 140 ml/hour and Vg half to two hours in excess of 105 ml/hour) had a 50% liability to recurrent ulcer, while those below the preoperative range had a zero liability to recurrent ulcer. Of the conventional indices acid output gave the best discrimination, which was almost as good as Vg. Peak acid output of 8 mmol/hour or acid output one half to two hours of 525 mmol/hour discriminated into two groups, with a 50% or zero liability to recurrent ulcer. Titratable acidity (Hollander's index of secretion), being highly susceptible to reflux, was not an adequate discriminant."
1140632,"Gastric secretory response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was stuided in 21 subjects following vagotomy and a drainage procedure for  duodenal ulcer. Eighteen subjects had one  early test, ie, within one  month of operation, and at least one late test, ie, six months or more after operation. Seven subjects had at least two late tests. When the insulin test results were expressed in terms of their Hollander status,there was as much variability with time as expected from previous reports. However, when results were expressed in terms of new criteria, decribed in the previous paper, the insulin status of postvagotomy patients remained constant with time."
1140633,"The relative concentrations of big gastrin (G-34) and little gastrin (G-17) were compared in the sera and tumours (gastrinomas) of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients. Big and little gastrins were identified in all 10 serum samples and in all 10 tumour biopsies examined. In serum, G-34 (range of concentrations 58-220 000 fmol/ml) was the major form of gastrin and G-17 (22-78 000 fmol/ml) was a minor component; the mean relative abundance of G-17/[G17 + G34]) in serum was 0-18 and the mean relative abundance of G-34 was 0-82. In tumour, however, the opposite was true: G-17 (49-869 000 pmol/g) was the major component and G-34 (45-464 pmol/g) a minor component, and the relative proportions of G-17 and G-34 were 0-73 and 0-27 respectively. Following an intravenous injection of porcine secretin (2-0 U/kg) there was a rapid increase in concentration of all forms of gastrin in the blood, but the increase in G-17 was proportionately greater than that of G-34 (relative abundance of G-17 in basal serum was 0-21 compared with 0-37, five minutes after secretin). Differences in the half lives of G-17 and G-34 may partly explain their relative abundancies in serum and tumour tissue."
1140634,"Since medical treatment of gallstones is confined to cholesterol-rich stones, the ability of clinical radiographs to predict gallstone type was tested prospectively by comparing the preoperative radiological appearance of gallstones from 57 unselected patients with cholelithiasis coming to cholecystectomy with the subsequent analysis of the stones both by X-ray diffraction and by chemical techniques. Fifty-two per cent of the patients had 'non-functioning' gallbladders which failed to opacify after at least two contrast examinations and 25 out of 50 had radioopaque stones. Of the 25 patients with radiolucent stones, the stones in 20 ((80%) were predominantly cholesterol in type but radiology was misleading in five; three contained 40-55% calcium salts but were still radiolucent while two were amorphous and contained less than 10% cholesterol by weight on chemical analysis. While radiology was sometimes misleading when the stones were small and irregular, large radiolucent stones with a smooth profile were invariably cholesterol-rich stones. The results also show that in men calcified stones were commoner than in women and that in older women the gallstones contained more calcium salts and less cholesterol than in younger women less than 50 yr). This paper analyses critically the value and limitations of clinical radiology in predicting gallstone type."
1140635,"Differential measurements of small and large bowel transit times were performed in 13 subjects iwth a radiotelemetering pressure-sensitive capsule incorporating less than 10mugCi of 51-Cr. Six patients had constipation. The other seven patients had diarrhoea due to the irritable bowel syndrome (3), following vagotomy and pyloroplasty (3), or due to laxative abuse (1). This new method enables the gastric, small intestinal, and colonic transit times to be measured differentially in the same subject. The capsule can be localized in the gut lumen by reference to the characteristic pressure pattern and in relation to bony landmarks by the radioactive marker as frequently as desired without recourse to radiographs. The results show that gastric emptying and small intestinal transit did not differ in constipation and diarrhoea. By contrast the mean colonic transit was significantly faster (P smaller than 0.01) in diarrhoea whatever the cause (17.5 plus or minus 4.1 hours) than in constipation (118 plus or minus 4.1 hours)."
1140746,"The effect of ethidium bromide on the growth of a yeast mutant with an impaired mitochrondrial translocation system of adenine nucleotides (op-1 mutant) was investigated. It was found that the op-1 mutant stops growing both under growing and non-growing conditions after treatment with ethidium bromide and that the growth cannot be restored by adding low-molecular compounds to the growth medium. It was the aim of the experiments to clarify whether the cessation of growth of the op-1 mutant after induction of the rho- mutation can be simulated by inhibitors phenotypically changing the mitochondrial function. It appears likely that the op-1 mutant stops growing only after the rho- mutation has been induced, because the phenotypic simulation of the rho- mutation does not lead the cessation of growth of the op-1 mutant."
1140747,"Long-term observations are presented on the behaviour of the siamang ape, Symphalangus syndactylus, in the lowland forest of central Malaya. The data were collected during two dry and three fruiting seasons between 1969 and 1973 inclusive on two groups with adjacent ranges; comparisons are made within and between sample periods, and between groups. The influence of weather on daily activities is considered. Food intake is analysed in terms of number of food trees, number of visits to these trees, and the cumulative time spent feeding on various food categories. Ranging behaviour is investigated in terms of distance travelled, area covered, and distribution of time and of food trees about the range. The occurrence of calling is described and compared with that of the white-handed gibbon in the same area. A discussion ensues on each of these aspects of behaviour in turn. Emphasis is laid on the similarity of behaviour of the two groups at any one time, and on the degree of their response to the fluctuations of environment variables. Finally, the application to siamang of ranging concepts currently used in animal behaviour is considered briefly."
1140748,"Cytological characteristics and pattern of distribution of different cell types in the epithelia of cervix and uterus of crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cyclic and amenorrhea were studied. The cervix uteri and uterus exhibit remarkable structural differenes in the ciliated, secretory, and ciliated-secretory cells. Since the number of ciliated-sexretory cells in the uterus is higher than in the cervix. It is believed that they form an additional source for the secretion of uterine fluid during the menstrual cylce. Both ciliated and secretory cells undergo degeneration; extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation associated with pycnosis and disorganization of the nuclei encountered."
1140749,"Previous studies utilizing series of wild-shot primates have suggested that there is an association between locomotor behavior, aggression and patterning of healed fractures. In this study, observations taken upon a series of 126 rhesus macaques which represent a total sample of a naturally occurring social group from Cayo Santiago, are used to reexamine the conclusions drawn from previous studies. As a control, a series of randomly collected rhesus skeletons from the same colony is examined. Major differences in pathology incidences by age, sex and laterality is indicated between the two groups. Possible explanation for cross-specific variability in fracture patterning are also considered."
1140750,"The known Cretaceous and Paleocene primates, the Paromomyiformes, although lacking a fully developed postorbital bar, are nevertheless, both cladistically and phenetically, closest to the common ancestor of the living primates. Not only their undisputed phylogenetic ties but also their early experiments inthe arboreal milieu necessitate their balanced evolutionary classification within the order Primates."
1140751,"The spatial organization of progressing baboons is thought to serve a protective function considered important in their adaptation to a terrestrial existence. Progression positions of identified black infants, adult males, and other yellow baboons were determined from repeated samples of troop movements. Spatial positioning by demographic class was similar to that previously found for three troops of anubis baboons living in two different habitats. Such consistency across species and habitats seems unlikely unless it arises from a common genetic background or common ontogenetic stabilizing mechanism."
1140752,"A new palate from Napak IV in Uganda, dated at 19 million years or older, provides information about the facial morphology of a small Miocene hominoid from East Africa. The fossil resembles small extant gibbons in most features of facial and papatal morphology that are preserved, more so than does its European contemporary, Pliopithecus (Epipliopithecus) vindobonensis. The Ugandan hominoid is most closely related to the small Kenyan hominoids formerly placed in the genus Limnopithecus."
1140753,"Cranial and postcranial anthropometric data were taken on 18 male and 14 female newborn Macaca nemistrina monkeys and compared with data from the literature on other species of Macaca. The females of every species are somewhat smaller in all dimensions than the males at birth. However, they are more fully developed than males in relation to the amount of growth needed to achieve the adult form, and therefore undergo less postnatal growth than males."
1140754,"Body weight data, collected routinely from the US Air Force chimpanzee colony at Holloman AFB, was used for a longitudinal analysis of growth. Data were fitted to a model based on human growth patterns, which is described and compared to other treatments applied to growth data. Results are compared to other observations of chimpanzee and of human growth."
1140755,"Behavior of Kloss' gibbons was studied from July 1 to October 7, 1972 in Siberut Island, off the coast of western Sumatra, Indonesia. Reproductive groups are monogamous families with a mean family size of 3.4 individuals (n = 11 families). Such families occupy territories averaging 6.7 ha. Adults defend their territories only against members of the same sex. This intrasexual defense of territory maintains the monogamous mating system. Other social units were unmated resident females, unmated resident males, floating males, and a courting pair. Males establish territories before mating, perhaps with help from their parents. Males guard their families against predators. Females lead progression through the territory. Subadults remain peripheral to their families but other family members tend to remain within 10 m of one another."
1140758,"A volunteer program can become a solid, smooth-functioning part of a community mental health center or other agency if it is built around the needs of both the agency and the volunteers. The author discusses the need to develop realistic job descriptions, to screen the applicants carefully, and to provide continued training and supervision both individually and in groups. She emphasizes that staff resistance to a volunteer program can be overcome by involving staff members in the program and by making them aware of the high quality of work the volunteers do."
1140759,"The authors conducted a controlled research investigation into the effectiveness of a volunteer program at three Veterans Administration hospitals. In the program, called Project Anchor, volunteers helped mental patients being released from the hospital become reintegrated into their home communities. A total of 78 volunteers and 89 patients participated in the program; another 82 patients served as a control group. The researchers compared the two patient groups using data obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and hospital records. Analysis of the data indicated that the program had little therapeutic effect for the patients involved. The authors believe that the results are a forceful argument against an uncritical investment of treatment funds and personnel in outpatient volunteer programs, and that they raise serious questions about the proper role of the volunteer."
1140760,"When staff members of a community mental health center's day treatment program for adults with emotional problems found there was not enough time for planning and meeting program goals, they considered using volunteers to help in the treatment process. The center staff worked with the local mental health association to plan the training and use of volunteers. Twenty-five volunteers were initially selected and trained. They evaluated the training through questionnaires immediately after training and after three and six months of service. Respondents felt the training prepared them to perform their duties and understand their roles as volunteers. Volunteers have worked in the program for two and a half years; currently 28 volunteers each work approximately three hours a week."
1140761,"For two and a half years the authors have taught Transcendental Meditation (TM) to psychiatric patients at the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. They have also presented programs to hospital staff to acquaint them with the technique and practice of TM. In this paper they describe briefly the instruction program given to patients at the institute and point out some of the benefits of regular practice of TM for psychiatric patients."
1140762,"At the Fort Logan Mental Center in Denver, an automated system for evaluating treatment effectiveness is based on a goal-attainment approach. Patients, staff, and patients' relatives or friends specify treatment goals from a standardized list of 703 goal statements. They rate the importance of each goal at the time it is set, and later rate the degree of goal attainment. The authors describe uses of the system and emphasize its value in obtaining information during treatment that can help improve the treatment process."
1140811,"Chromosome counts and a search for structural abnormalities were performed in cultured leukocytes from 60 elderly subjects (ages 62-96) and 60 controls (ages 10-13). A total of 3900 cells were examined, 3600 in 3-day cultured and 300 in cultivations maintained for 2 days. Our results and those obtained by other investigators indicate clearly that there is an increase in the level of aneuploidy and of structural abnormalities in the blood of aged persons. There is an excess of missing C-group chromosomes in elderly females, but no consistent preferential loss was observed among the males. In contrast with two previous studies, we found a significant decrease of aneuploid cells in 3-day cultures, as compared to those cultivated for 2 days only."
1140812,We present in this paper the first report about identification of several fractions of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGlyM) activity using starch gel electrophoresis and two different buffer systems. A typical muscle form of PGlyM was detected. It is also shown that isozymes of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) can be separated through the buffer system used by Spencer et al; (1964) for the phosphogluco mutase.
1140813,The polymorphism of the human phosphoglucomutase isozyme PGM3 can be demonstrated in erythrocyte hemolysates by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies from southwestern Germany are given. The frequency of the allel PGM-23 was estimated to be 0.232.
1140814,"1444 persons of British nationality living in London, and 294 Caucasians, 258 Negroes, 310 Hispanic persons, and 151 Chinese persons living in New York were tested for glutamate-pyruvate transaminase phenotype. The Gpt1 frequency in the British population was found to be 0.5277, the Gpt2 frequency was 0.4716, and two GPT 3-2 persons were found. The Gpt1 frequencies in the New York population were: 0.4834 in Chinese; 0.5226 in Hispanic persons; 0.8101 in Negroes; and 0.5306 in Caucasians. Two Caucasians possessed the GPT 3-2 phenotype."
1140815,"In the 33rd week of pregnancy an amniocentesis was performed because of low estriol. X-ray indicated the presence of anencephaly and a premature delivery was induced. Necropsy, in addition to anencephaly, showed a wide variety of malformations. The fetal karyotype determined from cultured amniotic fluid cells revealed a ring chromosome 13."
1140823,"Horse anti-rabbit spleen cell antiserum was obtained by the intravenous immunization of horses with rabbit spleen cells. The antisera obtained were analysed for their lymphocytotoxic activity with respect to the lymphoid cells of the different lymphoid organs prior to and following absorption with the different lymphoid cells. The results have been integrated with those obtained in previous investigations and an all-embracing concept of the interrelationship of the lymphoid cells in the different lymphoid organs in the rabbit has emerged. The distinction between the heretofore considered central lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) and peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node and appendix) has been blurred by the finding that, at least in the rabbit, appendix cells possess specific antigen markers and participate in cell-mediated immune reactions in vitro and the observation that the spleen also has a central lymphoid function in the generation of cells in vivo capable of carrying out a cell-mediated immune reaction in vitro. It is concluded that the distinction of central and peripheral lymphoid function may be an artificial one in that it may reflect a function of the particular organ in only one of the many different types of immune reactions and that it should not influence the investigator in the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms participating in the mediation of the different immune responses."
1140824,"Platelet aggregation and the selective release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and adenine nucleotides were measured in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet suspensions from control and C6-deficient rabbits. Aggregation and release induced by collagen were similar in both groups of animals. Aggregation responses to zymosan in control PRP samples were biphasic, and only the second phase was associated with release. In C6-deficient PRP samples, zymosan-induced aggregation lacked the second phase and there was no release of 5HT or adenine nucleotides. Zymosan induced no aggregation in washed platelet suspensions unless cell-free plasma was also added. C6-deficient plasma supported only primary aggregation, but the addition of control plasma resulted in biphasic aggregation and release. Zymosan which had been pre-activated in control or C6-deficient cell-free plasma induced primary aggregation in washed platelet suspensions. To obtain secondary aggregation and release, the addition of control plasma to the platelet suspension was necessary."
1140825,"Acylation of human serum albumin increases its ability to stimulate antibody formation in rats. This can be shown not only when the antigen was given intramuscularly but also when administered by injection into the lumen of the gut. A tendency of the modified molecules to attach to cells and to aggregate, increased anti-complementary activity, and reduced drainage through the lymphatics, have been demonstrated. The relationship of these features to the increased immunogenicity is discussed."
1140826,"Secretory IgA antibodies to Vibrio cholerae were purified from the parotid saliva and mammary secretions of locally and orally immunized dogs using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and anti-immunoglobulin immuno-absorbents. IgM and IgG antibodies were isolated from serum by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. IgA antibodies proved to have minimal, if any, activity in direct killing of bacteria in the presence of complement or in the promotion of phagocytosis. The minimal activity which IgA had in these assays could be accounted for by extremely small quantities of IgM antibody. The same IgA antibodies, mixed with the challenge innoculum of Vibrio cholerae and fed to infant mice, protected these mice as efficiently as IgG or IgM antibodies."
1140828,"This paper reports a retrospective study of acute femoral neck fractures in 123 patients treated by primary prosthetic replacement. The average age in our patient population was 80-5 years. A Christiansen trunnion-bearing hip prosthesis (Christiansen, 1969 and 1974) was used in all patients except one. The prosthesis was cemented to the femoral shaft. The postoperative mortality rate was low, and the mortality rate was 8-7 per cent. The patients were examined between 6 months and 3 1/2 years after operation. Excellent or good results according to Stinchfield's hip assessment system (Stinchfield et al., 1957) were obtained in 82 per cent of the patients. We suggest that primary prosthetic replacement in acute femoral neck fractures in elderly patients is a safe and valuable procedure. However, a definite conclusion concerning this therapy cannot be drawn before a prospective study comparing the results of internal fixation and primary prosthetic replacement is made."
1140830,The total number of patients admitted to the Fracture unit in the Royal Victoria Hospital in 1972 is recorded and classified according to cause. Fractures resulting from gunshot wounds and bomb injuries are examined more closely together with associated injuries and complications. These groups are compared briefly with the open fractures resulting from road traffic accidents. Treatment of fractures in gunshot wounds and bomb injuries is discussed. Reference is made to the mechanisms of injury by gunshot and explosions.
1140831,Death on Scottish mountains during a thirteen-year period were reviewed. Only five of 175 fatalities occurred during the stretcher journey: 200 patients were carried down alive. This review produced little evidence of serious harm from mountain rescue transport.
1140832,"We have studied the long-term effect of comminuted fractures of the patella with particular reference to the development of degenerative changes in the tibiofemoral joint. Degenerative changes which could convincingly be ascribed to the original injury were found in only one case, but we stress that the numbers are small, and that carefull search sould be made at operation for damage to the femoral condyles."
1140833,"The ends of ruptured human tendons have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. The collagen fibres taper markedly, often leading up to a coiled segment or a knot of collagen at the point of rupture. This tapering of the collagen fibres was shown to be typical of denatured collagen by its selective removal by trypsin digestion. This denaturation caused by mechanical rupture was shown to be localized at the point of rupture, the rest of the collagen fibre remaining in the native state. The possible significance of these observations to the healing of ruptured tendons is discussed."
1140834,"Two hundred and forty-four motor car occupants involved in road traffic accidents, who sustained injuries sufficiently severe to require admission to hospital, have been investigated in order to assess the value of seat belts. The results indicated that the use of seat belts significantly reduced the mortality and the number of severe, multiple and facial injuries."
1140835,"Dislocation and fracture-dislocation of the pelvis is a major injury; the force involved in its production may not only disrupt the pelvis but result in extensive associated injuries. Between 1960 and 1968, 43 patients with this injury were treated in the Accident Service of the Radcliffe Infirmary. Their case records and radiography have been analysed and 29 of the patients re-assessed at a follow-up examination."
1140837,"A patient with a fracture of the sella turcica, visible on lateral X-ray films of the skull, is described. This fracture, although not diagnosed during life, was present in approximately 20 per cent of a series of consecutive autopsies on patients who died of head injury. The significance of this injury to the hypothalamopituitary axis is discussed and methods of investigation suggested."
1140841,"Transient bliandness following minor head injury is a rare, although well known, and totally reversible entity. As the condition may have legal implications, a 5-year follow-up study was carried out on 4 young patients. Repeated ophthalmological, neurological and psychiatric examination both early nd late after injury did not reveal any organic or psychiatric diseases which might predispose to this disorder. The case reports, including one recurrent case, a follow-up study and a discussion of the aetiology are presented."
1140842,"Haemodynamic studies were made in 34 patients with severe head injury. The changes of cardiac output were noteworthy and correlated well with the clinical course and the prognosis of the patients. Marked systemic hypotension at the moment of brain death was mainly caused by the decrease of cardiac output. At this moment, peripheral resistance fell only to normal limits from the raised level. In the patients who survived, the cardiac output increased in proportion to the respiratory insufficiency, that is, the increased A-aDO2 and Qs/Qt. The increase of oxygen consumption was also accompanied by an increased cardiac output, but in the patients with the severest head injury who died, the cardiac output remained low. It failed to respond to increased A-aDO2 and Qs/Qt, and oxygen consumption remained low."
1140845,"Human milk and saliva from newborn infants were analyzed for their content of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate. The activity of lactoperoxidase in infant saliva was variable but generally higher than that found in calf saliva. In contrast, the activity in human colostrum was low ( approximately 5%) compared with that found in cow's milk. The enzyme was resistant to gastric juice. Thiocyanate was demonstrated in infant saliva in concentrations about one-third of that in adult saliva. The amounts of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate in infant saliva are quite sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth in in vitro systems. The importance of this system in vivo has not yet been demonstrated. The availability of this system to both newborn calves and humans (in calves provided largely by colostrum and in human babies by saliva) might be indirect evidence of its importance."
1140846,"A significant (P < 0.025) increase in the mean platelet diameter occurred in five Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs when platelet numbers decreased to 100,000/mul or less. Maximal incorporation of [(75)Se]selenomethionine into platelets of six uninfected dogs was 0.080 +/- 0.019% (mean +/- standard error) and occurred 5 to 6 days after dosage, whereas maximal incorporation was 0.036 +/- 0.004% within 2 to 3 days after dosage in seven chronically infected dogs that had thrombocytopenia. Analysis of the [(75)Se]selenomethionine curves yielded a platelet lifespan of 9 days in uninfected dogs versus 4 days in chronically infected dogs. Thus, megakaryocyte maturation and/or platelet release occurred at an accelerated rate in infected dogs, whereas increased destruction of newly produced labeled platelets diminished their number of peripheral blood. [(51)Cr]sodium chromate-labeled platelet survival was exponential, with a half-life of approximately 1 day in two dogs at 2 to 4 days postinfection and three chronically infected dogs. Platelet survival time was 8 days and rectilinear in four uninfected dogs. Platelet recovery was 39.43 +/- 2.86% in infected dogs as compared with 68.2 +/- 10.72% in uninfected dogs. Whole-body scans of one dog prior to and 7 days after infection showed that labeled platelets were destroyed primarily in the spleen. It is concluded that the thrombocytopenia in E. canis-infected dogs is the result of increased platelet destruction which begins within a few days after infection."
1140847,"The association of Streptococcus mutans with human dental decay was investigated by using several types of samples: (i) paraffin-stimulated saliva samples taken from children with from 0 to 15 decayed teeth; (ii) pooled occlusal and approximal plaque taken from children with no decayed or filled teeth, or from children with rampant caries of 10 or more teeth; (iii) plaque removed from single occlusal fissures that were either carious or noncarious. The results showed a significant association between plaque levels of S. mutans and caries. The strongest association, P < 0.0001, was found when plaque was removed from single occlusal fissures. Seventy-one percent of the carious fissures had S. mutans accounting for more than 10% of the viable flora, whereas 70% of the fissures that were caries free had no detectable S. mutans. Sixty-five percent of the pooled plaque samples from the children with rampant caries had S. mutans accounting for more than 10% of the viable flora, whereas 40% of the pooled samples from children that were caries free had no detectable S. mutans. Saliva samples tended to have low levels of S. mutans and were equivocal in demonstrating a relationship between S. mutans and caries."
1140848,"The concept of elicitation of reactions of anaphylactic type by non-tissue-fixing antibody, through activation of complement and release of anaphylatoxins by antigen-antibody complexes in vivo, is not clearly defined by published evidence. Experimental data are presented to demonstrate that guinea pig immunoglobulin G2 (noncytotropic) complexed with antigen in vitro elicits dermal reactions in guinea pigs, and that pretreatment of animals with complement-inactivating cobra venom factor diminishes such reactions. The various pathways through which immediate hypersensitive reactions may occur are discussed."
1140849,"The relationship between mast cell degranulation, anaphylaxis, and the production of homocytotropic antibodies was examined in ICR mice after trichinella infection. It was found that the active cutaneous response to trichinella antigen had a rapid onset (within 2 weeks) and the sensitivity increased over a 9-week period after infection. Two types of mast cell degranulation were observed: (i) moderate, with few extracellular, deep-blue-staining granules (May-Grunwald-Giemsa), and (ii) ""explosive,"" with many extracellular reddish-staining, swollen granules, indicating an apparent breakdown of cell membrane. The moderate type was observed primarily during the first 4 weeks after infection, whereas the explosive type predominated during 5 to 8 weeks. Homocytotropic antibody of the immunoglubulin G(1) type appears responsible for moderate type degranulation, and mouse immunoglobulin E appears responsible for the explosive degranulation. No correlation was evident between the active cutaneous anaphylactic response and either type of degranulation or between active cutaneous anaphylaxis and circulating levels of homocytotropic antibody. A proposed role of immunoglobulin G(1) and mouse immunoglobulin E in immunity is discussed."
1140850,"Tox-+ staphylococcal strains, as opposed to Tox-minus strains, produce epidermal exfoliation within 18 h after direct subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. The extracellular product responsible for exfoliation is termed exfoliative toxin (ET). When culture supernatant fluid from the plasmid-cured Tox-minus  substrains UT 0100 or UT 0111 or from six naturally occurring phage group 2 Tox-minus strains was concentrated 20-fold and inoculated into newborn mice, ET activity could be detected. The Tox-minus, cured derivatives produced ET at levels which were 32 minus and 64-fold lower than the amounts made by their Tox-+ parent strains. Since these Tox-minus, cured substrains contained no plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, it was postulated that the product possessing ET activity in strains UT 0100 and UT 0111 was made by chromosomal genes. This product has been isolated and purified from strain UT 0100 and appears as two faint bands after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and corresponds in position to a heavy band of ET isolated from the Tox-+ strain UT 0007."
1140852,"The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 was used to extract antigens of rubella virus from infected tissue culture cells. Three virus-specific antigens were demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis by using a pool of human gamma globulin as antiserum. The most dominant of these antigens were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. This antigen was of glucoprotein nature and had slow electrophoretic motility and low binding capacity to diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Thus, it seems likely that the antigen is identical with the precipitating antigen of rubella virus designated b-antigen or tro-osmophoresis with precipiting antibody in sera obtained from patients recovering from acute postnatal rubella. The precipitin reaction that could be correlated to the hemaglutination-inhibition titers of the same sera appeared 12 days after onset of the disease and remained positive for several years."
1140853,"Gnotobiotic rats infected with Streptococcus mutans 6715 at 19 days of age and fed a purified diet (305) containing 5% sucrose developed extensive caries lesions on all molar surfaces within 16 days (35 days of age). Approximately twice as many lesions developed when infected rats were maintained until 45 days of age, whereas noninfected rats did not develop caries when fed diet 305. Gnotobiotic rats infected with S. mutans 6715 and fed a purified diet containing no sucrose (300) until day 25 and subsequently fed diet 305 for 10 days developed lesions similar to rats fed diet 305 for 16 days. Furthermore, rats infected with S. mutans 6715 and fed diet 300 until 45 days of age developed approximately one-half the smooth surface lesions as infected rats fed diet 305 for the same length of time. The level of caries on buccal and proximal molar surfaces in 45-day-old gnotobiotic rats varied when animals were infected with S. mutans AHT, BHT, NCTC 10449, 6715, or LM-7. Animals infected with S. mutans AHT showed more severe lesions on the buccal surfaces than those observed in animals infected with the other strains of S. mutans tested, whereas S. mutans 6715 caused significantly more caries on proximal surfaces. On the other hand, rats infected with S. mutans LM-7 exhibited the lowest level of caries on all molar surfaces of the five strains of S. mutans tested."
1140854,Fully active enzymes with chymotrypsic activity were demonstrated in moldy hay samples where Micropolyspora faeni was found as the predominant saprophyte by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Great quantitative differences in enzymatic activity were found among moldy hay samples.
1140855,"The role of endotoxin in the pathophysiology of human gram-negative rod bacteremia is controversial. Gelation of lysates prepared from the amebocytes of Limulus polyphemus is a highly sensitive means for quantifying endotoxin-like activity in vitro, but variable results have been reported in several clinical studies. We performed limulus tests on plasmas obtained simultaneously with culture-positive blood from 68 patients with gram-negative bacteremia and related results to heat-stable opsonizing activity against the autologous infection strain. Overall, limulus positivity was 52% in this series. Positive tests were observed with 78% of plasmas with opsonic titers is less than or greater to 1:20 but with only 27% of plasmas whose titers were is greater than or equal to 1:80 (P less than 0.005). There was a strong association of positive tests with leukopenia. thrombocytopenia, and more severe underlying disease. In vitro study showed a 10-fold reduction in the sensitivity of the gelation test by antibodies against the endotoxin used and an additional 10-fold reduction when the test system included phagocytic cells."
1140856,"Using the scratch test with self-made chrysanthemum pollen extract of 32,700 PNU/ml, a positive response was elicited in 60 of 316 patients (18.9%) with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, and was positive in 42.5% adults with allergic rhinitis. On the other hand a 4.7% positive response was obtained in 84 non-allergic subjects. With the intracutaneous test, a threshold value was determined in 7 cases with 0.327 PNU/ml; 12 with 3.27 PNU/ml; 8 with 32.7 PNU/ml; and 8 with 327 PNU/ml, as opposed to one positive in 84 controls with 327 PNU/ml (1.3%). P-K tests were successfully done in 15 out of 16 cases. Furthermore, the results of in vitro neutralization tests using chrysanthemum and other compositae pollen extracts indicated the absence of sharing antigenic determinants between them. Provocation tests were conducted in 4 cases of allergic rhinitis and 3 cases of bronchial asthma with positive response in all the patients. From these results it was found that chrysanthemim pollinosis indeed exists in Japan, particularly in the mountainous districts."
1140859,"Specimens of human tumors were taken from the operating room and directly heterotransplanted to chick chorioallantoic membranes. Seventy-one percent of the eggs survived the procedure and 41% of the tumors appeared viable after 1 week. Microscopically, the first-generation heterotransplants resembled the parent tumors. Many specimens showed evidence of growth, but in most of them there was also some degree of necrosis. The necrosis increased with serial heterotransplantation, so that tumor propagation usually was not possible beyond the second to third transplant generation; nevertheless, it was found that almost any histological type of intracranial tumor could be grown for short periods of time at least on the chick chorioallantoic membrane."
1140860,"The effect on tumor progression produced by the injection of VCN-treated tumor cells in dogs with spontaneous mammary tumors was investigated. Untreated dogs of different races and different ages with at least two palpable spontaneous mammary tumors were selected. One of the tumors was left in the animal for further clinical examination whereas the other tumor(s) was (were) excised for preparation of a single-cell suspension by mechanical disintegration and enzymatic digestion with collagenase and trypsin. (1) In the first group, each animal was infected with 2 times 10-7 similarly prepared autologous, mitomycin-treated tumor cells; in 8 out of 12 dogs of this group the tumors progressed while so far 1 dog has died of metastasis. (2) In the second group, each animal received the same number of 2 times 10-7 tumor cells, which were mitomycin- and VCN-treated: 13 out of 15 dogs had a significant regression of their tumors to less than 10% of the original volume; in 1 dog the tumor remained unchanged and in 1 dog it progressed. (3) In the third group, 8 dogs received 1 times 10-8 mitomycin- and VCN-treated tumor cells: the application of this cell dose resulted in an accelerated tumor progression in all 8 dogs, 3 of which have already died of metastasis. The significance of these findings, with respect to potentiation and abrogation of the immunological response and with regard to immunotherapy in man, is discussed."
1140861,"The internal viral protein, p30-1, has been identified by cytotoxicity tests using xenogeneic sera, on MuLV-G-induced rat lymphoma cells. In this system internal virion antigens, and in particular p30, are  cytotoxic target antigens for syngeneic antibody and cell-mediated cytotoxicity; p30 is also present in the serum of rats with progressively growing lymphomas, and is the principal antigen responsible for the inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity produced by these sera."
1140862,"We have investigated the production of erythroid colonies in plasma culture by bone-marrow and spleen cells taken form C3Hf/Bi mice previously infected with a polycythemic strain of Friend virus (FV). Inclusion of erythropoietin (Epo) in the medium was found unnecessary for erythroid colony formation in vitro by these cells, although it was essential for the production of erythroid colonies by hemopoietic cells from normal animals. Development of erythroid colonies also proceeded umimpeded when cells from FV-infected animals were cultivated in medium pretreated with rabbit anti-serum that was shown to inactivate Epo. Thus, the hemopoietic tissues of FV-infected mice contained erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-Es) which appeared to be Epo-independent. When spleen cells from FV-infected mice were exposed to antiserum directed against syngeneic FV-infected spleen cells and complement, and then cultured with or without Epo, the number of erythroid colonies that developed was drastically reduced, indicating that the CFU-Es in these animals carried FV-induced antigen(s), and must themselves have been infected with virus. Electron microscopy of erythroid colonies produced by cells from FV-infected mice revealed the presence of budding and abundant free type-C virus particles. The efficiency of erythroid colony formation in vitro either with or without Epo by hemopoietic cells from FV-infected mice was substantially increased over that of cells from normal mice. The increase in the number of CFU-Es in these animals was due mainly to an increase in the number of Epo-independent CFU-Es. Epo-independent CFU-Es were first detected in bone marrow and spleen as early as 3 days after FV infection; thereafter their numbers progressively increased for at least 9 days. Hypertransfusion with red blood cells prior to FV infection reduced, while bleeding greatly increased, the efficiency of erythoid colony formation without Epo by cells from the spleens of the infected mice. The phenomenon of erythroid colony formation in plasma cultures lacking Epo provides a sensitive and reliable means of detecting Epo-independent CFU-Es, which appear to play a fundamental part in pathogenesis of the disease resulting from infection with the polycythemic strain of FV."
1140863,"Five-year follow-up results for 8,278 men who in mail surveys had reported their cigarette smoking and dietary habits showed: (1) an index for vitamin A intake to be negatively associated with lung cancer incidence at all levels of cigarette smoking;(2) this association to be more clearly expressed in the subset of histologically proven pulmonary carcinomas other than adenocarcinoma; and (3) the positive association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer to obtain irrespective of the dietary level of vitamin A or related factors. The findings are in accordance with experimental results on animals and call for further exploration of the role of nutritional factors in the development of human lung cancer."
1140864,"Incidence rates for 27 cancers in 23 countries and mortality rates for 14 cancers in 32 countries have been correlated with a wide range of dietary and other variables. Dietary variables were strongly correlated with several types of cancer, particularly meat consumption with cancer of the colon and fat consumption with cancers of the breast and corpus uteri. The data suggest a possible role for dietary factors in modifying the development of cancer at a number of other sites. The usefulness and limitations of the method are discussed."
1140865,"Evidence for the involvement of the immune system in surveillance against nascent tumors was sought by testing whether normal mouse sera were cytotoxic in the presence of rabbit complement for a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tumor-cell lines. Tumour-reactive antibodies were detected in all mouse sera tested, including sera from congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Considerable variation was noted, however, in the levels of naturally occurring antibodies against specific tumor antibodies were identified as being predominantly IgM. The possible relevance of natural anti-tumor antibodies to immune surveilance was discussed."
1140866,"The effect of the non-ionic detergent tween 80 on one colcemid-resistant and one sensitive subline of mouse L cells has been studied. The colcemid-resistant subline was also resistant to colchicine and Vinca alkaloids. Tween 80 at concentrations of 0.01% (v/v) or higher increased the sensitivity of drug-resistant cells to the antimitotic effect of colcemid, colchicine and vinblastine. Tween 80 also potentiated the initial rate and the maximal level of the (3-H)-cholchicine uptake by both sensitive and resistant cells. However, the detergent at concentrations of up to 1% had no effect on (3-H)-colchicine binding by cell homogenates. Thus it appears that the effects of tween 80 were due to an increase in cell membrane permeability to the drugs. The effect was completely reversible. The cells did not become adapted to the sensitizing action of tween 80 even after prolonged incubation in medium containing the detergent. A considerable increase in the permeability to the drug was obtained with doses of tween 80 which were non-toxic and which had no effect on cell proliferation, morphology and locomotion. The increase in membrane permeability caused by tween 80 at these concentrations was selective, the membrane permeability to ions and to (3-H)-2-deowy-D-glucose being, in fact, unchanged."
1140867,"The radioactivity level in blood, bile, urine and contents of parts of the gastro-intestinal tract in rats was studied after subcutaneous administration of 3-H-1,2-dimethylhydrazine (3-H-SDMH) which induces colonic tumours. The alkylation of DNA, RNA and protein in the intestinal mucosa, liver and kidneys was estimated 1 h to 28 days after 3-H-SDMH treatment from the 3-H-incorporation into these macromolecules. Administration of 3-H-1,2-diethylhydrazine (3-H-SDEH) which does not induce intestinal tumours was made as a control. Fifteen to 30 min after 3-H-SDMH treatment, marked radioactivity was found in blood, bile, urine and in contents of all regions of gastro-intestinal tract. After 3-H-SDMH administration no label occurred in the contents of localized segments of gastro-intestinal tract although it was present in blood, bile and urine. 3-H-SDMH methylated DNA, RNA and proteins of intestinal mucosa, liver and kidney to a high degree. One hour after 3-H-SDMH treatment the incorporation of label into protein of intestinal mucosa was higher than into liver and kidneys. 3-H-SDEH did not alkylate macromolecules in these organs but did so in thymus, spleen and brain, which are target organs for this carcinogen. After total hepatectomy, 3-H-SDMH did not methylate macromolecules of the intestinal mucosa. The following mechanism for the carcinogenic effect of SDMH is suggested. A carcinogenic metabolite of SDMH forms, in the liver, a conjugate with glucuronic acid. This glucuronide enters the gut both with bile and directly via the circulation. Microbial beta-glucuronidase releases the active metabolite which, in turn, alkylates tissue macromolecules."
1140868,"The frequency of various cancers among Indian immigrants in Kenya was compared to corresponding data among native Africans and Indians in the regions of India from which most of the studied population originally migrated. The Kenyan Indians do not have the cancer pattern of their home country nor do they have the cancer pattern of indigenous Africans. They have instead, like Europeans and North Americans, a higher risk of cancer of the lung, breast and the large intestine. It is suggested that this is related to enbironmental factors and variations in living habits."
1140869,"An increase in prostaglandins (PGs) of the E series has been demonstrated in Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced leg tumors of 6-week-old BALB/c male mice. The level of the hormone has been shown to increase with the tumor diameter and decrease with tumor regression. At the peak of tumor size the tibial bones of the mice were considerably deformed, suggesting osteoclastic activity. The systemic calcium level was not elevated, indicating possible release of calcium into the local tumorous area. In mice treated with indomethacin the tumors failed to develop and PG levels were markedly lower. Tibial bones of treated mice were similar in appearance to those of control, non-tumorous mice. PG levels of DBA/1J mice bearing extensive Cloudaman S91 melanomas were not elevated and no bone deformation was seen. When contrasted with studies of immuno-depressed mice the results suggest that indomethacin acted in conjunction with and possibly to restore the PG-induced depression of the immune system in preventing tumor development. It is also hypothesized that indomethacin, by suppressing the PG-mediated calcium release from bone, could be operative in inhibiting tumor growth."
1140870,"An epithelioid cell line, started from a human pancreatic carcinoma of ductal cell origin, has been maintained in culture for over 2 years and has been subcultured more than 40 times. The PANC-1 cell line has a doubling time of 52 h and G6PD activity of the slow mobility of B type. Chromosome studies show a modal number of 63 with three distinct marker chromosomes and a small ring chromosome. The malignant nature of the PANC-1 cell line was verified by: (1) the ready growth of PANC-1 cells in soft agar and on top of a fibroblast monolayer; and (2) the formation of a progressively growing anaplastic carcinoma after injection of a nude-athymic mouse with PANC-1 cells."
1140871,"A single homogeneous isomeric species of carcinoembryonic antigen was isolated by reference to solubility in 0.9 M perchloric acid, isoelectric focusing, molecular exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, passage through immuno-absorbants, and isopyknic density gradient ultracentrifugation. The final product, representing approximately 1.8% of the perchloric acid soluble glycoprotein of the tumor, is homogeneous and devoid of other proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This single species of carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA-S, has a sedimentation velocity of 6.6, a diffusion constant of 3.05 times 10-minus 7 cm-2/sec, a mean Stokes radius of 65 A, a density of 1.41 ml/g in cesium chloride and an estimated molecular weight of 181,000, and it is devoid of detectable A or B blood-group antigens. Immunochemical studies demonstrate qualitative similarities between CEA-S and conventional carcinoembryonic antigens; however, competitive inhibition analyses demonstrate significant quantitative immunochemical differences between CEA-S and preparations of carcinoembryonic antigen. These results are consistent with the concept that CEA-S is an immunochemical isomer of carcinoembryonic antigen."
1140872,"The rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in normal rat hepatic cells and chemically induced hepatoma cells in culture was studied. The hepatoma cells possessed a higher permeability to the sugar at all stages of culture. However, a decrease in the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose at confluency was observed in cells which exhibited density-dependent inhibition of growth, whether normal or malignant. The normal cells in mitosis showed an increased permeability to the sugar, whereas no such change was observed in the hepatoma cells. The kinetic studies of 2-deoxyglucose transport in normal and transformed rat liver showed a positive correlation between the increase in Vmax and the transformed state of the cells, whether they were transformed in vitro or in vivo. No changes in the apparent Km were found, indicating that there are no qualitative changes in the transport sites. The results suggest that an increase in the number of sites involved in glucose transport is a characteristic of chemically transformed rat liver epithelial cells."
1140873,Spleen cells from BALB/c mice which either bore syngeneic sarcomas or were normal controls were cultured in vitro. The culture supernatants of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice inhibited (blocked) specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity to the tumor borne by the spleen donor. They also mediated specific antiserum-dependent cytotoxicity with control lymphoid cells. The appearance of blocking activity in culture supernatants was prevented by lysis of theta-positive spleen cells with antiserum and complement. The blocking activity was removed by passing culture supernatants through an anti-mouse immunoglobulin affinity column and was recovered in a 3 M NaSCN eluate of the column.
1140874,"The leukocyte migration in agarose assay recently developed by Clausen (Clausen, 1971), was used to test 22 lung cancer patients against soluble extracts of allogeneic lung cancer and allogeneic normal lung. Seventeen were inhibited to a significantly greater degree by at least one tumor extract (average migration index (MI equals 0.58) than by the corresponding normal lung extract (average MI equals 0.83). DNCB-positive and DNCB-negative patients reacted with equal frequency to tumor extracts. Three patients tested against their autologous tumor and normal lung extracts were specifically inhibited by the tumor extract (average MI equals 0.53) but not by the normal lung extract (average MI equals 0.83). None of seven lung cancer patients tested against non-pulmonary tumor extracts was significantly inhibited (average MI equals 1.1). Only 6/53 controls including patients with other tumors, patients with emphysema and age-matched non-smokers showed significant inhibition against any of the lung cancer extracts. These findings strongly suggest the presence of tumor-associated antigens in KCl-solubilized extracts of human lung cancer."
1140875,"Malignant lymphomas were induced in Swiss mice treated intragastrically with methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC, BCM, Carbendazim) and given sodium nitrite in their drinking water. The tumours appeared between 82 and 164 days after the beginning of treatment. In 30 mice given MBC and sodium nitrite, 10 lymphosarcomas were found. In the proliferating tumour cells, intracytoplasmic type-A virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. No tumours were found in animals given MBC only. The findings demonstrate the possibility of in vivo formation of N-nitroso derivatives from MBC."
1140876,"A number of sarcomagenic viruses recovered from hamster tumors induced originally by Moloney sarcoma virus or several of its mouse pseudotypes appear to be interspecies pseudotypes with structural proteins of hamster type-C viruses and nucleic acid sequences of both mouse and hamster specificity. A non-transforming virus (GLOH-minus) recovered from a sarcomagenic virus preparation obtained from a tumor induced by the Gross pseudotype of Moloney sarcoma virus was previously shown to retain mouse sequences. The ability to discriminate readily between Gross and Moloney viruses by molecular hybridization, especially with regard to thermal stability of inter-strain hybrid molecules, and the stability of Moloney virus sequences in a rat-mouse interspecies pseudotype, made it possible to specify that the mouse virus-specific sequences in GLOH-minus are derived from Moloney virus and not Gross. Thus, even though GLOH-minus is non-transforming in vitro or in vivo, it still retains sequences highly related to Moloney sarcoma virus. The lack of transforming ability is thus probably based on loss or change of specific sequences necessary for transformation at some point in the history of this virus."
1140878,"A superior enrichment procedure for the extraction of TpAH from airborne particles collected on glass fiber filter paper is described. The sample is suspended in a solvent and subjected to ultrasonic waves at room temperature with glass powder to adsorb polar coextractives. The TpAH in the filtered extracts are separated from other compounds by high speed liquid chromatography. Sensitivity is in the nanogram range, and the procedure is highly reproducible. Significantly larger amounts of TpAH are recovered than with Soxhlet extraction for 6 to 8 hours, and the percentage of pAH in the extracts is much higher. The entire procedure requires approximately 40 minutes, most of which is waiting time."
1140884,"The synthesis of several sequential oligomer models of collagen is reported. Polytripeptides H(-Pro-Gly-Leu)n OH, H(-Pro-Gly-Phe)n OH, H(-Pro-Sar-Gly)n OH, H-(Sar-Pro-Gly-)n -OH, H(-Pro-Gly-V-AL-)N OH and H(-Gly-Val-Pro)n -oh were synthesized by the active ester method. Preliminary fractionation and mol.wt. determination showed typical gaussian distributions. Good yields were obtained in the mol.wt. range of 4,000-6,000, except in the case of H(-Pro-Sar-Gly-)n OH which yielded molecular weights over 20,000."
1140885,"The synthesis of two protected peptides which correspond to positions 139-146 and 147-156 of the HGH primary structure is described. These peptides prepared by the stepwise procedure, are: Boc-Phe-Lys(Z)-Gln-Thr(Bzl)-Ser(Bzl)-Lys(Z)-Phe-OMe and Boc-Asp(OBzl)-Asn-Ser(Bzl)-His(Dnp)-Asn(OBzl)-Asp(OBzl)-Ala-Leu-OBzl. All protected intermediates were isolated and characterized for homogeneity."
1140887,"The reactivity of arachin (principal storage protein of the peanut) with anti-arachin decreased after arachin was heated at certain temperatures. Infrared and circular dichroic spectra of heated and unheated samples of arachin were examined to determine whether conformational modes changed concomitantly with decreased antigenicity. Infrared absorbances of each sample at amide I, II and V bands were essentially identical; however, absorbances at amide IV and VI bands were altered in relative intensities proportionally to the temperatures of treatment. Conformational modes, determined by circular dichroism, gradually increased in content of unordered structure from x-helical and pleated sheet modes relative to the temperature of treatment. These observations are discussed in regard to relationships of the loss of antigenicity to conformatonal changes in heated arachin."
1140888,"Human serum albumin has been modified with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid and picryl chloride in low ratios of reagents/albumin. The derivatives have been investigated by spectrophotometry and by thin layer chromatography of the hydrolysates in order to assess the specificity of the reagents. The same reaction conditions were used to modify albumin previously complexed with bilirubin in the ratio of 1:1. The affinity of bilirubin to the modified albumins was estimated by an improved perozidase method. It is concluded that TNBS and picryl chloride react almost quantity with epsilon-amino groups of lysine on the albumin molecule. The results also suggest that at least on TNBS reactive amino group and at least one picryl chloride reactive amino group are located in or near the high-affinity bilirubin binding site."
1140889,"Synthesis and biological properties are reported for some analogs of oxytocin with replacements of the isoleucine residue in position 3, i.e., (3-proline)oxytocin and(3-D-alanine)oxytocin, and the glutamine residue in position 4, i.e., (4-D-alanine)-oxytocin and (4-D-leucin)oxytocin. (3-Proline)oxytocin exhibited smaller than0.02 U/MG oxytocic activity, 0.005 plus or minus smaller than 0.001 U/mg rat pressor activity and 0.003 plus or minus 0.0001 U/mg antidiuretic activity. (3-D-Alanine)oxytocin had no agonistic activity in the bioassays tested except for the rat antidiuretic assay (smaller than 0.0005 U/mg). The 4-D-alanine analog showed 0.05 plus or minus 0.003 U/mg oxytocic activity, 0.07 plus or  minus 0.01 U/mg avian vasodepressor activity, and smaller than 0.001 U/mg rat antidiuretic activity. (4-D-Leucine)oxytocin possessed 0.001 plus or minus U/mg rat pressor activity, and showed slight inhibitory properties in the oxytocic and avian vasodepressor assays, inhibiting the oxytocin response in the latter assay by about 60% at a girnibe-to-analog ratio of 1:5000. The activity profiles of the analogs are compared to that of oxytocin and are discussed on the basis of the proposed solution conformation of oxytocin."
1140890,"A comparative study was made of the kinetics of glutathione regeneration of reduced pancreatic ribonuclease A, as determined by circular dishroism, sulfhydryl oxidation and the kinetics of reactivation. Four sulfhydryls were reozidizedeactivation. Four sulfhydryls were reoxidized prior to any large circular dichroic changes or recovery of enzymatic activity. The helical and beta segments in ribonuclease were shown to reform at approximately the same rate. The results are discussed in terms of a regeneration mechanism for ribonuclease involving (1) nucleation, (2) polyeptide backbone refolding, and (3) reshuffling of incorrectly paired disulfide bonds."
1140897,"Effect of feeding 5000,10 000, 20 000, 30 000 and 40 000 I.U. of vitamin A for two days to 25 days old rats has been studied on liver protein, RNA and DNA, liver and plasma lipids and adrenal cholesterol. The incorporation of palmitate- I-14-C into liver and plasma lipids has been studied in vitamin A fed rats. Two  patterns of effects of vitamin A were observed in rats on their liver protein, RNA and DNA and liver and plasma lipids. At lower amounts of vitamin A feeding either the above did not change or were increased, but at higher amounts of vitamin A feeding the above were decreased as compared to the controls. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids were increased and adrenal cholesterol decreased in rats fed 5000 I.U. of vitamin A, but were not affected in rats fed higher amounts of vitamin A. The utilization of palmitate-I-14-C for the synthesis of liver triglycerides and phosphoglycerides was reduced in rats fed higher amounts of vitamin A, but was not significantly different from the controls in rats fed liver amounts of vitamin A. The effects of vitamin A are influenced by the age of the animal as well as the amounts of vitamin A fed. The results show that the effects of vitamin A are exerted by the stimulation of adrenal activity (increased corticoid synthesis)."
1140898,"The correlations between intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity and thiamine absorption and glucose absorption were studied in the rat. An everted sac in-vitro technique was used in adult rats whereas in-vitro experiments were performed in young rats 10 days old. All incubation experiments were done with 14-C-labeled thiamine. The patterns of IAP activity along the small intestines differed greatly between young and adult rats but were closely paralleled by the distribution of active thiamine transport in adult rats and thiamine absorption in young rats, respectively. When IAP was specifically inhibited in adult rats by L-phenylalanine active thiamine transport in-vitro was abolished. No correlation was found between IAP activity and active transport or glucose in-vitro, nor did inhibition of the enzyme in any way affect glucose transport capacity. It is suggested that the enzyme intestinal alkalinephosphatase is involved in the process of active thiamine absorption."
1140899,"The antiadhesive action of methoxylated flavones on cells in blood of hospitalized patients was significantly associated with calcium, probably at membrane interfaces. This action is consistent with the role of calcium in cell aggregation and disaggregation. These and other recent findings suggest the body has a capacity for an environmentally related dietary conditioned, resistance to disease. The concept is based on evidence that phenylbenzo-gamma-pyrone derivatives, methyoxylated flavonoids and related compounds, synthesized in plants with antiviral, antifungal and bacteriostatic action may be absorbed into the body and attach reversibly to blood cells. In the body, in addition to any potential action against pathogens, certain of these compounds potentiate enzymes which detoxify carcinogenic hydrocarbons, exhibit antiinflammatory activity, exert antiadhesive action on blood cells and show antithrombogenic activity. The evidence indicates that of this class of compounds, a few are broad spectrum in their action, while several others possess one or another of the above functions. Also, some compounds are active in practically all subjects while others are active only in some patients. Specificities appear to be involved in action of the compounds on both pathogens and body processes."
1140900,"In 25 schoolchildren (7-15 years old) a survey has been carried out in spring and fall on vitamin C intake by chemical analysis and plasma level of ascorbic acid. The inter-variation in the intake was very great and correspondingly the standard deviation was large. The values obtained by computation with food composition tables agreed with those by chemical analysis. There was no correlation between plasma ascorbic acid and vitamin C intake expressed also per kg body weight. But the values obtained with this study, together with those of other studies, indicate that in children a higher intake of vitamin C is necessary than in adults to achieve a certain plasma ascorbic acid concentration."
1140901,"Ascorbic acid (ASC) is separated by percolating the extract solution through an anionic Sephadex column. After one or two washings with water, the vitamin is oxidized on the column by a p-benzoquinone solution to dehydroascorbic acid (DASC). This latter being actually no acid is eluted as it is formed. The DASC containing eluate is treated with a new colorimetric reagent: 4-Nitro-1,2-Phenylenediamine (NPD). After extraction of the excess reagent with ethyl acetate, the optical extinction is measured at 375 nm. DASC, if present in the extract solution, can be reduced to ASC by dimercaptopropanol prior to chromatography. The method is very specific. The rather simple chromatographic purification can be effected semi-automatically with series of 10 colums (or more)."
1140903,"(1) EMG investigations in 17 female manic-depressive patients under long-term treatment with lithium salts showed a reduction of the maximal motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and of the duration of isolated potentials (IPs) in six cases. These changes, however, were not clearly due to the influence of lithium only. Psychopathology, additional medication, and other variables may have been also responsible for these finding. (2) NCV and IPs as well as the concentration of electrolytes in serum and RBC were determined in seven healthy volunteers before, during, and after lithium administration. NCV was significantly decreased and the duration of IPs slightly increased after 1 week of lithium intake. The magnesium serum concentration increased steadily during the experimental period. (3) Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that symptoms of fatigue and muscular weakness in lithium-treated patients might be caused at least partially by changes of the peripheral nervous-muscular function."
1140904,A comparison was made between the polygraphic night-sleep pattern of chronic schizophrenic patients who were receiving a single dose of neuroleptics at bedtime and between the night-sleep pattern of the same patients receiving the same amount of the same neuroleptic divided into 3-4 doses during daytime. It was shown that the single bedtime dose provoked a significant increase in the mean percentage of the NREM stage 4 and of the mean percentage of the REM state whereas the mean percentage of the NREM stage 2 was significantly decreased.
1140905,"Rats were treated with lithium chloride over 6 weeks. During the experiment, determinations of serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus revealed no changes due to the therapy. Postmortem examinations of liver, skeletal muscle, and femur minerals as well as bone histology showed these organs to be unaffected by lithium application. Only body weight gain was in part increased by lithium."
1140907,"An investigation was made of the effects of phenothiazine medication on the averaged visual-evoked potentials (AVEP) and on eye movements in hospitalized, young, acute schizophrenic patients. These results were compared with those of normal subjects who were not given medication. AVEP measures included maximum amplitude (Am), frequency of peaks (FOP'S), variability (V) and peak latencies for an early negative peak (N1) and a later positive peak (P6). Eye movement measures included percent of time looking at a stimulus slide, percent of time looking at a figure on the slide, the number of fixations and the percent of cells entered in which fixations occurred. For schizophrenics off and on phenothiazine medication, there were no consistently significant drug effects on any measure except frequency of peaks. Schizophrenics compared to normals had lower amplitudes, greater frequency of peaks, greater variability and lower eye movement scores."
1140908,"Penfluridol is a new long-acting neuroleptic drug, first shown by Janssen et al. (1970) and later proved by numerous clinical investigations. The plasma level data are in agreement with these findings since penfluridol is measurable in plasma of the patients 7 days after the oral dose of 120 mg/week. In summary, we have provided for the first time a rapid, accurate and precise gas-chromatographic method for measurement of penfluridol in the plasma of schizophrenic patients."
1140909,"Seven subjects, aged 48-62 years, took a placebo capsule nightly for 3 weeks, mesoridazine 10 mg for 3 weeks, and then placebo for 3 weeks. Mesoridazine is a short half-life phenothiazine useful as a hypnotic. Performance was assessed during three experimental sessions on each test day. In spite of subjective sleepiness 20 min after rising, psychomotor performance 1-3 h later was not imparied, except possibly manual dexterity after the first dose. Neither auditory vigilance, nor digit symbol substitution were affected noticeably by the drug at any time of day. Card sorting of varying degrees of complexity was unimpaired, though there was a suggestion that the drug might be associated with better performance on the most complex task."
1140910,"The effects of vitreous humor and some of its components on the function of rabbit corneal endothelium were investigated and compared to those of artificial and natural aqueous humor. The rate of fluid pumping across the endothelium was measured while that layer was in contact with: (1) complete medium, an artificial aqueous solution; (2) pooled rabbit aqueous humor; (3) filtered and (4) unfiltered pooled rabbit vitreous humor; and (5) solid residue from vitreous humor. The relative magnitudes of the rates were: complete medium greater than aqueous larger than or equal to filtered vitreous greater than vitreous larger than or equal to solid residue. A definite adverse effect of unfiltered vitreous and of its solid residue on endothelial pumping was observed. It is suggested that the solid (collagenous) elements in vitreous humor may be responsible for these effects and perhaps for those generically referred to as the ""vitreous touch syndrome"" in clinical studies."
1140911,"Visual acuity along the horizontal meridian in the peripheral field of vision was determined at a photopic level in two normal subjects. Two types of sinusoidally modulated, monochromatic test patterns of high contrast were used. One was produced directly on the retina by an interferometric technique. The other type was imaged on the retina by the dioptric apparatus of the eye; the resulting image suffered ordinary optical image degradation. The results from the interferometric acuity determinations represent maximal neural discrimination across the visual field. Acuity decreases monotonically toward the periphery, from about 45 cycles per degree in the fovea, to about 0.8 at 80 degrees of eccentricity in the temporal field. The decline is well described by a second-degree polynomial. Acuity for test patterns imaged by the optics of the eye was consistently lower than interferometric acuity. The difference increases toward the periphery. It is attributable to effects of optical aberrations. The discrepancy between optical and neural resolving power on oblique incidence needs to be taken into account whenever results obtained with external, extra-axial stimuli are to be analyzed in terms of retinal architecture."
1140912,"The relationship between pre-exposure fundus temperature and the temperature rise which produces a threshold burn was examined in rabbit eyes exposed to an Argon c. w. laser (4,880 A) for 10 seconds. The posterior pole of the eye was surgically exposed and a 20-micron tip diameter probe was inserted into the ocular fundus to measure temperature rises. The temperature rise for threshold burns linearly increased as preexposure fundus temperature decreased, implying a constant threshold temperature. Threshold temperature was indirectly predicted to be 52.4 degrees C. using a system with an estimated error of plus or minus 1/2 degrees C."
1140913,"In the intact adult rat, medrogestone was found to be effective in causing the involution of the prostate and seminal vesicle. Medrogestone, however, does not function through an antiandrogenic action. In the castrate animal medrogestone was unable to block the stimulating action of exogenous testosterone on the sex accessory organs as shown by effects on tissue weight and DNA synthesis. In addition, medrogestone was unable to block the uptake of labeled androgen into prostatic nuclei. The effectiveness of medrogestone on sex accessory tissue may be accounted for by its ability to lower plasma testosterone levels. This is achieved by inhibiting testosterone biosynthesis. The action of medrogestone was compared to that of cyproterone acetate and it was concluded that these drugs inhibit prostatic growth through two different mechanisms."
1140914,"The distribution of labeled antiandrogens, estrogens, and androgens has been studied in the rat and dog to elucidate the principles and limitations encountered when these agents are used in radioscanning the prostate. The bulk of the label is rapidly cleared in the biliary secretions and in the urine. The concentration of label in the prostate in comparison to other tissues such as the intestines limits the application of these agents in radioscanning of the prostate. The tissue distributions were confirmed by total body radioscans of rats and dogs receiving a labeled 3'-iodinated analog of the antiandrogen flutamide (Sch 13521 or 3'-trifluoromethyl-4'-nitroisobutyranilide)."
1140916,"Using a transparenchymal pressure catheter and a specially designed DC amplifier, rhythmic pressure variations have been demonstrated to occur in the renal pelvis of dogs. For the hydropenic dog this frequency is constant during the course of all the experiments. The interperistalic interval in the ureter constitutes a multiple of the pelvic pressure variations. The ratio of ureteral to pelvic activity is 1 during osmotic diuresis. The frequency of the ureteral activity was never found to be larger than the pelvic activity. These experiments suggest that the ureteral contractions are correlated to the pelvic activity."
1140917,"The kinetics of the crystal growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate has been studied using the technique of seeded crystal growth from stable supersaturated solution. The rate law takes the form minus dc/dt equals kN-2 in which the rate of loss of lattice ion from solution is proportional to the square of the supersaturation. It is proposed that the incorporation of lattice ions into the crystal is governed by a bimolecular surface-controlled reaction step. The rate is independent of the hydrodynamics of the system but is proportional to the solid to solution ratio in the supersaturated solution. The specific rate constant, k (M-minus-1 min-minus-1 [mg/dl]minus-1), is nearly independent of the solid to solution ratio, however. The rate of crystal growth was found not to vary with the calcium to oxalate molar ratio in the range 1.5 to 0.75, although the rate did increase at both higher and lower ratios. The method was found to be simple, rapid, and reproducible and lends itself to the quantitative study of inhibitors of crystal growth."
1140918,"For more than one decade, we have used the cystometry-electromyography (EMG) investigation as a clinical method in patients with known or suspected neurologic disorders in whom a defect in bladder emptying, in spite of an active detrusor contraction, is found at cystometry. The electomyographic activity during bladder filling and micturition has also been studied in healthy subjects. Among other things, a voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter relaxation--independent of the degree of bladder filling--was found in most of these healthy volunteers. The cystometry-EMG investigation is easy to perform and gives reliable information as to whether a detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia exists. This information is indispensable for the choice of therapy in neurogenic cases with infravesical obstruction. In patients with upper motor neuron lesions a detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia was found when performing the ice water test. In some cases, the sphincteric contraction was so strong that the ice water was prevented from being expelled by a forceful detrusor contraction. Such false negative ice water tests can be avoided by recording the intravesical pressure when performing the test."
1140919,An experimental model has been developed for perfusing intact canine prostates in vitro. The glands maintain normal anatomic and histologic appearance and function in a physiologic fashion. Estradiol has been shown to augment testosterone uptake by the prostatic cell. The implications of these findings are discussed.
1140920,"The results of two animal studies are presented in which ureteroneocystostomy is performed in the absence of urinary flow. No stents were used. In Group 1 ureterovesical stenosis resulted in 2/7 defunctionalized ureters in animals with an otherwise intact bladder. In Group 2 seven animals had bilateral urinary diversion with reimplantation of 14 diverted ureters into a defunctionalized bladder. Ureterovesical stenosis did not occur in any in this second group. There was a 9.5 per cent incidence of ureterovesical stenosis over-all. This would not support the clinical impression that ""dry"" ureteroneocystostomy inevitably results in ureterovesical stenosis."
1140948,"The results of spirometric examinations on 4, 331 Israeli male civil service employees, aged 45 years or more, were analyzed according to the presence or absence of certain aspects of ischemic heart disease. Vital capacity was lower in individuals with a previously history of a heart attack, in those with definite or suspected angina pectoris and in those with ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia, probable or possible myocardial infarction, left bundle branch block or nonspecific T wave changes in subjects without these findings. The differences were small, but statistically significant. Vital capacity was lower in subjects with a recent history of a heart attack (within three years) than in those whose heart attack had occurred more than three years prior to the examination. The ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity was not significantly different between individuals with or without a past history of heart attack, angina pectoris or ECG evidence of coronary heart disease."
1140949,"Five patients with cardiopulmonary manifestations of Manson's schistosomiasis are described. Two patients had pulmonary hypertension, two had cyanosis and one had the very rare combination of both. The results of routine pulmonary function tests--not sufficiently studied in this form of schistosomiasis--are discussed in detail. Aside from a tendency to hyperventilate, found in all cases, the only significant abnormality encountered was hypoxemia due to increased right-to-left shunt in the cyanotic patients. Although more studies are needed, the results suggest that the pulmonary lesions are mainly vascular in nature. The pathogenesis of cyanosis in this disease is briefly discussed."
1140950,"Following acceptance to a renal dialysis therapy program, 13 patients underwent serial examination of the serum complement system for periods of 6 to 12 months. Serum levels of C3 and C4 were examined at monthly intervals before the first dialysis of each month. The patients suffered from various primary renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis, obstructive uropathy with chronic pyelonephritis, nephrosclerosis and chronic nephropathy of undetermined nature. Levels of serum C3 were depressed at some time during the study period in all patients. Serum C4 levels were normal. The depression of serum C3 levels was significant and prolonged in nine patients. There seemed to be no relationship between the nature of the basic disease and the depression of serum C3 levels. Caution should be exercised in attributing depressed C3 levels to a particular type of underlying renal disease in patients on renal dialysis."
1140951,"The records of 129 patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency from two general practices were reviewed for overt hemolysis. There were 25 such cases: 14 were diagnosed as favism; 10 were associated with various combinations of drugs, or with fever, infection, acidosis or the neonatal state; and one was of undetermined cause. Over the years 1952-72, these patients had been challenged on 756 occasions with potentially hemolytic drugs. The low incidence of overt hemolysis after antipyretic preparation is noted, as is the danger of nitrofurantoin. The clinical setting was an important determinant of whether hemolysis would occur after drug administration. Fever seemed to be a particularly significant factor. Quantitative determinations of enzyme activity in 18 patients confirmed the reliability of the screening method used. There was no correlation between the enzyme levels and the occurrence of overt hemolysis."
1140952,"A survey of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) in Jerusalem blood donors revealed an overall prevalence of 0.75%, with a significant difference between males (0.90%) and females (0.38%). Analysis according to ethnic groups indicated that immigrants from North Africa had the highest prevalence (3.18%) and immigrants and tourists from North America and Europe the lowest (0.35%). Analysis according to volunteer, paid professional or family replacement categories indicated that a fourfold increase in the HBsAg prevalence for family donors (0.38 to 1.77%) coincided with the discontinuation of payment to professional donors and intensification of recruitment efforts toward volunteers and replacement donors. Case investigation of the HBsAg-positive donors within the family replacement group revealed that 24% were, in fact, commercial donors covertly engaged by the families of patients to fulfill replacement obligations. The present study illustrates how a community blood program which includes nonvoluntary donations, such as family replacement donations, incurs the risk of inadvertently introducting commercial blood donors into donor population. The findings support the premise that a 100% volunteer blood program is the most reliable guarantee for maintaining a blood supply from healthy donorswith a minimal risk of infectivity from hepatitis."
1140953,"Nine children and adolescents with the syndrome of familial dwarfism and high plasma immunoreactive human growth hormone were assessed by means of a battery of psychological tests, and they and their parents were interviewed with the aim of studying the problems of adjustment and rehabilitation in this group of patients. The group as a whole showed a lower-than-average intelligence quotient and a distinct deficiency in visuomotor functioning. Although this type of dwarf is well proportioned and without major malformations, his markedly small stature and limited physical endurance cause various problems, including those of mobility, clothing, and accommodation to public transportation and normal-sized furniture in school and at work. Psychological problems include intrafamily relationships and the attitudes encountered in school, in social situations and at places of employment. It is concluded that these patients need the specialized counseling of a centralized rehabilitation center which offers a combined program of medical care, psychological support and assistance with such problems as schooling, choice of occupation and the finding of suitable employment. It is suggested that the rehabilitation problems and needs of all dwarfs are similar, irrespective of the etiology of the dwarfism."
1140954,"The contours of interphasic nuclei of normal and cancer cells are transcribed using a special karyographic technique. The resulting undulating lines are analyzed and compared, and their relationship to the malignancy, and individuality and clonal constitution of different tumors is discussed. The possibility of establishing an ""identity card"" for cancer cells is considered."
1140955,"During the 14-year period from 1959 to 1973, 60 primary cervical carcinomas were diagnosed at the Kaplan Hospital; 53 were squamous cell carcinomas and seven, adenocarcinomas. The ages of the patients with cervical adenocarcinoma ranged from 22 to 70 years, with a mean of 51.2 years. Postmenopausal bleeding was the most common symptom. One patient was in clinical stage 0, three were in stage I and three in stage II. All patients were treated by irradiation, and four underwent total hysterectomy in addition. Two patients died of cervical adenocarcinoma 16 and 24 months after establishment of the diagnosis, four are alive one to two years after diagnosis, and one has been lost to follow-up. Histologic examination revealed one in situ adenocarcinoma, four papillary and two nonpapillary tumors. Cervical adenocarcinoma in Jewish women presents clinicopathologic features similar to those described in non-Jewish populations. The only significant difference between the two populations appears to be that adenocarcinomas account for a higher proportion of all cervical carcinomas in Jewish than in non-Jewish women."
1140956,"A 51-year-old woman presented with intermittent diarrhea and marked loss of weight. Stool examination and duodenal intubation both yielded coccidian oocytes of Isospora belli. The patient responded to treatment with Septrin (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole), 2 g daily for three weeks. This is the first reported case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel."
1140958,"A program is proposed for a prevention unit in ophthalmology in a medical school situated in a technologically developed country where degenerative diseases play a major role in the etiology of eye disease. The relationship of such a unit to the corresponding curative departments, to the departments of social medicine and medical ecology, to the Ministry of Health and to the corresponding professional body are described. The role such a unit may have as a forerunner of the formation of similar units in other specialities of medicine is emphasized."
1141020,"The present investigations reveal that the non specific esterase from mouse liver nuclei is exclusively located in the perinuclear cistern and that the nuclear chromatin does not contain any esterase as a rule. However, esterase is associated with lipid droplets which are seldomly found within nuclei. Two different esterases are demonstrated with the employed substrates in the nuclear envelope. It is exemplified that the esterase, found in isolated nuclei, can neither be understood as qualitative nor as quantitative equivalent of the esterase demonstrated ultrahistochemically at nuclear membranes."
1141022,A two-step affinity reaction is described for electron microscopic demonstration of the Concanavalin A as well as the Lens culinaris lectin receptors by means of the yeast mannan-iron complex. First the tissue was incubated in the lectin. Afterwards the incubation in the yeast mannan-iron complex was performed and reaction takes place between the still free second sugar binding site of membrane bound lectin molecules and the polysaccharides. This membrane receptor-lectin-polysaccharide complex is revealed by the electron dense iron core of the yeast mannan-iron complex. The specificity of the reactions could be demonstrated by addition of the hapten or by incubation in the yeast mannan-iron complex only. The proposed technique has proved useful for demonstration of lectin receptors in the small intestine.
1141023,"Fluorescence induced by aqueous solution of glyoxylic acid and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of catecholamines were compared for the demonstration of peripheral adrenergic nerves in stretch preparations. Glyoxylic acid was better than formaldehyde for the demonstration of the adrenergic nerves. On the other hand, the formaldehyde was better than glyoxylic acid for the demonstration of biogenic amines in cell bodies."
1141025,"Adrenal glands and ovaries of nu/+ and nu/nu female mice were examined histochemically throughout the postnatal life for changes in distribution, intensity and appearance of activities of 3 steroid-converting enzymes. While the 3beta-OH-steroid- and pregnenolone-dehydrogenase did not reveal any difference, the 20alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (20alpha-OH SDH) showed a constant behaviour: the onset of the enzyme activity was detectable in the adrenals of nu/+ mice after the second week of age, in nu/nu mice 3--4 weeks later. The localization of 20alpha-OH-SDH was strictly confined to the zone of small cells, a zone lying between the x-zone and the zona fasciculata. In nu/+ mice, after reached sexual maturity at about 6--8 weeks of age, the enzyme progressively disappeared from the adrenals and simultaneously appeared in the ovaries. In nu/+nu mice, which had been kept separated from mating animals, the 20alpha-OH SDH persisted in adrenals even in adult stages. After pregnancy, both--nu/nu and nu/+, showed 20alpha-OH SDH-activity in ovaries and none in adrenals. In both, the enzyme was localized in involuting corpora lutea, whilst in nu/nu it was also present in the intersitial cells. This study indicates no disturbance in the formation of progesterone, but the process of its degradation, as indicated by 20alpha-OH SDH-activity, is definitely different in nu/+ and nu/nu."
1141026,"The DNA analysis of rat brain nuclei by two independent cytochemical methods, namely microfluorometry and UV-absorption, brings completely different results to those published previously by many investigators. The neuronal nuclei possess twice as much DNA as the glial nuclei."
1141028,"Highly purified sympathetic nerve vesicles isolated from bovine splenic nerves were treated by hypo-osmotic shocks, freeze-thawing or incubation in the absence or presence of ATP and MgCl. The vesicle preparations were then studied morphologically by electron microscopy and their content of noradrenaline (NA), and soluble proteins analyzed biochemically with special regard to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Hypo-osmotic shocks released about 25 per cent of the NA and protein content and about 8 per cent of the DBH activity. This treatment induced swelling of the vesicles but their membranes remained unruptured and they still contained dense cores. Freeze-thawing released about 35 per cent of the NA, 25 per cent of the proteins and 11 per cent of the DBH. After the latter treatment some matrix material still remained in most vesicles but many were less stainable than the intact vesicles in cold control preparations. During incubation at 30 degrees C in an isotonic sucrose-phosphate medium for 30 min the vesicles released most of their NA and soluble DBH activity as well as much of their matrix density. After incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 min most vesicles appeared translucent. After incubation at 30 degrees C for 30 min in the presence of ATP and MgCl the vesicles lost most of their original NA content but retained their DBH activity and most of their matrix density. The results indicate that there is not always a correlation between NA content and retention of matrix density which suggests that DBH might be a component of a macro-molecular complex responsible for the staining reaction taking place in the maxtrix of NA depleted vesicles. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding of striking similarities between DBH isolated from chromaffin granules and the granular and fibrillar material surrounding the nerve vesicles after depletion."
1141029,"The histochemical localization of six enzymic activities (acetylcholinesterase, pseudocholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) has been studied in the vagal and facial lobes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. These encephalic centers are hypertrophic in Cyprinidae, corresponding to the dominance of gustatory function. Acetylcholinesterase shows a complex laminar distribution in the vagal lobes and a peculiar cellular localization in vagal motor neurons. Monoamine oxidase activity is mainly evident in fibrous tracts coming to or leaving from the lobes. Among oxidative enzymes examined, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase exhibit distribution patterns respectively similar to those observed for acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase. Some features on enzymes distribution in the gustatory centers of Carassius are in agreement with the enzymatic patterns well known in higher vertebrates."
1141031,"The clinical, laboratory, and radiographic characteristics of polypoid cystitis in 2 dogs were similar to those commonly associated with neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Gross appearance of the polyps did not permit differentiation between inflammation and neoplasia; microscopic examination of excised tissue was required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Following surgical extirpation of the polyps, remission of clinical signs was induced by prolonged antibacterial therapy."
1141032,"Evaluation of histologic data obtained from 90 breeds of dogs with 3,837 neoplasms collected over 10 years (1961-1971) revealed 21 cases of urinary  bladder neoplasmia in 14 breeds of dogs. There was no breed predispostion. The mean age of dogs with urinary bladder neoplasia was 9.5 years; 6 were males, 13 were females, and 2 were spayed females."
1141033,"A combination of spinal cord decompression, spinal column immobilization, and systemic antibiotic therapy was used to treat discospondylitis in 30 dogs. Recovery was complete in 7 of 9 dogs with cervical involvement and in all 21 dogs with thoracolumbar involvement."
1141034,"A 15-month-old male Beagle with chronic hemolytic anemia was found to have erythrocytic pyruvate kinase deficiency and, terminally, myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis. The dog's erythron was studied by procedures that enabled close comparison with congenital hemolytic anemia (pyruvate kinase deficiency) of Basenji dogs. The affected dog's sire, dam, and one littermate--each clinically and hematologically normal--were found to have 50% reduction in erythrocytic pyruvate kinase (PK) activity."
1141035,Thirty-five 4-day-old embryos were surgically collected from 5 Fleckvieh and 3 Gelbviehheifers. The embryos were transported by air on the same day to a distant rach where 34 embryos were surgically transferred via the flank into recipient cows. Nineteen recipient cows were diagnosed pregnant at approximately 50 days.
1141037,"A feedlot enterprise fattened 50,000 lambs from August, 1973, through May, 1974. Of those that died during that period, 96 were necropsied; of this number 27 (28%) were infected with cysticeri. The parasites produced bore channels in livers and bladder worms on viscera. Some lesions were assessable for their duration of infection."
1141040,"In March, 1973, a large feedlot near Phoenix, AZ, reported an increased incidence of bovine cysticercosis. Approximately 10% of cattle sent to slaughter from January to April, 1973, were infected with the cysticercus stage of Taenia saginata. One employee who worked at the feed mill and loaded hay in the fields was also found to be infected with T saginata. Recommendations for control of similar epizootics included educating employees about mode of transmission and improved personal hygiene, the inauguration of a surveillance program that included examination of employees prior to employment and periodically thereafter, maintenance of animal source and destination records, restriction of unauthorized personnel to critical areas, and periodic microbiologic assay of water supply."
1141041,"Lameness in a group of 5- to 12-month-old calves was found to be clinically, radiographically, and pathologically associated with abnormal bone development of the distal growth plates of the metacarpus and metatarsus. Copper concentrations in serum and liver were low. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase values were normal. In pasture forage samples, sulfate, zinc, and molybdenum concentrations were high, whereas copper, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations were normal. Red blood cell (RBC) counts and hemoglobin values were within normal limits. Radiographic findings included a widened zone of cartilage and lipping of the medial and lateral areas of the physeal plate. Histologic findings included focal widenings of the growth plate consisting of tongues of uncalcified cartilage."
1141043,"Progressive hypotrichosis was detected in 2 silver male Miniature Poodle siblings at 5 weeks of age. A male and 2 female siblings had normal black coats. The sire, a 3-year-old black Miniature Poodle, and the dam, a 2-year-old silver Miniature Poodle, also had normal coats. Microscopically, the hypotrichotic skin had accumulations of keratotic debris and melanin in dilated hair canals and melanin deposits in and around inactive hair bulbs. Sex-linked or sex-limited inheritance may have been involved, inasmuch as both affected dogs were males."
1141046,"Electron microscopial techniques were used to study mouse embryos at implantation stages (5 1/2 days post coitum). Evidence was obtained indicating that trophoblast cells remove uterine luminal epithelial cells by phagocytosis. Small coated vesicles very probably play an important role in the process of digestion of uterine cells by the trophoblast. Two types of endoderm cell were present: the embryonic endodermal cells contained organelles appropriate to a nutritive pathway; the extra-embryonic endodermal cells were relatively poorly developed compared with those of the embryonic endoderm, and remained as a discontinuous layer. The ectoderm contained few organelles. Epithelium formation is described. Junctions only develop between cells in the same germ layer except for occasional ones, including desmosomes, between trophoblast and uterine epithelial cells. The author wishes to thank Professors J.M.F. Landsmeer and W.T. Daems for their stimulating discussions during this research project and for their helpful comments during the preparation of the manuscript. The Laboratory for Electron Microscopy kindly provided full facilities. The assistance of Mr J. Tinkelenberg in the preparation of the drawing (Fig. 1) is acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Mrs 2. seeger for reading the English manuscript and to Miss Ria Stokman for typing it."
1141047,"Extensive development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and comparatively less developed Golgi membranes were seen in the cells of chondrocyte clusters which had formed in the vicinity of cartilage defects produced by intra-articular papain and cortisone injections. These cells frequently showed myelin-like membranous figures. These figures were seen either close to the cell membrane, or between cells, or connected to the nuclear envelope or the endoplasmic reticulum. The hypothesis is advanced that the myelin figures are made from redundant material which was not used for membrane formation. Cortisone, which is known to interfere with mitochondrial function and general metabolic processes, could have been responsible for the deficiency in membrane differentiation and transfer. This investigation was supported by grants from the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation and from the Research Evaluation and Allocation Committee of the School of Medicine, Univeristy of California, San Francisco."
1141048,"The temporal and spatial parameters of oestrogen-induced increases in RNA, protein and DNA synthesis were investigated autoradiographically in mice undergoing experimental diapause. The tritiated precursors, uridine, amino acid hydrolysate and thymide, were instilled into uterine lumen for a 15 minute pulse at various times after subcutaneous oestrogen treatment. RNA synthesis increased between 15 and 30 minutes, and protein synthesis between 30 and 45 minutes, after oestrogen administration. DNA synthesis did not increase up to 24 hours after oestorgen. No spatial correlations could be made between trophoblastic giant cell transformation and the RNA and protein synthesis although both are induced by oestrogen."
1141049,"We have found that, in the dog at birth, the right ventricle weighed significantly more than the left. At 3 days the left ventricle weighed the same as the right ventricle. No evidence for postnatal atrophy of the right ventricle was found--the right ventricle simply gained weight at a much slower rate than the left. The left ventricle weighed significantly more than the right at 7,9,11,13,15 and 17 days."
1141050,"The development of the olfactory epithelium from the 10th day of gestation of postnatal life has been examined electron miscroscopically in the mouse. At 10 days' gestation the epithelium is already differentiated into dark and pale cells, the former representing embryonic stem cells and the latter the developing receptors. Axons are also visible at this stage. At 11 days the first signs of dendrite formation appear, and at 12 days spheroidal terminal swellings containing numerous microtubules are present at the apices of receptor dendrites. Centriole clusters also appear in the receptor cell bodies and dendrites. From the 12th to the 16th day of gestation a few cilia are formed on the receptor endings. Final steps in the maturation of differentiating receptors begin on the 17th day of gestation, when membranous organelles and lysosomes increase greatly in numbers. However, immature receptors can still be found in the base of the epithelium in postnatal life. Supporting cells are first recognizable on the 17th day of gestation, derived apparently from the remaining stem cells. At the same time differentiated basal cells and glands of Bowman begin to appear. In the early develoment of the olfactory nerve bundles the axons have large and varying diameters, but later on axonal sizes are progressively reduced and the adult size range is achieved at about 18 days of gestation. The significance of these findings is discussed."
1141051,"Fetal or newborn rat and guinea-pig sympathetic ganglia were cultured in Rose chambers. After periods of up to 14 days in vitro, cultures were processed for catecholamine fluorescence or acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The two types of neuron previously identified showed different histochemical reactions. The less frequent, smaller Type I cells contained catecholamine but did not stain for acetylcholinesterase. These cells may be immature. The more common Type II cells showed reactions for both catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase and in this respect resembled mature ganglion cells."
1141052,"A study has been made of the consequences of in utero decapitation on the morphological and physiological development of the fetal lung. Fetal rabbits were decapitated in situ at 22 days, without losing any amniotic fluid, and allowed to continue their development with their undamaged littermates as controls. Such decapitation, of course, removes the pituitary and so interferes with adrenal cortical development. Morphological studies showed an interference with lung development in that, although the number of alveolar saccules increased normally, their walls failed to thin. In the decapitated fetuses, a reduction in the number of lamellated bodies per Type II pneumonocyte was found at each age studied; while dense, homogeneous bodies were more numerous. The normal disappearance of glycogen in the Type II pneumonocytes of the decapitated fetuses was retarded. Physiological studies supported these findings. In control fetuses allowed to breathe for a while the Bubble Stability Ratio increased rapidly from day 26 to reach a maximum at 28 days; whereas, in the decapitated ones, bubble stability was not apparent before day 28 and by the 29th day had reached a maximum which was lower than that of the controls. In the control fetuses, lecithin was detected in lung fluid from 26 days on, and in stomach fluid from 29 days. It is argued that lung development must be, at least in part, under the control of the fetus' own pituitary-adrenal axis."
1141053,"Light and electron miscroscopy were employed to study the structure and innervation of the rat snout. The hairless skin at the tip of the snout was covered in epidermal ridges similar to the ridges seen on primate finger skin. Three types of nerve ending were observed in relation to the surface of snout: corpuscular, found in dermal papillae between epidermal rete ridges: hederiform, found in relation to Merkel cells at the base of the rete ridges; and free, which entered the epidermis from the sides and top of the dermal papillae. The evidence suggests that there may be two ultrastructurally distinct intraepidermal nerve fibres."
1141054,"The effects of ovariectomy at day 12 of pregnancy on the proliferative activity of the uterine epithelium, metrial gland and uterine muscle in the rat were studied by autoradiography in animals killed one hour after a single injection of tritiated thymidine. The results were amplified by histological and histochemical studies. One day after operation epithelial proliferation was impaired in the ovarectomized animals. From 16 days onwards, however, proliferative activity was at a lower level in controls than in the ovariectomized animals. Three days after ovariectomy uptake of tritiated thymidine by metrial gland cells was less than in the controls. The metrial gland became smaller after ovariectomy and showed histological and histochemical changes from the normal pattern. The increased thickness of the uterine muscle in the ovariectomized animals from the 16 day stage onwards was not associated with any significant change in the labelling index of the muscle cells. The results are discussed in relation to the changes in endocrine environment which may occur after ovariectomy."
1141056,"The articular surfaces have been examined in 45 left ankle joints from a random series of adult necropsies in the city of Liverpool. Foci of overt fibrillation, with frank splitting of the articular cartilage surface, were extremely common in the ankle joint and were often already apparent in young adults. With increasing age overt fibrillation tended on the whole to become extensive, but this tendency was partly obscured by considerable variation between individuals. It initially and especially affected the periphery of the cartilage sheets and the boundaries between the central and malleolar articulation territories. Possible explanations for this peripheral susceptibility are discussed. One or more sites on the non-peripheral parts of the lateral and medial malleolar surfaces were next in order of susceptibility. The central territory of the articulation was the least susceptible to overt fibrillation. Minimal fibrillation, with a very superficial splitting of the cartilage surface, could occur at any site on the ankle joint surfaces. With increasing age, extensive involvement of the central territory by this minimal change was much more common than extensive overt fibrillation here. The surface markings of minimal fibrillation sometimes showed a macroscopially apparent orientation en face. In one sort these were parallel to flexion-extension movement and consistent with track markings from abrasive-adhesive wear. In a second sort they were parallel to the dominant en face orientation of the superficial cartilage collagen. The topography and natural history of cartilage fibrillation at the ankle joint is discussed with reference to Liverpool data from other joints. Some of the older ankles showed peripheral segments of fibrous tissue-covered cartilage loss. This feature was attributed to ""ageing"" rather than osteoarthrosis. Only 1 of 20 left ankles from subjects more than 70 years old showed any region of full-thickness uncalcified cartilage loss with abrasive wear of 'osteoarthritic' type. Thus it would seem that in the majority of the Lverpool population the articular cartilage of the normal ankle joint has a high resistance to the type of vertical wear found in clinically demonstrable osteoarthrosis. The practical implications of this conclusion are discussed."
1141076,"This study investigated the effects of interruption and differential reinforcement on seizures in children. Seizures were conceptualized as the terminal link in a behavioral chain, resulting in a strategy aimed at identifying and modifying behaviors that reliably preceded the seizure climax. Seizure frequency was reduced in four of five subjects, whereas the frequency of preseizure behavior was reduced in only three subjects. Parents and school personnel were successfully used as change agents."
1141077,"Workshops and seminars to expose different sectors of the professional community to the principles and applications of behavior modification are briefly discussed. The possible misapplication of procedures by conference participants, whose only exposure to behavioral methods has been at these workshops is viewed as a potentially serious ethical issue. It is suggested that the goals of such seminars and workshops must be clarified, and methods of evaluation of the participants' skills devised, lest we contribute to the misapplication of procedures and to the criticism that behavioral methods are unethical approaches to treatment."
1141079,"The efficacy of several methods of aversive control of excessive alcoholic drinking was investigated in a semi-naturalistic setting that permitted objective measurement of the drinking behavior of chronic alcoholics. Studies 1A and 1B compared an excape-conditioning precedure with a control procedure in which aversive electrical shocks were administered before drinking. Neither procedure effectively decreased subjects' pretreatment, baseline alcoholic drinking behavior. In Study 2, aversive response-contingent shocks effectively suppressed alcoholic drinking, but drinking subsequently returned to its former levels after withdrawal of punishment. Self-administered shock appeared to be as effective as experimenter-administered punishment  for controlling drinking, even  when the punishment contingency was faded out over time. Study 3 replicated the suppressant effect of punishment, and demonstrated that contingent shock was significantly more effective than yoked, noncontingent shock. A direct comparison of self-versus experimenter-administered punishment suggested a possible slight advantage for the latter."
1141080,"Covariation within behavior repertoires of problem children were examined. Two boys, referred for psychological help, were observed both at school and at home for about 3 yr. A coded observation system permitted scoring of 19 child-behavior categories and six social-environment categories. After a two-month baseline, behavior categories were intercorrelated, demonstrating that each child showed a group of behaviors that covaried. These groupings were specific to the home and school settings. Contingency management procedures were then applied to each child's problem behaviors in one setting. Next, a reversal phase was instituted, followed by resumption of the initial contingency management phase. These three phases lasted seven months, until the end of the children's public school terms. Results showed that the baseline group of covarying behaviors continued to covary over the three experimental phases. The children then entered a remedial education setting for three summer months, and then returned to schools and were observed in follow-up for 2 yr. The baseline group of behaviors continued to covary during both phases. The behavior covariations could not be accounted for on the basis of temporal relations between the behaviors and social enviroment categories. Although no behavior covariations extended across either child's home and school settings, contingency management procedures produced across-setting effects."
1141081,Punishment with aromatic ammonia was used to eliminate self-injurious behavior of an autistic woman during experimental sessions. The effects were reversible but were limited to experimental sessions until staff used the ammonia on the ward at all times.
1141082,"Even though administrators must have effective staff-management procedures to ensure implementation of desired programs, many traditional staff-management proceudres remain unevaluated. This study investigated the effectiveness of three such procedures. The administrator of an institution for the retarded (1) sent a memo instructing all staff to lead daily recreational activities, (2) sponsored a workshop teaching staff to lead such activities, and (3) assigned staff activity leaders and provided performance feedback to staff by publicly posting the daily average number of active residents on each ward. Neither the memo nor the workshops motivated staff to lead activities, but after staff were scheduled to lead such activities and given performance feedback, the average daily number of residents engaged in activities on four wards for 95 retarded persons increased from seven to 32. The administration of this facility has adopted similar procedures to maintain such activities on all wards."
1141083,"Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and noncontingent reinforcement were compared as control procedures during the modification of a 3-yr-old preschooler's compliance. The recorded reinforcer was teacher proximity (within 3 ft (0.9) of the subject for at least 5 sec) which was often accompanied by positive verbal comments that varied in content across experimental conditions. The verabal content during contingent reinforcement might have been: ""Thank you for picking up the blocks""; during non-contingent reinforcement: ""You're wearing a pretty dress""; and during DRO: ""I don't blame you for not picking up because it isn't any fun"". Contingent reinforcement increased compliance in all manipulation conditions. Noncontingent reinforcement decreased compliance during two reversal conditions. However, the behavior was variable and did not decrease to the low levels reached during the two DRO reversals."
1141084,"Two different prompting procedures to teach visual and auditory discriminations to autistic children were compared. The first involved presenting an added cue as an extra-stimulus prompt. This required the child to respond to both prompt and training stimulus. The second involved the use of a within-stimulus prompt. This consisted of an exaggeration of the relevant component of the training stimulus and thus did not require that the child respond to multiple cues. The results indicated that (1) children usually failed to learn the discriminations without a prompt, (2) children always failed to learn when the extra-stimulus prompt was employed but usually did learn with the within-stimulus prompt, and (3) these findings were independent of which modality (auditory or visual) was required for the discrimination."
1141085,"Five men underwent a 2-wk exercise regimen and were then exposed to 45 degrees C db, 28 degrees C wb, wind speed 1 m/s for 12 h while at rest. Body weight was maintained with 0.1% saline. One week later the exposure was repeated without rehydration. After heat acclimatization, the 12-h experiments were repeated. Frequent body weights, rectal temperatures, and venous blood samples were obtained. Results indicated that hemodilution upon acute heat exposure is partially due to protein influx into the vascular volume and the hemodilution allowed considerable loss of body water before plasma volume returned to preexposure values. Water within the vascular volume appeared to be in equilibrium with that in other body compartments before but not after acclimatization. Acclimatization altered the rate of protein transfer (and water movement) such that hemodilution was accomplished more rapidly than before acclimatization. Early hemodilution was quite labile and depended upon subject hydration during the first hour of heat exposure."
1141086,"Chest wall mechanics were studied in six healthy volunteers before and during anesthesia prior to surgery. The intratracheal, esophageal, and intragastric pressures were measured concurrently. Gas flow was measured by pneumotachography and gas volume was obtained from it by electrical integration. Rib cage and abdomen movements were registered with magnetometers, these being calibrated by ""isovolume"" maneuvers. During spontaneous breathing in the conscious state, rib cage volume displacement corresponded to 40% of the tidal volume. During anesthesia and artificial ventilation, this rose to 72% of the tidal volume. The relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen displacements were not influenced by a change in tidal volume. Compliance was higher with a larger tidal volume, a finding which could be due to a curved pressure-volume relationship of the overall chest wall."
1141087,"We examined oxygen consumption by lung slices and measured the volume density of mitochondria of granular pneumocytes, alveolar type I cells, and alveolar capillary endothelial cells in several species. We found that lung oxygen consumption (mu-1 02 times h-1 times mg DNA-1) varies inversely with the log of animal body weight and with the species alveolar diameter and directly with the species respiratory rate. The volume density of granular pneumocyte mitochondria show a direct linear correlation with the lung's oxygen consumption and the species respiratory rate, and an inverse linear correlation with the species alveolar diameter. The volume density of mitochondria in type I alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells, considered together, did not differ in the two species studied (mouse and rat). We conclude that there are interspecies differences in oxygen consumption by lung cells and that granular pneumocytes contribute to these differences. We suggest that, at least part of these differences, are related to interspecies differences in surfactant secretory activity."
1141088,"Four controls and eight burned patients with thermal injury ranging from 7 to 84% total body surface were studied in an environmental chamber at 25 and 33 degrees C ambient temperature and a constant vapor pressure during two consecutive 24-h periods. Hypermetabolism was present in the burn patients in both ambient temperatures and core and skin temperatures were consistently higher than in the normal men despite increased evaporative water loss. The higher environmental temperature decreased metabolic rate in patients with large thermal injuries in whom the decrement in dry heat loss produced by higher ambient temperature exceeded the increase of wet heat loss. In patients with burns smaller than 60%, these changes equaled one another and higher environmental temperature exerted no effect on metabolic rate. Core-skin heat conductivity increased with burn size; patients with large burns were characterized by inadequate core-skin insulation when exposed to the cooler environment, necessitating the compensatory increase of metabolic rate. This increase, however, was small and of the order of 5-8 kcal times m-2 times h-1."
1141089,"Isolated tracheal preparation (ITP) has been studied from rabbits adapted to 24 days simulated hypobaria (PB = 395 mmHg), corresponding to an elevation of 17,000ft (5,000m). During this daily hypobaric exposure, the growth of these animals was continuous and final hematocrit reached 70%. After 24 days of hypobaric exposure, the sensitivity of ITP was tested to acute hypercapnia and acute anoxia. Acute hypercapnia was induced by aerating a muscle chamber with a gas mixture of 85% oxygen and 15% carbon dioxide. During that time, the PCO2 of the experimental solution increased from 24 to 66 mmHg with a corresponding change of pH from 7.39 to 7.10. ITP from rabbits exposed to chronic hypoxia reveals a greater sensitivity to acute hypercapnia as measured by active tension (AT max) and rate of tension development (dT/dt). Acute anoxia was induced by aerating a muscle chamber with a gas mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. During 20 min of these conditions, the Po2 decreased from 520 to 25 mmHg. Although the contractility diminished at approximately equal rates in both groups in response to acute anoxia, preparation from animals exposed to hypobaria showed statistically a significantly greater ability to recover from the anoxic state."
1141090,"The effects of changes in airway CO2 partial pressure (PAco2) and arterial CO2 partial pressure (Paco2) on lung mechanics were studied in dogs by utilizing unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion and a tracheal divider which allowed separate variation of PAco2 and Paco2. When Paco2 was held at a reasonably normal level, lower than normal PAco2 levels resulted in large compliance decreases, alteration of the complete static pressure-volume curves, and increases in resistance. Invreases in PAco2 to hypercapnic levels did not produce changes. When PAco2 was held at a reasonably normal level, changes in Paco2 levels were positively and directly related to resistance with small and inconsistent effects on compliance and on complete static pressure-volume curves. A combination of low PAco2 and high Paco2 produced large increases in resistance, alterations of the static pressure-volume curve, and decreases in compliance. Vagotomy during the combined stimulus resulted in only a decrease in resistance without change in lung elastic properties. The results suggest that the mechanical effects of airway hypocapnia and systemic hypercapnia are additive. However, small airways effects of low PAco2 appear to be maximal and uninfluenced by the vagally mediated response to Paco2 increases."
1141091,"We have investigated the relative effects of lung edema and of increases in pulmonary blood volume (PBV) on lung compliance (CL), and also the effects of selective elevations of pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures on PBV and on CL, using an isolated, perfused, and ventilated rabbit lung preparation. Lung weight was continuously recorded. A step rise in Pla at constant flow caused a rapid rise in PBV accompanied by an immediate fall in CL. With maintained high vascular pressures interstitial edema accumulated with no further fall in CL. Not until 3 times the normal amount of extra-vascular fluid had accumulated did a further, secondary reduction in CL occur. When Ppa was elevated to the same level by 1) a rise in flow and 2) a rise in Pla, the latter type of experiment gave 3-5 times larger increases in PBV. Pla elevations with or without rise in Ppa (flow adjusted) gave almost the same rises in PBV. The fall in CL was related to rises in PBV regardless of how such rises were obtained. Our conclusion is that increases in PBV, but not accumulation of interstitial edema, reduced CL in this preparation."
1141092,"Isolated canine kidneys perfused with cryoprecipitated plasma at 15 degrees C exhibit unexpectedly low inulin clearance (CIn) and creatinine clearance (CCr) rates. CIn and CCr, as well as p-aminohoppurate (PAH) clearance, varied linearly with urine flow rate, whether the variations in urine flow were spontaneous or induced, either by elevating perfusion pressure or by adding mannitol to the perfusate. Retrograde intraureteral injection (RII) of an isotonic fluid containing dextran, inulin, and PAH, followed by a period of ureteral occlusion and subsequent serial recollection of the injected fluid, revealed that inulin and PAH, relative to dextran, were lost from distal tubular fluid. Similar experiments in anesthetized dogs indicated no loss of inulin or PAH from tubules of in situ kidneys. Renal venous perfusate, collected from isolated kidneys during the low pressure phase of the RII, contained the following percentages of the quantities injected intraluminally: dextran, 9.22%; inulin, 11.0%; and PAH, 22.0%. These data indicate that a low measured glomerular filtration rate in hypothermic perfused kidneys is partly due to diffusion of inulin or creatinine out of the tubular lumen."
1141093,"This study was undertaken to determine the effects of 2,450-MHz microwave irradiation on thermoregulation, metabolism, and cardiovascular function of rats. Young adult male animals (430 g) were exposed for 30 min to 2,450-MHz microwaves in a cavity at absorbed dose rates of 0, 4.5, 6.5, or 11.1 mW/G. For animals of the size used in this study, these dose rates represent absorption of energy at the rate of 27.7, 40.1, and 68.2 cal/min, respectively. For a period of 5 h following exposure, measurements were made of colonic temperature, skin temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, and heart rate. Rats that received 27.7 cal/min for 30 min exhibited an initial transient increase in colonic and skin temperatures but no alterations in other functions. The group irradiated at 40.1 cal/min had greater elevations in colonic and skin temperatures immediately after exposure, followed by overcompensation and lower than normal colonic temperatures for about 3 h. The metabolic rate was depressed in this group for 3 h. Bradycardia developed within 20 min after exposure and persisted for about 3 h. The group of rats that received 68.2 cal/min for 30 min had responses similar to those of the 40.1 cal/min group, but the changes were more severe and lasted longer. In addition, a number of transient abnormalities were noted in the ECG tracings of rats that had received the highest dose, including irregular rhythms and incomplete heart block. The physiological changes observed in this study can be attributed to the heating induced by irradiation."
1141094,"Hormone, electrolyte, and body fluid compartment changes were studied in subjects who either spent time at 10,000 ft before flying to 17,500 ft or were premedicated with acetazolamide and flown directly to 17,500 ft. In the former group, at 10,000 ft, renin and aldosterone were not different from control. Cortisol increased significantly from 9.8 to 19.5 mug/100 ml on the third day. At 17,500 ft, renin, aldosterone and cortisol were significantly elevated on day 3 but had returned to control levels by day 5. Sodium and potassium excretion was significantly reduced at both altitudes. Total body water, extracellular and plasma volume were reduced (P less than 0.05) at 17,500 ft. Subjects pretreated with acetazolamide and flown directly to 17,500 ft had significant increases (P less than 0.001) in plasma renin, aldosterone, and cortisol levels during the first 4 days at altitude. On day 1 there was a decrease of 45% in sodium and 38% in potassium excretion. On day 4 there was a decrease of 63% and 51%, respectively. These changes are not associated with the premedication. The initial changes may reflect the immediate response to stress and alkalosis followed by a return to control levels as the body adapts to altitude."
1141095,"Central and peripheral blood flow of denitrogenated dogs, measured in the femoral artery and aorta, declined rapidly and ceased within mean times of 28, 35, 70, or 90 s after 1-, 10-, 30-, or 60-s decompressions from 258 Torr to 2 Torr, respectively. Neither arterial nor venous hypoxemia was seen after 1-s decompressions since the hypoxic blood did not reach the aorta. In contrast, arterial and venous O2 saturation levels dropped as low as 12 or 6% following 10- to 60-s decompressions since circulation continued. A severe and transient decerebratelike rigidity and subsequent temporary flaccid paralysis of the hind legs was seen during recovery from decompressions slower than 1 s, whereas only a mild temporary flaccid paralysis was frequently present after 1-s decompression. The more severe responses following 10- to 60-s decompressions are associated with the greater hypoxemia after slow decompressions, indicating tissue hypoxia is more severe when decompression rate is slow."
1141096,"Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) were measured in 24 beagle dogs aged 289-3,882 days. DLco and Vc were a function of age and alveolar volume (Va). Vc decreased with age resulting in changes in DLco. Changes in Vc may have been due to pulmonary morphological changes or to an exaggerated decrease in pulmonary blood flow in old dogs in response to 20-30 cmH-2O transpulmonary pressure. There was no age-related change in Dm."
1141097,"Static pulmonary and total compliance during expiration was measured in fifteen healthy anesthetized ponies. Mean body weight of the ponies was 140.6 kg and ranged from 83.6 to 211.4 kg. For the fifteen ponies, mean values and SD were: total compliance (Ct), 168.7 plus or minus 47.2 ml/CMH2O, and mean pulmonary compliance (Cl), 368.4 plus or minus 90.3 ml/cmH2O. Both Ct and Cl were significantly dependent on body weight, calculated surface area, height at the withers, and circumference about the chest. Repeatability of compliance measurement from day to day was confirmed by measuring compliance on consecutive days in four ponies."
1141098,"The isolated effects of alterations of lung inflation and transmural pulmonary arterial pressure (pressure difference between intravascular and pleural pressure) on pulmonary arterial blood volume (Vpa) were investigated in anesthetized intact dogs. Using transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation, changes in transmural pulmonary arterial pressure (Ptm) at  a fixed transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) were produced by the Mueller maneuver, and increases in Ptp at relatively constant Ptm by a quasi-Valsalva maneuver. Also, both Ptm and Ptp were allowed to change during open airway lung inflation. Vpa was determined during these three maneuvers by multiplying pulmonary blood flow by pulmonary arterial mean transit time obtained by an ether plethysmographic method. During open airway lung inflation, mean (plus or minus SD) Ptp increased by 7.2 (plus or minus 3.7) cmH2O and Ptm by 4.3 (plus or minus 3.4) cmH2O for a mean increase in Vpa by 26.2 (plus or minus 10.7) ml. A pulmonary arterial compliance term (Delta Vpa/Delta Ptm) calculated from the Mueller maneuver was 3.9 ml/cmH2O and an interdependence term (Delta Vpa/Delta Ptp) calculated from the quasi-Valsalva maneuver was 2.5 ml/cmH2O for a 19% increase in lung volume, and 1.2 ml/cmH2O for an increase in lung volume from 19% to 35%. These findings indicate that in normal anesthetized dogs near FRC for a given change in Ptp and Ptm the latter results in a greater increase of Vpa."
1141099,"Extravascular thermal volume of the lung (ETVL) is a double indicator dilution technique of use in measuring pulmonary edema. ETVL and lung mechanics measurements were followed to find a less invasive monitor of pulmonary edema than the double indicator dilution technique. Pulmonary edema was induced by overloading the dogs' circulation with dextran. Phases of overload were defined on the basis of a previous electron microscopic study (Noble et al., Can. Anesthetists Soc. J. 21:275, 1974) of lung biopsies relating anatomic changes to physiologic measurements of ETVL and central blood volume (CBV). Congestion occurred when CBV was elevated and ETVL was not, interstitial edema when ETVL was elevated but smaller than 60% above control and alveolar edema when ETVL greater than 85% above control. Once the dogs were in alveolar edema, they were mechanically ventilated with 4, 8, 12, and 16 cmH2O end-tidal pressure (CPPV). Mean functional residual capacity (FRC) for all 15 dogs did not change up to the time CPPV was applied. Pulmonary resistance did not rise until alveolar edema was present. Once in pulmonary edema, lung compliance always fell as lung water increased. In individual dogs, the compliance fall was directly proportional to the rising lung water. However, the variations in slope and beginning point among dogs made it difficult to predict the amount of lung water from dynamic compliance values. PaO2 fell markedly in alveolar edema as a result of a widened A-a gradient. CPPV did not decrease lung water but did increase FRC and PaO2."
1141100,"After implantation of Guérin carcinoma in rats, cardiac output (by Evans-blue dilution), distribution of the organ fractions of cardiac output (by Sapirsteins's isotope indicator fractionation technique), nutritive blood flow and circulatory resistance of the organs (including the tumor) were studied. The following parameters were altered proportionately to the weight of the tumor (0.39-84.0 g): a) weight of gut and carcass diminished; b) cardiac index increased, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance decreased; c) tumor fraction of cardiac output was augmented; d) blood flow of the organs increased and their circulatory resistance decreased. Hematocrit decreased from 47.2 to 31.0% 20 days after tumor implantation. In rats with tumor the changes of blood flow may be conditioned by both anemia and the decrease in organ weight."
1141101,The hypothesis that respiratory frequency and the relative durations of inspiration and expiration are regulated according to a total cycle work rate minimization criterion was explored. Effects of negative work performed by the respiratory muscles and dead space variation as a function of tidal volume were included in a formulation which yielded a theoretically predictable optimal frequency and relative duration of inspiration and expiration at all levels of ventilation. Predicted cycle characteristics based on measured mechanical parameters were compared with data taken during CO-2 inhalation (3 and 5%) and moderate exercise (MRR = 3 and 6) in three normal human subjects. No major difference in breathing pattern was observed between CO-2 inhalation and exercise. Results suggest that conditions for minimization of total cycle work rate are achieved asympototically as the level of ventilation rises above the resting level. At rest and at low levels of hyperpnea complete work rate optimization is not achieved.
1141102,"Values for the effective axial diffusivity D for laminar flow of a gas species in the bronchial airways have been obtained as a function of the mean axial gas velocity u by experiment measurements of benzene vapor dispersion in a five generation glass tube model of the bronchial tree. For both inspiration and expiration D is seen to be approximately a linear function of u over the range of Reynolds' numbers 30-2,000 corresponding to peak flows in bronchial generations 0-13 under resting breathing conditions. The diffusivity for expiration is seen to be approximately one-third that for inspiration due presumably to increased radial mixing at bifurcations during expiration. The effective diffusivities relative to the molecular diffusivity can be expressed by the formulas D/Dmol = 1 + 1.08 NPe for inspiration and D/Dmol = 1 + .37 N-Pe for expiration. These velocity dependent diffusivities help to explain the short transit times of gas boluses from mouth to alveoli and will aid in the analysis of airway gas mixing by mathematical transport equations."
1141103,"The response pattern of the rectal temperature of unanesthetized rats exposed to an acute heat in a room of 42.5 degrees C, rh 40% was analyzed in relation to survival time (S), equilibrium rectal temperature (Te), rise in Te from the initial temperature (Delta Te), and the slope of the changes in rectal temperature during the equilibrium period (Gt). A very wide fluctuation of the survival time (from 46.8 to 250.0 min) was observed between individual rats. For prediction of the survival time, following formula was obtained: log(S) = K1 - K2 times log (Te) - K3 times log (Delta  Te) + k4 times 10- minus Gt. K1-4 are constants which differ according to sex. The predicted survival time showed highly constant results in individual rats when measured by repeated exposures. The predicted time coincided well with the survival time actually measured, the difference between the two (measured minus predicted) being 2.2 plus or minus 21.7 min (mean plus or minus SD) IN 77 RATS. There was also a significant correlation between the survival time predicted for acute heat exposure and the actual survival time of individual rats when they were exposed to a chronic heat by daily elevation of the rearing room temperature by 1.0 degrees C."
1141104,"A system suitable for prolonged continuous in vivo measurement of human arterial PO2 is described. The system uses a polarographic electrode developed by Kimmich and Kreuzer, inserted in a specially made shunt between the radial artery and an antecubital vein. Nhe electrode surface is maintained in a fixed position parallel to the flow of blood; blood velocity dependency is small owing to the high flow rate achieved (more than 40 cm/s); clotting is prevented by the material used and the continuous instillation of heparin through the arterial end of the shunt. The system has been tested in vitro; it is stable (variation less than 0.5% in 24 h), linear and precise (plus or minus 0.2%) in a broad range of PO2 values (from about 10 mmHg to more than 700 mmHg); its response time is 0.4 s per 95% of deflection. It has been applied to 35 patients for periods ranging between 6 and 24 h; most of the patients were ventilated by an Engstrom respirator."
1141105,"A continuous-flow sampling system (CFS) for convenient and rapid determination of respiratory gas exchange during steady-state exercise was described. CFS was compared to the classical bag collection system (BCS) by utilizing both methods concurrently during exercise for analysis of 32 1-min gas samples. The gas collected by BCS was analyzed by chemical absorption. The error in the gas mixing and sampling technique of CFS contributed to the absolute error of the gas analysis but did not adversely affect the reliability. The linear regression analysis on the data suggests that CFS is a relatively accurate and reliable system for use at light and moderate levels of steady-state work. However, it is hypothesized that unsteady-state conditions and heavy exercise, which elicits high ventilation rates, would compromise the accuracy and reliability of CFS. Therefore, it is recommended that the traditional BCS be utilized for determination of maximal oxygen uptake."
1141106,"The aggregation of human platelets induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was used to evaluate electronic particle size analyzer measurements of platelet aggregates in plasma. As platelets began to clump in plasma, the total volume and the diameter of individual aggregates increased; after a time dependent on experimental conditions, the diameter increased but the total volume remained unchanged. Similar but opposite changes in size distribution occurred during platelet deaggregation. The total volume of aggregates formed in plasma varied (linear correlation coefficient = 0.99) with the total volume of platelets which were available to clump and with simultaneous changes in optical density. The diameter of the aggregates varied with the concentration of, and time of exposure to, ADP and with the total volume of platelets and aggregates in plasma was not different from that of control platelets in untreated plasma, the individual platelets aggregated without an accompanying increase in size. This study demonstrates that platelet aggregation can be characterized by electronic measurements of the size distribution of platelet aggregates."
1141107,"The purpose of this investigation was to predict body density of young and middle-aged women and to determine if the use of a greater variety of variables, particularly those for fat in the bust and hip regions, increases the predictability of body density. Body density determined by the hydrostatic technique (dependent variable) was obtained from 83 volunteer young women and 60 middle-aged women ranging from 18 to 22 and 33 to 50 yr of age, respectively. Independent variables included 8 skinfold, 13 girth, and 7 diameter measures; age; height; weight; and bra and cup sizes. Mean body density for young women was 1.043 g/ml (SD plus or minus 0.014) and percent fat, 24.8 (SD plus or minus 6.4); 1.031 g/ml (SD plus or minus 0.015) and 29.8% (SD plus or minus 6.7) for middle aged subjects. Percent fat was calculated by the formula of Siri. Factor analysis was used to examine the dimensions measured by the independent variables as a function of age. A multiple regression model was used to develop predictions of body density from the independent variables. The best combination of four variables for predicting body density was skinfold thigh, skinfold suprailiac, cup size, skinfold suprailiac, girth waist, and skinfold thigh (R = 0.89) for middle-aged women. The data showed that the highest predictons were found by using combinations of skinfold, girth, and diameter variables; cup size also supported the need for different regression equations for different age groups."
1141108,A system is described for rapid and effective venous cannulation for long-term administration of fluids in rabbits. This method is completely free of any harness or sling-type apparatus and in no way interferes with the normal mobility of the animal. The animals maintained in this way have participated in programs of tri-weekly administration (2-3 ml/dose) of fluid for as long as 5 mo.
1141109,"In 14 persons the skin temperature has been measured by means of thermistor thermometer. The influence of the shape of the probe and the pressure exerted on the resulting value of the skin temperature has been proved. In 10 additional men the relation of the temperature difference (deltaT) to the exerted pressure (P) was determined, the regression equations were derived for relation deltaT/P, and the correlation coefficients for recalculation of the temperatures measured by thermistor thermometer with the pressure exerted 20 g to values determined by thermovision. The skin temperature values determined by thermography were used in 24 formulas (3-16 points) for calculation of mean skin temperature. The differences of the means in determining the optimal method (16 points) were evaluated by the t-test and by the percentage expression of aggrement for criteria plus or minus 0.1, plus or minus 0.2, plus or minus 0.5, and plus or minus 0.1 degrees C. For precise laboratory work 10 points of measurement are recommended; for measurement in the field 6 points of measurement are enough. Orientational measurement can be performed very well by means of Ramanathan method (4 points)."
1141110,"A digital timer is described which generates a number of pulses whose delays with respect to a periodic reference pulse can be independently preset by means of thumbwheel switches. The timing intervals are crystal-controlled and can be varied over a wide range--typically 0.1 ms to 99.99 s. It is shown how a pulse train of up to 46 pulses may be obtained, the delay of each pulse in the train being individually presettable. Digital integrated circuits are used throughout, except for the output stage of enhanced drive capability."
1141111,A circiut was designed for measuring maximum negative or positive potentials occurring during an action potential. The basic functional unit is a peak-holding circuit that is reset following each action potential. The output of the circuit is displayed on a digital meter and may also be used to drive a point plotter for a graphic presentation of data.
1141112,"The site of greatest airway deformation in dog lungs was located during maximum expiratory flow by use of tantalum bronchography, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and airway pressure measurements. A series of area vs. transmural pressure curves for each of these segments of the airway was produced after stepwise changes in transmural pressure. Measurements of area were made using cinephotography to elucidate the effect of time on airway compliance. The maximum flow rate was calculated using the t = 0.1 s compliance curve of the airway. An equation was derived so that maximum flow (V) could be calculated from the area (A) and transmural pressure (Ptm) of the flow-limiting segment. This equation, V = K-A square root of Ptm, implied that if V were constant then A must vary as Ptm-1/2. It was demonstrated that the area-transmural pressure curve of the flow-limiting segment showed this relationship between A and Ptm and that the flow calculated from this equation and the data from the A-Ptm curve gave flows identical to those measured during maximum expiration. The phenomena of effort-independent flow and negative effort dependence are also explained in terms of the area-transmural pressure curve of the flow-limiting segment."
1141114,"In healthy human sojourners to 3,100 m we studied exercise-induced shifts in HbO2 dissociation: their regulation in femoral venous blood and their net effect on estimated capillary PO2 (PC-O2) in working skeletal muscle. Prolonged heavy work effected an increase of 10.3 plus or minus 0.9 mmHg in in vivo P50 (7.30 PH-v, 41 degrees C-v, and 45 Pv-CO2); due entirely to the additive effects of increased venous temperature and [H+]. The rightward curve shift during work at 3,000 m, compared to that at 250 m, produced a similar increase in in vivo P50 but a reduced net effect on PC-O2, because Cv-02 at 3,100 m was reduced similar to 2 ml/100 ml to the lower converging portions of the curve. The lower Cv-O2 (and Pv-O2) at 3,100 M was attributable to a small decrease in total systemic blood flow. The net effect of the rightward curve shift during exercise on mean to end-capillary PO2 was positive in most cases (+1 to +8 mmHg PCO2). However, it was shown that the levels of mean to end-capillary PO2 (28-13 mmHg), which would have been obtained during exercise in the absence of any rightward curve shift, were more than adequate to sustain a steady state of aerobic energy production in working skeletal muscle. These data do not support the concept of a significant contribution to oxygen delivery to working skeletal muscle from in vivo shifts in HbO2 dissociation, during either acclimatization to high altitude or during prolonged muscular work."
1141115,"A well-trained subject, age 38, ran continously for periods ranging from 60 to 165 min on a motor-driven treadmill at 255.7 m/min while confronted with an airflow equivalent to running speed in cool, moderate, and hot environments. After a period of intensive heat acclimatization, treadmill runs were repeated in the moderate and hot conditions. Measurements were also obtained outdoors in a competitive marathon race. Sweat rate (SR) and mean skin temperature (Ts) were linearly related to Tdb. Acclimatization did not alter VO2max or metabolic rate during the treadmill runs, but heart rat (HR),rectal temperature (Tre), and Ts were lower, SR was higher, and maximal run duration longer in the hot environment, postacclimatization. Maximum runs in the hot environment were terminated by a spiralling increase in Tre to hyperthermic levels, due largely to a marked reduction in cutaneous blood flow, probably reflecting cardiovascular overload from the combined muscular and thermoregulatory blood flow demands, coupled with the effects of progressive dehydration. Utilizing partitional calorimetry and the subject's metabolic heat production, two examples of limiting environmental conditions for his marathon running speed were given."
1141116,"Since previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant relative central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck causes a profound natriuresis and a suppression of the renin-aldosterone system, it was of interest to assess whether the diuresis induced by immersion was mediated by an analogous inhibition of ADH. The effects of water immersion on renal water handling and urinary ADH excretion were assessed in 10 normal male subjects studied following 14 h of overnight dehydration on two occasions, control and immersion. The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. During control ADH persisted at or above prestudy values. Immersion resulted in a progressive decrease in ADH excretion from 80.1 plus or minus 7 (SEM) to 37.3 plus or minus 6.3 muU/min (P smaller than 0.025). Cessation of immersion was associated with a marked increase in ADH from 37.3 +/- 6.3 muU/min to 176.6 +/- 72.6 muU/min during the recovery hour (P smaller than 0.05). Concomitant with these changes urine osmolality decreased significantly beginning as early as the initial hour of immersion from 1044 +/- 36 to 542 +/- 66 mosmol/kg H2O during the final hour of immersion (P smaller than 0.001). Recovery was associated with a significant mean increase in Uosm of 190 +/- 40 mosmol/kg H2O over the final hour of immersion (P smaller than 0.001). The suppression of ADH occurred without concomitant changes in plasma tonicity. These studies are consistent with the suggestion that in hydrated subjects undergoing immersion suppression of ADH release contributes to the enhanced free water clearance, which has been previously documented."
1141117,"The effects of inhalation of 100 breaths of bupivacaine hydrochloride (5 percent solution in saline) on the cough reflex, the Breuer-Hering inflation, reflex, and the duration of apnea and bronchoconstriction produced by histamine aerosol were studied in nine anesthetized dogs. Cough was abolished in every animal; the duration of the inflation reflex was shortened from 47 +/- 4.6 s (mean plus or minus SE) to 16 +/- 3.4 s. The duration apnea produced by histamine was abolished or shortened and the rise in resistance was diminished from 170 plus or minus 22 per cent (control) to 49 +/- 6 per cent (after bupivacaine). These reflexes returned toward control values within 45 min. Bupivacaine inhibited the bronchoconstriction produced by electrical stimulation of the distal ends of cut vagus nerves both in dogs and in rabbits, but it did not alter the rise in resistance produced by histamine aerosol in vagotomized dogs. We conclude that administration of bupivacaine aerosol produces a reversible blockage of both afferent and efferent nervous activity in airways without abolishing the ability of smooth muscles to contract."
1141118,"The validity of using radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5-mum diameter) to measure gastric blood flow and its partition between gastric wall layers was investigated in anesthetized dogs with a chambered segment of gastric corpus. Total flow measured by a venous effluent technique demonstrated close correlation with microsphere-measured flow (r = 0.98, slope = 0.95) in 12 dogs given histamine, gastrin, or isoproterenol. In 12 histamine-stimulated dogs, mucosal flow measured by aminopyrine clearance and by microspheres also showed good agreement (r = 0.96, slope = 0.83). No evidence was found to indicate that microspheres altered hemodynamic or gastric function. In all experiments less than 1% of the total gastric radioactivity passed through arteriovenous shunts. The mucosa always contained a statistically adequate number of spheres (greater than 400), but the submucosa and muscularis frequently did not. Microspheres of all sizes mixed adequately in large arteries, but a significant difference was found in the distribution of 16- and 26 mum spheres between mucosa and submucosa, presumably because of streaming of the larger spheres past mucosal arteries. It was concluded that, with the techniques developed in our laboratory, microspheres could be a highly useful tool for quantitating gastric regional blood flow under a variety of experimental conditions."
1141119,"During hypoxia, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) measured by ear oximeter shows cyclic fluctuations which are related to the pattern and rate of breathing. Continuous recordings of SaO2 may be corrected for distortion, due to circulatory transport, to yield approximate values for pulmonary end-capillary saturation (Sc'O2). This permits calculation of the corresponding end-capillary PO2 (Pc'O2). We have used this technique to study the effect of spontaneous and imposed breathing patterns on mean Pc'O2, amplitude of Pc'O2 (delta Pc'O2) and minute ventilation (VE). The studies were conducted during mild hypoxia, at rest and exercise. The amplitude of delta Pc'O2 is inversely related to breathing frequency. When frequency is constant, patterns with with prolonged expiration or end-expiratory pauses produce large delta Pc'O2 and greater VE. This effect is reversed with prolonged inspiration or end-inspiratory pauses. Spontaneous breathing patterns produced smaller delta Pc'O2, with lower VE than imposed patterns. These findings are compatible with animal studies which suggest the magnitude of PaO2 fluctuations produced by the breathing pattern may act as a feedback stimulus to ventilation. The breathing patterns, which are spontaneously chosen, produce the minimum delta Pc'O2 and VE."
1141120,"Five different behaviors of man while in cold ocean water (9-10 degrees C) were assessed for their effect on rate of progress into hypothermia. With subjects wearing lifejackets, two thermally protective behaviors were studied which reduce exposure to the water of areas of body surface with high relative heat loss potential. One was huddling of three persons and the other a self-huddle behavior (HELP or Heat Escape Lessening Posture). These two behaviors resulted in significant reductions of rectal temperature cooling rate of 66 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, of that of a control behavior. With no flotation available, two survival swimming behaviors (treading water and drownproofing) were shown to result in significant increases in cooling rate to 134 per cent and 182 per cent, respectively, of the control behavior. Potential swimming distance of subjects wearing a life-jacket was 0.85 miles in water near 12 degrees C before predicted incapacitation by hypothermia. It was concluded that behavioral variables can be of major importance in determining survival time in  cold water through modulation of cooling rate associated with other variables such as fatness, body size, and clothing."
1141121,"Three men exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 30, 50, asd 70 per cent of maximal aerobic power in ambient temperatures of 15, 25, and 35 degrees C with water vapor pressure less than 18 Torr. Exercies was used to vary internal temperature during as experiment, and different ambient temperatures were used to vary skin temperatures independently of internal temperature. Finger temperature was fixed at about 35.7 degrees C. Espohageal temperature (Tes) was measured with a thermocouple at the level of the left atrium, and mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calcualted from a weighted mean of thermocouple temperatures at eight skin sites. Finger blood flow (BF) was measured by electrocapacitance plethysmography. Although some subjects showed small and equivocal vasomotor effects of exercise, our data are well accounted for by an equation of the form BF equal to alTes + a2Tsk + b, independent of exercise intensity. For these subjects, the ratios a1/a2 (5.9, 8.6, 9.4) were similar to the ratios of the corresponding coefficients recently reported for thermaoregulatory  sweating (8.6, 10.4) and for forearm blood flow (9.6)."
1141122,"Regional alveolar hypoxia in the lung induces regional pulmonary vasoconstriction which diverts blood flow from the hypoxic area. However, the predominant determinant of the distribution of perfusion in the normal erect lung is gravity so that more perfusion occurs at the base than at the apex. To determine the strength of the regional alveolar hypoxic response in diverting flow with or against the gravity gradient a divided tracheal cannula was placed in anesthetized dogs and unilateral alveolar hypoxia created by venilating one lung with nitrogen while ventilating the other lung with oxygen to preserve normal systemic oxygentation. Scintigrams of the distribution of perfusion obtained with intravenous 13-N and the MGH positron camera revealed a 34 and 32 per cent decrease in perfusion to the hypoxic lung in the supine and erect positions and a 26 per cent decrease in the decubitus position with the hypoxic lung dependent (P equal to 0.94 from supine shift), indicating nearly equal vasoconstriction with shift of perfusion away from the hypoxic lung in all positions. Analysis of regional shifts in perfusion revealed an equal vasoconstrictor response from apex to base in the supine position but a greater response in the lower lung zones in the erect position where perfusion was also greatest."
1141123,"Studies in normal subjects have shown that there is little difference in the size of the closing volume when measured by either the nitrogen methods or a bolus method. In this study we have examined the changes in closing volume following histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. In five normal subjects histamine resulted in a reduction in the vital capacity, an increase in the residual volume, and an increase in the airway resistance. The size of the closing volume measured by a bolus method increased after induced bronchoconstriction (0.52 +/- 0.15 1 to 0.74 +/- 0.17 1). With the nitrogen method the closing volume became smaller (0.51 +/- 0.19 1 to 0.17 +/- 0.17 1). Similar differences between the two methods are demonstrated in patients with asthma. The suggested explanation for these differences lies in the different methods used to establish a concentration gradient of gas in the lung. If there is ""air trapping"" the nitrogen method may fail to establish a concentration gradient."
1141124,"2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and sodium salicylate were evaluated relative to their effects on body temperature in mice with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)hyperthermia or yeast fever. Injection of 2-DG into the cerebral ventricles of conscious mice abolished the hyperthermia of PGE1 and reduced the fever produced by yeast, while sodium salicylate was effective only in yeast fever. The data are suggestive of glucose dependency of thermoregulatory centers in the brain."
1141125,"To better determine the range of normal values of hypoxic and hypercapni ventilatroy drives in man, these drives were measured in 40 males and 4 females between 21 and 51 yr of age. The average hypoxic drive, expressed as parameter A, was 186  plus or minus 12.8 (SEM). The average hypercapnic drive, expressed as the slope S, was 2.69 plus or minus 0.19. The range of values for these individuals was large and could not be accounted for by variations in maximal oxygen uptake, age, or sex. However, positive correlations were found between these drives and height and weight, and a positive correlation was found between hypoxic and hypercapnic drive."
1141126,"The relationship between heart rate and left atrial end-diastolic diameter (LAEDD) and left atrial systolic shortening (LASS) was investigated in 12 conscious dogs. Atrial pacing, vagal blockade, isoproterenol, and beta-adrenergic blockade were used to change heart rate and the inotropic state of the atrium. LAEDD decreased linearly as heart rate increased. LAEDD averaged 33.0 mm (+/- 0.6 mm SEM) and decreased by 3.2 mm (+/- 0.4 mm SEM) with a change in heart rate of 50 beats/min. The ratio of LASS/LAEDD decreased as LAEDD decreased with increasing heart rate, but there was less of a reduction in the ratio at the extreme levels of LAEDD change with isoproterenol and vagal blockade. Propranolol reduced LASS at any LAEDD. At lower heart rates the reduction of LASS with pacing could be corrected by returning LAEDD to near control levels with a rapid infusion of fluid. It is concluded that LASS is primarily dependent on LAEDD and the inotropic state of the atrium. At higher heart rates, though, some effect of frequency can be observed. Isoproterenol and vagal blockade (increased contractile state) reduced the dependence of LASS on LAEDD."
1141127,"After partial equilibration of the lung with a N2O gas mixture absorption of N2O by the pulmonary circulation results in a flow of gas into the lungs during breath holding. A bolus of 133Xe introduced at the mouth at the beginning of the breath hold is carried in by the gas flow and distributed according to regional perfusion. In three subjects, breath holding at FRC, apex-to-base distribution of a 133Xe bolud delivered by N2O absorption (Xecar) was similar to that of a bolus injected intravenously (Xeiv). Near RV however, much less of Xecar penetrated into dependent zones than expected from the distribution of Xeiv. In fact, distribution of Xecar did not differ from that of a slowly inhaled bolus. Correction for Compton scatter in the chest wall, measured in one subject, accounted only in part for the radioactivity recorded over dependent lung regions. The findings indicate that near RV some but not all of the dependent airways must be closed. Furthermore, the distribution of airway closure completely accounts for the distribution of a bolus inhaled from RV."
1141128,"In a comparison of traditional and theoretical exercise efficiency calculations male subjects were studied during steady-rate cycle ergometer exercises of ""0,"" 200, 400, 600, and 800 kgm/min while pedaling at 40, 60, 80, and 100 rpm. Gross (no base-line correction), net (resting metabolism as base-line correction), work (unloading cycling as base-line correction), and delta (measurable work rate as base-line correction) efficiencies were computed. The result that gross (range 7.5-20.4%) and net (9.8-24.1%) efficiencies increased with increments in work rate was considered to be an artifact of calculation. A LINEAR OR SLIGHTLY EXPONENTIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CALORIC OUTPUT AND WORK RATE DICTATES EITHER CONSTANT OR DECREASING EFFICIENCY WITH INCREMENTS IN WORK. The delta efficiency (24.4-34.0%) definition produced this result. Due to the difficulty in obtaining 0 work equivalents, the work efficiency definition proved difficult to apply. All definitions yielded the result of decreasing efficiency with increments in speed. Since the theoretical-thermodynamic computation (assuming mitochondrial P/O = 3.0 and delta G = -11.0 kcal/mol for ATP) holds only for CHO, the traditional mode of computation (based upon VO2 and R) was judged to be superior since R less than 1.0. Assuming a constant phosphorylative-coupling efficiency of 60%, the mechanical contraction-coupling efficiency appears to vary between 41 and 57%."
1141129,"Two objective methods and one subjective method for measuring +Gz tolerance (inertial vector in a head-to-foot direction) were compared on the human centrifuge. Direct eye-level blood pressure (Pa), blood flow velocity in the superficial temporal artery (Qta), and subjective visual symptoms were used to determine tolerance to rapid onset acceleration (1 G/s) on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Seven ""relaxed"" subjects with extensive centrifuge experience were exposed to gradually increasing +Gz plateaus until the subject reported 100% loss of peripheral centrifuge gondola lights (PLL) and 50% loss of central light (CLD); viz., blackout. Zero forward Qta occurred 6 s (range 4-9 s) before subjective blackout and when mean eye-level blood pressure had reached 20 +/- 1 mmHg (SE). The results of this study indicate that flow changes in the superficial temporal artery reflect flow changes in the retinal circulation during +Gz stress."
1141130,"An instrument for producing closely controlled and repeatable hemorrhagic shock in laboratory animals is described. A Sarns roller pump, controlled by an electronic device, is used to pump blood in and out of the animal at a constant rate. Photoelectric cells are used to sense pressure changes and depending on their configuration, the pump runs forward or backward or stops. Pressures are accurately maintained, bleeding and reinfusion rates are controlled, and a record of bleeding patterns is provided."
1141131,"We measured lung weight, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, and carbon monoxide transfer (DLCO, single-breath method) in healthy cats (3.3 +/- 0.4 kg) that were anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated through a tracheal cannula. Compared with Stahl's predicted values which were based on regression analyses of data collected from several species, our cats had larger and more compliant lungs in relation to body weight, higher DLCO per unit body weight, and similar DLCO/TLC (size independent constant). Compared with Robinson et al.'s values derived entirely from studies on dogs, our cats had significantly smaller lung volumes and DLCO per unit body weight, DLCO/TLC and similar ratios of CL/FRC. Several factors appear to contribute to the functional variations among mammalian species: differences in the relation of lung to body weight, differences in the relation of chest wall compliance to lung compliance, and differences in the fundamental structure and design of the respiratory systems. Differences in methodology are acknowledged to be an additional factor."
1141132,"The measurement of blood velocity fields, volume flow, and arterial wall motion in the descending thoracic aorta provides essential hemodynamic information for both research and clinical diagnosis. The close proximity of the esophagus to the aorta in the dog makes it possible to obtain such data nonsurgically using an ultrasonic esophageal probe; however, the accuracy of such a probe is limited if the angle between the sound beam and the flow axis, known as the Doppler angle, is not precisely known. By use of a pulsed Doppler velocity meter (PUDVM) and a triangulation procedure, accurate empirical measurement of the Doppler angle has been obtained, allowing quantification of blood velocity scans across the aorta. Volume flow is obtained by integration of blood velocity profiles and arterial wall motion is measured with an ultrasonic echo tracking device. Accuracy of the probe was substantiated by comparison with ultrasonic and electromagnetic implanted flow cuff measurements. Use of the probe in measurement of blood velocity, volume flow and arterial wall motion at various locations along the 8- and 10-cm length of the descending thoracic aorta in adult beagle dogs is detailed. The simplicity, accuracy, and nontraumatic aspect of the technique should allow increasing use of such a probe in numerous research and clinical applications."
1141133,"The effect of dry swallows and wet swallows of various volumes on esophageal function was studied in normal subjects. An intraesophageal transducer assembly was used to measure the dynamics of esophageal peristalsis. The strength of esophageal contraction (amplitude) following a 1-ml liquid bolus was similar to that following a dry swallow but was significantly less than that following a wet swallow of a larger volume. There was no difference in strength of esophageal squeeze following swallows ranging from 2 to 20 ml. In addition, a wet swallow was associated with slower wave speed, greater duration of the contraction wave, and later time of appearance of the peristaltic wave in the distal esophagus than a dry swallow. Futhermore, the incidence of peristalsis was greater with a wet swallow than a dry swallow. The results of our studies indicate that although the act of swallowing alone in man initiates peristalsis, afferent information contributes to the regulation of primary peristalsis."
1141134,"The primary mode of depositon of particles in the respiratory tract in the size range 0.5-10 mum diam (unit density) is sedimentation. The rate of sedimentation is directly proportional to the velocity of settling of the particle. Therefore, the total deposition of particles in the respiratory tract as well as the region of deposition is affected by changes in gravity. Human subjects were exposed to aerosols of 2.02-mum-diam polyvinyltoluene particles at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 G. Total deposition was measured at each G level. Results indicate an almost linear increase in total deposition with increasing G levels over the range studied. The deposition measured at 1 G was less than reported in earlier experiments and the deposition at levels less than 1 G was less than had been calculated by Muir and Beeckmans. These data show that although sedimentation plays the major role in depostion of 2.02 mum particles, it is less than previously described."
1141135,"Ventilatory responses to hypoxia, with and without an inspiratory resistive load, were measured in eight normal subjects, using a rebreathing technique. During the studies, the end-tidal P-CO2 was kept constant at mixed venous level (Pv-CO2) by drawing expired gas through a variable CO2-absorbing bypass. The initial bag O2 concentration was 24% and rebreathing was continued until the O2 concentration in the bag fell to 6% or the subject's arterial oxygen saturation (Sa-O2), monitored continuously by ear oximetry, fell to 70%. Studies with and without the load were performed in a formally randomized order for each subject. Linear regressions for rise in ventilation against fall in Sa-O2 were calculated. The range of unloaded responses was 0.78-3.59 1/min per 1% fall in Sa-O2 and loaded responses 0.37-1.68 1/min per 1% fall in Sa-O2. In each subject, the slope of the response curve during loading fell by an almost constant fraction of the unloaded response, such that the ratio of loaded to unloaded slope in all subjects ranged from 0.41 to 0.48. However, the extrapolated intercept of the response curve on the Sa-O2 axis did not alter significantly indicating that the P-CO2 did not alter between experiments. These results suggest that the change in ventilatory response to hypoxia during inspiratory resistive loading is related to the mechanical load applied, with the loaded slope being directly proportional to the unloaded one."
1141136,"Juvenile chickens that had previously received mercuric chloride intramuscularly were subjected to an acute exposure of high ambient temperature in the presence or absence of a 140 mpm air velocity. This level of mercury did not retard growth of affect the resting body temperature. However, following heating the birds experienced a greater hyperthermia than similarly heated controls and consequently thermal death occurred earlier. When a high air velocity was maintained during heating the hyperthermic condition was further amplified, as was the event of thermal death. It is concluded that a synergistic relationship exists between mercury, when administered at a nontoxic level, and the climatic factors of temperature and air velocity."
1141137,"Pulmonary and airway mechanics were assessed in seven asthmatic patients in remission, when asthma was induced by exercise and again after spontaneous recovery or bronchodilator treatment. After exercise there was a sustained fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1.0) in all patients, varying  from 30 to 80 percent of the initial value. Total lung capacity (TLC) increased significantly in four of the seven patients. In one of the four patients the increase in TLC was associated with an increase in static transpulmonary pressure at full inflation but in the remaining three patients it was associated with a parallel shift of the pressure-volume curve of the lung without change in its slope. In all patients residual volume increased, regardless of change in TLC; both pressure-volume and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves suggested that widespread airway closure (or virtual closure) occurred at positive transpulmonary pressures when asthma was induced. Loss of lung recoli pressure sometimes contributed to the reduction in maximum expiratory flow but diffuse airway narrowing was probably the dominant abnormality. When air-flow obstruction became more severe the ratio of expiratory to inspiratory time was increased and although expiratory flow limitation was present excessive expiratory pressures were not generated."
1141138,"A polyurethane-foam enlarged reconstruction was made from serial sections of a portion of young adult human lung parenchyman. Study of the progeny of a terminal bronchiole disclosed three generations of respiratory bronchioles and an irregular branching pattern of eight generations of alveolar ducts. Sacs and alveoli arose from the lateral and distal aspects of all generations of ducts. There were an average of 3.5 alveoli per sac. Considering the terminal bronchiole as the first generation branch of the acinus, over 60 per cent of the alveoli counted and predicted were members of the 10-12th generations. The acinus contained one terminal bronchiole and approximately 14 respiratory bronchioles, 1,200-1,500 ducts, 2,500-4,500 sacs, and 14,000-20,000 alveoli."
1141139,"The geometry of an enlarged reconstructed human acinus (i.e., a terminal bronchiole and distal airways and air spaces) was studied. Alveoli were categorized in six shapes: three-fourths of a spheroid, a slightly truncated cone, one-fourth of a spheroid, a cylindroid with a hemispherical bottom, a shallow cylindroid with a flat bottom, and a truncated deep ellipsoid. Sacs were usually either hemispheroids or shallow truncated cones. Ducts of eight generations were spheroid and gradually decreased in diameter (D) and length (L) as the generation number (z) increased. Considering the terminal bronchiole as the 15th generation and using Weibel's data for the first 10 generations, the dimensions, in mm, for z of 1-10 and 10-26 were reasonably described by D-z = 12e-(0.27-0.005z)z and L-z = 25e-0.187z. The predicted volume of the acinus at three-fourths total lung volume was 182.8 mm3, a volume equivalent to that of a sphere 7.04 mm in diameter. The reconstruction demonstrated a great increase in respiratory bronchiolar and ductal cross-sectional area and alveolar surface area, considerably more rapid than predicted by Weibel's model A."
1141140,"We have tested the response of 28 subjects to a three-stage ergometer test, with loads adjusted to 45, 60, and 75% of maximum aerobic power following ozone exposure. The subjects were exposed to one of 0.37, 0.50, or 0.75 ppm O3 for 2 h either at rest (R) or while exercising intermittently (IE) (15 min rest alternated with 15 min exercise at approximately 50 W. sufficient to increase VE by a factor of 2.5). Also, all subjects completed a mock exposure VE, respiratory frequency (fR), mixed expired PO2 and PCO2, and electrocardiogram were monitored continuously during the exercise test. Neither submaximal exercise oxygen consumption nor minute ventilation was significantly altered following any level of ozone exposure. The major response noted was an increase in respiratory frequency during exercise following ozone exposure. The increase in fR was closely correlated with the total dose of ozone (r = 0.98) and was accompanied by a decrease in tidal volume (r = 0.91) so that minute volume was unchanged. It is concluded that through its irritant properties, ozone modifies the normal ventilatory response to exercise, and that this effect is dose dependent."
1141141,"A large capacity, low efficiency pesticide cleanup method is combined with a small capacity, high efficiency method for gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis of fish tissue. Trace chemicals are extracted from the tissue, removed from the bulk of the co-extracted lipids through selective desorption from Micro Cel-E, and isolated from the remaining lipids by gel permeation chromatography. The procedure is capable of cleaning up the extract from several hundred grams of fish, minimizes sample contamination, and permits identification of xenobiotic chemicals present at ng/g concentrations."
1141142,"Residues of isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate (Altosid) insect growth regulator are determined in waters, soils, plants, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, poultry and cattle tissues, blood, urine, and feces. Acetonitrile is the primary extraction solvent for all samples. Residues are extracted by high-speed blending followed by vacuum filtration. Fatty extracts are subjected to cold-temperature precipitation and filtration. Samples are cleaned up by petroleum ether partitioning and Florisil and neutral alumina chromatography. The concentrated eluants are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on columns of differing polarity, using hydrogen flame ionization detectors. The identity of suspected residues is confirmed by additional GLC and by mass fragmentography. The lower limits of detection were: water samples, 0.0004-0.001 ppm; soils, blood, and urine, 0.001 ppm; forage grasses, forage legumes, and rice foliage, 0.005 ppm; and milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, poultry and cattle tissues, and feces, 0.010 ppm."
1141143,"The determination of total vitamin C in the form of both l-ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) present in pharmaceutical preparations has been automated. Total vitamin C (completely oxidized to DHAA) was determined by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine while blanks utilized the same reagent after reducing all DHAA to AA. The automated method was applicable to a variety of multivitamin preparations including those containing iron and copper. The mean recovery of L-ascorbic acid added to 11 multivitamin preparations was 99.4% with a coefficient of variation of 2.5%. In the analysis of these products, results obtained by the automated method were essentially the same as those obtained by the original manual method. For preparations containing no copper salts, the results were also comparable to those obtainable by titration with 2,6-dichloroindophenol except in 1 product which contained some DHAA."
1141144,"The chemical method for confirmation of the identity of aflatoxin by derivative formation directly on the TLC plate was studied collaboratively by 8 participants. The results show that aflatoxin B-1 was confirmed in 17 of 17 sample extracts representing 15 mu-g aflatoxin B-1/kg peanut butter, in 13 of 16 extracts representing 5 mu-g/kg, and in none of the 7 aflatoxin-free extracts. Collaborators commented that the method was easily performed and gave good results. The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141145,"The methanol-water extraction system used in AOAC Method II for aflatoxins extracts both the aflatoxins and zearalenone from corn. Using this methanol-water extraction system as a base, a rapid screening procedure has been developed for these mycotoxins. The methanol-water extract is defatted with hexane and the pigments are precipitated with copper carbonate. The aflatoxins and zearalenone are subsequently extracted into chloroform and are then detected by half-plate TLC. An elapsed time of about 1 hr is required to analyze 1 sample. The sensitivity of the method is about 2 mu-g/kg for aflatoxin B-1 and 100 mu-g/kg for zearalenone."
1141146,"Two methods are presented for the identification of ink, both of which are currently being used by laboratories involved in ink analysis. Both methods incorporate physical and chemical procedures. The differences are primarily in chemical methods involving spot tests and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) techniques. Furthermore, one method utilizes spectrophotometric scanning of the TLC plate whereas the other method utilizes solution spectrophotometry. It is recommended that both methods be evaluated by several laboratories."
1141147,"Twelve latent fingerprint examiners participated in a collaborative study of a modification of the official first action powder brushing method for the development of latent fingerprints. Latent images were placed on glass slides by the examiners, using male and femal subjects. The standard brushing method, using black, copper, and gray powders provided by the Associate Referee, was used to develop the fingerprints at various times up to 120 hr after the images were placed on the slides. Conclusive results were obtained: 139 of the 160 images (86.9%) were considered suitable for identification purposes. The method has been adopted as official final action."
1141148,An automated fluorometric method is presented for the determination of thiabendazole (2-(4'-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) in 0.1N HCl solutions. Test solutions of at least 1.1 ml starting volume are sampled and pumped successively at the rate of 60/hr into a fluorometer equipped with a simple flowcell. The minimum level of detection of the fungicide is about 0.05 mu-g/ml.
1141149,"Rapid confirmation of the presence of aflatoxins B-1 and G-1 in foods is provided by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid at the origin of a thin layer chromatographic plate. The procedure has been used successfully with various nuts, grains, coffee and cocoa beans, and other foods."
1141150,"A simple procedure is described for the routine determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in various types of toy paints. PCP can be determined in water colors, body colors, showcard paints, gouache paints, and colored inks. PCP is extracted from the sample with acetone, followed by quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of the concentrated acetone extract on stainless steel columns containing 15% Carbo-wax 20M on 60-80 mesh Chromosorb P (AW). As little as 1 ppm PCP can be determined with recoveries ranging from 50 to 100%, depending on the type of paint. The presence of PCP in samples is confirmed by thin layer chromatography, using dansyl chloride as a fluorescent labeling compound. By this method as little as 4 ppm can be determined. The results of PCP determinations in 65 commerical samples are presented."
1141151,"The official final action acid hydrolysis method, 14.019, for the determination of fat in foods was successfully applied, with slight modifications, to the analysis of homogenates of food, feces, and animal tissues as well as dry samples of mixed foods. In samples containing sucrose or fructose, it was necessary to carry out a fermentation procedure before acid hydrolysis to avoid problems encountered when these sugars were present."
1141152,"The official first action AOAC gravimetric method for mercury, 6.C01-6.C03, and the official CIPAC titrimetric method, M2.3, were collaboratively studied by 4 CIPAC laboratories, using the same 4 samples analyzed by AOAC collaboration in 1972. Averages at the 3.7 and 3.4% level were the same by both methods whereas the CIPAC method produced, on the average, 4% higher results, all levels included. The AOAC method performs well in the presence of copper and chlorinated pesticides and is less complex to use than the present CIPAC method for mercury in these mixtures. The method has been adopted as official final action."
1141153,"A collaborative study has been completed on a method for determining methoxychlor content in dry formulations. The method is based on a total halogen determination plus a selective, qualitative thin lay chromatographic (TLC) measurement to establish the p,p'-methoxychlor is the primary halogen-containing organic species present in the formulation. After extraction of the sample with toluene, the toluene solution of methoxychlor is treated with sodium biphenyl to convert all halogen to the halide. The halide is then extracted with a solution of nitric acid and titrated with silver nitrate according to the Volhard procedure or potentiometrically, using a pH meter assembly. Based on the results obtained from 7 collaborators, the standard deviation of the method is about 0.48% at the 50% level. The qualitative TLC measurement is made on an aliquot of the initial toluene extract, using a selective halogen detection system. The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141154,"A screening method for the estimation of possible residues of sulfonamides in poultry tissues is described. The method utilizes thin layer chromatography (TLC) to separate Bratton-Marshall positive reactants. In the absence of interference and the identification of 1 sulfonamide by TLC, the colorimetric method is recommended for quantitation. When interferences are present, TLC should be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The screening method has a sensitivity of less than 0.05 ppm and a recovery of greater than 80%."
1141155,"In a simple and fast procedure, monosodium glutamate in food products is first separated by a short ion exchange column and subsequently determined fluorometrically with fluorescamine. An average recovery of 90.8% with a standard deviation of plus or minus 6.67% was obtained for added monosodium glutamate in a series of 8 products. As little as 0.05% monosodium glutamate can be determined. The method is faster than the official method and saves 5 hr/determination."
1141156,"Ultraviolet irradiation of cis- and trans-chlordane yielded 3 photolysis products. The expected half-caged analog of cis-chlordane was formed in high yield, and 2 minor photoproducts of trans-chlordane were observed. One of these products was a half-caged isomer. The individual photoproducts were isolated by thin layer chromatography and characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry."
1141157,"The drugs 2-, 3-, and 4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine, 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine are identified by spectroscopic techniques. The ultraviolet and mass spectra of isomers are similar, but proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra are distinctly different, and reference spectra and data are provided. Gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic systems for the analysis are discussed."
1141158,A semiautomated thiobarbituric acid colorimetric analysis for digoxin was collaboratively studied by 6 laboratories. Collaborators were supplied with 3 composites of tablets of different dosage levels. Results agreed with the USP method. The coefficients of variation ranged from 0.46 to 2.73%. The method has been adopted as official first action.
1141159,"Mestranol in combination with ethynodiol diacetate, an oral contraceptive formulation, is isolated from the sample on a partition chromatographic column prior to colorimetric determination. The color reaction which is specific for estrogens is formed by shaking an aliquot of the heptane eluate of mestranol with a 30% methanol-sulfuric acid solution. A collaborative study of the method gave results of 99.8% of added mestranol for the simulated mix and 100.7% of labelled mestranol for the commercial tablet. The method has been adopted as official first aciton."
1141160,"The ion-pairing chromatographic method reported previously for the isolation and spectrophotometric determination of the local anesthetics, alone and in combination, was studied collaboratively. Three solutions were assayed. One containing procaine as the single active component gave an average recovery of 99.8 plus or minus 1.7%. A mixture of procaine and tetracaine gave results of 99.3 plus or minus 1.6 and 98.9 plus or minus 8.82%, respectively. A third solution containing procaine and propoxycaine assayed 100.0 plus or minus 1.5 and 99.1 plus or minus 1.9%, respectively. It was shown that low results for tetracaine were due to loss during the final evaporative step. The method for samples containing tetracaine should be studied further. The other methods have been adopted as official first action."
1141161,"The agar well technique compares favorably with the cylinder plate assay in accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. It is more flexible and more rugged, and growth of seed organism is not inhibited. The wells are precision cut with Grafar gel punch assembly with sets (6) of 10, 7, 5, 4, and 3 mm cutters. The wells are easily and rapidly filled with short, disposable Pasteur pipets fitted with rubber bulbs. The smaller wells are filled with capillary pipets. The diameter of the well (independent of volume) appears to be a function of concentration. For every decrease in the diameter size of the well, concentration can be increased, at least to the next higher level of the standard response line. Extracts of chlortetracycline containing as much as 3.2 mu-g/ml can be analyzed if the 3 mm wells are used and with no sacrifice in accuracy or precision. This works especially well for antibiotic premixes. The technique has been used successfully for penicillin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, oleandomycin, and tylosin."
1141162,"A sample of reduced iron was separated by air elutriation into several fractions based on particle size; and the relative biological values (RBVs) of 3 fractions containing fine, medium, and coarse particles were determined with rats and chicks, using diets containing either skim milk powder or casein as the major source of protein. The RBV of reduced iron for rats was shown to be dependent on particle size by curative and prophylactic assay procedures, with the source of protein having no marked effect. In contrast to rats, chicks utilized reduced iron to a higher degree, especially the iron from coarse particles. Prophylactic assays with rats indicated that a 3-4 week feeding period from weaning at 21 days of age gave RBVs which were not significantly different from those obtained by repletion of hemoglobin of anemic animals. After 5 weeks on the test diets, however, the rats lost their ability to distinguish between coarse and medium particles of reduced iron when fed with a diet containing casein as the source of protein."
1141163,"A method for the semiquantitative determination of ochratoxin A in green coffee has been studied collaboratively by 11 laboratories. The average recovery for the 7 samples spiked at 3 levels of ochratoxin A was 69.1%, ranging from 60.5 to 85.6%. This is comparable to other visual thin layer chromatographic methods of mycotoxin detection. The method has been adopted as official first action for the determination of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans."
1141164,"Vinyl chloride in foods is determined by gas-liquid chromatography either by direct injection of vinegars and alcoholic beverages or by headspace analysis of vegetable oils. The lower limit of detection is 10-15 ng/ml for direct injection and 1-10 ppb for headspace analysis. Confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, single ion monitoring at m/c 62, is possible at 50 ppb for either method. The levels of vinyl chloride bottles were 0.0-1.6 mu-g/ml for alcoholic beverages, 0.0-8.4 mu-g/ml for vinegars, and 0.3-3.3 ppm for peanut oil."
1141165,"A published procedure using Amberlite LA-2 (a liquid anion exchange resin) solutions to extract colors from food and the salt solution cellulose chromatographic technique to separate colors from each other were updated and submitted to collaborative study. Three batches of cookies and 4 purchased products were analyzed by 13 collaborators. The 3 batches of cookies contained different color mixtures requiring the selection of various procedures. The 4 purchased products were selected principally to include a variety of foods. Some results were partially deficient. The deficiencies reflect certain inadequacies in the directions as written rather than basic flaws in the method. Some improvements were suggested by the collaborators. The Assocaite Referee recommends that the method be further revised to correct the present inadequacies and to include some improvements, and that the revised method be submitted to another collaborative study."
1141166,"Caviar samples were spiked at the 0.1 and 0.2% levels and digested with nitric acid in a closed Teflon-lined digestion vessel to prevent volatility losses. The boron was complexed with 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and extracted into methylisobulty ketone. The emission of the boron oxide band was measured in a nitrous oxidehydrogen flame. The mean recoveries at the 0.1 and 0.2% levels for 6 collaborators were 95.7 and 97.1%, respectively."
1141167,"The resolution of organochlorine insecticides and their related compounds on OV-1/OV-17, OV-210/OV-17, and OV-225/OV-17 mixed phase column systems was investigated. Four BHC isomers and p,p'-DDT, its isomer, and their metabolites (except p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE) were resolved on the OV-210/OV-17 system. Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were separated on 5% OV-1/2% OV-17 or OV-225/2% OV-17. Resolution of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin was obtained on 5% OV-210/2% OV-17, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE could not be separated by any of the systems studied."
1141168,"Twenty saccharin-containing table sweeteners, in the form of tablets, liquids, crystals, or blends, and manufactured or distributed by 15 different companies, were analyzed for their o-toluenesulfonamide (o-TS) content. A previously described procedure for the determination of o-TS in commercial saccharin was found to be applicable to the determination of o-TS in these preparations. o-TS was found in all analyzed samples, in amounts ranging from 57 to 3811 ppm. In some cases the concentration of o-TS varied even from lot to lot from the same manufacturer. One pair of lots contained 57 and 67 ppm o-TS, respectively, while in another 711 and 3003 PPM O-TS were found. Gas-liquid chromatographic patterns of samples from the same distributor (or manufacturer) were similar and characteristic of the brand. Recoveries of o-TS from liquid and tablet preparations were almost quantitative, while recoveries from saccharin blends were in the 95-103% range."
1141169,"A method has been developed for the isolation of light filth from food breadings. The method involves a detergent boil, wet sieving, and flotation in an acid-alcohol, mineral oil flotation system in a Corning percolator. Collaborative studies resulted in clean filter papers and acceptable recoveries of added rodent hairs and insect fragments. The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141170,"The present official first action method for the isolation of light filth from fig and fruit paste, 44.083(a), occasionally yields excessive plant debris on filter papers, which causes difficulty in effectively counting insect filth. The proposed method provides the option of an additional flotation of trapped off material in a Corning percolator. This revision has been adopted as official first action as an alternative to 44.083(a)."
1141171,"In the voiceprint method known and unknown voices are compared to determine if they are the same speaker. An unknown voice is recorded over the telephone onto a quality recorder. The known voice is similarly recorded, repeating the questioned message verbatim. An examiner determines, by means of acoustic spectrography and aural analysis, the similarities or differences existing between the known and unknown speakers. A positive conclusion is based on at least 10 pairs of like sounds. Five decisions are available for the examiner to make: positive identification, positive elimination, probable identification, probable elimination, and unable to make a decision with the sample submitted. Seven collaborators, chosen from various parts of the United States, were given recordings of 4 unknown speakers, 2 male and 2 female, to compare with similar recordings of 6 known speakers, 3 male and 3 female. A total of 21 positive identifications and 63 positive eliminations was possible. Twenty correct identifications and 47 correct positive eliminations were made. In 16 tasks, all involving the same unknown sample, collaborators reported they could not make a determination due to the poor quality of the sample. No false identifications were made; however, a trainee examiner, with less than 2 years experience, eliminated a known speaker when in fact a match did exist, thereby falsely eliminating the speaker. Examiners with more than 2 years of experience correctly identified all existing matches. This study indicates that a trained examiner can make very reliable decisions, using the aural and visual methods of comparing known and unknown voices. The voiceprint method has been adopted as official first action."
1141172,"A simple and sensitive method is described for determining vinyl chloride monomer in air. Vinyl chloride monomer from a sample of air is trapped onto a Tenax GC trap cooled with Dry Ice. The trap is installed on a gas chromatograph by a simple valve arrangement. The trap is heated, and the entire sample is flushed onto the gas chromatographic column. Vinyl chloride is determined at 6 and 60 ppb (v/v) levels with recoveries ranging from 79 to 104%."
1141173,"An indirect fluorometric method for determining sodium nitrite in meat products is presented. The extracted sodium nitrite is consumed in a diazotization reaction with a measured excess of sulfanilic acid. Fluorescamine, which acts selectively with primary amines such as sulfanilic acid, is a fluorogenic reagent for the excess amine. The amine consumed, calculated by difference from the total originally present, is directly related to the sodium nitrite content of the sample. Interferences from amino acids and soluble proteins in the meat extract are eliminated by judicious use of a secondary peak in the fluorescence spectra (436 nm excitation, 495 nm fluorescence) combined with measurement at low pH (3.30). The recoveries of sodium nitrite ranged from 83.2 to 99.6% with an average of 93.4 and a standard deviation of +/- 5.28% for 11 determinations."
1141174,"Reduction of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 with sodium borohydride quantitatively yielded new fluorescent derivatives, designated as aflatoxin RB1 and aflatoxin RB2. Mass spectrometric data showed that RB1 and RB2 were trihydroxy derivatives of B1 and B2, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that new chemical shifts were present in aflatoxins RB1 and RB2 in addition to those of the parent aflatoxins. The new compounds had lower melting points and different ultraviolet and infrared spectra compared to aflatoxins B1 and B2 and the monohydroxy derivative aflatoxicol. They were lses toxic to chick embryos than the parent toxins. Since the reduction yields were quantitative and since the reduction products could be detected at low levels comparable to those for B1 and B2, the reduction reaction could be used as a confirmatory test for both aflatoxins B1 and B2. Preliminary results obtained from gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of aflatoxins RB1 and RB2 indicated that these compounds could furnish the basis for developing an analytical GLC method for aflatoxins B1 and B2."
1141175,"The method described will detect total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in mixed feeds, grains nuts, and fruit products in samples containing as little as 5-15 mug/kg. In addition, the presence of aflatoxins in the positive samples can be confirmed and the toxins can be quantitatively measured, using the same extract as that used for the screening method. In the screening method, aflatoxins are extracted with acetone-water (85+15), and interferences are removed by adding cupric carbonate and ferric chloride gel. The aflatoxins are extracted from the aqueous phase with chloroform and the chloroform extract is washed with a basic aqueous solution. A Velasco-type minicolumn is used to further purify the extract and capture the aflatoxins in a tight band. The screening method has been successfully applied to 24 different agricultural commodities. Quantitative thin layer chromatography was also performed with extracts of each of these commodities. An average recovery of 94% B1, 108% B2, 130% G1, and 103% G2 was obtained compared to the official final action AOAC method for cottonseed products, 26.048-26.056. Within-laboratory coefficients of variation of 10-15% were obtained for each of the aflatoxins and total aflatoxins in a sample of peanut meal naturally contaminated with 11 mug B1+3 mug B2+11 mug G1+5 mug G2/kg."
1141176,"A collaborative study has been completed on a spectrofluorometric method for determining lasalocid sodium in finished poultry feeds. After a brief treatment of feed samples with pH 4.7 buffer, the drug is extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract is further cleaned up by treatment with HCI and NaOH and quantitatively measured by spectrofluorometry. Nonspecific fluorescence is corrected for via the lasalocid-boric acid complex. The method is rapid, sensitive, and free of interference. A number of other feed additives, including monensin and ethoxyquin, do not interfere. Nine collaborators participated in the study and agreement between laboratories was satisfactory. The average recoveries of lasalocid sodium from the mash feeds added at levels of 0.0064, 0.0080, and 0.0096% were 100, 98, and 99%, respectively, and the corresponding coefficients of variation were 12.8, 8.2, and 8.0% (all results included). The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141177,"A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of propazine in wettable powder formulations containing about 80% active ingredient was collaboratively studied, using a matched pair scheme. The propazine was extracted from the powder with chloroform, with dieldrin as an internal standard, and chromatographed on Carbowax 20M, using a flame ionization detector. Two samples were analyzed using peak height measurements with the following results (13 collaborators): 1.2% overall coefficient of variation and 1.2% coefficient of variation for the random error. Statistical evaluation of these factors reveals no evidence of systematic error contribution. The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141178,"A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of chlorobenzilate and chloropropylate in liquid formulations containing about 46 and 26% active ingredient, respectively, was collaboratively studied, using a matched pair scheme. The samples were dissolved in acetone containing debenzyl succinate as an internal standard and chromatographed on Carbowax 20M, using a flame ionization detector. Analyses of 4 samples by 13 collaborators using peak height measurements showed the following results: chlorobenzilate-2.5% overall coefficient of variation, 1.0% coefficient of variation for the random error, and 0.7% systematic error; chloropropylate-2.0, 1.4, and 0.4%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action."
1141179,"A  confirmatory test for the presence of the growth-promoting hormone, diethylstilbestrol (DES), in beef liver is described, Samples are subjected to a published electron capture gas chromatographic method that involves the formation and measurement of the bis-dichloroacetyl derivative of DES. The presence of the derivative is then confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using a repetitive scanning technique to maximize response. The isotope pattern of the tetrachlorinated molecular ion greatly facilitates the confirmation."
1141180,"A general method for the analysis of barbiturates, using column parition chromatography, was extended to the assay of secobarbital, amobarbital, and pentobarbital. A solution of the barbiturate constitutes the immobile phase in the chromatographic system. It is eluted with ether-isooctane (1+9) and passed onto a K3PO4 column, which retains the barbiturate while extraneous materials are washed out. The barbiturate is removed from the column with etherisooctane (3+1), extracted from the eluate with NH3, and measured spectrophotometrically."
1141181,"Solasodine is isolated from Solanum laciniatum leaves by a rapid, one-step procedure which involves extraction and hydrolysis of the glycoalkaloids. The resulting steroidal aglycone is directly estimated by the formation of a colored complex with bromocresol green. The method is applicable to concentrations of 25-125 mug solasodine/7ml."
1141182,A medicated aerosol product was qualitatively analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data were processed by a minicomputer. Ten of the 11 peaks in the gas chromatogram were identified with the assistance of the National Institutes of Health/Division of Computer Research and Technology/Chemical Information System mass spectral search system. The unidentified peak is probably a member of the terpene class. The aerosol propellants were also partially analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry.
1141183,"The chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra with methane as the reagent gas are reported for 25 N-methylcarbamate insecticides or related compounds. The [M + 1]+ ions in the CI spectra are larger than the parent ions in the corresponding electron impact (EI) spectra of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylcarbamates, but the contrary is true with N-hydroxymethylcarbamates. CI but not EI fragmentation of substituted-phenyl N-hydroxymethylcarbamates [ROC (O) NHCH2OH] appears to involve a 4-membered [ROC(O)NHCH2]+ intermediate which rearranges to give a [ROCH2]+ fragment. Other fragmentations unique to the CI spectra are also discussed."
1141184,"A simple method is described for purifying aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin from visceral material by using a Celite column. Celite retains all interfering materials including Lipids whereas the chlorinated Insecticides are eluted from the column with n-hexane. This extract can be used directly for gas chromatographic analysis."
1141185,"A residue method has been developed which is capable of determining not only 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-benzene but a majority of the known metabolites of this compound. The residues are reduced to a common amine intermediate which is further derivatized and quantitatively measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The method is sensitive to 0.01 ppm and is readily suited to routine use. The method has been used on rice and wheat samples."
1141186,"A method is reported for the simultaneous determination of coumaphos (o,o-diethyl o(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)phosphorothioate) and its oxygen analog, Coroxon, in eggs in the ppb range. The residues are extracted with acetone and chloroform. The extract is purified by liquid-liquid partition followed by column chromatography and then by 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The fluorescence is measured directly on the chromatogram."
1141187,"An evaluation was made of Padron-Dock-Stader sulfide (PDS) agar for the rapid detection of Salmonella and Arizona microorganisms in foods. Analysts from 9 Food and Drug Administration District laboratories determined the reaction of 638 Salmonella cultures, 30 Arizona cultures, and 1754 non-Salmonella and non-Arizona cultures isolated from 157 food samples in PDS agar. The degree of positive reactions of these cultures in this agar was scored on a scale of ""-"" to ""+++"". The highest percentage of Salmonella isolates (64.1%) was in the category of +++ reactions. Progressively lower percentages of Salmonella isolates occurred in the more negative reaction categories. The highest percentage of Arizona isolates (66.7%) occurred in the intermediate ++ category. The majority of non-Salmonella and non-Arizona isolates occurred in the minus (41.0%) and plus or minus (44.8%) categories. Advantages of using the PDS agar are that it is simple to use, requires no specialized training or equipment, and alerts analysts to those Salmonella cultures which produce atypical reactions in triple sugar iron agar particularly the lactosepositive Salmonella. However, in this study the occurrence of false-negative reactions ranged from 4.3 to 13.9% for Salmonella and from 0 to 6.7% for Arizona, according to the criteria used to interpret the reactions in PDS agar."
1141188,"A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate a method for identifying d- or dl-alpha-tocopherol in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, or feed supplements. The sample is extracted and saponified, the extraneous color is removed by chromatography, and the sample is assayed for vitamin E. Optical rotations are determined before and after formation of the ferricyanide oxidation product. The specific optical rotation of the oxidation product is negligible for the dl-form and +25.5 degrees for the d-form. Statistical analysis of the data reported by 8 collaborators for the standard d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and for 6 unknown samples indicates a significant interaction between laboratories and samples. The mean coefficients of variation among laboratories for the determinations of the corrected specific optical rotation of the standard and the rotation ratio for the unknown samples containing d-alpha-tocopherol were 11.7 and 21.6%, respectively, for all laboratories and 5.8 and 11.8%, respectively, for experienced laboratories. This identification test for vitamin E is acceptable for determining the form of vitamin E as either d or dl, but is not acceptable for accurately determining mixtures of the 2 forms. The method has been adopted as official first action for the identification of d- or dl-alpha-tocopherol."
1141189,"A method has been developed for rapidly determining the amounts of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and cryptoxanthin in orange juice. The procedure includes extraction, saponification, and high-speed liquid chromatography. Limits of detection for the 3 carotenoids are 0.04, 0.02, and 0.04 mug/ml, respectively."
1141190,Recovery studies in which chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCI) standard was added to cattle and swine feed supplements at 4.09-9.99 g/ton showed lower antibiotic recovery turbidimetrically (80.6-98.7%) than by the AOAC modified standard as in 38.179(d) (91.2-98.7%) and the plain buffer as in 38.179(b) (93.8-133.0%) methods. Three feeds fortified with a commercial premix at the levels of 5.0 and 10.0 g CTC-HCI/ton showed an overall CTC-HCI recovery of 87.6-110.6% by manual turbidimetric assay. Results were 89.1-108.7% by the AOAC inactivated feed diluent standard and 95.4-125.4% by the plain buffer methods. For some sample extracts (as in cattle feed) the use of heat to stop bacterial growth in the turbidimetric method caused formation of a precipitate. Cooling of cultures to room temperature and rapid reading of sample turbidity followed by standard curve concentrations minimized this interference. The manual turbidimetric assay of low levels of CTC-HCI in feeds appears to offer advantages over other methods.
1141191,"A new confirmatory test for aflatoxins B1 and B2 is described. The test involves treatment of aflatoxins with excess sodium borohydride for 10 min at room temperature, to yield a fluorescent trihydroxy derivative of each aflatoxin. The test is sensitive and simple and gives no side reactions. The test is also applicable to aflatoxins G1 and G2."
1141192,"A procedure for the isolation of pure sterigmatocystin is described. It involves cultivation of an appropriate fungus on sterile maize, and extraction and column chromatographic purification of the crude extract. With this method sterigmatocystin may be obtained at a fraction of its commercial cost. Aspergillus versicolor seemed to be the best producer (5-12 g/kg) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The yield dropped markedly with increasing flask size."
1141193,"The red, water-insoluble pigment excreted by a mutant strain of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica is show to be protoporphyrin IX. In genetic crosses the red phenotype has the properties characteristic of a defect in a single, recessive nuclear gene. The yield and ease of harvest of protoporphyrin IX from the yeast mutant indicate that this strain or its derivatives may be a valuable source of this substance."
1141194,"Besides the competence factor (cpf), the activity of nuclease present in cell surface extracts (iF) is most likely necessary for the occurrence of competence in transformation of Challis strain and other group H streptococci. Very small amounts of iF activity were available. For this reason there were no data on nucleases occurring in iF preparations. In our previous studies, three deoxyribonucleases (endonucleases) were isolated and partly purified from stationary Challis strain cells. In the present work, due to the application of stationary-phase cell endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, and the immunological method, we found that two of these nucleases occur in Challis strain iF preparations. These two nucleases are present in larger amounts at the cell surface only in cells originating from the early-logarithmic-phase culture. Only in this phase does competence occur in the Challis strain. Antibodies against the three endonucleases of the Challis strain do not block the occurrence of competence. We suggest that an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane for intracellular nucleases independent of cpf activity is a stage in the maturation of competence."
1141195,"Two catalase-negative strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and a strain producing the atypical, nonheme catalase were studied to determine if the ability to produce the atypical catalase conferred any growth advantage upon the producing strain. Both catalase-negative strains grew more rapidly than the catalase-positive strain under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in a glucose-containing, complex medium. Upon exhaustion of glucose from the medium, all three strains continued growth under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. The continued aerobic growth was accompanied by production of acetic acid in addition to the lactic acid produced during growth on glucose. Oxygen was taken up by exponential phase-cell suspensions grown on glucose when glucose or glycerol were used as substrates. Cells harvested from glucose-exhausted medium oxidized glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate. Oxygen utilization by a catalase-negative strain increased as did the specific activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase during late growth in the glucose-exhausted medium. The catalase-positive strain and the catalase-negative strain tested both possessed low but readily detectable levels of superoxide dismutase throughout growth. The growth responses are discussed in terms of the presence of enzymes which would allow the cells to remove potentially damaging reduction products of O2."
1141196,"The irreversible loss of crown gall-inducing ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C-58 during growth at 37 C is shown to be due to loss of a large plasmid (1.2 X 10-8 daltons). The gene responsible for this high rate of plasmid loss at elevated temperatures seems to be located on the plasmid. In addition, another spontaneous avirulent variant, A. tumefaciens strain IIBNV6 is shown to lack the virulence plasmid which its virulent sibling strain, IIBV7, possesses. Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation measurements prove that the plasmid is eliminated, not integrated into the chromosome, in both of the avirulent derivatives. Transfer of virulence from donor strain C-58 to avirulent recipient strain A136 results from the transfer of a plasmid, which appears identical to the donor plasmid by deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation measurements. The transfer of virulence in another cross, K27 X A136, was also shown to result from the transfer of a large plasmid. These findings establish unequivocally that the large plasmid determines virulence. Two additional genetic determinants have been located on the virulence plasmid of A. tumefaciens strain C-58: the ability to utilize nopaline and sensitivity to a bacteriocin produced by strain 84. The latter trait can be exploited for selection of avirulent plasmid-free derivatives of strain C-58. The trait of nopaline utilization appears to be on the virulence plasmid also in strains IIBV7 and K27."
1141197,"Twenty biochemically distinct isolates of marine bacteria, comprising a collection of gram-negative, motile, straight and curved rod-shaped organisms, were separated into fermentative and nonfermentative groups. The isolates were analyzed fro phospholipid composition and the activities of the enzymes, cardiolipin synthetase, and a phosphilipase were determined. The phospholipid compositions of all isolates were generally similar. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major phospholipid classes detected. The absence of cardiolipin in most of the nonfermentative isolates was the most striking observation noted. This was verified chromatographically and by the absence of cardiolipin synthetase activity. In isolates which had cardiolipin, it apparently was synthesized by the condensation of two molecules of phosphatidylglycerol, a mechanism similar to that observed in terrestrial bacteria. Possible correlations between the presence of cardiolipin and Mg-2+ requirements for growth are discussed."
1141198,"A relatively nonpolar unidentified phospholipid (phospholipid X) , isolated from the gram-negative marine bacterium MB 45, was characterized both chromatographically and by chemical analysis. Phospholipid X was shown to be an acidic phospholipid without vicinal hydroxyl, free-amino, or amide groups. The presence of O-alkenyl groups was indicated by a positive reaction for plasmalogen. Mild alkaline methanolysis of phospholipid X yielded only glycerophosphoryglycerol as the derivative. Acetolysis produced only diacyl-glycerol monoacetate. Clevage of O-alkenyl chains by methanolic hydrochloride resulted in the formation of three lyso derivatives. It was estimated that 18.2% of phospholipid X was plasmalogen. From these data, together with chromatographic comparisons with standards, infrared spectra, a molecular weight estimation, and the determination of the glycerol-phosphate-acyl ester ratio, it was concluded that phospholipid X was bisphosphatidic acid mixed with its plasmalogen analogues."
1141199,"Respiratory nitrate reductase with lactate as a hydrogen donor has been studied in cells and spheroplast preparations of wild type and heme-deficienct mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. The activity is rapidly induced when suspensions of aerobically grown cells are incubated without aeration in a complete medium with nitrate. In ruptured spheroplast preparations, the activity with lactate as the donor is located in the membrane fraction, whereas at least 50% of the activity assayed with reduced benzyl viologen is in the cytoplasm. The reductase is inhibited by azide and cyanide, and the lactate-linked system is also sensitive to oxamate, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, dicoumarol, and p-chloromercuribenzoate. An inactive form of the reductase is apparently made during induction with tungstate; this can be activated by subsequent incubation with molybdate in the presence of chloramphenicol. Nitrate reductase activity with reduced benzyl viologen as the donor is induced in suspensions of heme-deficient mutants in the presence or absence of heme. The proportion of cytoplasmic activity is increased in the absence of heme. The staphylococcal nitrate reductase has many of the characteristics commonly associated with the respiratory enzyme in other organisms, but the apparent predominance of cytoplasmic activity is unusual."
1141200,"The fate of 35-S during anaerobic metabolism of [35-S]sulfate, [35-S]thiosulfate, and [35-S]sulfate plus unlabeled thiosulfate by washed cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio spp, and of [35-S]thiosulfate by growing D. desulfuricans was examined. The results appear to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that thiosulfate is an intermediate in sulfate reduction. Since thiosulfate was produced from trithionate, the latter is also unlikely to be an intermediate in the reduction pathway. Extracts of D. desulfuricans catalysed exchange between sulfite and the sulfonate group of thiosulfate."
1141201,"EcoR1 endonuclease digested the Bacillus pumilus plasmid pPL576 (molecular weight similar to 28 X 10-6) into three distinct size classes of linear fragments. The molecular weights of the fragments are 13.0 X 10-6, 0.5 X 10-6, and 6.5 X 10-6 by sucrose gradient analysis. By electron microscope analysis the three fragments account for about 99% of the intact plasmid. These results indicate that pPL576 molecules contain a nonrandom base sequence, and are consistent with the interpretation that pPL576 is autonomous and not the result of cyclization of random chromosome fragments."
1141202,"CDP-diglyceride, an important metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of phospholipids, has been isolated for the first time from a mammalian tissue. The isolated material, labeled in incubations of intact rat pineal glands with 32P, [3H]cytidine, or [3H]CTP in the presence of DL-propranolol, was chromatographically identical with authentic CDP-diglyceride and was able to serve as phosphatidyl donor in the enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyglycerol. It yielded the expected products upon enzymatic and chemical degradation. No dCDP-diglyceride was detected No radioactive CDP-diglyceride was detected following incubations in the absence of propranolol. Stimulation of CDP-diglyceride labeling from 32P1 occurred at propranolol concentrations between 0.03 and 1.0 mM. Net synthesis of the liponucleotide was shown. At 0.1 mM, propranolol incrased the incorporation of radioactivity into phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid. When inositol (10 mM) and propranolol (0.1 mM) were both present, phosphatidylinositol labeling was further increased, wheas stimulation of phosphatidylglycerol and CPD-diglyceride labeling was abolished. Since CDP-diglyceride did not accumulate in the absence of the drug, its availability may normally be the limiting factor in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. When propranol is present, inositol may become limiting and thus may lead to the observed labeling pattern."
1141203,"Initial velocity and isotope exchange studies confirmed that the over-all reaction, like that catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase purified from rat liver and chicken liver, was a nonclassical Ping Pong Bi Bi Uni Uni sequence with ATP and HCO3-binding randomly in the Bi Bi partial reaction. Three possible mechanisms for the coupling of ATP hydrolysis and CO2 fixation are considered: (i) Mechanism i, a concerted mechanism without the formation of a kinetically significant or detectable intermediate; (ii) Mechanism ii, activation of the enzyme by ATP to form an activated phosphoenzyme complex which can react with HCO3- by formation of a phosphorylated intermediate. On the basis of other evidence, an activated intermediate containing the ADP moiety was considered improbable. Evidence is presented which indicates that an isotopic exchange between ATP and ADP in the absence of added orthophosphate is not a property of the sheep kidney enzyme. This observation removed the need to postulate either that this exchange is an abortive reaction, or that there is a compulsory formation of a phosphoenzyme intermediate. Two analogues of ADP, alpha,beta-methylene adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, have been used to provide further evidence against Mechanism ii. Both compounds were competitive inhibitors with respect to MgATP2- (Ki values respectively, 0.58 mM and 3.0 mM, compared with 0.17 mM for ADP), but neither could be phosphorylated by the enzyme. Neither analogue could replace ADP in the HCO3-: oxalacetate isotopic exchange reaction, indicating that phosphorylation of ADP is necessary for this exchange to occur, and that Mechanism ii is not applicable. Since Mechanism iii involves formation of a carbonly phosphate intermediate, analogues of this compound, namely, carbamyl phosphate and phosphonacetic acid were used to examine this pathway. The fact that the enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of ATP from ADP and carbamyl phosphate, and that phosphonacetic acid was a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to MgATP2- (Ki = 0.5 mM) provides strong evidence that a carbonyl phosphate derivative is involved in the reaction mechanism. However, we have not found from initial velocity studies evidence for the formation of this intermediate, and it may therefore have only a transient existence in an essentially concerted reaction."
1141204,"The effects of growth hormone, administered in vivo or added in vitro, on amino acid transport and utilization have been studied in perfused livers of normal and hypophysectomized rats. A perfusion system employing a nonrecirculating medium was used in all of the studies. Two nonmetalbolizable amino acid analogues, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (cycloleucine) were used to study transport. Accumulation of AIB increased linearly over a 60-min perfusion period, reaching distribution ratios of between 1 and 2 for both groups of animals. Treatment of both normal and hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone 60 min prior to the start of perfusion increased AIB distribution ratios by up to 84 and 108%, respectively. Accumulation of cycloleucine was linear for only about 20 min of perfusion and then plateaued. Steady state distribution ratios of this analogue ranged between 1 and 2 for both groups of animals. Growth hormone treatment had no apparent effect on the time necessary to reach these steady state levels, but significantly increased them in livers of both normal and hypophysectomized rats by 16 and 42%, respectively. Studies designed to analyze the kinetic properties of these hormone effects revealed that growth hormone treatment caused 2-fold i-crease in the maximum velocities of both the AIB and cycloleucine transport systems. The substrate concentration for half-maximal transport velocity was increased slightly for both systems by growth hormone. Direct effects of growth hormone were demonstrated in studies where livers of hypophysectomized rats were perfused under conditions simulationg those of experiments in which the hormone was administered in vivo. Following an initial 45-min period of perfusion the medium during the 20 min. Growth hormone added to the medium during the entire 65-min perfusion at a concentration of 1 mug per ml caused a 30% increase in the cycloleucine distribution ratio. Under similar experimental conditions growth hormone directly stimulated three hepatic pathways of amino acid utilization: (a) incorporation of [14C]valine into protein, (b) urea formation and (c) conversion of 14-C-amino-acids to labeled glucose. Intracellular concentrations of seven amino acids, including threonine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, lysine, and arginine, were increased significantly in livers perfused with medium containing growth hormone..."
1141205,"27-nor-25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, 26,27-bisnor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 22-27-hexanor-20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and the corresponding 5,6-trans isomers have been synthesized. All compounds were tested for their ability to induce intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in normal and anephric rats. The 27-nor- and 26,27-bisnor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 analog are capable of stimulating intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in normal rats but are 10 to 100 times less active than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Although these analogs are inactive in anephric rats, their corresponding 5,6-trans isomer are capable of stimulating both intestine and bone activity in these animals. The 22-27-hexanor-20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its corresponding 5,6-trans isomer are incapable of stimulating either intestinal calcium transport or bone calcium mobilization. These results suggest that minor alterations in the side chain significantly decrease the biopotency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Since these analogs are biologically active in normal but not in anephric animals, it appears that the kidney 1alpha-hydroxylation is necessary for activity. Since 22-27-hexanor=20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its corresponding 5,6-trans analog are biologically inactive, it is likely that at least part of the side chain is necessary for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to stimulate intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization."
1141206,"Gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation studies show that delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni a dimer with a molecular weight of 26,800 at concentrations below 1 mg per ml, undergoes reversible, concentration-dependent association at higher enzyme concentrations. In the concentration range between 0.04 and 15.6 mg per ml, apparent molecular radii of 23 A to 36 A and molecular weights of 26,000 to 69,000 were observed. The latter value represents the weight average molecular weight of two or more ploymerization species in rapid equilibrium, rather than a discrete polymeric form of the enzyme. The isomerase dimer has been found to be unusually stable to dissociation upon dilution, even at concentrations in the nanogram per ml range. Evidence is presented which suggests that the enzyme is present as a dimer in P. testosteroni cells and that this is a catalytically active species. The isomerase monomer has been obtained and its molecular weight studied by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A new determination of the extinction coefficient of the isomerase gives the value of 0.336 for the absorbance at 280 nm in a 1-cm light path of a solution containing 1 mg of the isomerase per ml."
1141207,"Thermal denaturation profiles were used to quantitate the destabilizing activity of five classes of polyanions in an effort to explain previously reported differences in activity among apparently similar polymers. This physical assay for polyanion action on chromatin is free of the biochemical complications associated with template assay systems. Most polyanions tested caused a thermal destabilization of the normal nucleohistone complexes of rat thymus chromatin and exposed free or weakly complexed DNA. Polyphosphates dissociated chromatin even when their net charge was as low as 6, and activity per unit of weight increased with chain length only for polymers containing less than about 20 phosphate units; pyrophosphate was inactive. Two polymers which had no influence on chromatin had a low negative charge density. Some, such as polycytidlate and denatured DNA, possessed a high charge but caused only minor changes in the shape of denaturation profiles and exposed little or no free DNA. The highly active nucleic acids, ribosomal RNA and polyguanylate, were distinguishable from inactive nucleic acids by having more secondary structure and potentially less steric hindrance for anionic interaction with chromatin. There was evidence that some polyanions dissociate certain histones before others. Although data obtained show that some histones may be redistributed from chromatin onto added double-stranded DNA in a medium containing urea, this does not appear to interfere significantly with the interpretation of typical thermal denaturation profiles of chromatin."
1141208,"A simple method is described for measuring rates of protein synthesis and degradation in isolated rat diaphragm. Muscles incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer showed a linear rate of synthesis for 3 hours. At the same time, the muscle released tyrosine and ninhydrin-positive material, primarily amino acids, at a linear rate. This release was not a nonspecific leakage of material from the intracellular pools, but reflected net protein degradation. Tyrosine was chosen for studies of protein turnover, since it rapidly equilibrates between intracellular pools and the medium, it can be measured fluorometrically, and it is neither synthesized nor degraded by this tissue. To follow protein degradation independently of synthesis, muscles were incubated in the presence of cycloheximide. Under these conditions, the amount of tyrosine in the intracellular pools was constant, while the muscle released tyrosine at a linear rate. This tyrosine release was used as a measure of degradation. This preparation was used to study the influence of various factors known to be important for muscle growth on protein synthesis and degradation. Similar effects were obtained with diaphragms of normal and fasted rats although the latter showed decreased synthesis and increased protein degradation. Insulin by itself not only stimulated synthesis but also inhibited protein degradation (even in the presence of cycloheximide). These two effects served to reduce the net release of tyrosine from muscle protein to comparable extents. Effects of insulin on synthesis and degradation were greater when glucose was also present in the medium. Glucose by itself inhibited protein degradation but in the absence of insulin glucose had no significant effect on synthesis. Nevertheless, glucose stimulated incorporation of radioactivive tyrosine into protein, but this effect was due to an increased intracellular specific activity. Unlike glucose neither beta-hydroxybutyrate or octanoic acid had any demonstrable effects on protein degradion. The addition of amino acids at plasma concentrations both promoted protein synthesis and inhibited degradation in the diaphragm. Five times normal plasma concentrations of the amino acids had larger effects. The three branched chain amino acids together stimulated synthesis and reduced degradation, while the remaining plasma amino acids did not affect either process significantly. Thus leucine, isoleucine, and valine appear responsible for the effects of plasma amino or isoleucine and valine together, also were able to inhibit protein degradation and promote synthesis."
1141209,"In the vitamin D-depleted rat, all nucleated tissues examined (brain, lung, heart, pancreas, liver, cartilage, muscle, bone, kidney, and intestine) contained a soluble substance which bound 25-hydroxy[3H]cholecalciferol in vitro specifically and sedimented at 6.3 S in linear sucrose gradients. The serum-steroid complex sedimented a 4.1 S, and erythrocyte lysates were apparently devoid of specific binding activity. The ability of these cytosols to specifically bind the steroid was destroyed by treatment with trypsin, but not by RNase, DNase, or 1 mM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The sedimentation pattern was not altered in sucrose gradients containing 0.5 M KCl or following cytosol preparation and ultracentrifugation in gradients containing 0.012 M dithiothreitol. The apparent avidity for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (KA similar to 2 times 10- M) was slightly higher in muscle and kidney cytosols than in serum, but serum contained a large number of specific binding sites. The presence of widespread, high affinity binding proteins for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol raises the possibility that tissues other than the intestine, bone, and kidney may respond directly to vitamin D metabolites."
1141210,"Changes of chromosomal basic proteins of rats have been followed during transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa in the testis and during maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis. Rat testis chromatin has been fractionated on the basis of differing sensitivity to shearing, yielding a soluble fraction and a condensed fraction. The sperm histone is found in the condense fraction. Somatic-type histones are found in both fractions. The somatic-type histones in the condensed fraction contains much more lysine-rich histone I, than does the somatic-type histones in the soluble fraction. This may suggest that the lysine-rich histone I is the last histone to be displaced during the replacement of somatic-type histones by sperm histone. After extensive shearing followed by sucrose centrifugation, the condensed portion of testis chromatin can be further fractionated into two morphologically distinctive fractions. One is a heavy fraction possessing an elongated shape typical of the head of late spermatids. The other is a light fraction which is presumably derived from spermatids at earlier stages of chromatin condensation and which is seen as a beaded structure in the light microscope. Sperm histone of testis chromatin can be extractable completely by guanidinium chloride without a thiol, wheras 2-mercaptoethanol is required for extraction of sperm histone from caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa. The light fraction of the condensed testis chromatin contains unmodified and monophospho-sperm histone. The sperm histones of the heavy fraction is mainly of monophospho and diphospho species, whereas unmodified and monophosphosperm histones are found in caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Labeling of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of sperm histone releases by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment shows that essentially all of the cysteine residues of sperm histone in testis chromatin are present as sulfhydryl groups, while those of sperm histone isolated from mature (cauda epididymal) spermatozoa are present as disulfide forms and approximately 50% of the cysteine residues of sperm histone obtained from caput epididymal spermatozoa are in disulfide forms. These results suggest that phosphorylation of sperm histone is involved in the process of chromatin condensation during transformation of spermatozoa in the epididymis."
1141211,"The structure of Chromatium high potential iron protein (HiPIP) has been refined by semiautomatic Fo-Fc (observed minus calculated structure amplitude Fourier methods to a convential R index, R=sum of the absolute value of Fo-Fc divided by the sum of Fo, of 24.7% for a model in which bond distances and angles are constrained to standard values. Bond length and angle constraints were applied only intermittenly during the computations. At a late stage of the refinement, atomic parameters for only the Fe4S4 cluster plus the 4 associated cystein S-gamma atoms were adjusted by least squares methods and kept fixed during the rest of the refinement. The refined model consists of 625 of the 632 nonhydrogen atoms in the protein plus 75 water molecules. Seven side chain atoms could not be located in the final electron density map. A computer program rather than visual inspection was used wherever possible in the refinement: for locating water molecules, for removing water molecules that too closely approach other atoms, for deleting atoms that lay in regions of low electron density, and for evaluating the progress of refinement. Fo-Fc Fourier refinement is sufficiently economical to be applied routinely in protein crystal structure determinations. The complete HiPIP refinement required approximately 12 hours of CDC 3600 computer time and cost less than $3000 starting from a ""trial structure,"" based upon multipe isomorphoous replacement phases, which gave an R of 43%..."
1141212,"Studies have been carried out on the glycosphingolipids of human KB cells grown in monolayer and suspension culture, and by synchronization of the latter with a double thymidine (2mM) block. Glycosphingolipids were identified tentatively by thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The predominant gangliosides in the these cells were AcNeu-Gal-Glc-Cer and AcNeu-Gal-GalNAc-Gal-(AcNeu). Glc-Cer. Theprincipal neutral glycosphingolipids were Glc-Cer, Gal-Glc-Cer, Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer, and GalNAc-Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer. Incubation of KB cells (grown in monolayer and subsequently in suspension culture) for 48 hours with D-[1-14Clgalactose resulted in appreciable incorporation of radioactivity into all of the principal glycosphingolipids of these cells. These experiments confirmed that KB cells are capable of synthesizing their constituent glycosphingolipids. KB cells grown in suspension culture showed A 2- to 3-fold increase inthe concentration of Glc-Cer, Gal-Glc-Cer, GalNAc-Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer, and AcNeu-Gal1NAc-Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer, and AcNeu-Gal-Ga1NAcGal-(AcNeu)-Glc-Cer. Thus, the occurrence of tissue culture-dependent changes in the level of glycosphingolipids is demonstrated. Perhaps messages governing the synthesis of glycosphingolipids are translated earlier in thecell cycle under certain conditions of growth and are affected by cell-cell contact and cell adhesion."
1141213,"Regulation of fatty acid activation was studied in whole tissue homogenates of rat heart. The palmityl-CoA synthestase activity was proportional to the fatty acid to albumin ratio in the incubation medium with maximal activity occurring at a molar ratio of about 5. Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity was inhibited by products of the reaction (AMP, pyrophosphate, and palmityl-CoA). The apparent Ki for palmityl-CoA inhibition was 5 muM and this inhibition could be relieved by CoA-SH or albumin. The Km for CoA-SH in the absence of palmityl-CoA was 7 muM and was increased to 24 muM by addition of 8 muM palmityl-CoA. Cytosolic and mitochondrial levels of CoA-SH and carnitine were estimated in whole tissue homogenates of heart and liver. From 90 to 100% of whole tissue CoA was recovered in the mitochondrial fraction of heart muscle and it was estimated that the cytosolic concentration of free CoA-SH probably never exceeds its Km value for fatty acid activation in this tissue. Therefore, the rate of fatty acid activation would be expected to depend on the availability of CoA-SH in the cytosolic space. By adjusting the concentration of CoA-SH in the cytosol to the rate of acetyl-CoA oxidation, carnitineacetyl-CoA transferase may function in cardiac muscle to couple the rate of fatty acid activation in the cytosolic compartment to acetyl-CoA oxidation in the mitochondria. Approximately 30% of whole tissue CoA-SH was located in the cytosolic space in liver. Heart muscle has about twice as much carnitine as liver but in both tissues 100% of whole tissue carintine was located in the cytosolic space. The ratio of carnitine to CoA-SH in the cytosolic space was estimated to be about 100 in heart and 17 in liver. This high ratio in cardiac muscle may function to channel fatty acids toward oxidation rather than toward synthesis of complex lipids."
1141214,"A factor that catalytically promotes the codon-directed, GTP-independent binding of tRNA to 40 S ribosomal subunits has been isolated from the postribosomal supernatant and the ribosomal wash of rabbit reticulocytes. The factor is a heat labile, sulfhydryl reagent-sensitive protein of a molecular weight of approximately 50,000. It consists of two non-identical subunits of Mr equals approximately 30,000 and 20,000. Its basic character has been confirmed by the high ratio of basic amino acids to nonamidic aspartic and glutamic acid present in the purified protein. Formation of a factor promoted 40 S-poly(U)-phenylalanyl-tRNA initiation complex causes a shift in the Mg-2+ concentration optimum for polyphenylalanine synthesis from 8 mM to 4mM."
1141215,"Surface excess values for palmitoyl-coenzyme A have been determined at the air-water interface. In the bulk concentration range of 0.23 to 3.7 muM, the surface concentration of palmitoyl-CoA ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 times 10- minus 10 mol/cm-2. The molecules of palmitoyl-CoA in the surface layer behave as if they were in a monolayer with each molecule occupying a limiting molecular area of 79 A-2. The distribution of palmitoyl-CoA between bulk and surface phases can be described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an equilibrium constant of 0.33 muM. This constant is identical to the apparent Km for palmitoyl-CoA in the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase reaction catalyzed by microsomes. The results of this study, together with those from earlier work, suggest that the observed saturation behavior of the enzymatic reaction reflects the formation of a positive surface excess of palmitoyl-CoA in the vicinity of the catalytic site."
1141216,"As relatively little information is available on the properties of aspartate aminotransferase from photosynthetic tissue, isolation and characterization of the two major electrophoretically distinct forms of this enzyme from seedling oat leaf homogenates were undertaken. These two forms are designated I for the more anionic form and II for the less anionic form. Form I, 80 to 90% of the total activity, has been purified to a specific activity of 120 mumol/min/mg of protein (1100-fold) and is estimated to be 90 to 95% homogeneous, as judged by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Form II, 10 to 20% of the total activity, has been purified to a specific activity of approximately 6 mumol/min/mg of protein (300-fold). Both forms exhibit optimal activity at pH 7.5. Michaelis constants do not differ greatly between forms I and II and are similar to those reported for the pig heart cytosolic enzyme as well as aspartate aminotransferase from other plant sources. A molecular weight of 130,000 for the purified aspartate aminotransferase I was estimated by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation; molecular weights of the two forms are similar as estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. No activation by pyridoxal phosphate has been observed during purification."
1141217,"Isomers of cis-octadecenoic acid, with the double bond in each position in the hydrocarbon chain, were used to synthesize the corresponding 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3phosphorylcholines (lecithins). Differential thermal analysis of the lecithins, as a function of water content, permitted evaluation of the limiting transition temperature (Tc) of each isomer. Values of Tc plotted against double bond position fell on a smooth curve with a minimum at minus 22 degrees for the dioctadec-9'-enoyl compound. The presence of a ""pretransition"" endotherm in differential thermal analysis of 1,2-dioctadec-15'-and 1,2-dioctadec-16'-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine implies the existence of two beta crystalline forms. This was not observed with any of the other lecithins. Enthalpy and entropy data were then obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Values of delta H were lower (7.6 plus or minus 0.1 kcal mol- minus 1) when the center of unsaturation was near the middle of the hydrocarbon chain than they were (9.6 kcal mol- minus 1) when the center of unsaturation was close to either end of the chain. However, values of delta S showed no consistent variation with double bond position. Four positional isomers of 1-octadec-cis-enoyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine were synthesized. With the double bond near the middle of the chain or close to the terminal group, the Tc values of the mixed acid lecithins were higher than those of the corresponding dioctadecenoyl lecithins. 13-C nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements were used to obtain information about chain motion of selected 1,2-dioctadec-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines at a temperature (52 degrees) above the Tc values. Spin-lattice relaxation times of the resolved resonances indicated that location of double bonds near the middle, as compared to either end, of the hydrocarbon chain favors enhanced molecular motion along the length of the chins and especially at the terminal methyl end. In the gel state, the minimum interaction potential energy of hydrocarbon chains in bilayers formed from dioctadecenoyl lipids appears to be minimized by localization of the double bond near the middle of the chains. It is suggested that in the case of homogeneous chains the double bond primarily affects the cooperativity of interactions and has very little steric effect on van der Waals' contacts. By contrast, in bilayers of mixed lecithins, with heterogeneous chains, the steric effect may become dominant, depending on double bond position. These differences in chain packing in the gel state are promulgated beyond the phase transition to the liquid crystalline state as an enhancement of chain motion as the temperature rises above Tc."
1141218,"Bovine Factor X can be activated by two alternative pathways. The first, favored at high concentrations of the complex of tissue factor and Factor VII, is initiated by the action of Factor VII on Factor X to cleave an activation peptide from the NH2 terminus of the heavy chain, to produce alpha-Xa. This is then converted autocatalytically to another form of Factor Xa, beta-Xa, by the loss of a 17-residue glycopeptide from the COOH terminus of the heavy chain, in a lipid-dependent reaction. The alternative pathway, favored at lower activator concentrations, is initiated by the action of Factor Xa on Factor X, in the presence of lipid, to release the same COOH-terminal peptide as is produced in the conversion of alpha-Xa to beta-Xa. The intermediate produced by the loss of this peptide from Factor X,I1, can be activated directly to beta-Xa by the tissue factor-Factor VII complex, with the loss of the same NH2-terminal peptide as is produced in the conversion of Factor X to alpha-Xa. The autocatalytic activation of Factor X by Factor Xa described previously occurs to a marked extent only at very low activator concentrations, and has been shown to proceed largely by the loss of the normal NH2-terminal peptide from the heavy chain of I1-Initial experiments show that neither peptide affects the rate of coagulation by either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways. The amino acid sequences have been determined on both sides of the peptide cleavages, and it has been shown that the cleavage sites are the same, regardless of the pathway of activation. The amino acid sequence and carbohydrate composition of the COOH-terminal peptide have been determined. The carbohydrate moiety is attached via an O-glycosidic linkage at a threonine residue, and contains galactosamine but no glucosamine."
1141219,"HL-A antigens having specificities HL-A2, HL-A7, HL-A12 have been solubilized by papain treatment of membrane preparations from the cultured human lymphoblastoid cell line RPMI 4265 and purified about 80-fold by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, Sephadex G-150, and diethylaminoethylcellulose columns. Separation of HL-A2 from a mixture of HL-A7 and HL-A12 was achieved on the final DEAE-cellulose column. The yield was about 1 mg of protein of each antigen preparation per 100 g of packed, frozen cells. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis both preparations showed two polypeptide bands. The smaller subunit of 12,000 daltons is common to all HL-A preparations and has been shown to be identical with beta2-microglobulin. The larger subunit is a glycopeptide and in the HL-A7, 12 preparation was resolved into a duplex of 34,000 and 37,000 daltons. The HL-A2 preparation showed a single band at 34,000 daltons. On isoelectric focusing under nondenaturing conditions, the preparation showed multiple bands, all of which contained both subunits and retained antigenic activity. On isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6 M urea a single band for beta2-microglobulin and multiple bands for the larger subunit were seen. This charge heterogeneity of the larger subunit has been shown to be due to variable amounts of sialic acid. When HL-A antigen preparations were subjected to Sephadex G-100 chromatography in the presence of 3 M KCl, no separation of the two subunits was observed."
1141220,"Cardiac atrophy following hypophysectomy was accompanied by decreased heart content of RNA and polysomes and increased levels of ribosomal subunits, suggesting that protein synthesis was restricted by a reduced supply of ribosomes and an imbalance between rates of peptide-chain initiation and elongation. During perfusion in vitro, provision of palmitate restored the normal balance between rates of initiation and elongation but protein synthesis was lower in hearts of hypophysectomized than normal rats, reflecting the lower RNA content of hearts from hormone-deficient animals. After the period of atrophy had passed, or after treatment with growth hormone and thyroxine, heart RNA content and rates of protein synthesis were equal to or greater than those found in normal hearts. When plasma levels of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and insulin, and rates of beating and ventricular pressure development observed in normal and hypophysectomized rats were simulated during in vitro perfusion, hearts from hormone-deficient rats had reduced rates of protein synthesis but unaltered rates of degradation. Cathepsin D activity in heart homogenates (+ Triton X-100) was elevated during cardiac atrophy when expressed per g of tissue but not when expressed per heart."
1141221,"The epinephrine sensitivity in vitro of the adenylate cyclase system in liver plasma membranes from adrenalectomized rats was increased by the addition of 1 to 100 muM GTP or GDP in the incubation medium. Basal and glucagon-stimulated cyclase activities were also enhanced by GTP and GDP. These effects occurred even in the absence of an ATP-regenerating system. They were mimicked by 5'-guanyl diphosphonate and a series of guanyl derivatives, indicating that the structural requirement for the GTP action is not very stringent. Guanyl nucleotides did not increase the affinity of the adenylate cyclase system for the activating hormones, nor did they protect the enzyme activity against denaturation. Their synergic effect was due to an enhancement of the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate MgATP and also to an increase of the maximal velocity of the reaction. It is proposed that the guanyl nucleotides act directly and primarily upon the catalytic component of the cyclase system, independently of their effects on the binding of the activating hormones to liver plasma membrane. Since the activating effects of epinephrine and glucagon are similar in the presence of GTP, but not in its absence, it is suggested that the lower efficiency of epinephrine under normal conditions is not due to intrinsic membrane characteristics, but rather, to superimposed extraneous modulations."
1141222,"Procedures have been worked out for Aspergillus nuclease S1 and mung been nuclease to quantitatively cleave off both of the 12-nucleotide long, single-stranded cohesive ends of lambdaDNA. This cleavage is indicated by the almost complete elimination of the repair incorporation of radioactive nucleotides by DNA polymerase into the digested DNA. With S1 nuclease, cleavage was complete at 10 degrees as well as at 30 degrees. Under the conditions for quantitative cleavage of the single-stranded regions there was no digestion of the double-stranded lambdaDNA. The mung bean nuclease cleaved off the cohesive ends completely at 30 degrees but at 5 degrees, the cleavage was not complete even at high enzyme concentration. The nearest neighbor analysis of the repaired DNA indicates that at 5 degrees about four nucleotides remained undigested. The mung bean nuclease also introduced, under the conditions used, some nicks into double-stranded DNA as determined by the repair incorporation. The Escherichia coli exonuclease VII cleaved off part of the cohesive ends of lambdaDNA, leaving two nucleotides on each end as single-stranded tails."
1141223,"When a sample of trout testis nuclei is digested with micrococcal nuclease, the DNA is cleaved almost entirely to discrete fragments approximately 200 base pairs long and multiples thereof. The same DNA fragments can be obtained when isolated chromatin, as opposed to intact nuclei, is nuclease digested. These DNA fragments can also be found in discrete chromatin ""subunits"" isolated from nuclease-digested nuclei. Sedimentation through sucrose gradients or velocity sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge separates these chromatin subunits into 11 S (monomer), 16 S (dimer), and 22 S (trimer) etc. species. Subunits can also be fractionated on a Sepharose 2B column equilibrated and run in low salt. High salt (greater than 40 mM NaCl) or divalent cations (congruent to 5 mM) cause subunit precipitation. Chromatin subunits have a protein to DNA ratio of approximately 1.2 and contain all the histones, including the trout-specific histone T. There are, however, no detectable nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Mg-2+ precipitates of the 11 S chromatin monomers, when pelleted, are thin and clear, while oligomer Mg-2+ pellets are thick and white. This could reflect a more symmetrical or ordered packing of 11 S monomers, which are deficient in histone I. This histone may cross-link the larger oligomers, resulting in a disordered Mg-2+ complex. These results are consistent with the subunit model of chromatin structure, based on 200 base pair long regions of DNA associated with histones. These subunits would be separated by nuclease-sensitive DNA spacer regions and cross-linked by histone I."
1141224,"Conversion in vitro of single-stranded circular DNA of phage G4 (related to phage phiX174) to the double-stranded replicative form (RF-II) depends on a novel and relatively simple group of three proteins: a priming protein of approximately 65,000 daltons, the DNA unwinding protein, and the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Stimulation by ATP and GTP suggests an RNA synthetic step in the priming of DNA synthesis. The synthetic strand in the RF-II contains a small gap at a unique position relative to the template strand; the 5' end of the gap is about 250 nucleotide residues (5% of the genome length) away from the single site of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease (Eco RI)."
1141225,"Integrated steady state rate equations have been used to determine the kinetic constants (Vs, Ks, Vp, and Kp) and rate constants (k1, k2, k3, and k4) of the reversible enzyme mechanism: (see article). The fumarase reaction has been used as a model to illustrate the procedures for determining these constants. In contrast to initial velocity studies, the values of the constants have been obtained by examining the enzyme reaction in only one direction rather than in both forward and reverse directions. To accomplish this, a new procedure is described for fitting data to integrated rate equations which eliminates problems encountered when data are analyzed graphically. The advantages of examining on enzyme reaction in one direction with these new procedures allow this method to be extended to the examination of enzymes with simple mechanisms where initial velocities are difficult to measure because either the substrate or product is not readily available, or because the reaction is not readily reversible."
1141226,"The bovine plasma zymogen prothrombin contains a number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which are not found in an abnormal prothrombin produced when cattle are given the vitamin K antagonist dicoumarol. These modified glutamic acid residues appear to be formed post-translationally by a reaction which requires vitamin K. It has been shown that postmitochondrial supernates from vitamin K-deficient rats incorporate added H-14-CO3- minus into microsomal proteins upon the addition of vitamin K. This incorporation is dependent upon the presence of the prothrombin precursor in the microsomal preparations, and upon factors which are present in the postmicrosomal supernatant. Most of the radioactive protein which can be obtained from the microsomal pellet by extraction with 0.25% Triton X-100 has been identified as prothrombin and it can be shown that all of the radioactivity is in the amino-terminal activation fragment of prothrombin. This portion of the protein has previously been shown to contain the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. Hydrolysis of the purified radioactive prothrombin resulted in a loss of 50% of the radioactivity and subsequent chromatography of the amino acid hydrolyzate demonstrated that the remaining radioactivity was entirely in glutamic acid. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that all of the H-14-CO3- minus was incorporated into the carboxyl groups of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues."
1141227,"Two unique cathepsin D-type proteases apparently present only in rat thoracic duct lymphocytes and in rat lymphoid tissues are described. One, termed H enzyme, has an apparent molecular weight of similar to95,000; the other, termed L enzyme, has an apparent molecular weight of similar to45,000, in common with that of most cathepsins D from other tissues and species. Both enzymes differ from cathepsin D, however, by a considerably greater sensitivity to inhibition by pepstatin and by a smaller degree of inhibition by an antiserum which inhibits rat liver cathepsin D. H enzyme is converted to L enzyme by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol; the relationship between the two enzymes remains unknown. H and L enzyme have been detected in rat lymphoid tissues and in mouse spleen, but they are not present in other rat tissues (liver, kidney, adrenals), rabbit tissues, calf thymus, bovine spleen, or human tonsils. As measured on acid-denatured bovine hemoglobin as substrate, both enzymes have pH activity curves identical with that of rat liver cathepsin D, with optimal activity at pH 3.6. Activity on human serum albumin is much less and also shows an optimum at pH 3.6; hence, neither enzyme has the properties of cathepsin E. Thiol-reactive inhibitiors have no effect on the activity of H and L enzyme; thus they do not belong to the B group of cathepsins. Additional information, discussed in this paper, leads us to conclude that partially purified H and L enzymes are cathepsin D-type proteases."
1141228,"In order to obtain sufficient quantities of beta-glucuronidase for use in structural studies, the enzyme was purified from its richest known source, the female rat preputial gland, by a method similar to that of Ohtsuka and Wakabayashi (1969) (Enzymologia 12, 109). The purified enzyme has an S-o20, w of 12.5 S and a D-o20, w of 4.3 times 10- minus 7 cm-2 S-minus 1. Sedimentation diffusion and sedimentation equilibrium yielded molecular weights of 267,000 and 283,000, respectively. The limiting viscosity (3.6 ml/g) and the f/fo (1.08 at sigma equals to 0.2 g of H2O/g of protein) indicate that the enzyme is a typical globular protein possessing little asymmetry. The circular dichroism spectrum indicates approximately 14% alpha-helix and a far greater amount of random coli than beta structure. The enzyme is acidic, having an isoelectric point of 6.15. In electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate the enzyme exhibits a single band at molecular weight 72,000, a result indicating that the enzyme consists of four subunits of similar molecular weight. Tryptic peptide mapping suggests that the subunits are identical."
1141229,"Beta-Glucuronidase isolated from the preputial gland of the female rat has previously been shown to be a tetrameric glycoprotein. We have now separated the enzyme into several molecular forms by chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. The three major forms (A, B, and C) have a very similar or identical amino acid composition, and kinetic and stability studies on forms B and C disclosed no differences between these two forms. However, from C contained much more carbohydrate than forms A and B, which were very similar in carbohydrate composition. The sugars in forms A and B are mannose (2.8%), glucosamine (1.9%), fucose (0.2%), galactose (0.16%), and glucose (0.17%). Form C is a little higher in mannose content, but, more distinctively, is much richer in fucose (0.6%), galactose (1.1%), and glucose (1.5%). The presence of glucose was established by paper chromatography as well as by gas-liquid chromatography, and several special experiments were performed to rule out the possibility that this hexose was present in a persistent contaminant. Direct chemical analysis for sialic acid consistently showed the absence of this sugar in the enzyme. The fact that the carbohydrate-protein linkage is alkali-stable suggests that the linkage involves an asparaginyl-N-acetylglucosamine residue. The NH2-terminal amino acid in the polypeptide chain is leucine."
1141230,"Sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb S) treated with nitrogen mustard (bis(beta-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride) gives two reaction products, one labile and one stable. After dialysis against buffer solution, the remaining stable product is found to inhibit the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the structure and function of this stable product and to investigate the nature of the binding sites of nitrogen mustard to the hemoglobin molecule. The NMR results suggest that the nitrogen mustard treatment of Hb S does not alter the heme environment or the subunit interfaces of the hemoglobin molecule. Moreover, the NMR spectra have also shown that the nitrogen mustard reacts with the beta2 histidines of the hemoglobin molecule and have suggested that several other surface amino acid residues of the hemoglobin molecule are also affected by the nitrogen mustard alkylation. These NMR findings are in good agreement with the data obtained from biochemical studies of nitrogen mustard-treated Hb S. The NMR spectra also indicate that nornitrogen mustard (which is also effective in inhibiting sickling) binds with the hemoglobin molecule in a manner identical with nitrogen mustard. Sulfur mustard, on the other hand, produces no observable changes in the aromatic proton resonances, which is consistent with the fact that it does not inhibit the polymerization of deoxy-Hb S."
1141232,"A glycopeptide, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-L-threonine, has been isolated from normal human urine. The glycopeptide was isolated by gel chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, paper chromatography, and high voltage electrophoresis. The average yield of the glycopeptide was in the range of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/liter of urine. Sugar analysis and amino acid analysis gave equimolar amounts of glucose, fucose, and threonine. Linkages and sequential order were established by methylation analysis of the glycopeptide after degradation of the amino acid residue with ninhydrin. The permethylated product was analyzed on gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anomeric configuration was deduced from optical rotation."
1141231,"The chemical constitution of the carbohydrate portion of mycodextranase, an exocellular endo-alpha(1 yields 4) D-glucanase of Penicillium melinii, has been investigated. At least 80% of the carbohydrate, consisting exclusively of mannose and glucose, is released from protein by treatment of the enzyme with 0.05 M potassium hydroxide plus 1 M sodium borohydride or 0.5 M sodium hydroxide at 50 degrees. There is concomitant destruction of 60% of the threonine and 15% of the serine of the treated enzyme and an increase in absorption, at 241 nm, of the treated protein's spectrum, indicative of an O-glycosidic beta-hydroxyamino acyl linkage between untreated protein and its associated carbohydrate. Mannose is the monosaccharide involved in this linkage. Smith degradation, methylation, and glycosidase digestions of the carbohydrate indicate that it is present in mycodextranase as side chains of mannose, glucosyl alpha(1 yields 2)-mannose, and mannosyl alpha(1 yields 2)-glucosyl alpha(1 yields 2)-mannose units with each enzyme molecule bearing a calculated average of 25 side chains. Separation of pronase glycopeptides by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 revealed that 96% of the carbohydrate is present in the highest molecular weight fraction which contains 60% of the threonine of mycodextranase but only 3.5% of the aromatic acids judged by its absorbance at 280 nm. Further fractionation of this glycopeptide component on Sephadex G-75 indicates carbohydrate is restricted to two fractions, one containing 71% by weight of the threonine and serine of mycodextranase and 56% of its carbohydrate. These results suggest carbohydrate chains of mycodextranase are clustered in a few threonin-rich regions along the polypeptide chain rather than being separated from each other by nonglycosylated areas."
1141233,"The sythesis and isolation in purified form of an analog of insulin with the interchain disulfide bridges elongated by a methylene group is described.  This analog differs from the parent molecule in that the cystein residues occupying positions A-7 and A-20 and involved in the formation of the two interchain disulfide bridges of insulin have been replaced by homocysteine residues.  For the synthesis of this compound the Hcy-7, 20-A chain of sheep insulin was chemically synthesized and isolated in the S-sulfonated form.  Conversion of the latter product to the sulfhydryl derivative and combination with the S-sulfonated form of the B chain of sheep insulin yielded the [Hcy-7, 20-A] insulin.  Isolation of the analog from the combination mixture was effected by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose column with acetate buffer (pH 3.3) and an exponential sodium chloride gradient.  This analog, by the mouse convulsion assay methods and in doses at least 40-fold higher than those normally used for insulin assay, was inactive.  By the radioimmunoassay method this synthetic analog was found to possess a potency of 2 i.u./mg.  It is concluded that the biological activity of insulin depends critically on a particular geometry conferred on the molecule by the proper placement of the A and B chains."
1141234,"The equilibrium constant (KX) for the reaction D-serine dehydratase + pyridoxamine-P in equilibrium KX D-serine apodehydratase: pyridoxamine-P + pyridoxal-P was determined.  At 25 degreees, pH 7.80, KX increases from 5.4 times 10-minus 5 to 21 times 10-minus 5 as T/2 is increased from 0.33 to 0.66.  A value of 1.3 times 10-minus 4 M at 25 degrees, pH 7.80, T/2 0.33 for the equilibrium constant (KPMP) for dissociation of pyridoxamine-P from D-serine apodehydratase was determined from the ratio of the equilibrium constant for dissociation of pyridoxal-P from holoenzyme to KX.  Pyridoxamine-P and the thiazolidine, formed from pyridoxal-P and cysteine, were found to have similar affinities for D-serine apodehydratase.  Using the affinities of these derivatives as a measure of the noncovalent interactions between cofactor and protein, it was possible to estimate the contribution of the Schiff base linkage to the stability of the complex formed between pyridoxal-P and protein.  The covalent Schiff base linkage in the holoenzyme was found to be no more stable than the Schiff base linkage formed between 6-aminocaproic acid and pyridoxal-P.  The contribution of noncovalent interactions to the stability of the cofactor-protein complex was shown to be at least 20 to 40 times greater than the contribution of the covalent Schiff base linkage."
1141235,"A two-dimensional gel technique using slab gel isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient gel electrophoresis in the second dimension has been developed for the separation of soluble proteins larger than 10,000 daltons.  The technique is sensitive to 0.6 mug of protein and recovery of radiolabeled proteins averages 90%.  Analysis of secretory protein from the guinea pig exocrine pancreas shows the presence of 19 distinct high molecular weight proteins.  Each of these proteins has been characterized by isoelectric point, molecular weight, and proportionate mass.  Thirteen of the 19 proteins have been identified by actual or potential enzymatic activity,accounting for 96% of the protein mass resolved by the two-dimensional gels."
1141236,"Activation of acetylated chymotrypsinogen with trypsin leads to catalytically active acetylated delta-chymotrypsin containing NH2-terminal isoleucine. The importance of the cationic terminus to the control of the active conformation of acetylated delta-chymotrypsin has been demonstrated (Oppenheimer, H. L., Labouesse, B., and Hess, G. P. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 2720). Later studies appeared to suggest that the modification of isoleucine-16 of delta-chymotrypsin is not accompanied by the loss of catalytic activity as measured by the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (Agarwal, S. P., Martin, C. J., Blair, T. T., and Marini, M.A. (1971)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43, 510; Blair, T. T., Marini, M. A., Agarwal, S. P., and Martin, C. J. (1971)  FEBS Lett. 1486) or by the loss of active site content (Ghelis, C., Garel, J. R., and Labouesse, J. (1970) Biochemistry 9, 3902). In the present studies, controlled acetylation of the terminal alpha-aminogroup of acetylated delta-chymotrypsin with acetic anhydride led to a progressive loss of active sites of the enzyme. Determination of the catalytic and kinetic properties of the modified enzyme with the specific ester substrate N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester or the nonspecific substrates p-nitrophenyl acetate and cinnamyol imidazole gave nearly identical results. With N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester as substrate, the Km (app) values for acetylated delta-chymotrypsin (1.0 plus or minus 0.1 mM) and the modified enzyme (0.67 plus or minus 0.05 mM) are nearly identical and the kcat value is reduced to about 25% in the latter enzyme species. This value correlates well with about 20% of the active sites in this enzyme as measured by the rapid initial liberation of p-nitrophenol. With p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate, the acylation rate constants (0.13 plus or minus 0.04 s(-1) at pH 6.0, 25 degrees, in 3.3% acetonitrile) and the deacylation rate constants (0.01 s(-1) at pH 8.5, 25 degrees, in 3.3% acetonitrile) are identical for the acetyl isoleucine-16 and the isoleucine-16 enzymes. Furthermore, the residual enzyme activity could be correlated well with the residual NH2-terminal isoleucine content and with the moles of [1--14C]acetyl groups incorporated per mol of the enzyme. The activity associated with the modified enzyme can be attributed to the enzyme species in which isoleucine-16 of acetylated delta-chymotrypsin is not acetylated. These data are in general agreement with the studies of Ghelis et al. (1970) but are in disagreement with the results of Blair et al. (1971) and of Agarwal et al. (1971) and confirm the hypothesis that the final conformation of acetylated delta-chymotrypsin containing an acetylated NH2 terminus is catalytically inactive and resembles acetylated zymogen in many of its physical properties."
1141237,"The lambda exonuclease, an enzyme that has been implicated in genetic recombination, rapidly and processively degrades native DNA, starting at the 5' terminus. The enzyme will also degrade the 5'-terminated strand at a single-stranded branch. The experiments reported here reveal various interactions of the enzyme with single-stranded DNA. The rate of digestion is related inversely to the length of single strands. Chains of 100 nucleotides are digested at about 10% the rate of digestion of native DNA. Digestion of the single-stranded ends of lambda DNA does not appear to occur processively. The enzyme binds to circular as well as linear single strands and the affinity for single strands is also related inversely to the chain length. In an equimolar mixture of single- and double-stranded DNA the action of lambda exonuclease on the latteris about half-inhibited. At 20 degrees the initiation of digestion at the 5' terminus of duplex DNA is blocked sterically when such DNA has 3'-terminal single strands that are longer than 100 nucleotides. Information about these properties is important for the practical use of lambda exonuclease as well as for reflections on the role of the enzyme in genetic recombination."
1141238,"Dissociated fetal mouse brain cells are allowed to reassociate in rotation culture to form aggregates.  After several weeks these reaggregated brain cell cultures show markedly increased specific activities of monoamine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and the brain-specific protein S-100, while catechol-O-methyltransferase activity increases slightly.  Similar changes in these activities are found during mouse brain maturation. The amounts of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and S-100 were also determined in surface cultures of fetal mouse brain cells, as well as glioma and neuroblastoma cell lines.  The fetal brain and glial cell cultures possess much higher activities than the cultured neuroblastoma cells.  However, lactate dehydrogenase activity was highest in the glioma and lowest in the surface cultures of fetal brain cells."
1141239,"Sucrose density gradient centrifugation has been used to measure the binding of Triton X-100 above its critical micellar concentration to a variety of purified membrane and non-membrane proteins.  In addition, binding studies were done on the three proteins below the critical micellar concentration of detergent to distinguish between the interaction of proteins with detergent monomers and detergent micelles.  A procedure is described for the calculation of the molecular weight of these Triton X-100 protein complexes and measurements were made for opsin, plasma low density lipoprotein, the (Na-+ plus K-+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, the human red blood cell major sialoglycoprotein (PAS-1) and the human red blood cell minor glycoprotein (bandIII).  These proteins behave as monomers or dimers in detergent and bind between 0.28 and 1.12 g of detergent per g of protein.  A general method is also present for calculating the molecular size and shape of impure membrane proteins in detergent.  Finally, Triton X-100 was shown to replace bound Na dodecyl-SO4 on the minor glycoprotein of the red blood cell."
1141240,"The binding of colchicine to tubulin, purified by two cycles of assembly-disassembly, has been studied. Equilibrium studies indicated a dissociation constant which declined during incubation approaching a minimum value of approximately 0.30 times 10- minus 6 M after 13 hours of incubation. Because tubulin is unstable during prolonged incubation (t1/2 of 5.2 hours for free tubulin, t1/2 of 12.5 hours for tubulin bound to colchicine), the equilibrium Kd was felt to be an overestimation of the true Kd. The rate constant of dissociation (k-1 equal to 0.009 hour- minus 1 hour- minus 1) and the rate constant of association (k1 equal to 0.37 times 10-6 M-minus 1) were measured under conditions designed to circumvent or correct for tubulin instability. The dissociation constant determined by the ratio k-1/k1 was 0.024 times -minus 6 M. To determine whether the discrepancy between the ""equilibrium"" and ""kinetic"" determined dissociation constants could be accounted for on the basis of tubulin instability, the binding reaction was computer-simulated using the measured association and dissociation rate constants and the rate constants for decay of bound and free tubulin. Computer simulation was in close agreement with the experimentally determined behavior of the reaction during a 13-hour incubation. It is concluded that the Kd determined by equilibrium methodology results in a considerable overestimation due to the instability of tubulin, and that the best estimate for the Kd of the colchicine-tubulin equilibrium is the value determined by the ratio of the rate constants."
1141241,"Artificial membranes bearing immobilized enzymes can be used to study some effects of membrane structure on enzyme kinetic behavior.  The bienzyme system described is a mixture of beta-glucosidase and glucose oxidase.  Gluconolactone, the product of thesecond enzyme, is an inhibitor of the first one.  The resulting feedback effect has been compared using a mixed two-enzyme membrane, two separated one-enzyme membranes, and astirred bienzyme solution.  The feedback effect is quicker and more efficient in the two-enzyme membrane than in solution; it is slower and less efficient in the case of the separated one-enzyme membranes.  Effects of enzyme proximity in the structure are discussed.  Conclusions are drawn concerning the efficiency of feedback mechanisms when enzymes are embedded within a single structure."
1141242,"In connection with work on the nucleotide sequence of the promoter for the gene N of bacteriophage lambda as well as a study of the mechanism of transcription, a 20-unit long DNA duplex corresponding to the known sequence at the 5' end of the above gene transcript has been synthesized. For synthesis, the required duplex was divided into the following deoxyribooligonucleotides: a) the dodecanucleotide, d-A-T-C-A-G-C-A-G-G-A-C-G (II); b) the octanucleotide, d-C-A-C-T-G-A-C-C- (IV); c) the hexanucleotide, d-G-C-T-G-A-rU (I); and d) dodecanucleotide, d-T-C-A-G-T-G-C-G-T-C-C-T (III). All of the four olignucleotides were chemically synthesized and characterized by extensive chromatographic and fingerprinting methods (after labeling the 5' ends with[32P]phosphate group). Longer polynucleotides (an icosa- and an octadecanucleotide) were prepared by polynucleotide ligase-catalyzed joining of segments I and III and by joining segments II and IV. The use of the octadecanucleotide, d-T-C-A-G-T-G-C-G-T-C-C-T-G-C-T-G-A-rU, in work on the sequence analysis of the promoter is described in the accompanying paper. The octadecanucleotide and icosanucleotide were hybridized together to give the double-stranded duplex."
1141243,"The enzyme mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef liver is a dimer of identical subunits. The enzymatic activity of the resolved enzyme is restored upon addition of the cofactor pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The binding of 1 molecule of cofactor restores 50% of the original enzymatic activity, whereas the binding of a 2nd molecule of cofactor brings about more than 95% recovery of the catalytic activity. Following addition of 1 mol of pyridoxal-5-P per dimer, three forms of the enzyme may exist in solution: apoenzyme-2 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, apoenzyme-1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and apoenzyme. The enzyme species are separated by affinity chromatography and the following distribution was found: apoenzyme-2 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/apoenzyme-1 pytidoxal 5'-phosphate/apoenzyme, 2/6/2. Similar distribution was observed after reduction with NaBH4 of the mixture containing apoenzyme and pyridoxal-5-P at a mixing ratio of 1:1. Fluorometric titrations conducted on samples of apoenzyme and apoenzyme-1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate reveal that the enzyme species display identical affinity towards the inhibitor 4-pyridoxic-5-P (KD equals 1.1 times 10- minus 6 M). It is concluded that the binding of the cofactor to one of the catalytic sites does not affect the affinity of the second site for the inhibitor. These results, obtained by two independent methods, lend strong support to the hypothesis that the two subunits of the enzyme function independently."
1141244,"Plasma membranes obtained from different neural regions of the chicken embryo have previously been shown to specifically bind to homotypic cells and prevent cell aggregation (Merrell, R., and Glaser, L. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70, 2794-2798). Proteins responsible for the specific inhibition of cell aggregation have been solubilized from the plasma membrane of neural retina and optic tectum by delipidation with acetone followed by extraction with lithium diiodosalicylate. The extracts show the same regional and temporal specificity as previously shown for plasma membrane recognition by the same cells (Gottlieb, D. I., Merrell, R., and Glaser, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 1800-1802). Two micrograms of the most purified protein fraction inhibits the aggregation of 2.5 times 10(-4) cells under standard assay conditions. This represents a 20-fold increase in specific activity compared to whole membranes."
1141245,"Uptake of L-alanine against a concentration gradient has been shown to occur with isolated brush border membranes from rat small intestine. An alanine transport system, displaying the following characteristics, was shown: (a) L-alanine was taken up and released faster than D-alanine; (b) Na+ as well as Li+ stimulated the uptake of both stereoisomers; (c) the uptake of L- and D-alanine showed saturation kinetics; (d) countertransport of L-alanine was shown; (e) other neutral amino acids inhibited L-alanine but not D-alanine entry when an electrochemical Na+ gradient across the membrane was present initially during incubation. No inhibition occurred in the absence of a Na+ gradient. The electrogenicity of L-alanine transport was established by three types of experiments: (a) Gradients of Na+ salts across the vesicle membrane (medium concentration greater than intravesicular concentration) supported a transient uptake of L-alanine above equilibrium level, and the lipophilic anion SCN- was the most effective counterion. (b) A gradient of K= across the membrane (vesicle greater than medium) likewise supported active transport of L-alanine into the vesicles provided the K= conductance of the membrane was increased with valinomycin. (c) Similarly, a proton gradient (vesicle greater than medium) in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, an agent known to increase the proton conductance of membranes, produced an overshooting L-alanine uptake. A consideration of the possible forces, existing under the experimental conditions, suggests that the gradients of SCN-, K+ in the presence of valinomycin, and H+ in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone contribute to the driving force for L-alanine transport by creating a diffusion potential. Since the presence of Na+ was required in all experiments with active L-alanine transport these results support the existence of a transport system in the brush border membrane which catalyzes the co-transport of Na+ and L-alanine across this membrane."
1141246,"Chick embryo skull  bones incorporated radioactive proline and cystein into procollagen in short term organ culture.  Pulse-chase experiments showed that individual precursor chains (pro-alpha1 and pro-alpha2) were formed first and that these were subsequently linked by disulfide bounds into trimers.  Radioautography showed that labeled material was secreted 30 min after adding label to the cells, and electrophoretic analyses showed that after this time completed labeled collagen molecules appeared.  Conversion from disulfide-linked procollagen to collagen proceeded in more than one step.  An intermediate form consisting of shorter chains, which were still trimerically linked, was found."
1141252,"Twenty-two patients with Scheuermann's kyphosis were treated with correction, Harrington instrumentation (in twenty-one), and posterior spine fusion. This procedure relieved pain and corrected deformity in all patients but loss of correction of 5 degrees or more occurred in sixteen of the twenty-two patients, including all those whose initial kyphosis was greater than 70 degrees. The incidence of complications was so high that this procedure should ordinarily be performed only for disabling pain or spinal cord compression."
1141253,"The effects of cardiac surgery on patients with congenital heart defects and the subsequent development of scoliosis were studied. A group of 998 patients with congenital heart defects who were less than sixteen years old were operated on at the Mayo Clinic during the ten-year period 1950 through 1959. Standing roentgenograms of the spine were made of 377 of the patients ten years or more after surgery. The ages of the patients at follow-up ranged from ten years and seven months to thirty-five years and three months, with a mean age of twenty-one years and four months. The average length of follow-up was fourteen years and eleven months. Of the 377 patients, thirty-two (8.5 per cent) had curves greater than 20 degrees. The female:male ratio of patients with congenital heart defects was 1:1, whereas of those who developed scoliosis it was 5:3. There was no correlation between scoliosis and the following: patient's sex, cardiac abnormality, size or side of the heart, side of the aortic arch, presence of cyanosis, age at surgery, number and type of surgical incisions, number and side of ribs removed, or number and type of surgical procedures."
1141254,"From 315 cases of congenital scoliosis seen from 1925 to 1970, sixty cases of scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis due only to a hemivertebra, hemivertebrae, or a unilateral bar associated with the hemivertebrae were selected, classified into six types, and analyzed. Progression occurred in all but the balanced hemivertebrae group in two patients with cervical-high thoracic curves due to multiple hemivertebrae. Location of the hemivertebra or hemivertebrae and the presence of unilateral bars are the major determinants of deformity. The rate of progression of the scoliosis was variable, ranging from 1 to 33 degrees per year (average, 4 degrees per year)."
1141255,"Study of twenty skeletons and two hundred patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis established that it occurred four times more frequently in females, six to nine times more frequently at the interspace between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae than at adjoining levels, three times more frequently in blacks than in whites, and four times more frequently the fifth lumbar vertebra was sacralized. It did not occur before the fifth decade or in conjunction with spina bifida or isthmic spondylolisthesis. The slipping occurs as a result of degenerative disease of the articular processes, but it never exceeds 30 per cent. When symptoms are severe and unrelieved by conservative treatment (10 per cent of our patients), decompression laminectomy and excision of the medial portion of the articular processes affords relief of pain. The predisposing factor is a straight, stable lumbosacral joint which puts abnormal stress on the intervertebral joint between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, leading to decompensation of disc and ligaments, hypermobility, and degeneration of the articular processes allowing forward slipping."
1141257,"Fifty rheumatodi patients (fifty hands) had Silastic joint implants in 144 metacarpophalangeal joints. Average follow-up time was 2.5 years (maximum 3.5 and minimum 1.5). At clinical examination, gross power, range of motion, lessening of ulnar deviation, relief of pain, and appearance were determined. The results were correlated with preoperative indications. Postoperatively, there was no significant gain in gross power. The range of motion was somewhat increased and the lessening of ulnar deviation was marked. Relief of pain was achieved. Complications included fracture of four of the 144 implants, one infection, and six cases of tendon adhesions."
1141258,"For eighty-six cases of leprous paralysis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, a modified Bunnell opponensplasty (transfer of a finger flexor) was done. Good results were seen in eighteen and fair results in sixty-three. The five poor results occurred because of infection, weakness, or deformity. Adjuvant procedures, as needed, were interphalangeal arthrodeis of the thumb, capsulorrhaphy of the wrist, and additional tendon transfers."
1141259,"We reviewed thirty-eight cases, in thirty-six patients, of fracture of the femur distal to the base of the neck incurred in conjunction with total hip replacement. There were thirteen preoperative, eighteen intraoperative, and seven postoperative fractures. The cases were contributed by thirteen surgeons. We found that the preoperative fractures with pre-existing disease in the hip joint were effectively treated by primary total hip replacement using custom-made femoral components with long necks or long stems, or both. The intraoperative femoral fractures usually occurred while the surgeon was reaming the canal, seating the femoral component, or manipulating the femur in patients who were predisposed to fracture. Theoretically these lesions can be treated like preoperative fractures, but this demands immediate access to custom-made femoral components with long necks or long stems, or both, along with an appreciation of the extent and significance of the fracture. Inadequate fixation was found to lead to painful non-union or late loosening of the femoral component in four of eighteen patients. Postoperative fractures occurred too rarely for us to draw any definite conclusions about management, except to say that surgical treatment can be hazardous and traction has been successful in this series and in other reports. Prophylactic measures, however, may help to prevent postoperative femoral fractures. Most of these fractures occur through a cortical defect near the tip of the femoral component. A long-stem femoral component may help to prevent postoperative fractures whenever a proximal cortical defect of the femur is present preoperatively or is created at surgery."
1141260,"In thirty-nine patients with myelodysplasia at the third, fourth, or fifth lumbar level and subluxation or dislocation of the hip (fifty-nine hips involved), the following surgical approaches were utilized to balance the muscles about the hip: In one group (twenty hips in eleven patients) the origins of the adductors longus, brevis, and gracilis were transferred to the ischial tuberosity, and in fifteen hips in that group the iliopsoas also was transferred to the greater trochanter when the abductors were severely weakened. In the second group (thirty-nine hips in twenty-eight patients), only the iliopsoas transfer was done. Group I patients demonstrated improved muscle balance with less severe flexion-adduction contractures; increased power in abduction and extension; and a higher incidence of stable hips at follow-up."
1141261,Seven cases of osteochondritis dissecans following Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are presented and the literature is reviewed. This complication could not be predicted during the early stages of the Legg-Calvé-Perthes process. A high index of suspicion is necessary to recognize the lesion. Conservative treatment is suggested.
1141262,"A force platform was utilized to provide a new and sensitive means to measure postural steadiness and stability. Normal standards are presented for the center of pressure of the vertical supportive force during standing and sustained weight-shifting of normal men in three age groups. Two distinguishing characteristics were seen for normal upright posture: (1) a large area of stability over which weight can be safely shifted and maintained, and (2) steadiness such that the center of pressure fluctuates incessantly, traversing large total excursions, while remaining remarkably close to the mean point. The youngest age group showed the greatest steadiness and stability and the oldest group showed the least."
1141263,"The effect of magnesium deficiency on phosphatase activity and bone composition was determined in the femora of young rats. In the right distal metaphysis the acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were decreased in magnesium-deficient rats, and the activity of bone alkaline phosphatase in the incubation mixture after adding magnesium was significantly greater in the magnesium-deficient than in the control rats. In the left distal metaphysis the water content was significantly lower in the magnesium-deficient rats at the fifth week but not at the third week. Conversely, the ash content of metaphyseal bone was significantly increased in magnesium-deficient rats at the fifth week, but not at the third week. The magnesium and phosphorus contents were abnormally low in the deficient bone at both periods. The calcium content was increased in the deficient bone at the third week, but not at the fifth week."
1141264,"HCl-demineralized mid-diaphyseal allogeneic segments of tibia were implanted in the lumbar muscles of rats fed either a magnesium-deficient or a magnesium-supplemented diet for one week prior to implantation and for three weeks thereafter. Histological studies, histochemical mucopolysaccharide determinations, tests for protease content of undemineralized bone tissue, and microradiography showed that in the normal hosts mostly trabecular bone grew into the heterotopic site, whereas in the deficient rats a large fibrous covering formed about the implant and in many instances cartilage was present in multiple locations under the fibrous coat. In some instances cartilage wedges, not preceded by multinucleated giant cells (matrixclasts), invaded the implant. This fibrocartilaginous response to an exogenous inductor resembled the modified growth pattern of bone recently reported in magnesium-deficient rats."
1141265,"Seeking a reliable chemical index of the wear of articular cartilage during in vitro experiments, the contents of hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and the amino acid composition of adult bovine articular cartilage were determined as functions of depth from the surface. The hydroxyproline content, expressed as per cent of dry weight of tissue, was constant throughout the thickness of the tissue except in a surface region approximately twenty-five micrometers thick; the hexosamine content in this region was less than in the interior of the tissue; the collagen content was higher and the amino acid composition was less like that of pure collagen here than in the interior, indicating that the content of noncollagenous protein in the superficial layer of cartilage was greater than that in the interior. It was also evident that adult bovine articular cartilage contains significant amounts of collagen with a low hydroxylysine content, presumably Type I as well as Type II. Since the content of hydroxyproline is constant throughout the cartilage and the collagen and proteoglycan constituents of the intact tissue are relatively insoluble, the hydroxyproline content of the lubricant and the wear debris can be used to measure the extent of wear of articular cartilage during in vitro experiments. However, approximately 10 per cent of the hydroxyproline and 50 to 60 per cent of the glycosaminoglycans of the wear debris are dissolved in the lubricating fluid. Therefore, both the lubricant (solvent) and the solid wear debris must be analyzed to determine the amount of cartilage wear."
1141268,"A fixed-ankle, below-the-knee molded plastic splint designed to maintain the ankle in 5 degrees of dorsiflexion and correct any foot deformity was used on eighteen extremities of twelve children with spastic cerebral palsy and genu recurvatum. After an average follow-up of twenty-six months, the genu recurvatum was well controlled and gait was improved."
1141278,"A survey has been undertaken of the various complications of halo-pelvic distraction in 118 patients with scoliosis prior to spinal fusion. In the first sixty-two patients the standard solid distraction rods were employed. The neurological complications included ten cases of cranial nerve lesions and two cases of paraplegia, one of them permanent. Springs were then incorporated in the distraction rods so as to allow direct readings of the distraction forces, and a total force of 18 kilograms was not exceeded in the last fifty-six patients. No further serious neurological complications occurred, but the amount of correction achieved in the adolescent and juvenile idiopathic types of scoliosis was reduced."
1141279,"An attempt has been made to determine the aetiological factors in infantile idiopathic scoliosis from a clinical, genetic and epidemiological survey of 134 infants, ninety-seven of whom developed a curve in the first six months of life. Plagiocephaly was present in all cases; mental retardation occurred in 13 per cent of males with progressive scoliosis; congenital dislocation of the hip occurred in 3-5 per cent of cases and congenital heart disease in 2-5 per cent; and inguinal hernia was found in 7-4 per cent of males. Approximately 3 per cent of parents and 3 per cent of sibs had the same deformity, thirty times the general population frequency for the Edinburgh area. Other positive findings included an excess of breech presentations and of premature, low birthweight males, and a preponderance of curves developing in the winter months. Infants with progressive scoliosis tended to have older mothers and to come from poorer families. Only three children all with resolving scoliosis, habitually lay prone in early infancy, in marked contrast to North American infants where this posture is usual. The almost complete absence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis in North America is noted and it is thought that the two facts may be related. The aetiology is likely to be multifactorial, with a genetic tendency to the deformity which is either ""triggered off"" or prevented by external factors."
1141280,"Scoliosis appeared in fifteen members of a family in three generations. The eight members examined showed an idiopathic type of scoliosis. Father-to-son transmission occurred more than once. Although at first appearance transmission of the scoliosis is as an autosomal dominant trait, the concept of polygenic inheritance, as has been shown in previous population studies, could also explain the inheritance in this family."
1141281,"A personal experience is recounted of operations in cases of tumour involving the humerus or femur with restoration by endoprostheses. Twenty-four patients were treated in this way from 1950 to 1969 inclusive and have been followed up for between four and twenty-four years. The patients selected for treatment have presented chondrosarcoma (ten), so-called benign giant-cell tumour of bone, usually recurrent (nine), angiomatous osteolysis (two), seemingly single thyroid or renal metastasis (two), and ununited pathological fracture after irradiation of a tumour (one). Development of the prostheses from early beginnings is outlined. Some points in surgical management are referred to. The complications and results are recorded."
1141282,"The clinical and radiological state of the hips of a group of children with cerebral palsy treated without operation is compared with that in a group treated by operation to correct adduction and flexion deformity and to obtain balanced action in the hip muscles. In the first group, 11 per cent of hips were dislocated, 28 per cent subluxated, 46 per cent dysplastic and 15 per cent normal. In the second group no hip was dislocated, 13 per cent were subluxated, 35 per cent dysplastic and 52 per cent normal. Surgical intervention is indicated clinically for a range of abduction diminishing to less than 45 degrees and--on radiological criteria--for early dysplastic changes, especially a break in Shenton's line, irrespective of the patient's age, severity of involvement or neurological maturity. Prevention of subluxation or dislocation improves function and diminishes the liability to develop a painful hip in adolescence or early adult life."
1141283,"Displacement and blurring of the soft-tissue shadows about the hip has been described in several conditions, particularly in transient synovitis. A study was made between such displacements and the posture commonly adopted by an ""irritable hip"". Examination of radiographs of normal hips, and of those in cases of transient synovitis and Perthes' disease showed that the appearance of ""capsular swelling"" is related to the position of lateral rotation and abduction. This was confirmed by anatomical dissections of the lateral plane, which appears to be an intermuscular plane lying anterior to the hip, and an explantation is given for the blurring which may accompany its lateral displacement. ""Capsular swelling"" appears to be a radiological artefact."
1141284,"An oblique osteotomy in the distal half of the metatarsal shaft is described for the treatment of metatarsalgia due to prolapse of one or more of the middle three metatarsal heads. Thirty-eight patients who have had this operation have been followed up for a period of from two to five years. The operation is simple, recovery is rapid and symptoms have been well relieved."
1141285,"The costo-clavicular ligament is always ruptured in dislocation at the sterno-clavicular joint. Anterior, superior or posterior displacement of the medial end of the clavicle may occur. Acute dislocation usually responds to conservative treatment and operation is seldom required. Chronic, or recurrent, dislocation may cause pain and disability on strenuous activity and necessitate surgical treatment. The operation of tenodesis of the subclavius tendon with capsulorrhaphy described by Burrows (1951) has been adopted. The intraarticular meniscus is often damaged and displaced, and may block reduction; its removal is then necessary. In addition, a threaded Stinmann pin transfixing the joint has been found useful to maintain the stability of reduction. The operation has been performed on five patients, four of whom had excellent results. The fifth patient disrupted the repair in a drinking bout shortly after the operation."
1141286,"Serial arterial blood-gas analyses showed a phase of primary hypoxaemia in thirty-two out of fifty fracture patients (64 per cent) without head, chest or abdominal injury. The incidence was greater in those with shaft fractures of the femur or tibia or both, than in those with fractured hips, and was related to the severity of injury and the nature of the accident. Most affected subjects were already hypoxaemic on admission to hospital; the arterial PO2 commonly fell to between 60 and 70 millimetres of mercury, and the episode generally lasted a few days. The hypoxaemia was generally subclinical but four patients developed mild fat embolism. Early hypoxaemia was not found in six patients admitted with only soft-tissue injuries. One or more subsequent attacks of subclinical hypoxaemica, each lasting a few days, occurred in half of those previously affected. Most episodes followed fracture operation or manipulation. Pulmonary thromboembolism seemed responsible in two patients, but it could be excluded in others given oral anticoagulant prophylaxis from soon after admission. Pulmonary fat embolism is the most likely explanation of the primary episodes and could account for most of the subsequent periods of hypoxaemia."
1141287,"The authors wished to determine the late results of the Hauser operation, with special reference to the development of osteoarthritis. Predisposing factors associated with recurrent dislocation of the patella were also investigated. Thirty-five patients with forty-four surgically treated knees attended for review, ten to twenty-five (average sixteen) years after operation. Two patients had subsequently undergone excision of the patella. Ten patients gave a family history of recurrent dislocation of the patella and seven patients showed generalised joint laxity. Pain was present in eight knees before operation and was present in thirty-three knees (75 per cent) at the time of review. Patella crepitus was present in thirty-seven out of forty-two knees (88 per cent) at review. Osteoarthritis was present in thirty out of forty-two knees (70 per cent). The incidence increases with time since operation and the present age of the patient. It is concluded that the Hauser operation prevents further dislocation but does not prevent the development of osteoarthritis. It is possible that a simple soft-tissue operation which effectively prevents dislocation might achieve the same results."
1141288,"Bone scanning with radioactive isotopes has been used to study a wide variety of disorders. Recently certain phosphate compounds, labelled with technetium, have been used as bone scanning agents. The comparative merits of three technetium-labelled phosphate compounds currently available for bone scanning--pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate and ethylhydroxydiphosphonate (EHDP) have been compared in rabbits. Each substance was injected into ten rabbits and blood was withdrawn at regular intervals. The animals were killed at four hours and the blood and tissue samples were assayed for radioactivity. The results show that EHDP has a more rapid blood clearance than the other two agents, with a resultant improvement in the bone to soft-tissue ratio. Of the three substances investigated technetium-labelled EHDP was the best and might allow the technique of scanning to be used on a wide scale for the general study of bone and its pathology."
1141289,An elderly woman presented with a pathological fracture of the right humerus. Progressive dissolution of the shaft of this bone took place over six months. No cause could be established and the patient refused biopsy. With only simple splintage for treatment the humeral shaft gradually reformed and re-ossified over a period of two years. The patient has been under review for four and a half years and no further pathology has come to light. The cause of the osteolysis remains obscure.
1141370,"This is a brief review of the contribution that the small laboratory animal, in particular the mouse, has made to experimental radiotherapy. Despite the great differences between mouse and man (e.g. size and life span), there are similarities of tissue cell kinetics and radiation response which greatly aid in the mouse-to-man extrapolation. The crucial advantage of being able to perform experiments with spontaneous tumors transplanted into syngeneic hosts is discussed. Examples are given of work using the tumor control dose (TCD50) endpoint, the endpoint dilution assay, two different clone-counting assays, and the tumor regrowth system. The sophistication that can be achieved with an animal as small as a mouse is illustrated by two studies: one of prolonged intra-arterial catheterization, the other of blood flow measurements in an irradiated limb."
1141372,"The motion of particles in the axopodia of Echinosphaerium nucleofilum is saltatory. In the present study, photokymograph records of 123 motions from six axopodia have been analyzed. Particles followed rectilinear paths of from 1 to 15 mum while in continuous motion at an average velocity of 0.66 plus or minus 0.32 mum/s. The velocity of the particles was variable in 36% of the cases measured. Some motions were punctuated by pauses either before continuing in the same direction or reversing. Frequently, several particles were moving at the same velocity, but neighboring particles showed no motion or moved in the opposite direction. Two particles occasionally contacted one another and travelled as a unit for varying lengths of time but subsequently moved independently. These motions reflect the underlying mechanism of motive force production. Furthermore, a glass microneedle can be substituted for the microtubular axoneme in the axopodia. In these artificial axopodia, bidirectional particle motions occurred which were similar to those in normal axopodia. Colchicine, at the threshold dose for axonemal dissolution, had no affect on these particel motions. It is concluded that the microtubular axoneme is not responsible for particle motions and also that individual microtubules are unlikely candidates for motive force production in this system."
1141373,"Echinosphaerium nucleofilum exhibits at least three kinds of movement: locomotion by the bending and shortening of its many axopodia, feeding by means of food-cup pseudopodia formed from its cortical cytoplasm, and saltatory motion of cytoplasmic particles, especially in the cortex and axopodia. Since previously presented evidence indicated that the microtubular axoneme is not essential for particle motion, the cytoplasm was investigated for the possible existence of contractile behavior and for the possible presence of linear elements other than microtubules. Cytoplasm can be isolated in physiological media in which rigor, relaxation, and contraction can be induced, as in muscle, by manipulating the concentrations of calcium ions and magnesium-adenosine triphosphate. Contraction is initiated by calcium ions at concentrations above 2.4 times 10-minus 7 M. The rigor-to-relaxation transition occurs at subthreshold calcium concentrations on the addition of 10-minus 3 M ATP. Negatively stained preparations of isolated cytoplasm show two types of filaments: thin filaments identified as cytoplasmic actin by virtue of their binding heavy meromyosin from striated muscle in characteristic arrowhead arrays, and thicker filaments which do not strictly resemble myosin aggregates from muscle or amoeba but could conceivably by myosin aggregated in an unfamiliar form."
1141374,"The microfilaments in the acinar cell of the exocrine pancreas are essentially located in the apical part of the cell: thin microfilaments (50 A), cytochalasin B (CB)-sensitive, form the axis of the microvilli and a network lying beneath the apical membrane; thicker filaments (100 A), at least partly CB-insensitive, form bundles parallel to the plasma cell membrane and the desmosomal links. CB interaction with the acinar cell of the exocrine pancreas involves at least two sites: a membrane site involved in the inhibitory effect of CB on the monosaccharide transport and a less sensitive site at the filamentous level at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of CB in the secretion of the exportable enzyme from the pancreatic cell. CB did not alter the energy balance of the acinar cell nor the exchanges of 15-Ca between the extracellular medium and the pancreatic tissue. CB (2 times 10-minus 7 and 2 times 10-minus 6 M) has secretagogue properties whereas CB (2 times 10-minus 5 M) has inhibitory effect on stimulated secretion and secretagogue properties. The mechanism of these secretory effects is not yet explained. The analysis presented in this investigation affords strong evidence for the involvement of the microfilamentous network in the last steps of the secretory cycle in the acinar cell of the exocrine pancreas."
1141375,The presence of carbohydrate residues on the outer surface of PMN granules has been demonstrated by the use of ricin-conjugated ferritin. The binding of the lectin was inhibited by alpha-lactose. No difference in the binding densities of azurophil or specific granules was observed.
1141376,"Actin and myosin filaments as a foundation of contractile systems are well established from ameba to man (3). Wolpert et al. (19) isolated by differential centrifugation from Amoeba proteus a motile fraction composed of filaments which moved upon the addition of ATP. Actin filaments are found in amebas (1, 12, 13) which react with vertebrate heavy meromyosin (HMM), forming arrowhead complexes as vertebrate actin (3, 9), and are prominent within the ectoplasmic tube where some of them are attached to the plasmalemma (1, 12). Thick and thin filaments possessing the morphological characteristics of myosin and actin have been obtained from isolated ameba cytoplasm (18, 19). In addition, there are filaments exhibiting ATPase activity in amebas which react with actin (12, 16, 17). However, giant ameba (Chaos-proteus) shapes are difficult to preserve, and the excellent contributions referred to above are limited by visible distortions occurring in the amebas (rounding up, pseudopods disappearing, and cellular organelles swelling) upon fixation. Achievement of normal ameboid shape in recent glycerination work (15) led us to attempt other electron microscope fixation techniques, resulting in a surprising preservation of A. proteus with a unique orientation of thick and thin filaments in the ectoplasmic region."
1141377,"In the course of a freeze-cleave study on intercellular junctions in the regenerating rat liver, we observed an unusual array of intramembranous particles located in regions of contact between endothelial cells lining the hepatic sinusoids. These arrays were characterized by an accumulation of particles which resembled a zonula occludens in their linear deployment but differed in that the contact regions were composed of individual particles which remained separated from each other by regular particle-free intervals."
1141378,"Acetylcholine receptors were inactivated in vivo at the mouse neuromuscular junction using alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX). It was found that neurally produced muscle contraction recovered within 4-8 days (halftime similar to 3 days). Actinomycin D interfered with this recovery, but did not affect normal nerve-stimulated muscle contraction. If the response was initially eliminated by [125-I]alpha-BTX and the end plates examined by EM autoradiography, no evidence of mass internalization of bound radioactivity during recovery was seen. The fine structure of the end plates and muscle was unaltered during the post-alpha-BTX recovery period."
1141379,"Colchicine, both in vitro and in vivo, inhibits secretion of albumin and other plasma proteins. In vitro, secretion by rat liver slices is inhibited at 10-minus 6 M with maximal effect at 10-minus 5 M. Inhibition of secretion is accompanied by a concomitant retention of nonsecreted proteins within the slices. Colchicine does not inhibit protein synthesis at these concentrations. Vinblastine also inhibits plasma protein secretion but lumicolchicine, griseofulvin, and cytochalasin B do not. Colchicine also acts in vivo at 10-25 mumol/100 g body weight. Inhibition of secretion is not due to changes in the intracellular nucleotide phosphate levels. Colchicine, administered intravenously, acts within 2 min and its inhibitory effect lasts for at least 3 h. Colchicine has no effect on transport of secretory proteins in the rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum but it causes these proteins to accumulate in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles."
1141380,"The pineal body and the retina of the neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat were studied by light and electron microscopy, and the morphologic differentiation of the parenchymal cells of the pineal body was compared with that of the developing photoreceptor cells of the retina. Between the ages of 4 and 12 days after birth, some of the developing pinealocytes were observed to become elongated and polarized, with their nuclei located at one pole. ""Synaptic"" ribbons were observed within the cell body. At the opposite pole the cells developed elongated cell processes that initially contained microtubules and ribosomes. These cell processes projected into luminal spaces and were attached by structures resembling zonulae adherentes to the adjacent cells. Extending from the tips of the cell processes, cilia with a 9 + 0 arrangement were observed. Lamellated and vesicular membranes were noted at the tips of the cilia. Such morphologic differentiation, however, could be observed only in rats younger than 17 days. Comparison of the morphologic features of the neonatal pinealocytes with those of the developing retinal photoreceptor cells showed much similarity. It is suggested that the pinealocytes of the neonatal rat undergo ""photoreceptor-like"" differentiation during a transient neonatal period. Such morphologic differentiation may provide an explanation for light-induced biochemical changes described in neonatal rats whose eyes had been enucleated."
1141381,"Sermatozoa from two brothers who are not twins were found to be straight and immotile. Examinations of the sperm showed that oxygen consumption and lactic acid production were normal; viability tests showed that the percentage of dead sperm was not increased. The ultrastructural appearance of the sperm tail was normal except for a complete lack of dynein arms and some irregularities in the arrangement of the accessory fibers and the longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath. The mitochondrial apparatus and the sperm head conform to the conventional model. According to the sliding-filament hypothesis first proposed by Afzelius (1959. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5:269.), the arms are responsible for the bending movements of the tail. The simplest explanation for the simultaneous lack of arms and sperm motility appears to be that the two brothers have a genetic disorder involving production, assembly, or attachment of the dynein arms."
1141382,"Mouse sperm were labeled in vivo with [3H]arginine. The sperm were then followed autoradiographically from the time of label incorporation until after fertilization. The label was completely lost from the sperm head after fertilization, during the oocyte's second meiotic division. That the [3H]arginine was incorporated into a sperm-specific basic protein was demonstrated by fractionating acid extracts of epididymal and ejaculated sperm with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the histone fractions were resolved in the epididymal extracts, but in addition a band was present that migrated faster than histone F2al and slower than the salmon protamine used as a marker. This new fraction (proposed name: musculine) was also present in ejaculated sperm; it was shown to be the only fraction that was labeled. Musculine therefore represents the end product of a histone transition in mice. It is, however, according to our electrophoretic characterization, not identical to the classical fish protamines. Rather, musculine resembles bovine sperm nuclear protein. Since the loss of this fraction from the sperm head was coincident with the rearrangement of the male genome, before its resumption of transcription, it is suggested that musculine is involved in the control of chromatin that accompanies spermiogenesis and fertilization."
1141383,"Using a ""slit camera"" recording technique, we have examined the effects of local laser irradiation of cilia of the gill epithelium of Mytilus edulis. The laser produces a lesion which interrupts epithelial integrity. In artificial sea water that contains high K+ or is effectively Ca++ free, metachronism of the lateral cilia continues to either side of the lesion with only minor perturbations in frequency synchronization and wave velocity, such as would be expected if metachronal wave coordination is mechanical. However, in normal sea water and other appropriate ionic conditions (i.e., where Ca++ concentration is elevated), in addition to local damage, the laser induces distinct arrest responses of the lateral cilia. Arrest is not mechanically coordinated, since cilia stop in sequence depending on stroke position as well as distance from the lesion. The velocity of arrest under standard conditions is about 3 mm/s, several orders of magnitude faster than spreading velocities associated with diffusion of materials from the injured region. Two responses can be distinguished on the basis of the kinetics of recovery of the arrested regions. These are (a) a nondecremental response that resembles spontaneous ciliary stoppage in the gills, and (b) a decremental response, where arrest nearer the stimulus point is much longer lasting. The slower recovery is often periodic, with a step size approximating lateral cell length. Arrest responses with altered kinetics also occur in laterofrontal cilia. The responses of Mytilus lateral cilia resemble the spreading ciliary arrest seen in Elliptio and arrest induced by electrical and other stimuli, and the decremental response may depend upon electrotonic spread of potential change produced at the stimulus site. If this were coupled to transient changes in Ca++ permeability of the cell membrane, a local rise in Ca++ concentration might inhibit ciliary beat at a sensitive point in the stroke cycle to produce the observed arrest."
1141385,Aggregation of chick embryonic liver and kidney cells was completely abolished by a treatment with carboxypyridine disulfide which binds -SH groups. The effect could be reversed by a subsequent treatment with some thiols. Inhibition of RNA synthesis or respiratory metabolism did not prevent cell aggregation. Cell adhesion is discussed in the light of these observations.
1141384,"Incubation of HeLa cells in the presence of millimolar concentrations of propionate, butyrate, or pentanoate increases the specific activity of CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase 7-20-fold within 24 h. Longer-chain saturated fatty acids or acetate are much less effective, decanoate showing no induction. Unsaturated fatty acid analogs of butyrate and other compounds are ineffective. Only the three most effective compounds also produce characteristic smooth extended cell processes in HeLa cells. Butyrate (5 mM) induces the sialyltransferase after a 4-h lag, producing maximum specific activity by 24 h. The amount of sialyl-lactosylceramide, the glycolipid product of the enzyme, increases during that time 3.5 times more than in control cultures. No other glycosphingolipid enzyme is significantly altered by butyrate exposure. The cellular shape changes occur 2-3 h later than the increase of sialyltransferase activity, and both processes require the continuous presence of inducer and the synthesis of RNA and protein but not the synthesis of DNA or the presence of serum."
1141386,(1) Determinations were carried out on the incorporation of fucose-6-(3H) and glucosamine-6-(3H) into trichloracetic acid insoluble macromolecules which remained bound to the cells or were released into the medium of chick embryo muscle cell cultures. The radioactivity determined in the medium was corrected for unspecific binding of label to components of the medium. (2) During an incorporation period of six hours the incorporation per microgram DNA with fucose as label into cell bound macromolecules is about twice as high as the incorporation into macromolecules released into medium. With glucosamine about twice as much is incorporated into medium released into the cell bound macromolecules. (3) The incorporation per microgram DNA increased during a culture period of three days but the increase ceases at different times during this culture period when determined with fucose or glucosamine or for cell bound and medium released material. (4) An increase in cell density increases the incorporation per DNA of fucose and to a much slighter extent that of glucosamine. Reduction of cell density by addition of cytosine arabinoside to the medium does not increase the incorporation per microgram DNA. (5) The effect of changes of fibroblast/myoblast ratios on the incorporation of fucose and glucosamine were examined. No significant effect was observed for a ratio of 10-30% fibroblasts when control cultures or cultures after cell sedimentation were maintained in complete medium. Marked changes were observed after culture in medium without protein components. Under these conditions an increase in the fibroblast/myoblast ratios were observed as well as an increase in the incorporation of label into medium released and a decrease into cell bound macromolecules.
1141387,"The transport of radioactive sodium and calcium in high sodium low potassium cat red blood  cells has been studied under various experimental conditions. In these cells, calcium uptake was found to increase by 25-fold when cell volume was decreased from 1.0 normal to 0.55. Increasing cell volume from 1.0 to 1.1 normal was found to decrease calcium-uptake by 30%. N-ethylmaleimide, NEM, phloretin, colchicine, and vinblastine were found to inhibit Na-uptake by these cells. Among these four agents, phloretin was the most potent inhibitor of Na-influx. It appears that phloretin produces its effect through its interaction with the cell membrane and not with cell interior."
1141388,"The ordered changes which occur in the structural organization of the mouse oocyte nucelus during the preparatory, the maturative and the preovulatory stages of antral follicle development, have been studied under both light and electron microscopy. All observations have been made on those antral follicles whose development is initiated on postnatal day 14 and completed by postnatal day 28 in prepubertal animals of the ICR albino mouse strain. The formed entities that can be recognized within the oocyte nucleus during that period are the condensing bivalents, the heterochromatic knobs, the nucleolus and the extranucleolar bodies. At the onset of antral follicle development, the highly unravelled dictyate bivalents are seen to take on a lampbrush-type configuration. Subsequent condensation of these lampbursh bivalents appears to be a very gradual and lengthy process that extends over almost the entire period of antral follicle development. The shortening and thickening of the lampbrush bivalents are best interpreted as resulting from the withdrawal of their lateral loop-like projections into the chromosome axes and from the focal aggregation of these axes into compact chromatin masses. Electron-opaque granules, which appear within the oocyte nucleus during the preparatory and maturative follicle stages, are seen to be intimately associated with these condensing bivalents. A number of Feulgen-positive heterochromatic knobs make their appearance in contact with certain bivalents during the preparatory follicle stage. These knobs are not reincorporated as such into the condensing chromatin masses and undergo disintegration and dissolution during the preovulatory follicle stage. The size, shape and ultrastructural features of the nucleolus remain unchanged thoughout the period of antral follicle development. Breakdown and dissolution of the nucleolar mass is a swift process that takes place only in the fully mature preovulatory follicle and more or less concomitantly with the dismantling of the nuclear envelope. The extranucleolar bodies increase noticeably in size during the preparatory and the maturative follicle stages; they shrink in size and undergo dissolution during the preovulatory stage of antral follicle development. An attempt is made to interpret these morphological changes in the light of current knowledge concerning the architectural and functional organization of the oocyte nucleus in general during meiotic prophase. The relevant observational evidence would be consistent with the view that, during antral follicle deveopment, the mouse oocyte nucleus is not, as too often assumed, in a period of arrested evolution; its formed components undergo structural, maturational and functional changes which are of significance not only for the resumption of the first meiotic prophase but also for the early development of the embryo."
1141389,"The effects of wheat germ agglutinin on Drosophila embryonic cell lines growing on cover-glasses was examined by scanning electron microscopy. At low concentrations of the lectin (5-10 mug/ml), cells spread against the glass surface and fused to form syncytia. At high concentration, damage to the cell surface was evidenced as extensive membrane shrivelling and loss of surface microfilaments. Fusion also occurred under these conditions. There was some indication that the morphology of cells in division remains undisturbed by wheat germ agglutinin. The coalescence of cells and morphologic disotrtion induced by wheat germ agglutinin were not inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine, the hapten inhibitor of the lectin, under the conditions utilized in this study."
1141390,"Zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora adhered to a plastic film surface were examined by electron microscopy. Three stages of adhesion were compared: (1) non-adhesive, unencysted zoospores, (2) adhered incipient cysts, and (3) adhered mature cysts. Thin sections of incipient cysts revealed cells attached to the film surface through the partially discharged contents of the so-called peripheral vesicles; this seems to be the first step in cell adhesion. In mature cysts, the adhesive appeared to have been compacted into an electron-dense deposit binding the cyst wall to the plastic surface. The adhesion zone was also examined in face view after lysing attached incipient cysts with sodium dodecyl sulphate. Cyst wall microfibrils were seen together with an amorphous substance (presumably the adhesive material). The microfibrils were in various stages of formation. Seemingly, adhesion and microfibril formation take place concurrently. The possibility was considered that the material contained in the peripheral vesicles serves in both cell adhesion and microfibril elaboration."
1141391,"Exposure of albino rats to incandescent radiant energy for a short period of time in an elevated environmental temperature (39 degrees C) causes degenerative changes in the extraocular muscles. The muscle fibres regenerate and the muscles reorganize if the animals are returned to room lighting and temperature. Extraocular muscles (EOMs) were damaged first near their insertion on the eyeball. All EOMs of both eyes were affected, but the degeneration did not extend the entire length of the muscle. The peripheral fibres of each muscle were damaged before the more central fibres. Mitochondria were swollen and often contained dense bodies. Numerous vesicular profiles, possibly from the sarcotubular system, were present. Myofibrils of the more severely damaged fibres lacked typical Z-disk structures, and I-bands had disappeared by 24 h after the exposure period, a degenerative pattern which seems to be unique for this method of EOM damage. EOM degeneration appeared to be dependent on the interaction between thermal and radiant energy on the orbital contents. However, EOMs were only rarely and very slightly affected when rats were exposed to elevated temperature in the absence of incandescent radiant energy. When an opaque, black, ocular occluder was placed over one eye and the contralateral eye was left unoccluded, EOMs and retinas of occluded eyes were undamaged, while those tissues were severely damaged in unoccluded eyes. Therefore, the most critical single variable in inducing EOM degeneration appears to be exposure to radiant energy."
1141392,"During incubation in vivo, exogenously applied ionic lanthanum comes to surround the numerous neurosecretory terminals which are found lying within or immediately beneath the acellular neural lamella ensheathing the nerves from fifth instar and adult specimens of Rhodnius prolixus. The lanthanum does not penetrate beyond the cellular perineurium, which completely surrounds the non-neurosecretory axons in these nerves and constitutes a form of 'blood-brain barrier'. In some cases, however, lanthanum is found in the vicinity of a neurosecretory axon lying beneath the perineurium, where it can be assumed to have leaked in from the neurosecretory terminal lying free in the neural lamella. When nerves are incubated in calcium-free media, regions with an attenuated perineurium become 'leaky', in that lanthanum is found lying in those extracellular spaces between axons and glia which lie immediately below the thin part of the perineurial layer. Bathing solutions made slightly hyperosmotic to the haemolymph with sucrose have no apparent disruptive effects on the barrier. When the tissues are incubated in more hypertonic solutions, the perineurial barrier becomes 'leaky' throughout, and tracer pervades beyond its cells into all the intercellular spaced between glia and axons. The possible role of the zonulae occludentes in both the maintenance of the perineurial barrier and in the formation of interglial occlusions to local penetration of exogenous substances is considered."
1141393,"About 60 proteins from human and murine cell lines were isolated by their ability to bind to different preparations of DNA. In the intact cell, the majority of these proteins are to be found in the cell nucleus. The electrophoretic mobilities of the DNA-binding proteins from human, murine and man-mouse hybrid cell lines were compared in two-dimensional acrylamide gels. Few, if any, species-specific differences were found. These observations suggest that the structures of the vast majority of the proteins that interact with DNA are conserved through evolution. A molecular basis is thus provided for the intracellular of hybrid cells derived from different animal species."
1141394,"Subclones isolated from a Chinese hamster hybrid line, derived from fusion of an actinomycin D-resistant and an actinomycin D-sensitive strain, were studied with respect to their resistance to actinomycin D, karyology, transplantability and agglutination by concanavalin A. Statistical analysis of the results allowed the establishment of a classification of the strains based on increasing resistance to actinomycin D. There appeared to be an inverse correlation between actinomycin D-resistance and tumorigenicity and a positive correlation between this resistance and the presence of a marker chromosome."
1141395,"It is demonstrated, using the Couette viscometer method, that talpid-3 mutant chick wing mesenchyme cells are more adhesive to one another than are normal cells. The relation of this to differences in the size and shape, and the internal architecture, of aggregates produced in rotation cultures of these cells was investigated. Sequences of sections through aggregates in all stages of formation, from 2-cell aggregates up to those with large cell numbers, were prepared. These confirm the theoretically predicted relationships among adhering cells which would produce the observed small, spherical talpid-3 aggregates and the larger, unevenly shaped normal aggregates. The cell contacts are further analysed with electron micrographs."
1141399,The sensitivity of the alkali flame ionization detector to the tricyclic antidepressant drugs has been studied and limits of detection measured. A backflush system has been used to enable measurement in plasma extracts. A general method for the estimation of tricyclic plasma levels has been developed and exemplified by the measurement of imipramine at therapeutic levels.
1141400,"Fluorescamine was subjected to reaction with dopamine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) and with 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine (3-methyl metabolites of catecholamines) in phosphate or borate buffer. Catecholamines gave the highest fluorescent intensity at pH 8.0 in phosphate buffer but lower fluorescence in borate buffer. The fluorophores produced in phosphate or borate buffer were the same but the fluorescence intensities were suppressed in borate buffer. The dopamine and norepinephrine fluorophores were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography on Hitachi 3011 gel with methanol-0.10 M Tris buffer of pH 8.0 (7:3). They were measurable at the 100-pmole level. The metabolites were also measurable by the same chromatography. By using methanol-0.15 M borate buffer of pH 8.0, cate-chol-O-methyltransferase activity might be assayed."
1141401,"A combination of thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques for the alkaloid screening of herbarium samples of the genus Uncaria (Rubiaceae) is described. Some sixty alkaloids are distinguished by the screening procedure, and they represent heteroyohimbine, oxindole, roxburghine, simple beta-carboline, pyridino-indolo-quinolizidinone and gambirtannine types."
1141406,"A rapid, quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of as little as 10 ng of unmodified barbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, and hexobarbital from whole blood is described. The method involves one extraction from whole blood into chloroform with subsequent injection into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector. This method has the advantages of small sample size high specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity."
1141407,"A method is described for the quantitation of C2-C5 volatile fatty acids present in biological tissues. It involved recovery of the acids from their biological matrix by vacuum micro-distillation at room temperature, followed by gas phase separation of aqueous solutions on orthophosphoric acid-modified Phasepak Q columns. The subsequent gas chromatographic procedure resolved iso from normal isomers and showed a linear response for each volatile acid over the range 10-400 ng. There was no evidence of ghosting, isomer peak broadening, or peak tailing. Relative molar response values were shown to be linear with carbon number for all the volatile  fatty acids studied."
1141408,"By the action of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide on fourteen different acyl-leucines in ethyl acetate solution, the corresponding oxazolin-5-ones were formed. The reaction was quantitative and very rapid. The oxazolin-5-ones were separated on a gas chromatograph on OV-7 and EGA columns. The mass spectra of the oxazolin-5-ones showed characteristic fragments that could be used for identification."
1141409,"A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of trichloroethanol, the active metabolite of chloral hydrate, in blood and urine is reported. A simple dilution of the sample with an ethanolic solution of internal standard followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection is described. The method has been used to determine plasma levels after therapeutic dosing with chloral preparations."
1141410,"The determination of propoxyphene hydrochloride by gas chromatography (GC) has been examined. Under a number of operating conditions significant on-column decomposition has occurred. The amounts of decomposition have been found to be dependent on sample size, flow-rate, column temperature, liquid phase loading, and solid support material. In view of this work a high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for quantitating propoxyphene hydrochloride has been developed. This method has been found to be specific for propoxyphene hydrochloride in the presence of its heat decomposition products formed with and without acetaminophen. This method does not suffer from problems associated with GC procedures."
1141411,"Chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) column of native and denatured DNA from P388F cells has been studied. The main bulk of native DNA is eluted at 0.8M NaC1 and a minor fraction is eluted with 0.5N NaOH. The proportion of the DNA components obtained depends on the type of isotopic labelling used and the method of storing of the DNA preparation following isolation. Heat-denatured DNA elutes in 2 M NaC1 mainly within the pH gradient form 0.1 M NH4OH. When native DNA is chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose, a small fraction of the DNA elutes at 0.5 N NaOH. This fraction is double-stranded, as determined by hydroxyapatite chromatography. A similar component predominates, however, when ""newly synthesised"" DNA is fracionated. The profiles obtained with ""newly synthesised"" and ""template"" labelled DNA differ in their undenatured and heat-denatured configurations. The presence of formaldehyde during the chromatography of undenatured DNA leads to an increased homogeneity of the profile and during heat denaturation considerable modifications to the profile are observed. Some of the changes can be explained in terms of a decrease in the heterogeneity of the charge distribution on the DNA. The technique appears to combine a high degree of reproducibility with sensitivity to charge clustering along the DNA."
1141412,"A sensitive and highly specific thin-layer chromatographic method for determining simulataneously serum levels of carbamazepine and two of its major metabolites, carbamazepine-10 11-epoxide and 10, 11-dihydroxycarbamazepine, is presented. Serum (1 mug) was spotted directly onto the thin-layer plate and, after irrigation, the separated spots were converted into fluorescing compounds by exposing the plates to hydrogen chloride gas for 5 min and then to strong ultraviolet radiation from a mercury lamp for 20 min. The fluorescence was measured quantitatively using a spectrofluorimeter equipped with a thin-layer chromatogram scanning attachment. Two microlitres of serum are sufficient for a duplicate determination."
1141413,A method is described for the determination of cortisol in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The simplified extraction procedure makes the method applicable to routine clinical assays. Partition chromatography is carried out on a Zorbax-Sil column with the eluent system dichloromethane-ethanol-water. A 78% recovery was obtained for cortisol. The detection limit is 1 mug per 100 ml in 1 ml of plasma. Cortisol values were determined in samples from a random selection of patients.
1141418,"A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbital, primidone and diphenylhydantoin in human serum is described. A double extraction is employed to improve the removal of interfering substances. The N,N-dimethyl derivatives of the compounds are prepared by ""oncolumn"" methylation with 50% Methelute. Decomposition of phenobarbital to N-methyl-a-phenylbutyramide was negligible if the contact time with Methelute was less than 10 min. The drugs were stable in serum for at least two weeks. This procedure provides a rapid, sensitive, selective and accurate method for the routine determination of serum concentrations of three of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drugs."
1141420,"Thus, it may be seen that quantitative TLC for pesticide residue analysis is still in an exploratory stage. Most work to date has been in method development with few actual field applications. At its best, quantitative TLC offers a viable alternative to gas chromatography or high speed liquid chromatography in terms of flexibility, cost, convenience and sensitivity. The availability of good instrumentation and sensitive methods of analysis for many compounds should lead to a wider acceptance and application of these techniques."
1141421,"Plasma chromatography (ion-drift spectrometry) has not yet been fully exploited as an analytical technique, and there are few reports of applications available. The high sensitivity of this technique would seem to make it potentially valuable for the analysis of pesticides and metabolites at residue levels. This article presents ion mobility (plasma chromatographic) spectra for twenty-three pesticides and/or metabolites, predictions on limits of detection, an analytical curve, an application to the analysis of liquid chromatographic fractions and several other observed phenomena."
1141422,"Environmental monitoring is now recognized as essential in areas of pesticide use in order to assess the impact of these pesticides on the environment. During the last two decades, advances in instrumentation in terms of detection limits and specificity, along with the growing expertise of residue chemists, have made reports of pesticide residue levels in the parts per billion range commonplace. Using this technical ability and carefully assessing the significance of the data obtained, pesticides can be used in a more efficacious manner with less possible damage to the environment."
1141429,Three components of complement and six other serum proteins were assayed in synovial fluid and serum samples from 25 patients with acute rheumatic fever in Trinidad.  The resulting data indicate a relative decrease in both early and late components of complement within the synovial fluids which suggests local activation by immune complexes. Such activation of complement within the joint spaces may play a primary role in development of the  inflammatory arthritis of acute rheumatic fever.
1141430,"The synthesis and release of human prolactin (hPRL) in the human fetus was assessed by radioimmunoassay analysis of the content and concentration of hPRL in 82 pituitary glands and the concentration of serum hPRL in 47 fetuses of gestational age 68 days to term. Fetal hPRL exhibited parallelism with the reference standard (Lewis 203-1). hPRL was detected by 68 days of gestation (10 wk), the earliest fetal pituitary gland studied; 8 out of 33 pituitaries had a prolactin (PRL) content above 2.0 ng between 10-15 wk gestation. The mean ocntent of PRL in the pituitary gland increased sharply from 14.8 plus or minus 4.6 ng at 15-19 wk to 405 plus or minus 142 ng at 20-24 wk and 542 plus or minus ng at 25-29 wk gestation. By term, the mean content was 2,039 plus or minus 459 (range 493-3,689) and the mean concentration 15.9 plus or minus 2.4 ng/mg (range 7-20). There was a significant positive correlation (P less than 0.001) between the hPRL and human growth hormone (hGH) content of fetal pituitary glands; at term the hPRL/hGH ratio was 1/290. The concentration of serum hPRL between 12 and 24 wk ranged from 2.9 to 67 ng/ml, mean 19.5 plus or minus 2.5 ng/ml )n = 21); by 26 wk fetal serum hPRL increased sharply and attained levels of 300-500 ng/ml in late gestation. At delivery, the mean plasma concentration of hPRL was 167 plus or minus 14.2 ng/ml in 36 umbilical venous specimens and 111.8 plus or minus 12.3 ng/ml in the matched maternal venous specimens. No correlation between serum hPRL and the pituitary content or concentration of hPRL was demonstrable in 12 matched fetal specimens. In five anencephalic infants, umbilical venous hPRL levels were between 65 and 283 ng/ml. In two anencephalic infants, thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) (200 mug IV) evoked a rise in serum hPRL in one patient from 43 to 156 ng/ml at 30 min, and in the other from 65 to 404 ng/ml at 120 min. In both patients, plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) rose from undetectable base-line levels to peak levels of 97 and 380 muU/ml, respectively. The pattern of change in serum hPRL in the human fetus contrasts sharply with that of serum hGH, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone. These observations in the fetus and in anencephalic infants suggest that the striking elevation of serum PRL in the fetus is neither mediated by a putative PRL releasing factor or by TRF, nor is a consequence of suppression or absence of PRL release inhibiting factor alone, as a functional hypothalamus is not required to attain the high PRL concentration at term. Several lines of evidence support the view that high plasma estrogen levels characteristic of gestation act directly on the fetal anterior hypophysis to stimulate PRL secretion or to sensitize the secretory mechanism of the lactotrope, increasing its responsiveness to other stimuli."
1141431,"A dynamic estimation of the involvement of the complement system in various diseases was obtained by the direct quantitation of breakdown products of C3 and of properdin factor B. The methods used were based, first on the separation of native and fragmented molecules according to their molecular size through a precipitation with polyethylene glycol and, secondly, on an immunochemical quantitation, using specific antisera for the major antigens of C3 and factor B. The sensitivity and the specificity of these methods were demonstrated by activation of complement in vitro with generation of C3 and factor B fragments. A clinical investigation was carried out in 41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 31 with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), 26 with other types of glomerulonephritis, and 6 with severe alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. The following observations were made: (a) an elevated plasma level of C3d fragment of C3 was found in 68% of SLE patients, in 87% of MPGN patients, in 62% of patients with other hypocomplementemic nephritis, and in 15% of those with normocomplementemic nephritis, but in only 33% of patients with liver cirrhosis and very low levels of C3; (b) a significant difference was observed between the levels of C3 obtained with either anti-""native"" C3 or anti-C3c sera for immunochemical quantitation, in patients with SLE or MPGN, indicating the presence of ""altered"" or fragmented C3 in plasma; (c) an elevated plasma level of Ba fragment of properdin factor B was found in 46% of SLE patients, in 67% of MPGN patients, in 50% of patients with other hypocomplementemic nephritis, and in 9% of patients with normocomplementemic nephritis, while the level of properdin factor B was only slightly decreased in these diseases; (d) in SLE and MPGN there was an inverse correlation between the levels of C3d and Ba and the level of C3 in plasma. The level of these fragments was directly correlated with the clinical manifestations of SLE; (e) some patients with a normal C3 level exhibited an elevated plasma concentration of C3 and factor B fragments, suggesting the coexistence of an increased synthesis with a hypercatabolism of complement components. Therefore, the quantitation of complement breakdown products by simple immunochemical methods provides additional information concerning the involvement of complement in disease and new features for the evaluation of the intensity of immune reactions during immune complex diseases."
1141432,"Studies were undertaken to characterize the renal responses to acute unilateral renal denervation and the mechanisms involved in these responses. Denervation was produced in anesthetized nondiuretic rats by application of phenol to the left renal artery. Studies were also performed in sham-denervated nondiuretic rats. Whole kidney and individual nephron studies were performed before and after denervation or sham denervation. Denervation increased urine volume from the left kidney to about twice its control value (P less than 0.001) and increased urinary sodium excretion from 332 neq min minus -1 to 1,887 neq min minus -1 (P less than 0.001). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) remained unchanged in both kidneys after the procedure. The innervated right kidney showed no changes in urine volume or in sodium excretion. After denervation, late proximal ratio of tubular fluid inulin concentration to that of plasma [(F/P)In] decreased from 2.23 to 1.50 (P less than 0.001) while single nephron GFR remained unchanged. Absolute reabsorption decreased from 16.5 to 9.9 n. min minus -1 (P less than 0.001). (F/P)In ratios were also decreased in early distal (from 6.21 to 3.18, P less 0.001) and late distal convolutions (from 16.41 to 8.33, P less than 0.001) during the experimental period. (F/P)Na ratios remained unchanged in the early distal convolutions, but increased from 0.18 to 0.38 (P less than 0.01) in late distal convolutions after denervation. Absolute Na reabsorption after denervation increased in the loop of Henle, distal convolution, and collecting ducts. Any changes in intrarenal hydrostatic pressures after denervation were always small. There were no changes in GFR, RPF, urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, or late proximal (F/P)In after sham denervation. We conclude that the diuresis and natriuresis seen after acute renal denervation were caused by a marked depression of sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule with partial compensation in more distal nephron segments. These responses appeared to be unrelated to systemic or intrarenal hemodynamic changes. The results demonstrate an effect of the renal nerves on proximal tubular function."
1141433,"Bolus injections of gastrin or pentagastrin (PG) cause a marked elevation in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), and it has been suggested that serum gastrin concentration is the main physiological and pathophysiological regulator of LESP. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring LESP and gastric acid secretion simultaneously in normal subjects during continuous infusion of PG (0.004-12 mjg/kg per h), since continuous infusion of a hormone probably simulates physiological hormone release better than bolus injection. In groups of 8-13 subjects there was no statistically significant increase in average LESP with any of seven PG infusion rates. However, a bolus of PG superimposed on the continuous infusion of PG resulted in a 20-mm Hg increase in LESP. Examination of results in individual subjects suggested that PG by infusion might be stimulating LESP in some subjects and inhibiting it in others. Therefore, individual dose-response studies were performed in two normal subjects. These revealed that 0.9 mug/kg per h PG by infusion elevated LESP by 10-12 mm Hg. This dose of PG also elicited maximal rates of gastric acid secretion. In one of the subjects an infusion of PG calculated to give one-half maximal acid secretion (D50) elevated LESP by 8 mm Hg; in the other the PG-D50 for acid secretion had no effect on sphincter pressure. Infusion of smaller amounts of PG had no effect on LESP, even though gastric acid secretion was stimulated submaximally. Thus, the parietal cells are more sensitive than the lower esophageal sphincter to the effect of PG by infusion. We conclude that PG by continuous infusion elevates LESP to only a modest degree (compared with the contraction that occurs after bolus injections of PG) and that the contraction occurs only within a narrow dose range between the D50 and D100 for acid secretion. Higher doses cause transient relaxation of LESP. Additional studies showed that basal LESP varied between 16 and 71 mm Hg in two subjects studied on 29 separate occasions, but there was no correlation with basal acid secretion. This suggests that the wide day-to-day fluctuations in basal LESP are not due to changing concentrations of gastrin in serum. The results of these experiments cast doubt on the hypothesis that serum gastrin concentration is the major determinant of LESP."
1141434,"To study the role of C25-HYDROXY BILE ALCOHOLS AS PRECURSORS OF CHOlic acid, [G-3-H]5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha12alpha,25-tetrol was administered intravenously to two subjects with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and two normal individuals. One day after pulse labeling, radioactivity was present in the cholic acid isolated from the bile and feces of the subjects with CTX and the bile of the normal individuals. In the two normal subjects, the sp act decay curves of [G-3-H]-cholic acid were exponential, and no traces of [G-3-H]-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol were detected. In contrast, appreciable quantities of labeled 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,-7aopha,12alpha,25-tetrol were present in the bile and feces of the CTX subjects. The sp act vs. time curves of fecal [G-3-H]5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol and [G-3-H]-cholic acid showed a precursor-product relationship. Although these results suggest that 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol may be a precursor of cholic acid in man, the possibility that C26-hydroxy intermediates represent the normal pathway can not be excluded."
1141435,"Weak solutions of CHOH alter tissue properties, probably by forming intermolecular cross-linkages. The maximum length (Lmax) to which alveolar wall can be extended is reduced. If exposed to CHOH while extended, the resting length (LO) of alveolar wall increases. Maximum extensibility (Lambdamax equal to Lmax/LO) decreases. Similar changes are found in the alveolar wall of man with aging and are significantly more marked in patients with irreversible obstructive pulmonary syndromes. A reduction in the energy loss of the length-tension cycle (hysteresis) was seen after exposure to CHOH, however, that does not occur with age or in obstructive syndromes. Because an exposure of alveolar wall to elastase increases LO and hysteresis, we used a staged exposure to CHOH followed by elastase. Tissue suitably prepared by exposure to CHOH followed by elastolysis better simulates the tissue changes of age and irreversible obstructive syndromes."
1141436,"Micropuncture studies were performed in the rabbit to determine nephron filtration rate and absolute fluid reabsorption in the proximal tubule in order to compare the latter value with data obtained with the in vitro microperfusion technique.  New Zealand white rabbits, 2-2.8 kg, were studied.  Nephron filtration rate was 21 nl/min (n equal to 48) and absolute reabsorption along the length of the accesible portion of the proximal convoluted tubule was 10.3 nl/min.  Correcting this value for tubular length gives a fluid reabsorption of approximately 1.9 nl/mm per min.  In view of the marked difference between the in vivo and in vitro techniques and the various sources of error with each, this is reasonably similiar to the value of 1.3 nl/mm per min obtained in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule."
1141437,"An IgG antibody found in the serum of a thrombasthenic patient reacted in complement fixation with platelets from 350 normal individuals but was nonreactive with platelets from eight other thrombasthenic patients. ADP-induced aggregation of normal platelets was inhibited by the patient's antibody. Family studies using the quantitative complement fixation test showed that healthy heterozygotes were easily distinguishable from normal or thrombasthenic individuals since their platelets had an intermediate amount of the reactive antigen. Indirect immunoprecipitation tests using this serum and soluble membrane antigens labeled with iodine-125 that had been extracted from normal platelets by the detergent Nonidet P-40 gave a single radioactive peak at 120,000 mol wt in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A similar estimate of the molecular weight was obtained from Sephadex G-200 filtration of the soluble antigens extracted from normal platelets by spontaneous release or chaotropic agents and tested in complement fixation with the patient's serum. These findings strongly suggest that the molecule recognized by this antibody is absent or structurally modified in thrombasthenia cases and that it may be involved in platelet aggregation."
1141438,"Binding of prothrombin and activation intermediates 1 and 2 to human platelets was tested with 125-I-labeled protein preparations.  None of these precursors of thrombin bound to platelets under conditions in which high affinity binding of thrombin was observed,nor did they cause platelet aggregation or serotonin release.  The molecular conformation required for binding to platelets as well as for induction of platelet aggregation and release is present, therefore, only after the final step in prothrombin activation."
1141439,"The role of the kidney in the metabolism of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was examined in the dog. Studies were performed in awake normal and uremic dogs after administration of bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH) or synthetic amino terminal tetratricontapeptide of b-PTH (syn b-PTH 1-34). The renal clearance of immunoreactive PTH was determined from the product of renal plasma flow and the percent extraction of PTH immunoreactivity by the kidney. Blood levels of circulating immunoreactive PTH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The normal dog kidney extracted 20 plus or minus 1% of the immunoreactive b-PTH delivered to it, and renal clearance (RC) of immunoreactivity was 60 ml/min. When RC was compared to an estimate of total metabolic clearance (MCR) of immunoreactivity, it accounted for 61% of the total. Both MCR and RC were markedly decreased in dogs with chronic renal disease. However, the percent extraction of immunoreactive PTH was unchanged in chronic renal disease, and the observed decrease in RC was due to changes in renal plasma flow. The largest portion of the reduction in total MCR was accounted for by the decrease in RC, and there was no compensation for the decrease in RC by extrarenal sites of PTH metabolism."
1141440,"Microtubule involvement in secretory events of the parathyroid gland was investigated in rats treated with colchicine and/or phosphorus, agents which have been shown to modify parathyroid secretion.  Quantitative ultrastructural techniques were used in an effort to assess the cytoplasmic microtubule and secretory granule content of chief cells 3 h after treatment, when hypocalcemia was well established.  After cochicine administration, the chief cells appeared to have lost all assembled microtubules and accumulated greater than normal amounts of cytoplasmic secretory granules.  On the other hand, phosphorus treatment was associated with increased microtubule content although the cytoplasmic content of secretory granules remained unchanged.  When colchicine and phosphorus were given concomitantly, microtubules were again absent, but the secretory granule content of the cells was markedly increased.  These data provide direct evidence that colchicine disrupts assembled microtubules in chief cells of rat parathyroids; the consequence of this effect appears to be a blockage of hormone release which is reflected in the accumulation of secretory granules in the cell.  The fact that microtubules also show a significant increase in content when hormone release from chief cells is presumed to increase, suggests that microtubules may participate in the physiological control of parathyroid hormone secretion."
1141441,"The primary necropsy finding are presented for 726 perinatal deaths; the classification of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey is used, and results of the two surveys are compared. Lethan malformation has replaced intrapartum hypoxia as the most common cause of perinatal death. There has been substantial reduction in intracranial trauma but an increase in intraventricular haemorrhage and, possible, extrapulmonary infection. Chromosome abnormalities occurred in 28 of 500 karyotyped infants (5-6 per cent). Indications for genetic counselling, and antenatal diagnosis in any subsequent pregnancy, were apparent in 10 per cent of cases."
1141442,"The use of high-voltage electrophoresis and bioautography for the separation mixtures of antibiotics received in clinical serum samples is described. The electrophoretic characteristics of 39 antibiotics are given as is the accuracy of the method  for quantitating three antibiotics. In screening 189 consecutive serum samples submitted for routine antibiotic assay, undisclosed antibiotics were revealed by the technique in 35."
1141443,"A case of Toxoplasma encephalitis is described in a patient who had received much immunosuppressive therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Such cases have been reported in immune suppressed patients outside the United Kingdom, but a search  of the literature has not revealed any previous reports from this country. Since Toxoplasma gondii is a frequent pathogen and states of immune suppression are becoming more common, further cases, can be expected. Recognition of the clinical and pathological features is important because the condition can be treated."
1141444,"The sensitivity of 18 strains of Naegleria fowleri to clotrimazole (Bay b5097) was tested. They showed minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range 0-03-0-125 mug/ml, and minimal amoebicidal concentrations in the range 0-125-0-25 mug/ml. Mice inoculated with N. fowleri were not protected from infection by doses of 100 mg clotrimazole/kg per day given  for five days after inoculation. Mice had serum levels of up to 6 mug/ml in the first 32 hours after inoculation. Therefore clotrimazole appears to be ineffective in protecting against infection with N. fowleri."
1141445,"Two cases of primary breast carcinoma are described, both terminating in acute cardiorespiratory failure due to multiple tumour micro-embolism. In both cases the source of the  emboli was extensive metastatic intrasinusoidal carcinomatous infliltration of the liver. The association of these two uncommon conditions has not previously been reported. A brief review of the literature pertaining to diffuse intrasinusoidal metastatic carcinomaof the liver and to carcinomatous pulmonary embolism is included. The latter condition may be commoner and of greater clinical significance than his hitherto been appreciated. Some of the factors which may be responsible for this peculiar type of tumour dissemination are discussed."
1141446,"Attention is drawn to a benign skin tumour which has escaped recognition in the British lieterautre. Inverted folliculr keratosis can be mistaken clinically for basal cell carcinoma and a variety of benign skin lesions. Pathologically it is easliy confused with squamous carcinoma, a serious error because this lesion occurs dominantly on the face. The lesion is thought to arise from the infundibulum of hair follicte."
1141447,"A case of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus is reported. At necropsy microscopy shoed unique and extensive damage to cells lining the distal nephron. It is suggested that these changes represent a specific toxic effect of lithium, reported here for the first  time in man."
1141448,"A 48-year-old Caucasian man was found to have a rare neoplastic process of vascular endothelial origin. The clinical presentation was that of plum-colored cutaneous plaques of the lower extremities. The histopathology, natural history, and treatment of this case are discussed and compared with previously reported cases. It is suggested that this disease entity represents a malignant state with systemic involvement and a poor prognosis."
1141449,"Analysis of postmortem blood samples from patients previously on maintenance digoxin therapy suggests that the results are of value in assessing the degree of digitalization at the time of death. Control cases gave results within the normal therapeutic range wheras of six cases in which digoxin was suspected of being implicated in the death five had 'serum' digoxin levels above the therapeutic range. Differences in digoxin concentration were noted in blood collected from three sites in the body, and it is suggested that postmortem blood should be collected from the leg veins if assessment of antermortem digitalization is to be made."
1141450,"In-vivo studies of fibrinogen metabolism were carried out using an I-120 labelled preparation of fibrinogen  supplied commercially by the Radiochemical Centre, Amerhsham for use in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. These studies show that the material is suitable for obtaining the main metabolic parameters of clinical interest, though degradation products may be present initially or appear during storage. If suitable corrections are applied the results agree well with those of other authors."
1141451,"The anticoagulant activity of heparin dissolved in intravenous solutions was measured by two different methods of heparin assay. Both procedures showed markedly reduced anticoagulant activity within four hours after the addition of heparin to the solutions. When measured according to the procedure of Yin, heparin  in the intravenous solutions fully regained its lost anticoagulant activity after 24 hours at room temperature. When measured by the thrombin time, however, the heparin anticoagulant activity reamained reduced. The source of heparin, from either the lung or intestine, does not explain the reduction in anticoagulant activity. Although its cause is unknown, the erratic behaviour of heparin in intravenous solutions stresses the importance of a  laboratory monitor of heparin therapy."
1141452,"The factor VIII clotting activity (VIIIc1 and factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) were determined repeatedly in 24 pairs of age-matched normal women, one of each pair being on oral contraceptives. No significant differences in either parameter or in the VIIIc/VIIIRAg ration were found between the two groups ,although the mean factor VIII clotting activity and VIIIc/VIIIRAg ratios for women on oral contraceptives were very slightly higher than for those not on oral contraceptives."
1141453,"Cultured lymph node cell supernatants from five out of six cases of Hodgkin's disease were relatively more chemotactic for peripheral blood eosinophils than neutrophils. In contrast, supernatants from two cases of lymphocytic lymphoma and four nodes showing reactive hyperplasia were chemotactic for neutrophils but had little eosinophil chemotactic activity. In most instances the dgree of eosinophil infiltration observed histologically in the Hodgkin's lymph node correlated with elaboration of eosinophil chemotactic activity from the cultured cells. Following gel-filtration of three of the Hodgkin's lymphnode supernatants, four peaks of eosinophil chemotactic activity were demonstrated in each case. One of these corresponded in molecular size to th previously described eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). It is suggested that the eosinophil chemotactic activity of cultured lymph node cell supernatants may be on value in the diagnosis and classification of Hodgkin's disease."
1141454,"Bile acid concentrations  were estimated enzymatically in fasting and postprandial (two-hour) serum samples from 18 normal subjects and 30 patients with  histologically proven hepatobiliary disease. The serum bile acid concentration was less than 15 mumol/1 in normal subjects and did not increase postprandially. The fasting serum bile acid concentration was raised in 27 of the patients with hepatobiliary disease, and following a meal was outside the normal range in all 30 patients. Other liver function tests were abnormal less frequently. These results suggest that the estimation of serum bile acids in the postprandial state is a sensitive screening test of hepatobiliary disease. They should be of particular value in patients in whom liver disease is suspected but not proven, and in those recovering from liver disease, especially following therapy."
1141455,"The variation of drop size with drip rate has been studied for giving sets made by two major United Kindgom manufacturers. Data are given for the variation using Sodiun Chloride Injection (BP), Sodium Chloride and  dexerose Injection (BP) and blood. All sets investigated conformed to BS 2463. A table is provided to enable more accurate delivery of infusion for the three fluids examined."
1141476,"Nine West African dwarf (Fouta djallon), Red Sokoto (Maradi) and Saanen lactating goats, hand-milked, were used for these studies, which lasted 12 weeks. The Saanen goat's milk was obtained weekly from the Western State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Urban Dairy Farm at Iwo Road, while similar samples were collected from the herd at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm. The goats were balanced for stage of lactation, namely early, mid- and late-lactation. They were each maintained on giant star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ad lib. and 1 kg dairy concentrate mixture daily. The mean contents, with standard deviations, of the milks of Saanen, West African dwarf and Red Sokoto goats at mid-lactation respectively were: (in percentages), total solids 12-25 plus or minus 0-078, 18-18 plus or minus 0-392, 15-85 plus or minus 0-077; solids-not-fat (SNF) 8-91 plus or minus 0-42, 10-48 plus or minus 0-471, 10-53 plus or minus 0-140; butterfat 3-34 plus or minus 0-141, 7-78 plus or minus 0-621, 5-32 plus or minus 0-098; protein 3-04 plus or minus 0-139, 5-30 plus or minus 0-292, 4-74 plus or minus 0-021; lactose 4-56 plus or minus 0-167, 5-19 plus or minus 0-176, 4-77 plus or minus 0-053; energy (kj/g dried milk), 21-08 plus or minus 1-11, 25-51 plus or minus 1-74, 22-17 plus or minus 0-51. Breed differences were significant (P less than 0-01). The milk of West African dwarf goats contained more of these milk components than the milk of the Red Sokoto or Saanen goats. The Red Sokoto goats gave milk of higher content than did Saanen goats, even at an early stage of lactation. Butterfat, protein, lactose and energy values were significantly affected by stages of lactation (P less than 0-05) and tended to rise with advancing lactation; this was particularly so with West African dwarf goats."
1141477,"Six lactating first-calf Holstein cows were used to test the effect of dietary roughage on glucose metabolism. Cows were fed either a low-roughage or high-roughage diet at isocaloric digestible energy intakes in a double changeover design experiment. Mean values (plus or minus standard deviation) for milk yield (kg/day), fat (%), lactose (%), and protein (%) for cows fed low-roughage were 19.0 plus or minus 4.4, 3.11 plus or minus .78, 5.19 plus or minus .27, 3.44 plus or minus .48; values for cows fed high-roughage were 17.5 plus or minus 5.1, 3.99 plus or minus .58, 4.94 plus or minus .25, and 2.78 plus or minus .33. One hour post-feeding on the 20th day of each period 2 mCi of tritiated glucose were administered to each cow by single injection to measure glucose kinetics. Mean values (plus or minus standard deviation) for plasma concentration (mg/100 ml) pool size (mg/kg), half-time (min), and utilization rate (mg/kg--75 per min) of glucose, and plasma insulin concentration (muU/ml) for cows fed low-roughage were 63.1 plus or minus 3.9, 17.9 plus or minus  3.4, 30.4 plus or minus 5.2, 8.55 plus or minus 2.44, and 22.0 plus or minus 3.9; for cows fed high-roughage values were 54.9 plus or minus 2.2, 114.5 plus or minus 17.2, 40.0 plus or minus 2.2, 4.06 plus or minus .38, and 16.2 plus or minus 2.4. A glucose load was administered intravenously to each cow on the last day of each period. Glucose half-times and mean plasma insulin following the clearance test were not affected by diet. Compared to high-roughage, low-roughage diets greatly affect metabolism in lactating cows when isocaloric intakes of each are fed. Fat depression, however, may or may not occur simultaneously."
1141478,"Sixty-one Holstein cows were used at varying stages of lactation to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture shelled corn ensiled in conventional silos. Control rations consisted of comparable amounts of conventional shelled corn dried in commercial drying facilities. Cows fed high moisture corn produced milk of higher fat content (3.09 versus 2.64%) and greater quantities of fat (.73 versus .64 kg) while they consumed less concentrate (9.28 versus 9.84 kg), resulting in the crude fiber content of the dry matter being 14.60% compared to 13.82% for control cows. Covariate adjustment of treatment means to equal intake of crude fiber eliminated differences above. Milk, 4% fat corrected milk, silage, total dry matter intake, and rumen volatile fatty acids were not significantly different between groups. Dry matter recovery following the ensiling process was 96.0 plus or minus 1.9% with 3.0 plus or minus 1.1% classified as spoiled corn, resulting in a total of 7% loss. Recoveries of all proximate constituents were similar to dry matter with the exception of ash (82.4%). Costs of the two systems were evaluated for varying corn prices and moisture."
1141479,"Records of body weight for 1026 Holstein females from two herds included birth weight and all available subsequent calving weights for the first six parities. Birth weight differed between herds and between sires within herds. Years also differed; however, partial nesting of sires within years could account for part of this. Month of birth had no influence on birth weight. Calving weights differed between herds only at the second and fifth parities. Calving weights differed between sires within herds for the first five parities. Intraherd correlations between the birth weight of a heifer calf and later calving weights for her first six parities ranged from .22 to .34. Correlations between the birth weight of a calf and the average birth weight of her paternal half-sibs were .37 and .48 in the two herds. Heritabilities for birth and calving weights were of the same magnitude within herds but differed between herds. Genetic correlations between birth and adult weights were above .5 in one herd but erratic in the other herd."
1141480,"Milks from commercial dairy herds in Southeastern Pennsylvania were analyzed for total protein, casein, whey protein, beta-lactoglobulin, nonprotein nitrogen, and lactose contents. Data for fat contents and milk yields were from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records for the same lactation. Milk samples were from a single milking of healthy cows (151) in midlactation. Since the remainder of the milk was returned to the bulk milk of the farm, the data represent market milk composition. The data were grouped and analyzed by breed and beta-lactoglobulin phenotype; there were 18 to 33 cows per breed. In true protein percentage, the breeds ranked: Jersey 4.07 plus or minus .49, Brown Swiss 3.84 plus or minus .47, Guernsey 3.56 plus or minus .53, Ayrshire 3.30 plus or minus .52, Milking Shorthorn 3.17 plus or minus .47, Holstein 3.07 plus or minus .43. Breeds differed in all other components and in milk yield. Brown Swiss ranked highest in yield of protein. Only whey protein and beta-lactoglobulin contents were influenced by the beta-lactoglobulin genotype with beta-lactoglobulin A greater than AB greater than B in whey protein content."
1141481,"Two models of rumen fermentative relationships expressed as systems of simultaneous linear equations and based on requirements for maintenance of balances of elementary imput and output and metabolic pathways are presented in matrix format consistent with solution by linear programs. Matrix entries defining the two models were verified carefully based upon a survey of the literature, and conceptual bases of the models were validated by comparisons of model outputs with experimental data not used in model construction. The models then were used to evaluate interactions among feed composition, volatile fatty acid yields and patterns, microbial growth yields and efficiencies, and microbial metabolic pathways."
1141482,"Four cows each were fed 10 mg/day polybrominated biphenyl for 60 days. Concentration in milk fat reached a steady state at 3.07 ppm within 30 days. When feeding polybrominated biphenyl was stopped, the concentration declined 71% in the first 15 days. The decline was slower thereafter, with a half-life of 58 days. Effects on health and production of the cows were not adverse for as long as 1 yr after the compound was fed."
1141483,"Specific radioactivity of blood glucose was determined by use of a Dowex-1 anion-exchange column after (carbon-14) glucose was infused for in vivo kinetics. The first 20-ml eluate of protein-free blood filtrate from the column was discarded; then 10 ml was collected, lyophilized, and counted in a liquid-scintillation counter. Glucose concentration was determined and specific radioactivity calculated. Kinetic results were comparable to those obtained with the more laborious glucose-pentaacetate procedure."
1141608,"A clinical and community dietetics program integrates Kashruth, the Jewish Dietary Laws, into its curriculum. Simply defined, kosher means fit for consumption. Emblems used throughout the United States and Canada to indicate a program of rabbinic endoresment and supervision of canned, boxed, and bottled products are included. An existing kosher unit is described, and guidelines for establishing a kosher food science laboratory unit are offered. Suggestions for instituting kosher foodservice in health care facilities are given. Therapeutic applications of Kashruth are suggested, and approved therapeutic food products are listed."
1141609,"Summarized are the significance of fasting in Islam, the rules and regulations of fasting, types of fasting, nullification of fasting, and food practices and habits of Muslims during the fasting month of Ramadan. Some problems pertaining to fasting and their solutions are also considered, and applications of fasting to America have been pointed out. It is hoped that this paper may bring a new dimension to the sphere of cultural nutrition and encourage partial fasting as a means of curbing inflation and helping the poor, the needy, and hungry all over the world."
1141610,"Eating patterns of 456 New Orleans males, ages twenty to sixty years, indicate that clock-time and frequency of ingesting foods may help define life styles related to raised coronary lesions. Age, race, and occupation were also related to raised coronary lesions. The multiplicity of variables and strong interrelationships make evaluation difficult, but results from correlation studies, analyses of variance, and discriminant function analyses suggest that the number of meals plus heavy snacks, frequency of intake of caffeine and alcoholic beverages, and cigarette smoking rate for the last ten years of life may be valid factors in relation to development of atherosclerotic lesions. In other words, not only what we eat, as is now generally accepted, but how and when we eat it, merit consideration in studying the etiology of atherosclerosis."
1141611,"Presently recommended fat-controlled dietary plans are rigid in pattern and require omission of some foods and substitution of others with little regard for the individual's food preferences. A tool for individualized management of fat-controlled diets has been developed. Commonly eaten foods have been grouped according to their fat content. After the patient's habitual dietary intake is analyzed by computer or food composition table, changes in the diet are recommended, using the food groups, so that the guidelines of a fat-controlled diet may be met with a minimum deviation from individual food preferences."
1141614,"Counseling involves (a) the development of rapport between conselor and conselee and (b) the use by the counselor of strategies to create behavior change in the counselee. Dietetic educational programs have apparently focused on the latter, action-oriented procedures, with little attention being given to training in the development of helping relationships. A training program,  designed to build such skills in human resource workers, is described. Listed are six steps considered essential, all of which involve an understanding of self by the counselor, some knowledge of the helping skills, and experience in practicing them. Steps in skill training are also enumerated. The program merits inclusion in dietetic education programs."
1141615,"To prepare a comprehensive table of lipids and fatty acids in foods, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has has conducted an intensive survey of the world's literature published since 1960. Examination of an extensive number of reports on the fatty acid composition of the lipids of eggs of the domestic hen shows the composition to be relatively stable and subject to alteration only by major changes in dietary fat. Large eggs contain more lipid and fatty acids on a per-egg basis than do small eggs. Complete extraction of bound lipid in egg yolk is necessary for quantification of lipid classes and cannot be achieved with apolar solvents. Lipid class compositional studies indicate that 83 percent of total egg lipids are fatty acids. This percentage figure provides the basis for converting fatty acid data expressed as weight per cent methyl esters to the gram-per-100-gm,-food basis used in nutrient tables. Reliable, up-to-date tabulations of total lipids and fatty acids in eggs of different species and egg products are presented."
1141616,"A survey to learn the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices of health food users on Oahu was conducted at fourteen health food stores. Most of the participants were under thirty years of age, followed no specific dietary regimen, used health foods in combination with supermarket foods, would seek help from physicians if they became sick, and have obtained nutritional information through popular publications. Reliance on such publications has produced a population which is fairly well informed regarding some nutritional facts but which has acquired a host of incorrect nutritional information. Since this population is dedicated to obtaining proper nutrition and would be guided by their knowledge of nutrition, problems of dietary practices have arisen. Education in schools does not provide young people with tools and knowledge to choose food properly. In general, teaching of nutritional facts and activities, on which health and well-being depend, appears to be low in priority as far as school authorities are concerned. Elementary school teachers do not have the background to teach nutrition. Nutrition teaching should begin during the preschool years and should continue through elementary grades, since they are important growth periods when food habits are formed."
1141617,"Food habits, dietary changes, and nutrient intakes of forty-seven college-educated, empolyed Filpino women who have moveed from the Philippines to Los Angeles were studied. One-third started drinking mikk in the United STAtes. They said that they were eating more meat, vegetables, frit and less starchy food since they left the Philippines. Eighy per cent continued to eat ricedaily, and seafood was eaten frequently. Daily intakes of protein, niacin, and thiaminment 100 per cent of the 1974 u.s. Recommended Dietary Allowances for almost all subjects, but intakes of calcium and vitamin A were less than two-thrids of the allowances fo 61 and 22 per cent, respectively. The daily caloric intake was higher, with twice as amny calories coming from protein and three times as many from fat as was reported for diets in Philippines."
1141618,"The hydroxyproline index was used to evaluate nutritional status of four- to five year-old black children in two Mississippi counties. Positive partial regression coefficinets were highly significant for weight in both counties and significant for height  in one. These data seem to confirm results of other workers that changes in the  index may reflect change in body weight rather than in hydroxyproline; creatinine ratio. Eighty per cent of the children had high serum gamma globulin levels suggesting infection, which has been shown to cause a high degree of variability in hydroxyproline excretion. Results indicate that hydroxyproline  index may not be a valid indicator of nutritional status for this popualtion group."
1141621,"An editor's problems are real; they are legion; they are unending. They range from such major considerations as the selection or rejection of submitted papers, the maintenance of the Journal's prestige, and the protection of the readers interests, to the everyday routine of rendering the written word clear, the thrust of the message effective, and the correction of errors, oversights, and omissions. All these objectives must be achieved without altering or trifling with factual content or destroying the author's style. Balancing the problems are the joy and satisfaction inherent in a successful editorial process, together with the expressed appreciation of authors and readers."
1141622,"In a group of 20 long-term psychogeriatric patients with uncontrolled diabetes, data on body weight, blood pressure and blood sugar concentration (fasting and postprandial) were correlated with the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. The patterns were similar for the study subjects and for healthy subjects of the same age. The psychogeriatric patients with diabetes in contrast to psychogeriatric patients with chronic hypoglycemia, showed an increase in body weight and blood pressure and increase in blood sugar concentration with ageing; they also showed a normal EEG whereas chronically hypoglycemic patients usually had an abnormal EEG. In terms of blood glucose levels and excess glucose in the urine despite treatment, the diabetes had to be considered uncontrolled. However, these patients were clinically asymptomatic. Apparently, in these particular circumstances, the diabetes may be an adaptive biologic phenomenon."
1141623,"With funds received by the Rehabilitation Center at Martin Place Hospital East from the Michigan Association of Regional Medical Programs, a Rehabilitation Day Care Center was established. Initially it was called the Stroke Day Care Center (SDCC). Its purpose was to provide comprehensive care to patients with disabilities due to stroke and related diseases according to the ""day at the hospital, night at home"" concept. A complex of medical and allied services was furnished, based upon the patient's attendance at the SDCC from one to five days a week. The goal was to promote for the patient an earlier return of functional vocational, social and home activities by effectively providing him and his family with multidisciplinary care. In this SDCC program the main emphasis was on testing the feasibility of lowering the cost of stroke-patient care by: a) shortening the hospital stay; b) reducing the need for in-patient care in facilities for non-acute illness; c) shortening the stay in extended care facilities; d) returning younger stroke victims earlier to the labor force; e) identifying the number of stroke patients who could live at home if provided with a modified day care program; and f) assessing the need for purely recreational and social activities in future programs. The evaluation was based on a comprehensive study of 108 patients during the period February 1972 to June 1973. This project is offered as a model for the development and expansion of rehabilitation-recreation day care centers for the handicapped of all ages."
1141624,"The effects of dantrolene sodium (Dantrium) were studied in 23 patients with hemiplegic spasticity, 13 of whom were younger than 50, and 10 older than 50. The dosage of dantrolene ranged from 100 mg per day initially to 600 mg per day maximally. The drug was most effective in reducing or abolishing clonus and somewhat less efficacious in decreasing  the resistance to stretch and the tendon reflexes. Functionally, gait was improved and the patients found it easier to take care of their personal needs. In general, motor performance was improved. The observation that patients in the 50+ age group responded less well remains unexplained. Dantrolene sodium is a valuable tool in the management of spasticity due to hemiplegia."
1141625,"The perceptions of 25 white males (age range, 53-62) were studied in relation to use of multiphasic screening. Each of these men had been urged repeatedly to take advantage of this service but had failed to do so. The multiphasic examination itself was free, so cost was not an inhibiting feature. This report deals with the proffered reasons why these men did not take the screening examination. The factors could be classified as: 1) social influences, 2) health care setting, 3) beliefs about health, 4)use of alternative forms of care, 5) the time involved for testing, and 6) disinterest. A discussion of some individual responses is included. Recommendations are made for structuring  more effective delivery of health care services for the elderly."
1141626,"The New York Heart Association (NYHA) recently designated functional classifications I, II, and III, for angina. In the authors' series of 80 male anginal patients, observations were made on the mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) at rest and after left ventriculography and on the percentage of anginal patients with an abnormal LVEDP under these respective circumstances. The findings indicated no significant differences on the basis of NYHA classifications I, II, III. In the author's opinion, the NYHA functional classification cannot be used to distinguish the presence of abnormal left ventricular function in class I, II, and III anginal patients."
1141627,"Based on the study of 40 patients in a unit of a large geriatric center, as well as on long overall experience, the problems of aged men and women with various emotional disorders are discussed. Case abstracts are presented to illustrate chronic organic brain syndrome, delirium, hallucinatory behavior, paranoid ideation, depression, and reactions triggered by physical illness. The geriatrician should be fully aware of all the interlocking factors in the patient's adjustment to his condition. Only in this way can the geriatrician and staff choose the best relevant therapy."
1141628,"Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PADP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and pre-""a"" wave left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) were correlated with post-""a"" wave left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in 51 patients with coronary disease and in 43 cardiac patients with non-coronary disease, excluding mitral stenosis. In patients with coronary disease, the PADP was more closely correlated with PAWP (r=0.83) and LVDP (r=0.84) than with LVEDP (r=0.62). In patients with non-coronary disease, the PADP also was more closely correlated with PAWP (r=0.82) and LVDP (r=0.77) than with LVEDP (r=0.70). In patients with coronary disease, the PAWP was well correlated with LVDP (r=0.94) and with LVEDP (r=0.84). In patients with non-coronary disease, the PAWP was well correlated with LVDP (r=0.81) and with LVEDP (r=0.81). The PADP and PAWP may be helpful in evaluating left ventricular function at the bedside."
1141629,"Ganglioside lipid fractions in the cerebral gray matter were studied in 13 patients with various forms of dementia. In 2 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 1 with senile dementia an abnormal ganglioside pattern was observed, i.e., a decrease of G1 and G3 in association with an increase of G2. In the light of the total clinical and histologic data on the patients, it would seem that this disturbance in ganglioside metabolism may be a phenomenon accompanying extensive degradation of brain tissue rather than a factor in the etiology of dementia."
1141630,"The current literature on suicide by medicinal overdose among the elderly population of the United States and Britain is discussed. The older white male is a high risk in this regard. Physical and mental illnesses contribute to the problem of suicide among the aged, and some of the drugs prescribed for treatment (e.g., barbiturates and psychotherapeutic agents) are often accessible to the older person for misuse in suicide. The responsibilities of the prescribing physician and the practices of the dispensing pharmacist are considered in relation to the exposure of the elderly patient to potentially lethal drugs. Prediction of suicidal attitudes in the elderly is complicated by the fact that any attempt at suicide usually is serious and rarely preceded by gestures. Depression, based on social factors, is common among older people. Some of them face problems of declining income and prestige, as well as a loss of physical and mental powers. A change in the attitude of society towards the elderly may help to alleviate the depressive state which so often contributes to the suicidal potential."
1141631,"A program for activating residents of homes for the aged to assume maximal responsibilities is described. Promoting maximal physical and mental health through various modalities including activity programs, appropriate exercise and participation in democratic self-government mechanisms, will result in a happier, healthier population of residents in institutions for the aged. The increased demands on staff time and patience will be compensated for by relief of the too-frequent feelings of hopelessness and boredom endemic among the staff of long-term care facilities. Such programs demand constant effort by all staff members, patients, volunteers and relatives because if they succumb to the usual human dislike of persistency, short-term gains can easily be lost."
1141632,"In an investigation of some of the external causes of decubitus ulcer, a small flexible sensor has been developed as a clinical device to measure the relative humidity (RH) of the environment between the patient and the surface on which he lies. The sensor (described in detail) can indicate RH in the range of 20 to 90 per cent by a color-matching method (chemically impregnated circles); accuracy is within 5 to 10 percent. In a preliminary study on 28 patients, the readings showed that RH was higher in the sacral region than in the scapular region, and higher for patients who were inactive than for those who were active. The device was well accepted by both patients and nurses."
1141633,"An unusual case of patient ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a 78-year-old man is presented. The patient was known to have PDA since the age of 30, but it had remained well compensated until shortly before death. He had undergone some difficult operations successfully, and had no specific pulmonary complaints. Death at age 78 was caused by arteriosclerotic heart disease following myocardial infarction. Autopsy revealed a smooth patent ductus arteriosus with no perforation. The survival of a PDA patient to such advanced age is a comparatively rare occurrence."
1141670,"This study was designed to determine how aging and individual activity patterns affect females' response to maximal exercise. Two treadmill tests for maximal aerobic power (Vo2 max) were administered to 109 females, ages 10 to 68. Subjects were classified as above or below age group means for Vo2 max reported for Scandinavian and Canadian females. Aging effects on cardiovascular and respiratory variables were minimal within each group until age 50, although there was a significant linear decrement in Vo2 max (L/min) with increasing age for the low fitness group. VE max, oxygen debt, postexercise blood lactate, vital capacity, and maximal breathing capacity were also lower for these women. Aging patterns were similar for both groups for Vo2 max ml/kg times min- minus 1 and ml/kg (LBM) times min- minus 1. Responses to an Activity Questionnaire suggested that habitual levels of activity rather than age per se determines levels of Vo2 max for women in the 20-49 age range."
1141671,"The dorsal column nuclei of young, old, and vitamin E-supplemented old mice were examined by light and electron microscopy. Evidence of neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) was found in young (3-mo.-old) mice and increased with age. Vitamin E, added to the diet in the amount of 0.3%, did not protect the nuclei from age-associated degeneration. The NAD was characterized by enlarged profiles containing patches of smooth reticular networks and groups of vesicles. Various stages of mitochondrial alteration, producing multivesicular bodies as intermediate stages, were found, and other unusual forms of dense bodies were also observed. Axons, synaptic terminals, and possibly glial cells were affected, and, by 23 mo. of age, a large number of nerve fibers in nucleus gracilis were dystrophic, while nucleus cuneatus was affected to a lesser extent."
1141672,"The possible role of damaged neurons as an antigenic stimulant in the formation of brain reactive antibodies (BRA) has been studied. When neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord were damaged by axonal injury, the damaged cells showed no evidence of antigen-antibody reaction within 12 weeks, nor could BRA be demonstrated in the blood during that time in young mice. The possible migration of radio-labeled gamma-globulin across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has also been investigated in young mice. Only a very low rate of migration has been observed across the BBB and this might account for the scattered loss of nerve cells in the brains of old animals."
1141673,"In order to generate a reference value of aging, estimation of chronological age of healthy subjects was made by multiple regression analysis. It was shown that the estimated ages of hypertensive subjects by the formula used were significantly higher than their chronological ages. It was further observed that parameters representing various ability of movements might yield an alternative regression formula and that the accuracy in age estimation was improved with application of a second-order regression formula."
1141674,"The SRT, DRT, and MT of older men (OA) who have experienced a life style of chronic physical activity were compared to those of nonactive men of similar age (ONA), and also to active (YA) and nonactive young men (YNA). Although activity level and age were significant factors, most of the activity level-by-age interaction in all but DRT was attributed to the slower performance of the ONAs. At least in this study, a life style of physical activity appeared to play a more dominant role in determining SRT, DRT, and MT than age. The hypothesis that most of the slowing of responses in the aged is attributable to CNS processing rather than MT decrements is repudiated, since MT results paralleled those of SRT and DRT."
1141675,"This study compared education matched young brain-damaged, young nonbrain-damaged, old brain-damaged and old nonbrain-damaged groups on a battery of measures of cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills. By means of a factor analysis, the 26 original measures were reduced to four, called nonverbal memory, language ability, motor ability, and psychomotor problem solving. Factor scores were obtained for each of these measures and were subjected to a linear discriminant analysis; 48.3% of the cases were correctly classified. Plotting of the canonical variable suggested that the first discriminant function separated the young nonbrain-damaged group from the others, but did not discriminate well otherwise. The second discriminant function was noncontributory. Multi-variate analysis of variance produced significant main effects for the ""age"" and ""brain damage"" factors, but the interaction term was nonsignificant. Inspection of the cell means indicated that the four measures interacted differentially with age."
1141676,"A total of 64 college-aged and elderly women participated in an experimental study of the effects of noncontingent positive feedback on simple speeded performance, performance self-evaluations, and self-reinforcing behavior (i.e., the number of S&H Green Stamps taken following feedback). Younger women self-reinforced more and held higher self-evaluations of their performance than elderly women. The treatment produced increases in all three dependent measures, and greater increases in self-reinforcing behaviors and self-evaluations were demonstrated for the elderly than for the younger women. The results are discussed in terms of age-associated differences in the susceptibility to external feedback."
1141677,"Two experiments were conducted in order to discover (a) the expressed attitudes of young adults about the intellectual abilities of seven target groups ranging in age from infant to elderly, and (b) if and in what manner young adults differentially explain the rules of a simple game to these same target groups. In Experiment I, questionnaires requiring the attribution of intellectual capabilities of infants, preschoolers, preadolescents, adolescents, and young and middle-aged, and elderly adults were completed by 243 subjects. Intellectual ability was seen as increasing with age until old age. The elderly were consistently perceived as less competent than both young and middle-aged adults. The result of Experiment II, in which 60 subjects participated, suggested that young adults modify the complexity of their communications to different aged listeners in accordance with their expressed perceptions of the intellectual attributes of their auditors."
1141678,"Racial differences in membership in and attendance of voluntary associations were analyzed for comparable samples of 753 black and 260 white residents of Philadelphia age 65 and over. A hypothesis suggesing aged blacks have higher rates of participation than aged whites was derived from the literature and tested by regression analysis. Potentially confounding variables, e.g., health and socioeconomic status, were entered into the regression equation as controls. The results of the regression analysis indicated the black aged belonged to more associations than the white aged and had higher rates of attendance. Examination of findings previously reported by Kent and Hirsch (1972) indicates part of the difference is due to the greater participation of aged blacks in church-related groups. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed."
1141679,"Are the aged concentrated in the inner-city? Are they confined to lower value housing in older neighborhoods? Although the spatial pattern of the elderly in Toledo, Ohio, is dissimilar from that of the nonelderly, they are widely distributed throughout the city. The associations between the location of the elderly and variables such as distance to the Central Business District, age of neighborhood, value of housing, and multiple-family dwelling units are statistically significant. However, these associations are weak and at no time between 1940 and 1970 are more than 40% of the variations in the aged's distribution explained."
1141680,"Among the advantages claimed for elderly residents of age-concentrated housing are the networks of mutual assistance among neighbors that may ensue. The extent to which these serve compensatory functions to replace mutual assistance with children has been a source of debate. The present paper compares networks of mutual assistance reported (in peronal interviews) by 600 residents of six facilities for the well-elderly with such assistance reported by matched controls living in dispersed housing. An earlier paper reported that site residents, relative to their controls, had less frequent contact with children but more frequent contact with neighbors. The present analysis shows, however, that there was little test-control difference in help received from children. More mutual assistance with neighbors, relative to controls, was found at two sites, less mutual assistance at two sites, and no difference at two. Finally, a cumulative rather than a compensatory effect was found between mutual assistance with children and with neighbors."
1141687,"A subcellular fraction enriched in twisted tubules was obtained by differential centrifugation of a homogenate of neurons isolated from areas of the brain with many neurofibrillary tangles from patients with Alzheimer's presenile-senile dementia. A unique protein (molecular weight 50,000 daltons) which does not co-migrate with either of the two tubulin monomers of the major neurofilament protein, both purified from human brain, was found in this subcellular fraction on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similarly processed tissue from areas of the brain poor in neurofibrillary tangles contained low levels of this new protein. The new protein band could not be seen in control patients."
1141688,"A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB-s) in human and non-human sera is described. The principle is based upon our earlier observation that anti-HB-s and hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-s-Ag) are soluble in 4.5% w/v polyethylene glycol 4000 but that anti-HB-s-HB-s-Ag complex is precipitated. The use of activated charcoal suspended in polyethylene glycol and dextran solution facilitated the separation of this complex by centrifugation, thus improving reproducibility and sensitivity. The test is approx. 3-5000 times as sensitive as counterelectrophoresis. In a survey of a normal blood donor population, with an incidence of approx. 0.1% positive for HB-s-Ag by RIA, 7-8% were found to have anti-HB-s by this method."
1141682,"Rate of electrophoretic migration of prealbumin-2 of mouse blood plasma was found to be controlled by three autosomal codominant alleles. Presence and absence of a component next to albumin (prealbumin-4) was shown to be controlled by autosomal dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, and to be affected by sex. Evidence was presented for close linkage of the Pre-2 and Pre-4 loci, and for the control of albumin conformation by a separate locus."
1141683,"A YY male of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, was detected among offspring of an estrone-induced XY female mated with a normal XY male. There is convincing evidence of the reality of inversion of sex differentiation in the XY zygote by estrone as well as male heterogamety (hence, female homogamety) in the goldfish."
1141689,"An automated version of the Leitz Orthoplan MPV I measuring microscope is described. Air powered cylinders are used to place shutters  in the main light paths and to move mirrors. Valves connected to the cylinders are sequentially activated by a motor driven shaft provided with cams, which also activates a microswitch connected to a digital voltmeter. Thus a fixed time relationship is obtained between exposure to excitation light and measurement of photomultiplier output. The system described offers a cheap and highly reliable method for fast automatic microfluorometry."
1141685,"A lymphocyte clone with a 45, XY karyotype with a 14/14 tandem translocation marker, the frequency of which is time-variable, has been observed in an ataxia telangiectasia patient. Cells with the marker chromotosome were not observed in fibroblasts cultures derived from a skin biopsy, nor was the marker observed in leukocyte cultures from the patient's two affected sibs."
1141690,"The automated continuous flow system for the extraction and fluorometric analysis of histamine has been further improved. Samples with or without protein can be analyzed. The use of a single pump, added nitrogen, and lower concentration of o-phthalaldehyde increase the sensitivity by 5-10 fold and allow the analysis of samples at the rate of 30 per hour. Samples which are less than 0.5 ml in volume and contain 0.1 to 10 ng/ml histamine can routinely be analyzed. The sensitivity of the system is now 0.05 ng and compares favorably with isotopic techniques."
1141686,"A program is presented which permits use of a pocket-size programmable calculator, the HP-65, to tally phenotypes resulting from a three-point cross. For practical purposes the total number recorded for any of the eight possibel phenotypic combinations is unlimited. Although programmed operation of the calculator for tallying purposes is slower than a single purpose instrument designed for tallying, this deficiency is componensated by the computational capability of this instrument."
1141706,Transepidermal water losses (TEWL) from psoriatic and eczematous skin were measured while skin temperature was varied between 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The relationship of TEWL to skin temperature in these diseases is different from that obtaining in normal skin. These differences are thought to be due to the altered filtration properties of diseased stratum corneum. Formulae were devised to allow TEWL rates in psoriasis and eczema to be expressed at a standard temperature for comparative purposes.
1141707,"Topical application of a 2.5 per cent indomethacin (IM) solution to the sunburned skin of humans and guinea pigs resulted in a marked decrease in ultraviolet light (UVL) -induced erythema. In humans, a decrease in skin temperatute and hyperalgesia to near normal levels was also observed. Epidermal responses to UVL injury such as keratinocyte cell death and altered DNA synthesis proceeded unmodified by IM. Repeated applications of IM in the 48-hr period following UVL exposure did not improve upon the results obtained following a single treatment. Guinea-pig skin provides a relevant model system for evaluating the effects of topical nosteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on sunburn."
1141708,"Anagen hair bulbs were collected and maintained in organ culture for periods up to 24 hr. Prostaglandin E1, E2 and arachidonate were introduced to the cultures and stimulated a series of cellular events characterized by peripheral orientation of microfilaments in the dendritic processes of melanocytes, complexing of melanosomes; and degradation of melanosomes within keratinocytes. These events were dependent on the concentration of prostaglandins. In addition, the most potent agent for these events was arachidonate. The action of arachidonate was hypothesized to occur through the production of endogenous prostaglandins since arachidonate was ineffective in the presence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase."
1141709,"An attempt was made to clarify the effect of anthralin on epidermal cell kinetics. Commercial anthralin powder was separated by column chromatography into three components: pure anthralin, 1,8-dihydroxyanthroquinotne, and anthralin dimer. The effect of these on the diurnal mitotic variation and the cell cycle of the hairless mouse epidermis was studied. Neither anthroquinone nor the anthralin dimer had any influence on these parameters. Both the chromatographically pure and commercial anthralins had similar effects. Mitotic activity was considerably reduced, although not to zero, with concomitant elimination of the diurnal peak. The G2 and S phases of the cell cycle were approximately doubled in length. Application of the pure and commercial anthralin also resulted in some irritation not seen with either the anthroquinone or dimer."
1141710,"The accumulation of lead in human scalp hair was compared in male and female children and adults from various locations in the United Sates, Japan, Yugoslavia, Iran, and South Africa. The most significant variables which influenced the concentration of lead in hair were ingestion of lead-containing substances, exposure to lead of environmental origin, place of residence, site from which the hair specimen was sampled relative to its distance from the scalp, and age. The least significant variables were sex and nutritional deficiencies."
1141711,"An automated microassay was adapted to the sutdy of specific in vitro lymphocyte transformation to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) erythrocyte complexes (DNCB-antigen). Studies of culture conditions indicated that in flat-bottomed microtiter culture plates, 0.2ml culturese containing 4x105 leukocytes and a total culture time of 4 or 5 days yeild satisfactory results for the relatively low responses seen with specific antigens such as DNCB-antigen. Culture were incubated for 3 hr with tritiated thymidine and harvested with the Multipe Automated  Sample Harvester(MASH II). The effect of DNCB rechallenge on in vitro lymphocte transformation was stuided using this automated microassay. DNCB rechallenge boosted  the in vitro response to DNON 25  TO 31 MM Hg; four patients (hypercapnic, group II) at a co2 from 54 to57 mm Hg. AH 8165 0.25 mg/kg (one quarter of the dose required for intubation) was given by rapid central venous injection. Haemodynamic responses were similar in the two groups; these were increase in heart rate ranging from 45 to 60 percent, increases in mean arterial pressure of 17-20 pre cent, and increases in cardiac output of 22-32 per cent. The intensity of neuromusclar blockade of the forearm muscles after AH 8165 was similar in the two groups, and there was no significant difference in recovery rates; roup I patients were 80 per cent recovered in 36.6 min, group II patinets in 47.3 min. It was concluded that the activity of AH 8165 was not influenced by moderate changes in respiratory acid-base status."
1141712,"The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on DNA synthesis in human skin was evaluated. PGE2 (1 mug) was infected intradermally into normal buttock skin of 15 volunteers followed by tritiated thymidine for autoradiographic quantitation of DNA synthesizing cells. Controls of normal saline, histamine (50 mug), and lower doses of PGE2 were also injected into 8 of the volunteers. Forty-eight hours after injection of 1 mug and 0.1 mug PGE2 there was a 264% and 62% increase, respectively, in the number of DNA synthesizing epidermal cells/high-power field as compared to saline controls. These differences were statistically significant (p smaller than 0.01). Histamine (50 mug) produced a statistically significant 36% higher labeling index compared to its saline controls (p smaller than 0.05). Many types of skin injury, including ultraviolet light (UVL) irradiation, produce an increase in the number of DNA synthesizing cells about 48 hr after the stimulus. Our findings suggest that PGE, a putative mediator of UVL-induced inflammation, may be one of the chemical mediators for the UVL-induced increase in DNA synthesizing cells. Histamine may also contribute to the increase in DNA synthesizing cells following UVL-induced inflammation."
1141713,"Cholesterol and cholesteryl esters constitute 3 to 5% of the lipids derived from human sebaceous glands. The present study demonstrates that cutaneous bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and to a lesser extent Propionibacterium acnes, and Propionibacterium granulosum, esterify [4--14C]cholesterol to steryl esters in vitro. The degree of esterification is a characteristic of the strain of organism, ranging from 0 to 32.7% in the organisms tested. Cholesterol esterification in these experiments was dependent on the addition of homogenates of isolated, pooled sebaceous glands to the incubation medium. Indirect evidence suggests that the fatty acids from sebaceous triglycerides are utilized for cholesterol esterification by the bacteria. These results indicate that the proportion of steryl esters in skin surface lipids may be influenced by the density of the microbial population in the skin."
1141714,"Flutamide (alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-propionotoluidide), at daily oral doses of 20 mg/day for 24 days, reduced the number and size of skin sebaceous gland cells, and reduced sebum production in ovariectomized, testosterone-stimulated rats. The weight of the preputial glands was also reduced. Unilateral topical application of flutamide (0.1-3.0 mg/day) to flank organs (androgen-sensitive cutaneous sebaceous structures) of testosterone propionate-treated female hamsters for 14 days resulted in bilateral reductions in flank organ weight and in inhibition of in vitro incorporation of 14-C from sodium [1--14C]acetate into lipids. Flutamide inhibition of flank organ weight paralleled the drug effect on lipogenesis. Unilateral topical application of flutamide to flank organs of intact male hamsters for 14 days resulted in significant bilateral reductions of flank organ weight at doses as low as 0.375 mg/day (the lowest dose tested). These weight changes were marked by reduction in sebaceous gland size, accompanied by focal cytoplasmic degeneration, and reductions in cytoplasmic organelles and in the size of the lipid bodies. Flutamide did not, however, seemingly alter the pattern of endogenous total lipids in sebaceous glands, nor did it alter the pattern of 14-C-incorporation into the lipids of male flank organ epidermis and isolated sebaceous glands, when compared to control, untreated preparations."
1141715,"Ethanolic solutions of 8 new, topically active, anti-inflammatory steroids and 1 standard (betamethasone 17-valerate) were assessed with a modified vascoconstrictor assay. Pallor was graded at 17 reading times for determination of complete blanching curves. The compounds were ranked by three methods: (1) summed % total possible score, (2) area under the blanching profile, and (3) square root transformation of sum of scores divided by number of volunteers, for statistical differentiation of the solutions. Conclusions on structure-vasoconstrictor activity relationships were that substitution or removal of 21 hydroxy provided compounds with a wide range of activity. Poor activity correlated with a hemisuccinate salt grouping at position 21, or the absence of 11beta-hydroxy."
1141716,"Guinea-pig epidermis was irradiated with 3000 rad of beta rays 1 hr after two injections of [3-H]thymidine 5 hr apart (labeled cells in S phase and G2 phase) or 18 hr after injection (labeled early G1 cells). In nonirradiated epidermis labeled basal cells divided within 24 hr with daughter cells remaining in the basal layer, and approximately 50% of the labeled cells moved into the spinal layer by the 3rd day. Cell division in nonirradiated epidermis diluted the number of silver grains/nucleus, and lightly labeled cells were found in the granular layer by day 7. Beta irradiation inhibited cell division but it did not slow the rate of transit (ca 8 days) of irradiated labeled cells from basal to granular layer, some of these remaining heavily labeled. Although cell division may play some role in upward movement of basal cells in normal epidermis detachment of a basal cell from the basement membrane and its transit to the granular layer is unimpaired in the absence of cell division. These findings suggest that some radioresistant metabolic function(s), not cell division, is responsible for upward movement of basal cells."
1141717,"Intraepithelial mast cells, identified by ultrastructural criteria, were seen in lesions of gingival lichen planus. The mast cells were found either singly, interspersed among keratinocytes, or in combination with other mononuclear cell types, especially lymphocytes. The mast cells were seen in regions with relatively normal intercellular spaces, as well as in regions of more severely disrupted keratinocytes. They had cytologic features indicative of active synthesis and release of granules. Moreover, the finding of centrioles in several intraepithelial mast cells, in combination with certain other cytologic features, suggested that these cells might be in an early stage of differentiation. It is speculated that intraepithelial mast cells have a role in the pathogenesis of gingival lichen planus."
1141725,"Assay of free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) and measurement of red cell indices were obtained in a group of subjects with iron deficiency and beta-thalassemia trait to determine if these studies cound detect these disorders and discriminate bbetween them. FEP values were increased in 90.2 per cent of subjects with iron deficiency but were within the normal range in 96.6 per cent of subjects with beta-thalassemia trait. Mean FEP values increased sligtly as transferrin saturation fell but became abnormally elevated when the transferrin saturation fell but became abnormally elevated when the transferrin saturation was less than 15 per cent. Unlike subjecs with iron deficiency in whom the mean corpuscular volume varied from 46 to 84, all individuals with beta-thalassermia trait exhibited microcytosis. In most instances, determination of FEP appears to distinguish beta-thalassemia trait from iron deficiency in patients with microcytosis."
1141726,"Application of negative neck pressure is a valuable research technique for activation of carotid baroreceptors in man, but its use has been limited because a simple, effective, comfortable neck suction chamber has not been available. We have developed a new neck suction device which may have significant advantages over earlier models. Construction details are illustrated for this chamber which has the following attributes: (1) it is simple and inexpensive to construct, (2) one model fits most adults in relative comfort, and (3) the design of the chamber permits rapid initiation of neck suction to preselected levels leading to stimulus-related cardiac slowing and arterial hypotension."
1141727,"The neutrophil bactericidal capacity of 31 patients with diabetes mellitus in a nonketoacidotic state, including 21 without infections and 10 with recurrent infections, were evaluated. The killed intracellular bacteria (KICB) expressed as the percentage of the initial inoculum for 25 normal control subjects was 95.4 (SD equal plus and minus (2.7) and that for the diabetic patients, the KICB was 72.8 (SD=+30.7)with a p value of less than or equal to 0.01. In 17 out of 31 diabetic atients, the KICB was greater than minus two standard deviations of the control mean. Using the lysostaphin assay technic, 11 patients were shown to phagocytize poorly, 3 had impaired intracellular killing and 3 had a combined defect. These defects were not correctable by normal serum nor related to blood-glucose levels. No apparent correlation with infection could be demonstrated. Fiver of the 10 patients with recurrent infections and 12 out ot of 21 patients without infections has a neutrophil dysfunction. However, all 3 patients with a combined defect had severe bacterial infections."
1141728,"The lipids derived from the erythrocytes of two siblings with clinical congenital dyserythropietic anemia Type II (CDA-II) and one sibling without clinical evidence of CDA-II underwent a detailed analysis. The total phospholipids, total cholesterol, and cholesterol: phosphate ratio were normal in all siblings. In the two clinically affected siblings there was a significant increase in the phosphatidyl choline with a concomitant decrease in the other phospholipids. The fatty acids of phosphatidyl choline from the CDA-II erythrocytes were normal. The total gylcosphingolipids were increased in all siblings. The glycosphingolipids, di- , tri-, and tetrahexosyl ceramides were increased 1.5- to 10-fold over controls in the clinically affected siblings. The increases were present but less striking in the clinically unaffected sibling. Gluococerebroside was not significantly increased in any of the siblings. The possible causes and significance of the lipid changes are discussed."
1141729,"Impaired water excretion has been described in stable, nonedematous patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD). To elucidate the mechanism involved, we measured basal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and water, sodium, and solute excretion for 4 hours after water loading (20 ml. per kilogram orally or as D5W intravenously) in two groups of 10 age-matched, hypoxic, stable, nonedematous COLD normocapneic and hypercapneic patients (PCO2 less than or greater than 45 mm. Hg, respectively). In 5 patients of each group, additional measurements of plasma and urine osmolality and plasma vasopressin were made at 30-minute intervals after oral water loading and the results compared to those obtained in 10 normal control subjects. Hypoxic (PO2 61 plus or minus 2 mm. Hg), normocapneic (PCO2 39 plus or minus 1 mm. Hg) patients had normal GFR (114 plus or minus 5 ml. per minute) and ERPF (517 plus or minus 31 ml. per minute) and excreted the load normally (101 plus or minus 5 per cent of oral or intravenous water per 4-hours). This was associated with a normal rate of sodium excretion (34 plus or minus 5 mEq. per 4-hours) and low-normal plasma vasopressin (1.9 plus or minus 0.7 pg. per milliliter) which was suppressed appropriately with water loading. Hypercapneic (PCO2' 62 plus or minus 5), hypoxic (PCO2' 57 plus or minus 2) patients had normal GFR (106 plus or minus 7), low baseline vasopressin (1.1 plus or minus 0.2) which was suppressed appropriately, and decreased (p less than 0.05) 4-hour water excretion (63 plus or minus 8 per cent), 4-hour sodium excretion (15 plus or minus 9), and ERPF (394 plus or minus 31). A significant correlation was observed between impaired water and impaired sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). These studies indicate that in COLD patients: (1) hypercapnia but not hypoxemia is related to the abnormal water handling and to the increased reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubule; (2) the defect in water excretion is not related to abnormal vasopressin secretion or metabolism; (3) the alteration in sodium excretion may be due to hypercapneic-induced increase in renal bicarbonate reabsorption and/or abnormal renal blood flow."
1141730,"Human embryonic kidney cells were maintained in culture in a medium containing lactalbumin hydrolysate for 5 to 6 weeks and the supernatant fluid tested for thrombopoietin content. Thrombopoietin was determined by a bioassay procedure which utilized mice that were in rebound thrombocytosis. The results indicate that the medium from kidney cells in culture contained a factor that stimulates thrombopoiesis in assay mice as measured by per cent 35-S incorporation into platelets. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between the volume of thrombopoietically active production medium injected and the level of isotope that subsequently appeared in the  circulating platelets. Thrombopoietin was not found in control production media. Moreover, thrombopoietin-rich production medium did not contain erythropoietin, erythroginin, or white blood cell-stimulating factors. The results of this study indicate that kidney cells in culture produce a specific thrombopoietic stimulating factor. It seems probable from these in virto data that a site of production of thrombopoietin in vivo is the kidney."
1141731,"Shear stress is a potential cause of erythrocyte fragmentation and hemolysis in flowing blood. In this study, the response of abnormal human erythrocytes to shear stress in virto was evaluated using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Compared to normal red cells, deoxygenated erythrocytes from persons with sicle cell anemia were particularly susceptible to fragmentation and hemolysis by shear stress. Oxygenation of sicke cell blood improved the resistance of those red cells to shear stress; they remain, however, more susceptible to shear stress than normal erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from patients with iron deficiency, thalassemia minor, and erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency showed fragmentation and hemolysis at threshold shear stresses intermediate between those ovserved for blood from patients with sickle cell anemia and normal persons. Blood samples from patients with hereditary spherocytosis were more resistant to shear stress than normal blood. These results indicate that there are important differences in the response of various red cells to shear stress."
1141733,"The present investigation has compared the influences of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and heat-killed bacteria (HKB) on oxygen consumption and glucose oxidation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from carriers of sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). PMA or HKB caused neutrophils from CGD carriers, considered as a group, to consume oxygen and oxidize glucose-1-14C at rates that were statistically distinguishable from rates of normal controls and affected CGD hemizygotes. PMA at a final concentration of 1.0 micrograms per milliliter wass more effective and reproducible than a ratio of 50 HKB: 1 PMN in discriminating the partial abnormality of carrier PMN from normal PMN. Moreover, a deficiency in glucose oxidation by the PMN of one individual carrier was detectable using PMA stimulation when no defect was apparent with HKB. Results of the present investigation confirm and extend previous observations which have demonstrated the similarity in responses of PMA-treated normal and CGD PMN to the reactions produced by particulates under similar conditions."
1141734,"The formation of variation of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and of porphyrins, as well as respiratory metabolism, have been studied in skin fibroblasts from six normal control subjects and seven patients with acute intermittent porphyria. The mean activity of ALA synthetase was the same in both groups, whereas the mean activity of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (as measured by the conversion of porphobilinogen [PBG] to porphyrins) was significantly decreased in fibroblasts from porphyric subjects, the mean value being 52 per cent that of control subjects (p less than or equal to 0.001). The findings of decreased uroporphyrinogen synthesis without an increase in ALA synthetase in mitochondria-containing cells from subjects with acute intermittent porphyria are compatible with the concept that defective PBG ultilization is the fundamental defect in heme biosynthesis in this disease and the possibility that ALA synthetase is ""irreversibly"" repressed in nonhepatic tissues. Respiration of the cells was studied polarographically. The two types of cells showed similar overall rates of respiration and in general responded to substrates and inhibitors as expected. Of the inhibitors tested (rotenone, amytal, antimycin, and cyanide), only rotenone showed a differential effect: respiration of fibroblasts from porphyric patients was not as sensitive to the inhibitor as was that of the control subjects. These results are interpreted as suggesting a possible defect in mitochondrial NADH oxidation in acute intermittent porphyria."
1141751,"Lesions producing facial nerve palsy may occur within the temporal bone anywhere between the internal auditory canal and the stylomastoid foramen. Surgical exposure of this nerve may be necessary for decompression, grafting, rerouting, or removal of such lesions as acoustic tumour, meningioma, facial nerve neuroma, and cholesteatoma. Contemporary surgical exposure of the facial nerve has as its aim adequate exposure of the facial nerve at any point in its course, with preservation of hearing and vestibular function, without further injury to the facial nerve and the necessity for producing a mastoid cavity. When hearing and balance function are present, the transcanal-transtympanic approach to the horizontal segment of the facial nerve offers limited access to the facial nerve in its tympanic course. Wider exposure is obtained by postauricular transmastoid exposure of the tympanic and mastoid portions of the facial nerve. The middle fossa approach to the facial nerve offers access to the internal auditory canal and labyrinthine portions of the nerve, whereas the retrolabyrinthine approach offers access to the facial nerve in the posterior fossa. Total facial nerve exposure with preservation of hearing and balance function is obtained by the combined transmastoid and middle cranial fossa approach. In individuals who have lost all function of hearing and balance, the postauricular translabyrinthine approach offers total exposure of the facial nerve within the temporal bone and posterior fossa. The aim of this discussion was to present in succinct fashion a systematized approach to surgical exposure of the facial nerve within the temporal bone and posterior fossa."
1141752,"It has been demonstrated that endolymphatic hydrops can be produced in guinea pigs by obliteration of the endolymphatic sac and this phenomenon was reproduced in our own laboratory. Interruption of the lateral semicircular duct of animals with labyrinthine hydrops produced a diminution of the hydrops in 4 out of 8 cases, and these did not show any collapse in the cochlear duct. It was considered that the hydrops was diminished by drainage of the surplus endolymph into the perilymphatic space, and that the cochlear duct was kept secure from collapse because of its distance from the operated lateral semicircular duct and of the utriculo-endolymphatic valve. Persistence of hydrops in the other four cases was thought to be due to closure of the operated lateral semicircular duct or to labyrinthitis. Although this series is not comprehensive enough, it seems to indicate that interruption of the lateral semicircular duct has a possibility of diminishing labyrinthine hydrops, as in cases of Ménière's disease, without hearing disturbance, provided that complications do not develop. Further investigation with many more animals, for a longer period of time after the operation, is required to gain more precisely detailed information."
1141753,"Roentgenologic studies by polytomography of the temporal bones of a 2,600-year-old Egyptian mummy (PUM-II) revealed an increase in radiographic density throughout the left temporal bone. The superior portions of the petrous bones were removed with an electric saw for study by undecalcified techniques. For histological control, a similar specimen was removed from a cadaver immediately after autopsy. Light microscopy of sections showed excellent preservation of the Haversian systems. The vascular channels were clearly seen, and they were similar in appearance to those of the fresh specimen. The lacunae contained osteocytes with good preservation of the nucleus. Osteoid seams were identified and the osteon activity was described for the first time in an Egyptian mummy. There was a low turnover type of bone, but there was no evidence of metabolic bone disease. We postulate that the increased radiological density of the left temporal bone was due to a greater amount of resin infiltration in this bone as compared to the right. It appeared that the resin acted as a fixative preserving the bone cells and related elements."
1141754,"The uncommon familial syndrome of multiple odontogenic keratocysts, basal cell naevi and skeletal anomalies is reviewed, and seven cases are described, including one patient who developed squamous cell carcinoma in a previous odontogenic keratocyst of the maxilla. We wish to thank Consultants from the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, The Middlesex Hospital and the Eastman Dental Hospital, who allowed us access to their patients; Mr. D. Garfield Davies, Dr. M. F. Spittle, Mr. D. Winstock, Mr. H. P. Cook, Professor H. C. Killey and Mr. L. W. Kay. We are grateful to Professor L. Michaels and Mr. D. J. Connolly for preparation of the illustrations and to Mrs. A. Matthews for the typescript."
1141755,"In Nigeria as in West Africa generally measles is a serious condition with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Complications involve every section of Otolaryngology. Some of these are amenable to treatment by the otolaryngologist alone, while others need the skill of colleagues in other specialties. The irreversible neuro-audiological complications cause greatest concern to physician and parent and will continue to do so until the variety of available therapeutic, preventive and rehabilitative services are increased and improved."
1141756,A nasal granulomatous disease caused by E. coronata is reported for the first time in an Igbo residing in the East Central State of Nigeria. His clinical presentation conformed with published patterns. Awareness of the disease should lead to the recognition of more cases in this part of the world.
1141766,"Transmucosal transport rates for triolein in proximal and distal intestine were compared in unanesthetized rats. Emulsified [1-14-C] triolein together with bile and pancreatic juice from donor rats was infused for 6 hr into either the duodenum or the midpoint of the small intestine at such a rate that absorption was essentially complete in both regions of the intestine. Lymph was collected from the thoracic duct during triolein infusion and for an additional 6-hr period. The decrease in the rate of lymphatic output of labeled fat was found to follow a simple exponential function in all animals. This rate of decrease (decay rate) was used to calculate the half-times of lipid turnover through the intestinal wall and the fractional output rates. Distal intestine transported lipid 40% more slowly than proximal intestine, and the difference was associated with a greater accumulation of triglyceride in the distal intestinal wall. Chylomicron synthesis and/or release is the rate-limiting step for distal lymphatic fat transport in vivo, whereas fat uptake from the lumen is rate limiting for proximal intestine."
1141767,"Urinary and fecal endogenous steroid excretion of fed or fasted New Zealand white rabbits was determined by the isotopic steady state method after subcutaneous implantation of radioactive cholesterol. While plasma cholesterol was increasing during a 9-day fast, fecal steroid excretion decreased to 10% of the excretion rates in the fed state. Refeeding the fasted rabbits led to a decrease in plasma cholesterol and an increase in fecal endogenous steroid excretion. Urinary steroid excretion, which represented 18% of total endogenous steroid excretion for fed animals, decreased during fasting and increased during refeeding, but these changes were relatively small. The small intestine, cecum, and colon of fed or fasted rabbits had similar endogenous steroid was acidic steroid. During attempts to alter the circulating bile acid concentration by supplying deoxycholate (200 mg/day) to fed rabbits or cholestyramine (2 g/day) to fasted rabbits, plasma cholesterol concentration did not change to the same extent as during fasting or refeeding, respectively. The decreased cholesterol catabolism and the hypercholesterolemia that are seen in the fasting rabbit may result from decreased clearance of plasma cholesterol."
1141768,"Differentiation and growth of swine subcutaneous adipose tissue was assessed by chemical analysis of tissue components, cell size measurements of isolated adipocytes, and light and electron microscopic observations. At birth all adipocytes were multilocular (contained multiple small lipid droplets), but by day 3 postpartum, many were already differentiated to the unilocular state (one major, central lipid droplet). Microscopic observations of fixed tissue, cell size determinations on isolated adipocytes, and chemical analysis of tissue composition indicated a marked increase in adipocyte size accompanied by an increase in the size of the central lipid droplet with age. Small cells were observed at all ages (in both fixed tissue and isolated cell preparations), yielding biphasic size distributions. Although the adipocyte stem cell was not discerned, an early stage in differentiation, designated an adipoblast, was observed."
1141769,"This paper describes studies dealing with the nature of the C27 pentahydroxy bile alcohols present in the bile and feces of two patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). The presence of a bile alcohol having the structure 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24alpha,25-pentol was confirmed by separation of the two 24-hydroxy epimers of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24,25-pentol and characterization of the dpimers by gas-liquid chromatography and infrared and mass spectrometry. Tentative assignment of the 24alpha and 24beta configuration was made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. A second major bile alcohol excreted by the CTX subjects was 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,23xi,25-pentol. Its structure was determined by infrared spectrometry, proton magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry because a reference compound was not available."
1141770,"A new series of analogs of triglycerides has been synthesized, in which the glycerol moiety is replaced by each of the three isomeric cyclopentanetriols. For each of the isomeric cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols (1,2,3/0; DL-1,2/3; and 1,3/2), the tris-homoacyl derivatives of octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and dihydrosterculic acids were prepared by treatment of the respective triols with the appropriate acyl chloride in pyridine. The dihydrosterculates were prepared by fusing the triols with a mixture of the acyl anhydride and the corresponding potassium salt. It is proposed that because of restricted rotation of the carbon-carbon bonds the cyclopentanoid compounds are analogs of specific rotamers of triglycerides. Infrared spectra (KBr discs) obtained at room temperature show differences in crystal structure from series to series. A band near 720 cm-minus 1 (CH2 rock) is doubled in the 1,2,3/0 and 1,2/3 series and is single in the 1,3/2 series and the triglycerides. In each spectrum with a doublet at 720 cm-minus 1, a band near 1470 cm-minus 1 (CH2 bend) is doubled also. A strong band at 890 cm-minus 1 present in the triglyceride spectra is weak or missing from the spectra of the analogs. A band at 1418 cm-minus 1 (bending of CH2 adjacent to C equal to 0) present in the triglyceride spectra is demonstrable only in the 1,2,3/0 derivatives in comparison with the other three series. In all series the dihydrosterculates show a decrease in apparent polarity, relative to the stearates, significantly greater than expected from the introduction of an additional carbon atom. The potential utility of the analogs as probes of the effects of conformation on the physical properties and enzymatic susceptibility of glycerides is discussed."
1141771,"Levels of retinol-binding (RBP), the plasma transport protein for vitamin A, were measured by radioimmunoassay in sera and in a large number of tissues from both normal and vitamin A-deficient rats. The tissues included liver, kidney, fat, muscle, brain, eye, salivary gland, thymus, lung, heart, intestine, spleen, adrenal, testes, thyroid, and red blood cells. The RBP levels in tissues other than serum, liver, and kidneys varied from 12 mug/g of tissue for normal spleen to an undetectable level in red blood cells. Much of the RBP in the tissues with low levels may have been due to residual serum in the samples. In general, except for liver, RBP levels were lower in tissues from vitamin A-deficient rats than in those from normal rats. In normal rats, the liver, kidney, and serum levels were 30 plus or minus 4 (mean plus orminus SEM), 151 plus or minus 22, and 44 plus or minus 3 mug/g, respectively. In vitamin A-deficient rats, the liver RBP level was about three times the normal level whereas the kidney and serum levels were about one-fifth the normal values. When normal liver homogenates were fractionated by centrifugation, 67% of the RBP was recovered in the microsomal fraction and only 9% was found in the soluble 105,000 g supernate. In contrast, 76% of the RBP in homogenates of normal kidneys was in the soluble fraction. Similar results were obtained with deficient livers and kidneys. Incubation with deoxycholate released the liver RBP into the soluble fraction. RBP is produced in the liver and removed from the blood by the kidneys. The levels of RBP in normal and deficient liver, serum, and kidney appear to reflect the relative rates of RBP secretion and turnover."
1141772,"Previous reports that rabbit adipose tissue does not synthesize fatty acids at significant rates led us to study in detail the pathways of lipogenesis and glyceroneogenesis in this tissue. We found that rabbit adipose tissue has a low capacity for denovo fatty acid synthesis from glucose but a high capacity for synthesis from pyruvate and acetate. The tissue can also convert pyruvate to glyceride-glycerol via the dicarboxylic acid shuttle and gluconeogenic pathways. Experiments with hydroxycitrate, a potent inhibitor of citrate cleavage enzyme, demonstrated that this is an obligatory enzyme in lipogenesis from pyruvate. The lipogenic system of rabbit adipose tissue resembles that of a ruminant in that it is adapted to utilize acetate rather than glucose. However, in contrast to ruminant tissues, the limited ability to convert glucose to fatty acid results not from a deficiency in the enzymes concerned with the transport of acetyl units out of the mitochondria but from a block prior to the level of pyruvate, most likely at the hexokinase and pyruvate kinase reactions."
1141803,"The entire second thoracic mammary glands of 4-week-old BALB/c female mice primed with oestradiol plus progesterone were cultivate in organ culture medium containing the ""growth-promoting"" hormone combinations: insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, oestradiol, progesterone and aldosterone or insulin, prolactin and aldosterone. Full lobulo-alveolar development was induced after 5-6 days of incubation and could be maintained for 15-16 days in organ culture in medium containing either hormone combination. After the initial 5-6 days in the ""growth-promoting"" medium, subsequent cultivation of the glands in a medium with the ""lactogenic hormones"", insulin, prolactin plus cortisol, led to accumulation of ""milk-like"" secretory material in the ductal and alveolar lumina. Incubation of the lobulo-alveolar gland in medium with insulin alone for 7-9 days resulted in complete regression of the alveoli leaving only a ductal parenchyma. Incubation in insulin, prolactin, growth hormone or insulin plus the steriod hormones for 7-9 days led to considerable alveolar degeneration without a complete regression. The results indicate that both pituitary and steroid hormones are essential for development and maintenance of mammary alveoli; insulin can only sustain the basal ductal structure."
1141804,"Thyroxine (T-4) and tri-iodothyronine (T-3) were coupled to human serum albumin (HSA) with carbodi-imide. By adsorption chromatography on Sephadex G-25, fractions containing purified conjugate, but not reversibly-bound T-3 or T-4, were obtained, and this procedure took 5 h; considerably less than the conventional dialysis technique. Highly specific high-titre antisera were produced in rabbits and guinea-pigs by injection of these fractions in Freund's adjuvant."
1141809,"The response of mouse ovaries maintained in organ culture to prostaglandin E-2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F-2alpha (F2alpha) was assessed using quantitative histological and radioimmunoassay procedures. Prostaglandin E2 induced histological changes in the cultured follicles comparable to those induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and the increase in the number of oocytes undergoing preovulatory maturation over the control value was the same irrespective of the treatment (PGE2 alone, HCG alone, or PGE2+HCG). The amount of progesterone/ml of culture medium was also significantly higher with these preparations than in control cultures (about 125 ng/ml compared with 57 ng/ml). By contrast, 5 mug PGF2alpha/ml medium increased neither the number of oocytes undergoing maturation nor the concentration of progesterone in the culture medium. The latter increased when the dose of PGF2alpha was increased to 30 mug/ml, although the proportion of oocytes beyond the dictyate stage remained at the control level. There was no augmentation in the response (above the level for HCG alone) when HCG and PGF2alpha were added to the explant medium simultaneously. These results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanism of action of the various preparations."
1141810,"The response of mouse ovaries maintained in organ culture to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was assessed using quantitative histological and radioimmunoassay techniques. In terms of the induction of preovulatory maturation in follicular oocytes, 1 mugFSH/ml medium was as effective as 10 mugLH/ml. The lowest doses of HCG and LH used (0.2 i.u./ml and 1 mug/ml respectively) had no effect on oocyte maturation, whereas the response to FSH WAS VIRTUALLY UNCHANGED IRRESPECTIVE OF DOSE (1-10 MUG/ML). When the level of progesterone in the medium at the end of organ culture was used as an index of ovarian response, LH was more effective than FSH and HCG, although all the hormones induced a significant increase, irrespective of dose. These results are discussed in terms of the mode of action of gonadotrophins in the processes culminating in ovulation."
1141811,"In the male rat injections of CaCl-2 and MgCl-2 stimulated mitosis in bone marrow and thymus tissue. The magnesium salt was also mitogenic in the normal female, but calcium only exerted its mitogenic effect after ovariectomy. Oestradiol, but not progesterone replacement therpy abolished calcium-induced mitosis in the ovariectomized rat. The inability of calcium to stimulate cell division was also apparent in the thyroparathyroidectomized female rat, suggesting the oestradiol blockage did not operate via some indirect action on the calcium homeostatic hormones calcitonin or parathyroid hormone. When thymic lymphocytes derived from male or female rats were isolated and maintained in suspension, increased calcium or magnesium concentrations in the culture medium stimulated the entry of cells into mitosis. Addition of oestradiol to the culture medium abolished the mitogenic effect of increased calcium levels, but had no effect on magnesium-induced proliferation. These experiments suggested that oestradiol might act at the cell surface to prevent the influx of calcium but not magnesium ions into the interior of the cell and thus to block the sequence of biochemical events which led to the initiation of DNA synthesis and culminate in mitosis."
1141812,"Prostaglandin E2 increased aldosterone output by superfused capsular adrenal glands obtained from sodium-repleted, hypophysectomized rats but corticosterone did not show a statistically significant increase. Prostaglandin A2 increased corticosterone but not aldosterone production by incubated capsular glands obtained from sodium-repleted, hypophysectomized rats. Both aldosterone and corticosterone production rates were increased by PGA2 after previous sodium restriction. Corticosterone production rate of the decapsulated adrenal gland was not significantly modified by prostaglandin A2 in a concentration effective on the capsular adrenal gland. A possible role of prostaglandins in the regulation of aldosterone secretion is discussed."
1141813,"Counting of radioactivity in Japanese quail in vivo showed a rapid loss of 131-I from the body 12-24 h after the i.v. injection of [131-I]thyroxine (T4), followed by a period of slow decrease in counting rates to 96 h. From comparison of these [131-I]T4 curves with curves for 131-iodide-injected birds and from counts on serum and other tissues in vitro it was concluded that, for Japanese quail, the T4 secretion rate should be calculated using serum samples taken during the first 12 h. Using this time period, the parameters measured were: T4 distribution space, laying hens 45-7 and mature cocks 26-7 and mature cocks 26-3 ml/100 g body weight; fractional degradation rate for T4, hens 5-73 and cocks 3-12/day; serum T4 concentration (Tetrasorb-125 method), hens 1-20 plus or minus 0-07 and cocks 1-34 plus or minus 0-05 (S.E.M.) mug/100 ml (n= 16); T4 secretion rate, hens 3-14 and cocks 1-10 mug/100 g/day."
1141814,"Plasma levels of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) and pituitary levels of LH have been measured during the first 6 days of pregnancy, in normal rats and in rats receiving two doses of Tamoxifen (trans-1-(rho-beta dimethylamino-ethoxyphenyl)-1-2-diphenylbut-1-ene) on day 2 of pregnancy. In normal rats oestradiol rose strongly from early on day 3 to reach a peak concentration between 22.00 h on day 3 and 08.00 h on day 4. Progesterone concentrations rose from day 2 to reach peak values on day 3-4. In animals in which implantation was delayed 20-24 h by administration of Tamoxifen (0.1 mg/kg) orally on day 2 the increased level of plasma oestrogen was also delayed by 20 h. A higher dose of Tamoxifen (0.2 mg/kg) on day 2, which prevented implantation, completely eliminated the increase in plasma oestradiol. Neither dose of Tamoxifen affected the levels of progesterone. In both normal rats and rats treated with 0.1 mg Tamoxifen/kg, plasma LH levels declined by day 3 while pituitary levels rose steadily. There was no detectable change in either plasma or pituitary LH levels, accompanying the increase in plasma oestradiol in the normal rats. In animals receiving Tamoxifen (0.2 mg/kg), plasma LH increased to a maximum by day 4 while levels of pituitary LH decreased. The results show that the oestrogen ""surge"" of early pregnancy, occurs normally about midnight on day 3 and not late on day 4 as previously thought. It is considered that the plasma oestradiol peak in early pregnancy results from an increased release of FSH rather than an increased release of LH. Tamoxifen may owe part of its antifertility action to a capacity to inhibit the synthesis of oestradiol from progesterone."
1141815,"The concentrations of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay in sera from immature male and female rats of various ages. Fairly high levels of FSH were found in both sexes at birth but lh was not detected. FSH peaks appeared in the male at 13 and 19 days of age and in the female at 13 and 17-19 days of age. LH was undetectable in the male before 12 days of age, rose to a peak (440 plus or minus 60 (S.D.) ng/ml) at 13 days of age and fell below the detection level again between 15 and 25 days of age. A further increase then occurred which almost reached adult levels. LH was first detectable in the female rat at 11 days of age with a peak value of 130 plus or minus 35 ng/ml at 12 days. The hormone was undetectable on days 14 and 15, rose to a second peak on day (148 plus or minus 56 ng/ml), and was again absent between 19 and 25 days of age. The concentration rose, as in the male, between days 25 and 28 to a level similar to that of the adult. The results show sexual differences in prepubertal gonadotrophin surges. The LH peak at 12-13 days in both sexes appears to be light-dependent. The FSH peak at this time was affected by light but was not strictly light-dependent."
1141816,"Pigeons obtained food by making four responses on three keys in a specified sequence, e.g., left, right, center, right. Under the ""tandem-learning"" condition, all three keys were the same color throughout the response sequence, and the sequence was changed from session to session. After total errors per session (overall accuracy) and within-session error reduction (learning) had stabilized, the effects of varying doses phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide were assessed. For comparison, the drug tests were also conducted under a ""tandem-performance"" condition, in which the response sequence was the same from session to session, and under corresponding ""chain-learning"" and ""chain-performance"" conditions, where different colored keylights were associated with the response sequence. Under all four baseline conditions, the largest dose of each drug impaired overall accuracy. Under the two learning conditions, the error rate decreased across trials within each session, but the degree of negative acceleration was less in the drug sessions than in the control sessions. In contrast, under the two performance conditions, the error rate was relatively constant across trials, but was higher in the drug sessions than in the control sessions. Of the four baselines, the chain-learning condition was the most sensitive to the drug effects."
1141817,"This article two studies that examined the effect of similarity of location and temporal intensity patterns of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) on the acquision of conditioned suppression. Experiment 1 showed that greater suppression occurs during a stimulus generalization test when the tested stimulus has a location and temporal intensity pattern that is similar to the previously presented UCS. Experiment 2 showed that conditioned suppression is acquired more rapidly if the CS and UCS have similar locations and temporal intensity patterns. These similarity factors were interpreted as forms of event covariation, which aided in associative formation. Several applications of these data are discussed."
1141818,"Rabbits were trained via a Pavlovian eyelid-conditioning regime to respond differentially to a conditioned stimulus (CSR) depending on whether or not that stimulus was preceded several seconds earlier by a preparatory stimulus consisting of an electric shock otherwise employed as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Following training, differential responding to CSR varied systematically with the interval between the preparatory stimulus and CSR, consistent with assumptions concerning decay of information in short-term memory. The major finding, however, involved the test effects of announcing the preparatory stimulus by either a conditioned stimulus with which it had otherwise been paired (CS+) or a conditioned stimulus with which it had otherwise been systematically unpaired (CS-). The greater differential responding to the following CSR in the latter case is taken to support the notion that a ""surprising"" UCS is more likely to be retained (rehearsed) in short-term memory than is an ""expected"" UCS."
1141819,"One theory holds that appetitive drives such as hunger and thirst are not conditionable because of their slow onset. However, recent evidence has shown only transitory conditioning of appetitive drives even with rapid onset. Such experiments may have failed because: (a) Exteroceptive conditioned stimuli (CSs) used in past experiments may be less easily accociated with the internal hunger drive than are interoceptive taste cues. Experiments 1-3 provided some support for this hypothesis. (b) The dependent measures used in past experiments may not be valid. Experiments 4 and 5 suggested that changes in the rate of bar pressing on an operant extinction curve following probe CSs for hunger may be a more sensitive and valid index of conditioned appetitive drive. However, the elusive and transitory nature of these results demands a reexamination of the basic difference between appetitive and aversive drives, which lies in the mode of their onset and control and which, given adaptive considerations, can account for their widely different conditionability."
1141820,"This article reports the transfer of learned helplessness from one aversive motivator, shock to another, frustration. In experiment 1, animals were trained to approach food in a runway and concomitantly exposed to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock in a different situation. Extinction was conducted in the runway, and subsequently the animals were tested for hurdle-jump escape from the frustrating goal box. Inescapably shocked rats failed to learn to hurdle-jump, whereas escapably or nonshocked animals learned the frustration escape response. Experiment 2 replicated the basic finidngs of Experiment 1 and showed transfer of learned helplessness from shock to frustration when no running response had been first acquired in the runway."
1141821,"Two experiments are described in which rats received a series of shock and food presentations in a Pavlovian counterconditioning sequence. Subsequently, the capacity of the shock to act as a reinforcer during conditioned emotional response (CER) training was assessed. In the first experiment, following each shock during counterconditioning by a food presentation was found to retard the development of suppression during CER training relative to control conditions in which different groups of rats received either a sequence of explicitly unpaired shock and food presentations, shock presentations alone, or food presentations alone. The second experiment demonstrated that when the magnitude of the food presentations is held constant, the attenuation of the suppressive properties of shock by pairing with food depends on the magnitude of the shock. The results are interpreted as demonstrations of Pavlovian counterconditioning, which, it is suggested, modifies the general aversiveness of a noxious stimulus."
1141822,"This article presents an analysis of the similarities between the stimulus familiarization effect and latent inhibition. Just as latent inhibition has been readily demonstrated in infrahumans, and only with considerable difficulty in adult humans, the experiments reported here obtained a significant interaction between the stimulus familiarity effect and age. Children exhibited increased reaction time to preexposed stimuli as opposed to nonpreexposed stimuli, but adults did not show this effect. In addition, a number of variables were shown to affect the amount of decrement. The decrement increased as a function of the number of preexposures and decreased with the addition of a second stimulus placed in a conditioning relationship to the to-be-tested stimulus during preexposure. However, an increased in the interstimulus interval was only marginally effective in increasing the inhibitory effects of preexposure. The data were discussed in relation to a conditioned attention explanation for these phenomena of behavioral decrement."
1141823,"Experiments 1-3 investigated the applicability of the classical conditioning concept of conditioned inhibition to taste-aversion learning. Rats made ill after drinking saccharin and subsequently administered a ""safe"" exposure to saline (or casein hydrolysate) evidenced an enhanced preference for the safe fluid (relative to either a third, slightly aversive, solution or to water) when compared to controls in which saccharin was not previously poisoned. Such active condition inhibition was significantly reduced in Experiment 4 when two safe exposures to saline preceded saccharin-illness pairings. These results indicate that conditioned inhibition can be established in a taste-aversion procedure and that a latent inhibition manipulation reduces the ability of a taste to become a signal for safety. Implications of these findings for the learned safety theory of taste-aversion learning and the relevance to bait-shyness of principles established within the classical conditioning paradigm are considered."
1141824,"It is assumed that recognition memory for pictures is based on two types of information. The first is information about specific details in a picture. The process of encoding this type of information is identified with what N. H. Mackworth and others have termed looking at ""informative areas"" in pictures. The second informational component is designated as ""general visual information."" Two experiments were carried out investigating (a) the extent to which recognition responses to pictures are based on specific detail vs. general visual information, (b) whether the amount of specific detail information may be manipulated by varying the complexity of a target picture, and (c) the rate at which the two types of information are acquired. The results indicate that the rate of encoding specific details varies with the number of potential informative areas in a pictures and, given that a detail is encoded, memory performance is not substantially affected by target complexity, exposure time, or presence or absence of a mask."
1141825,"Both recognition and recall of pictures improve as picture presentation time increases and as time between pictures increases. Processing of the pictures, rehearsal and/or encoding, continues after the picture has disappeared, just as for verbal material. Both the results and conclusions stand in contrast to those of Shaffer and Shiffrin."
1141826,"In separate trials of a same-different recognition task, a single target item presented as either a picture or a word was followed after a 30-sec delay by a single test item, either a picture or a word. Test items were either nominal matches for the target (same) or one of five related distractor items. Distractors were selected to resemble the target item on one of five dimensions: orthographic, acoustic, conceptual (functional or categorical), schematic (similar in shape), or neutral. Same-different reaction times were found to vary systematically as a function of depiction mode of target and/or test items and by distractor type. Verbally related distractors (orthographic and acoustic) produced longer reaction times when target or test items or both were presented as printed words. When target or test items were presented as pictures, schematic and conceptual distractors produced the longest rejection latencies."
1141827,"Two paired-associate (PA) learning studies observed the acquisition performance of 85 college students with either odors or abstract figures as stimuli and numbers as responses. In both studies visual PA acquisition was reliably superior to olfactory learning. Since the second study was designed to maximize the learning of associations to the odors and minimize the learning of associations to the figures, it appears that the sense of smell is not as well suited to the PA task as vision when essentially naive subjects are involved. In a third experiment, the familiarity of odors and figures was judged and reported as a graphic magnitude estimation response. These judged stimulus familiarities were used to select stimuli for the PA task. Subsequently, PA acquisition was facilitated by the use of highly familiar odors."
1141828,"Subjects low or high in activation, as measured by Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, participated in two semantic memory tasks, one involving speed of recall and the other speed of recognition. White noise at 80 db. re 20 muN/m-2 was presented on half the trials. There was an interaction between noise and activation under the recall condition only. High activation facilitated recall performance with high dominance items, but had a detrimental effect with low dominance items. The differential effect of arousal on recall and recognition was interpreted as indicating that arousal affected the retrieval component of recall. The findings with the dominance variable were interpreted in light of D.E. Broadbent's hypothesis that high arousal enhances the probability of sampling information from dominant sources."
1141829,"Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the auditory and visual systems process simultaneously presented pairs of alphanumeric information differently. In Experiment 1, different groups of subjects were given extensive practice recalling pairs of superimposed visual or auditory digits in simultaneous order (the order of arrival) or successive order (one member of each digit pair in turn, followed by the other pair member). For auditory input, successive order of recall was more accurate, particularly for the last two of three pairs presented, whereas for visual input, simultaneous order of recall was more accurate. In Experiment 2, subjects were cued to recall in one or the other order either immediately before or after stimulus input. Recall order results were the same as for Experiment 1, and precuing did not facilitate recall in either order for both modalities. These results suggest that processing in the auditory system can only occur successively across time, whereas as in the visual system processing can only occur simultaneously in space."
1141830,"Instructions to attend to the case and color in which words were presented led to improved retention of these visual attributes but depressed recognition performance. This trade-off between item and attribute memory occurred at three presentation rates (1.5, 5.5, and 10.5 sec/item), suggesting that visual attributes of verbal stimuli are rarely stored unless subjects expect that knowledge of physical form will be useful later. Visual attributes of high-imagery words were retained better than visual attributes of low imagery words by subjects instructed to attend to case and color, but not by subjects asked only to attend to word meaning. Implications of these findings for the hypothesis that visually presented verbal stimuli are stored as literal copies are discussed."
1141831,"A probe-recognition short-term memory paradigm was used to inquire into the precise effects of sleep deprivation on human memory. It was found that recognition performance, as measured by d', was generally impaired for each subjects after 24 hr of sleep deprivation. While d' was shown to decrease exponentially as the number of items intervening between the target and the probe increased, this decay rate was not affected by sleep loss. In addition there was confirmation of a previously observed increase in the positive skewness of reaction times after wakefulness. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that sleep deprivation increases the occurrence of lapses, periods of lowered reactive capacity, which prevent the encoding of items in short-term memory."
1141832,"Memory trigrams were presented by one of three methods: visual-concurrent (all three letters appeared simultaneously), visual-successive, and auditory-successive. During the 12-sec retention interval, subjects shadowed and reported their rehearsals and mnemonic associations via switches. On trials without associations, recall performance was interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the form of rehearsal is related to presentation modality. However, the frequency and temporal patterning of the rehearsals over the retention interval were virtually identical for all three presentation conditions, suggesting that the ""control processes"" were relatively independent of both method of presentation and modality of rehearsal. Most importantly, these data in combination with earlier data suggest that the efficiency of each rehearsal was also independent of those same factors, in each case quite comparable to that of a concurrent visual stimulus."
1141833,"The recall of picture and word triads was examined in three experiments that manipulated the type of distraction in a Brown-Peterson short-term retention task. In all three experiments recall of pictures was superior to words under auditory distraction conditions. Visual distraction produced high performance levels with both types of stimuli, whereas combined auditory and visual distraction significantly reduced picture recall without further affecting word recall. The results were interpreted in terms of the dual coding hypothesis and indicated that pictures are encoded into separate visual and acoustic processing systems while words are primarily acoustically encoded."
1141834,"Three experiments examined the role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in the tachistoscopic recognition of letter strings. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of a vowel or multiletter spelling patterns facilitates perceptual accuracy. To account for these results a model was proposed in which an input string is first parsed into syllablelike units, which are then recorded into speech. It was demonstrated that the perceptual accuracy for a string is correlated with the number of recoding steps needed to convert that string into speech. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that this recoding  process can predict perceptibility differences among strings with varying numbers of phonotactic violations, and Experiment 3 assessed some of the specific assumptions of the recoding process."
1141835,"Subjects determined as rapidly as possible whether each line drawing portrayed a left or a right hand when the drawings were presented in any of four versions (palm or back of either hand) and in any of six orientations in the picture plane. Reaction time varied systematically with orientation and, in the absence of advance information, was over 400 msec longer for the fingers-down orientation. However, when subjects were instructed to imagine a specified (palm or back) view of a specified (left or right) hand in a specified orientation, reaction times to test hands that were consistent with these instructions were short (about 500 msec), independent of orientation, and unacompanied by errors. It is proposed that subjects determine whether a visually presented hand is left or right by moving a mental ""phantom"" of one of their own hands into the portrayed position and by then comparing its imagined appearance against the appearance of the externally presented hand."
1141836,"The suggestion of Krueger (1973) and other that wholistic processes underlie certain perceptual judgments is taken up in this paper. It is argued that properties such as bilateral symmetry can have a ""diagnostic"" significance for visual matching tasks. Diagnosticity means that if the property is present the appropriate response to a stimulus could theoretically be determined without any other analysis of the stimulus. Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that symmetry is exploited as a diagnostic property for the simultaneous same-different judgment. Displays that show the diagnostic form produce short reaction times. These experiments also show that the diagnosticity effect can be demonstrated independent of potentially confounding factors such as simplicity or redundancy. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 discount further confounding factors and also show that other properties, notably parallelism and colinearity of stimulus elements, can also be exploited as diagnostic in the simultaneous matching task. Diagnostics can have a structural or relational form. Diagnostic features are viewed as two-place structural predicates. Whether these diagnostics always have the same underlying form or not, the need for some representation of structure is a prerequisite for understanding even these simple recognition phenomena."
1141837,"Sudden illumination applied to Limulus produces an unconditioned downward tail movement which is under stimulus control and can be used to measure psychophysical thresholds. The method of constant stimuli was used to measure the behavioral dark-adaptation function mediated by the ventral eye of Limulus. The resulting function has two phases, each of which is rectified when log threshold is made a function of long time in the dark. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the transition between the two phases occurred at 6 min. This psychophysical dark-adaptation function has the same form as an electrophysiologic dark-adaptation function obtained by Fein and DeVoe (using the ventral eye receptor potential as the response). In more complex visual systems such two-phase, dark-adaptation functions would usually be interpreted in terms of screening pigment movements or changes in the neural contributions of different receptor classes, but neither interpretation is appropriate for the ventral eye of Limulus."
1141838,"The present study investigates the juvenile and adult reproductive performance of Japanese killifish, Oryzias latipes, which were successfully sex-reversed by feeding them male or female sex hormones during the fry stage. Sexual maturation of these laboratory grown fish of three known genotypes (XX, SY, YY) occurred earliest in untreated genotypes, next in genotypes treated with male hormone (methyl testosterone) and female hormone (estrone), respectively. The delay in sexual maturation caused by early exogenous, sex-hormone treatment may represent a disturbance in the delicate neural-gonadal axis. However, the degree of response was also strongly influenced by the animal's sex chromosomal genotype. XX fish, normally phenotypic females, were affected more by the male hormone than by the female hormone. XY and YY fish, normally phenotypic males, were delayed more by the female hormone than by the male hormone. This specific sex hormone-sex genotype interaction also influenced adult reproductive performance (sperm or egg production). Differences in the metabolism of male and female sex hormones by the XX, XY, and YY fish are probably responsible for these interesting findings."
1141839,"The regeneration of a retina in adult Triturus cristatus, following surgical division of the eye by a limbal incision, was studied. In agreement with recent reports, it was found that the regenerating retina is dervied from two sources; the retinal pigment epithelium and the pars ciliaris retinae. However, following a limbal incision, most of the retina appears to be derived from the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior part of the eye. An unexpected finding of this study was that large cystlike spaces form in the fundal regions of the eye, between the regenerating retina and the retinalpigment epithelium. These spaces appear between five and eight days post-operative and persist long enough (25 to 30 days postoperative) to disrupt the fundal portion of the rengenerating retina and to cause it to lag behind the rest of the  regenerate, in its development. The relationship of these observations to the genesis of positional markers in the regenerating retina is discussed."
1141840,"In an attempt to solve some  aspect of the long-standing controversy about the regenerative ability of appendages in vertebrate embryos, the tail bud of Xenopus laevis embryos has  beenamputated at  stage sranging from St. 26 to St. 32 and its ability to regenerate duringa culture period of 2-3 days has been studied. At amputation stages 26-28,the tail bud consisted only undifferentialted mesoderm and ectoderm, but at stage 32 it had afully differentiated neural tube, a vaculotaed notochord and segmented somites. A total of 137amputations at differnt stages gace consistent results: a tail formed in all the operated larvacand it had normal, well-developed axial tissues in most cases. The relatively few cases with abnormal tail struture were stunted, oedematour larvae with defects in the trunk region  as well. It is concluded from these experiments that cells near the original tail budare able to differentiate into tialbud tissues and to  replace the amputated regoin, even at these late embryoic stages. The implications of these findings for comparative studies on regeneration in vertebrates are discussed."
1141841,"When the retinal pigment epithelial cells of the chick embryo are transferred to monolayer cultures, they lose their phenotypic trait-- melanin granules-- after a few days. Within the first 24 hours almost all of the melanosomes and premelanosomes are transformed into the degradative structures of the dense bodies or the melanosome complexes. Then, within a few days, these structures disappear completely from the cytoplasm. Actinomycin D, added to the culture medium during the first four hours, almost completely prevents the transformation of melanosomes and premelanosomes. The inhibition of cell proliferation, caused by the addition of colcemid, does not prevent the transformation, though the time of initiation of transformation is delayed considerably. The mechanisms of the transformation of pigment granules are discussed."
1141842,"Acrosomal proteinase was found to be present in a highly organized distribution within the acrosomes of rabbit spermatozoa by cytochemistry. This distribution consists of at least six linear loops of evenly spaced proteinase granules, which run diagonally across the flat side of the sperm head in a crisscrossing pattern with the two most anterior loops surrounding the region of the acrosome reaction. This is the first description of an organized distribution of enzymes within a lysosome-like organelle."
1141843,Two macromolecular freezing point depressants have been isolated from the serums of two species of Alaskan fishes. A common property of the four antifreezes thus far isolated is a high alanine content which suggests that the mechanism of these antifreezes may be related to a repeating tripeptide unit.
1141844,"In vitro fertilization of rat and mouse eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in chemically defined media was studied. Penetration rates by ejaculated sperm was very low (0 to 8%) in the rat, but 11 to 41% of eggs were penetrated by ejaculated sperm in the mouse. The optimal concentration of sperm for in vitro fertilization appears to be similar whether ejaculated or epididymal sperm were used. The time of sperm penetration in the mouse eggs, however, was delayed for one-half to one hour when ejaculated sperm were used. The importance of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose in the medium containing bovine serum albumin for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs was examined. When rat eggs in cumulus clot were exposed to epididymal sperm preincubated for five hours, the presence of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose was found to play an important role. When exposed to non-incubated epididymal sperm sodium pyruvate could be omitted without much decline of the fertilization rate. When the denuded eggs were exposed to non-incubated sperm, penetration rates were very low (0 and 5%) in the absence of pyruvate. It appears that although lactate, pyruvate and glucose are all important for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs, pyruvate can be supplied by the follicular cells surrounding the eggs."
1141845,"Two non-glial phagocytes were found to participate along with ependymoglial cells in Wallerian degeneration of the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens). The first type of non-glial cell (polymorphonuclear phagocyte) was positively identified as a neutrophil and participates in the early stages of degeneration. Cells of this type make a brief appearance, reaching a peak by the second postoperative day (2 p.o.d.), and quickly diminish until few can be found by 4 p.o.d. Neutrophils invade the degenerating optic nerve from surrounding connective tissue spaces, most likely, through channels which penetrate the nerve parenchyma. The second type of non-glial cell is an invading mononuclear phagocyte which exhibits characteristics of microglial cells reported in other vertebrate species. Such cells appear in the nerve much later than the neutrophils and towards the end of Wallerian degeneration (6-10 p.o.d.). Their mode of entry and exit appears to be the same as that reported for neutrophils. The neutrophils and microglial-like, mononuclear phagocytes may serve to supplement the histolytic action of the ependymoglial cells, picking up scattered fragments of degenerating myelin and axons."
1141854,"Studies were carried out to idenify the cause of the decline in transferase activity and capacity to bind polyuridylic acid which occurs in ribosomes from germinated uredospores of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces phaseoli (Pers.) Wint., aged longer than 6 h on a water surface. We have shown that such ribosomes lose the capacity to respond to added transferase-I and that both subunits were affected by the ageing process. These changes were not accompanied by a significant alteration in the composition of the ribosome. However, deoxycholate had a greater detergent effect on ribosomes from germinated spores than from nongerminated spores as shown both by loss of capacity to polymerize amino acids and loss of protein. Ribonuclease activity did not increase during germination, but the amount found (Imug/g spores) was easily detectable. It was suggested that loss of response to transferase-I was due to an alteration of ribosomal proteins of both subunits."
1141855,"Six marine bacteria which synthesize macromolecular antibiotics were isolated from neritic waters on the French Mediterranean coast, and their frequency recorded over two successive years. They appeared in relatively large numbers during the period  August to December, and can be identified as marine pseudomonads; however, the low guaninecytosine ratio of their DNA, lack of catalase and specific self-inhibition are not compatible with the characteristics of the genus Pseudomonas. Two produced violacein, usually synthesized by bacteria belonging to the genus Chromobacterium. Their taxonomic position is discussed."
1141856,"A bacterial strain, AEI, which hydrolysed acetanilide, was isolated from soil and identified as Pseudomonas acidovorans. Numerous amides, esters and enzyme inhibitors were tested as amidase inducers. Phenacetin was chosen as inducer for the large scale cultivation of these organisms because it was less toxic to the bacteria than acetanilide. The induction increased the enzymic activity 250-fold. In comparison, the type culture strain of P. acidovorans, ATTCCI5668, had no amidase activity which could be induced by phenacetin. Optimal growth conditions were established with respect to the concentration of carbon source and inducer so that about 10% of the extractable bacterial protein consisted of the amidase. The organisms were lysed with lysozyme in the presence of EDTA and the enzyme was isolated mainly by column chromatography procedures. A preparation form 60 g (wet wt) bacteria yielded about 100 mg highly purified amidase with a specific activity of 137 mugmol substrate hydrolysed/min/mg protien. In addition to acetanilide, the purified enzyme hydrolysed several other amides and esters. As standard substrate, p-nitroacetanilide was chosen."
1141857,"Coremia of Penicillium claviforme develop in three stages; primordium formation, elongation, and sporulation. Primordium formation was induced by external nutrients, while starvation initiated the differentiation of primordia into coremia with sporeheads. There is strong evidence that external nutrients are not taken up during this differentiation. Continued sporulation by mature coremia again required an external nutrient supply."
1141858,"Improved methods for the identification and grouping of bacteria by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins are described. Electrophoretic protein patterns were obtained in rigorously standardized comditions. The results were much more reproducible than any described previously. Some of the factors affecting reproducibility were; growth conditions, time and speed of centrifugation of extracts, and conditions of gel electrophoresis. Protein patterns were compared by computing correlation coefficients from normalized densitometric tracings and clustering the strains by the unweighted average pair group method. As model systems, both Agrobacterium and Zymomonas were used because of differences in the sharpness of the peaks. The methodwas applied to 42 Agrobacterium strains. The agreement with the results of clustering by either phenotypic tests or DNA:DNA hybridization was excellent. Computerized comparisons of electrophoretic protein patterns can be a fast, easy and powerful tool for classification and identification of bacteria."
1141859,"Pea plants were inoculated jointly with pairs of genetically marked strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Out of 297 modules examined 56 contained both inoculant strains. The ratios of the strains in the inoculum did not affect the frequencies of mixed nodules. Generally one of the strains consistently occupied the majority of the nodules and ithe mixed nodules comprised the majority of bacteria. Transfer of the P-group R factor, RP4, between certain strains of Rhizobium within mixed nodules was detected. In some cases the non-parental progeny comprised 10% of the rhizobia isolated from such nodules."
1141861,"Hepatitis B surface antigen was adsorbed to insolubilized sialic acid-specific haemagglutinin isolated from the haemolymph of Limulus polyphemus. Treatment of the antigen with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) resulted in the release of sialic acid and in an increase of the isoelectric point from pH 4-35 (for subtype ad) or 4-9 (for subtype ay) to pH 5-45. Treated, but not untreated, antigen incorporated [14-C]-sialic acid when incubated at 37 degrees C with sialyl transferase (EC 2.4.99.1) and cytidine-5'-monophosphate-[14-C]-sialic acid. The major portion of [14-C]-sialic acid was linked to a glycoprotein with an apparent mol. wt. of 26 x 10-a. De-sialylated antigen had a drastically reduced in vivo life span in rabbit plasma and elicited a higher humoral antibody response than intact antigen (subtype ad). Antigen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, measured 3 months after immunization, was observed only with cells from rabbits injected with neuraminidase-treated antigen."
1141862,"For 59 different viruses, when the amount of nucleic acid in the particle is related either to the dry weight of the particle or to the particle volume, two classes of virus groups emerge--those with enveloped or those with geometrical particles. The enveloped viruses have particles with the following properties: (i) about 40 X 10-6 daltons of anhydrous weight per 10-6 daltons of nucleic acid; (ii) a particle volume of about 2 X 10-5 nm3 per 10-6 daltons of nucleic acid; (iii) a limiting lipoprotein membrane. These properties are qualitatively and quantitatively close to those of prokaryotic cells. The geometric viruses have particles with roughly one-tenth the anhydrous mass per unit of nucleic acid and one twenty-fifth the particle volume per unit of nucleic acid. They do not possess a limiting lipoprotein membrane."
1141863,"Phenotypic mutants of the wild type of Penicillium stoloniferum NRRL5267 were obtained from conidia exposed to ultraviolet light for 60 min (10% survival). Virus content of the wild type and of nine phenotypic mutants was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four mutants had no detectable Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), whereas the other five had levels of PsV-F in the mycelium similar to the wild-type strain. All nine mutants and the wild type had comparable levels of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S (PsV-S). Maximum virus levels occurred after 9 days of submerged culture in a 2% yeast extract-15% sucrose medium. Virus replication in the fungal host continued after protein, RNA and DNA synthesis levelled off. Virus levels ranged from 85 to 150 E-260 units (extinction units at 260 nm in I cm cell) per 4-7 to 5-3 g dry weight of mycelium for the mutant strains compared to 106 E-260 units per 4-2 g dry weight of the wild-type strain."
1141864,"A bactericidal agent ('bacteriocin 16-2') produced by rhizobial strain 16-2 had been characterized as a sheathless rod-shaped particle with a length of 200 nm and a diam. of 8 nm. One end of the rod is pointed and carries short fibre-like appendages, while the other end appears square. The particles specifically adsorb with their pointed end to bacteriocin-sensitive, but not to bacteriocin-resistant, cells. The possible mode of action of this bacteriocin in discussed."
1141867,"This descriptive study is an initial effort toward understanding the sources of esteem perceived by young children. The identity, number, and relative salience of esteem sources were examined via the responses of 282 day care children aged three through five who were asked to identify persons who liked them. A mean of 4.3 esteem sources were mentioned. Peers and siblings were cited as esteem sources by higher percentages of children than were mothers and fathers. While age comparisons were nonsignificant, sex comparisons indicated that females reported significantly more esteem sources and mentioned mother, father, and siblings significantly more often than males. Implications for self theory, for traditional views of young children's social transactions, and for common assumptions regarding peer impact on development in early childhood are discussed."
1141868,"Fifty-two grade one children were tested on measures of communicative egocentrism and conformity. Contrary to Hartup's suggestion that egocentric children are not as likely to conform as less egocentric children, the results indicated the reverse. A three stage hierarchy of decentration skills was postulated to explain the conformity data. During the first stage, children center solely on their own judgments during social influence situations. Second, upon entering school, increased peer interaction may force the child to center on the opinions of others. Finally, the child begins to decenter when he simultaneously considers his own and others' judgments."
1141869,"Effects of sex-role standards on the expression of aggression were examined in a task requiring 40 boys and girls aged nine to 10 to take the role of boys or girls portrayed in a set of cartoon figures. Subjects were asked to respond to aggressive statements attributed to cartoon figures varying in sex. The expectation that subjects taking the role of male figures would display more antisocial aggression was confirmed. In addition, subjects gave more anti-social aggression responses for boys interacting with boys. Findings are taken as support for a role interpretation of sex differences in expression of agression."
1141870,"The results of two experiments examining infants at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months of age and varying levels of father interaction are summarized to show that separation protest is more a function of a strange person remaining in an unfamiliar laboratory situation with the infant than the temporary loss of a specific parent. The use of protest as an index of infant-parent attachment seems undesirable."
1141871,"As locus of control involves generalized expectancies regarding the determination of events, it should relate to temporal attitudes and experiences. Correlational data from 89 subjects on the Rotter-Mirels Locus of Control and Ricks-Epley-Wessman Temporal Experience Questionnaire scales supported the hypothesis that the reported time experiences and orientations of external control subjects would be significantly more harassed and pressured, ciscontinuous and undirected, procrastinating and inefficient, and inconsistent and changeable than those of internal control subjects. Discussion forcuses on the self-defeating cycle of disorganization and victimization experienced by individuals with an external locus of control."
1141872,"The research concerned relations among development at Erikson's first six stages of psychosocial development, locus of control, and several measures of time orientation. The investigation involved 68 female and 65 male high school and university students. Development at Erikson's Stages 1,3, 4, and 5 was significantly related to the I-E Scale, with positive development being associated with internal control. Locus of control was also related to sex and age. Women were found to be more externally controlled than men. Internal control was associated with increasing age over the range from 15 to 25 years. Development at each of Erikson's first five stages was significantly correlated with one or more measures of tempiral relatedness, or integration of perceived past, present, and future time zones. Other measures of time orientation failed to show consistent relations to psychosocial development."
1141874,"Right-handed college students (N equals 160) received 10 practice trials on inverted-reversed printing with either the left or right hand followed by 10 additional trials with either the same or the other hand. Half the Ss then received 10 interpolated learning trials of inverted-but-nonreversed printing, while the other half of the Ss worked arithmetic problems. Significant retroactive inhibition occurred for Ss printing with the right hand, but not for Ss printing with the left hand."
1141875,"The effect of stimulus compounding in classical conditioning was investigated by conditioning one group of rats to a compound CS consisting of a buzzer and light and then conditioning separate groups of rats to the individual elements of the compound CS. On hurdle-jump test trials, the group of Ss conditioned to the compound CS performed better than Ss conditioned to the elements of the compound. Strength of conditioning to each of the elements of the compound CS was about equal. There was some evidence of a summation effect resulting from conditioning to the compound CS. Strength of conditioning to the compound CS was somewhat greater than the sum of the response strengths conditioned to the elements of the compound CS."
1141876,"Six prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were given reversal training on a spatial discrimination reversal task in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA). As with many other species, more errors occurred on the first reversal problem than during acquisition of the original discrimination. However, performance improved over training until each S eventually reversed after a single nonreinforced error. Initial findings indicate that prairie dogs perform at high levels in discrimination learning experiments and could be valuable subjects for psychological research."
1141877,"Wilder's Law of Initial Values (LIV) is described and carried through to Pavlov's theory of excitation-inhibition of the CNS, then to Eysenck's personality theory of introversion-extraversion. LIV-derived inferences of two-whiskered curvilinearity are developed with respect to measurement of introversion-extraversion and adjustment."
1141881,"In response to the high rate of learning problems among socially deprived children, the Baltimore Early School Admission Project set up a system intervention model engaging three points of entry: parents, educators, and mental health workers. The emphasis was on: a) the redefinition of the roles of all participants; b) the school as a self-reliant system, discouraging referrals to outside agencies; c) the development of the children's functioning and adaptive potentials, based on their individual cognitive styles. The program included five public schools. Ninety-one children between the ages of 4 and 5 years were involved. All of these were selected from a hard core socioeconomically deprived population. Eighty-three percent were black and 17 per cent white. Fifteen children were identified as ""vulnerable"" according to specific criteria provided to the teachers and the parents. Of the vulnerable group, nine children's learning problems were related primarily to emotional and environmental factors, five had perceptual, sensory-motor dysfunction mixed with emotional factors, and one suffered primarily from brain damage. Results indicated that only one of the vulnerable children required referral outside of that provided in the above design. Eleven vulnerable children performed as well as the nonvulnerable group, and three showed a moderate improvement. Furthermore, five children with serious learning problems responded to the systemic intervention as well as they might have with specialized professional help."
1141882,"An assessment of voice stress in two children presenting for psychiatric treatment is accomplished through the use of a new instrument called the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE-1). It is designed to measure the audible and inaudible voice frequencies whose strengths and patterns relate inversely to the degree of psychological stress in the voice of the speaker. Stressful responses were found in 1-hour recordings of psychiatric interviews with these two children and data analysis was organized into three major categories: content of communication, responses to therapist-posed questions, and miscellaneous responses not included in the other two categories."
1141883,"This study attempts to test, in a bicultural, controlled comparison, two sociological theories of mental disorders. The first of these theories proposes that the stereotypes of mental illness profoundly shape the symptoms of mental illness in America. The second theory maintains that the requirements and needs of the mental hospital largely determine the ""symptoms"" of the chronic mental patient. To test these theories, matched samples of 100 mental patients in Germany and America were subjected to in-depth interviews and were administered semantic differentials. Patients were divided into groups according to length of confinement in order to investigate the thesis that the institution conditions chronic patient roles. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the two nationalities. German patients generally agreed that mental illness is a biologically determined, and rather incurable condition. In contrast, American patients generally believed that the individual is partially responsible for his condition and with the proper motivation and help, he can improve. Patients' statements about themselves and about proper behavior in the hospital were consistent with these national differences. It was concluded that institutionalization consists more in conditioning the patient to accept his status than in convincing him that he is insane."
1141884,"This paper attempts to show that psychiatric diagnosis depends to a significant degree on not only the patient's presenting symptoms but also on the psychiatrist's psychosocial biases. The importance of a psychiatric diagnosis is seen in terms of the potential social restrictions and prejudices that can be a consequence of a person labeled with a mental illness. Also, current treatment techniques and valid statistics for research are based on reliable and consistent psychiatric diagnoses. A study of 267 cases from a major psychiatric hospital revealed over 12 per cent discrepancy between the official discharge diagnosis and a resident's training report diagnosis that is used only for teaching purposes. This discrepancy is statistically significant and the paper attempts to elucidate some of the characteristics of the special population that had its diagnosis made less severe on discharge. Of the 267 charts surveyed, 33 patients had their diagnosis changed from a psychotic diagnosis on the resident's training report to a neurotic or characterological diagnosis on the official discharge summary. In addition, interviews were arranged with the 18 psychiatric residents who had been involved in changing the diagnosis of target group patients. The results obtained from these interviews definitely confirm that psychiatric diagnoses are changed due to social conditions unrelated to the psychopathological state. From the demographic data of the patient groups, a pattern evolved showing that men were generally more protected than women, that black males were more protected than black females, that unskilled laborers and those on the lower end of the socioeconomic scale were more protected than professionals, and that housewives were less protected than other categories. A number of conclusions were made by the authors concerning the data. The authors hope that these findings will enable other mental health workers to be more aware of their psychosocial biases that may be influencing their diagnostic skills."
1141885,"This research focuses upon life events influencing the decision to adopt or reject the mental patient role. Studied were 30 mental health center patients who defined themselves as mentally ill and aggressively sought treatment. These were contrasted with 21 persons who consistently denied that they were mentally disordered, and persistently resisted the treatment forced upon them. Patients in both groups had been exposed to the mental health system on the average of 7 years each. Findings showed that those identifying with the mental patient role, in contrast to those resisting it, were more likely to have received treatment in adolescence, to occupy a special sibling position in the family, to have suffered parental loss in childhood, and to have had a parent defined as mentally ill or inebriate. These results were interpreted to indicate that the decision to accept the role of mental patient occurs in the context of a crisis of personal identity to which adolescents are particularly vulnerable. The patient-candidate's fears of being mentally unbalanced are realistically affirmed by knowledge that his parent was also regarded as mentally unsound, and he has the opportunity to learn the appropriate patient role from other family members. In addition, the patient who identifies with the mental health system may be incorporating it as a love object to replace parental loss. Those resisting the patient role, in constrast, seem already to have had developed the identity of an oppressed group, and appeared to regard coercion into the mental health system as a realistic confirmation of their sense of victimization. There did not appear to be any advantages to accepting or rejecting the patient role with regard to socially acceptable conduct."
1141886,"This study tested the hypothesis (derived from similar studies with college students) that personality/mental health differences do exist between high school users and nonuses of drugs (with the exception of marijuana). Subjects were students in the psychology classes of a large high school in a southwestern urban area who were asked to complete anonymously, two instruments: one, the usual drug use survey, and the other, a 48-item-self-report personality inventory, the theoretical orientation of which is Rogerian. N totaled 190 (110 males and 80 females). Statistical techniques utilized in analyses of the data included Pearson product-moment correlations, and single classification analysis of variance. The central hypothesis was impressively supported only for males, i.e., there were many personality/mental health differences between males nonusers and male polyusers. However, for marijuana, no differences were found between users and nonusers. The findings are said to agree with the result of analogous studies using college students. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals are briefly discussed."
1141918,"In a patient with Holmes-Adie syndrome, and in another with tabes dorsalis, a transverse cord lesion resulted in a severe, but flaccid paraplegia with absent tendon reflexes. Flexor spasms were severe in both patients, but spasticity was absent. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the functional and anatomical disorder in these two syndromes."
1141919,"Tryptophan was measured in the lumbar CSF and serum of patients undergoing neurological investigation (controls) and in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Samples were taken from the fasting patients at 8:00 a.m. Under these conditions, in the controls the mean CSF, free )mpm-albumin-bound) and total serum tryptophan were in the approximate ratio 1:4:24. In this cross-sectional study, for the controls, CSF tryptophan was correlated significantly and positively with the total serum but not with the free serum tryptophan. In patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis the mean CSF tryptophan concentration was greatly elevated. However, the mean total serum tryptophan was unchanged and the free serum tryptophan only slightly elevated. Administration of probenecid, which displaces tryptophan from binding sites on serum albumin, and thereby increases the proportion of serum tryptophan in the free form, did not affect CSF tryptophan."
1141920,"Torque and electromyographic (EMG) responses to sinusoidal rotations of the foot were measured. The frequency range of the movements was 0.5 Hz to 15 Hz at amplitudes ranging  between 1 and 10 degrees. At frequencies above 7 Hz, the EMG activity did not follow individual foot rotation cycles. The EMG activity was inhibited whenever the peak torque was large with respect to the first cycle peak torque. Dantrolene sodium reduced the torque developed in triceps surae, allowing the EMG activity to follow individual stretch cycles. As the drug was metabolized, the EMG activity returned to the character seen in the pre-drug control--that is, inhibition on alternate stretch cycles. It is concluded that the EMG inhibition phenomenon can be attributed in part to force receptors in muscle but that these receptors are not the sole contributors to the inhibition."
1141922,"Within three generations of one family four patients were found to have the carpal tunnel syndrome. In father and son, symptoms commenced in the first decade, and in both patients the median nerves were found to be constricted under the transverse carpal ligaments. The only other operative finding was considerably thickening of the transverse carpal ligaments in the father. Thickening of the transverse carpal ligaments is unusual in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome but is a common finding in the relatively few patients with familial carpel tunnel syndrome so far described in the literature. It is suggested that thickening of the ligaments may constitute a familial disorder that can give rise to the carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood or later in life."
1141923,"We describe a method capable of quantitatively measuring the visual acuity of small, eccentrically-located areas of the visual field, even within the macular area. Fixation errors are minimized by presenting stimuli briefly and in random order. The method is more sensitive than Bjerrum screen campimetry in detecting hemianopic and quadrantic losses."
1141924,"Attempts were made to control prolonged seizures with rapid intravenous administration of either diazepam or methohexitone in relatively small doses under electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. The clinical and EEG features are discussed in relation to 65 episodes which occurred in 51 infants and children. Both clinical and EEG effects may become apparent in half a minute when the drug is administered with this technique and no undesirable side-effects were observed. The return of consciousness was not impaired by the small amounts of these drugs and the cumulative effects were negligible, allowing repeated injections if necessary. This technique avoids the disadvantages of larger doses of drugs given by slow intravenous infusion."
1141925,"Analysis of 200 cases reveals that the two neurological syndromes, brachial neuritis and myelopathy, associated with cervical spondylosis are distinct with relatively little overlap. While upper limb motor and sensory loss are doubtless due to nerve root compression in cases of ""pure' brachial neuritis, they are more likely to be due to cord damage in cases with myelopathy (with spastic paraparesis of lower limbs). In either group of cases, neurological features in the upper limbs are not very helpful in localizing the level of significant intervertebral disc pathology. Contrast radiology (myelography and possibly discography) is a reliable guide judging by the excellent results obtained by anterior route (Cloward's) operation at specific disc levels in a series of cases with longstanding complaints unrelieved by conservative treatment. Pathological data provide a rational basis for interpretation of clinical observations and for surgical treatment."
1141926,"In the muscular dystrophic mouse mutant there is an absence of Schwann cells over circumscribed lengths of all cranial nerves except for II (I was not examined) and the lesion involves the sympathetic system. Where present, Schwann cells do not produce myelin of normal thickness. The lesion is similar to that described for the spinal roots. Causation is discussed."
1141954,"An 11-year-old boy and his 40-year-old mother with congenital, non-progressive muscular weakness and wasting are described. Muscle biopsies from both cases showed a selective atrophy of Type I fibers without any structural change except for very few nemaline bodies. Probably, the neuromuscular disorder in this family is identical to the congenital fiber type disproportion described by Dubowitz and Brooke, but familial Type I fiber atrophy (hypotrophy, or hypoplasia) is considered to be a more appropriate descriptive term for a family with such distinct histochemical characteristics."
1141955,"This communication describes developmental changes in myelin proteins prepared from control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rat brain. In the 10- to 37-day postnatal period studied, total myelin protein was found to double, and this change mainly reflected the increase in proteolipid and basic protein constituents. Thyroid states affect differentially the various myelin proteins. Hypothyroidism decreases the proteolipid and slow-moving basic protein, but has no effect on the fast basic or minor proteins. In hyperthyroidism, an increase was observed in proteolipid as well as both slow- and fast-moving proteins. The protein alterations were correlated to the changes previously found in lipid composition of myelin consequent upon hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and the role of thyroid hormones in brain development."
1141956,"A quantitative analysis using a stereological point-counting method was made of the volume fractions of the components of healthy human muscle in an attempt to distinguish between Type I and Type II fibres ultrastructurally. The Z-line widths of each fibre were also measured using the 38.5 nm axial periodicity in the I-band as a reference measurement. There was a wide range of values for the parameters measured. The volume of mitochondria was 5.14 plus or minus 1.85% (mean plus or minus standard deviation, n=24 fibres), the volume of the membrane systems was 1.59 plus or minus 0.31%, the volume of the sarcoplasm was 9.37 plus or minus 2.50% and the volume of lipid was 0.63 plus or minus 0.43%. The width of the Z-lines was 89.0 plus or minus 18.65 nm. The results show that no single feature can be used to distinguish fibre types reliably. If 2 factors are measured and certain assumptions are made, it is possible to classify about 50% of the fibres examined. These conclusions are discussed in relation to other workers' findings on the effects of age, sex and athleticism on the ultrastructure of muscle."
1141957,"Three sibs are described suffering from hereditary non-progressive spinal muscular atrophy with non-progressive mental retardation. One of them had in addition signs of pyramidal tract involvement. Muscular weakness was more pronounced proximally than distally and the neck muscles were severely involved. Th.ey all had small skulls and several associated congenital malformations were observed including syndactyly of the left hand in 1 patient. The patients belong to a small inbred community in the Netherlands. Erythropoietic protoporphyria was also present in the family but segregated independently. This combination of ""congenital"" mental retardation with ""congenital"" non-progressive spinal muscular atrophy is believed to represent a new syndrome, caused by a rare recessive gene."
1141958,"The known susceptibility of the Mongolian gerbil to cerebral infarction following unilateral carotid artery ligation has been attributed in the past to the demonstrated absences of an anastomotic supply between the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations. In a study of 34 adult gerbils exposed to such a procedure, 11, or 33%, developed severe neurological sequelae and succumbed to the procedure in less than 30 hr, whereas 23 animals survived with only minor or transient neurological signs. All animals displayed the expected lack of an anastomosis between the anterior and posterior circulations, but in addition the animals which survived the procedure were found to have a prominent early cross-connection between the anterior cerebral arteries, whereas the animals which succumbed had no such connection. Neuropathological changes in susceptible animals were apparent as early as 3 and one-half hr after ligation and consisted of edema, initially perivascular and then intraneuronal, slowed by acute necrosis. A variety of other vascular anomalies was encountered. We conclude that the peculiar susceptibility of Mongolian gerbils to cerebral infarction following acute unilateral common carotid artery ligation is not related primarily to lack o adequate collaterals between the anterior and the anterior cerebral arteries, but to the degree of adequate adequacy of communication between the anterior cerebral arteries. The critical difference may be more one of degree, i.e. the point at which the medial branches of the anterior cerebral artery fust to become anazygos vessel, rather than an actual difference in the pattern of distribution of the anterior cerebral arteries. The presence of other variation in vascular supply in a relatively small series suggests that results of similar studies of infarction and response to treatment be interpreted with caution."
1141959,"An epileptic patient on chronic anticonvulsant drug therapy is described, in whom anaemia and neurological abnormalities including progressive dementia, bilateral pyramidal tract signs, incontinence and ataxia developed. Vitamin B12  serum levels and absorption were normal, but serum folic acid levels were low. Both the neurological disturbances and anaemia resolved following oral folic acid administration. This sequence of events in our patient suggests a cause and effect relationship between the folate deficiency and the coexistent, transient neurological syndrome."
1141960,"Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), produced in inbred guinea pigs given a single inoculation during the juvenile period with isologous spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Most animals showed a delayed onset of nurologic signs from 12 to 68 weeks post-inoculation (PI), while several were asymptomatic up to 74 weeks PI. Two animals showed a relapsing clinical course. Examination of the spinal cords of all animals revealed chronic demyelination, remyelination, and recent demyelination. Marked perivascular inflammation, including plasma cells, was seen within demyelinated plaques. The usual type of central nervous system (CNS) remyelination was documented but in addition, remyelination of CNS axons by invading Schwann cells was noted. This Schwann cell invasion, not previously seen in EAE, was predominantly in the area of the root entry zone, and occasionally involved extensive areas of the dorsal or ventral horns. The extent of Schwann cell invasion, as well as the usual CNS-type remyelination, demonstrates the reparative capacity of the CNS. The recurrent clinical and morphologic changes in these long-term animals provides further evidence that this model of chronic EAE has many features reminiscent of multiple sclerosis. The underlying immunologic mechanisms responsible for the recurrent disease in these animals are unknown. The presence of plasma cells in the inflammatory exudates might suggest a role for B cells in these chronic animals. The possibility of an intermittent release of loculated adjuvant/antigen accounting for the recurrent disease was considered."
1141961,"Described here are ultrastructural changes in neurons of feline red nucleus exhibiting axon reaction after unilateral rubropsinal tratotomy at the C-2 level and surviving 2 to 65 days. Ultrastructural alterations included neurofilamentous hyperplasia; proliferation of smooth ER; temporary disappearance of organized granular ER with partial substitution by haphazardly arranged, broad cisternal profiles; loss of rosette ribosomes and occurrence of single ribonucleoprotein granules or an intercisternal amorphous density; increased numbers of subsurface cisterns and allied structures, often disposed in stacks; vesiculation and vacuolation of Golgi cisternae; prevalence of autophagic bodies derived in part from Golgi complexes; probable mitochondrial hyperplasia and various qualitative changes in these organelles; an increase in lipofuscin. Dendritic changes paralleled those of perikarya save that proliferation of subsurface cisterns and autophagic bodies was absent. Abnormalities of myelinated axons and boutons occurred and may have originated from retrograde degeneration of cortical neurons induced by lateral funiculotomy. Some perikarya were devoid of axosomatic boutons. Ultrastructural changes varied with the length of postoperative survival and were, at least partly, reversible. Chromatolysis was detectable light microscopically before ultrastructural abnormality appeared. The bearing of transneuronal mechanisms on axon reaction of central neurons and the protective effect of section of axons beyond the site of origin of collaterals are discussed."
1141962,"The author used the scanning electron microscope to study the ependyma in six control rabbits and six rabbits made hydrocephalic by infusion of silicone oil into the cisterna magna. The ependymal lining of the third ventricle, head of the caudate nucleus, superior angle of the caudate, and atrium of the lateral ventricle was examined. In the hydrocephalic animals, clusters of cilia emanating from the ependyma over periventricular white matter become separated; the author believes this is secondary to ingrowth of new ependymal cell processes covered with microvilli. The addition of these cells to the ependymal surface permits ventricular dilatation without ependymal disruption and provides more surface containing microvilli, presumably capable of increased transventricular fluid transfer. No such changes occur over gray matter masses since their surfaces are not deformed by moderate ventricular dilatation. The morphological alterations in the ependyma that occur in moderate hydrocephalus do not appear to be simply manifestations of ependymal destruction but rather suggest a modification in its function from that of a surface capable of propelling cerebrospinal fluid to one capable of increased transfer of transventricular fluid. As hydrocephalus progresses, compensation may fail because of the relative decrease in microvilli so that the cell surface provides a less efficient mechanism for absorption."
1141964,"The authors report an analysis of 300 patients in whom primary treatment for hydrocephalus was either a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) or ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt. Although differences in primary and total revision rates between placements were not statistically significant, the VA shunt failures carried a higher morbidity than the VP placements."
1141963,"After a brief summary of current views on the origin of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the processes underlying its elaboration, the author discusses studies of isolated choroid plexus in extracorporeal perfusion systems and flux chambers. The results suggest that transependymal water flow is secondary to the electrically silent pumping of sodium. The author presents evidence in support of the standing gradient hypothesis as the structural basis of CSF secretion."
1141965,"The authors studied the effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption of chronic administration and acute withdrawal of steroids in dogs. CSF absorption was measured by determining the amount of isotope (indium 111DTPA) recovered over a 4-hour period after injection into the cisterna magna. Resistance to CSF absorption was estimated by determining rates of low of Ringer's lactate infusion into the cisterna magna over a range of pressure gradients between CSF and sagittal sinus. Steroid withdrawal was associated with a marked reduction in CSF absorption and an increase in resistance to CSF flow. Dogs on steroids also showed reduced CSF absorption although the reduction was not statistically significant when compared with controls. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of action of steroids on CSF absorption, the etiology of the benign intracranial hypertension syndrome and the use of steroids and in the control of intracranial hypertension."
1141966,"Five cases of sinus pericranii are presented, four congenital and one traumatic. All five cases were successfully treated with extirpation and reinforcement with Gelfoam and silk thread over the skull openings. The literature on this rare symptom-complex is reviewed and a new definition of sinus pericranii proposed."
1141967,"The authors report a patient with a carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm; although the oculomotor palsy accompanying such an aneurysm is almost universally recognized as being complete, with pupillary involvement, this patient had pupillary sparing the absence of subarachnoid bleeding. A few similar cases have appeared in the literature. The mechanism of pupillary sparing appears to be based on the position of the parasympathetic pupilloconstrictor fibers within the subarachnoid portion of the third nerve and on the anatomic relationship between the third nerve and the junction of the carotid and posterior communicating arteries."
1141976,The authors report the case of a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom an intracranial dural arteriovenous malformation coexisted with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. The latter was considered to be the source of the hemorrhage by clinical and radiographic criteria. It is concluded that patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who show no suitable intracranial source for their bleed in some instances should be investigated for a spinal origin of hemorrhage.
1141978,"The authors report a case in which the cut end of a Raimondi peritoneal catheter apparently caused intestinal perforation and contamination of the shunt system. The authors advise that if this type of catheter is to be divided the cut should be distal to the end of the sharp wire contained in it, which otherwise will protrude."
1141981,"The authors review 47 patients with closed-head injuries requiring treatment for acute subdural hematoma and report that 21 (45%) survived for 5 days or more. Follow-up study of these 21 survivors led to the following observations: that clinical evaluation of these patients is the most reliable index of their postoperative progress; that the diagnostic usefulness of postoperative cerebral arteriograms is limited because immediate postoperative changes tend to persist; that craniotomy is preferable to burr holes for removal of an acute hematoma; and that the value of cisternography, unless done serially, is limited since posttraumatic hydrocephalus develops rapidly and may persist indefinitely."
1141982,"The authors determined by fluorimetry the norepinephrine-epinephrine content (NE-E) of cerebral tissue from 38 cats, to ascertain whether constriction of hypersensitive arterial vessels by vasoactive agents in ischemic cerebral tissue could cause extension of cerebral infarcts and worsening of neurological deficits. Twenty-three cats had the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded transorbitally, and 10 cats had sham operations. Five cats had only the surgical procedures necessary for obtaining tissue; mean NE-E content was 0.30 mug/gm (SD=0.041). For the other 33 cats, including those with sham operations, values were variable, ranging from 0.07 to 0.60 mug/gm. Low values usually were obtained for ischemic hemispheres 24 hours and 7 days after MCA occlusion, but at other times values could be high or low on either side. Many factors unrelated to tissue damage, including arterial manipulation, influence the catecholamine content of cerebral tissue."
1141983,"The authors review the embryopathology and clinical manifestations of craniosynostosis and analyze a series of 27 children. The operative procedure of linear craniectomy and immediate cranioplasty is described and evaluated. Since few children with craniosynostosis have neurological deficits that can be ascribed to the skull anomalies, surgery to prevent neurological complications is only rarely justified. However, it is often possible to ameliorate the cosmetic deformity in many of these patients if operative intervention is undertaken in early infancy."
1141984,"The authors describe a series of 32 patients with ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery who were admitted during a 3-year period. In 28, the aneurysms were treated by direct surgery with no deaths; 26 of these patients were studied psychometrically from 4 to 33 months after operation. There was no evidence of postoperative intellectual impairment; however, there were personality changes associated with loss of interest, initiative, and energy. Analysis of the different factors involved suggests to the authors that the outcome of surgery depends mainly on preoperative clinical condition which, in turn, reflects the severity of the hemorrhage."
1141985,"The authors describe the total excision of a huge occipital hemangioendothelioma in an infant with thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and anemia; treatment was followed by normalization of platelet count, blood cell count, and level of fibrinogen. Histological and clincial studies support the concept the disseminated intravascular coagulation was related to the thrombocytopenia and coagulation deficits found in this case."
1141986,"A case is presented in which a meningioma and a glioma grew in the region where, 23 years before, a glial tumor had been partially removed and irradiated. The authors suggest that surgical trauma and ionizing radiation may have influenced the tumor's development."
1141987,"The authors report a case of cloverleaf skull syndrome (Kleeblattschädel) and describe how early surgical management of this condition appears to offer hope for a reasonable cosmetic results, as well as improvement in cerebral function to the point where children with this syndrome may avoid institutional care."
1141988,"The authors report experiments designed to test the effect of regional ischemia induced by selective vascular ligations and anterior compression of the cervical cord at two adjacent segments (C-4, C-5) in the same dog. They conclude that local ischemia of the cervical cord, caused by local deformation, when superimposed on a regional reduction in spinal cord blood flow, accounts for the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis whether produced experimentally in animals or occurring naturally in man."
1141998,"A model for cholesterol metabolism in rabbits has been demonstrated based on kinetic analysis and total carcass analysis.  As has been shown for humans and primates, the model conforms to a two-exchangeable pool model with a third pool not exchangeing during the time interval studied.  Alterations in turnover rate, sizes of pools, and exchange rates were demonstrated when rabbits were fed diets containing increased amounts of cholesterol and fat.  Evidence was presented that indicated that the there may be differences in tissue distribution of cholesterol, dependent on whether the fat fed with choleserol is saturated or polyunsaturated.  These differences include: in rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil is compared with those fed cholesterol plus corn oil, the ratio of the amount of cholesterol in plasma to the amount of cholesterol in pool B was higher, and the rate constant for transfer from pool B was higher.  The serum cholesterol concentration of rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil was lowered slightly by feeding cholestyramine.  Cholestyramine administration at the dose fed  failed to produce statistically significant alterations in pool sizes or serum cholesterol concentration in control rabbits; it did lower serum cholesterol concentration in rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil."
1141999,"Heavy metals have been proposed as nutrient markers to allow the accurate determination of the time of passage, nutrient intake, or apparent utilization of multiple nutrients. In order to evaluate possible toxic effects of scandium, chromium, lanthanum, samarium, europium, dysprosium, terbium, thulium, and ytterbium oxides, and barium sulfate upon growth, general development, reproduction, and lactation, mice were fed different levels of these compounds for three generations. The amount of elements fed were 0,110, 100, and 1000 times the use amount. The use amounts were (in ppm2.) : Sc, 0.12; Cr, 0.02; La.0.40;; Sm. 0.80; Eu, 0.036:TB, 1.20; Dy, 1.20; Tm. 0.08; Tb, 0.12; and Ba, 0.008. The use amount was one-fifth of the concentration required for activation analysis. Mortality and morbidity were negligible. No consistent growth rate changes were observed; however, different groups showed different growth rates during different generations. The number of mice born showed no significant differences amoung treatment groups. Survival, growth rate, hematology, morphological development, maturation, reproduction, and lactational performance were comparable in mice fed the different levels of 10 heavy metal oxides to those mice fed the basal diet."
1142000,"Eight saturated fatty acid esters were fed to male white rats for 30 days in a 1/81 fractional factorial experiment in which diets contained 12-38% of their total energy as lipid.  Marked increases in food intake, feed efficiency, and weight gain were achieved when lipid provided 36% of diet energy, and when that lipid was more than half caproate, caprate, myristate, and/or stearate.  Caproate was the only saturated fatty acid to increase plasma glucose levels.  The feeding of stearate or caprylate decreased plasma and liver cholesterol.  Caprate increased liver fat.  The short-chain fatty acids (butyrate to myristate) increased the concentration of fat in the carcass."
1142001,"Two experiments were conducted to determine whether high carbohydrate diets or exercise would have a greater influence on certain parameters of lipid metabolism.  Male Fischer rats were used in both experiments, separated into exercise and sedentary groups, and fed either a high sucrose (63%) or a high starch (63%) diet. There were no differences in body weight or food consumption between the two diets. Exercise resulted in a highly significant increase in food consumption in both experiments.  Rats fed sucrose had a higher serum cholesterol value than rats fed starch. Diet did not influence serum triglycerides but the rats on excercise had significantly lower serum triglycerides than the sedentary rats.  Liver weight was significantly larger in rats fed sucrose.  Sucrose caused an increase in the activity of both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities in liver tissue, whereas exercise caused an increase in the activity of these enzymes in adipose tissue."
1142002,"The relationship of efficiency of efficiency of feed utilization with metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retention was studied in broiler strains and in lines selected for divergence in feed conversion ratio. Individual feed conversion (g feed/g gain) and metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retention (determined by chromic oxide method) of these strains and lines were measured, and correlations were determined at various intervals from 4 to 9 weeks of age to determine the effects of age, sex, strain, feed conversion, growth, and feed consumption on the metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retained. Although there were significant differences in feed conversion between sexes, strains, and lines selected for divergence in feed conversion, there were no associated differences in metabolizable energy derived from the diet or in nitrogen retention. There were no significant correlations of consumption, growth, or feed conversion with metabolizable energy derived from the diet or nitrogen retention. Nitrogen retention of the White Plymouth Rock strain was significantly higher for all ages. These results show that differences observed in growth, consumption, or feed conversion do not influence derivation of metabolizable energy from the diet or nitrogen retention."
1142003,"The effect of orally administered calcium and phosphorus on the fluoride balance was studied in man during a low fluoride intake of about 4 mg/day and a high fluoride intake of 14 mg/day. Three calcium intake levels averaging 223, 1,481, and 2,312 mg and two phosphorus intakes averaging 915 and 1,430 mg/day were used. Calcium or phosphorus used singly or combined did not affect the urinary fluoride. Increasing the calcium intake from an average of 223 to 1,481 and to 2,312 mg/day during the low fluoride intake increased the fecal fluoride only slightly, from 0.13 to 0.17 and 0.20 mg/day, respectively, and during high fluoride intake from 0.31 to 0.58 and 0.56 mg/day, respectively. The addition of phosphorus to the low calcium intake did not change the fecal fluoride excretion during either low or high fluoride intake, but the fecal fluoride increased during the two higher calcium intakes by a factor of 1.5. As the fecal fluoride was very low in the control study and was still relatively low in the experimental studies, the increase in fecal fluoride did not change the fluoride balances. The studies have shown that the increased levels of calcium and phosphorus used had little effect on fluoride metabloism in man."
1142004,"Studies were conducted to determine the effects of high levels of dietary silver nitrate and copper sulfate on the response of chicks to toxic levels of dietary selenium. Adding 5 ppm or more selenium to a basal stock diet significantly reduced growth rate, and 40 ppm or high significantly increased mortality during the 2-week experiments. Deitary silver or copper (1,000 ppm) counteracted the growth depression and prevented mortality at the higher levels of selenium. Hepatic selenium reached a maxiumum in chicks fed the basal diet with 10 ppm dietary selenium. Hepatic selenium of chicks fed silver was less  than that of the control chicks when diets containing 10 ppm or less selenium were fed. Adding copper to the diet resulted in considerable accumulation of selenium in the liver, which was evident even at the lower levels of added selenium. Rseults of an experiment to determine the effects of deitray silver and copper on the distribution of 75-Se administered either orally or in tramusculary showed that silver interfered with absorption of selenium. The results of these experiments suggest that silver modifies selenium toxity both by interfering with selenium absorption and by causing the accumulation of a nondeleterious selenium compound in the tissues. Copper modifies selenium toxicity primarily by causing the accumulation of a nondeleterious compound in the tissues."
1142005,"Immature male albino rats (70-80 g), eating a diet furnishing all nutrients for optimal growth and containing 84.6 mumoles of leucine/g, gained weight at an average rate of 5.9 g/day.  Removal of leucine caused an average daily weight loss of 1.3 g.  Addition of leucine to the diet in graduated amounts corrected this weight loss, the improvement in body weight (BW) being proportional to the dietary content of leucine.  Addition of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid in place of leucine to the leucine-free diet also prevented loss of BW.  Percentage efficiency of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid as a dietary substitute for leucine was calculated as: (see article).  Efficiency of such substitution varied from 27% for a diet containing 84.6 mumoles of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid/g to 20% for a diet containing 169.2 alpha-ketoisocaproic acid/g."
1142006,"Rats weighing 400 g were maintained at constant weight for 500 days. Their diet consisted of 14 g/day for the first 150 days and 13 g/day thereafter. A second group of rats weighing 350 g was fed 11.5 g/day for 400 days; at the end of the experiment, these rats weighed 382 g. Under these conditions, the increase in brain weight and in quantity and concentration of cholesterol in the brain as a function of time was identical to that observed in the control rats fed ad libitum. Rats weighting 250 g fed 8.5 g/day for 200 days showed a body weight increase of 16 g. Up to the age of 115 days, the evolution of brain weight in terms of time did not differ from that observed in control rats. Rats weighting 100 g and fed 4.5 g/day showed an increase of 28 g after 300 days. The increase in brain weight and in brain cholesterol content as a function of time was less than that observed in the control rats. A curve deduced from these results has the practical interest of indicating the daily energy requirement for maintaining rats at a chosen constant weight. Expressed in terms of body surface area, the daily energy intake appears constant. It was also observed that, when conditions of minimal economy are imposed upon the adult rat, brain nutrition is not modified. But for young rats (100 g),brain development under these nutrtional conditions is affected."
1142007,"Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of D-, DL-, or L-glutamic acid on the chick. Supplementation of levels of L-glutamic acid to an amino acid mixture containing adequate levels of all the indispensable amino acids plus cystine and tyrosine resulted in increased growth up to 10% L-glutamic acid in the diet. Chicks tolerated as much as 15% L-glutamic acid with no growth retardation. Supplementation of D-glutamic acid at levels of 3.75 or 5% resulted in growth depressions of 18 and 38%, respectively, at the end of a 2-week experiment. Significant growth-depressing effects of these levels of D-glutamic acid and 7.5% of DL-glutamic acid were also observed with an amino acid diet as well as an isolated soybean protein diet. The growth-depressing effect was most severe during week 2 of the experiment. Additional vitamins and amino acid supplements failed to reverse the growth-depressing effect. Plasma glutamic acid concentration was not altered by the inclusion of D-glutamic acid in the diet, but generally, plasma free amino acid concentrations were increased. This was especially true of arginine. Free glutamic acid increased in the kidney and was lowered in the liver. Free ammonia was increased in both the liver and kidney when the D form was included in the diet. Implications of these findings are discussed."
1142008,"Chick pancreatic xanthine dehydrogenase (PXDH) is synthesized in response to feeding. Its induction generally correlates with growth; in the absence of growth, induction is observed uniquely when pure glucose is fed. This study attempted to determine what events after feeding lead to PXDH synthesis. When chicks were fed diets providing equal numbers of calories/gram of diet and varying only in the major energy source (carbohydrate, protein, or fat), PXDH response was high in the carbohydrate-fed, low in the protein-fed, and minimal in the fat-fed chicks. A unique, transitory increase in plasma glucose occurred in the carbohydrate-fed chicks within day 2 after feeding. These unique effects of dietary glucose indicated that the induction of PXDH after feeding was linked to carbohydrate metabolism. Effects of injected insulin on PXDH were examined. Insulin doses between 0.001 and 10.0 IU induced PXDH 25-60% above the activity found in carbohydrate-fed chicks. The initiation of PXDH accumulation may be the result of a sequence of metabolic responses to dietary carbohydrate beginning with an increase in plasm glucose, which induces an insulin response."
1142009,"The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes."
1142010,"Total and specific lactase activities in the small intestine of Chester White and Hampshire pigs were measured at 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 43 days of age. The small intestine was divided into 10 segments of equal length, the proximal 10 cm of each segment was scraped, and the scrapings were homogenized for use in the lactase determinations. Significant breed, age, and segment differences were observed for both specific and total activities. In both breeds, the total lactase activity at 1 day of age was lower than that at any other age. After reaching maximal levels at 15 days of age, the total activity declined with the loss of activity occurring primarily in the ileum. At 1 and 8 days of age, the total lactase activities for the two breeds were similar, but the Chester White pigs had higher activities at all other ages. The pattern of changes in specific activity with age was similar for both breeds. The mean specific activity was highest at 1 and 8 days of age and then fell progressively to minimal levels at 43 days of age. Chester Whites had higher specific activities than Hampshires during the first 4 weeks of life, but at 6 weeks of age there was little difference between the breeds. The peak lactase activity, expressed as total or specific activity, occurred in the proximal one-third of the small intestine of both breeds, and the distal one-third of the gut had relatively low activities as the animals matured."
1142011,"Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of new high protein oat varieties using chicks and rats. Oat groats studied were Lodi, Dal, and Goodland; protein contents were 16.0, 18.0, and 20.5%, respectively. Increases in protein content were accompanied with an increase in indispensable amino acids. The lysine contents of Lodi and Goodland oat groats were 0.60 and 0.72%, respectively. With amino acid supplementation the 80% oat groats diets supported a growth rate of chicks comparable with that of a practical diet for up to 2 weeks. To correct amino acid deficiency, Goodland, Dal, and Lodi oat groats diets were supplemented with 0.55, 0.60, and 0.65% lysine and 3.2, 5.1, and 6.6% of a mixture of other amino acids. Omission of lysine from the amino acid supplement resulted in retarded growth and marked reduction of plasma free lysine concentration. For Goodland oat groats, the chemical score was 51. Protein efficiency ratio with rats was 2.2, which was increased to 2.4 by lysine and methionine supplementation, while protein efficiency ratio for whole egg protein was 3.4. The slope-ratio assay rendered a relative nutritive value of 59 for Goodland oat groats, assuming 100 for whole egg protein. This value was increased to 67 by lysine and methionine supplementation."
1142012,"Increased bone fragility was observed in chickens fed diets containing less than 1 ppm copper. Using a device that was designed to measure torsion during fracture, it could be demonstrated that bone from copper-deficient chicks fractured with less deformation and torque than bone from control chicks. The collagen of bone from copper-deficient chicks appeared to contain fewer cross-links than normal bone. The introduction of artificial cross-links into collagen from copper-deficient chick bone by formaldehyde and NaBH4 treatments improved bone strength and strain (deformation) so that it was comparable with normal bone. Copper deficiency blocks the formation of cross-links in collagens and elastin from various tissues. It is felt that the bone fragility related to nutritional copper deficiency is the result of decreased bone collagen cross linking. Arterial elastin metabolism was also investigated. By radioactively labeling arterial soluble elastin (tropoelastin) in vivo by an intraperitoneal injection of [G-3H]valine, it could be demonstrated that copper deficiency appeared to reduce its rate of metabolic turnover. Soluble elastin or tropoelastin is assumed to be the precursor of mature or insoluble elastin. The observations presented here are consistent with the view that by retarding the steps associated with elastin cross-link formation, the incorporation of soluble elastin into mature elastin may be retarded as well."
1142013,"Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., have been used to evaluate nutritional quality of proteins and protein isolates. However, such investigations have been complicated by lack of knowledge of dietary requirements of the larvae. To determine essential dietary amino acids for growth of Tenebrio molitor, single amino acids were deleted from the amino acid mixture of the diet. Diets were maintained isonitrogenous with supplementary glycine and, in the case of deleted glycine, with glutamic acid. Growth, as measured by gain in weight, and survival were observed over a 4-week period at 27 plus or minus 0.25 degrees and 65 plus or minus 5% relative humidity. The results indicate that larvae of Tenebrio molitor require a dietary source of the same 10 amino acids essential for growth in rats, other vertebrates, and some protozoa. They also showed that serine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, and possibly glycine were dispensable for growth in this insect. Alanine, cystine, proline, and aspartic acid appeared semidispensable. Survival over the 4-week experimental period was unaffected by deleting amino acids from the diet. The results are discussed in relation to amino acid requirements of other insects and to suggested improvement of the diet of the present investigation."
1142014,"Chicks were allowed access to food for 2 hours per day (meal-fed) or were fed ad libitum. Tritiated water was administered intravenously, and the incorporation of tritium into fatty acids was used to estimate in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis. Allowing the meal-fed chick access to a meal increased the hepatic rate of fatty acid synthesis up to 50-fold. Hepatic activities of malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase were similar before and after the meal. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was greater in the fed meal-eater than in the ad libitum-fed chichen. Plasma free fatty acid levels were decreased and plasma triglyceride levels were increased when the meal-eater was fed. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were conducted. Meal-feeding did not impair glucose tolerance in the chicken, as has been reported in meal-fed humans. Unlike in the rat, intravenous glucose tolerance was not greatly influenced by meal pattern in the chicken. Oral glucose tolerance was improved in one of two experiments as a consequence of meal-eating. These results suggest that the chicken does respond to a shift in meal pattern."
1142015,"Two-week-old chicks adequate in vitamin K showed a relative lack of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors when compared with the rat, cow, and man. Chick prothrombin was 50%, IX 8%, and X 6% of respective levels in the rat. Factor VII was not detectable in chick plasma. When 1-day-old chicks were fed a vitamin K-deficient diet, prothrombin levels fell to 5% in 5 days, whereas factors IX and X fell to only 60% of normal. After warfarin administration to normal chicks, prothrombin levels fell to 20% in 6 hours, whereas factors IX and X fell to 60%. When cycloheximide was given to normal chicks, all vitamin K-dependent factors fell at the same relative rate with a half time of 2 hours. Cycloheximide also completely blocked the effect of physiological doses (10 mug) of phylloquinone upon prothrombin synthesis, but only partially blocked the effect of pharmacological doses (2.5 mg) of phylloquinone, suggesting an antagonism between cycloheximide and vitamin K at the ribosomal level. Puromycin was effective in blocking the action of vitamin K at both physiological and pharmacological doses. In the chick, unlike the rat, it appears that (1) cycloheximide is fully effective in blocking the action of physiological doses of vitamin K and (2) the regulatory systems for factors IX and X appear to have a higher affinity for vitamin K and a lower affinity for warfarin than the regulatory system for prothrombin."
1142016,"Animals with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were obtained by artery clamping of one uterine horn of the rat on day 17 of gestation. Body weight reduction was at least 30% as compared with the control animals that originated from the other horn. Brown adipose tissue (ISBAT), which plays a role in nonshivering thermogenesis, was greatly reduced during the period studied (fetuses from the day before up to 10 days after birth). Total lipids were very low after birth and increased rapidly up to age 3 days. Nevertheless, lipids of IUGR rats were lower during 48 hours and became identical to the controls only at 3 days. This deficiency could play a role in the high mortality rate observed just after birth. The developmental pattern of fatty acid methyl esters of ISBAT studied by gas chromatography method was identical in both groups of animals. On the other hand, a change from mainly saturated to a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids occurred just after the first suckling. This switch was closely correlated to the fatty acid composition of the rat milk. Incorporation of 14C from [14C]glucose into lipids of ISBAT was lower in IUGR rats up to 48 hours as compared with control values and overlapped the control value after. This could explain the catching up in lipid content in IUGR at 3 days of life. Also it could be correlated with the hypoglycemia observed in the IUGR rats during the neonatal period."
1142017,"The absorption of fructose-L-tryptophan, an early Maillard reaction product formed from tryptophan and glucose, in the large intestine of the rat was examined. The possible involvement of cecal microflora of the rat in the absorption of fructose-L-tryptophan was investigated. Fructose-L-tryptophan was degraded by the cecal microflora (in vitro) after a 12-hour incubation at 37 degrees. Experiments with rat colonic rings and everted sacs indicated that a passive diffusion of this compound occurs in vitro in the colon of the rat. In vivo absorption was determined by introducing fructose-L-[3-14C]tryptophan directly into the cecum. Twenty percent of the total radioactivity injected was recovered in the urine after 24 hours. Fructose-L-tryptophan was detected in the urine, which suggested that this compound was absorbed by the large intestine but excreted without being metabolized. Approximately 1% of the total radioactivity was recovered in the expired air within 24 hours after injection. The small recovery of fructose-L-tryptophan in feces might indicate that this compound was degraded by the action of microorganisms in the large intestine of the rat."
1142018,"Evidence that biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PG) in tissues of animals deficient in essential fatty acids is dependent on the availability of their precursors has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the following: (1) effects of dietary linoleate enrichment on PG biosynthesis in rats; (2) effects of exogenous PGE2 and dietary linoleate on plasma free fatty acids and serum cholesterol in fed and fasted rats. Rats were fed three different concentrations of dietary linoleate as beef tallow, hydrogenated vegetable fat, or corn oil. The concentrations of PGE1 and PGF2a measured by radioimmunoassay were higher in rats fed the fed the beef tallow diet independent of energy status. A decrease in the concentration of PG between fasted and fed rats receiving hydrogenated vegetable fat is discussed in respect to the possible influence of trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids on the biosynthesis of PG. There were significant effects of fasting on serum cholesterol concentration regardless of diet and significant interactions among effects of PGE2, fasting, and diet, suggesting regulatory effects of PGE2 on serum cholesterol concentration. The increase in plasma free fatty acids associated with fasting was prevented by PGE2 for all diets, but had the most marked effect on rats fed hydrogenated vegetable fat."
1142019,"The mortality of 7,032 men employed for one or more years in lead production facilities or battery plants was followed over a 23-year period, 1947 to 70. Lead absorption in many of these men was greatly in excess of currently accepted standards based upon urinary and blood lead concentrations available for a portion of the group. There were 1356 deaths reported; death certificates were obtained for 1267. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes was 107 for smelter workers and 99 for battery plant workers. Deaths from neoplasms were in slight excess in smelters, but not significantly increased in battery plants. There were no excess deaths from kidney tumors. The SMR for cardiovascular-renal disease was 96 for smelter workers and 101 for battery plant workers, i.e. roughly the same as for the general population, but not as good as would be expected in a population that had been employed. There was definitely no excess in deaths from either stroke or hypertensive heart disease. However, deaths classified as ""other hypertensive disease"" and ""unspecified nephritis or renal sclerosis"" were higher than expected. The actual numbers of deaths in these last-named categories combined (41 where 19.5 were expected) represented about 3% of all certified deaths. The life expectancy of lead workers was calculated to be approximately the same as that of all U.S. males. Considering the high levels of exposure in this population of workers and the small deviations from expected mortality, one can be optimistic in predicting no detectable effect on the mortality of male adults from occupational exposures to lead controlled in conformity to currently recommended environmental and biologic standards."
1142028,"We consider transmission through pair-correlated random distributions of lossless dielectric (globular, cylindrical, or plate-like) scatterers with length parameter a and average spacing small compared to wavelength. Each optical particle is centered in a tough adherent transparent coating whose outer surface (sphere, cylinder, or slab) has radius b smaller than or equal to a. The corresponding attenuation coefficients beta varies directly as WM involve an integral of the appropriate radial-distribution function. Using the scaled-particle equations of state and statistical-mechanics theorems, we evaluate WM explicitly as a rational function of the volume fraction W of the fluid of rigid b particles. We obtain betaM = betaO WM with betaO as the uncorrelated value; W3(W) for spheres decreases more rapidly with increasing W than W2 for cylinders, and W2 decreases faster than W1, the result for slabs. We apply the results for cylinders in terms of W2 to the problem of the transparency of the cornea (whose collagen fibers are the scatters), as posed by Maurice. The value W APPROXIMATELY 0.6 GIVES GOOD ACCORD WITH THE ESSENTIALS OF THE Data for the transparency of the normal cornea, and the opacity that results from swelling is accounted for by corresponding smaller values of W. Thus, the normal cornea is modeled as a very densely packed two-dimensional gas, with gas-particle (mechanical) radius about 60% greater than the fiber (optical) radius."
1142029,"Cross talk between neighboring optical fibers is shown to alter the absorption spectrum of the fibers. There is an enhancement of absorption at shorter wavelengths and a consequent shift of the absorption peak towards the short-wavelength end of the spectrum. Curves are presented to illustrate the effect. Results are given in a dimensionless form, applicable to fibers with arbitrary physical parameters."
1142030,"This paper shows how a single Z-cut plate of uniaxial crystal can be used as a two-beam interferometer of Fourier-transform spectrometer. As a visual device, it permits easy identification of a set of achromatic fringes that can be seen in any two-beam interferometer when a white-light source is observed through it. These fringes apparently have not been described previously. They are expected when we understand that the white-light fringe pattern is in fact the Fourier transform of the spectral-sensitivity curve of the eye."
1142031,"Resolution thresholds for Landolt C's and for vernier targets remain the same whether the target is stationary or moving with horizontal or vertical velocities of up to 2.5 degrees for foveal presentations lasting 0.1 and 0.2 s. Oblique target motions are tolerated only up to 1 degree. Because visual pursuit is ruled out by randomization of direction of motion and by the short exposure, it is concluded that a stationary retinal image is not a prerequisite for good acuity."
1142048,"Accurate staging is critical for the proper treatment of Hodgkin's disease. In the past 5 yr, 60 children with Hodgkin's disease were staged by celiotomy which included splenectomy and biopsy of liver, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and bone. Fifty children underwent staging celiotomy at initial diagnosis (Group I). Ten others were staged surgically because of suspected reactivation of disease diagnosed and treated before current staging methods were employed (Group II). Forty-one of 50 children in Group I had Stage I or II disease, seven Stage III, and two Stage IV. As a result of operation, therapy was altered in seven children. Three had a higher stag e and four a lower stage than that suspected by clinical evaluation, including two with liver involvement. Of the two patients in Group II, celiotomy revealed unsuspected splenic disease in seven, including one with liver involvement. Celiotomy and splenectomy were well tolerated and no long-term complications have been noted (average follow-up 2 yr). Forty-nine of 50 children in Group I and six of ten in Group II are alive without disease. No cases of sepsis attributable to splenectomy have been observed."
1142050,"Forty-six records of infant girls with so-called imperforate anus have been reviewed to determine the position of the rectal opening in relation to the hymen. Eight of these children proved to have the cloacal deformity, in which the rectum enters high into a single tube and just behind the opening of a double or septate vagina, with the urethra entering anteriorly at the same level. No normal hymen was  visible in these eight children. Seventeen patients had a normal-appearing hymen, and no rectal opening on the perineum. In each of these 17 children the rectal opening was found above the tissue flap overlying the posterior vestibule. In the remaining 21 patients, the hymen was visible and appeared normal, and there was a rectal opening somewhere on the perineum between the vestibule and the normal position for the external sphincters. These findings suggest that in the presence of a normal-appearing hymen, and in the absence of a normal anus, the rectal opening will be either in the posterior part of the vestibule or on the perineum. Where no hymen was visible, we have found in a limited experience that the rectal opening was high in the pelvis in some degree of the so-called cloacal deformity."
1142051,"Colon conduit, with nonrefluxing ureterosigmoid anastomoses, was performed upon 21 children in the past 3 1/2 yr for the following indications: (1) previously unoperated exstrophy of the bladder; (2) exstrophy of the bladder with prior ileal conduit; (3) previously unoperated neurogenic bladder; (4) neurogenic bladder with prior ileal conduit; and (5) with anterior pelvic exenteration for sarcoma of the prostate. In some of these patients the conduit will be a permanent diversion; in others it will be anastomosed later to the colon, providing a staged method of ureterosigmoid urinary diversion. Nine patients have undergone the second stage of anstomosis of the conduit to the colon with satisfactory outcome. Colon conduit diversion is a more time-consuming procedure than ileal loop diversion. It can require 6-8 hr in a patients with a prior ileal diversion, particualarly if the ureters require tapering. Our experience with this procedure leads us to the following conclusions: (1) this is a better method than ileal conduit for permanent diversion; (2) it offers an alternative way for treating patients with bladder exstrophy; (3) it is useful in patients with pelvic cancer; and (4) it should be considered for those patients with ileal conduits who are not doing well, i.e., who have infection and renal deterioration."
1142053,"A review of our experience with urban children who sustained blunt abdominal trauma revealed that liver trauma occurred in one-third of all children. The cause of trauma, predominantly blunt in nature, led to a multitude of associated injuries which not only caused visceral and skeletal injury endangering the patient, but, more apparent even though less significant injuries delayed diagnosis and therapy of the underlying sever liver injury. Awareness of the possibility of liver injury in children with blunt abdominal trauma, prompt operative intervention wil injuries should significantly increase the salvage of these pediatric trauma victims."
1142054,Cervical lymphadenopathy due to atypical mycobacteria was an easily identifiable clinical entity in 45 children. A 3-wk history of lymphadenopathy associated with positive atypical acid-fast mycobacterium skin test is highly suggestive of the diagnosis. Surgical extirpation is recommended for cure. The results of operative excision in 40 children were excellent.
1142063,"Three studies extended laboratory research on aggression to a naturalistic setting which involved horn honking from drivers as a measure of aggression; the studies were adapted from Doob and Gross. The results from a survey (Study 1) of 59 drivers suggested that they were frequently irritated by and aggressive toward other drivers. A second study (using a 3x2 factorial design with 92 male drivers) indicated that manipulations of a rifle in an aggressive context and victim visibility (dehumanization) both significantly influenced horn honking rates subsequent to obstruction at a signal light. A third study with 137 male drivers and 63 female drivers examined the interactive effects of a rifle, an aggressively connotated bumper sticker, and individual subject characteristics (sex and an exploratory index of self-perceived status) on horn honking. The results for three studies in naturalistic settings offer possible extensions of laboratory based findings on aggression. The role of inhibitions in modifying the pattern of results was also discussed."
1142064,"Two approaches to the study of the psychological significance of situations were compared, one using data for individuals' perceptions of situations and the other using data for individuals' reactions to situations. Perception and reaction data for 40 subjects were used for multidimensional classification of 12 situations, which were selected so as to cover four different types of stressful situations. For three of the a priori groupings of situations the congruence in outcomes between the two methods was high. The implications of the congruence and the discrepancies in outcomes for the two approaches are discussed. The main conclusion is that one should distinguish clearly between situation perception factors and situation reaction factors in further research on the psychological significance of situations."
1142068,"Consideration of the structural, polar, and transport properties of water-saturated solvent and solvent-saturated water phases of three general and eight specific binary systems leads to the conclusion that the n-octanol-water system is a very good all-round compromise for use as a reference system for biological partitioning in drug design work."
1142069,"Previous studies in this laboratory demonstrated that the rate of intestinal absorption of theophylline in rats is increased significantly by ethanol in low concentrations and that this absorption enhancing effect is associated with an increased net water flux from the intestine. It is now shown that other alcohols, namely methanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and, to a lesser extent, mannitol and sorbitol, can also increase net water flux from the small intestine of anesthetized rats. Polyethylene glycol 200 and 400 had no such effect, suggesting that these compounds do not penetrate to a site of action that elicits the increased net water flux. At initial concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 M, glycerin and propylene glycol increase significantly the intestinal absorption rate of theophylline from the small intestine of anesthetized rats. The results show that the theophylline absorption enhancing effect of ethanol is not limited to that particular alcohol."
1142070,"A mathematical model based on convective diffusion was developed to describe the rate of dissolution form the surface of a compressed compact. Experimental studies were carried out to test the model. The basic experimental apparatus consisted of a modified rotating-filter-stationary basket dissolution test apparatus. Dissolution rates from rectangular and circular surfaces of an homologous series of p-aminobenzoate esters permitted testing the theory with respect to solubility, geometry, and agitation conditions. The correlation between experimental results and theory was reasonalby good considering that the test conditions were somewhat less than ideal."
1142071,"Chemical reduction of naltrexone is described in an attempt to synthesize 6-beta-hydroxynaltrexone. Only the epimer, 6-alpha-hydroxynaltrexone, was produced. Pilot metabolic studies on naltrexone in the dog, rat, and guinea pig were made to determine which animal produced the greatest amount of 6-beta-hydroxynaltrexone. The guinea pig was selected and used to produce the metabolite. Isolation and purification methods are described, and spectral data are presented for structural confirmation of the metabolite."
1142072,"General physical models are derived for the diffusional transport of drugs across membranes of mammalian cells in culture suspension. These models represent different sets of possible physical processes taking place during the transport of a drug molecule. Once the diffusing species reaches the cell barrier, it may gain entrance to the cell kinetically by one of the principal quasisteady-state mechanisms, all of which assume the cell membrane to be an integral part of the total barrier."
1142073,"Mass transport studies with three cardiac glycosides in the Burkitt lymphoma cell system have provided significant examples of the factorization and quantification of the influences of serum-drug binding, membrane-drug binding, cell interior binding, and intrinsic membrane permeability upon the uptake and release kinetics of drugs in living cell systems. All of the data from the glycosides are in agreement with the general physical model involving the rapid equilibration of the solute within the cell after permeation through the rate-determining plasma membrane barrier. The transport of digitoxin was influenced by membrane and serum binding and that of digoxin was influenced by membrane binding. There was no binding of ouabain to the plasma membrane and serum. The variables in the uptake and release kinetic studies at pH 7.3 included the use of viable and heat-inactivated cells, fetal bovine serum levels, and temperature."
1142074,"A series of 3-amino-3-methyloxindoles was synthesized from indoles by modification of previously described procedures. All compounds showed activity against chloroform-induced arrhythmias in mice. One member of the series, 3-methyl-3-piperidinooxindole, displayed activity equal to that of lidocaine while showing only one-third the acute toxicity."
1142075,"A sensitive and specific method is described for the determination of 17-monochloroacetylajmaline (I) and its metabolite, ajmaline (II), in plasma. Method specificity is accomplished by combining an ion-pair extraction with chromatography followed by development and utilization of reaction product fluorescence of the isolated species on silica gel. Recovery of I and II added to plasma or water averaged 70%. The major loss in the assay resulted during a solvent evaporation step and was reproducible over the concentration interval studied. The limit of detectability for I is 0.06 mu-g/2 ml of plasma. The method was used to determine plasma levels of I and II in the dog following a dose of 10 mg/kg iv of I."
1142076,"Ten urea derivatives of cyclobutanecarboxylic acid were synthesized and examined for general CNS depressant properties, barbiturate potentiation, and myorelaxant, antitremorine, and anticonvulsant potencies. Although water solubility plays an important role in the activity of these compounds, other factors also appear to be involved. 1-Cyclobutanecarbonyl-3,3-dimethylurea appears to be the most active CNS depressant, whereas 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(alpha-naphthyl)thiourea is the most active barbiturate potentiator. 1-Cyclobutanecarbonyl-3,3-dimethylurea, 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-phenylurea, and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-tert-butylurea, 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-allylurea, and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-phenylurea apparently are the most active against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. 1-Cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-tert-butylurea, 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3,3-dimethylurea, and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-phenylurea are also slightly active tremorine antagonists."
1142077,"When properly formulated, micellar-type aqueous dispersions of tocopheryl acetate are administered intravenously or intramuscularly to dogs, the rate-limiting step in the bioavailability of the physiologically active free tocopherol is the rate of hydrolysis of the acetate ester. A similar dispersion of free tocopherol yields blood levels of tocopherol many fold higher than those obtained with the acetate ester after intravenous injection and also yields much greater increases in blood levels of free tocopherol after intramuscular injection than the acetate ester formulation, particularly in the early period after the dose."
1142078,"The effect of electrolytes and urea on the cloud points of the following three nonionic polyoxyethylated surfactants was studied: cetyl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohol adducts containing 10 ethylene oxide units. The results were similar to those obtained previously with polyethylene oxide and with a polyoxyethylated alkylphenol. Nitrates of cations capable of forming stable solid complexes with model ethers like dioxane raised the cloud points in proportion to their concentrations by up to 35 degrees. They salted the surfactants in through complexation with the ether oxygens. The order of effectiveness in raising the cloud points was lead nitrate greater than hydrochloric acid greater than cadmium nitrate greater than sulfuric acid approximately equal to to magnesium nitrate greater than aluminum nitrate greater than nickel nitrate greater than lithium nitrate greater than calcium nitrate. Only the nitrates of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and cesium lowered the cloud points, salting the surfactants out. These cations do not form complexes with ether oxygens. Urea, sodium perchlorate, and sodium iodide, which break the structure of water, raised the cloud points. This salting-in process is ascribed to increased hydration of the ether groups of the polyoxyethylated surfactants due to depolymerization of water by urea and the perchlorate and iodide anions. The bromide, chloride, and sulfate of sodium lowered the cloud points. The surfactant with the alkylaryl moiety was salted in more extensively but salted out only slightly more than the three surfactants with the linear hydrocarbon chain. The data indicate the need for revising the theories of the effects of salts on the solubility of nonelectrolytes in water. None of the theories takes into account the interaction between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, even though many nonelectrolytes compete with water as ligands for the cations."
1142079,"An in vivo method of monitoring the rate of water desorption from human forearms, using ""dry"" nitrogen gas passed over approximately 1 cm-2 of skin was investigated with the aid of a commercial electrolytic moisture analyzer. The assembled apparatus was used to evaluate the differences in water loss rates from treated and untreated (control) forearms following surfactant application. The changes in the differences were also monitored after cessation of treatment, i.e., during the healing process. The apparatus provided an accurate, rapid, and painless method of monitoring relative water loss rates and, as such, could prove a useful tool in routine testing in experimental dermatology and cosmetology. The results confirm the earlier finding from an in vitro method with excised rabbit skin that the tested surfactant increases the permeability of the epidermis."
1142080,"A sensitive and very rapid assay for acetaminophen was developed based on the combination of high-performance chromatographic columns with a thin-layer electrochemical detector. Application to liquid and solid dosage forms and body fluids has been demonstrated. Great advantage derives from the detector selectivity, which permits discrimination against many potentially interfering substances without need for extensive separations or formation of derivatives. As little as 0.005% of the hydrolysis product, p-aminophenol, can be detected in the presence of the intact drug following cation-exchange chromatography. Acetaminophen can be quantitatively determined in serum on the 50-ng/ml level by liquid chromatography using a pellicular polyamide packing."
1142081,"The determination of free aromatic amine in water-soluble radiopaques by diazotization in 2-methoxyethanol-water, coupling with naphthylethylenediamine, and colorimetry of the azo dye has been automated. Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are satisfactory for purity testing and stability studies."
1142084,The administration of capsules containing L-lysine monohydrochloride (0.205 g) and L-tryptophan (0.069 g) three times daily after meals resulted in a significant drop in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The proportion of amino acids in the blend was derived from the average fasting plasma essential amino acid profile.
1142085,"Normal and branched-chain aliphatic monoethers of triethylene glycol are effective topical mosquito repellents. In terms of duration of protection, they are generally superior to the corresponding diethylene glycol analogs and some are superior to diethyltoluamide. The n-heptyl monoether of triethylene glycol affords double the protection time of diethyltoluamide under controlled laboratory conditions and appears to be a useful new mosquito repellent."
1142086,"The process of menadione photodegradation can be enhanced or diminished by other compounds. The presence of the quaternary ammonium compound cetylethylmorpholinium ethosulfate (I) in solutions of minadione was found to slow the rate of photodegradation by UV light (253.7 nm). The mechanism of this effect may be due to complex formation between menadione and I. Complex formation was demonstrated by a shift in the absorption peaks of menadione from 245 and 260 nm to 251.5 and 261.5 nm, respectively. The equilibrium constant of this complex was calculated to be 1.647 M."
1142087,"Twenty-two 1-p-sulfamoylphenyl-3,3-dialkyltriazenes, 1-p-dialkylsulfamoylphenyl-3,3-dialkyltriazenes, and 1-p-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfamoylphenyl] -3,3-dialkyltriazenes were synthesized from their corresponding amines. Six of the compounds tested were devoid of antitumor activity."
1142088,"d-Norpseudoephedrine, a central stimulant present in Catha edulis, is excreted unchanged in human urine. The alkaloid was detected in urine 30-50 min after ingestion of synthetic d-norpseudoephedrine, and trace amounts of the drug could still be detected 24 hr later. Approximately 40% of ingested d-norpseudoephedrine was recovered in urine in the first 6 hr."
1142092,"The effects of two smooth muscle relaxants, isoproterenol and D-600, on calcium movements in rat myometrium were investigated. Both relaxants caused a nonspecific increase in 45-Ca efflux due to changes in mechanical tension but the additional net loss expected on the basis of previous studies with isoproterenol could not be demonstrated due to a high background of calcium exchange. Analysis of 45-Ca and 40-Ca residual in the muscle after efflux experiments and washing of the tissue in a Ca-deficient solution containing LaCl3 (2.0 mM) showed that the specific activity ratio 45-Ca/40-Ca was unaltered with isoproterenol and, thus, the net loss of calcium occurred equally from slowly and rapidly exchanging compartments. ""Pulse label"" experiments in which 45-Ca and either isoproterenol or D-600 were added simultaneously for a 2-minute period demonstrated that both relaxants decreased the 45-Ca space; however, the specific activity ratio 45-Ca/40-Ca in the tissue was reduced while 40-Ca remained unchanged in the presence of D-600. With isoproterenol, the 45-Ca/40-Ca ratio was increased while 40-Ca was reduced. These data support the hypothesis that isoproterenol stimulates a net efflux of calcium whereas D-600 inhibits the influx of calcium. Since previous studies have demonstrated that relaxants which increase cyclic3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (isoproterenol, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and papaverine) produce consistent decreases in tissue Ca but others (D-600) do not, it is concluded that relaxants which increase tissue cyclic AMP stimulate a net efflux of calcium but other antagonists may act by inhibiting calcium influx into rat myometrium."
1142093,"The role of neural sites in the bradycardia produced by acetylstrophanthidin (14.1, 22.5 and 35.5 mug/kg) was studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats with efferent vagal tone blocked by atropine. The sites were: carotid sinus baroreceptors, aortic arch baroreceptors, cardiac sensory receptors, nodose ganglion receptors and central nervous system structures. The role of each site was determined by selective ablation of all sites except the one under study. Significant slowing in heart rate occurred when: 1) only carotid sinus baroreceptors were intact; 2) only aortic arch baroreceptors were intact and 3) only cardiac sensory receptors were intact. No cardiac slowing was observed when only nodose ganglion receptors, central sympathoinhibitory sites and beta adrenergic receptors were intact. These results indicate that in atropine-treated cats, the further slowing in heart rate produced by acetylstrophanthidin arises from activation of reflex sites located in the carotid sinus, aortic arch and myocardium."
1142094,"The participation of the peripheral nervous system in the renal response to an acute ethanol administration was investigated in dogs. The animals received water or ethanol (3 g/kg), with and without 2 days pretreatment with reserpine. Each group was examined 18 hours after the water or ethanol administration. In comparison to water controls, both reserpine and ethanol produced similar increases with respect to renal hemodynamics. The combined treatment produced a further significant increase in effective renal plasma flow. Reserpine alone produced increases in the rates of filtration and reabsorption of sodium and chloride; ethanol and reserpine-ethanol treatments produced further increases but did not alter the excretory rates. Although all three treatments produced increases in the rate of filtration of potassium, only ethanol and reserpine-ethanol treatments increased the excretory rate. Magnesium excretion was decreased by reserpine and reserpine-ethanol in comparison to water and ethanol, respectively; but calcium excretion was elevated in all the treatment groups. Zinc excretion was increased in the ethanol group. The results suggest that the secondary action of ethanol to produce release and possible depletion of peripheral catecholamine stores is not primarily involved with its renal effects, except in the case of magnesium and zinc metabolism."
1142095,"Nicotine in concentrations ranging from 5 times 10- minus 6 to 10- minus 4 M caused a transient relaxation in strips of isolated canine basilar, middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries contracted with prostaglandin F2a (PGF). Transmural neural stimulation did not produce changes in the tension of these arteries. Tyramine contracted the arterial strips. Relaxation induced by nicotine was markedly attenuated by hexamethonium (10- minus 5 M), cocaine (10- minus 5M), bretylium (2 times 10- minus 5 M), sotalol (5 times 10- minus 5 M), propranolol (10- minus 6 M) and removal of Ca-++ from the bathing media. Relaxation was not significantly influenced by atropine, physostigmine, ouabain, tetrodotoxin, aminophylline and sotalol (10- minus 5 M). In cerebral arterial strips, the addition of K-+ also elicited a transient relaxation which was abolished by treatment with ouabain but not with other blocking agents. In mesenteric arterial strips, nicotine caused a transient contraction as did transmural stimulation. The nicotine-induced contraction was markedly attenuated or completely abolished by hexamethonium, cocaine, bretylium and phentolamine and also high concentration of sotalol (5 times 10- minus 5 M), and propranolol. Tetrodotoxin did not affect the contractile response to nicotine but did abolish the response to transmural stimulation. It is strongly suggested that  relaxation induced by nicotine in cerebral arterial strips is the result of a specific action on nicotinic receptors as is the contraction observed in mesenteric arteries. It appears that beta adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms do not play major roles in the genesis of nicotine-induced relaxation nor does it appear that an electrogenic Na-+ pump mechanism is involved."
1142096,"In helically cut strips of dog and human cerebral arteries, the addition of 5-hydroxykynurenamine (5-HK) caused dose-related contractions, and this contractile response was attenuated by methysergide and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Treatment of the strips with 5-HK in concentrations higher than 2 X 10- minus 6 M shifted the dose-response curve of serotonin to the right and downward. The inhibitory effect of 5-HK was reversed only partially by repeated washings, whereas the inhibition caused by methysergide and LSD was completely reversed. The contractile response to K-+ (30 mM) was reduced only slightly even at the highest concentration of 5-HK used (5 X 10-minus 5 M). In strips of rabbit aortas, the contractile effect of serotonin was markedly attenuated by 5-HK, whereas that of norepinephrine was reduced only slightly. In isolated rabbit right atria, 5-HK produced a transient increase in the rate as did serotonin, 5-HK being approximately 1/20 as potent as serotonin. The positive effect was not influenced by methysergide but was markedly attenuated or abolished by 10-minus 6 M propranolol and 3 X 10-minus 6 M cocaine. Treatment with 5-HK (5 X 10-minus 5 M) did not modify the chronotropic response to isoproterenol. It appears that 5-HK produces vascular contractions via serotonergic receptors, inhibits specifically the contractile response of arteries and aortas to serotonin and causes a tachycardia in rabbit atria by liberating catecholamines from adrenergic nerves."
1142097,"The influence of neomycin on vascular smooth muscle contractile responses was examined in different isolated arterial preparations of the dog. Prior exposure (5 minutes) to 7 mM neomycin decreased contractile responses elicited with norepinephrine (NE, 0.6 muM) or KC1 (K-+, 80 nM) in helical strips of canine aortae (Ao) and femoral (F), carotid (Cd), renal (R), superior mesenteric (Sm), terminal mesenteric (Tm) and coronary (Cr) arteries. Addition of neomycin subsequent to NE-induced contractile responses depressed tension responses of the F, Cd, R, Sm and Tm arteries but had little or no effect on the Ao. However, after contractions had been elicited with K-+, neomycin had no effect on tension responses of the Ao, F, Cd, R or Sm arteries but depressed contractions of the Cr and Tm arterial strips. Preincubation with neomycin (0.7-3.5 mM) produced a concentration-related inhibition of contractile responses elicited in Tm arterial strips by addition of calcium ions (Ca-++; 1.6 mM) to a Ca-++-free depolarizing solution; conversely, subsequent addition of neomycin had no effect on maintained Ca-++ contractures. In constant flow-perfused terminal mesenteric arterial branches, neomycin (0.5-4.0 mM) produced a concentration-related antagonism of pressor responses elicited with NE (1-8 mug) or K-+ (40 mM). The inhibitory action of neomycin on K-+-induced pressor responses was inversely related to the Ca-++ concentration of the perfusion fluid. However, inhibition of NE pressor responses by neomycin did not appear to be related to the Ca-++ concentration. The differential inhibitory action of neomycin on contractions induced by NE and K-+ in various canine arteries suggests that different vascular beds vary in the manner in which Ca-++ is bound and subsequently utilized by stimulatory agents to elicit tension changes."
1142098,"It has been generally assumed that reactivity (or responsiveness) of mammalian microcirculatory blood vessels to vasoactive hormones is not influenced by sex. In view of the paucity of knowledge in this area, the present in vivo studies were initiated to determine the quantitative dose-response relationships (by means of a high magnification image-splitting television microscope recording system) of catecholamines, selected sympathomimetics, neurohypophyseal hormones (NHPH), serotonin and angiotensin on mesenteric arterioles of unpretreated male and female rats and male rats pretreated with single low doses of 17 beta-estradiol (2 and 10 mug/100 g s.c.). The results indicate: 1) dose-response curves for the constrictor catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and NHPH (vasopressin, oxytocin, vasotocin) in female rats are significantly shifted in parallel manner to the left of those obtained in male rats; 2) pretreatment of male rats with estrogen results in an enhancement of the constrictor actions of catecholamines, NHPH and phenylephrine; 3) the maximal arteriolar contractile responses (i.e., lumen narrowings) to norepinephrine and phenylphrine were enhanced by pretreatment with estrogen; and 4) dose-response curves for arteriolar constrictions induced by dopamine, serotonin or angiotensin were not affected by sex or estrogen pretreatment. The sex-linked differences, observed in this study, thus appear to be specific for NHPH and certain alpha adrenergic agonists. Overall, these findings reinforce the concept that sex hormones may play a role in control of peripheral blood flow and reactivity of arteriolar smooth muscle."
1142099,"Wet weights of vas deferens, seminal vesicle and coagulating gland were reduced by almost 80 to 90% 10 weeks after castration. Endogenous norepinephrine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylas activity of these tissues were also reduced to the same degree. One week after castration there was approximately a 50% loss in the weight of all three organs. However, this was accompanied by an equal reduction in norepinephrine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity only in the vas deferens. Two weeks later the degree of reductions in wet weight, norepinephrine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was almost identical for all three organs. Treatment of 40-day castrate rats with testosterone (10 mg/kg s.c.) not only restored the wet weights of the internal sex organs to normal but their norepinephrine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity as well. Castration of immature rats (10-14 days old) resulted in retardation of growth of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle by 90-95%, and similar reductions in norepinephrin content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity, when compared to the tissues of control littermates on the 90th postoperative day. Histological examination of normal and castrate rats indicated that, along with a reduction in epithelial cells, the smooth muscle cells of the vas deferens, seminal vesicle and coagulating gland was markedly reduce in size as well. Administration of testosterone completely reversed these changes. Furthermore, deoxyribonucleic acid content of the seminal vesicle and coagulating gland was reduced by 50% after castration and then restored to control level after testosterone treatment. Taken together, it seems that atrophy of the internal sex organs following castration is a combined effect of reduction in size and number of smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it is concluded that any alteration in the size of smooth muscle cells or loss of such cells of the internal sex organs indirectly influences their sympathetic nerves in such a manner that norepinephrine concentrations, and thereby the density of innervation, are maintained at normal levels."
1142100,"Spirally cut strips of isolated canine femoral and carotid arteries were used to characterize the vasoconstrictor effect of dopamine. A serotonin antagonist, cyproheptadine, 10- minus 7, 3 X 10- minus 7 and 10-minus 6 M, inhibited dopamine (pA2 = 7.46 plus or minus 0.11), tryptamine (pA2 = 7.38 plus or minus 0.09) and serotonin-induced contractions (pA2 = 7.59 plus or minus 0.09). Cyproheptadine shifted the threshold concentration of dopamine 2 log units to the right without altering norepinephrine response. In protection experiments, preincubation with serotonin (10-minus 5 M) for 10 minutes protected serotonin and tryptamine receptors from cyproheptadine (3 X 10-minus 7 M) and phenoxybenzamine (10-minus 6 M) blockade. Serotonin cross-protected dopamine receptors also. Reciprocally dopamine (10-minus 4 M) protected its own receptors as well as those for serotonin and tryptamine. Norepinephrine did not afford any protection of dopamine, serotonin or tryptamine receptors but did protect its own receptors from phenoxybenzamine blockade. The attempt to characterize the receptor subserving dopamine-induced contraction failed to confirm a relationship between dopamine and alpha adrenoceptors. Since dopamine, tryptamine and serotonin, unlike norepinephrine, were sensitive to cyproheptadine blockade, dopamine-induced contraction appeared to be mediated by a receptor closely related to serotonin receptors. Therefore, alpha adrenoceptors may not be exclusively involved in the vasoconstriction evoked by dopamine on canine vasculature."
1142101,"Acetycholine (10 mug/min) infused intra-arterially for 30 minutes into naturally perfused forelimbs increased forelimb weight 23 g. largely due to edema formation. The weight gain was associated with markedly elevated skin and skeletal muscle blood flows and small vein pressures, suggesting that the edema was attributable, in part, to a rise in microvascular pressures. Mechanically increasing venous pressure and blood flow to similar levels for 30 minutes in pump-perfused forelimbs produced a weight gain of 27 g. The rate of weight gain for the acetylcholine and mechanical alterations was nearly identical. Acetylcholine and mechanical alterations both increased forelimb lymph flow rate but failed to increase lymph total protein concentration significantly. These studies indicate that in the dog forelimb elevated microvascular pressures result in edema formation by increasing the transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient without producing an important decrease in the transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure gradient. Increased pressure is not associated with a large increase in microvascular permeability to plasma proteins as is seen with the administration of high doses of histamine and bradykinin."
1142102,"The purpose of this investigation was to establish the existence of a calcium-independent mechanism for catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla. Concentration-effect curves were obtained using isolated perfused (5 ml/min; 25 degrees C) bovine adrenal medullae stimulated with acetaldehyde (1-64 mM). Catecholamine secretion was the same in presence and in absence of calcium in the perfusion medium and was not diminished by the addition of magnesium (5 X 10-minus 3 M) to the calcium-free medium. Stimulation of 45-Ca-labeled adrenals with 23 mM acetaldehyde evoked secretion of catecholamines but not 45-Ca. Furthermore, examination of the distribution of 45-Ca and catecholamines in subcellular fractions (cytosol, nuclei, microsomes, mitochondria and chromaffin granules) from acetaldehyde-stimulated and nonstimulated glands showed that acetaldehyde stimulation caused no mobilization of 45-Ca from any of the intracellular pools, but significantly decreased the catecholamine content of a chromaffin granule fraction with a concomitant increase of catecholamines in the cytosolic fraction. These results establish an adrenomedullary secretory mechanism independent of both extracellular and intracellular calcium and indicate that acetaldehyde evokes catecholamine secretion by this calcium-independent mechanism, releasing the intragranular hormones into the cytoplasm prior to their extrusion from the chromaffin cell."
1142103,"The action of the four stereoisomers of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) on the monoamine content of brain and heart was investigated with biochemical and histochemical methods. The (+)-erythro-DOPS (50-250 mg/kg i.p.), due to its alphaS configuration, was readily decarboxylated in vivo leading to an accumulation of norepinephrine (NE) in brain and heart. The amino probably corresponded to the unnatural (+) form since the amino acid shows betaS configuration. The NE was located in brain regions rich in noradrenergic (hypothalamus, locus ceruleus), dopaminergic (neostriatum, substantia nigra) and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (raph'e nuclei) neurons. In addition, (+)-erythro-DOPS decreased the level of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine and increased that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic and homovanillic acid in the brain indicating a displacement of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine, respectively, from their storage sites. Inhibitors of extracerebral decarboxylase (benserazid and carbidopa) diminished the (+)-erythro-DOPS-induced increase in cerebral NE by inhibiting the decarboxylation of the amino acid in the walls of the brain capillaries. The (-)-threo-DOPS, which also show alphaS configuration, was decarboxylated too, leading to a rise in cardiac NE. The amine was likely to correspond to the natural(-)-isomer since (-)-threo-DOPS has betaR configuration. This increase in NE lasted much longer than that caused by (+)-erythro-DOPS. In the brain, the accumulation of NE was negligible after i.p. administration of (-)-threo-DOPS but marked after injection of the isomer into a cerebral ventricle indicating a poor penetration of (-)-threo-DOPS through the blood-brain barrier. High doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg i.p.) of (-)-erythro- and (+)-threo-DOPS caused only a slight increase in cerebral and cardiac NE since, due to their alphaR configuration, they were probably not decarboxylated to a major extent. In conclusion, (+)-NE formed from (+)-erythro-DOPS probably accumulates in the storage sites of the endogenous monoamines where it might function as a false neurotransmitter."
1142104,"The cerebroventricular systems of cats were perfused by introducing artificial cerebrospinal fluid into a lateral ventricle and collecting the perfusate at the aqueduct. 3-H-tyrosine was continuously added to the perfusing cerebrospinal fluid and the perfusate was analyzed for 3-H-catecholamines. Intraventricular or intravenous administration of methylphenidate increased the efflux of 3-H-dopamine. In cats pretreated with reserpine, this response to methylphenidate was reduced while the efflux of 3-H-dopamine caused by delta-amphetamine was slightly increased. These results provide direct biochemical evidence in support of the hypothesis that the central stimulant action of amphetamine and methylphenidate result from their abilities to preferentially release dopamine from ""newly synthesized"" and ""stored"" pools, respectively."
1142105,"Morphine increases both the locomotor activity of mice and the incorporation of 14-C-tyrosine into 14-C-catecholamines in the mouse brain. To determine whether a relationship exists between increases in locomotor activity and increases in catecholamine synthesis, mice were treated with either morphine (100 mg/kg i.p.) or saline and were forced to run on a treadmill (5.4 m/min). When mice were given saline and forced to run, incorporation of 14-C-tyrosine into 14-C-catecholamines was increased over control values in the heart and spleen but unchanged in the brain. When mice were given morphine, but not forced to run, the incorporation of 14-C-tyrosine into 14-C-catecholamines was increased over control values in the brain but unchanged in the heart and spleen. Morphine decreased the catecholamine content of the mouse brain but not of the heart or spleen. Forced running did not change the catecholamine content of any tissue. The differences between the effects of morphine and forced increases in locomotor activity upon the incorporation of 14-C-tyrosine into 14-C-catecholamines and upon the catecholamine content in various tissues of the mouse indicate that the effects of morphine on catecholamine synthesis are not the result of changes in locomotor activity."
1142106,"The hyperglycemic activities of catecholamines vary drastically from one species to another. Within certain species, the activity of catecholamines is largely dependent upon the state of nourishment. In the rat, isoproterenol (ISO) produces significant hyperglycemia only in the fasted state whereas epinephrine (EPI) produces hyperglycemia in both the fed and the fasted states. In this study, measurement of plasma insulin and glucose levels in response to ISO and EPI showed that ISO produces dose-related increases in the insulin/glucose ratio and that the ratio is influenced greatly by the state of nourishment. On the other hand, EPI, an inhibitor of insulin release, reduced the insulin/glucose ratio. When a deficiency of insulin release was produced by alloxan treatment, the hyperglycemic activity of ISO was increased markedly whereas the activity of EPI did not change. Pretreatment of fed normal rats with ISO suppressed markedly the expected hyperglycemic response to a subsequent challenge with EPI. In contrast, injection of ISO prior to an EPI challenge in diabetic rats produced a hyperglycemic effect greater than that produced by either agent alone. These results suggest that insulin release by ISO regulates the hyperglycemic activity of this catecholamine in the rat and perhaps in several other species as well. Moreover, much of the species differences in the hyperglycemic activity of catecholamines can be attributed to their ability to stimulate hepatic glucose production on the one hand and to stimulate or inhibit insulin release on the other."
1142107,"The pancreotoxicity of cyproheptadine (CPH) in rats was characterized through measurement of proinsulin and insulin levels in the pancreas as well as plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucose levels at various times during and after drug treatment. Daily oral doses of CPH (45 mg/kg) depleted pancreatic IRI to 25% of control within 3 days. Pancreatic IRI levels showed no further decrease during the rest of a 2-week treatment period and returned to normal levels 2 days after withdrawal of the drug. Pancreatic proinsulin levels were not significantly changed by CPH treatment, and the decrease in pancreatic IRI can be ascribed primarily to a decrease in insulin. Nonfasting hyperglycemia was evident after two doses of CPH and persisted throughout the treatment period. Plasma IRI was not significantly altered compared to control and was inappropriately low for the hyperglycemia that was produced by CPH. Daily doses of CPH given i.p. (45 mg/kg) caused a transient decrease in pancreatic IRI, but hyperglycemia did not occur. Lower i.p. doses (22.5 mg/kg/day) caused a sustained decrease in pancreatic IRI content to 45% of control after 2 weeks and hyperglycemia was evident throughout the treatment period. No changes in pasma IRI were observed as a result of drug treatment even though blood glucose was elevated. These results suggest that biochemical changes affecting insulin synthesis and/or storage are associated with previously reported CPH-induced morphologic alterations in the rat beta-cell."
1142108,"The development of several hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in rats was studied in relation to its androgen dependence during the neonatal period. Rats with their androgen deprived during the neonatal period (female rats and male rats castrated at birth) respond less to androgen treatment at adulthood for the metabolism of aminopyrine, ethylmorphine and hexobarbital as compared to rats exposed to neonatal androgen (male rats, male rats castrated at birth but neonatally treated with androgen and male rats castrated at the age of 20 days). This difference in the degree of hepatic responsiveness, however, varied with the substrates: ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was affected the most whereas aminopyrine N-demethylase and hexobarbital oxidase activities were only marginally affected. Furthermore, these differences in responsiveness seem to be a delayed event, since hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in rats castrated at birth did respond to androgen stimulation during the prepubertal period and became insensitive to this same androgen stimulation at adulthood. The effect of neonatal androgen on the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of ethylmorphine N-demethylase was also studied in the adult rat. Rats castrated at birth had a Km value (0.75 plus or minus 0.15 mM) similar to that of the females (0.95 plus or minus 0.13 mM). However, rats castrated at birth but neonatally treated with androgen and rats castrated at the age of 20 days exhibited Km values (0.29 plus or minus 0.06 and 0.25 plus or minus 0.06 mM, respectively) similar to that of the males (0.35 plus or minus 0.15 mM). The significance of neonatal androgen in the development of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme system is discussed."
1142109,"Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the change in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content which occurs when metabolic acidosis is induced by prolonged inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in vivo is the same as that which occurs with the induction of other types of metabolic acidosis states. 1) Thirteen-hour infusions of nondiuretic doses of a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide (Diamox) did not alter erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels in rats. 2) In vitro incubation of whole blood from rats for 10 days with high concentrations of two carbonic anhydrase inhibitors failed to alter the red cell content of 2,3-DPG. 3) Purified human carbonic anhydrase B had no phosphatase activity on 2,3-DPG and it appears unlikely that the enzyme hydrolyzes other phosphate esters of the erythrocyte which could indirectly alter 2,3-DPG content. 4) Acetazolamide administered in diuretic doses for 8 days to rats induced a metabolic acidosis which was accompanied by a decrease in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG. The change in 2,3-DPG content was similar to that produced by other methods of producing metabolic acidosis, namely NH4Cl treatment and nephrectomy. It appears that changes in 2,3-DPG content associated with effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition can be ascribed to the metabolic acidosis resulting from the action of these drugs on the kidney."
1142110,"The concentrations of R(+)-and S(-)-pentobarbital and R(+)-and S(-)-secobarbital were determined in the brain stem, hypothalamus, cerebellum and cortex of mice after i.v. administration. No regional differences in enantiomer concentration or barbiturate/metabolite ratio were observed to account for the substantial potency differences reported for the enantiomeric forms of pentobarbital and secobarbital. Stereoselective differences in the rate of enantiomer metabolism and in stereochemical fit to the central nervous system receptor are discussed as possible reasons for the differences in duration of action."
1142111,"The effects of the antidepressant drug imipramine were studied on the voltage-clamped Myxicola giant axon at concentrations from 10- minus 6 to 5 X 10- minus 5 M. Over this range, imipramine reversibly reduced both the sodium and potassium conductances without having any substantial effect on either the resting membrane potential or the leakage conductance. The observed dose-response relation is described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an apparent dissociation constant of 9 X 10-minus 6 M. The sodium and potassium conductance-voltage curves are shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction along the voltage axis, the magnitude of the displacement increasing with increasing concentrations of imipramine. There was no significant effect of imipramine on either time to peak sodium current or time to half-maximum steady-state current."
1142112,"A choice procedure was developed to compare the reinforcing efficacy of drug solutions delivered via intravenous catheters to rhesus monkeys. Choices were arranged between doses of cocaine or methylphenidate and saline, different doses of the same drug and doses of both drugs. In each session, monkeys were allowed to self-inject one solution five times in the presence of a stimulus. Thirty minutes after the fifth injection, a second solution could be self-injected five times in the presence of a different stimulus. Thirty minutes later, choice trials began in which both stimuli were present and monkeys could choose one of the two solutions. Rate of responding decreased with increases in dose for both cocaine (0.05-1.5 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (0.075-0.7 mg/kg). Response rates maintained by cocaine were 2 to 3 times higher than those maintained by methylphenidate. Drug was always chosen over saline. Higher doses of cocaine were preferred to lower doses except when both were above 0.5 mg/kg, when no preference was shown. Higher doses of methylphenidate were preferred over low doses, but compared to cocaine, a greater absolute difference between dose magnitude was required to demonstrate preference. When equal doses of cocaine and methylphenidate were compared, no preference was shown. On other comparisons between the drugs, the higher dose was generally preferred regardless of the drug. The reinforcing efficacy of drugs must be considered not only in terms of response rate maintained or reinforcement schedule but also with reference to concurrently available drugs."
1142113,"Drug effects on operant behavior are often characterized by their effects on rate of responding, usually expressed as the number of responses per unit of time. The time between two consecutive responses constitutes an interresponse time (IRT), and this measure has been used also to characterize the effects of drugs on operant behavior. IRTs which occur during a session can be classified on a statistical basis as: 1) short-IRT, an IRT(s) of short duratio generated by high-frequency responses; 2) pause, an IRT of long duratio generated by low-frequency responses; and 3) post-reinforcement pause, an IRT which immediately follows reinforcement. This investigation used three schedules of water reinforcement (fixed-ratio 20, fixed-interval 90-seconds and variable-interval 20-seconds) to examine how these IRT classes are influenced by changes in water deprivation conditions or amphetamine administration. Base-line IRT distributions depended upon the schedule of reinforcement. Changes induced by doses of amphetamine or alterations in level of water deprivation were compared and contrasted. Short-IRTs that characterized fixed-ratio 20 performance were resistant to change with increasing doses of amphetamine, but were increased in duration with decreasing water deprivation. Animals responding on a fixed-interval 90-second schedule showed a decreased postreinforcement pause after amphetamine, but an increased postreinforcement pause after access to water. An additional experiment studied the combined effects of presession water consumption and d-amphetamine administration on variable interval performances. Making water available before the session lowered the amphetamine dose-response curve along the vertical axis, suggesting that amphetamine did not mimic satiation. In most cases the effect of amphetamine and changing levels of water deprivation were dissimilar in their effects on IRT distributions, suggesting that amphetamine does not exert its major action on behavior through its adipsic effect."
1142118,1. Factors determining the convective flow patterns around the human head in 'still' conditions are discussed in relation to body posture. 2. The flow patterns have been visualized using a schlieren optical system which reveals that the head has a thicker 'insulating' layer of convecting air in the erect posture than in the supine position. 3. Local convective and radiative heat transfer measurements from the head have been using surface calorimeters. These results are seen to be closely related to the thickness of the convective boundary layer flows. 4. The total convective and radiative heat loss from the head of a subject in the erect and supine position has been evaluated from the local measurements. For the head of the supine subject the heat loss was found to be 30% more than when the subject was standing.
1142117,"1. The smooth muscle layer of the bovine trachea was studied in vitro with the micro-electrode and sucrose-gap techniques. The membrane potential was stable at--47-6 plus or minus 0-98 (S.E. of mean) mV, and there was no spontaneous electrical or mechanical activity. 2. The cell membrane had strong rectifying properties, making it impossible to elicit action potentials by electrical stimulation in normal Krebs Solution. The rectification was abolished by TEA (30 mmol/l), which depolarized the membrane and produced plateau-type action potentials. 3. The spontaneous repetitive action potentials produced by TEA were associated with rhythmic oscillatory contractions of the muscle strips. 4. Histamine caused an increased tone, with superimposed rhythmic fluctuations in tension. The electrical response consisted of depolarization, with rhythmic slow oscillations in potential (slow waves) which were synchronous with the fluctuations in tension. 5. Acetylcholine produced smooth, tonic contractures of tracheal muscle strips, and caused simple depolarization of the membrane. No action potentials were recorded. 6. In calcium-free solutions containing EGTA, the mechanical response to TEA was completely abolished; the response to histamine was greatly reduced; the response to acetylcholine was reduced to a lesser extent. All responses reverted to normal when normal concentrations of extracellular calcium were restored. 7. Lanthanum added to the bathing solution abolished the contraction due to TEA even though the solution contained calcium. It reduced the histamine-induced contraction to 26% of control, and reduced the acetylcholine-induced contraction to 58% of control; extracellular calcium was present throughout. 8. It is suggested that TEA produces contraction by promoting influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm. Acetylcholine, and to a smaller extent histamine, are less dependent upon the presence of extracellular calcium, and may be capable of releasing calcium sequestered within the cell; acetylcholine appears to be more effective in releasing sequestered calcium."
1142119,"1. The parameters determining the forced convective heat loss from a heated body in an air stream are outlined. 2. Local forced convective heat transfer distributions around the human head and a heated vertical cylinder at various wind speeds in a climatic chamber have been found to be similar and related to the aerodynamic flow patterns. 3. From the local convective coefficient distribution, values for the overall convective coefficient h-c at various wind speeds have been evaluated. These are seen to agree closely with existing whole body coefficients determined by other methods."
1142120,"1. In the dog constriction of the thoracic region of the inferior vena cava increases water intake and extracellular and plasma fluid volumes. 2. Restriction of water intake to the pre-operative level for 2 weeks reduces the measured extracellular fluid volume to the pre-operative level. 3. Administration of the competitive angiotensin inhibitor, saralasin acetate, to two dogs in congestive cardiac failure following thoracic caval constriction markedly reduced their water intake. 4. These results suggest that increased fluid intake is probably important in the aetiology of the oedema associated with congestive cardiac failure, probably through the renin-angiotensin system."
1142121,"1. Intracellular electrodes were used to study the origin of fibrillation potentials in chronically denervated rat muscle. 2. Fibrillation potentials were observed to start from spontaneous biphasic membrane potential oscillations. Each action potential was followed by an after-hyperpolarization which in turn served as a pre-potential for the next spike. The critical level (threshold) for the initiation of the first spike in a train was lower than that of the next and subsequent spikes. 3. A correlation was found between the level of membrane potential and the critical level for action potential generation. This relation was most marked around the resting membrane potential (minus 60 to minus 80 mV) where 10 mV hyperpolarization caused a 9 m V increase in the critical potential level. At higher membrane potentials the correlation was less pronounced. In innervated muscles a similar correlation existed but it was less marked and was present only at membrane polarizations below the resting potential. 4. Increasing the external calcium concentration from 2 to 8 mM reduced the membrane potential-critical level relationship in denervated fibres towards that of innervated ones. 5. As critical level changes with membrane hyperpolarization, the rate of rise of the action potential increased, suggesting a progressive removal of sodium inactivation. 6. It is suggested that a mechanism similar to anode break excitation is important for the induction and maintenance of fibrillation potentials."
1142122,"1. Angiotensin I, II and hog renin, infused into the lateral cerebral ventricles (I.C.V.) of water replete cats, each induced water drinking behaviour. 2. Intravenous infusion of high doses of angiotensin I or II also elicited a drinking response. The dipsogenic effect of I.V. renin was not marked. 3. Drinking in response to I.C.V. angiotensin II was abolished after autonomic ganglion blockade with I.V. hexamethonium or pempidine and was significantly reduced after I.V. atropine methonitrate. 4. The dipsogenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II was unaffected by either peripheral adrenergic neurone blockade with I.V. bethanidine, alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine or beta-adrenoceptor blockade with sotalol. 5. Atropine, atropine methonitrate, hexamethonium and pempidine given I.C.V did not inhibit the diposgenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II. 6. Bethanidine I.C.V. produced a dose related reduction in the dipsogenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II. 7. The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents tolazoline and phenoxybenzamine given I.C.V did not affect angiotensin induced drinking but the response was regularly inhibited by phentolamine I.C.V. 8. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents propranolol and practolol given I.C.V. each inhibited angiotensin induced drinking. The L-isomer of propranolol was a more effective blocker than the D-isomer. 9. Isoprenaline given I.C.V induced drinking in ten of sixteen cats. Subcutaneous administration of isoprenaline also elicited drinking but the onset of the response was delayed and the amount consumed slightly less than after I.C.V infusion."
1142123,"1. The electrical activity in myometrial grafts in fifty-one female rabbits with ear chambers fitted with pick-up electrodes has been monitored. An FM telemetry system has made long-term studies possible in the freely moving animal. 2. Two distinct patterns of electrical activity were observed either arising spontaneously or provoked by oxytocin. These were the 'long-duration burst' containing about 50-150 spikes, and the 'short-duration burst' containing 1-10 spikes. 3. The spike frequency within the long-duration bursts varied between 0-9 and 1-3 spikes sec-1 and was fairly constant during the first half of the burst. The frequency of the bursts in the long series of short-duration bursts was about 2-3 min-1. 4. When activity from grafts in two chambers in the same animal was monitored for long periods, spontaneous activity occurred at random throughout the day in each graft, indicating that the spontaneous activity was probably myogenic."
1142124,"1. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential, input resistance and time constant have been made in vitro from the exocrine acinar cells of the mouse pancreas using glass micro-electrodes. The acinar cells were stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh). In some cases ACh was simply directly added to the tissue superfusion bath, in other experiments ACh was applied locally to pancreatic acini by micro-iontophoresis. 2. Current-voltage relations were investigated by injecting rectangular de- or hyperpolarizing current pulses through the recording micro-electrode. Within a relatively wide range (-20 to -70 mV) there was a linear relation between injected current and change in membrane potential. The slope of such linear curves corresponded to an input resistance of about 3-8 M omega. The membrane time constant was about 5-10 msec. 3. ACh depolarized the cell membrane and caused a marked reduction of input resistance and time constant. The minimum latency of the ACh-induced depolarization (microiontophoretic application) was 100-300 msec. Maximal depolarization was about 20 mV. The effect of this local ACh application was abolished by atropine (1-4 x 10-6 M). The blocking effect of atropine was fully reversible. 4. Stimulating with ACh during the passage of large depolarizing current pulses made it possible simultaneously to observe the effect of ACh at two different levels of resting potential (RP). At the spontaneous RP of about minus 40 mV ACh evoked a depolarization of usual magnitude (15-20 mV) while at the artificially displaced level of about -10 mV a small hyperpolarization (about 5 mV) was observed. It therefore appears that the reversal potential of the transmitter equilibrium potential is about -20 mV. 5. Replacement of the superfusion fluid C1 by sulphate or methylsulphate caused an initial short-lasting depolarization, thereafter the normal resting potential was reassumed..."
1142125,"1. The effect on renal Na and water excretion of increasing the NaCl concentration of blood supplying the brain was investigated in conscious water-loaded sheep. Intracarotid infusion ot 4 M-NACl at 0-8 ml./min for 60 min was compared with equivalent intrajugular infusion. 2. A more rapid increase in renal Na excretion and urine osmolality occurred with the intracarotid infusions than with intrajugular infusions. 3. Intracarotid infusions of 2 M sucrose or fructose at 1-6 ml./min for greater increase in renal Na excretion, urine osmolality and a decrease in urine flow rate. 4. The results suggest that there are receptors in the brain sensitive to changes in extracellular tonicity which influence renal Na excretion. It is possible that changes in ADH secretion alone mediate the early natriuresis seen with intracarotid hypertonic infusions although an alternative concurrent mechanism cannot be ruled out."
1142126,"1. Nine subjects recorded oral temperature and collected unstimulated submandibular saliva and submandibular saliva stimulated by sour lemon drops at a constant flow rate of 1 ml./min, at about 07.00, 11.00, 14.00, 17.00 and 22.00 h daily for time spans of about 11 days. 2. Least-squares cosine waves were fitted to the data to test for the presence and characteristics of circadian rhythms and the results were subjected to cosinor analysis and the Rayleigh test to assess the statistical significance of any rhythms for the group of subjects as a whole (i.e. whether or not the computed acrophases were randomly distributed throughout the 24 h of the day). 3. Unstimulated submandibular saliva showed circadian rhythms, significant for the group as a whole, in flow rate and in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and inorganic phosphate but not in protein or calcium. 4. Stimulated submandibular saliva showed circadian rhythms, significant for the group as a whole, in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and inorganic phosphate but not in protein. Oral temperature also showed a significant circadian rhythm. 5. Because of the high amplitude of many of these rhythms, they must be taken into account when establishing the normal range of salivary values, or when salivary composition is to be used as an indicator of systemic disease or to be implicated in the aetiology of oral disease."
1142157,"1. Hypothermia induced by infusion of noradrenaline into the hypothalamus of 2-3 week old chicks, within their thermoneutral range, was considerably potentiated by lowering ambient temperature. 2. Noradrenaline-induced hypothermia was associated with reduced carbon dioxide elimination and reduced blood lactate concentrations whereas leg temperature, electromyographic activity, plasma NEFA and plasma glucose concentrations were increased. 3. Mechanisms postulated to explain the phenomenon are inhibitory and facilitatory effects of noradrenaline on some, but not all, heat production and heat loss mechanisms. Increased electromyographic activity after intrahypothalamic noradrenaline is assumed to be due to lack of effect of noradrenaline on spinal thermosensitive centres; increased plasma NEFA concentration may be due to inhibition of NEFA utilization."
1142160,"1. The responses to visual stimuli of single units in the cortex of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone were recorded extracellularly with glass micropipettes. All had receptive field centres more than 5 degrees and most lay between 5 and 20 degrees from the area centralis. Most units were in Area 18 but some were in the corresponding field representation in Area 17. 2. A quantitative method is described in which the visual stimuli (slits or light bars) were presented repetitively by mechanical means in each of four orientations of the stimulus and in two directions of movement for each orientation. The responses were analysed quantitatively and criteria are described for classification of units according to their preference for particular orientations or directions of movement of the stimulus. 3. Some units were studied continuously for up to 2 hr using the quantitative technique. In Area 18, of nineteen units, eighteen showed changes in their preference for direction of stimulus movement and, in seven of eleven units, the orientation preference changed. In Area 17 direction preference changed in eight of nine units and orientation preference in six of seven. In some cases both orientation and direction preference altered. 4. The relationship of these changes to alterations in the 'spontaneous activity' of the cortical units and to variations in the depth of anaesthesia are considered. Neither would appear to be the sole cause of the phenomenon."
1142162,1. Lesions were made in cortical Area 17 (Visual I) of eight cats which were then allowed to recover. 2. During acute experiments between 1 and 11 weeks after the lesion the activity of Area 18 (Visual II) units was recorded and the results were compared with those obtained in normal cats. 3. The receptive fields were similar in size and distribution in the two groups but the lesioned animals had a much higher proportion of units unaffected by a visual stimulus and a higher proportion of the visually responsive units lacked specific direction or orientation preference. 4. Of six units which were tested in Area 18 of cats with lesions five showed variability of their direction or orientation preference with time. 5. The effects described above are most probably due to destruction of the corticocortical pathway which connects Areas 17 and 18. Some units in Area 18 appear to be driven by visual stimuli via their geniculate input alone. The corticocortical (Area 17 to 18) pathway may normally confer additional specificity on some of these units.
1142165,"1. Tensions in the horizontal rectus muscles have simultaneously and continuously been recorded during unrestricted eye movements in four strabismus patients, using force transducers small enough to be implanted in series between the tendons and their points of insertion on the globe. 2. Levels of tension required to maintain fixation at each position of gaze vary from a minimum of 8-12 g approximately 15 degrees outside of muscle's field of action to a maximum of around 40 g at extreme gaze within the muscle's field of action. When tension is plotted as a function of eye position, the static locus of fixation tension levels exhibits a parabolic relationship. 3. Tensions recorded during smooth following movements parallel or slightly exceed those of fixation. 4. At the onset of a saccade, tension in the agonist rises isometrically, then, as the eye moves, tension levels parallel those of fixation but with an isotonic increment of 15-25 g. At the end of the saccadic movement, tension falls essentially isometrically to the new fixation level. 5. Tension in the antagonist reveals an unexpected peak at the onset of a saccade. 6. For saccadic movements tension increments of 15-25 g above the fixation levels suffice to move the eye rapidly to a new position of gaze, regardless of the duration of the saccade and the location of the new fixation point. 7. Maximum and minimum levels of tension during normal fixation, following and saccadic movements, plotted as a function of eye position, form an operational envelope which defines the limits of muscle forces during normal eye movements. The lowest level of this envelope is the parabolic static locus of fixation tensions."
1142169,"1. Some electrophysiological and morphological properties of 'fast' (singly innervated) and 'slow' (multiply innervated) muscle fibres were studied in normal and denervated posterior and anterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the young chickens. 2. Normal singly and multiply innervated muscle fibres are capable of generating action potentials which in all qualitative respects are similar. 3. The action potentials of multiply innervated muscle fibres are of lower amplitude and slower maximum rate of rise than action potentials in singly innervated muscle fibres. 4. Denervation causes the resting membrane potential and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential to fall. The changes are greater in singly innervated than in multiply innervated fibres, but in neither case are as great as in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres after surgical denervation. 5. In neither singly nor multiply innervated muscle fibres do the action potentials generate any 'resistance' to tetrodotoxin as a result of denervation. 6. The diameter of multiply innervated fibres is increased after denervation, but it is reduced in singly innervated fibres. The number of myofilaments increases in multiply innervated fibres, but decreases in single innervated fibres. In both types of muscle fibre the volume fraction of myofibrils is decreased. 7. In the singly innervated muscle fibres there is an increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria. 8. In the singly innervated muscle fibres, there is some rearrangement of the membrane systems in that some of the transversely orientated triads are replaced by longitudinally orientated dyads."
1142171,"1. It has been ascertained experimentally that an open duodenal cannula does not cause any marked variation in emptying of the abomasum when compared to the rate of emptying of the normal viscus or when the cannulae are closed. 2. Duodenal re-entrant cannulae provide a preparation whereby it is possible to infuse the duodenum via the distal cannula and to collect simultaneously the effluent fluid of the abomasum from the proximal arm of the cannula (Fig. 1). 3. With this preparation the duodenal infusate is not contaminated by the gastric effluent and thus the duodenal stimulus can be restricted to the single non-varying effect of the infusate. 4. In the milk-fed calf using this preparation the following facts have been established. (a) On infusion into the duodenum, hypotonic and isotonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate increase abomasal emptying; bicarbonate being the more effective stimulus. (b) Potassium chloride, calcium chloride, glucose and hydrochloric acid inhibit gastric emptying when infused into the duodenum. (c) Ammonium chloride, urea, lactose and acetic acid have little effect. (d) Hypertonic solutions of all substances tested were inhibitory to gastric emptying when infused into the duodenum. 5. It has been demonstrated unequivocally that it is the effect of the infusate in the duodenum which controls gastric emptying for when the stomach is isolated from the duodenum, gastric emptying can be manipulated from the duodenum whatever the stomach contents may be. 6. Our results bring firm experimental confirmation of the views discussed by Hunt & Knox (1968) that gastric outflow is regulated by mechanisms initiated from receptors situated in the duodenum."
1142174,"1. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, the projection of climbing fibres (CFs) to the cerebellar cortex from trigeminal cutaneous branches and from the face area of the sensorimotor (SI) cortex was mapped, using the technique of laminar field potential analysis. 2. The CF projections from both the trigeminal nerve and the SI face area were found to be localized to the same cerebellar folia, viz. chiefly the ipsilateral lobule HVI, with a small overlap on to the adjacent folia of lobule V and crus Ia of HVIIA. Frequently a projection from the superficial radial nerve to part or all of this area, was also found. 3. A correspondence in the distribution and amplitudes of CF potentials evoked at most points by stimulation of the trigeminal nerve and the SI cortex was found. This implies a convergence of afferents from these two sources at or before the inferior olive. 4. In more than half of the cats, a small area of the cerebellar hemisphere was found, in which contralateral as well as ipsilateral trigeminal stimulation would evoke CF potentials. Usually inputs from the superficial radial nerve and the SI cortex also converged upon this area. 5. The organization of CF projections from trigeminal and superficial radial nerve afferents to the cerebellar hemisphere was found to occur in the same 'patchy' pattern of somatotopy that has been described for spinal nerve inputs to the anterior lobe. 6. One constant factor was found in the pattern of organization of CF projections to this area from cutaneous afferent nerves. That is, only the afferents from overlapping areas of skin projected to a given recording point: no instance of CF projections from trigeminal branches innervating discontinuous skin areas was observed."
1142175,"1. An investigation was made of climbing fibre (CF) activity evoked in single Purkinje cells in the cerebellum by electrical stimulation of trigeminal cutaneous afferents, the face area of the SI cortex, and the superficial radial nerve, in Nembutal-anaesthetized cats. In addition, both the extent of the cutaneous receptive fields of individual Purkinje cells on the face and the CF responses evoked in these cells by controlled natural stimulation were examined. 2. The pattern of convergence from these inputs on to individual Purkinje cells was found to be complex. DF responses were evoked in 67% of trigeminally-activated cells by electrical stimulation of more than one trigeminal branch. An excitatory CF convergence from the face area of the SI cortex was found on 68% of trigeminally activated cells; 23% also responded to stimulation of the superficial radial nerve. 3. In 81% of the Purkinje cells which were activated by trigeminal nerve stimulation, CF responses were readily elicited by gentle mechanical stimulation of the facial skin. A qualitative relationship was established between the size of the peripheral field of a Purkinje cell, and the probability of convergence on to that cell from the SI cortex. 4. Recordings were made from a limited number of Purkinje cells which were responsive to electrical stimulation of bilateral trigeminal branches and the superficial radial nerve. However, CF responses in these cells often could be elicited only by high intensity stimulation. It is suggested that these cells are analogous to, or perhaps an extension of the population of Purkinje cells described in the anterior lobe which are excited via the ventral funiculus pathway in the spinal cord only by stimulation of 'flexor reflex afferents' in bilateral limb nerves."
1142178,"1. A study has been made of the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the preganglionic nerve terminals of the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig during short trains of impulses, using the amplitude of the excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) as a measure of the ACh released by each impulse. 2. The time course of decay of facilitation following a single impulse could be described by two exponential components, with T1 = 200 msec, and T2 = 13-3 sec. The increase in ACh output at the beginning of stimulation at frequencies smaller than or equal to 2Hz was reasonably predicted in terms of summation of the individual facilitatory effects of each impulse in the train, but fell short of the prediction at higher frequencies. 3. The steady-state output of ACh during repetitive stimulation at frequencies between 0-5 and 20 Hz was lower than that predicted by summation of the facilitatory effects of each impulse, but reached the predicted level at frequencies smaller than or equal to 2Hz in raised Mg2+ concentrations. 4. Statistical analysis of the quantal content (m) of e.p.s.p.s evoked by each of the first five impulses in a train showed that Poisson statistics described release of ACh at the beginning of a train in most cases; when binomial statistics could be applied (two of seven axons studied), the increase in m was accompanied by an increase in the statistical parameter, n. 5. Analyses were also made of release during continuous stimulation; at the time when the steady state of release was reached, the statistical parameter, p, had also increased. Increased release of ACh at increased frequencies of stimulation was associated with increases in p in axons with p smaller than 0-5; however, in most axons (eleven of seventeen), p was greater than 0-5 in the steady state, and increases in m with frequency were due to increases in n."
1142182,"1. Histidine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activities were determined in mouse kidney and liver during post-natal development. 2. The content of histamine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine was examined in kidney and liver and in the urine of adult male and female mice. 3. Histamine formation by the kidney was high in both sexes when determined a few days after birth but decreased during weaning. Thereafter, a distinct sex difference was established in that in the female kidney the level of histidine decarboxylase rose several-fold during adolescence while in the male the level was still further reduced. 4. Putrescine formation by mouse kidney was low in both sexes up to three weeks of age whereafter the amine formation in the male increased conspicuously whereas that of the female kidney remained low. 5. The observed sex differences in tissue enzyme activities were reflected in concomitant differences in the amount of the diamines excreted in the urine. 6. No correlation was found between the actual enzyme levels and the assayed tissue content of histamine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine. 7. Following gonadectomy, the activities of both decarboxylases were significantly altered. Ornithine decarboxylase activity of male kidney and histidine decarboxylase activity of female kidney were strikingly reduced. 8. In the mouse liver, the two decarboxylases displayed no changes comparable with that of the kidney during development."
1142186,"1. The volume and time components of individual breaths have been investigated under 'steady-state' conditions during air-breathing in fifteen subjects and, in a further six subjects, also during the addition of 1-5 and 3% CO2 to the inspired gas. 2. A computer-assisted method has been used to derive from the air flow record the individual breath values of tidal volume (VT), inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE) and cycle duration (TC = TI + TE) for a sequence of breaths in the various steady-state conditions. 3. When the subjects were breathing room air, for breath sequences of over 200 breaths (n = 228-365), mean values of TI (TI) mostly lay between 1 and 2-5 sec, TE between 2-0 and 3-5 sec and VT between 0-4 and 0-91. The distributions of VT, TI and TE were in general unimodal. 4. Significant negative correlations between VT and F, and positive correlations between VT and TC, have been confirmed. 5. In all fifteen subjects, a highly significant positive correlation existed between VT and TI (mean r = +0-704), which was stronger than that between VT and TC (mean r = +0-533). Weaker positive correlations were demonstrated between VT and TE, and between TI and TE (mean r = +0-359 and +0-381 respectively). 6. The intercept of the regression of VT on TI passed close to the origin, typically slightly positive on the VT axis (mean = +0-0991.). This, coupled with the strong positive correlation between VT and TI, indicates that the mean inspiratory flow rate (VI = VT/TI) for each breath is held relatively constant from breath to breath. 7. In the six subjects studied during CO2 inhalation, the mean % contributions of VT and F to the increase in ventilation associated with breathing 3% CO2 were 75 and 25% respectively. 8. At the three different levels of ventilation, neither VT, TI nor TE showed a wholly consistent trend, although VT tended to increase, TE to decrease and TI to be unchanged. In contrast, the average values of VI (VI) consistently increased as the chemical stimulus was raised. 9. It is concluded that the previously observed tendency for ventilation to be held constant from breath to breath during steady-state breathing depends predominantly on the tendency for VI to be held constant. Close restraints are evidently not imposed on the individual values of VT and TI under these conditions. The neural mechanism generating breathing appears to control ventilation principally by regulating the rate of inspiratory air flow and secondarily TE."
1142216,"1. Relationship between the resting membrane potential and the changes in the intraceullar Na and K concentrations ([Na]i and [K]i) was studied in 'Na-loaded' and K-depleted' soleus (SOL) muscles of rats which had fed a K-free diet for 40 and more days. 2. The extracellular space of the muscles was not significantly different between normal and K-deficient rats. The inulin space in both the 'fresh' and Na-rich' muscles can be determined by the same function relating the space to the muscle weight. 3. Presence of 2-5-15 mM-K in the recovery solution hyperpolarized the 'Na-rich' muscul fibres at the beginning of recovery. The hyperpolarized membrane potential exceeded, beyond the measured potential  of 'fresh' muscle fibres, the theoretical potential derived from the ionic theory, or even beyond Ek. Then, the measured membrane potential declined progressively during the immersion in a recovery solution and returned to the steady-state value When a considerable Na extrusion and K uptake took place, the measured membrane potential became equal to Ek. 4.he maximal hyperpolarization occurring immediately after immersion in the recovery solution became smaller and had a shorter duration when increasing the external K concentration ([K]o) from 2-5 to 15mM. 5. The K-sensitive hyperpolarization was completely abolished on exposure to 0mM [K]o, on cooling to ca. 4 degrees C, and in the presence of oubain (10(-4) M). The inhibitory effects were reversed on returning to the control conditions. The membrane potential obtained after inhibition of the electrogenic Na-pump with cooling or ouabain agrees well with that predicted by the 'constant-field' equation. 7. The external Cl ions had a short-circuiting effect on the electrogenic Na-pumping activated on adding K ions. 8. The replacement of Na ions in a recovery solution with Li ions resulted in a faster rate of depolarization from the maximal hyperpolarizationp. It is concluded that the resting membrane potential of 'Na-loaded' and 'K-depleted' SOL muscle fibres is the sum of an ionic diffusion potential predicted by either the Nernst equation or the constant-field equation and of the potential produced by an electrogenic Na-pump."
1142217,"1. The I.V. injection of sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg) in the dog caused a rapid and maintained choleresis of the order of 300-600 percent of control levels. 2. The total amount of salicylate excreted in bile was only 1-2 percent of that injected. 3. The secretion of bile salt into bile was not increased by salicylate. 4. The choleresis caused by salicylate was associated iwth a decrease in the concentrations of sodium and of bile salt in bile, and with an increase in the concentration of chloride; the biliary concentration of bicarbonate was either temporarily increased or unchanged. 5. The choleresis could not be inhibited by the intra-portal injection of of ouabain (0-1 mg/kg). 6. The secretion of bromsulphthalein into bile was not potentiated by the choleresis. 7. The choleretic efficiency of sodium taurocholate was not increased in the presence of salicylate. 8. The injection of acetazolamide (20 mg/kg) in the presence of a salicylate choleresis, caused an increase in the osmolaity of bile and an increase in biliary sodium concentration, such that the composition of bile more nearly approached that of plasma. 9. The possible mechanisms underlying the choleretic effect of sodium salicylate are discussed."
1142218,"1. Bile secretion was studied in anaesthetized rabbits from whom hepatic bile was collected by cannulation of the common bile duct. 2. The flow and composition of bile formed by rabbits anaesthetized with urethane differed significantly from that formed by rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. 3. The I.P. injection of a hypertonic solution of sucrose (3 M) decreased bile flow and produced changes in the ionic composition of bile and of plasma. 4. The infusion of sodium taurodeoxycholate (1-5-20 mumole/min I.V.) gave higher rates of bile flow than did equimolar infusions of sodium taurocholate, and unlike taurocholate, increased the bicarbonate concentration of bile. 5. Acetazolamide (10-100 mg/kg) increased the concentration of bicarbonate both in bile and in plasma, and had little effect on bile flow. 6. The infusion of bromsulphthalein (5 mg/kg I.V.) decreased the excretion of bicarbonate into bile, and was associated with the formation of a hypotonic bile. 7. The implications of these results in relation to the mechanisms of bile secretion are discussed."
1142219,"1. The biliary effects of sodium taurodeoxycholate and sodium taurochloate were investigated in anaesthetized dogs and rats, and in the isolated perfused rat liver. 2. Both bile salts had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on the flow and composition of bile in the dog. 3. In the rat, the bile salts had similar effects on the ionic compoistion of bile, but differed in that bile flow was not always directly related to the rate of bile salt secretion in bile, in the experiments with sodium taurodeoxycholate. 4. Sodium taurodeoxycholate is hydroxylated form sodium taurocholate by the liver of the rat but not by that of the dog. 5.The biliary effects of sodium taurodexoycholate in the rat and in the dog are contrasted with its effects in the rabbit, and the differences between the three species are discussed."
1142220,"1. Transmembrane potential, effective membrane resistance, and amylase release were recorded simultaneously from acinar cells of isolated rat pancreas perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2. The hyperpolarizing effect of pancreozymin (Pz) was confirmed by perfusing with a solution containing 5 m-u. Pz/ml. 3. The hyperpolarizing effect of Pz disappeared in the following environments: (a) in low ambient temperature, (b) in K-free medium, (c) in low Na medium, and (d) in the presence of ouabain. In these environments, transient depolarization was frequently observed immediately after stimulation. It is suggested that there are two components in the effect of Pz on the membrane potential of the acinar cells: transient depolarization which coincides with an increase in Na permeability in the initial phase, and continuous hyperpolarization due to an electrogenic Na pump which conceals transient depolarizing phase when the pump is dominant. 4. The secretory effect of Pz was inhibited under conditions that suppressed the electrogenic Na pump. It is proposed that the Na pump activated by Pz maintains the passive Na-influx, increases [Ca2+]i, and, in consequence, uphold the amylase output during continuous stimulation. 5. A medium which was used to bathe the sectioned pancreas with Pz was found to contain a substance which depolarized the acinar cells."
1142221,"1. The orgin of the calcium secreted by the pancreas has been investigated in vivo in the guinea-pig by a study carried out in parallel (a) in the juice secreted in response to the injection of either secretin or caerulein and (b) in the pancreatic tissue and in cell fractions isolated thereform. 2. In agreement with previous findings we observed that the concentration of calcium is low in the secretin-stimulated and high in the caerulein-stimulated juice. In the latter calcium and protein are proportional (cal0 n-mole:mg). 3. After I.V. injection of 45Ca the radioactivity decreases rapidly and quasi-exponentially in the blood plasma. A roughly parallel time course is found in the secretin-stimulated juice: the evolution of the juice: plasma radioactivity ratio resembles that observed with the extraceullar space marker [3H]D-sorbitol. In contrast, the time course of 45Ca in plasma and caerulein-stimulated juice are not proportional: the high levels characteristic of this juice are reached several minutes after the injection and maintained thereafter. This increase is followed ca. 50 min later by the appearance of the newly synthesized [3H]L-leucine-labelled proteins. 4. The pancreatic tissue is rich in calcium which is localized primarily in zymogen granules (Ca.36 n-mole:mg protein) and mitochondria; the soluble cytoplasm is low in calcium. 5. The injected 45Ca accumulates in zymogen granules faster than [3H]L-leucine-labelled proteins. The 45Ca:protein ratio of these organelles is considerably lower than that of the caerulein-stimulated juice. 6. It is concluded (a) that calcium is secreted in to the pancreatic juice in two fractions, one (possibly released by simple diffusion) associated with the electrolyte component, the other with protein of the juice, (b) that zymogen granules are the major, but not the only source of the latter fraction, and (c) that the zymogen granule-associated calcium joins the exportable proteins some time after their synthesis, possibly in the Golgi complex and/or in the condensing vacuoles."
1142222,"1. Extracellular records were made of single unit activity evoked in the fastigial nucleus (FN) by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus (CN) in cats anaesthetized with sodium thiopentone. 2. Single shock stimulation evoked bilaterally complex responses having up to three components. These were, in temporal order, with percent of units exhibiting them, (a) a short burst of evoked spikes with either a latency of smaller than 5-5 msec and no associated field potential (6 percent) or a latency of 7-5-20 msec and associated with a prominent negative-going field potential (36 percent); (b) suppression of spontaneous discharges for a period of 20-150 msec (90 percent); (c) a resumption of spike discharges with a transient increase in frequency lasting for  25-500 msec (66 percent). 3. Changes in component (c) of the response patterns of some units were noted during repetitive stimulation The nature of the change depended on the laterality of the FN with respect to the stimulated CN. 4. Mechanisms which might account for the responses are discussed, but  it is emphasized that some of the results cannot yet be satisfactorily explained."
1142223,"1. Complex cells in cortical areas 17 and 18 of the cat have been studied in response to narrow slits and edges moving across the receptive field in the preferred direction and also to stationary slits of different widths. 2. Average response histograms, recorded as a narrow slit was moved across the receptive field, displayed a periodic series of peaks above a base line level. The response histogram for most area 17 and 18 cells contained five principal peaks; sometimes one or two weaker peaks were present at receptive field borders. The histogram for one cell located at the area 17-18 border showed thirteen distinct peaks. Periodic response patterns were also generated as an extended edge was moved across the receptive field. Plots of cell responses versus slit width for stationary slits of different widths also indicated periodic response pattern. 3. The accuracy of determining the preferred slit orientation was the single most important requirement for demonstrating the periodic response pattern. Significant changes in the appearance of the periodic pattern occurred even upon 5 degrees rotations away from the preferred orientation. 4. Average response histograms were also studied over a wide range of moving slit velocities. The number of peaks across corresponding spacings within the recewptive field remained constant over a range of velocities. Response amplitudes, however, were velocity dependent. Thus the response peaks remain associated with fixed positions within visual space independent of stimulus velocity, even though temporal as well as spatial factors may be involved in response selectivity and the periodic modulation. The most striking periodic response histograms were generated at the velocities which produced the greatest cell firing rates. Area 17 complex cells responded well to velocities of less than 0-5 degrees to 6-0 degrees/sec, but cells in area 18 generally required higher velocities, sometimes as high as 20 degrees--30 degrees/sec, for a good response. 5. Spatial frequencies for the periodic component of the receptive field for area 17 cells in the central visual area covered a range of three octaves up to 5 cycles/degree, and area 18 cells included another octave on the low frequency side. The spatial frequency of a cell was found to be roughly inversely proportional to the receptive field width. Only a small sample of area 18 cells was studied, but these cells tended to represent low spatial frequencies and to respond selectively to high velocity stimuli..."
1142224,"1. Brief stimuli were delivered to the carotid chemoreceptors or baroreceptors in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone or chloralose. Chemoreceptor stimulation was achieved by rapid retrograde injections of 0-2-0-5 ml. warmed, CO2-equilibrated saline through a cannula in the external carotid artery. Baroreceptor stimulation was achieved by forceful retrograde injection of 2-5 ml. air-equilibrated saline, or of freshly drawn arterial blood, into the external carotid artery after first clamping the common carotid artery. 2. Brief baroreceptor stimuli had no noticeable effect on breathing. Brief chemoreceptor stimuli had no effect on breathing in some dogs, but in many produced a reflex increase in the depth of inspiration when delivered during inspiration. In these same dogs, brief chemoreceptor stimuli delivered in expiration either prolonged the expiratory pause or evoked an active expiratory effort. 3. Prompt decreases in heart rate were elicited by brief sudden chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli when these were delivered during the expiratory phase of respiration. The stimuli did not modify the control heart rate pattern when delivered during inspiration. If the carotid sinus nerve or the vagus nerves were cut the responses were abolished. 4. Brief chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli remained effective in evoking prompt decreases in heart rate during periods of apnoea in the end-inspiratory position (Hering-Breuer inflation reflex). In periods of apnoea after prolonged artificial hyperventilation the stimuli were sometimes ineffective at first, but were always effective late in the period of apnoea, again producing prompt cardiac slowing. 5. After denervation of the lungs, brief baroreceptor and chemoreceptor stimuli continued to evoke prompt falls in heart rate when given during expiration. When delivered during inspiration the same stimuli were either ineffective, or less effective."
1142225,"1. The electrical characteristics of a potassium ion selective pathway produced by the action of carbachol on Aplysia neurones (Kehoe, 1972b) has been studied. 2. The relationship between current and voltage has been found to be non-linear, the conductance increasing with depolarization and decreasing with hyperpolarization. The degree of rectification was reduced when the external potassium was raised to 50 mM from its normal value of 10 mM. 3. The direction of the rectification and the effect of increased potassium are as predicted by the 'constant field' theory, but the degree of rectification is somewhat larger."
1142245,"1. Szurszewski (1969) described a cyclic recurring, caudally migrating band of intense action potential activity, the activity fromt, in the small bowel of dogs fasted 18-21 hr. The finding has been confirmed by Carlson, Bedi & Code (1972) and by Grivel & Ruckebusch (1972).  The objectives of the present study were to extend these observations first by indentifying the full sequence of myo-electric events in the stomach and small bowel of healthy conscious dogs fasted for 24-48 hr and for longer periods and second by determining the effect of ingestion of mild and of saline solution on the complex and the role of gastric distension in their action. 2. Under surgical anaesthesia, silver-silver chloride electrodes were implanted on the serosal surface of the stomach and small bowel of seven dogs, and recordings of electric activity were started when the dogs had recovered.  One hundred and nine interdigestive complexes were studied in detail in five of the dogs during period ranging from 5 to 14 months.  All observations were made while the dogs were healthy, conscious, and fasted. 3. The period of intense action potential activity, the activity frot or band, was found to be one phase of a cyclic-recurring sequence of changes in action potential activity.  The entire sequence, composed of four phases, occured almost simultaneously in the stomach and duodenun and then migrated distally in sequence over the entire small bowel.  As one cycle terminated in the distal ileum, another had started in the stomach and duodenum, and this cyclic recurrence continued during fasts of 4 and 5 days. 4. The cycles of the interdigestive complex tended to recur at the same time each day in three of the dogs.  The mean periods of the cycles ranged from 90 to 114 min, and the mean time of their propagation from stomach to terminal ileim ranged from 105 to 134 min.  The mean velocity of the activity fronts (phase III of the cycles) was 5-7-11-7 cm/min in the orad portion of the small bowel and 0-9-2-5 cm/min in the distal half.  The mean calculated length of the activity front diminished from a range of 42-62 cm in the duodenum to 5-10 cm in the ileum. 5. Intragastric instillation of 400 ml. milk always interrupted the complex present in the bowel at the time of instillation and usually suppressed the next, whereas 400 ml. saline solution interrupted the complex present in the bowel only at the time of instillation. Distension of the stomach with a ballon always suppressed the interdigestive complex in the stomach and duodenum but sometimes failed to interrupt its migration along the bowe."
1142248,"1. The response of the primate cone photoreceptors to sinusoidally flickering stimuli has been obtained by monitoring the late receptor potential (LRP). 2. By comparing the response characteristics of the foveal local electroretinogram (LERG) before and after the intraocular infusion of sodium aspartate, it was found that the b-wave in the foveal LERG does not affect the monitoring of the LRP to steady-state flicker. 3. Functions describing the supra-threshold frequency response characteristics of the photoreceptors were obtained. 4. Linearity was found to hold for low amplitude responses, and temporal modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were obtained for the photoreceptors at various adaptation levels. 5. The cone photoreceptors were found to act approximately as passive low pass filters compounded with some low frequency attenuation. 6. The high frequency response of the photoreceptors at various adaptation levels tends toward a common high frequency asymptote, much like human psychophysical findings, and can be described by a diffusion model. 7. Non-linearities (convexity-upwards) suggest modest positive feedback at the level of the photoreceptors. 8. Mechanisms limiting the magnitude of the receptor response at low frequencies have little effect on the phase lag of the response."
1142250,"1. Intracellular recordings have been made from the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) retinula cell; apart from the transducer mechanism, these cells also feature a pupil mechanism. 2. At several mean intensity levels, within the apparently linear range of response, frequency characteristics of amplitude and phase and responses to 'delta'-flashes and 'delta'-flash pairs have been obtained. 3. Fourier methods have shown these responses to be mutually compatible, confirming linearity in these circumstances. 4. Non-linear behaviour can be made to appear at the lower frequencies when the modulation depth is increased. 5. Non-linearities can also appear through application of the superposition test: a low frequency sine wave, modulated so as to elicit an apparently linear response, and a high frequence sine wave which does not give rise to non-linearity even at the highest modulation depths can, when superimposed, yield a greater response to the latter when situated at the minima of the former than at its maxima. 6. At frequencies above approximately 1 Hz these superposition non-linearities are attributed to the transducer mechanism gain control. Below this frequency the pupil mechanism takes part considerably in the retinula cell's total observed gain control: its characteristics remain yet to be cleared up. 7. The transducer's linear and non-linear properties fit in closely with those of the Fuortes-Hodgkin model which couples increases in gain and time constants. 8. The Fuortes-Hodgkin model will probably require some quantitative modifications in the originally treated case of Limulus, on account of its pupil. 9. Finally, the merits of Veringa's diffusion model, and the possibility of eventually joining this model with the Fuortes-Hodgkin one are pointed out briefly."
1142253,"1. Retzius cells of leech segmental ganglia were exposed to tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) presented both extracellularly, dissolved in the perfusing fluid, and intracellulary, by iontophoresis from a microelectrode. 2. Extracellular TEA, 10 and 25 mM, greatly prolonged the cells' action potentials, and the higher concentration increased their amplitude as well. At 10 mM the characteristic changes developed gradually over a period of about half an hour, while at 25 mM they appeared much more rapidly. However, at both concentrations the changes were reversible within minutes, even after long soaks in drug-containing solution. It is therefore probable that the drug acted at the outer surface of the membrane. 3. Intracellular TEA also prolonged the action potentials but there were several differences from the response produced by extracellular application. The changes developed gradually, and for a time, each firing of the cell was a complex event consisting of several early, brief depolarizations followed by a single much larger and more prolonged one. The large, late depolarization eventually obliterated the early ones; its gradual development suggested that it was produced only after TEA diffused to some extrasomatic portion of the cell. Intracellular TEA always caused progressive depolarization; this and the changes in the action potential were both irreversible, suggesting that the site of action was on the inner surface of the membrane. 4. Manipulations of external Na and Ca provided evidence that (a) in the absence of TEA, Retzius cell action potentials were exclusively Na-dependent, (b) that the early depolarizations in the complex action potentials produced by intracellular TEA were Na-dependent, while the later, large depolarization was Ca-dependent and (c) that the prolonged action potentials produced by extracellular TEA contained a large Ca-dependent component. 5. We conclude that TEA, acting from either side of the membrane, caused a voltage-sensitive, slowly activated Ca current to become a major contributor to the inward current of the action potential, probably by blocking the outward K current which ordinarily counteracts it. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that TEA enabled a Ca current by some means independent of its presumed action on K conductance. 6. Data resembling ours in some respects have been obtained from studies of the action of TEA on frog dorsal root ganglion cells, frog neuromuscular junction, and squid stellate ganglion. No clear counterpart of our findings has been reported form experiments on squid and amphibian axons, molluscan neurones, or frog skeletal muscle fibres."
1142299,"1. Micro-electrodes were used to investigate the effect of different temperatures and of DNP on salivary secretory potentials of the cat and the possum produced in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation. 2. The mean resting potential was unchanged between temperatures of 15 and 40 degrees C in both species. 3. The amplitude of the secretory potential decreased as the temperature was lowered. Below 25 degrees C there was often no response to 1 Hz stimulation but a poorly maintained response to higher frequencies could still be obtained at 20 degrees C. 4. Decrease in temperature prolonged both the latency and time course of the secretory potential. In both species and at all frequencies the latency was increased with a Q10 of about 2-0; the increase in hyperpolarization time had a Q10 of about 1-6. 5. Close arterial injection of DNP (1 times 10- minus 4 M) decreased the amplitude of the parasympathetic secretory potential without affecting its latency and time course or the resting potential. The electrical response to close arterial injection of acetylcholine was also abolished. 6. It was concluded that metabolic energy is required to activate the hyperpolarization mechanism, and this may involve the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds."
1142300,"1. Euryhaline toads (Bufo viridis) were adapted to either distilled water, 115 or 200 mM-NaCl solutions. Na transport across the skin of these animals was studied in in vitro preparations. 2. Salinity adaptation caused a reduction in transepithelial potential and short-circuit current across the skin, and increased its electrical resistance. 3. Na influx across the skin was decreased. The reduction accounted fairly well for the measured reduction in short-circuit current. 4. Short-term Na uptake at the outer barrier of the skin was greatly reduced in preparations from salt adapted animals. Amiloride, which usually inhibits Na uptake, did not affect it in skins from salt adapted toads. 5. Sodium conductance decreased by a factor of three in skins from 115 mM-NaCl adapted toads, and to zero in skins from 200 mM-NaCl adapted animals. Shunt conductance was only little affected by the salinity of adaptation. 6. 'Amiloride-sensitive component' of transepithelial Na transport was 55, 21-5, and 4-5 muA/cm-2 in skins from toads which were adapted to distilled water, 115, and 200 mM-NaCl solutions, respectively. 7. It is concluded that the effect of salinity adaptation on the skin of the toad is to reduce the number of Na selective sites at the outer barrier. This change is reflected in a decrease in the 'amiloride-sensitive component' of Na transport across the skin, and could not be increased by aldosterone. Other changes may occur as secondary to that."
1142301,"1. This paper describes the behaviour of the receptive field surround, and how surround signals combine with those from the centre to generate the discharge of the retinal ganglion cells of the cat. 2. A small test spot is flashed upon the middle of the receptive field of an on-centre X-cell, alone, or together with a concentric annulus of fixed luminance. The reduction in discharge brought about by the annulus is independent of spot luminance. From this it is inferred that centre and surround signals combine additively. 3. Knowing that the combination of signals is additive, the surround signal can be estimated by comparing the ganglion cell's response to diffuse illumination of its receptive field with that to an equiluminous spot which optimally stimulates the centre while encroaching minimally upon the periphery. 4. Application of this technique to X-cells shows that although the surround seems to have a threshold, it is at its most sensitive in the dark-adapted eye, and typically is only 0.3-0.5 log units less sensitive than the centre. 5. Centre and surround sensitivities are decreased from their dark-adapted levels by increasing background illumination, but the decline of surround sensitivity is initially less rapid than that of the centre. Thus with increasing light-adaptation the surround becomes relatively more sensitive. In the light-adapted eye centre and surround are about equally sensitive to diffuse illumination. 6. Although, in the dark-adapted eye, illumination of the receptive field periphery of an on-centre unit depresses firing, removal of that illumination produces no off-discharge. Off-discharges appear only when background illumination exceeds about 104 quanta (507)/deg 2 sec. This confirms Barlow & Levick (1969b). 7. In the dark-adapted eye surround latency is longer than that of the centre. With increasing background illumination the latency difference is reduced. 8. For X-cells, the rate of the maintained discharge depends to some extent on the balance of centre-surround antagonism. But this antagonism is not the major factor accounting for the relative constancy of mean rate at high background luminances, for the rate then can be almost independent of the size of a steady pot. 9. The mean rate of discharge of Y-cells seems to depend even less upon the balance of centre-surround antagonism. 10. Y-cell surrounds could not properly be isolated with the optimal spot-diffuse illumination technique, so detailed measurements of their behaviour were not made. However, the dark-adapted surround appear to be as sensitive as those of X-cells."
1142302,"1. The sensitivity of a cat's retinal ganglion cell to a small, dim, spot flashed upon the middle of the receptive field depends upon the size of a concentric steady background: sensitivity is reduced monotonically with background area. All backgrounds which equal or exceed in size the central summing area of the ganglion cell produce an equivalent reduction of sensitivity, even though only backgrounds which extend outside the central summing area depress the maintained discharge. 2. If a small background lies upon the middle of the receptive field, and the test spot is made intense enough to evoke a strong response, steady illumination of the periphery may make the response larger. 3. This change in response is not due to an enhancement of centre sensitivity by the surround, but is readily understood if steady illumination of the periphery adapts out the surround's antagonism of the centre's response to the test flash. 4. The failure of steady stimulation of the surround to alter centre sensitivity implies that signals from the surround subtract from, or add to, those from the centre."
1142303,"1. Grating contrast sensitivities have been determined over a range of spatial frequencies for a normal subject and for subjects who are visually biased in that they have a lower resolution capacity for targets of specific orientations. The bias si only found in astigmatic subjects and the grating orientation yielding poorest acuity coincides with the most defocused astigmatic meridian. However this resolution anisotropy remains when optical factors are accounted for. 2. For the normal subject, high and low frequency attenuation is found and a typical reduction in contrast sensitivity is exhibited for oblique target orientations. 3. The biased subjects, called meridional amblyopes because they  have reduced acuity for a given grating orientation, show markedly abnormal contrast sensitivity functions. Their cut-off spatial frequencies are different for various target orientations and this difference applies also to contrast sensitivity over nearly the entire spatial frequency range tested (0-5-16 cycles/deg). The differences are of about the same magnitude for most frequencies and they are found in all types of meridional amblyopes. 4. Optical explanations of these differences are ruled out by laser-interference fringe tests and by varying effective pupil size. 5. Theoretical effects of defocus have been calculated to compare predicted visual deprivation with performance. Results indicate that reduced contrast sensitivity functions can be equivalent to a small defocus effect. 6. To examine the results in the spatial domain, inverse Fourier transforms of representative contrast sensitivity functions have been computed. The optical portion of the resulting spatial weighting functions has been parcelled out to obtain neural spatial weighting functions."
1142304,"1. The visual evoked response to a grating target of varying spatial frequency was examined for normal subjects and for subjects with meridional amblyopia. This condition, reduced visual resolution for specific target orientations, is associated with, and thought to result from, marked ocular astigmatism. 2. For normal subjects, the general relation between spatial frequency and the evoked response is similar to psychophysical contrast sensitivity data. Evoked response amplitudes to oblique gratings are typically reduced and this is analogous to the lower acuity for oblique compared to horizontal and vertical detail. 3. In addition to the oblique effect, the magnitude of the evoked response for meridional amblyopes depends upon grating orientation over most of the spatial frequency range tested (0-5-16 cycles/deg). The lowest evoked amplitude is found when stimulus grating orientation matches that for which acuity is reduced. 4. The evoked potentials spatial frequency response functions are qualitatively similar to contrast sensitivity functions determined with the same abnormal subjects. 5. From these results, it may be concluded that the physiological locus of meridional amblyopia is confined primarily to structures at or prior to the site of evoked potential generation."
1142305,"1. The fibular nerve was transplanted on to the soleus muscle of the rats. Interruption of the original soleus nerve then permitted cross-innervation, and subsequently, over a period of weeks, re-innervation by the original nerve. 2. Individual muscle fibres were often innervated by both the original and the foreign nerve. The original and foreign end-plates were located in separate regions of the muscle. There were no indications that the original nerve could displace or repress the foreign innervation. 3. The extent of re-innervation by the original nerve depended upon the method of denervation. A single crush of the nerve was followed by virtually complete re-innervation, even of muscle fibres already innervated by the foreign nerve. When re-innervation was delayed by resection of a segment of the nerve only muscle fibres without foreign nerve innervation were re-innervated. Denervation by a simple nerve cut gave an intermediate result. 4. Re-innervation by the original nerve can take place without measurable extrajunctional sensitivity to ACh. 5. The original end-plate region could retain high and localized sensitivity to ACh for several months despite degeneration of its motor nerve terminal and activity of the muscle fibre. 6. Established foreign end-plates were re-innervated by the foreign nerve on muscle fibres with intact original innervation. 7. The factors controlling synapse formation in skeletal muscles are discussed."
1142306,"1. The objective of the present experiments was to study the cortical influence from sensorimotor area I (SM I) and from somatosensory area II (S II) on single neurones of the pontine nuclei (PN) in cats under N2--thiamylal anaesthesia. 2. Extracellular single unit recordings revealed a considerable convergence from S II and SM I. Out of ninety-one PN neurones (identified as ponto-cerebellas neurones by antidromic stimulation of the contralateral brachium pontis), fifty-seven neurones were influenced by stimulation of at least one cortical site. Slightly less than half of these neurones (twenty-five) had a convergent input from SM I and S II; twenty-three PN neurones were excited by SM I only and nine PN neurones by S II only. The proportion of PN neurones excited via collaterals of cortico-spinal neurones was small and restricted to those neurones which had an input from SM I. 3. Sixty per cent of the ponto-cerebellar neurones were reliably activated by natural stimulation such as tapping or passive manipulations of limbs of various joints. The vast majority (thirty-three out of thirty-six PN neurones) which had receptive fields were also influenced by electrical stimulation of one or both cortical areas. The long latency and low probability of discharge to peripheral nerve stimulation suggest a complex, probably transcortical, pathway from the periphery to the PN. 4. The distribution of latencies to both cortical and brachium pontis stimulation indicates that the PN are a relay for fast and slow cerebro-cerebellar connexions. 5. The convergence from cortical areas on PN indicates that the neurones influenced from somatic areas SM I and S II transmit integrated patterns of activity to the cerebellum."
1142309,"The oral stereognosis abilities of 40 young adults were investigated as a function of oral stereognosis form sets (four sets), retention time (unlimited and 5 sec), and response type (oral discrimination and visual recognition). Results showed that the Penn State forms were the easiest for the subjects under all conditions and that the Ringel form set was the most difficult under all conditions. A significant interaction between oral form sets and answer type indicated that the visual recognition task, rather than the discrimination task, was primarily responsible for the differences between the oral form sets. A three-way interaction revealed that the retention times had a significant effect on the two form sets of medium difficulty (NIDR-10 and NIDR-20) for the visual recognition condition. The results are discussed in view of their research and clinical implications."
1142331,"Uterine secretions were obtained from long-term ovariectomized rats given progesterone for 10 days followed by oestrogen and progesterone. Analysis of the protein content was carried out using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis at pH8-9 AND ALSO OF THE PROTEIN-SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE COMPLEXES. When progesterone was given alone, there was a lack of high molecular weight proteins. When oestradiol was also given, a protein (mol. wt 70,000) was detected within 1 hr. At 13 to 20 hr after oestrogen, there was a shift towards the secretion of high molecular weight proteins when the secretion profiles were similar to those of normal pregnant animals at Day 5, the day of implantation in the rat. The hormonal regulation of the secretion proteins is discussed. The physiological aspects of implantation in terms of zona lysis, embryonic diapause and the release from diapause after oestrogen treatment are discussed with reference to the changes in the intraluminal proteins."
1142332,"Oocytes recovered at various times from immature rats treated with PMSG and HCG were incubated with capacitated epididymal spermatozoa of mature rats. In the presence of follicular cells, sperm penetration was not observed 4 hr after incubation in the oocytes at stages from the intact germinal vesicle to the chromatin mass, but 7 to 55% of oocytes were penetrated at stages from the condensed germainal vesicle to metaphase II. After the removal of follicular cells, 15 to 72% of the oocytes at any stage were penetrated. After further incubation for 15 hr, the proportion of penetrated oocytes increased from 8 to 98% from early to late stages and that of penetrated oocytes with a male and female pronucleus increased from 9 to 100% as maturation progressed. Although the average number of spermatozoa/oocyte was not correlated with its maturation, transformation of the sperm head into a male pronucleus was retarded or failed, especially in the younger oocytes. Following incubation in a defined medium for 13 hr, 85% of oocytes at the intact germinal vesicle stage matured to the stage of the first polar body formation, but only 18 to 22% of these mature oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoa and only a few of the penetrated oocytes cleaved into normal two-cell eggs. When eggs recovered from oviducts 14 to 20 hr after ovulation were exposed to capacitated spermatozoa, the proportion of penetrated eggs (86 to 98%) and that of polyspermic eggs (11 to 27%) were not related to the ages of the eggs, but failure of transformation of the sperm head and the proportion of abnormal eggs increased 14 to 20 hr after ovulation."
1142333,"Three specimens were taken from mammary glands of rats killed on the 18th and 21st days of pregnancy and on the 1st day of lactation. Ultrastructural features of the tissue were compared among rats within and between the two stages of development. The similarity among specimens from the same rats made feasible a comparison of serial biopsies obtained every 4 hr, starting on the afternoon of the 21st day of pregnancy. From the 18th to the 21st days of pregnancy, a marked increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum occurred. The alveolar cells of rats killed on both days and in biopsies obtained at 17 and 13 hr before partuirtion contained abundant small lipid droplets and vacuoles containing many protein granules with little clear fluid (stasis vacuoles). Alveolar lumina were distended with secretion by 17 hr before parturition. Between 8 and 12 hr. before parturition, the accumulated protein and lipid were rapidly extruded from the alveolar cells despite evidence of continued biosynthesis. It is suggested that active transport processes are initiated independently of milk synthesis before parturition."
1142334,"Ultrastructural changes in normal human trophoblast maintained in hypoxic organ culture are described. Marked structural changes were noted even after hypoxia for 6 hr. These changes could be partly reversed by reoxygenation after hypoxia for 18 hr or less, but no regeneration occurred when hypoxia lasted for 24 hr or longer. The significance of the vulnerability of trophoblast to hypoxia is discussed."
1142335,"The sexual development of female mice is accelerated by exposure to an adult male or to male urine. The component of the urine responsible for this effect is androgen-dependent, heat labile, nondialysable, precipitatable with ammonium sulphate, and is not extractable in ether. These results indicate that the pheromone causing accelerated sexual development is associated with a protein component of male urine. Tests of the active fraction after digestion with proteolytic enzymes suggest that the pheromone may be a portion of a protein or a substance bound to a protein."
1142342,"To investigate the rôle of oxytocin in the increase in utero-ovarian venous prostaglandin F (PGF) level caused by vaginal distension, jugular venous oxytocin and utero-ovarian venous PGF were measured simultaneously in one sheep in late pregnancy and in one sheep shortly before parturition. Vaginal distension raised oxytocin and PGF levels in both animals and oxytocin levels increased before those of PGF. These findings support the suggestion that the elevated PGF levels resulting from vaginal distension are caused by the reflex secretion of oxytocin."
1142349,"Coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles have been studied in two groups of sterility patients receiving low dosage regimens of human gonadotropins for ovarian stimulation. This investigation was prompted by a report of two patients with severe episodes of intravascular coagulation associated with periods of ""hyperstimulation"" from these drugs. No statistically significant changes were found as a result of administration of one ampoule of human menopausal (HMG) or pituitary gonadotropins (HPG) for 8 days followed by 9000 units of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). A course of 2-3 ampoules HMG on alternate days for longer periods of time prior to administration of HCG also failed to produce significant alterations of the coagulation or fibrinolytic mechanisms. In two patients with severe hyperstimulation there were elevated levels of factor V, platelets, fibrinogen, profibrinolysin, and fibrinolytic inhibitors. Generation of thromboplastin was also increased when plasma was diluted one to fifty in the thromboplastin generation test. These results suggest a possibly increased coagulation potential in patients with ""hyperstimulation syndrome"" but not in those receiving the low dosage regimens of human gonadotropins more commonly used for ovarian stimulation at the present time."
1142350,"A case of postpartum amenorrhea and galactorrhea is reported, with several additional features leading to the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Resolution of the amenorrhea and galactorrhea was noted coincident with adequate thyroid hormone therapy. The interrelationships of the many organ systems involved are discussed, and speculations advanced regarding the mechanisms operating in such cases. The diagnosis of the limited thyroid-reserve syndrome is elucidated."
1142351,"Contraceptive, educational, and vocational behavior patterns of postpartum adolescents were examined. Eight months after delivery 269 teenage girls who participated in a comprehensive antepartum psycho-social program were mailed follow-up questionnaires. Eighty-three percent of teenage mothers who responded reported using birth control pills as a form of contraception. We found that single girls were more actively involved in vocational and educational training. This and other observations indicate that marital status of teenage participants is important to their postpartum actions."
1142352,"One hundred forty-four patients are studied over an 18 month period. Postpartum and postabortal insertions of intrauterine contraceptive devices using the Lippes Loop and the Dalkon Shield are compared. The age, parity, previous methods of contraception, and marital status of the study group indicated a poorly motivated patient population. Although accidental pregnancy rates and expulsion rates are higher, the technique is considered worth-while in the population studied. Future research should be directed toward improved devices in order to decrease side effects and to increase appeal of the technique to those who will benefit most."
1142375,"The important role of polygenic acetabular configuration and monogenic joint laxity has again been proved in the aetiology of congenital dislocation of the hip. According to the findings reported these two genetic predispositions seem to be unrelated. The time of diagnosis in accetabular dysplasia type and joint laxity type did not differ, thus the neonatal and late-diagnosed cases do not seem to be two clear-cut entities."
1142376,"Two family studies involving 1767 and 379 index patients in Budapest and Bekes county, respectively, were undertaken to examine the effect of early orthopaedic screening on the recurrence risk of congenital dislocation of the hip. About 14%, 2.1-2.3%,1.2-1.4%, and 4.7-6% of sibs, parents, uncles and aunts, and cousins, respectively, had congenital dislocation of the hip in these two surveys. The recurrence risks were eight-fold and four-fold higher in brothers and sisters, four times higher in parents, 2.5-fold higher in uncles and aunts, and 2.0-2.5 times higher in cousins, respectively, than in the general population. This family pattern seems to fit best with a model of polygenic-multifactorial inheritance. In earlier studies higher recurrence risks were found. These may be explained by the change of diagnosis due to early orthopaedic screening which may increase the possibility of over diagnosis and the treatment of mild cases which previously recovered spontaneously."
1142378,Total serum bilirubin concentration was measured by an Autoanalyzer technique in 197 normal males and 102 normal females. The mean bilirubin concentration was significantly lower in the females than in the males. Total bilirubin concentration in the males showed a bimodal distribution with an antimode at 24 mumol/1 (1.4 mg/100ml). Individuals with bilirubin concentration above this value had unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and probable Gilbert's syndrome. Total bilirubin concentration in the females again showed a bimodal distribution with an antimode at 12 mumol/1 (0.7 mg/100ml). It is conceivable that females with bilirubin levels above this also have Gilbert's syndrome. This suggests that the population incidence of Gilbert's syndrome could be as high as 6% and that the sex incidence is approximately equal.
1142379,"Serum insulin, blood sugar, and growth hormone levels were measured in response to a 50g oral glucose tolerance test in 10 patients with proven dystrophia myotonica. Three patients belonged to one family; seven patients had no known family history of the disease. One patient, a chronic invalid aged 56 years, produced a mild diabetic glucose tolerance curve and a delayed prolonged rise in serum insulin. Six of the group, including the three affected members from one family, exhibited normal glucose tolerance and fasting serum insulin values, but a markedly exaggerated rise in peripheral insulin levels maximal at 30 and 60 min. This abnormality showed no correlation with age of onset of the disease nor with severity of the muscle weakness. Growth hormone levels were normal in all of the patients studied. It is concluded that an excessive rise in circulating immunoreactive insulin in response to glucose is a common abnormality in dystrophia myotonica and reflects genetic heterogeneity in this condition. Futhermore, if the index patient in a family demostrates this abnormality, it is suggested that the 30- or 60-min blood insulin level during a glucose tolerance test is a useful methold of intra-family screen-ing for asymptomatic heterozygotes at an early stage before the development of physical defects."
1142380,"The clinical and haematological findings in 19 Liberians probably homozygous for beta thalassaemia are described. The haemoglobin patterns were similar with Hb F levels in the 30-50% range and a raised level of Hb A2 and, although the clinical severity varied widely, over half the cases were symptomless and even the more severely affected ones showed a milder picture than that found in Mediterranean races. Haemoglobin-synthesis studies carried out on three homozygotes and two heterozygotes indicated a variable degree of globin-chain imbalance. The reasons for the mild course of the disease in Liberians and other African races are discussed; it is likely that the beta-thalassaemia genes in these populations are different from those in other racial groups. It is noted that all persons in this study belong to tribes which have a low incidence of the sickle-cell gene."
1142381,"The dermatoglyphic findings from 54 females with XXX sex chromosomes are reported. Sole prints were available for study in 33 cases. Compared with female controls, an excess of radial loops and arches and a reduced mean for total finger ridge-count were the main peculiarities on the fingers. On the palms, the absence of pattern in areas I and II, and wider ridges in the a-b interval were characteristics observed. Prevous findings by other authors with respect to: (1) zygodactylous tendency in the palms, (2) tendency for the ridge width to increase with the number of sex chromosomes, and (3) greater effect of an extra X chromosome in pattern size reduction but lesser influence on ridge width than an additional Y chromosome, were confirmed. On the soles, pattern intensity was above the control average. There was a significant deficit of proximal loops in area III but excess of proximal V together with triradius H. Triradius  p"" and zygodactylous z' were also significantly reduced in frequency. General findings with respect to the soles of patients with X,XXX,XXY, and XYY sex chromosomal abnormalities are also reviewed. Discrepancies are apparent and further studies are needed. Finally, a dictionary (Appendices 1 and 2) is provided which gives the frequencies of the complete pattern configurations on the palms and soles of XXX females."
1142382,"A trisomy 7 mosaicism (46, XX/47, XX+7) was identified by quinacrine mustard fluorescence studies in a psychiatric patient and in her daughter who also had mental illness. The aetiology of the trisomy 7 mosaicism in two generations of this family is postulated to involve an autosomal dominant gene as initially described by Zellweger and Abbo in 1965."
1142384,"This paper reports the results of a Delphi probe of the perceptions of medical school deans regarding the most significant changes in medical education and in the health care system which they expect to influence medical education over the next 20 years. The study, conducted in the first quarter of 1974, included an analysis of 54 potential changes distilled from over 440 suggestions. A composite view of the probability of occurring, impact on the system and percentage of deans favoring the change are presented. In general, the future is believed to hold more positive changes than negative ones, and those most likely to occur will come about in the near term. The results disclose few surprising conclusions but provide a structural description of areas of consensus and disagreement among deans."
1142385,"Using multivariate statistical techniques, a large number of variables describing medical school characteristics was reduced to five general dimensions of variation. Patterns of factor scores on these five dimensions served as the basis of a typology of 107 U.S. medical schools. The types of schools so identified were found to be related to the proportions of graduates entering different areas of medicine."
1142386,"The study reported here was designed to assess different aspects related to the research activities undertaken by students in medical school. An extensive questionnaire was administered to 580 graduating seniors which covered degree of participation in research, length of time, circumstances, importance of pay, and level of resulting benefit. Other information included career choice and primary interest. A profile of the research-oriented student emerged from the findings."
1142387,"It is generally agreed that the cost of an educational program includes elements other than instruction. Using medical education as a case study, the author begins this article by outlining the historical reasons for determining the costs of the educational program leading to the M.D. degree. Attention is then focused on the modeling approach taken by the Association of American Medical College for the determination of environmental costs of education. Finally, a generalized model is proposed which would make this methodology applicable to other educational environments."
1142388,"The medical curriculum at the University of Washington places considerable responsibility on the student in planning his education. This is provided for by assigning to elective courses 50 percent of the credits required for graduation. While the student has considerable freedom to choose among electives, as many credits are elected in the basic sciences as in the clinical disciplines. Four consecutive entering classes elected a disproportionately high number of credits in anatomy and pharmacology. A need for basic science courses in apparently perceived by the medical student, and their voluntary election is bound to facilitate learning. In new curricula the responsibility rests on the faculty to provide opportunities for detailed coverage of the various disciplines in order to cater to those students who are motivated to pursue them in greater depth."
1142389,"A three-month elective in medical education was undertaken by a first-year resident to obtain a background to prepare for a potential career in academic medicine and medical student teaching. This experience, jointly sponsored by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Office of Medical Studies of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, permitted the resident to investigate components of the clinical teaching-learning encounter, suggest means of improving clinical instruction, and develop a series of self-instructional materials. Stemming from this experience, a workshop on clinical teaching skills for faculty and house staff has been designed, and four self-instructional units on family planning have been added to the teaching program on the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Benefits to the resident of the elective are outlined, and guidelines for similar experiences are suggested."
1142414,"Ten of 28 strain of Mycobacterium fortuitum (ranae) were found to be associated with bacteriophage; three were pseudolysogenic, one liberated a phage that lysed a sensitive indicator strain, two liberated morphologically complete phages that did not lyse any of the strains used in this study and four liberated morphologically defective phages. The lysogenic and defectively lysogenic strains showed anomalies in cultural, biochemical and antigenic properties and in susceptibility to superinfecting phages. In view of the high frequency of lysogeny found in M. fortuitum, the role of bacteriophage in the variation of properties, including pathogenicity, of mycobacteria of greater clinical importance merits further consideration."
1142415,"The contribution of a number of extracellular products of Staphylococcus aureus to the virulence of the organism for mice was studied by comparing a wild-type strain with various mutants derived from it in three virulence tests: (1) subcutaneous and (2) intravenous challenge in normal mice, and (3) subcutaneous challenge in mice after total body X-irradiation. Mutants with lower production or non-production of coagulase, staphylokinase and leucocidin were just as virulent for mice as the wild type in all three tests. Unlike the wild type, mutants with low production or nonproduction of alpha-lysin never gave necrosis after subcutaneous injection in normal mice. One mutant with loss of delta-lysin and unaltered alpha-lysin production gave necrosis only when injected in high doses. Dermonecrosis seems to be caused by a combination of alpha- and delta-lysin. Intravenous injection of each of the two types of mutant in normal mice gave a lower mortality rate than that obtained with the wild type. Mutants with deficient alpha-lysin production, but not delta-lysin-deficient mutants, multiplied more slowly in the kidneys than the wild type under these conditions. alpha-Lysin appears to have a growth-enhancing effect for the organism in vivo, but delta-lysin does not. Differences in virulence between the wild type and mutants could not be demonstrated in irradiated mice."
1142416,"In tests with broth-culture products of Clostridium oedematiens, none of 15 type-B strains showed beta-toxin lecithinase activities exceeding 20 egg-units per ml, whereas 12 of 13 type-D strains consistently produced much greater amounts of the lecithinase. The types also differed in their susceptibility to lysis by mitomycin C (MC). Of 13 type-D strains tested, 12 were sensitive to MC at a concentration of 1 or 2 mug per ml, whilst 14 of 15 type-B strains were insensitive. Phage-like particles were observed in the MC-lysates of some type-D strains. No type-specific differences in the production of indole or the fermentation of maltose were demonstrated."
1142417,"The taxonomic relationships between Clostridium bifermentans and C. sordellii were reinvestigated by numerical taxonomy, studies of DNA-DNA homology and DNA duplex thermal stability, and by analysis of cell-wall sugar components. Although the results indicate that both species may be grouped into one geno-species, C. sordellii strains could be differentiated from C. bifermentans strains on the basis of a few phenetic criteria that include the inability to ferment mannose and sorbitol, the absence of mannose in the cell wall, the production of urease, the absence of arginine deaminase activity, and susceptibility to inhibition of growth by mannose."
1142418,"It is often not possible to evaluate a permeability coefficient for net flow P from the small flows produced by physiological gradients of concentration or electrical potential. The common use of a tracer permeability coefficient P-x for this purpose, under the assumption that P-x = P, requires that the species be transported passively, and that there be no significant coupling between its flow and that of other chemical species, and between the flows of its tracer and abundant isotopes (isotope interaction). These conditions are often not satisfied. However, for passive transport in the absence of coupling of flows of different chemical species the measurement of tracer flow at two values of electrical potential difference evaluates (P-x/P) and thus P. In the presence of coupling of flows of different chemical species, although these measurements no longer evaluate P, they evaluate the partial conductance G. A graphical method of evaluating (p-x/P), P, and G is presented."
1142419,"Diffusion of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in combined aqueous solution through artificial membranes was measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The membranes had pore diameters of 26, 50, 100, 200, 250, 350, 510 or 990 A. The diffusion of PAH was only restricted with a pore size of 26 A, but inulin diffusion was restricted at 100 A. When diffusion of both solutes was unrestricted (pore diameter greater than or equal to 200 A), PAH diffused four times faster than inulin, and in restricted situations this ratio was even greater. The results of these diffusion studies allow the major and minor molecular dimensions of the solutes to be estimated. Filtration of the two solutes was studied in slowly flowing situations and also with increased temperature and pressure. Pore sizes required for unrestricted filtration were the same as for unrestricted diffusion but the passage ratio was reduced from 4 to 2. These results suggest strongly that two conditions are necessary if the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of inulin is to equal the true GFR: membrane pore size must be at least 200 A and passage through the membranes must be by bulk transport."
1142420,"A purified protein fraction from the proteolipids of human brain myelin was recombined with different lipids either in aqueous buffer or in a chloroform-methanol-water (10:5:1, v/v/v) mixture. It was found that under both conditions it binds strongly to phospholipids irrespective of surface charge, the presence of cholesterol or double bonds on the fatty acyl chains. The buoyant density of the resulting lipoprotein membranes is intermediate to that of pure lipids, and proteins. The lipoproteins formed by either of these methods were observed by either freeze-fracture or negative stain electron-microscopy. The overall morphology was similar to that of pure phospholipids, showing large closed multilamellar vesicles. The presence of the protein was detected by the appearance of intramembrane particles in freeze-fracture. The addition of the N-2 protein generally increases the permeability vesicles to 22-Na-+ by 2-3 orders of magnitude depending on the concentration. The presence of calcium in the aqueous medium further increases the Na-+ efflux through negatively charged vesicles. Changes in lipid composition, surface charge, cholesterol, etc., have no appreciable influence on the effect of the protein. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the presence of small amounts of N-2 have no effect on the lipid phase transition from solid to liquid crystalline. As the amount of protein bound to the phospholipid increases, the enthalpy of the transition decreases, the main endothermic peak broadens, but there is no change on the midpoint temperature. Membranes containing 50% by weight of protein still show a transition with an enthalpy approximately one half that of the original lipid."
1142421,"Variations in the membrane potential across model membranes made of Millipore filter paper and various single phospholipids were measured in response to salt, acid and distilled water. The phospholipids used were phosphatidylcholine (c), spingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS). Results were compared with those obtained with the model membrane made of the total lipids extracted from bovine tongue epithelium, which simulated well the receptor potential observed with intact tast organs. The membrane potential of PE- and PS-membranes increased monotonously with increase of the concentration of 1:1 type salt, while that of PC- and SM-membranes exhibited no appreciable change in 1:1 salt solutions. Application of CaC12 to the membranes brought about a varity of response depending on the species of lipids used. PE- and PS-membranes showed a larger change in the membrane potential than PC- and SM-membranes when pH of the solution was varied. Fe-3+ was strongly absorbed on the surface of PC and SM-membranes, while Fe-3+ bound to PE- and PS-membranes was easily removed by an application of salt solution. A transient increase in the membrane potential was observed when distilled water was applied to the membrane adapted to an appropriate salt solution, which was similar to the water response observed in taste cells. PC- and SM-membranes responded to water when the membrane adapted to either NaC1 or CaC12, but PS-membrane responded only when the membrane was adapted to a solution containing CaC12. PE-membrane did not respond to water in any cases examined. The membrane prepared with a mixture of two species of phospholipids responded neither to salt nor to water, while the membranes prepared with the total lipids or a mixture of three species of lipids in appropriate ratio responded to both. The water response of the total lipids membrane vanished in a high temperature medium, while the water response of PC-membrane retained in all temperature ranges examined, i.e. between 20 degrees and 62 degrees C. The results obtained suggest that a mosaic structure, where each domain has different functions against various chemical stimuli, is formed on the surface of the model membrane made of the total lipids."
1142444,"Middle ears (515) from 26 species of the rodent family Heteromyidae - genera Dipodomys, Microdipodops, Perognathus, and Liomys - were studied both grossly and histologically, for qualitative and quantitative comparisons. Middle ear modifications characteristic of each genus are qualitatively described. Quantitative comparisons are made among the 26 species in the study. Some correlations between middle ear size and other measurements are discussed. The middle ear is an acoustical transformer that for best efficiency must match the impedance of the cochlea to the impedance of the air in the external auditory meatus. It accomplishes this by a pressure increase and a velocity decrease through the combined effects of the lever and areal ratios; however, because the important consideration is a matching of two impedances rather than an absolute pressure increase, the pressure transformer ratio is a less informative measure of the middle ear's efficiency than is the impedance transform ratio. The impedance transformer mechanism is explained (from a morphological point of view), and equations are presented. Dipodomys, Microdipodops, and Perognathus have a theoretical transmission (at the resonant frequency) of 94-100% of the incident acoustical energy; Liomys, 78-80%. The areal ratio of stapes footplate to 2/3 tympanic membrane is remarkably constant among the species, varying only from 0.04 to 0.07: in Dipodomys and Microdipodops this small ratio is due to the very large tympanic membrane; in Perognathus and Liomys it is due to the extremely small stapes footplate. The lever ratio of incus to malleus varies from 0.28 to 0.33 in Dipodpmys and Microdipodops, from 0.37 to 0.46 in Perognathus, and from 0.55 to 0.60 in Liomys. In addition, the middle ear volumes and the morphology of tympanic membrane, ossicles, ligaments, and muscles, all combine to minimize both mass and stiffness. All these data suggest middle ear mechanisms which are very efficient over a broad frequency range. The middle ear modifications found in heteromyids are adaptive in predator avoidance, especially in areas of little natural cover; nevertheless, contrary to expectations, there is no firm relationship between habitat and the extent of these modifications in the 26 species. However, environment did apparently plan an important role in the evolution of the family, and this is discussed."
1142445,"Serial histological sections of kangaroo rats of postnatal ages 0-, 3-, 7-, 10-, and 14-days were prepared and studied. At birth the middle ear is mostly filled with mesenchyme and small in size, having only a small hypotympanum and a very small epitympanic recess. During the first postnatal two weeks, much of the hypertrophy found in the adult middle ear develops. Because an entotympanic element is nev er formed, the previously called entotympanic chamber is here renamed the hypotympanum. The epitympanic recess greatly expands to form what has been called the dorsal (or anterior) mastoid sinus. Since this chamber has no relation to the mastoid, it is here renamed the epitympanum. Posteriorly, the previously called posterior mastoid sinus develops from the growth of the hypotympanum into and beyond the region of the posterior and horizontal semicircular canals. In development and adult position it is comparable to the primate antrum and so is here renamed the antrum. At birth the organ of Corti is very immature but its major cell types can be identified. During the first two weeks of development the following events occur: (1) the vas spirale disappears, (2) the inner spiral sulcus cells atrophy, (3) the hair cells and supporting cells mature, (4) the cells of Hensen differentiate with their apical processes elevating the reticular lamina, (5) the innermost cell of Claudius migrates under and supports the Hensen's cells, and (6) the hyaline mass of the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane loses its connective tissue cells and expands in size. The developmental events support the previous description and identification of Hensen's and Claudius' cells."
1142446,"Ultrastructural changes were studied in the cells undergoing secretory differentiation in zone I of the tubules of the uropygial gland of White Plymouth Rock chickens. A layer of basal cells and four secretory stages are recognized as the cells migrate from the periphery to the lumen of tubules and progressively elaborate a secretion product. Basal cells, containing rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, rest on the basement membrane and are the source from which secretory cells arise. Dilated perinuclear cisternae and the proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the form of vesicles, invaginated sacs and cusp-shaped cisternae indicate the onset of lipgenesis in stage I cells. The perinuclear cisternae are more dilated and the endoplasmic reticulum is composed on saccules and cisternae in stage II cells. Stage III cells are characterized by concentric lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum surrounding secretory droplets. Dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and secretory droplets both contain a reticular substance. The perinuclear cisternae of stage III cells have returned to normal dimensions. Large mature lucent secretory droplets, lined with electron-dense material, fill the cytoplasm ostage IV cells which degenerate and release their secretory product into the tubule lumen. Spherical membrane-bound compartments containing a mottled substance of moderate electron density occur in basal cells and all subsequent secretory stages. These mottled bodies are surrounded by saccules of endoplasmic reticulum in stage II cells and are intimately associated with secretory droplets in stage III cells, but there is no evidence that they give rise to secretory droplets and their role in secretory differentiation is unknown."
1142469,"A series of 20 cases of Hodgkins disease in Africans is presented. Mode of clinical presentation, haematological abnormalities and type of histological picture closely paralleled studies performed elsewhere in the world. The great majority of cases were in either Stage III or Stage IV, all patients in this series with the lymphocyte-depletion being aged under 20 years of age."
1142471,"Six cases of bronchial carcinoma in Nigerians are reported. The clinical presentations were not different from those described in temperare countries. The view is expressed that bronchial carcinoma is rare in Nigerians. Two factors are suggested as being responsible for this: decreased longevity and decreased contact with external carcinogens, of which the most likely are cigarette smoke and atmospheric pollution."
1142472,"Exploratory laparotomy, splenectomy and liver biopsy were carried out as a pre-treatment staging procedure in 32 cases of pathologically proved malignant lymphoma with clinically palpable spleen. The spleen was found to be negative for lymphoma in 17 cases, of which liver pathology showed bilharzial hepatic fibrosis in eight cases, nutritional cirrhosis in two cases and non-caseating granuloma in three cases. The liver was clinically positive in 13 cases. After laparotomy, three cases showed bilharzial pathology only. Bilharziasis has accounted for about one half of the false positive hepato-splenic involvement. These findings exemplify the usefulness of laparotomy as a staging procedure in regions endemic for hepato-splenomegaly."
1142474,"A variant of human adenovirus type 5 which is heat stable (hs) in vitro has been isolated following three rounds of heat inactivation at 52 C. The variant is genetically stable, both through vegetative viral passage and through recombination into other genetic backgrounds, which suggests that it arises from a single mutation. Three-factor crosses, using this mutant in conjunction with previously described temperature-sensitive mutants, suggest the hs mutation lies near the left-hand end of the genetic map. The mutant has been used to demonstrate the production of reciprocal recombinants in two-factor crosses. The mutational lesion is unknown, but phenotypic mixing occurs in hs times hs-+ infections, which suggests that it lies in a gene specifying a viri on structural protein. Other biological parameters examined have shown no differences from the wild-type hs-+."
1142473,"The polypeptide composition of virions of spleen necrosis virus, a reticuloendotheliosis virus, was determined using electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing, 10 percent polyacrylamide gels. Ten polypeptides were resolved. Four of these were present in minor and somewhat variable amounts. Two proteins, gp71 and gp22, contained D-glucosamine and were located on the outer surface of the lipid envelope, as demonstrated by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and by bromelain digestion. The results suggest that two of the minor proteins, p36 and p26, were also located on the outer surface, although they lacked D-glucosamine. Treatment of the virus with 0.25 percent Nonidet P-40 and 1 percent dithiothreitol produced a subparticle with a buoyant density of approximately 1.31 g/cm-3. This particle was relatively enriched with polypeptides p77, p62, and p50 and contained small amounts of three other polypeptides."
1142475,"Adenovirus 2 RNA synthesized early in productive infection was analyzed by RNA-DNA hybridization. Hybridization experiments were performed with adenovirus 2 DNA and wit, the six adenovirus 2 DNA fragments generated 0y digestion with the restriction endonuclease Eco R.R1. Duplex formation between RNA and -32P-labeled viral DNA was assayed by S(1) nuclease digestion. RNA from the cytoplasm annealed 12 percent of the total viral DNA and the following percentage of each of the R.R1 fragments: 6 percent of R1-A, 24 percent of R1-B, 0 percent of R1-F, 40 percent of R1-D, 13 percent of R1-E, and 22 percent of R1-C. The early cytoplasmic RNA is composed of two sequence classes: class I, present in greatly reduced quantities at late times in infection (18 h), and class II, which remains at high concentrations at 18 h. In hybridization-inhibition experiments, hybridization of class II RNA is inhibited by late cytoplasmic RNA, whereas hybridization of class I RNA is not blocked by late cytoplasmic RNA (J. J. Lucas and H. S. Ginsberg, 1971; E.A. Craig and H. J. Raskas, 1971). To determine the location of class I and II sequences on the genome, membrane bound DNA fragments were used in hybridization-inhibition experiments. These studies demonstrated that the early cytoplasmic transcripts of R1-D belong to class II, whereas R1-C transcripts are class I sequences. The cytoplasmic RNAs transcribed from fragments A and B contain both class I and class II sequences. Analysis of cytoplasmic RNA fractionated by size demonstrated that the class I sequences include a 19 S RNA transcribed from R1-B and class II sequences include a 20S RNA derived from R1-D. Nuclear RNA purified from cultures early in infection was annealed with -32P-labeled R1 fragments. With all six fragments the nuclear RNA annealed as much or more of the DNA than did cytoplasmic RNA. Eco R1-F annealed at least 25 percent with early nuclear RNA, whereas no sequences homologous to R1-F were detected in early cytoplasmic RNA. When cultures were labeled from 2 to 6 h after infection, at least 5 percent of the -3H-labeled early nuclear viral RNA annealed to Eco R1-F. Some of these nuclear transcripts from R1-F appear to be covalently linked to sequences transcribed from a contiguous region of the genome (Eco R1-B). 8.4 percent of the RNA selected by hybridization of R1-F reannealed to R1-B, whereas no more than 1.5 percent reannealed to R1 fragments A, D, E, or C."
1142476,"A bacteriophage (phiYS40) infectious to an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8, was isolated and characterized. phiYS40 grows over the temperature range of 56 to 78 C, and the optimum growth temperature is about 65 C. The phage had a latent period of 80 min and a burst size of about 80 at 65 C. The phage has a hexagonal head 0.125 mum in diameter, a tail 0.178 mum long and 0.027 mum wide, a base plate and tail fibers. The phage is thermostable in broth but rather unstable in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris, 10 mM MgCl2, pH 7.5. The addition of Casamino Acids (1 percent), polypeptone (0.8 percent), yeast extract (0.4 percent), NaCl (0.1 M) or spermidine (1 mM) to the buffer restores the thermostability of phiYS40 to the same degree as in broth. The phage is also thermostable in water of the hot spring from which this phage was isolated. The nucleic acid of PhiYS40 is a double-stranded DNA and has a molecular weight of 1.36 X 10-8. The guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be about 35 percent from chemical determinations, buoyant density (1.693 g/cm-3 in CsCl), and melting temperature (83.5 C in 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate)."
1142477,The major DNA polymerase in a nuclear membrane complex that is capable of synthesizing viral DNA sequences in vitro has been purified about 900-fold from adenovirus 2-infected KB cells. The enzyme was characterized as belonging to the class of mammalian DNA polymerases (DNA polymerase gamma) that can utilize poly(A) with oligo(dT) as template primer.
1142478,"Three cases are presented of spontaneous regression of peripelvic renal cysts. The lesions were manifested by lateral extrinsic pressure defects in the renal pelvis and major calices (all 3 cases), and selective renal angiography showing stretching of vessels plus sharply defined defects in the nephrographic phase (2 patients). In 1 case the mass disappeared following trauma to the flank, while in the remaining 2 cases it disappeared spontaneously."
1142479,Cholesterol emboli were observed in tissue obtained by transurethral resection from 4 patients who were followed for 4 years. Two patients died of cardiovascular disease and 1 of failure of union of an ileal-ureterostomy in which cholesterol emboli were found in small submucosal arteries of the ileum.
1142480,"Acetylcysteine seems to be beneficial in treating cystinuric stone-forming patients. It probably is effective in reducing cysteine to cystine disulfide, which is more soluble. Six brief case reports demonstrate its use and its lack of toxicity. The results merit a larger clinical trial."
1142483,"Surgical management of 100 children with abnormalities related to ureteral duplication is reviewed. In general, separation of the distal portions of the double ureters is avoided, at least during the initial procedure, because this maneuver represents a significant risk to the blood supply and hence to the integrity of the remaining ipsilateral ureter. Complete ureteral duplication with vesicoureteral reflux is best managed initially by reimplantation of the duplex unit. On the other hand, upper segment heminephrectomy with subtotal ureterectomy is the initial treatment of choice for ureters ending ectopically with or without ureterocele."
1142485,"The records of 87 children with bladder exstrophy seen between 1912 and 1935 are reviewed. We believe that ureterosigmoidostomy with cystectomy can provide a satisfactory solution to the problem of bladder exstrophy. Furthermore, ureterosigmoidostomy appears suitable from the standpoint of preservation of upper tracts and provides a socially acceptable solution of the question of disposal of the diverted urine."
1142484,"Of the 37 patients with exstrophy of the bladder in whom ureterosigmoidostomy was selected as the mainstay of treatment 4 died of causes related to the procedure. Faulty judgment and poor followup accounted for these deaths, which might well be preventable today. In 18 survivors, or approximately half of the entire series, the operation has held up well for many years, with no further surgical procedure being required for complications. In 12 patients, or approximately a third of the group, remedial operations for complications attributable to the ureterosigmoidostomy have been required but it was elected to retain this form of diversion. The long-term end result in these patients also remains acceptable. Combining these 2 groups 30 of 37 patients with ureterosigmoidostomy may be considered to have been eventually successful. However, in 7 of 37 patients the method was a frank failure, in that 4 patients died and 3 required substitution of another form of diversion. While all forms of treatment of exstrophy of the bladder leave much to be desired, results obtainable in today's setting lead us to recommend ureterosigmoidostomy as first choice in the management of this disorder. This recommendation is accompanied by the admonition that systematic followup is imperative so that if things do go badly from the clinical, laboratory or urographic viewpoint corrective measures can be done before renal deterioration occurs. The measures required may range from simple correction of electrolytes to conversion to an ileal loop."
1142487,A case of secondary aldosteronism caused by a pheochromocytoma containing a large amount of norepinephrine is described. The increased level of angiotensin induced by norepinephrine seems to play an important role in the development of secondary aldosteronism.
1142488,"Filling defects of the renal pelvis not uncommonly present a difficult diagnostic challenge to the urologist and the radiologist. The precise etiology of the radiographic picture is not always evident, even after a battery of clinical tests. A pathologically proved case of an aberrant renal papilla is reported herein, and the significant differential diagnostic possibilities are considered and reviewed."
1142486,"Most adults with acute bacterial renal infection demonstrate no roentgen abnormality in the acute stage and recuperate without significant functional or morphological renal abnormality. We report the initial and long-term findings in a virulent form of acute bacterial nephritis caused by gram-negative organisms and predominantly in patients with diabetes and associated septicemia. The findings of a small, poorly functioning symmetrically scarred kidney with significant caliceal distortion and the associated angiographic abnormalities are presented for the first time in the long-term followup of this disease."
1142490,"The first reported case of a carcinoid tumor of the urinary tract is presented. Because of rapid local recurrence and distant spread early radical surgery is recommended. Several methods of palliation of the carcinoid syndrome-surgical, pharmacologic and chemotherapeutic-are discussed."
1142493,The survival data of 93 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma are discussed with respect to the site of metastasis and whether nephrectomy was performed as part of the initial treatment. Analysis of the cumulative survival rates revealed that nephrectomy significantly increased survival only for those patients pesenting exclusively with osseous metastases. Nephrectomy did not alter survival for patients with pulmonary and/or soft tissue metastases.
1142495,"We reviewed 81 cases of secondary carcinoma of the kidney, the clinical detection of which still remains a challenge. All lymphomas were excluded from this study. There was no direct relationship of the cell type of the primary tumor to the degree of renal invasion. Generally, functional renal impairment was not a significant entity unless renal destruction was extreme. Ureteral obstruction was infrequent in this group. Angiography was helpful in determining the metastatic spread as well as the degree of renal involvement. The varied aspects of the primary tumor's pathophysiology have been a continuing challenge to early detection and successful therapy in any patient. Furthermore, the anatomic location and the peculiar biologic behavior of some primary tumors may make the clinical course and response to treatment unpredictable. Lungs, stomach, breast and contralateral kidney remain the common primary sources of malignancy likely to metastasize to the kidney, with an apparent period of occult growth and further metastases before symptoms appear, The possible delay in seeking medical attention, that is chemotherapy and radiation, as well as the aggressiveness of the primary tumor itself may contribute to the poor survival noted in this study despite the use of various therapeutic modalities."
1142496,"A family is described in which all 3 brothers and the maternal grandfather had vesicoureteral reflux, whereas the father, mother and 3 daughters were urologically normal. This pedigree strongly suggests and X-linked mode of genetic transmission. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates that familial reflux is usually transmitted by multifactorial polygenic inheritance. Hundreds of additional pedigrees will have to be studied before the methods of inheritance are firmly established."
1142497,"Of 400 patients who underwent ileal conduit diversion between 1963 and 1972, 18 (4.5 per cent) had parastomal hernias. A poorly fitting appliance was the most common presenting symptom. The hernia was found most often in the superolateral quadrant of the stoma at the site of mesenteric attachment of the conduit. In situ and translocation repairs of the stoma are discussed."
1142498,"A man with a solitary bladder carcinoma suffered acute tubular necrosis following hydrostatic pressure therapy. The nephrotoxicity caused by antibiotics and/or the septicemic shock seems to be responsible. The animal experiment suggested changes in the technique: 1) the bladder should be overdistended via a Foley catheter with a rubber ballon at the tip to prevent a possible postoperative complication and 2) one should try to decrease rather than maintain the high intravesical pressure during overdistension to avoid bladder wall rupture. The overstretching of a blood vessel alone is quite sufficient to bring the anoxia upon the bladder tumor, which is verfied by the biophysical principle."
1142499,"In 47 patients treated sequentially with urinary diversion and laparotomy staging, irradiation therapy and total cystectomy for invasive carcinoma of the bladder, the mortality rate was 2 per cent and the complication rate was 20 per cent. The survival rate was most favorable in patients in whom the pathologic specimen revealed no tumor after irradiation. The lower mortality and morbidity rates are attributed to staging of surgical procedures and the challenge remains to increase the number of patients in whom carcinoma of the bladder is converted by irradiation therapy to a lower stage or no tumor."
1142502,"Strictures of the membranous urethra following pelvic fractures pose a challenge in management because of their relatively inaccessible position above the urogenital diaphragm and behind the pubic symphysis. The corrective procedures the pass up from the perineum through the urogenital diaphragm to reach the stricture have the real or theoretical disadvantage of defunctionalizing the external urethral sphincter and leaving continence dependent solely upon the competency of the bladder neck. On the other hand, transpubic surgery allows a direct attack upon the stricture without violating the sphincter. Our experience with 4 such cases has convinced us of the superiority of this approach."
1142500,"Massive diuresis after relief of urinary tract obstruction has been divided into 3 categories: 1) salt, 2) urea and 3) water. Measurements of the urinary electrolytes and urine osmolality establish the character of the diuresis and facilitate in the fluid management of these patients. A clinical example of the 2 most common varieties, salt and urea, is presented in conjuction with the method of fluid replacement."
1142501,"Two cases of non-penetrating distal urethral trauma are reported to illustrate the potential routes of urinary extravasation. The nature and management of such injuries are discussed to emphasize that the typically incomplete rupture of the distal urethra responds satisfactorily to catheter diversion of the urinary stream, antibiotic coverage, drainage of extravasated urine and delayed debridement of necrotic tissue. Primary surgical repair of the urethra is rarely indicated in this injury."
1142503,"Followup data on 90 of 177 patients with Peyronie's disease seen from Janurary 1, 1950 to April 1, 1970 revealed that the ultimate outcome of the disease when not treated was no different from that following orthovoltage radiotherapy. The real benefit derived from orthovoltage radiotherapy appears to be that it hastens symptomatic improvement by 3 to 7 months. In 21 per cent of the patients there was an associated inflammatory joint or tendon disease, an association not previously reported."
1142505,"The clinical and morphological features of 7 cases of anaplastic seminoma are reviewed. Although this tumor appears to behave more aggressively than classical seminoma, presenting with earlier metastases, it has the same prognosis when staging is taken into consideration. Radiotherapy remains the treatment of choice."
1142504,During a 10-year period 11 cases of priapism were treated with a saphenocavernous bypass. Uniformly good functional results were obtained if the procedure was done within 36 hours of the commencement of priapism. Prior aspiration and irrigation appear to lengthen this interval. The formation of temporary cavernovenous communication with the superficial venous system of the penis by aspiration and irrigation with large needles is demonstrated and is postulated as a mechanism by which this method of treatment alone is occasionally successful. Persisting graft patency has been associated with impotence. If erection does not occur within 3 months of the saphenous bypass the shunt should be ligated.
1142506,"Cell-mediated immunocompetence of patients seen for followup of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is evaluated using dinitrochlorobenzene as a contact sensitizing agent. The immune status is correlated with the presence or absence of metastatic disease. A highly significant correlation is found between the lack of immune response and the presence of metastatic carcinoma, suggesting that immunotherapy will be useful in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate."
1142507,"Urinary excretion of the basic polyamine, spermidine, was significantly elevated in patients with prostatic carcinoma as compared to a control group of patients, Of 44 urine specimens from patients with prostatic malignancy 31 had spermidine levels more than 2 mg. per 24 hours, while only 3 of 13 urine specimens from the control groups had levels in excess of this value. The increase in spermidine appeared to be correlated with the histologic grading of the tumor, that is 30 of 34 specimens from patients with grade II, III or IV carcinoma had excessive spermidine excretion and only 1 of 10 urine specimens from patients with grade I tumors had similiar spermidine elevations. High spermidine levles were found in tumors localized to the prostate and in 7 of 8 patients with negative pelvic and para-aortic lymph node biopsies. This study raises the possibility that urinary spermidine determinations may aid in the development of a biochemical screening test for prostatic neoplasms."
1142510,"Percutaneous puncture and aspiration were used successfully in 2 cases: 1) a calcified benign renal cyst and 2) a grossly infected benign renal cyst. Percutaneous aspiration might be a useful procedure in either calcified or infected renal cyst. If percutaneous puncture is contemplated in a calcified ring lesion, preliminary angiography is strongly recommended to exclude possible renal artery aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation."
1142509,Smooth muscle preparations taken from the minor calices of human kidneys were investigated by an isolated tissue technique. The existence of alpha-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor sites were demonstrated and it was shown that stimulation with the appropriate agonist resulted in an excitatory response. No evidence could be found to support the presence of beta-adrenoceptors in such tissues. The results of transmural electrical stimulation of similar preparations were highly suggestive of an effective innervation of the alpha-adrenoceptors.
1142508,"Platelet aggregation is increased in patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated with estrogens. Hence, these patients have a high incidence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases. Platelet aggregation has been tested with the platelet aggregation test. It was inhibited by administration of 500 mg. acetylsalicylic acid twice daily. An aggregation inhibiting effect has been found in all 38 patients. To reduce the excess hazards of cardiovascular complications of estrogens in treating carcinoma of the prostate acetylsalicylic acid is recommended as an adjunct therapy."
1142511,"In cases of unilateral hydronephrosis the urine concentration of contrast medium, for example diatrizoate, depends on the remaining renal function, the rate of turnover in the obstructed renal pelvis and the function of the contralateral kidney. Contrast medium for a single injection or a short infusion time is rapidly excreted by the normal contraleteral kidney, without allowing high enough plasma levels long enough for sufficient urine concentrations in the hydronephrotic kidney. This excretion rate can be compensated for by continuous infusion urography for several hours with large doses of contrast medium (up to 1,250 ml. 30 per cent diatrizoate). This method was theoretically computerized, tested in animals experiments and clinically used in 11 patients. It can improve the diagnostic possibilites of excretory urography, especially in cases of unilateral obstruction, and can minimize the need for retrograde pyelography with its known complications."
1142512,"Three patients with moderate-sized cell carcinomas underwent percutaneous catheter-aided gelfoam embolization several days prior to an operation. Reduction of the vascular bed of the tumors shortened operative time and simplified the procedure. In the future these patients, along with others, will be followed to determine if reduction of tumor size by necrosis will alter the immune mechanism of the metastases. Even our small series and short followup illustrate that embolization is a simple and logical extension of diagnostic catheterization."
1142513,"An hour before nephrectomy 10 patients with hypernephroma and 2 with pyonephrosis underwent occlusion of the renal arteries with gelfoam via selective catheterization, using the Seldinger percutaneous technique. This technique facilitated the operation by collapsing the renal and perirenal veins, decreased blood loss and prevented the dissemination of tumor cells or septic emboli from organ manipulation."
1142514,A method of preoperative intraluminal occlusion of the renal artery in cases of kidney tumors using a 5F Swan-Ganz ballon catheter is presented. The procedure was used in 26 tumor nephrectomies without complications and resulted in marked facilitation of the operation in 70 per cent of the cases.
1142515,We herein review 12 cases of renal cell carcinoma evaluated by bone scan and skeletal survey. Comparison of these techniques revealed a high incidence of falsely negative results (42 per cent) when using skeletal survey alone. It is now our policy to include the bone scan in our initial evaluation of patients with renal cell carcinoma.
1142516,New and highly sophisticated advances in uro-angiography need to be systematically analyzed and presented for evaluation. Our experience with these techniques applied to renal carcinoma is reviewed. This series demonstrates the important features of angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of renal carcinoma although the number of patients was not large enough to permit statistical treatment of the data. We anticipate that close cooperation between radiologist and urologist will continue to produce advances such as annotated in this report.
1142517,"Eght-four patients with renal cell carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively in order to 1) determine the effectiveness of systemic chemotherapy-hormonal and non-hormmonal, 2) identify the clinical features of renal cell carcinoma that may be important in prognosis and 3) characterize the paraneoplastic features of renal cell carcinoma. Metastatic disease was present at diagnosis in 57 per cent of the cases and developed within 1 year in an additional 19 per cent of the cases were paradoxically associated with a longer survival (20 months median) compared to single-organ metastasis (5 to 11 months median). Paraneoplastic syndromes occurred in up to 40 per cent of patients with variable survival. Metastatic disease was unresponsive objectively to either primary nephrectomy or to a variety of chemotherapy trials."
1142519,"An explanation was sought as to why the ureter becomes tortuous with increased intraluminal pressure. Changes in ureteral diameter and length, secondary to increased intraluminal pressure, were measured in different pathologic conditions and these changes were compared to similar ones in a non-biologic material (latex rubber tubing). It was demonstrated that these changes were anisotropic and remarkably similar under quite different pathologic conditions. Ureteral tortusity occurring secondary to increased intraluminal pressure may be related to anisotropic expansion of a tube with both ends in a fixed position."
1142518,"Thirty-one patients with renal carcinoma were divided into 3 groups according to the stage of the disease and evaluated with skin tests to determine cell-mediated immunity and an in vitro chemostaxis assay to measure monocyte function. The patients demonstrated a significant defect in monocyte function, that is the ability to undergo chemotaxis when compared to healthy controls and patients with non-neoplastic disease (p less than 0.001). The defect tended to be more severe in patients with advanced disease. Improvements in monocyte function occurred following nephrectomy in patients with localized disease. The patients were skin tested with recall antigens and dinitrochlorobenzene to determine the presence of a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response. Croton oil was used to evaluate the non-specific inflammatory response. These studies indicate that a defect exists in cellular immunity as well as the inflammatory response. Patients with advanced disease tend to be unresponsive to these skin tests while those with localized disease are more likely to react to dinitrochlorobenzene and croton oil."
1142520,"Urologists have been reticent to approach vesicovaginal fistulas via the vaginal route. The Latzko partial colpocleisis seems to be an easier, faster and less traumatic procedure than advocated in the literature. The success rate is high and the procedure is highly recommended."
1142521,A retrospective study was made on 57 partial cystectomies for bladder cancer performed during a 25-year period. Operative mortality was zero and morbidity was low. The 5-year survival rate was 59.5 per cent. The procedure is believed to be a good choice in certain cases. These criteria are discussed.
1142522,"A series of 33 cases of transurethral sphincterotomy is reviewed, comparing the incidence of postoperative complications between incisions at the 3 and 9 o'clock and those at the 1 and 11 o'clock positions. Postoperative impotence and delayed hemorrhage were more frequently encountered following incisions at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. It is recommended that patients be warned of the possibility of loss of erections following sphincterotomy and that the 1 and 11 o'clock positions be adopted routinely for this procedure."
1142523,Clinical experience has firmly established the usefulness of imipramine in the management of enuresis. Our report describes the serious dose-related cardiac and central nervous system toxic effects of imipramine. Comparison of the human and animal toxicity data is presented and recommendations are given for safe human dose ranges.
1142524,"Testicular torsion, although not an uncommon clinical entity, is likely to be unrecognized, particularly if the patient is not within the expected age range. Manual derotation can readily be achieved and will significantly improve results of ultimate treatment. All painful scrotal masses should be considered possible torsed testes, unless obvious predisposing factors exclude its diagnosis."
1142526,"Hidradenitis suppurativa of the perineum and scrotum is a progressive disease and, if left untreated, may require a radical operation for its control, including orchiectomy and skin grafting. Five patients with this disease who had failed to respond to antibiotics, and incision and drainage were treated with excision of the involved scrotal and perineal tissue. Healing was promtp and contractures were minimal. Early operative management of this chronic disease is encouraged."
1142527,We evaluated bone marrow acid phosphatase in 30 patients as another parameter in staging prostatic carcinoma. This method is reliable and useful as part of the staging precedures. No falsely positive results were found and the procedure provided the only indication of metastatic diseases in 4 cases.
1142528,"There was 13 patinets with histologically metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with a single oral dose of 80 mg. per kg. hydroxyurea every third day (based on ideal or actual weight, whichever is less) and 12.5 mg. chlorotrianisene per day. Toxicity was mild. The most common manifestations were nausea, occasional vomiting leukopenia. A definite attempt was made to depress the white blood count to approximately 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Hydroxyurea was not discontinued unless the white blood count decreased to less that 2,000 cells per cu. mm., after which a single dose was usually omitted. Omission of a single dose would allow the white blood count to return promptly to more than 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Objective tumor regression was demonstrated in 6 of the 13 patients and all patients had a definite improvement in the quality of life."
1142529,"A long-term study of 17 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of functional and anatomic renal abormalities. All patients demonstrated varying degrees of hematuria and proteinuria distinct from hemoglobinuria. All patients also had granular casts in multiple urinalyses. Evaluation of renal function revealed hyposthenuria, abnormal tubular function and declining creatinine clearance. Radiologically, one or more of these demonstrated enlarged kidneys, renal cortical infarcts and thinning, papillary necrosis, acute renal atrophy, retroperitoneal hematoma and ureteral infarction, which were confirmed by autopsy studies. Hypertension developed in 7 patients. Urinary tract infection was uncommon and no patient had a clinical history compatible with chronic or acute pyelonephritis. Contrary to usual opinion our compatible clearly showed evidence of frequent and widespread renal pathology in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria most likely due to repeated microvascular thromboses similar to the venous trombosis involving other organs in this disorder. Since most of these patients present initially to urologists knowledge of this entity is mandatory."
1142531,"In the evaluation of the morbidity associated with ileal conduit urinary diversion in children, a retrospective analysis of the complications in 125 such children was done. When retroperitoneal Penrose drainage was used or when additional surgical procedures were performed, a significantly increased number of early postoperative complications were found. Conversely, when peristomal skin preconditioning was accomplished or when a single layer ureteroileal anastomosis was constructed, postoperative morbidity was markedly reduced. Ileal conduit urinary diversion remains the most satisfactory method of permanent urinary diversion in children."
1142532,"We herein describe 4 older boys with non-obstructive, non-neurogenic refluxing megacystis-megaureter syndrome. These patients require immediate investigation and aggressive surgical intervention, the goal being total reconstruction of the bladder and upper tracts in continuity. This goal was achieved in 3 patients with followup in excess of 4 years. Failure to recognize the syndrome, as with our fourth patient, may result in improper classification and treatment. A plea is made for urological investigation of pernicious nocturnal enuresis in older boys and in all children with a history of urinary tract infection."
1142533,"Not all patients with meatal stenosis require a complete urologic study. In those asymptomatic patients presenting with a small meatus found on routine examination, a urologic study is required only for clear historical or laboratory evidence of infection. Complete evaluation is still required for those patients with hematuria or a suggestive history on physical examination. We do not suggest abandoning the evaluation of meatal stenosis but hopefully provide guide lines for the evaluation of patients with a small meatus and no other symptoms or history. The management of these patients in the office or in day-care surgical facilities may be a suitable alternative to formal hospitalization. This should minimally include a careful history and physical examination, urinalysis, urine culture and consultation with the referring physician when necessary."
1142534,"Although rena vein thrombosis usually presents with a large or normal-sized kidney radiographically, a small atrophic kidney may be the end stage result of complete renal vein thrombosis with subsequent hemorrhagic infarction. A small atrophic kidney secondary to renal vein thrombosis (probably of neonatal origin) was diagnosed by selective renal arteriography in a 31-year-old woman being studied for hypertension of unknown etiology."
1142535,"Bilateral nephrectomy, renal perfusion and bench surgery have been used in the management of synchronous bilateral renal pelvic tumors in a 35-year-old man. The possibility of bilateral nephrectomy followed by hemodialysis and eventual transplantation was considered but was not done because we believe for the present time that the nature of the immune response and its importance in the pathogenesis of cancer are complicated and poorly defined. It is likely that immunosuppression may tip the balance toward the tumor. Bench surgery allowed us to perform radical resection of these urothelial tumors yet preserve enough renal tissue to sustain life. This patient is now enjoying an active life and has a blood urea nitrogen of 30 mg. per cent and a serum creatinine of 1.2 mg. per cent from the functioning third of the former right kidney."
1142551,"Parasites collected from free-ranging black bears, Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780, from northeastern Minnesota or northern Michigan include the dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821), the winter tick, D. ALBIPICTUS (Packard, 1869), a louse, Trichodectes pinguis euarctidoes Hopkins, 1954, an ascarid worm, Baylisascaris transfuga (rudolphi, 1819), a filarial worm, Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941, taeniid tapeworms, and unidentified fleas. The broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum (linnaeus, 1785), was reported to be common in man and black bears in northeastern Minnesota earlier in this century, but now it apparently is uncommon in black bears in norther Wisconsin. Cannibalism of carcasses is common in the black bear and may play a major role in the transmission of Trichinella."
1142554,"In an outbreak of bovine rabies in Argentina, a study was made of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and wild carnivores. Rabies antibody rates of high prevalence were found in the bats, foxes (Dusicyon gymnocercus) and skunks (Conepatus chinga). The outbreak was part of an extensive continuing epizootic of vampire transmitted bovine rabies which may have also involved other vectors in the area of this study. Consumption of dead and dying bats by the carnivores is the suggested means of passage of rabies virus from vampire bats to foxes and skunks. Given optimum conditions it is conceivable that some outbreaks in carnivores may begin in this way."
1142555,"The susceptibility of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) to the common liver fluke (F. hepatica) was studied. Two deer and one sheep comprised each of three experimental groups. Animals in each group were inoculated individually with 250, 500, or 1000 F. hepatica metacercariae. One deer and one sheep given 1000 metacercariae died with lesions consistent with black disease 7 weeks after inoculation. At necropsy 6 or 15 weeks postinoculation, the mean percentage recovery of the inoculum was 38.9% from the deer and 51.9% from the sheep. Fluke eggs recovered from the deer were viable and metacercariae cultured from the eggs were fully infective for sheep. Pathologic changes associated with F. hepatica infection were more severe in the infected deer; consequently, the deer were less resistant to the lethal effects of the parasite than sheep. Considering the experimental results and the fact that naturally acquired common liver fluke infection has been reported infrequently from black-tailed deer, it was concluded that black-tailed deer do not constitute a significant reservoir for F. hepatica in domestic livestock."
1142556,"A free living opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) was found to have severe fibrous osteodystrophy of the maxilla and mandibles. No significant lesions were found in the kidneys, ruling out an etiology of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. An etiology of primary phperthyroidism or nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is suggested."
1142557,"Babesia moshkovskiiwas found in the blood of 6 of 30 downy (D) Prairie Falcons and in none of 5 adults (A) from Wyoming. Intestinal parasites included Neodiplostomum (C) spathula (A,3), Cladotaenia globifera, (A,1), Physaloptera sp., (A,1), and Serratospiculum amaculatum, (a,4). ornithodorus concanensis, (D,3), Thrassis francisi, (D,1), Opisocrostis sp., (D.1), Degeeriella rufa, (D,2), Simulium (E.) canonicola (D,2), and an unidentified hippoboscid fly, (D,2) were external parasites. It is considered that the soft tick, O. concanensis, is the most likely vector of the hematozoon. The morphological forms of B.moshkovskii are described and discussed. This is the first report of an avian babesoid on this continent."
1142558,"Antibody activity against Erysipelothrix insidiosa was measured in 15 porpoises which had undergone a series of vaccinations, at 6 month intervals, with erysipelas bacterin. Relatively high levels of aggluntinating antibodies were found to persist in the serum for a least 6 months following booster inoculations of the vaccine."
1142559,"Trypanosomes were isolated from a wapiti (Cervus canadensis) and 72 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from several locations in Michigan. Although significantly fewer fawns were infected, there were no significant differences in rate of infection between sexes or among geographic areas. From appearance of the trypomastigote, the trypanosome from white-tailed deer belongs in the genus Trypanosoma and the subgenus Megatrypanum. It was morphometrically similar to the common trypanosome of cattle, Trypanosoma theileri."
1142560,"The histopathology of fin rot disease in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from the New York Bight is described. Fin rot in winter flounder was characterized by progressive loss of portions of the anal and dorsal fins. Microscopic findings included epidermal hyperplasia accompanied by dermal fibrosis, hyperemia, and hemorrhage. Bacteria were not observed in situ and a pronounced leukocytic inflammatory response was not noted."
1142561,"Forty-four black-tailed jackrabbits, Lepus californicus melanotis Mearns, 1890, were collected near Denver from August, 1972, through July, 1973, and amined for parasites. Recovered parasites and their infection rates were: Eimeria sp. 100%, Cittotaenia sp.27%, coenuri of Multiceps sp. 57%, Cediopsylla inaequalis 14%, Hoplopsyllus affinis 9%, Haemodipsus setoni 2%, Dermacentor andersoni 14%, and Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris 25%."
1142562,"The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was investigated among five species of wild carnivores in Norther Ccalifornia. The highest prevalence was among bobcats (Lynx rufus), with 15 of 21 tested being serologically positive. Other results included serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in two of seven raccoons (Procyon lotor), one of three badgers (taxidea taxus) and two of three coyotes (Canis latrans). Two gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were serologically negative. Oone badger with an indirect hemagglutination antibody titer of 1:8192 was found to harbor T. gondii in its brain tissues."
1142565,"The perfused heart in situ and strip preparations were used. In the in situ preparation, low-Na hypoosmotic saline had a positive inotropic effect, shortened the A-V interval and abolished arrhythmia or A-V blocking. The return to normal saline caused a transient off-response: further acceletation of the heartbeat and further shortening of the A-V interval. Low Na isoosmotic saline (sodium replaced by sucrose) increased pacemaker activity but the effect on the length of the A-V interval was variable. In the strip preparation, Low-Na hypoosmotic saline increased the rate of rise of the action potentials of atrioventricular ring (R-potentials) and shortened its latency of activation. The effects of the isoosmotic saline varied with the substitute used, either sucrose or lithium. Sucrose saline gave unpredictable results, though the rate of rise of R-potentials increased in 14 out of 24 experiments. Lithium saline decreased the rate of rise of R-potentials and blocked atrioventricular propagation in all experiments. Tetrodotoxin (10- minus 5 g/ml) did not abolish R-potentials. An increase of calcium concentration to 3 and 5 times the normal decreased the rate of rise of R-potentials and blocked atrio-ventricular propagation. While the Low-Na saline blocked pacemaker activity at the sinus venosus, it stimulated the generation of R-potentials, so that throughtout low-Na treatment, the site of pacemaker activity shifted to the A-V ring. The situation was reversed  when normal saline was restored. The data are discussed according to the current ideas of action potential generation."
1142566,"The role played by the cardiac sympathetic fibers in the pulmonary depressor reflex was analyzed in twenty dogs. The selective perfusion with homologous blood of the inferior lobar vessels of the left lung with pressures of 40 to 60 mmHg decreased the spontaneous background discharges recorded from the left superior or inferior cardiac sympathetic nerves. This decrease was maximal at perfusion pressure of 80-100 mmHg. Following the decrease in the sympathetic discharges, the systolic and diastolic systemic arterial blood pressure decrease about 10 per cent. The changes were reversible when the perfusion pressure was returned to the control. The intravenous injection of atropine sulphate did not change either the systemic hypotension or the responses of the sympathetic efferent discharges induced by elevation of the pressure in the vascular bed of the lung lobe. Thus, it is believed that the systemic arterial blood pressure during this reflex may have fallen due to a diminution of the vascular tone caused by a decrease in the sympathetic efferent discharges. After transection of the vagus nerve ipsilateral to the tested lobe, the reduction of the sympathetic discharges as well as the decrease of the systemic arterial blood pressure were no longer observed. Our results further substantiate the concept that the vagus nerve is the afferent pathway for the pulmonary depressor reflex, and it may be concluded that during this reflex the sympathetic efferent activities are inhibited."
1142567,"The effects of antipyretics on the ear skin and rectal temperature (Te and Tre) were investigated in non-febrile rabbits placed in a cold environment or when they were cooled locally in the hypothalamus. Intravenous injections of sulpyrin (25-500 mg/kg) or sodium salicylate (25-100 mg/kg) produced the dose-related increase in Te and slight fall in Tre. Decrease in Te induced by hypothalamic cooling was also reversed by the intravenous injection of antipyretics. Intraventricular injections of sulpyrin and salicylate (0.5-5.0 mg/kg) also caused the vasodilatation of the pinna skin and the fall in Tre. Bilateral microinjections of sulpyrin were made into various areas of the brain stem in order to locate the site of action. The injection sites where the vasodilatatory effect was elicited were the anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus and the midbrain reticular formation. The responses elicited from the ventromedial nucleus were usually accompanied by restless and violent struggling. Injection of antipyretics into the mammillary body had no effect on Te. Intrahypothalamic injection of procaine depressed the sulpyrin-induced vasodilatation. These findings suggest that action of antipyretics on the normal body temperature is mediated through anterior hypothalamus and midbrain reticular formation."
1142568,"The mechanical response of the red and white muscles of the silver carp was investigated using linearly stimulating currents. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the peak tension increased when the rate of rise was reduced to about 0.3 mA/sec in the red muscle, and to about 3 mA/sec in the white muscle, provided that the maximum current applied always reached 3 mA. Further reduction of the rate of rise decreased the tension, particularly in the white muscle. Low concentrations of caffeine (0.5 mM) potentiated mainly the early phase of contraction. However, the tension produced by a stimulating current with a rate lower than this value was suppressed by caffeine. When the external K ion was cumulatively increased to more than 13.5 mM in the red muscle and to more than 10.8 mM in the white muscle, the tension elicited by a linearly rising current was reduced. La and Mn ions suppressed mainly the late phase of contraction. It is postulated that two different mechanisms are involved in increasing the intracellular-free Ca concentration. The early phase of contraction may be a result of Ca release from the surface of terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggered by depolarization. The late phase produced by a prolonged depolarization may be a consequence of Ca movement across the plasma membrane or the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum. There seems to be an inactivation process for both the early phase and late phase. The difference in mechanical properties between the red and white muscles may be due to the presence of strong inactivation in the excitation-contraction coupling in the white muscle."
1142569,"Synaptic events in a chloride-deficient condition were studied to elucidate functional aspects of presynaptic inhibitory synapses. The extracellular junctional potentials and nerve terminal potentials were concurrently recorded from a synaptic region. Inhibitory stimulation produced repetitive spikes on the inhibitory nerve terminal and then the excitatory nerve terminal, which resulted in the extracellular excitatory junctional potentials. Excitatory stimulation did not produce repetitive spikes on the inhibitory nerve terminal, indicating one-way signal transmission in this axo-axonal synapse from inhibitory to excitatory axon. The interval required for an inhibitory stimulation to produce the first response in the postsynaptic muscle membrane ranged widely from 10 to 800 msec. When gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 1 times 10-minus 4 M) was added in these experimental conditions, the muscle membrane was transiently depolarized by about 10 mV. The action of GABA mimics that of the neurotransmitter at presynaptic inhibitory synapses. The experimental observations may be well explained by the concept of synapses on synapses, i.e., presynaptic inhibition, where the neurotransmitter may be GABA and chloride ions may be playing essential roles as in the case of postsynaptic inhibition."
1142573,"Determination of the concentration of leucogenenol in the IgM, IgG, albumin, and low molecular weight protein fractions of serum demonstrated that leucogenenol is found only in protein fractions of molecular weights in the range of IgM and IgG. Determination of the distribution of leucogenenol in chromatographically separated serum proteins showed that leucogenenol has a maximum concentration in the proteins intermediate between those with the molecular weights of IgM and IgG. Comparison of the ratio of effluent to void volumes with the ratios of known proteins suggest that the associated or carrier protein of leucogenenol has a molecular weight of approximately 3 x 10-5. When additional leucogenenol is added to serum it is found in the same protein fractions as the leucogenenol normally present, indicating that there is excess carrier protein for leucogenenol in the serum."
1142574,"Behçet's disease, originally described as a triad of ocular inflammation and oral and genital ulcerations, is better understood as a mulitsystem disease involving skin, joints, central nervous system, large bowel, and peripheral veins. This report of a 49-year-old female patient with uveitis and recurrent orogenital lesions, polyarthritis, and skin lesions, serves as introduction to a review of articular involvement in Behçet's disease. Included is complete synovial fluid analysis with measurement of intraarticular complement. Arthropathy, occurring in at least one-half of reported patients, is usually polyarticular and asymmetrical. It affects knees and ankles most frequently and rarely produces loss of function or deformity. During exacerbations synovial fluid appears inflammatory with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis greater than 25,000 cells/mul; synovial fluid complement is consistently elevated. Histologically the synovium shows increased vascularity with perivascular lymphocyte infiltration. Etiology and treatment of Behçet's disease are briefly discussed."
1142575,"The behavioral sciences have much to offer medical research and practice, and they are likely to play an increasingly important role in medical education. The need for researchers and teachers trained in both medicine and behavioral sciences has been addressed at Johns Hopkins by the establishment of a joint degree program. Concurrent, as opposed to consecutive, training in both fields shortens the duration of study and fosters interdisciplinary research early in the trainee's career."
1142707,"Histometrical glomerular studies were carried out in minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis (minimal changes without nephrotic syndrome) with different clinical symptomatology. Results of morphometric examinations of renal corpuscles of 58 cases of minimal proliferative ntercapillary glomerulonephritis (MPI-GN) without nephrotic syndrome were compared with those of normal and mesangiosproliferative glomerulonephritis cases and showed that MPI-GN without nephrotic syndrome is accompanied by proliferation of the glomerular cells. The cell density in the glomeruli is increased by 47% compared with the norm. Different clinical symptoms (proteinuria, haematuria, haematuria and proteinuria) have no different morphometrical correlate. A differentiation of this disease from mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis seems justified."
1142711,Endogenous and postheparin monoglyceride hydrolase (MGH) was studied in 9 patients with acute virus hepatitis and in 25 normal subjects with the use of a new spectrophotometric method. During the 4 weeks of observation the patients had significantly higher endogenous and reduced postheparin MGH levels if compared with the controls (p smaller than 0.001). In the initial phase of hepatitis the alterations were more pronounced and the serum glyceride concentration was raised. The results show that MGM activities in plasma may be greatly influenced by the liver.
1142714,"A method for removal of the thymus in the newborn rat employing measures aimed at reducing the mortality incurred by the surgical procedure, cannibalism and infection is described in detail. Tranquilisation of the dam, sterile technique, magnification of the operative site for thymus aspiration, warming to 37 degrees C during the recovery phase, and application of pheromones to the offspring prior to their reunion with the dam, all proved important in increasing the survival rate."
1142716,Brief exposure of dogs to topical chlordane solutions resulted in a significant and long-lasting decrease in the biological half-life of orally administered warfarin. The effect is presumed to be an expression of chlordane's well-documented inductive effect on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and its long-term storage in fat depots. The facility with which chlordane is absorbed through the intact skin of dogs may render casually-treated animals unsuitable for subsequent pharmacologic study for long periods of time.
1142717,"The origins of 7 inbred mouse strains (OUBW, OUCW, OUGW, OUYW, OUBCr, OUF and OUW) are reported. 6 of these strains have been in existence for a number of years, and 4 of them have not been mentioned in the literature. 2 of the strains have been referred to in published work, but because of incorrect designation may have caused some confusion. The remaining strain (OUBCr), which has considerable research potential, has been developed from a mutation in an NZB subline."
1142720,"Male Har:(ICR)BR mice were housed 8 wk in wire bottom cages over paper, in wire bottom cages over an automatic cascade flushing system, or in solid-bottom plastic cages with bedding material. There were no substantial differences in general health or weight gain. Pentobarbital LD50 values were lower for the mice housed in wire bottom cages than for the mice in solid bottom cages with bedding. This difference was probably related to gastrointestinal content. It appears that the automatic cascade flushing system is suitable for housing mice for periods up to 8 wk."
1142722,"During a 7-mo period, mice from a group of 383 being used in a toxicology experiment developed severe progressive necrotic dermatitis, and some animals developed paralysis. The overall mortality rate for the group was 134/383 (35%). Seventeen mice were necropsied for bacteriologic and histopathologic examination. A streptococcus identified as Lancefield group G was isolated from the skin lesions of 15 of the mice, from 8 of 9 throats cultured, from 4 of 8 spleens, and occasionally from other sites. It was thought that the infections were initiated and perpetuated by bites from mice carrying the streptococcus in their mouth and throats. Microscopic examination of affected skin revealed necrotic dermatitis characterized by epithelial ulceration with suppuration. The skin lesions were reproduced in 6 of 15 mice inoculated with the isolated streptococcus."
1142723,"A sialocele originating in the duct of the sublingual salivary gland near its opening, close to the lingual frenulum, was observed as a naturally-occurring lesion in a laboratory rabbit. The lesion was assumed during necropsy dissection to be an oral papilloma. Microscopic examination of histologic sections revealed the lesion to have the characteristics of a sialocele (ranula)."
1142724,"A spontaneous retinal dystrophy was found in 4 percent of Sprague-Dawley-derived rats examined. The lesion occurred both unilaterally and bilaterally in equal frequency, but the incidence in the females was 2 times greater than in males. Retinal change consisted of focal or diffuse absence of the outer layers of the retina, but frank degenerative changes or progression of the lesion was not observed. The cause of the dystrophy was not determined, but its increased occurrence with increasing age of the rats suggests an age-related lesion."
1142725,"Normal values were obtained for blood serum PBI, T3 index. T4, and cholesterol in a colony of pygmy goats (n equal to 55) of mixed sex and age. Serum PBI values averaged 8.1 plus or minus 1.2 mug/dl with no significant sex differences. The mean T3 index and T4 value were 1.1 plus or minus 0.1 and 7.2 plus or minus 1.1 mug/dl, respectively, with no sex differences. The mean serum cholesterol value was 90.0 mg/dl, with sex differences apparent. Serum cholesterol averaged 84.9 mg/dl (n equal to 44) for females and was significantly higher in intact males (97.4 mg/dl; n=8) and significantly lower in castrate males 69.2; n=6. There was a consistent and significant increase in cholesterol values with age in females, an unexplained phenomenon also observed in humans. There was no evidence of thyroid malfunction in the animals studied."
1142726,"A non-rebreathing anesthetic system for administering volatile anesthetic mixtures to small laboratory animals was designed. The device is easily constructed and simple to operate, yet permits the anesthetic management of small animals by technics similar to those used for man and larger species."
1142727,"Six cases of invagination of the colon with prolapse through the rectum were reported in the Golden Syrian hamster. The anatomy of the colon and its enveloping mesentery in the hamster are thought to be predisposing factors in the process of invagination. The mesenteric fold incorporates the spleen in this animal and acts as a ligament stopping further invagination. The gross pathology associated with the process of invagination was described. Observations with respect to the pathogenesis were included, emphasizing the point that peristalsis and not the initiating intestinal irritant is the major causal factor."
1142728,"A method was developed to provide safe, rapid, and accurate intratracheal instillation of radionuclides into the rat lung. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and suspended vertically on an animal support stand with rubber bands attached to the incisor teeth, holding the mouth open. A speculum was inserted into the trachea and the radionuclide was injected from a syringe through tubing inserted through the tracheal speculum into the trachea. The amount of radionuclide retained in the lung varied by less than a factor of 2 within groups of rats observed 4 hr-20 da after employing this method of instillation. When a volume of 2 ml was instilled, the radionuclide distribution between the left and right lung was similar to that observed following incorporation by inhalation. Instillations of less than 2 ml showed unequal distribution of radionuclide between the right and left lung."
1142729,Selected plasma chemistry and hematologic data were obtained from 8 pig-tailed monkeys fed semipurified fiber-free liquid diets for a prolonged period of time. No significant differences were noted from reported values of pig-tailed monkeys fed solid foods except for a slightly higher level of total plasma protein and globulins.
1142730,"A glass metabolic cage was designed for studies involving newborn rats and small animals up to about 15 g. The metabolic chamber is a jacketed tube, open on both ends and closed with 0-ring clamps. Water is circulated around the cage to maintain a constant and physiologic chamber temperature. Information about the metabolic pathway of nutrients and drugs can thus be studied, and the effects of drugs on metabolism of substrates to CO2 can also be assessed in the newborn animal."
1142731,"Cutaneous and pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed in rabbits. Dichotomous branching, septate hyphae typical of Aspergillus spp were observed in cystic hair follicles. Atypical, short, knobby mycelia with radiating projections were seen in nodular lesions in the lung."
1142732,A simple and inexpensive unit for the collection of excreta from individual mice was designed. The results of experiments in which counts of collected radioactive excreta were made closely approximated those previously obtained using a whole-body gamma counter.
1142733,A device for repeated collection of small blood samples from mice was constructed from a plastic syringe. Blood was collected into a 3.33 lambda capillary tube. Bleeding was stopped by a hemostat made from a rubber stopper. This technic allows easy collection of approximately 20 serial samples within an 8-hr period.
1142734,"Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was observed to occur naturally in laboratory rabbits. Three cases in juvenile and adult rabbits and their antemortem histories were examined. The gross and microscopic pathology were studied. It was shown that not only the pylorus, but the stomach as a whole was increased in size both relatively and absolutely. The thickness of the pylorus was doubled, but its circumference was not increased, in hypertrophic stenosis. The chief histologic finding was hypertrophy of circular and longitudinal smooth muscles and their enveloping fascia. The myenteric plexi were essentially normal in appearance. The literature on a similar condition in man, dog, and cat was reviewed."
1142738,"Lipid droplets surrounded by a peripheral membrane closely apposed to an electron-dense layer and containing acid phosphatase activity, similar to the lipolysosomes in hamsters described by Nehemiah and Novikoff (J. Cell Biol. 59: 246a, 1973; Exp. Mol. Pathol. 21:398, 1974), were found in the hepatocytes of patients with Wilson's disease. These organelles account for 1 to 2 per cent of the observed lipid droplets at the stage of the disease when excess fat is present. The occurrence of lipolysosomes in a condition not known to be associated with an acid lipase deficiency suggests that lipolysosomes may represent a nonspecific, alternate route for the mobilization of excess lipid from hepatocytes."
1142739,"The influence of cotton dust inhalation on pulmonary leukocyte recruitment has been examined in rats and guinea pigs in an attempt to develop an animal model which can be used to assess the relative pulmonary toxicity of dusts from various varieties of cotton. Statistically significant increases in leukocyte populations in the lungs occur as the result of dust inhalation. Although the response is not influenced by the sex or age of the test animal, species differences do occur; guinea pigs are more sensitive to the effects of exposure than rats. Also, the exposure regimen tends to influence the degree of the response, with intermittent exposure producing fewer cells than continuous exposure for the same period of time. Future investigations will use the information gathered here to employ the most appropriate animal species as a tool to screen varieties of cotton, and thereby to rank them according to their potential to aggravate or to initiate certain pulmonary pathologies."
1142740,"Light microscopic study of the evolution of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mammary tumors in Wistar-Furth rats revealed a seriation of changes proceeding from early hyperplasia (8 days) to advanced hyperplasia (57 days) and cancer (78 days). Ultrastructurally, cellular changes in advanced hyperplasia and cancer were indistinguishable, being characterized by nuclear chromatin clumping, prominent nucleoli, cytoplasmic polyribosomal aggregates and pseudopodal extensions, and prominent Golgi structures. These features, as well as the lack of limiting lamina basalia, allowed for their distinction from the cells of early hyperplasia. Further, only nodules of both advantanced hyperplasia and cancer were transplantable in syngeneic recipients. Chromosomal aberrations were qualitatively similar in cells obtained from all lesions but were progressively more frequent. Although these findings do not allow for the discrimination of advanced hyperplasia and cancer, they indicate their close pathogenetic relationship as well as the very early occurrence of chromosomal alterations in the development of mammary cancer in this model system."
1142741,"Nonocclusive white mural thrombosis was induced in the abdominal aortae of normolipidemic rabbits by insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the abdominal aortae. The thrombus subsequently organized into intimal thickenings which resembled fibrofatty type atherosclerosis seen in man, showing large numbers of foam cells containing stainable lipid, fatty necrotic centers, cholesterol clefts, calcification, and fibrous caps. The lipid composition of the thrombus and lesions was followed at serial time intervals from 4 hours to 60 weeks. Lipid analysis showed significant concentrations of lipid in the early lesions and with time these lipid concentrations increased and later decreased. These studies demonstrate that the fibrofatty lesions derived from a white thrombus have significant amounts of the same lipids that characterize the atherosclerotic lesions of man, however, there is a lower proportion of cholesterol to the other constituents and a higher proportion of phospholipids. The free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester of the 4-day lesions were much greater than that of platelets alone indicating that significant amounts of plasma are trapped in a thrombus when it forms."
1142742,"The fine structure of the small vessels in experimental myocardial infarcts of 10- to 360-minute duration was studied in 32 dogs and compared with the appearance of the small vessels in the corresponding normal myocardium. Following 10 to 60 minutes of coronary artery occlusion, increasing numbers of endothelial cells showed a marked swelling which was consistent with the presence of an intracellular edema and frequently resulted in various degrees of obstruction of the vessel lumen. After 120 minutes of ischemia, not all endothelial cells were obviously swollen, but all showed signs of degeneration, including changes in organelles similar to those in surrounding muscle cells. A progressive intensification of degenerative changes, particularly with respect to the continuity of the endothelial lining and the integrity of the membrane systems of individual endothelial cells, was observed at 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after coronary artery ligation, and cell debris could be seen in the lumina of most small vessels."
1142854,"This paper introduces an index of access to medical care that describes the use of services relative to the actual need for care. Findings on this particular measure suggest that, contrary to the implications of much of the existing literature, the poor continue to use fewer services-relative to the disability they experience-than do the nonpoor. Further, despite the advent of publicly financed economic solutions to these access differentials-Medicaid and Medicare, in particular-organizational barriers to entry, such as the long queues to obtain service and long travel times to care in some areas, still exist. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of existing and proposed national health policy efforts are discussed."
1142853,"The accumulation of [-14C] histamine into slices of rabbit hypothalamus was studied. All areas of hypothalamus took up histamine against a concentration gradient. The highest accumulation was into the infundibular area and the lowest into the mamillary body. The uptake did not correlate with the level of endogenous histamine. The uptake continued for at least two hours and a maximum tissue/medium ratio of about 5.6 was reached. The major part of radioactivity was chromatographically shown to be histamine. The uptake was temperature dependent and required sodium. It was not significantly inhibited by compound 48/80, but it could be inhibited with desipramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Therefore, the uptake of histamine shares many characteristics of the uptake of monoamines by brain slices, even if the rate of uptake appeared to be slower."
1142849,"The acid phosphatase and beta glucuronidase activities of four subcellular fractions (nuclear, mitochondrial-lysosomal, microsomal, supernatant) of WI-38 cells were compared during in vitro aging. All of the fractions showed an age-associated increase in activity. The increase in the lysosomal fraction was sufficient to account for the increase in the whole homogenate. The supernatant fraction showed a consistent and pronounced increase suggesting a decrease in latency. Hydrocortisone stabilized the lysosomes to some extent. However the presence of hydrocortisone (5 mug/ml) in the growth medium consistently extended the life-span of the culture 20-30%. The magnitude of the extension seemed to be directly proportional to the amount of time the cultures were exposed to the added hormone."
1142855,"Community pharmacists, by virtue of their location, are thought to be among the most accessible health care workers in the delivery system. To estimate the importance of this assertion it is necessary to understand the communication habits of pharmacists, especially their interactions with patients. Since verbal communication is the most frequent form of patient interaction, this study attempts to specify the type and amount of all pharmacist communication with emphasis on the pharmacist-patient process. Using a modified work sampling technique, communication data were collected on community pharmacists practicing in chain pharmacies. Data are presented in the context of a causal model. The strongest pathway in the model is found to be the inverse relationship of prescription department staffing to the percentage of time pharmacists devote to communication with patients. Prescription volume is seen to have a moderately positive effect on the level of communication. However, further analysis reveals staffing to be the limiting factor. The findings suggest that changes in the environment of the community pharmacists studied would do much to increase pharmacist-patient contact. An educational effort also is indicated to assure that patients receive quality communication."
1142850,"The decline in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness of spleen cells from aged mice was studied in an effort to determine the nature of the depressed PHA reactivity. The reduced response of DNA synthesis (thymidine incorporation) to PHA stimulation could not be attributed to a decreased viability of spleen lymphocytes from old mice in in vitro culture conditions, to different PHA dose requirements, or to longer periods of culture time for old mouse spleen cells to reach maximal activity. Culture of cells for 24-48 h prior to addition of PHA gave patterns of thymidine incorporation similar to those of freshly prepared spleen cells. The elimination of red blood cells by a brief hypotonic shock significantly increased thymidine incorporation in spleen lymphocytes from both yound and old mice."
1142856,"This paper examines the patient's decision to select a source of care, offers a theoretical construct of this choice process, and reports on the results of a survey that tested the model among the population of Rochester, New York. Respondent reasons for selecting a source of ambulatory care are collapsed into categories that relate to individual perceptions of the utility of cost, time, convenience, sociopsychological factors, and the technical quality of care. The relative importance of these criteria and other findings relating to sociodemographic characteristics and individual patterns of utilization are reported. The data are derived from a survey (N = 521) of households representative of the area of Rochester, New York."
1142857,"This study is a partial replication study of a community with the fictious name of Regionville which was first studied by E. L. Koos in the period 1946-50. In the present paper, we are concerned principally with that part having to do with the changing health care beliefs in this community. The indications are that: 1) there has been considerably liberalization of opinion, particularly among upper class respondents, in terms of issues relating to national health insurance and the role of ancillary medical personnel such as social workers; and 2) social classes are much more similar in their perceptions of many medical care issues now than they were a generation ago. Finally, we suggest that the changing pattern of response of the questions asked in the late 1940s and again in the 1973 is reflective of profound changes in American life."
1142858,"Two meanings of the term comprehensive care are delineated. The first refers to a wide scope of health services, the second to a humanistic approach to the patient. Findings from a sample of patients from one pediatric practice suggest that the two meanings constitute two independent variables with respect to patient expeciations. Patient responses to questions regarding their expectations of the pediatrician revealed a tendency to hold a traditional disease orientation. Comprehensive care as a broad scope of health services that include mother guidance in child rearing is not a common goal for mothers utilizing the pediatric practice under study. On the other hand, a comprehensive approach by the pediatrician is a standard shared by most respondents in the sample: high priority is accorded the pattern of the personal physician with whom a patient forms a continuous doctor-patient relationship which instills in the patient trust that the physician's recommendations are based on thorough knowledge of the patient as an individual."
1142851,"Age changes in the liver of the Hawaii-Japanese have been compared with those of native Japanese and Caucasians in the United States. Among the Japanese in Hawaii, all cases over 70 years of age were migrant Japanese to Hawaii, i.e. Issei, those under 60 years of age were their Hawaii born descendents, i.e. Nisei, and cases in the 7th decade were composed of Nisei and Issei. Aging changes of the liver seem to begin earlier in the Nisei and Caucasians than in the native Japanese. The earlier onset of aging can be explained on the basis of earlier maturation due to better nutritional conditions. The marked decrease in the number of hepatic cells in the Issei may well be a reflection of their nutritional state during their early years. They, in this sense, resemble the native Japanese."
1142852,"Morphologic and physiologic changes which occur during senescence in the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti are described. With age areas of the interchordal hypodermis containing nerve elements thickened, electron-dense aggregates formed within the pseudocoelom and age pigment granules accumulated within the intestinal epithelium. Specific gravity did not change with age. Old nematodes which had reproduced showed increased osmotic fragility, but this change was not observed in virgin females. The parameters characterizing senescence in T. aceti are compared with those of Caenorhabditis briggsae, another nematode being used as a model to study biological ageing."
1142859,"In spite of the fact that emergency admission is the most common form of hospitalization for young children, as well as containing the greatest potential for trauma, almost no reference has been made to it in the psychological literature on pediatric hospitalization. To explore the theoretical and practical feasibility of research in this area, a pilot study was designed to investigate the reactions of a sample of children, parents, and staff to the first six hours of emergency hospitalization, compared with those of a similar sample to elective admission. Sixteen children (eight in each group) aged 11 to 48 months were selected on a time-sample basis from the patient population of a large, metropolitan, pediatric hospital and were followed by trained observors using a specially designed observation schedule. The results indicated that, as expected, emergency does constitute an even greater stress for children, parents, and staff that the already stressful situation of elective admission. In both conditions however, the results were more complex and more disturbing than anticipated. The implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for further research, are discussed."
1142860,"Four separate human services programs and their West Philadelphia service consumers were studied by the 1971 Health Network Project: a hospital receiving ward, a community mental health satellite center, a public assistance district office, and a public child welfare agency. The basic hypotheses were that 1) the four consumer groups present common health, economic, and social problems, and 2) each agency confines its services to its own specialized range of problems and provides minimal linkages to other service facilities, including those available within its own subdivisions. Data were obtained by interview and record review from over 600 patients and clients. Each agency was found to respond to presenting problems with specific interventions. However, failure to detect, treat, or refer concurrent problems was pronounced. Despite the great prevalence of physical and mental illness, compounded by economic marginality, each agency made minimal use of internal support services and external referrals. The human services nonsystem is discussed conceptually in light of specialization and fragmentation. Proposals for shifting the nonsystem toward a responsive service network include the introduction of comprehensive screening devices and of service generalists for case management."
1142952,"Gallium (67Ga) citrate is a scanning agent that has been shown to have a differential uptake in a variety of malignancies. Investigation of the usefulness of 67Ga scanning patients with proven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region is now in progress. These patients have a 67Ga total body scan as part of the pre-treatment evaluation. The accuracy of the procedure is then judged by correlation with clinical and surgical findings. The results in 25 patients show that a clearly positive uptake occurs in 60 percent in the region of the primary. Uptake in metastatic disease in lymph nodes is much less, occurring in 6 of 18 sides of the neck. In one case, where clinical examination was considered to be negative, the gallium scan was positive and subsequently proven to be correct by histological examination of the surgical specimen. The various difficulties encountered in interpreting gallium scans in the head and neck region are described. It is felt that by improved patient selection and special techniques the yield of positive cases can be improved and unsuspected extension of malignancy demonstrated."
1142953,"There are four major areas of concern that must be examined before human laryngeal transplantation can be considered feasible in clinical practice. These are: 1. surgical mechanics of revascularization; 2. reinnervation; 3. prevention of host rejection; and 4. justification. Of these criteria, the first two habe been met sucessfully at present. Safe suppression of rejection without increased risk of cancer recurrence remains to be achieved. Until this third criterion is satisfied, one is probably not justified to make further attempts at laryngeal transplantation in humans."
1142954,"This paper supports and reaffirms the objectives of contemporary laryngology in the treatment of cancer of this organmthese objectives are, first and foremost, the eradication of the tumor, and second, the preservation of function. A relatively recent contribution to the ""state of the art"" has been the development of the field of microlaryngology. The introduction of the surgical microscope has provided the laryngologist with better means to judge the type, localization and extent of neoplastic lesions. Reports indicate that superficial limited carcinomas of they larynx with good vocal cord mobility can be successfully treated by vocal cord stripping and/or radiotherapy. This paper presents the serious challenge posed by these limited tumors when they recur after radiotherapy. In a selected number of these patients radical surgery has been prevented by treating these recurrent tumors with the microcautery. Some of these patients, so treated, habe been free of disease for more than three years after their recurrent tumors were destroyed with the microcautery. During this time these patients have enjoyed adequate voices."
1142957,"Chylous fistula following radical neck dissection is a disturbing and potentially serious complication. Meticulous surgical technique in the areas of the thoracic duct on the left and the lymphatic ducts on the right will usually prevent the occurrence of a chylous leak. If one should develop, however, a pressure dressing alone is usually not sufficient to tamponade the leaking vessel. The patient should be returned to the operating room where the leak is identified and ligated. Loss of chyle from the body will rapidly deplete the body stores of fluid, proteins, and electrolytes. Careful monitoring of serum electrolytes and proteins and accurate replacement of these substances is essential. The anatomy, physiology, surgical technique, and treatment of the lymphatics and chylous fistulas at the base of the neck are considered herein."
1142959,"A method is presented for forming short, mucosa-lined vocal shunt in cases of supracricoid laryngectomy with preservation of one or two arytenoids, or the interarytenoid fold alone. On the basis of radiologic and particularly radiocinematographic examinationion of the anterior pharyngeal wall is of paramount importance. In cases of complete absence of leakage, said wall lies in the plane of the arytenoids or somewhat posteriorly. After simple supracricoid laryngectomy it is possible to prevent aspiration also by translocation of the anterior pharyngeal wall into the plane of the cricoid cartilage plate. The clinical experience with this supracricoid shunt is still scanty. Of 25 cases with the arytenoid vocal shunt, phonation was possible in 22 cases under the expiratory pressure of 20-45 cm H2O; in one under the more elevated pressure, and in the last two the result is still not known. Loudness of speech was 70-100 db and its comprehensibility 73-90 percent.  Complete absence of leakage was observed in 17 cases, ""practical"" prevention of aspiration (some drops of thin fluids, no saliva) in seven cases, profuse leakage in one case (ceased after correction), In the last 10 consecutive cases the problem of aspiration was completely eliminated. Advantages and disadvantages of our own method in comparison with Asai's method have been presented."
1142961,"Equipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and pathology and in pre- and postoperative evaluation."
1142962,Life endangering airway obstructions have many facets and causes. Rhinorrhea is a symptom whose etiology may be overlooked if an immediate crisis of airway obstruction is present. Unless the cause for the obstruction or rhinorrhea is investigated it may go undetected and continue to present further problems for the patient. This is especially true of infants under six months of age who are obligate nasal breathers. The following are three cases representing this problem.
1142964,"Mycosis fungoides as a disorder of reticulo-endothelial system occurs in the eczematous or psoriatic stage, progresses to infiltrated plaque stage and finally to tumorous form with or without systemic spread. The head and neck is rarely involved. A case is presented in which the disease process started as a tumor (d'emblee type) and remained localized in the head and neck region without a generalized spread. The tumorous lesion rapidly increased in size and involved deeper tissues of the neck to cause infranuclear facial palsy and medial bulging of the tonsil' it also extended in the superior mediastinum casuing pressure on the trachea and the esophagus. The patient died of respiratory failure."
1142968,"A new procedure is described for the surgical reconstruction of the larynx following total laryngectomy.  Postoperatively, the voice was as good as that resulting from Asai's laryngoplasty.  Aspiration of fluid into the trachea was minimal.  The procedure may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The lateral portion of both thyroid cartilages are left in situ.  2. The posterior laryngeal wall is formed with the superior horns of the same cartilages.  3.  The inner surface of the reconstructed larynx is lined by mucosal flaps from the hypopharynx.  4. The reconstructed larynx is firmly sutured to the base of the tongue.  This procedure was employed in 19 cases with an extensive laryngeal carcinoma.  In five of them healing was retarded by the formation of postoperative pharyngeal fistulas.  All patients regained their voices and their ability to swallow."
1142969,"A considerable body of literature advocates and defines treatment of vocal cord cancer with posterior extension by hemilaryngectomy.  The present study was carried out to determine the feasibility of using a newly devised pedicle flap, composed of thyroid cartilage and inferior constrictor muscle, to replace the ablated arytenoid cartilage.  Animal investigation revealed satisfactory viability of the pedicle flap in canines, and in humans, five patients with T2 glottic carcinoma demonstrated excellent postoperative deglutition and return of voice.  The results of the study indicate that this surgical technique merits consideration for its use in minimizing protracted glottic incompetence following hemilaryngectomy.  The thyroid cartilage-inferior constrictor muscle pedicle flap may also prove useful as partial cricoid replacement in selected cases of subglottic extension and in cricoid reconstruction following trauma."
1142971,"This paper presents the techniques for glottic reconstruction after partial laryngectomy using a bipedicle muscle/perichondrial flap. The use of this technique extends the scope of lesions amenable to conservation surgery and maximizes the postoperative laryngeal function in terms of satisfactory phonation, respiration, and deglutition."
1142974,"The reasons for irradiation failure in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx can be: 1. Geographical miss because of undiagnosed extensions is the exception. Almost all of the recurrences were well within the treatment portals. 2. Specific extensions with an unfavorable tumor bed. Extension of disease into poorly vascularized structures and/or deep infiltration with fixation are causes of failure. 3. Low dose for the volume cancer. Higher doses delivered in longer treatment time are necessary for 90 percent control of bulky exophytic supraglottic lesions. 4. Techniques which do not assure daily coverage of the tumor. With carefully drawn and checked anatomical portals, geographical misses should be nonexistent. 5. Sigmoid response curve. There is an 85 percent control of the T1 glottic tumors. The control rate is 90 percent of the T1 and T2 supraglottic tumors, and the 10 percent failures have no obvious explanation except that the plateau of the sigmoid response curve has been reached. A negligible yield would be obtained by increasing doses which would not be justified because of concomitant increase in frequency and severity of complications and lessening of the quality of voice. 6. New cancer. Probably 25 percent of the so-called recurrences on the vocal cords are actually new primary lesions. The ultimate failure rates respectively are 2 percent for T1 lesions and 10 percent for T2 lesions after a rescue surgical procedure. All patients with T1 vocal cord lesions who did not experience a failure or a complication, have a normal voice. In the patients with T2 lesions in whom the cancer had completely replaced the cord(s), some hoarseness is present; but most of these lesions would have been suitable only for a total laryngectomy. In the 15 failures in T1 and T2 supraglottic lesions, surgery was not attempted in only three patients, one of whom was salvaged by re-irradiation. Following 12 laryngectomies there is only one definite failure and two patients died within two years NED locally. Except in the patients who had severe edema and/or necrosis, the voice has been normal or near normal. In patients with lesions of the suprahyoid epiglottis which had amputated the suprahyoid epiglottis swallowing difficulty has not developed."
1143016,"Tiliacore dinklagei (Menispermaceae), a woody climber of the rain forests of West Africa, has been used as a native medicinal and an article of commerce. Chromatography of an ethanolic extract of the powdered roots afforded the three alkaloids tiliacorinine, funiferine and nortiliacorinine A; the new alkaloid, tiliageine and the incompletely characterized alkaloid, TD-2."
1143017,"When grown on a malt extract-glucose medium, Aspergillus parvulus Smith (ATCC ""169911) produced at least four metabolites detectable on thin-layer plates with ferric chloride spray. Two of these metabolities, asparvenone (7-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4,6,8-trihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone) and O-methylasparvenone (7-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone), were isolated and their structures determined. The structure of O-methylasparvenone was determined by chemical and spectral means and X-ray crystallographic studies of its monoacetate. The structure of asparvenone was deduced by spectral and chemical means and by methylation with diazomethane to O-methylasparvenone."
1143018,"An antifungal principle of defatted seed power of Cassia tora Linn. was isolated by extraction of an aqueous paste of the powder with benzene, followed by column chromatography over activated silica gel C using chloroform as the developing solvent. Besides chrysophanic acid and other hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives, the major antifungal compound was identified as chrysophanic acid-9-anthrone, the structure of which was assigned on the basis of its chemical properties and uv, ir, nmr and mass spectral analysis. The compound was active against Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Geotrichum candidum in broth in the presence of 100 mug/ml L-ascorbic acid as antioxidant."
1143024,"Essential fatty acid deficiency was initiated in young and mature mice.  The metabolism of 20:3(n-9) and 22:3(n-9) in brain subcellular fractions was followed after the mice were switched from the deficient diet to a corn oil supplemented diet.  After switching to the supplemented diet, the proportions of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain in both groups of mice decreased with time.  The rate of disappearance of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids was faster in the young groups than in the mature group.  In the developing mice, the half-linves of the (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of brain microsomal, synaptosomal, and myelin fractions were 3, 10, and 15 days respectively.  In the mature group, the half-lives for 20:3(n-9) in diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of microsome, synaptosome, and myelin fractions were 8-10, 10, and 22 days, respectively; and the half-lives for 22:3(n-9) in alkenylacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of the same subcellular fractions were 8-12, 28, and rate of disappearance of 20:3(n-9) in brain was faster in the diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine than in the alkenylacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine.  These results demonstrate that the metabolism of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain phosphoglycerides during recovery from essential fatty acid deficiency not only varies with age, but also depends upon individual phosphoglycerides present in each subcellular fraction."
1143025,"Human brain lipofusion isolate was studied for its purity and physical and chemical properties.  Purification of the inpure material was achieved by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 and BioBeads S-X1 gels.  The purified lipofusion polymer represented ca. 12% of the starting material with the rest of the material being various mixed lipids.  The mol wt of the purified lipofuscin was determined to be between 6000-7000 daltons.  IR, UV-visible, NMR, and fluorometric spectra were obtained, all indicating the fundamentally lipid nature of lipofuscin.  The NMR spectrum strongly resembled that of a typical long chain fatty acid.  Numbers of fatty acids and several amino acids were present as a portion of the lipofuscin structure.  The results obtained suggested that the brain lipofuscin employed in the present study consisted mainly of polymeric lipid and phospholipid structures along with amino acids either bound to the lipids or as included proteins."
1143020,"One thousand and five plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids. The number of positive tests obtained was 267, or 34.01%. New to the literature are 137 species. In the five previous communications (1-5) in this series we have reported on the screening of 4,990 plant extracts for alkaloids. These 4,990 extracts represented 4,103 species of plants, of which 1,069 gave positive tests."
1143026,"Slices prepared from the mammary glands of lactating mice incorporate only small amounts of (1--14C) acetate, (1--14C) decanoate, or (1--14C) palmitate into lipids.  However, when glucose is added to the incubation medium, fatty acid incorporation is stimulated-13-fold from acetate, 17-fold from decanoate, and 2-fold from palmitate.  Over 90% of the -14C activity in the lipid fraction is in triglycerides.  Analysis of fatty acids in the triglycerides showed that almost all of the decanoate and the palmate were incorporated as intact molecules, while acetate yielded acids of varying chain lengths.  The glucose stimulation of triglyceride synthesis is not solely due to its effect upon chain elongation but also could involve glyceride-glycerol availability, as well as other unknown factors.  However, from measurements of the amounts of glycerol 3-phosphate in the tissue incubated in the presence of palmitate, it would appear that glyceride-glycerol availability is not rate limiting in triglyceride synthesis."
1143027,"The incorporation of radioactivity from orally administered gamma-linolenic acid-1--14C and linoleic acid--3H into the liver, plasma, and brain lipids of suckling rats was studied.  Significantly more radioactivity from the former compound was incorporated into the liver and brain lipids 22 hr after dosing.  The distribution of the radioactivity in the fatty acids of the liver and brain lipids was different for each isotope.  Most of the -3H was still associated with linoeic acid, whereas most of the -14C was in the 20:3 and 20:4omega6 fractions.  These results suggest that the desaturation of linoleic to gamma-linolenic acid in vivo is a rate-limiting step in the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid."
1143047,"In this presentation several of the reasons why androgenic hormones might be responsible for some of the effects of physical training and for some of the differences among individuals in athletic ability have been outlined. It seems apparent that minimal amounts of androgen are necessary to produce the normal differences between males and females in aggression, red blood cell production and bone growth, but it seems unlikely that any additional natural androgen, perhaps produced as a result of physical training, can be shown to enhance these characteristics after puberty. It seems more likely that changes in androgen levels or changes in sensitivity to androgens may be shown to be involved in the increases in muscle glycogen, protein synthesis, and lean body mass associated with chronic exercise. However, the data suggesting changes in androgen levels or androgen uptake with exercise are so meager and contradictory that no complete answer to any of these problems can yet be offered. Perhaps the best evidence that androgens are involved in athletic performance is that boys become more athletically proficient than girls at puberty, the time of the greatest changes in blood testosterone. The changes in muscle strength, body weight and lean body mass caused by anabolic steroid treatment are probably greater than many would hope and somwhat less than many think. There is apparently a wide range of individual responses to these drugs."
1143050,"Exercise of moderate intensity results in an increase in growth hormone concentrations. During prolonged moderate work, growth hormone levels fall toward resting values, but training causes these levels to be maintained. Circulating norepinephrine increases with work, and the increment is less following physical training. The adjustments to endurance training may be mediated through the sympathetic nervous system."
1143051,"Eight experienced oarsmen and five inexperienced subjects performed a multi-stage exercise test on a rowing and bicycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake, heart rate and minute ventilation were observed on both exercise modes from light to maximal exercise. Although the VO2 max values were slightly higher on the bicycle ergometer (6.0% and 4.0% for the oarsmen and inexperienced subjects) differences were not significant (P greater than 0.01), nor consistent in all subjects. Max heart rates and lactate levels were similar on both exercise modes. The VE/VO2 ratio, however, was consistently higher on the bicycle than on the rowing ergometer at maximal exercise for all subjects (7.2% and 8.2% for the oarsmen and inexperienced subjects, (P smaller than 0.01). Apparently, the development of VO2 max on the bicycle ergometer was characterized by a larger VE/VO2 when compared with the rowing ergometer. The cramped position of the body while rowing appears to constrict the abdominal muscles, which may limit their ability to aid in the expiratory phase of the breathing cycle. The forcing up of the abdominal viscera in this position may also constrict the action of the diaphragm during inspiration."
1143052,"This study was undertaken to determine the effects of O2-enriched gases on performance. Nine trained subjects ran to exhaustion on the treadmill on five different occasions breathing one of a range of hyperoxic gas mixtures--20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% O2. Each subject worked at a workload determined to be 110% of that necessary to elicit his maximum O2 uptake. The exercise bouts were scheduled one week apart to minimize the effects of training and fatigue. The subjects were given no cues as to the mixtures being breathed or to their running times. The parameters measured included running time, minute ventilation, and heart rate. The results indicate that the maximum performance time increases significantly as the O2 fraction of the gas is increased. Contrary to other published literature, 100% O2 increases performance significantly over 60% O2. Ventilation at any point in time is decreased when breathing hyperoxic mixtures. This decrease appears to be more a function of breathing frequency than of tidal volume. Terminal heart rates are not significantly different regardless of the O2 fraction of the inspired gas."
1143053,"Swim records data from the U.S. Masters swim program afforded a chance to estimate the decline in swim performance over middle life. Men's records data indicated a falloff in swim performance of slightly less than one percent per year over the ages of 27.5 to 57.5 years. Men's decline in freestyle performance was seen to be essentially the same, regardless of varying oxygen requirements secondary to the distance swum. Men's decline in swim performance for the breaststroke and backstroke events was nearly that of the freestyle. Falloff in men's performance in the butterfly stroke rose to 1.47 percent per year. Women's times showed a decline between 20 to 50 percent greater than that seen for the men. Previous findings of athletes' decrease in pulmonary function over middle age closely parallel the observed decrease in Masters swimmers' records--approximately one percent per year."
1143055,"From the literature we can make the following statements concerning the role of glucocorticoids in exercise and training. These conclusions are summarized graphically in Figure 3. 1. The principle physiological functions of glucocorticoids are stimulation of gluconeogenesis and mobilization of amino acids and fatty acids from body stores. 2. Injected glucocorticoids produce significant increases in the work produced by isolated muscle and by intact animals. 3. Light to moderate exercise work loads may produce an increase, decrease or no change in plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels; depending on the degree of psychological and/or physiological stress involved in the exercise. 4. In moderate to exhaustive exercise the plasma GC levels progressively increase. In some subjects (especially animals) exhaustion produces a decrease in plasma GC which may represent a defense mechanism to prevent depletion of body resources. 5. Chronic exercise training produces adrenal cortex hypertrophy and usually a smaller rise in plasma GC during an acute exercise bout than that obtained with nontrained subjects. The resting GC levels frequently increase initially during training but return to normal as the trained state is reached. 6. The changes in GC response during training appear to be produced by decreased responsiveness of the adrenal cortex itself to ACTH stimulation and possibly by adaptation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis which reduces the ACTH released in response to stress. 7. The many combinations of psychological and physiological stress present in different exercise regimens probably account for the variety of GC responses to exercise reported in the literature."
1143085,"Ninety percent of these 120 patients with BIH were women and were obese. Headache was present in almost all patients and visual symptoms occurred in 35%. There was no neurologic abnormality other than visual loss in these patients followed up to 10 years. Twenty-five percent spontaneously remitted after the initial LP and the others required repeated LP, steroids, or surgical procedures. Thirteen of 15 patients who did not remit spontaneously or respond to repeated LP improved dramatically in 3 to 4 days on prednisone or dexamethasone. Complications of BIH include recurrence of the syndrome, visual impairment and development of the empty sells syndrome. Recurrence rate was 10% and relapses always occurred in the first 12 months. Visual acuity impairment or inferior nasal quadrant field defect occurred in 2% of patients. In only two patients was there a sudden decrease in visual acuity which did not improve with any therapy. There was no way to predict subsequent visual impairment."
1143086,"1. The clinical manifestations, laboratory data and renal histologic features of acute renal failure occurring in 14 patients with multiple myeloma are reviewed and contrasted with the data from 29 previously reported cases. 2. Whereas other reports have stressed the role of intravenous pyelography and dehydration in the development of acute renal failure in multiple myeloma, the most common etiologic factor in our experience was hypercalcemia (7 patients). Other factors included potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics (3 patients) and volume depletion (2 patients). Intravenous pyelography could be clearly implicated in ony one patient. 3. The unusually high incidence of Bence Jones proteinuria in these patients is consistent with the possibility that Bence Jones protein excretion is associated with an increased susceptibility to renal injury. This could be due to an adverse effect of Bence Jones proteins on the renal tubules or their tendency to precipitate in tubular lumina during periods of reduced tubular flow. 4. The prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma who develop acute renal failure is poor; only 5 of our 14 patients survived the early period of acutely impaired renal function, and 4 of these subsequently died within 2 months. Preventive measures particularly the prompt correction of hypercalcemia and volume depletion, are the most important aspects of patient management."
1143087,"Pericardial effusions following radiotherapy for Hodgkins Disease have previously been described as infrequent and related to the total dose of radiation received. Analysis of all chest x-rays on 81 patients who received upper-mantle radiotherapy for Hodgkins Disease at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center between 1968 and 1972 disclosed an incidence of pericardial effusions of 30.9% (25 of 81), with 13.6% (11 of 81) requiring limitation of activity (5) or pericardiectomy (6). Clinical presentation of radiation-related percardial effusions was subtle, with signs and symptoms a late finding if they occurred. Radiotherapy data was reviewed and no difference in total dose (rads) or time-dose relationships (rets) was found between the groups who did or did not develop effusions. Analysis of multiple pre-treatment clinical and pathological characteristics disclosed four parameters that were felt to be related to the development of pericardial effusions; elevated ESR, normal absolute lymphocyte count, initial presence of extensive mediastinal adenopathy and the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy. The presence of increasing combinations of these pretreatment 'risk factors' led to an increasing likelihood of developing a radiation-related pericardial effusion such that six of seven patients with all four 'risk factors' developed a pericardial effusion. Nine of 13 clinically significant effusions were associated with the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms that include factors other than radiation dosage and the clinical management of radiation-related pericardial effusions are discussed."
1143088,"Four patients with rheumatoid constrictive pericarditis and two patients with rheumatoid cardiac tamponade are presented, and 60 previously reported cases with these two complications are reviewed. Rheumatoid arthritis was moderate to severe in 84% of the patients with cardiac tamponade and in 74% of the patients with constrictive pericarditis. However, both these complications were also seen in patients who had only mild arthritis and in two previously reported cases constrictive pericarditis actually preceded the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. The duration of rheumatoid arthritis had no bearing on the development of these complications. In 75% of patients with cardiac tamponade, and in 66% of cases with constrictive pericarditis, subcutaneous nodules were present. In those cases where the rheumatoid factor was measured it was positive in 92% with cardiac tamponade and in 84% with constrictive pericarditis. In 63% of patients with cardiac tamponade and in 70% of cases with constrictive pericarditis a history of pericardial type of pain was obtained and/or a pericardial rub heard. The diagnosis of cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis was made clinically and in doubtful cases confirmed by cardiac screening and intracardiac pressure recordings. The low sugar content in the pericardial fluid in the absence of infection or malignancy was an important clue to the rheumatoid etiology of the effusion. In the majority of the cases histological appearances of the pericardial tissue showed non-specific fibrous reaction and infiltration with plasma cells and lymphocytes. Only in five of the cases, including one from the present series, were typical rheumatoid granulomatous lesions demonstrated. Treatment with corticosteroids neither prevented the occurrence nor led to amelioration of either cardiac constriction or tamponade. Pericardial resection was life saving, producing both symptomatic and objective involvement of the cardiac function. In the present series of six cases two patients developed aortic incompetence. In one of these it was due to rheumatoid granulomatous valve disease and in the other due to non-specific aortic valvulitis. The combination of constrictive pericarditis and granulomatous aortic valve disease has not been previously recorded."
1143089,"Arginine-induced insulin and glucagon secretion preceding and following clofibrate treatment was studied in 13 patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. A positive correlation was demonstrated between fasting insulin and triglyceride levels and between the fasting insulin/glucagon molar ratio and triglyceride levels. In patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, anginine infusion induced a significantly increased glucagon response with respect to that found in controls. No correlation was found to exist between glucagon and free fatty acids (FFA) or between glucagon and triglyceride levels. The same lack of correlation was found in normal subjects rendered hypertriglyceridemic by means of Intralipid infusion, which did not modify the fasting glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) or the GLI response to arginine. Clofibrate treatment induces a triglyceride reduction (incrementTG) which is correlated with the reduction in the insulin/glucagon molar ration (incrementI/G). After clofibrate treatment there is also a significant reduction in fasting GLI levels and in the insulin response to arginine, and an increase in the glucagon response. Clofibrate could exercise its hypolipidemic effect by modifying the relationship between insulin and glucagon levels."
1143090,"The metabolism of L-3-methylhistidine was studied in man using intravenously administered ((14)C)3-methylhistidine. Analysis for expired (14)CO2 for periods up to 2 hr following a single intravenous injection revealed no radioactivity, indicating that this compound is not oxidized in man. Analysis of urine samples for total radioactivity showed that 75% of the administered dose was excreted in 24 hr and 95% in 48 hr. Ion-exchange chromatography of urine samples with monitoring of the column eluated by a flow liquid-scintillation technique showed the presence of only two radioactive peaks. The time taken to elute these peaks was compatible with the major excretory component (95.5%) being ((14)C)3-methylhistidine, accompanied by a small amount (4.5%) in the form of N-acetyl-((14)C)3-methylhistidine. The plasma disappearance curves of ((14)C)3-methylhistidine suggested a half-life of approximately 130 min. The inability ot oxidize 3-methylhistidine and its quantitative excretion as the original compound as well as its N-acetyl derivative is similar to its metabolic fate in the rat and therefore suggests that 3-methylhistidine excretion may provide a reliable measure of actin and myosin turnover in the whole animal or in human subjects."
1143091,"131I-TSH prepared by the lactoperoxidase method was used to study the binding of hormone to bovine thyroid plasma membrane. Specific binding was obtained using as little as 0.12 mU/ml 131I-TSH. Half-maximal binding occurred with 17.1 plus or minus 3.5 mU/ml and saturation at approximately 40 mU/ml. Scatchard plot analysis revealed two classes of binding sites, with association constants of 1.1 plus or minus 0.06 x 10(8) M(-1) and 1.4 x 10(7) M(-1) for the high- and low-affinity sites, respectively. Binding of 131I-TSH was linearly related to the amount of thyroid plasma membrane protein. Other polypeptide hormones and prostaglandin E1 did not inhibit specific TSH binding. Identical results were obtained using two TSH preparations of different biologic specific activity. 12.5 mU/ml unlabeled TSH decreased 131I-TSH binding 50%, and 156 mU/ml caused complete inhibition. After equilibrium of 131I-TSH binding was established, maximal displacement was achieved by 120 min using about 300 mU/ml TSH. However, only about one-half of the 131I-TSH was displaced. Although GTP potentiated the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by TSH, it inhibited binding of 131I-TSH. Binding of TSH correlated very well with activation of adenylate cyclase."
1143092,"The VX2 carcinoma produces profound hypercalcemia (17-22 mg/100 ml) in the rabbit about 3-4 wk after transplantation. A bone resorption-stimulation factor (assayed in vitro with mouse calvaria in culture) has been extracted with diethyl ether from the tumor tissue and from the medium of a clonal strain of VX2 cells grown in culture. Serologic methods reveal that the tumors contain 294 plus or minus 51 ng/g fresh weight (mean plus or minus SE, 25 tumors) of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent bone resorption-stimulating agent. VX2 cells in culture produce 0.5-3.0 mug PGE2 per mg cell protein per 24 hr. The production of bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 by VX2 cells in culture were both inhibited by indomethacin (100 ng/ml). Tumors from normocalcemic, indomethacin-treated rabbits (10-40 mg/rabbit/24 hr) contained little or no bone resorption-stimulating activity nor PGE2. Tumor-bearing rabbits receiving indomethacin continuously did not develop hypercalcemia, however, following cessation of indomethacin administration, hypercalcemia developed rapidly and was again reversed by reinstitution of indomethacin feeding. In untreated, hypercalcemic, tumor-bearing rabbits, initiation of indomethacin treatment was followed by a rapid return of the plasma calcium to the normal range. Systemic venous plasma from hypercalcemic tumor-bearing plasma contained higher concentrations of PGE2 than plasma from normocalcemic control rabbits. Venous drainage of the tumor contained even higher plasma PGE2 concentrations than systemic venous plasma in hypercalcemic animals; plasma PGE2 concentrations locally and in systemic plasma were unmeasurable (less than 70 pg/ml) in normocalcemic, indomethacin-treated, tumor-bearing rabbits. We conclude that PGE2 is a bone resorption-stimulating factor produced by VX2 tumor cells, and that secretion of PGE2 by the tumor in vivo may well be responsible for the hypercalcemia observed in tumor-bearing rabbits."
1143115,"Energy thresholds for electrical pacing of the heart are lower with small electrodes than with large. Because pacing of the heart during the vulnerable period may produce ventricular fibrillation, it is also pertinent to know if fibrillation threshold is affected by the electrode size. Electrodes of different surface area but of the same material were implanted in 40 dogs and the pacing thresholds were recorded. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced by discharging a 2-msec d.c. cathodal pulse of progressively increasing energy into the vulnerable period. It was found that small electrodes required more energy to produce ventricular fibrillation than large electrodes, and the ratio of fibrillation to stimulation threshold was higher for the small-surface-area electrode. The difference between the thresholds and ratios obtained with the various electrodes was statistically significant. A similar experiment was performed in animals with chronically implanted electrodes, producing comparable results. The results indicate that, in regard to pacing and fibrillation thresholds, small electrodes are preferable to large."
1143116,"A hybrid bioelectric battery designed for pacemaker feeding was developed and implanted in 15 dogs for a period of 18 or more months. The smooth platinum cathode, set on an intra-cavitary pacing lead, is located in the bloodstream of the right auricle. The anode of pure (99.9 percent) Domal magnesium is placed in the subcutaneous tissue, which is then consumed by a uniform corrosion process. The theoretical consumption for a current output of 200 muA was evaluated according to Faraday's law at 7 g in 9 years; however, the real consumption, taking into account the corrosion phenomenon, is estimated at 14 g in 9 years. This histological tolerance to the magnesium is excellent. The fundamental characteristic of this platinum-magnesium battery is the great reproducibility of the output parameters (voltage, power) and the excellent stability with time, for any chosen platinum surface or load resistance. For an output current of 200 muA, the battery provides an available output power of 100 muW at a reproducible and stable voltage of 0.5 v. This stability is demonstrated in a long-term study on 15 beagles."
1143117,"This study has shown that the apparent impedance of both electrode-electrolyte interfaces is small at the current levels used for transchest ventricular defibrillation, making it clear that the appearent impedance appearing between the electrode terminals is largely that of the subject. In addition, it has been shown that for measurement of the impedance of the subject, with low-intensity sinusoidal current, the electrode-electrolyte impedance becomes negligible above 10 kHz and is only slightly affected by the magnitude of the current used to make the measurement."
1143119,"Instrumentation and examination procedures used in the clinical vascular Laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital are outlined and recommended for use in other similar laboratories. The arterial system is studied by the analysis of blood flow direction, segmental plethysmography, and systolic pressure measurements obtained at rest and following a measured exercise stress. The effect of induced reactive hyperemia on systolic pressure, obtained by direct intra-arterial measurement, is used to demonstrate the hemodynamic importance of stenotic lesions within the aorto-iliac system. Maximum venous outflow studies are combined with analyses of venous Doppler signals for purposes of screening patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. The laboratory contributes important objective physiologic information to the examination of the arterial and venous systems. Experience obtained through the evaluationof more than 2500 patients resulted in the development of this recommended program."
1143121,"The all-plastic double-lumen catheter described in this paper represents a significant improvement over previously reported catheters. It is used routinely for continuous blood withdrawal in two clinical investigation units and one experimental laboratory in Toronto. No experiments have been terminated due to catheter failure or clot formation and no maximum time limit of its use has been established. In clinical use with adult patients (4), the outer cannula has been kept open overnight with a slow saline drip after 18 hours of use. The same cannula has then been reused the next day for another 16 hours with a new adapter precut to size. Its design enzures that: (1) heparin is mixed with the blood at the site of blood sampling. (2) Blood is never brought into contact with glass or metal. (3) The blood channel is a uniform polyethylene tube with no discontinuities and no junctions, except where it is introduced into the peristaltic pump tube. The overall manufacturing process is simple, and percutaneous insertion is straightforward. Through its use, clotting in the blood withdrawal line and thrombus formations in the blood analyzer are no longer problems to limit the use of techniques requiring continuous blood withdrawal."
1143123,"A method is described for measuring the ultrasonic frequency, modulation data, and exposure time of ultrasonic therapy equipment be detection and analysis of the ultrasonic radiation rather than direct measurement of the electrical rf signal. The equipment used in performing these measurements consists of a receiving piezoelectric transducer, ana electron counter/timer designed to accept and process the detected ultrasonic signal, and an oscilloscope."
1143124,"Current practices for preparing standards in general--and standards for medical devices, instruments, and products in particular--are too slow, too expensive, and too cumbersome. There is a need, therefore, for establishing administrative mechanisms to expedite standards preparation. This paper addresses some administrative, conceptual, and methodological aspects of standards preparation and suggests actions that might contribute to improvements in the effectiveness of standards and in the methods of their preparation."
1143137,Pneumoconiosis from the carbon-copper-silica rods of film projector arc lamps is a relatively rare disease. There follows a description of a family in which the father and two sons developed radiographic changes after many years working as projectionists in New South Wales.
1143138,"During the period from 1963 to 1970, 318 patients were subjected to early operation for acute cholecystitis. Cholecystostomy was performed in 25 cases (7.8 percent). Despite advanced age and associated serious illnesses, cholecystostomy was an effective and definitive method of treatment. Many of these patients are likely to succumb from intercurrent disease before they develop further stones or cholecystitis. A planned cholecystostomy may be the operation of choice for poor-risk patients with acute cholecystitis."
1143139,"This report records the investigation into a high-speed hydroplane accident in which the driver died. He was ejected head first into the water at 117 to 126 ft/sec (80 to 85 mph), suffering brain damage and a fractured skull. Suggestions are made to minimize the effects of these inevitable crashes."
1143144,"Fifty-six patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm presented to an acute general hospital over six years from 1968 to 1973. Twelve patients died before operation, while 19 of 44 patients (43%) survived replacement of the aneurysm with a Dacron graft. Patients aged under 70 years and not shocked on admission to hospital had the best chance of survival. It is suggested that survival rates can be significantly raised only by a decrease in the time between the onset of symptoms and an operation. A correct diagnosis may be made more often if it is remembered that the classical clinical triad of pain, shock and an abdominal mass is seen is less than half of the cases presenting to hospital."
1143145,"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) can be easily isolated from haemolysates by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and heterozygous (as well as hemizygous and homozygous) G6PD deficiency can be readily detected if the activity of the enzyme is determined densitometrically after electrophoresis and expressed as a ratio of the activity of a second enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), which is isolated at the same time and whose activity is similarly determined. A method is presented here, together with the results of a recent survey in which 400 babies of Greek origin were tested for G6PD deficiency by the method. An overall incidence of 4-3% was found in the group; 2-9% of the males were completely G6PD deficient and 5-2% of the females were heterozygous for the deficiency."
1143147,"A probable case of eosinophilic meningitis is described. This report is thought to be the first of a case of this disorder diagnosed in New South Wales, although infection probably occurred in Queensland. The life cycle of the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis is outlined briefly and the clinical manifestations of this disease are discussed. Treatment with thiabendazole seems to have been beneficial to this patient."
1143149,Hypermobility of the joints is a frequent finding in patients who have keratoconus. Twenty-two of 44 patients (50%) presenting in 1973 were found to have hypermobility of joints (mainly Ehlers-Danlos syndrome II or mitis type). The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to biochemical defects recently found in corneas with keratoconus. The hypothesis is presented that keratoconus is often a part of a generalized heritable disorder of connective tissue due to a biochemical defect causing a weakness in its structure.
1143157,"As the majority of deaths after infarction occur in the first hour, a mobile intensive care ambulance service has been instituted in Melbourne to enable adequate care and early monitoring facilities.  Initially the service was manned by doctors and ambulance officers, but currently each ambulance is manned by two specially trained officers. Over a 27-month period 52 patients have been resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation or ventricular standstill. Half of the patients had sustained a definite acute myocardial infarction and another 16 had probable but not proven myocardial infarction.  Of the 52 patients, 31 survived to leave hospital and all patients known to be alive are leading active and useful lives.  In spite of an initial fear that medical treatment might be overused or misused by the officers, this has not been the case, and only about 13% of patients have received drugs from the officers.  This paper deals with the setting up, staffing and training of the ambulance service and reviews its results."
1143158,"The present ""coronary"" ambulance service in Sydney is poorly utilized, covers a small fraction of the city's population and operates at a cost which is less than 0-25% of the hospital care of patients admitted with suspected cardiac emergencies. A survey suggests that such a service could with benefit be replaced by a general emergency ambulance service, staffed by well trained paramedical personnel, strategically located throughout the city and responding to all emergency calls."
1143159,"A study of blood viscosity factors was carried out on male smokers and non-smokers (125 volunteers) in the age group 45 to 55 years. The smoker's group exhibited elevated haematocrit values, fibrinogen levels and blood viscosity (P less than 0-025), and increased aggregation of red cells and plasma viscosity (P less than 0-005). Especially in the dependence of aggregation of red cells on the level of fibrinogen, the smokers of blood group O showed higher values than smokers of blood group A (P less than 0-01). Elevation of blood viscosity factors and functions in smokers suggests that pathways to ischaemia and thrombosis, to which smokers are more prone than non-smokers, may move through the blood high-viscosity syndromes."
1143160,"Severe forms of leptospirosis causing acute renal failure are uncommon in Australia. Reported here is one such case, with marked hyponatraemia, which was treated with peritoneal dialysis. Biopsy findings are presented. It is believed that the infection was acquired in suburban periodomestic surroundings."
1143193,"Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been used to study several in vivo and stabilized tissue samples. The results show that a multicomponent behavior characterizes the magnetization relaxation of all investigated samples. Various specimens were allowed to undergo necrotic processes and then they were examined with the same techniques used in in vivo tissue. A marked approach toward a single-exponential magnetization-decay behavior was observed in these necrotic samples. In addition, large and sometimes irreversible temperature variations have been observed in the relaxation parameters of several preserved and stabilized tissue samples. The most dramatic changes observed throughout these experiments relate to the long-lived magnetization components, and are not observed in in vitro experiments performed solely on necrotic tissues. Meaningful differentiation between normal and neoplastic tissue by NMR techniques is virtually useless unless the roles of the temperature and necrosis on the different magnetization-decay components are well understood."
1143194,"A mathematical analysis of the shape of x-ray attenuation curves is presented that suggests a new method of determining the kVp of bremsstrahlung beams. The main result is a simple analytic formula which gives an excellent approximation to the attenuation curve for large thickness of high-Z absorber. From this, a graphical procedure is derived which yields a straight line whose slope is related to the mass attenuation coefficient evaluated at the peak energy. Included are corrections for aluminum filtration, ion-chamber energy dependence, and coherent scattering. The method is limited to beams generated by a constant potential and with negligible characteristic photons in the filtered spectrum. Numerical data are given for using copper absorber below 70 kVcp and tin above 90 kVcp."
1143195,"We present the results of an experimental test of a new method for measuring the kVp of a diagnostic x-ray beam. The method involves measuring x-ray attenuation in copper or tin absorbers and plotting the attenuation curve in a new way. Our measurements were done at 60, 90, 100, and 120 kVp on a 3-phase, 12-pulse diagnostic generator. The kVp was measured with a calibrated voltage divider-oscilloscope system. Except at 90 kVp, excellent agreement was found, with precisions on the order of plus or minus 1%. The 90-kVp point appeared to be somewhat affected by characteristic tungsten radiation and gave agreement with a lower value of precision."
1143196,"A systematic survey of the thermoluminescence (TL) of rare earth activated sulfates of the form MeSO4:RE was made, where Me denotes a divalent metal and RE the rare earth. SrSO4:Tb(3+) and BaSO4:Eu(2+) exhibit very high TL efficiency following gamma irradiation, comparable to that of the most sensitive phosphors currently available for TL dosimetry. Due to their relatively high Z, these phosphors could prove useful as quality indicators for personnel dosimetry or for detecting very small exposures of low-energy X rays of a known quality."
1143197,"A simple optical mechanism is presented for the fine adjustment of sidelights. The characteristics of the device are that large angular displacements are required to achieve small lateral motions of a light beam. For this reason, the mounting mechanism may be made to quite coarse tolerances."
1143285,"The presence of histamine receptors on lymphocyte membranes was investigated using conjugates of histamine and macromolecules tritiated or iodinated with I-125. Histamine-RSA conjugate binds to lymphocytes and causes patching and capping of the bound conjugate. It was found, however, that free histamine did not inhibit the binding of histamine-rabbit serum albumin to mouse lymphocytes, nor did His-RSA interfere with the binding of free histamine. In addition conjugates between RSA and other small molecules, such as ethylamine, ethanolamine, tyramine and glycine, were found to bind to the same sites on lymphocyte membrane as did His-RSA. Ethylamine-RSA like His-RSA when coupled to Sepharose, was capable of removing antibody producing cells from spleen cells of mice immunized against sheep red blood cells. In addition, when spleen cells from such immunized mice were passed through ethylamine or histamine-RSA-Sepharose and the unbound cells were subsequently injected into X-irradiated mice, a 1.8 fold increase in the immunological response was noted. We conclude that the selective binding to lymphocytes of the various ligand-macromolecular conjugates may be due to some general properties of the cell membrane and not to any specific receptors. Nevertheless, these conjugates can be used as a tool to remove selectively antibody producing cells as well as some regulatory cells."
1143295,No detectable induction of mutation to streptomycin resistance could be used in wild-type Micrococcus radiodurans and its radiation-sensitive and super-resistant mutants by ionizing or UV-radiation. N-methyl-N'-nito-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) was mutagenically active. The results suggest that repair of radiation-damaged DNA in Micrococcus radiodurans is mutation-proof.
1143297,"The effect of water-soluble extract of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) from two commercially available cigarettes with dirrerent types of filters was studied on the cytology of root-tip cells of onion (Allium cepa). One of the cigarettes had a 2-cm cellulose acetate filter, and the other had a filter comprised of 1 cm of cellulose acetate and 2 cm of activated charcoal. TSC from these cigarettes induced mitotic abnormalities. To investigate whether these two commercial filters could retain cigarette smoke component (s) responsible for mitotic irregularities, the cigarettes were defiltered, and TSC was prepared and tested on the young roots of onion. Observations revealed that the cytological effect of TSC from defiltered cigarettes was not significantly different from the effect of TSC from cigarettes with filters. Thus, the filters utilized in these cigarettes do not retain compound(s) responsible for mitotic irregularities in the root-tip cells of onion. With increasing concentrations (0.01% ot 0.1%) of TSC from cigarettes with filters and defiltered, precent mitotic abnormalities increased. These abnormalities included scattering, stickiness, lagging, condensation, and breaking of chromosomes during metaphase. Bridging and lagging of chromosomes were observed during anaphase."
1143298,"The extrapolation of experimental results to man was studied by cytogenetic bone marrow analysis and micronucleus test in mice, rats and Chinese hamsters. Furthermore, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was compared with the frequencies of polychromatic erythrocytes containing micronuclei. Cyclophosphamide (CY) was given intraperitoneally at the doses of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.w. to ICR mice and Wistar rats and at the doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg b.w. to Chinese hamsters. Five patients with various types of malignancies until then medically untreated, were i.v. administered 40 mg CY/kg b.w. Bone marrow cells were examined 24 h after the administration. CY induced in all rodents a clear-cut dose-effect relationship in the frequency of breaks, abnormal metaphases as well as in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. When comparing the results in rodents and man at the dose of 40 mg CY/kg b.w., the sensitivity pattern of species was mice greater than rats greater than Chinese hamsters greater than man. From this aspect the possible differences in the metabolism of CY in analysed species are discussed. The presented results tend to a conclusion that micronucleus testing may be a very suitable method used for screening purpose, however, the method of classical cytogenetic analysis, especially the evaluation of breaks, still remains the most exact and reliable technique."
1143300,"The sensitivity and specificity of the hypertensive intravenous pyelogram and the iodohippuran renogram have been determined for the diagnosis of renovascular disease, and cost-effectiveness calculations have been made for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with renovascular hypertension. When the intravenous pyelogram alone is used to screen representative hypertensive population, 78 per cent of patients with renovascular disease are located, but at the same time an equal number of patients without renovascular diasease have abnormal pyelograms. The renogram, on the other hand, is associated with varying true-positive and false-positive ratios. These data can be plotted in the form of a receiver-operating-characteristic curve. The cost of finding a patient with renovascular disease is about $2,000, and that of a surgical cure is about $20,000. The number of deaths for 100 surgical cures is approximately 15. The dollar cost of screening and treating the total American renovascular hypertensive population is of the order of 10 to 13 billion dollars."
1143301,"An attempt was made to discover the difference in outcomes between treating all patients with essential and renovascular hypertension by drug therapy independent and ignorant of etiologic classification and identifying the patients with renovascular disease and operating on them. Outcomes were categorized as well without complications of hypertension, alive but suffering from a related morbid illness such as coronary or cerebral arterial disease, and dead from the complications of diagnosis, surgery or high blood pressure. The identification and surgical treatment of hypertensive renovascular disease resulted in an incremental benefit in morbidity over blind antihypertensive medical therapy only when the compliance with medical treatment was about  50 per cent or less (the rate suggested for most patient populations). The study underscores the extent to which the quantitative efficacy of diagnositc and therapeutic procedures depends not only on the inherent risks and benefits but also on related social and medical factors."
1143302,"The six sequential stool guaiac protocol has been advocated for screening of colonic cancer. Analysis of the expenditures involved in such a program shows that the cost of detecting cancer rises exponentially so that the marginal cost of the sixth test may be 20,000 times the average cost. The marginal cost is decreased with lower test sensitivity and increased with lower prevalence of colonic cancer. This result shows that even an inexpensive test can become quite costly in terms of cases detected. The marginal cost per case detected depends on the prevalence of the condition in the population screened and the sensitivity of the test applied."
1143303,"To help the physician decide whether or not to treat a patient who may or may not have a disease, a method has been developed for calculating a therapeutic threshold. If the probability of disease in a given patient exceeds the threshold, the preferable course of action is to treat; if the probability is below the threshold, the preferable course of action is to withhold treatment. This method is applicable in many medical and surgical settings in which some diagnostic uncertainty exists after all appropriate studies have been carried out. The technic not only exposes some of the basic principles of therapeutic decision making in the face of diagnostic uncertainty but also forms a convenient framework for analyzing the impact of ""soft"" clinical data on the decision-making process."
1143304,"The resources for medical care are clearly finite, but demands on those resources are growing rapidly. Of particular concern are the demands on those resources for medical practices of three kinds: those that pose conflicts between the interests of the individual and those of society; those of no value or of undetermined value; and those for potentially preventable conditions. Such practices must be evaluated in terms of social and medical priorities, and this requirement will become more urgent with the establishment of national health insurance. Who will make decisions is less clear, but it is not likely to be physicians alone. It is imperative that physicians and other health providers work closely with professionals from many fields, and with consumers, to ensure the availability and dissemination of information that will permit decisions that are in the best interests of society."
1143305,"Economic analysis in general has difficulty accommodating the concept of rights. The economic analysis of health care in particular proposes triage as the model of a rational delivery system, with no place for traditional ethical limits and obligations. Familiar arguments based on resource constraints do not prove that rights cannot reasonably be recognized. Nor are rights in general and rights in medical care in particular adequately respected by attending to considerations of just distribution or equity. Rights in medical care are different from rights to medical care, and must be respected in any decent, advanced society. That such rights may be overridden in emergencies does not mean that respect for rights is not a constraint upon the pursuit of equity and efficiency."
1143311,"A group of 199 healthy laboratory animals, comprising 63 guinea pigs; 58 white mice. 47 rats and 31 rabbits, was sampled for the presence of pathogenic dermatophytes. T. mentagrophytes, var. granulare, was isolated in 10% (5-guinea pigs, 6 mice, 6 rats and 2 rabbits) and M. gypseum was found in 7 animals (3 guinea pigs, 3 mice and one rat). No ringworm lesions were observed in the respective animals. This is the first report on such findings in Israel."
1143313,"Ascospores from species of Debaryomyces and the Torulaspora-group of Saccharomyces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Ornamentation on ascospores of D. hansenii varied from short to long interconnected ridges or broad based, elongated conical protuberances. A spiral rigde system was detected on the ascospores of D. marama, but wart-like protuberances occurred on those of D. cantarelli, D. castellii, D. coudertii, D. formicarius, D. phaffii, D. vanriji and D. yarrowii. Ascospores of D. halotolerans did not have protuberances and the species appears to be identical with Pichia farinosa. Wart-like protuberances also were found on ascospores of S. delbrueckii, S. microellipsodes, S. rosei, S. inconspicuus, S. fermentati, S. montanus and S. vafer, but the ascospore surface of S. pretoriensis was covered by fine ridges. Short tapered ridges covered the ascospores of S. kloeckerianus."
1143314,"A qualitative and quantitative study of the mycotic flora of the interdigital spaces of 27 male volunteers yielded 1,291 moulds and 598 yeasts. Concurrently, a study of garden soil was conducted in order to obtain data concerning the transient-resident status of the fungi recovered from the feet. Of the 120 genera and species of fungi isolated, 51 were recovered from the volunteers, 53 from the soil, and 16 from both categories. The most commonly recovered fungi from the toewebs, in order to occurrence, were Torulopsis candida, Mycelia Sterilia, T. maris, Rhodotorula rubra, Cryptococcus albidus, and species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Without sign of infection, Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 5 volunteers. Candida albicans was not recovered from any subject. Trichophyton mentagraphytes was recovered from 7 volunteers and T. rubrum from one."
1143328,Transcription of T7 DNA in vitro by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in the absence or presence of termination factor rho has been studied extensively using electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that sequences located between the early genes behave as transient transcriptional barriers in the absence of rho and are recognised both as rho-dependent terminators and as RNaseIII cleavage sites.
1143351,"1. Noradrenaline biphasically affects the duration of the action potential (AP) of guinea-pig cardiac ventricular muscle. Low concentrations (10-7M) prolong the AP duration, while high (10-5M) concentrations shorten it after an initial prolongation. The extent of the AP-prolonging effect is more marked at low (0.3 and 0.6 mM) than at high (2.4 or 4.8 mM) extracellular calcium concentrations. When the concentration of noradrenaline is cumulatively increased, the AP duration is always transiently prolonged, even if the AP is shortened in the second phase of the preceding noradrenaline effect. 2. The AP-prolonging effect begins immediately after the addition of noradrenaline. The positive inotropic effect does not appear until the maximum of the AP-prolonging phase has been reached. Its continued rise and amximum always occur during the subsequent phase of AP-shortening. 3. In essential aspects the effect of noradrenaline on AP duration and contractile force resembles the effect of an increase in [Ca-2+]o:AP duration is changed biphasically by noradrenaline in the same way as by an increase in [Ca-2+]o: in both cases an increase in force of contraction is related only to the AP-shortening effect. - But, unlike noradrenaline, calcium at concentrations higher than 1.2mM produces no transitory initial prolongation of AP duration. And, whereas higher concentrations of calcium shorten the plateau-phase of the AP in particular, noradrenaline has the most pronounced shortening effect on the late rapid repolarisation-phase of the AP. 4. The similarity of some of the effects of noradrenaline and calcium (i.e., prolongation of AP at low [Ca-2+]o: parallelism of positive inotropic effect and AP-shortening effect) indicated ahat at least part of the noradrenaline effect on the AP is the expression of an enhancement of calcium influx. For the effect of noradrenaline which is unlike that of calcium (i.e., prolongation of the relative plateau duration and transient prolongation of AP duration at high [Ca-2+]o), an additional influence on the membrane property must be assumed."
1143352,"The effects of morphine and acute exposure to cold on nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and possible interactions with cholinergic systems were studied by histochemical microfluorimetry in normal and partially morphine-tolerant mice. Morphine (40 mg/kg), cold (4 degrees C), nicotine (1 mg/kg) and physiostigmine (0.25 mg/kg) elicited a rapid rise and subsequent decrease in the fluorescence intensity of DA nerve cells with certain differences in time course. Fastest changes with a peak at 5 min, a marked subsequent drop below control levels and return towards control  intensity after 40 min were seen after physostigmine. Antagonisms between various treatments were noted. DA responses correlated well with the time course of behavioural effects, especially after physostigmine. After 3 1/2 days of morphine treatment, the locomotor and analgesic effects of the drug were reduced. At this stage, the initial increase in fluorescence intensity after morphine and the biphasic pattern caused by physostigmine were delayed without any change in response magnitude. Responses to cold and nicotine remained unaltered both in magnitude and time course. Thus, partial tolerance affected the response of nigral DA neurons to some but not all funtional conditions and thereby markedly changed the interaction with cholinergic systems. The difference between physostigmine and nicotine suggests that neuronal circuits including mustcarinic mechanisms are possibly more susceptible to alteration."
1143353,"Developmental characteristics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate requiring N-methyltransferase (5 MT-NMT) have been studied in rats and mice and compared to the development pattern of marker enzymes. In rat and mouse brain, the 5 MT-NMT activity expressed in units per mg protein, was found to decrease rapidly during the first five days after birth and then more slowly, whereas two other enzymes, dopa-decarboxylase and histamine N-methyltransferase increased gradually during maturation. In kidney, the ontogenetic development of 5 MT-NMT was first characterized by an increasing activity from birth until a different age, depending on the species, and then followed by an abrupt decline. In contrast to this, histamine N-methyltransferase activity in mouse kidney was about 60 times higher at maturity than at birth. When the enzyme activities are expressed in units per g tissue, the changes in the course of the development of 5 MT-NMT were less apparent, but in any way differed markedly from those of dopa-decarboxylase and histamine N-methyltransferase. The results suggest that 5 MT-NMT does not behave as a synaptosomal or perhaps even as a neuronal enzyme. Although its physiological role remains to be elucidated, it must have a more general function in the cellular economy than merely N-methylating biogenic amines."
1143354,"The in vivo rates of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation were studied in three regions of young adult rat brains at 4 times the light-dard cycle. The procedure utilized was to analyze the accumulation of Dopa and 5-HTP after injection of a centrally effective L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD 1015. Monoamine levels were also determined in all control animals and some treated animals. The reate of tyrosine dydrosylation in the telencephalon was significantly higher 7 hrs after dard onset than at the other three times tested. Smaller variations in tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation rates as a function of time of day were also observed. 5-HT levels were significantly higher during the light phase than the dark in the telencephalon with the same trend occurring in the diencephalon and brainstem. NA was stable in the telencephalon but reached lower levels in the light and higher levels in the dark in the other two regions. In the telencephalon DA reached high levels early in the light and in the dark phases, showing a biphasic variation. Of particular interest was the apparent lack of carrelation between cyclic changes in the monoamine levels and the changes in hydroxylation rates. Rates of hydroxylation can be considered indicative of rates of monoamine synthesis. This observation is discussed in relation to feedback and other mechanisms regulating synthesis and release of monoamines."
1143355,"To explain the mechanism of the isoprenaline induced antidiuresis the effect of this substance on fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in various nephron segments of the rat kidney has been studied using micropuncture techniques. Isoprenaline (1.5x10-9mol/kg-min i.v.) decreased GFR of superficial nephrons and increased fractional proximal fluid, sodium and potassium reabsorption. However, the fractions of filtered fluid and electrolytes, which had been reabsorbed up to early distal tubule were unchanged after isoprenaline. This indicated that the increased fractional proximal reabsorption has been completely compensated by decreased reabsorption from Henle's loops. In the distal convoluted tubules an increase in the fractional fluid and sodium reabsorption could be established using a recollection technique. Given directly into the distal tubular lumen isoprenaline stimulated the isotonic fluid reabsorption, which was measured by the Gertz split oil droplet method. From these results it is concluded that the decrease in superficial GFR and the increased distal tubular fluid and sodium reabsorption lead to the decrease in urine volume and in urinary electrolyte excretion after isoprenaline."
1143356,"The influence of pretreatment with spironolactone (84 mg/kg at 3 days, twice per day) on the tritium levels in plasma, urine and feces of female SD-rats (n=9) was investigated at various time periods after oral administration of 25mug/kg -3H-digitoxin. In plasma, the concentrations of total radioactivity are reduced in pretreated animals to about 20% of tritium levels in control rats, while the half-life of radioactivity in both groups is almost identical, 2.9 days in pretreated rats and 2.8 days in controls. The lower plasma levels of tritium in pretreated rats coincide with a six-fold decrease in the urinary -3H-elimination and a corresponding increase in the fecal excretion. This is due to a higher biliary clearance of tritiated products in the early phase of elimination. The separation of the excretion products by TLC shows that spironolactone pretreatment enhances the splitting of the glycosidic bonds of digitoxin. The amount of digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside and of digitoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside excreted in urine and feces within 96 hrs is four and ten times greater than that recovered in control animals, respectively. The formation of the hydroxylation products digoxin and digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside is decreased from 50% of the total excreted radioactivity in control to 15% in pretreated rats. The conjugation reactions with glucuronic and sulfuric acid are increased after pretreatment with spironolactone. Thus, the effect of spironolactone on digitoxin kinetics is apparently related to an enhancement of the hepatic excretory mechanism as well as to an enhanced metabolism."
1143357,"In the eye of rats the long-lasting specific desensitization induced by local or systemic capsaicin treatment is characterized by three phases: 1. complete insensitivity, 2. decreased sensitivity and a tendency to rapid adaptation, 3. normal initial sensitivity with a tendency to rapid adaptation to chemical pain stimuli. A low density of nicrovesicles and swollen mitochondria were found after local capsaicin treatment in certain nerve endings of the cornea of rats, but no signs of axonal degeneration or alteration in fine structure of non-neural elements were seen. Systemic capsaicin desensitization induced selective mitochondrial swelling in B type of neurons of the trigeminal ganglion which was demonstrable even 60 days after the pretreatment. Actinomycin-D, 8-azaguanine, 6-azauracil, aminopterin, mannomustin or cycloheximide in high doses did not alter the desensitizing effect of systemic capsaicin treatment. However, pretreatment of rats with colchicine or vinblastine prolonged the desensitizing effect of local capsaicin application, probably by inhibiting the axonal flow. It is concluded that capsaicin is a specific sensory neuron blocking agent having a practically irreversible effect in rats and guinea-pigs."
1143358,"The L-Dopa-potentiating effects of the two optical isomers of amphetamine, as well as the effects of their own, were investigated in mice, using locomotor activity as test parameter. The study was performed in three steps. First, the time-course were studied for the effects of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine and L-Dopa. Second, dose-response relationships were established for the amphetamine enantiomers. Third, the L-Dopa-potentiating effects, of a few, selected doses of the amphetamine isomers were investigated by establishing dose-response curves for L-Dopa with and without the amphetamines. All animals given L-Dopa were pretreated with an inhibitor of extracerebral aromatic amino acid decarboyxlase.  (+)-Amphetamine, 0.5-8 mg/kg, caused a dose-dependent stimulation of locomotoractivity, whereas (-)-amphetamine, 1-4 mg/kg, caused a dose-dependent depression. Doses higher than 8 mg/kg of the laevo-isomer caused stimulation of the activity. (+)-Amphetamine, 0.25 mg/kg, and (-)-amphetamine, 0.5 mg/kg, i.e. doses without any effect on locomotor activity of their own, caused virtually the same shift to the left of the dose-response curve for L-Dopa. (-)-Amphetamine, 4 mg/kg which per se caused depression of locomotor activity, caused a marked potentiation of the L-Dopa-induced stimulation of motor activity. Thus, there does not exist a close correlation between the L-Dopa-potentiating action of the amphetamines and their stimulating properties per se."
1143359,"Homogenates of the caudate nucleus of the pig were submitted to differential centrifugation. The 20000 g and 80000 g fractions were isolated and a part of them was osmotically shocked. The highest dopamine content per mg protein was found in the intact 80000 g fraction. Incubation experiments with the intact and the osmotically shocked fractions at 25 degrees C revealed that the particles of the intact 20000 g fraction took up dopamine, the influx of the amine was not enhanced by addition of ATP and magnesium to the incubation medium. On the other hand after osmotic shock the uptake of dopamine into the particles of this fraction was greatly enhanced by addition of ATP and magnesium. The uptake of dopamine into the particles of both intact and osmotically shocked 80000 g fractions was likewise enhanced by ATP and magnesium. The uptake in all fractions was not influenced by ouabain. The influx of dopamine into the particles of the intact 80000 g fraction was competitively inhibited by reserpine  (Ki0.96 x 10-8M) and prenylamine (Ki1.74 x 10-8M). It is concluded that the intact 20000 g fraction contains intact synaptosomes; the uptake of dopamine is independent of the presence of ATP and magnesium. The shocked 20000 g fraction and the 80000 g fractions contain synaptic vesicles; the uptake of dopamine into these vesicles is enhanced by ATP and magnesium."
1143360,"Dopamine-containing vesicles were isolated from the caudate nucleus of the pig by differential centrifugation and incubated with 14-C-serotonin (14-C-5-HT), 14-C-gamma-aminobutyric acid (14-C-GAGA), 14-C-dopamine or 14-C-histamine. At 25 degrees C the uptake of 14-C-5-HT and 14-C-GABA was enhanced by ATP and magnesium. The Km for the uptake of 14-C-5-HT in the presence of ATP and magnesium was 0.67 x 10-6M, that of 14-C-GABA 1.33 x 10-4M. 14-C-Histamine was also taken up into the vesicles but its uptake was not incluenced by ATP and magnesim. The ATP-magnesium-dependent uptake of 14-C-5-HT and 14-C-GABA was abolished at 0 degrees C. At 37 degrees C the accumulation of 14-C-GABA in the presence of ATP and magnesium reached a steady state after 20 min, while the accumulation of 14-C-5-HT reached a maximum after 2.5 min of incubation and then gradually declined. Osmotic lysis of the vesicles followed by sonication abolished the enhanced uptake of 14-C-GABA, 14-C-5-HT and 14-C-dopamine in the presence of ATP and magnesium. Determination of the endogenous contents of the vasicles revealed 14.6 pmoles per mg protein for 5-HT and 22.7 nmoles per mg protein for GABA. It is concluded that the caudate nucles preparation used in this study contains not only dopamine-storing vesicles able to take up biogenic amines but also GABA-containing vesicles which take up GABA by an ATP-magnesium-dependent process."
1143361,"The sympathetic nerves of the cat spleen were stimulated electrically (20 v, 1 msec, 7 sec) with increasing frequencies (1-30 Hz) during perfusion of the spleen with normal or low-calcium Krebs solution. Noradrenaline (NA) output per stimulus was measured. In spleens perfused with normal Krebs solution, the NA output per stimulus at 5Hz was barely detectable, while the output at 30 Hz was about 5-fold greater than at 5 Hz. Reduction of the calcium concentration in the Krebs solution to 0.2-0.5 mM, while reducing outputs at both frequencies, resulted in an output at 30 Hz that was nearly 8 to 10 times that at 5 Hz. In spleens pretreated with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) the NA output was increased at all frequencies, and the maximal output occurred at 5 Hz, whereas the output at 30 Hz was only one-third of the maximal output. Reduction of the calcium concentration of the perfusion solution to 0.5 mM, while reducing outputs from PBZ-treated spleens, increased the output at 30 Hz by about 5-fold over the output at 5 Hz. The muscarinic inhibition of stimulation-evoked release of NA by acetylcholine was much more pronounced at low than at high frequency of stimulation. The increase in the release of NA per stimulus with increase in the frequency of sympathetic nerve stimulation is explained on the assumption that the specific entry of calcium ions required for transmitter release is also frequency-dependent."
1143362,"Fibrillation threshold and heart rate were measured after increasing doses of (-)-isoprenaline and (plus or minus)-salbutamol. The initial values of 212 plus or minus 10 muA (x plus or minus SEM) and 211 plus or minus 10muA were decreased to 74 plus or minus 10 muA by low doses of (-)-isoprenaline (10-11- to 10-10 moles/kg i.v.), and to 89 plus or minus 11 muA by (plus or minus)-salbutamol (10-9- to 10-8- moles/kg i.v.). Higher doses, paradoxically, increased fibrillation threshold to initial values, (-)-isoprenaline: 2x10-9- moles/kg; (plus or minus)-salbutamol: 2x10-6- moles/kg. A linear increase in heart rate per 10-fold increase of either drug was observed, (-)-isoprenaline: 25 beats - min-1-; (plus or minus)-salbutamol: 14 beats - min-1-. The apparent beta2-selective property of salbutamol is documented by its low potency in changing fibrillation threshold and heart rate."
1143363,"Rats received 20, 50 or 100 mg/animal D-penicillamine i.p. twice daily on days 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 of gestation, i.e. a total dose of 200, 500 resp. 1000 mg/animal. At all dosages the number of fetal resorptions did not increase significantly. Weight of the 20 day old embryos as well as length of the long bones in the extremities in the 100 mg-group showed a significant decrease. Numerous skeletal alterations could be observed in the 1000 mg-group such as absence, deformations or incomplete mineralisation of bones. Light microscopic examinations revealed an inhibition of the ossification as well as a decrease of number and size of the trabecula and of the thickness of the perichondrial bone sheath. A swelling of the collagenous fibrils can be demonstrated with the electron microscope. The first apatite crystals aggregate in collagen-free areas. The fusion of these aggregates to homogenously mineralized trabecula is inhibitied. In contrast to bones from untreated embryos, mineralized areas show varying content of collagen and apatide crystals. A regular spatial relationship between apatite crystals and collagenous fibrils does not develop. These findings show that even after the so-called ""critical period"" malformations can be pproduced by substances which disturb synthesis and maturation of the mesenchymal intercellular substance."
1143364,"Under the conditions of different stimulation frequencies the inotropic effects of the alpha-adrenoceptor stimulationg agents, methoxamine, naphazoling and oxymetazoline were studied on the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. 1. On the papillary muscle stimulated at 0.5 Hz methoxamine in concentrations from 10(-5)M caused a significant and dose-dependent positive inotropic effect. At 10(-3)M methoxamine decreased the developed tension. With increasing frequency of stimulation (0.5--1--1.5Hz), the positive inotropic effect became smaller, while the negative inotropic one was more pronounced. The time course of the disappearance of the negative inotropic effect of methoxamine by washout differed from that of the positive inotropic effect: the negative component disappeared within 30 min, whereas the positive one lasted for about 100 min. The positive inotropic effect of noradrenaline (10(-6)M), in contrast ot that of methoxamine, was not influenced by the frequency under the same conditions of stimulation. Also naphazoline (10(-5)M) caused a significant positive inotropic effect on the papillary muscle stimulated at 0.5 Hz, while oxymetazoline induced exclusively a negative inotropic effect. 2. The positive inotropic effect of metoxamine (10(-4)M) as well as of naphazoline (10(-5)M) evoked at a frequency of 0.5 Hz was abolished by phentolamine (10(-6)M). Methoxamine (10(-4)M) induced a significant negative inotropic effect in the presence of phentolamine. Phentolamine antagonized the positive inotropic effect of methoxamine in a non-competitive manner: the pD2-value was 7.76. 3. In the presence of methoxamine (10(-4)M) the developed tension in the lower range (0.05--1 Hz) of the frequency-force relationship was enhanced, while that in the higher range (greater that 1.5 Hz) was decreased. The enhancement was abolished by phentolamine (10(-6)M). 4. Papaverine (2x10(-5)M) did not affect the positive inotropic effect of methoxamine. 5. The present results show that methoxamine and naphazoline induced a positive inotropic effect via alpha-adrenoceptor in the ventricular myocardium of the rabbit. These effects were caused only at low, but not at high frequencies of stimulation."
1143365,"1. Isolated rat neurohypophyses were incubated in Locke solution at 37 degress C and the vasopressin output into the medium determined by bioassay. 2. Potassium chloride 60 mM caused a 9-fold increase in the rate of vasopressin release that was abolished when calcium chloride was omitted from the Locke solution. 3. Acetylcholine 5.5x10-4M neither alone nor in the presence of atropine 2.9x10-6M changed the ""resting"" release of vasopressin. 4. Neither acetylcholine 5.5x10-4M oxotremorine 10-4 and k3x10-4M altered the vasopressin release evoked by potassium chloride 60 mM. 5. In contrast to the peripheral adrenergic nerve fibres, the secretory terminal fibres of the neurohypophysis do not appear to contain muscarinic inhibitory or nicotinic excitatory receptors."
1143366,"26 mongrel dogs were given a single dose of 0.03mg/kg tritium-labelled digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin, digitoxin or ouabain 2 hrs or 95 hrs following experimental coronary occlusion. Examination of the epicardial ECG was performed by moving from intact to ischemic or necrotic zones. 60 min after glycoside administration the animals were sacrificed and tissue samples from the marked heart muscles areas and from the skeletal muscle were analysed for glycoside content. The early glycoside uptake in acute ischemic or necrotic myocardium was diminished independently of the physicochemical properties of the glycoside. Significantly higher glycoside concentrations (ng/g wet weight) were measured in the injured myocardium 3 hrs after coronary occlusion than 96 hrs afterward (p less than 0.005). The values in acute ischemic myocardium varied considerably. This nonhomogeneity of glycoside uptake in the acute ischemic heart muscle may partly explain the increased sensitivity to glycosides in myocardial infarction. The decline of glycoside concentration correlates with the alterations in the epicardial ECG. The cardiac effects of cardenolides 60 min after intravenous administration was caused by the unchanged glycoside. In contrast to the myocardium, glycoside accumulation could not be found in the skeletal muscle. The concentrations of digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin and digitoxin in the skeletal muscle were significantly higher than the concentration of ouabain, which was rapidly eliminated via the urine."
1143605,"A monosynaptic reflex pathway was used to produce a post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). in ten experiments (cats) one side was tetanized (via N. gastrocnemius) whereas the other one was taken as control. Tissue was punched out of the ventral horn area of the spinal cord (segment height L7/S1) for the analysis of the phospholipid content. The results demonstrate that PTP significantly increases phosphatidyl-inositol in the potentiated alpha-motoneurone area. Phosphatidylserine showed a trend towards a decrease; sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine remained almost unchanged. The effect of a different tetanizing time on the phospholipid content is discussed as is the intention of the present experiments."
1143606,"Serotonin uptake, binding and release were studied in human blood platelets. The uptake showed marked individual differences while the loss of 5-HT during resuspension of the 5-HT loaded platelets was constant. The existence of 5-HT binding proteins was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis, gel filtration on a column equilibrated with 5-HT, affinity chromatography on a 5-HT-Sepharose column and polyacryl-amide disc gel electrophoresis experiments. After incubation of the platelet extract in the presence of [14-C]5-HT, electrophoretic and autoradiographic analysis demonstrated the presence of three 5-HT binding proteins, two of which were soluble glycoproteins specific for serotonin."
1143607,"The postnatal growth in diameter of corticospinal nerve fibres was studied in the medullary pyramid of the rabbit in order to make comparisons with the development of functional properties, which has been demonstrated by previous workers. During the first postnatal days the as yet unmyelinated fibres underwent a distinct increase in size. The first signs of myelin ensheathment were seen in 5-day-old animals, the ensheathed fibres varying between 0.4 and 0.7 mu in diameter. The growth in size of the largest myelinated fibres was more rapid during the second week and thereafter continued at a slower rate to a final size of 4--5 mu. The number of myelinated pyramidal fibres increased most rapidly during the first postnatal month and reached around 90,000 (unilaterally) in the adult. The vascular density initially increased, reaching a peak at 3 weeks and thereafter decreased. Comparison with physiological data showed that the initiation of myelination does not coincide in time with any striking decrease in response latency but rather seems to allow for a continued steady decrease. At a size of 3.5-4 mu the fibres appear to have attained the capability to follow rapid rates of stimulation."
1143618,"Electrolytic lesions of the hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle (MFB) produced substantial deficits in the copulatory behavior of male rats, but no changes in testicular, seminal vesicle, ventral prostate or penis weights. Radioimmunoassay of serum from lesioned and control animals revealed a small but statistically insignificant reduction in testosterone and LH levels, and no change in FSH levels of lesioned males. In a second experiment, androgen levels were maintained in castrated males by subcutaneous implants of silastic capsules containing crystalline testosterone; this procedure failed to prevent the copulatory deficit which accompanied subsequent MFB lesions. We have concluded that the behavioral deficit produced by such lesions is not a direct result of pituitary-gonadal dysfunction."
1143619,"Female Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were injected at 25 days of age (prepubertal) or 60 days of age (adult) with 1 mug dexamethasone/100 g b.w. either before the beginning of the daily rise in serum corticosterone (at 10.00 or 12.00 h in adults and 10.00 h in prepubertal rats) or after the daily rise had begun (at 14.00 h in adults, and 12.00 or 14.00 h in perpubertal rats). Blood samples were collected by decapitation at 16.00, 20.00 and 24.00 h on that day and 04.00, 08.00 and 16.00 h the following day. In adults, dexamethasone (DEX) given at 10.00 shifted the corticosterone (B) peak to 04.00. In prepubertal rats, DEX given before the B rise did not shift the subsequent peak and the patterns of B did not diverge from controls. DEX given at 12.00 or 14.00 shifted the peak to 24.00 h. At 08.00 the next day, B was depressed in adults but normal in prepubertal rats. At 16.00 h, both age groups showed depressed B in comparison to controls. Prepubertal rats appear to respond differently to dexamethasone than do adults."
1143620,"The effects of ovariectomy on the ultrastructure of neurons within the SCH nuclei of the rabbit were investigated. All SCH neurons of the intact controls were similar in that they showed no morphological evidence of enhanced neurosecretory activity. In contrast, two distinct types of neurons were present within the SCH nuclei of the ovariectomized animals. The small, Type I neurons were ultrastructurally identical to the SCH neurons of the intact controls. The larger, Type II neurons, on the other hand, clearly presented structural evidence for elevated intraneuronal synthesis. To ensure that the changes which characterized the Type II neurons were due, at least in part, to the removal of ovarian steroids following ovariectomy and not to surgical stress alone, the SCH nuclei of laparotomized rabbits were also studied. Although the same two neuron types were observed, the number of Type II neurons in the laparotomized controls was significantly smaller (p smaller than 0.001) than the number in the ovariectomized group. These findings suggest that Type II neurons probably represent a functional state of the smaller, non-active neurons of the intact controls. In addition, the ultrastructural features that distinguish type II neurons are positively related to the endocrine state of the rabbit and, therefore, may represent the hypothalamic synthesis of the releasing hormones that control is gonadotropic activity."
1143621,"The influence of decapitation or encephalectomy (total removal of the brain leaving the pituitary in place) on the adrenal corticosterone concentration of the 20-day-old rat fetus has been studied in normal pregnant rats, in adrenalectomized pregnant rats, and in adrenalectomized pregnant rats subjected to the stress conditions of inhalation of ether for 40 min. Decapitation or encephalectomy of the fetus always results in a drop in adrenal corticosterone concentration within 4 h which is prevented in 15 min by injecting 3.2 mU of hog ACTH into the decapitated fetus. In mothers adrenalectomized in order to avoid a negative feedback reaction of maternal corticosteroids on the fetal pituitary-adrenal system, ether inhalation causes an important rise in adrenal corticosterone concentration in normal fetuses but not in decapitated or encephalectomized ones. Thus ether, which crosses the placental barrier, is a stressor agent for the fetal rat."
1143622,"Implants of cocoa butter (CB) or CB and actinomycin D (AD) were placed in the hypothalamus, amygdala, or anterior pituitary gland of testosterone-pretreated ovariectomized rats. The animals were then given an injection of 2.5 mg progesterone (P) at 11.00 h and sacriviced at approximately 16.30 h. Serum LH was determined by radioimmunoassay. Implants of AD placed in or near the arcuate nucleus and in other sites in the ventromedial hypothalamus blocked p-induced LH release, but those placed in the preoptic area or ventrolateral hypothalamus were only partially effective. Implants of AD in the amygdala or anterior pituitary gland had no detectable effect on LH release. Approximately 70 percent of the radioactivity in implants of 3H-AD diffused from the implant site within 8 h. of that recovered, most was found within 1 mm of the implant site. These results suggest that the ventromedial hypothalamus is one site at which AD acts to block P-induced LH release."
1143623,A considerable number of small and medium-size neurons are described in the subependymal layer of the caudal part of the middle portion of the rat median eminence. They are arranged mainly in rostro-caudally oriented rows. Fine structure of these nerve cells is similar to that of the arcuate neurons. Small axon terminals establish synaptic contacts with these cells. The possible functional significance of these neurons is discussed.
1143624,"Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and vasotocin (AVT) were measured by radioimmunoassay in extracts of cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, pineal, hypothalamus, and neurohypophysis from normal Long-Evans rats. AVP was present in expected concentrations in pituitary and hypothalamus and there was no evidence of its accumulation elsewhere. AVT was not detectable in these tissues (within the limits imposed on our assay by the presence of excessive amounts of AVP) but was easily detectable in pineal tissue with a concentration of 22.4 plus or minus 6.6 muU/gland. Extracts of neurohypophysis and pineal glands from homozygous Brattleboro rats (rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus) revealed the total absence of AVP and AVT. We conclude that the Brattleboro rat is incapabel of synthesizing biologically active neurohypophyseal peptides which contain arginine in position 8."
1143625,"25-day-old female rats were left intact, or rendered either blind-anosmic or blind-anosmic-pinealectomized. Five weeks later, blind-anosmic animals were found to possess significantly depressed body, anterior pituitary, uterine and ovarian weights. The pituitary levels of LH were elevated while pituitary prolactin was depressed in the dual sensory-deprived rats. Blind-anosmic animals also had significantly depressed plasma levels of LH and elevated plasma levels of prolactin. The effects of blinding and anosmia were effectively reversed by pinealectomy. Ovariectomized, estrogen and progesterone-treated (OVX, EP-treated) rats that received an intracarotid injection of a medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) extract from intact or from blind-anosmic-pinealectomized female rats exhibited a marked rise in plasma LH to a peak at 10 min after injection. This peak was followed by a steady decline in plasma LH concentration. Animals injected with MBH extract from blind-anosmic rats also demonstrated a rise in plasma LH with the levels remaining more or less constant for the 10 and 20-min samples. Rather than declining, the plasma LH levels in 3 out of 4 rats exhibited a further increase until the 40-min sample. The injection of either cortical extract or saline had no effect on plasma LH levels. OVX, EP-treated rats receiving either MBH extracts from intact or blind-anosmic rats or cortical extract exhibited a depression in plasma prolactin titers 5 min following injection. This response was followed by a slight increase in plasma prolactin at 10 and 20 min with a subsequent decrease. Each of the OVX, EP-treated recipients injected with MBH extract from blind-anosmic-pinealectomized rats responded with an obvious increase in plasma prolactin levels within 5 min after injection, followed by a decrease. It was concluded that the MBH of the blind-anosmic rat was high in LRH activity while PIF appeared to predominate over PRF activity. On the other hand, in the MBH of the blind-anosmic-pinealectomized rat, LRH activity was lower while PRF appeared to predominate over PIF activity."
1143626,"The spontaneous electrical activity of the neural lobe of the cat hypophysis has been recorded. We have observed two types of activity: (1) 0.5-1.0 mV in amplitude and 4-6 msec in duration, and (2) 0.03-0.07 mV in amplitude and 1-2 msec in duration. The discharge rates of both types of activity are affected by osmotic stimuli known to influence vasopressin release. Nevertheless, only the smaller potentials were studied because they were easier to obtain. The typical response to injections of hypertonic saline was an increase in the discharge rate characterized by two peaks in the frequency-time curve. This activity seems to correspond to the unit activity described by several authors for neurosecretory hypothalamic units. Hypotonic injections cause, in about 45% of the injections, a 50% decrease in the firing rate. Injections of isotonic saline did not alter the discharge rate by the neurohypophysis. We conclude that elements in the neural lobe of the pituitary are electrically excitable and respond to stimuli known to cause vasopressin release."
1143627,"A single dose of corticosterone (1 mg/kg b.w.i.p.) increased the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content in the mesencephalon, amygdala and hypothalamus. The maximum was observed at 15 min following administration. The 5-HT level returned to normal between 60 and 180 min. The 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content decreased in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus at 15 min, and then increased to the maximum at 30 min in the mesencephalon and at 45 min in the hypothalamus and amygdala. There were no changes in the septum and hippocampus either in 5-HT or in 5-HIAA content following corticosterone administration. Desoxycorticosterone administration (1 mg/rat i.p.) was ineffective. Tritiated 5-HT uptake did not change in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon tissue in vitro after corticosterone or desoxycorticosterone treatment. Adrenalectomy caused a decrease in the 5-HT content in all brain areas studies. 5-HIAA decreased only in the hypothalamus. Corticosterone administration normalized the 5-HT and 5-HIAA content in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon in adrenalectomized rats. Tritiated 5-HT uptake was lower in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon in adrenalectomized rats. Corticosterone administration increased the activity back to normal in the hypothalamus, however desoxycorticosterone was ineffective. The data suggest that the plasma corticosterone level plays a role in the regulation of the activity of the serotoninergic system in certain limbic brain structures."
1143628,"Adrenocorticotropic abilities in basal and stress conditions, and the responsiveness of ectopically-transplanted pituitaries to hypothalamic stimulation were investigated in adult red Carneau pigeons. In birds with pituitary autografts, both electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and restraint stress elicited a significant increase in the plasma corticosterone level, however these adrenal cortical responses were not so important as those in intact pigeons. Ether stress, which was a very effective stimulus of adrenocortical activity in controls, did not result in any plasma corticosterone elevation in pigeons that had been operated on. Such a decrease in the functional abilities of ectopic adrenocorticotropic cells was interpreted as the result of an impaired hypothalamic control acting via the systemic bloodstream. This hypothesis was corroborated by a moderate reduction in diurnal variations of the plasma corticosterone level in birds with autografts with respect to intact pigeons. Adenohypophysectomized controls did not show any adrenocortical response either to hypothalamic stimulation or to stress application."
1143629,"Average evoked responses (AERs) were recorded simultaneously from 3 hypothalamic nuclei of freely behaving rats. Permanent semi-microelectrodes were implanted 6-8 days before experiments were begun. The amygdaloid AER to 32 successive stimuli consisted of large amplitude potentials made up of 3 components (P1, N1 and P2) with short latencies. The neuronal recovery function (NRF) was short. However, the acoustic AER to 32 successive acoustic stimuli in anterior hypothalamus (AH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and arcuate nucleus (AN) consisted of large amplitude potentials of long duration made up of 5 components (P1, N1, P2, and P3) with long latencies. The NRR was long. Intraperitoneal administration of L-dopa heightened the amplitude of the acoustic AER and shortened the NRF in VMH and AN. Reserpine administration 2 h after L-dopa maintained the phenomena in VMH and AN without alteration of the AER and NRF in AH. When reserpine was administered first, enhancement of the acoustic AER and shortening of the NRF was again obtained only in VMH and an L-dopa injection after reserpine treatment maintained these phenomena. Low doses of pentobarbital after L-dopa and reserpine and vice versa caused a marked increase in the acoustic AER and a shortening of the NRF in all recording sites. The amygdala AER and NRF, however, were not altered by any treatment or in any recording sites."
1143630,"The hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) was electrically stimulated through permanently implanted electrodes in 4 unanesthetized sheep. Initiation of POA stimulation was followed witin 10-20 min by large increases in plasma levels of prolactin (PRL). The stimulation-induced discharges of PRL were consistently observed in both untreated and estradiol-treated castrated animals using 0.1 to 0.7 mA of applied current. Since behavioral modifications were only sometimes associated with electrical stimulation of the POA, the response appears unrelated to the stress-induced release of PRL."
1143631,"Immature female rats, raised in either cyclic light (LD; 14 H LIGHT/10 H DARK) Or constant light (LL) were divided into 4 groups and given daily injections of estradiol benzoate (5, 10, or 25 ng) in 0.1 ml sesame oil starting at 24 days of age. Control animals received oil only. Injections were continued until vaginal opening (V.O.). Half of each group of animals was killed and dissected 1 day after V.O. Results indicate that both LL exposure and EB treatment accelerated sexual maturation (as indicated by the day of V.O.) with a significant interaction between the 2 treatments. Thre greatest difference in age at V.O. between LD and LL rats was observed at a dose of 10 ngEB/day. Body weights and uterine weights decreased with higher doses of EB, apparently reflecting the younger age at the time of V.O. No significant differences in ovarian weights were observed. Results are interpreted to indicate that increased exposure to light may change the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to the positive feedback of estrogen."
1143632,"Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were determined in samples obtained sequentially at 15-min intervals during the last 4 h in monkeys deprived of sleep for 76 h and the first 8 h of ensuing recovery sleep. Electroencephalographic (EEG), electro-oculographic (EOG), and electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded. Stages 3-4 sleep occurred rapidly after sleep onset and were of long duration. Plasma GH secretion was markedly elevated during sleep recovery, without apparent relationship to stage of sleep."
1143633,"The food and fluid intake, the fecal weight and weight of urine voided, urinary and plasma osmolality and neurohypophysial content of vasopressin and oxytocin were measured in groups of rats injected with oil and vasopressin (0.5 IU Pitressin tannate in oil daily, i.m.) before, during and after substitution of a 2% solution of NaCl for drinking water for 3 days. Before 2% NaCl was substituted for the drinking water, vasopressin treatment significantly decreased food and water intake (p smaller than 0.05) and daily weight gain (p smaller than 0.01), but no significant effect on plasma osmolality or on neurohypophysial content of vasopressin and oxytocin could be demonstrated. Vasopressin treatment did not significantly reduce the intake of the 2% NaCl solution when this was substituted for drinking water but did reduce the resulting neurohypophysial depletion of vasopressin (p smaller than 0.01). Furthermore, on the first day of NaCl drinking, the neurohypophysial content of vasopressin in vasopressin-treated rats was increased above the control value (p smaller than 0,05). These results suggest the existence of a negative feedback of vasopressin on its own release."
1143719,"The fever index, quantitative measure of the total amount of fever in degree hours, was determined in obstetric-gynecologic patients with bacteremia. Comparison of the mean fever index between those women with hospital-or community-acquired infections, those patients monitored or not monitored during labor, or by grouping of single organisms recovered by culture revealed  no significant differences. Bacteremia patients over the age of 40 had significantly more fever than those under the age of 40. Patients with postpartum with postpartum bacteremia following cesarean section had a mean fever index significantly greater than women who had vaginal delivery. The implications of these findings are discussed."
1143720,"During the past 2 years at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center (LAC-USC), there have been 2 deaths from pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Each of these deaths occurred postoperatively in previously healthy women who received pronlonged antibiotic prophylasix. The implications of these poor therapeutic results are discussed. The distinctive clinical symptology of a patient with pseudomembranous enterocolitis is described, and current treatment recommendiations are presented."
1143721,"Four women with phenotypic features of Turner's syndrome and with poly  cystic ovaries (PCO) are describe. In addition to  the phenotypic features, Case 1 had primary amenorrhea and small PCO, Case 2  had a 46, XX/45, X karyotype (lumphocytes), Case 3 had enlarged PCO  which contained a  decreased number of oocytes, and Case 4 had enlarged PCO and was short in statute. These cases support the concept of a relation between PCO and the X chromosome. Some PCO may represent an intermediate condition in a spectrum that extends from the streak gonad of Turners syndrome to the normal ovary. Evidience for X chromosome involvement in PCO is summarized. The concept is advanced that at least some cases of OCO may be due to X chromosomal factors causing an abnormal follicular appartus."
1143722,"Sixty strips of vaginal wall obtained from 20 nonpregnant women (12 in the proliferative phase and 8 in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle) were studied in vitro. Described and illustrated are 1) their spontaneous contractility, 2) enhancement of this by prostaglandin F2alpha, epinephrine, and  norepinephrine, and 3) de novo induction of contractions by these agents. Contractility was inhibited and suppressed by prostaglandin E1, and after such suppression of norepinephrine-induced contractions they could not thereafter be reestablished by norepinephrine. The physiologic implications of these findings for the processes of reproduction are discussed."
1143723,"The clinical and morphologic features, as well as the classification, of surgically excised cysts of the vagina were reviewed. Sixty-four cysts were available for study. Classification was principally along developmental grounds, based on histologic and histochemical features of cyst epithelium. Detection of epithelial mucus production reduced significantly the incidence of Gartner's duct (mesonephric) cysts, indicating that this is an uncommon lesion. Cysts of mullerian origin, lined mainly by endocervical and occasionally by fallopian tubal epithelium, comprised one-third of the cases. Inclusion  cysts of surface mucosa constituted the most common, but usually a clinically insignificant, type of vaginal cyst. Dilation of paraurethral glands and ducts could not adequately explain all the several cysts lined by urothelium. These lesions were difficult to distinguish on clinical grounds, alone, although mullerian cysts were nor symptomatic, due to their greater size."
1143724,"Forty-four cases of melanoma of the vulva are reviewed. A leveling system comparable to that of Clark's (in cutaneous melanoma of nongenital origin), is described. Survival appears to be directly related to depth of invasion, with no patient with a Level II lesion succumbing to disease. Minimal therapy recommended is radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal-femoral node dissection."
1143725,"Retrospective analysis of 22 cases of Stage I invasive carcinoma of the vulva showed 11 cases in which the depth of tumor invasion was 5 mm or less. All of these patients were treated with radical vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy. In 3 cases positive groin node metastases were discovered. A fourth patient with minimal stromal invasion (less than 5 mm) was prospectively managed with vulvectomy alone and subsequently developed groin node metastasis leading to death from disseminated tumor. Depth of the invasion alone, therefore, is not a reliable indicator of the likelihood of groin node involvement, and lymphadenectomy should continue to be considered for all patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva."
1143726,"A selected group of 136 patients with Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was treated in six naval hospitals during the period 1957-1965 using a three-stage combined radiation therapy and surgery protocol. Treatment consisted of two radium applications to the cervix, followed in 6 weeks by extraperitoneal lymphadenectomy. If the lymph nodes were tumor-negative, simple hysterectomy in 6 to 6 months completed the protocol. If the nodes were tumor-postive, a course of external pelvic irradiation  was given with midline shielding. The incidence of positive nodes was 9.6 per cent. Actuarial survival for all patients was 89.4 per cent, comparabale to the rate obtained by radical surgery or radiation alone. Postoperative and postradiation complications were minimal, with nourinary or bowel fistulas. There was no  operative mortality."
1143727,"Studies  to determine the total number of circulating lymphocytes and their morphologic transformation in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were carried out in 156 women: 81 who currently had an ovarian cancer or who had had it in the past; 54 normal women; and 21 patients with malignant diseases. The latter two groups served as controls. The total number of circulating lymphocytes is an important cosideration, as there is a significant decrease of lymphocytes in patients with ovarian cancer, a factor with great bearing on prognosis. The lymphoblastic transformation test in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen showed not only significant changes in patients with ovarian cancer but also a correlation with survival at 6 months."
1143728,"In reviewing maternal mortality in Minnesota over the last 10-year period, obesity proved to be a major high-risk factor to the parturient. In the following report 12 per cent of the study group weighed over 200 lb in the nonpregnant state. Pulmonary embolism was the leading cause of death in obese group. Obstetricians are encourged to recognize the possible complications that obesity poses in the pregnancy period."
1143729,Report on a case of sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary with detailed pre- and postoperative hormonal analysis and an electron microscopic study of the tumors. The tumor was secreting both estrogenic and androgenic hormones. Ultrastructural studies have corroborated previous light microscopic findings on the variegated appearance of the tumor and the abundance of collagen among the cells and indicated that the tumor is functionally active and of ovarian stromal origin.
1143730,"A 68-year-old postmenopausal patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervic is described. Thirty-two other cases were collected from the literature, and a clinicopathologic analysis for the whole group is presented. The study indicates that a) adenoid cystic carcinoma usually occurs in postmenopausal patients in the commonest presenting problems; c) vaginal cytology was abnormal in most cases in which it was reported; d) the lesion usually forms a mass and infiltrates parametrial and paracervical tissues; e) the tumor is frequently associated with squamous cell carcinoma (in situ or invasive) or other types of cancer; f) local recurrence after radical  surgery and /or irradiation, as well as pelvic and widespread metastases, can occur; and g) the histogenesis of this type of tumor is unclear. The various possibilities are discussed."
1143731,"Plasma steroids, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, and plasma gonadotropins FSH and LH were determined before and after adrenal suppression in an 18-year-old patient with gonadal dysgenesis (XX/XO). Total plasma estrogen was initially low (9.2 plus or minus 2.4 pg/ml) and did not change  after adrenal suppression. Plasma progesterone (380 plus or minus 18 pg/ml) and testosterone (236 plus or minus pg/ml) were in the range found in the normal follicular phase and fell to 50 plus or minus 17 pg/ml and 112 plus or minus pg/ml, respectively, after adrenal suppression. Mean levels of FSH and LH were unchanged after adrenal suppression. These results suggest that the adrenal may make a significant contribution to plasma levels of progesterone and testosterone in patients with gonadal dysgenesis and may also contribute to the plasma levels of these steroids during the follicular phase of the mensturual cycle."
1143732,"Aneurysms rarely presenta as a complication of hysterectomy. A case is reported of a left common iliac artery aneurysm causing readmission 2 weeks after total abdominal hysterectomy. The aneurysm remained undiagnosed prior to percutaneous rupture and subsequent laparotomy. The aneurysm was ligated and resected. No graft or arterial repair was attempted because of the infection that was  present. Twenty-three days after hysterectomy, the patient underwent above-the-knee amputation. A review of the literatureis undertaken and possible etiolgic mechanisms discussed."
1143760,"The case of a 49-year-old woman is described in which the presenting symptom of subacute bacterial endocarditis was the rare condition of a prepapillary abscess. There was a rapid decrease in visual acuity in the patient's left eye 10 days after the onset of an influenza-like episode, and ophthalmological examination revealed a pus-containing formation covering the optic disc, star-figure exudates in the macula, and some retinal hemorrhages with white centers. These findings in a patient known to have old valvular stenosis indicated a diagnosis of subacute bacterial endocarditis which was confirmed by further investigation. Both forms of endogenous primary retinitis were present in the same eye, i.e. (1) acute suppurative metastatic retinitis in the form of a prepapillary abscess and (2) subacute focal retinitis with the characteristic Roth's spots. Intensive antibiotic treatment was instituted, and within one month the prepapillary abscess was resorbed, with a parallel improvement in the general condition of the patient."
1143762,Estimates of monocular and binocular depth acuity were obtained on two samples of subjects with adequate visual acuity and capacity for stereopsis. Both a method of average error and a modified method of limits were employed to secure the estimates. Eight ratios of binocular to monocular depth acuity ranged from 2.4:1 to 4.2:1 at a distance of 15 ft. The results contradict the familiar generalization that binocular depth perception is about 20 times as acute as monocular depth perception.
1143764,"A hand-instrument is described, which serves the purpose of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. One part of the instrument, which may be used alone, is a direct ophthalmoscope; it comprises as a distinctive feature a mirror which is vertically movable. The other part is an attachment comprising magnifying lenses, a system for viewing the fundus periphery, a movable fixation target, a system for seeing the patient's eye, and a demonstration mirror. Both parts together form a light, easy-to-handle unit for monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy."
1143765,"The process of epithelial regeneration of alcali-burned rabbit cornea was observed in control animals and in animals treated with bovine embryonic corneal homogenates using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that regeneration is more rapid when homogenate treatment is applied, but follows the same stages as observed in the control animals."
1143932,"N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity increased in injured plantar muscle during the interval of 1 to 7 days after a period of 6 hours ischaemia of the rabbit hindpaw. Histochemical visualization demonstrated that this increased activity was not only associated with infiltrating inflammatory cells but also with the appearance of discrete lysosomal-like granules within damaged muscle fibres. Seven days after injury, the enzyme activity had reached a maximum with levels in the injured muscle 11 times higher than in normal muscle. The activity at this time was visualized in granules longitudinally arranged along regenerating muscle fibres, seemingly implicating the longitudinal sarcotubular system in their origin. Residual histochemical activity was evident at 14 and 28 days after injury. It is suggested that, in addition to its hydrolytic activity, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase may have a role in the formation of mucopolysaccharides in the regenerative processes of muscle."
1143933,"Rats were rendered iron deficient by a combination of diet and bleeding to study its effects on vitamin B(12) absorption. Small intestinal loops were isolated in vivo and the absorption of -57Co-vitamin B(12) bound to a known quantity of intrinsic factor was measured. Iron deficiency resulted in the impairment of both uptake and transport of B(12). This malabsorption was corrected within 5 days by parenteral iron repletion. The findings were not due to a non-specific effect of anaemia since no correlation existed between haemoglobin levels and B(12) absorption in rats anaemic as a result of acute blood loss. No evidence was found for an altered small-intestinal microflora, bacterial counts being similar in iron-deficient and control rats. It is concluded that iron deficiency in the rat results in impaired absorption of B(12) by the small intestine, probably as a result of some defect produced in the enterocyte."
1143950,"The hypoxanthine concentration in plasma was found to be a sensitive parameter of hypoxia of the fetus and the newborn infant. The plasma level of hypoxanthine in the umbilical cord in 29 newborn infants with normal delivery varied between 0 and 11.0 mumol/liter with a mean of 5.8 mumol/liter, SD 3.0 mumol/liter. Compared with this reference group the hypoxanthine concentration in plasma of the umbilical cord in 10 newborn infants with clinical signs of intrauterine hypoxia during labor was found to be significantly higher, with a range of 11.0-61.5 mumol/liter, with a mean of 25.0 mumol/liter, SD 18.0 mumol/liter. The plasma level of hypoxanthine in two premature babies developing an idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was monitored. The metabolite was found to be considerably increased, in one of them more than 24 hr after a period of hypoxia necessitating artificial ventilation. The hypoxanthine level in plasma of umbilical arterial blood was followed about 2 hr postpartum in three newborn infants with clinical signs of intrauterine hypoxia. The decrease of the plasma concentration of the metabolite seemed to be with a constant velocity, as it was about 10 mumol/liter/hr in these cases. A new method was used for the determination of hypoxanthine in plasma, based on the principle that PO2 decreased when hypoxanthine is oxidized to uric acid."
1143951,"There is scant information regarding the contribution made by circulating precursors to pulmonary phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the developing mammalian lung. In situ pulmonary artery perfusions were performed in term New Zealand newborn rabbits with physiologic buffer containing either 3.6 mM or 10.8 mM glycerol. There was a twofold increase in nanomoles of glycerol-phosphatidylcholine synthesized at 30 min when the higher concentration of glycerol was used. Continuing with the higher concentration, a near three-fold increase was observed between the 30-min and 60-min perfusions. This data indicates that the de novo synthesis of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine is influenced by the concentration of glycerol in the perfusate as well as the duration of perfusion."
1143952,"The recently developed technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry supported by computer has considerably improved the analysis of physiologic fluids. This study attempted to demonstrate the value of this system in the investigation of metabolite patterns in urine in two metabolic problems of prematurity, transient tyrosinemia and late metabolic acidosis. Serial 24-hr urine specimens were analyzed in 9 infants. Transient tyrosinemia, characterized by 5-10-fold increases over basal excretion of tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenyllactate, and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in urine, was noted in five of the infants. Several infants had fluctuating levels of tyrosine metabolites in urine although dietary protein intake remained constant at 3-4 g/kg/24 hr and ascorbic acid at 50 mg/24 hr. Late metabolic acidosis was seen in four infants, but bore no relation to transient tyrosinemia. The ratio of net acid to urea excretion in urine increased with increasing base deficit, implying a nonprotein origin of the metabolic acid. No unique metabolic patterns were characteristic of late metabolic acidosis."
1143953,"The sex-differential early neonatal mortality experienced by a population of 27,243 neonates has been analyzed in relation to sex-related reproductive antecedents of their mothers. An association between the risk of dying of a neonate and the sex of previous pregnancies of its mother has been found: the risk decreases with a previous pregnancy of the same sex as the neonate, and increases with one of the opposite sex. Repeated pregnancies of same sex increase the phenomenon. An immunologic hypothesis has been formulated from these results: sex-differential survival of conceptuses during the perinatal period would be due to sex-differential conceptomaternal immunologic interactions. An advantage in survival of the female fetus results from these interactions in primiparous mothers. However, immunologic behavior of the mother is altered by previous contact with fetal antigens. Consequently sex-differential survival varies with sex-related antecedents of the gravida. Previous sensitization of the gravida by male pregnancy provides an advantage in survival for a subsequent male conceptus, and previous sensitization by female pregnancy provides an advantage in survival for a subsequent female conceptus."
1143954,"This study characterizes the circulatory changes associated with asphyxia in the newborn monkey and examines the effect of phenobarbital on asphyxia. The time to last gasp and duration of total asphyxia as well as heart rate at the start of resuscitation were the same in the phenobarbital-treated and untreated infants. Initial cardiac output was the same in both groups; there was a profound drop in cardiac output with asphyxia which was the same in both groups. Organs which preferentially receive a greater percentage of cardiac output during asphyxia are heart, total brain, and adrenal glands. Organs receiving a decreased percentage of cardiac output during asphyxia are kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Cerebral hemisphere flow as a percentage of cardiac output is maintained during asphyxia, whereas paleoencephalon flow as a percentage of cardiac output increases significantly. These data confirm the circulatory redistribution of cardiac output in response to asphyxia described previously in the monkey fetus. The treated infants did not show the prolongation of time to last gasp reported in the monkey fetus; the dose of phenobarbital we used, although adequate to produce sedation, may have been too low to demonstrate the protective effect."
1143972,"Two hundred forty-six full-term, first-born well infants were randomly assigned to receive well-baby care during their first year in one of four ways: six visits by a physician; three visits by a physician; six visits by a pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP); or three visits by a PNP. One hundred sixteen of the study babies received care in a clinic setting and 130 in a private-practice setting. The adequacy of care rendered was assessed by measurement of gain in maternal knowledge important for competence in child-rearing, level of maternal satisfaction, degree of maternal compliance, and attainment of the health supervision planned. These endpoints were subjected to two-way and three-way analyses of variance to determine if there were differences across the setting, provider, or schedule variables. Essentially no differences were observed in the endpoints measured within settings between providers of care, between visit schedules, or between any of the provider and visit schedule combinations. These results indicate that well-baby care during the first year delivered by PNPs is as adequate as that delivered by physicians and the use of abbreviated visit schedules by either professional does not reduce the adequacy of care."
1143973,"Systematic monitoring of infants and children in a day-care center revealed infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae to be more common than expected. Most of these infections were asymptomatic (74%) or associated with mild, nonspecific coryza and cough. Infected children ranged in age from 2 months to 8 years. Complement-fixing and growth-inhibiting antibodies in serum tended to wane rapidly and reinfection was detected in five children after one and one-half to 3 years. In vitro lymphocyte studies revealed antigen-reactive cells were detectable in few of the children under age 4, but thereafter lymphocyte reactivity was found in 53%. These findings suggest that recurrent, unsuspected M. pneumoniae infections occur during infancy and early childhood and that pneumonic disease, common above age 10 years, is an expression of increasing host immune response to the organism."
1143974,"Histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the heart were investigated in an adolescent with fatal congestive heart failure resulting from exogenous hemochromatosis. Extensive iron deposits were found in all four chambers, papillary muscles, and the conduction system. These deposits were most prominent over the outer third of the left ventricular myocardium, with no significant difference between deposits in the middle and inner thirds. Quantitative analysis of iron from different chambers and all zones of the left ventricular myocardium confirmed the aforementioned pattern of iron distribution. Iron deposits in sinoauricular and atrioventricular nodes were similar to those in the right atrial myocardium. Degenerative changes and fibrosis were minimal. Ultrastructural studies showed that intracytoplasmic iron deposition followed a perinuclear, paranuclear, or diffuse pattern. In addition, some iron was consistently present in the nucleus and mitochondria. It is postulated that the presence of iron in the mitochondria may adversely affect the cellular enzyme system; this could provide a biochemical basis for myocardial dysfunction in patients with acquired iron-storage disease."
1143975,"A method of predicting infants at high risk for developing gastroenteritis was validated in a prospective study. The ability to predict a high-risk subset of the population is particularly important if risk can be reduced with preventive measures. Performance of a preventive educational task in the field by community health workers was associated with a significantly lower rate of morbidity from gastroenteritis among high-risk infants, while achieving no significant reduction among the average-risk group."
1143976,"Sixty-four cases of necrotizing enterocolitis are reviewed. The diagnosis was based on tissue examination in 57 and on the clinical syndrome, including pneumatosis, in 7. Three factors are important in the development of the disease: injury to the intestinal mucosa, bacteria, and feedings. The indications for surgical intervention are pneumoperitoneum, signs of peritonitis, and intestinal obstruction. The importance of stress in the etiology of the disease is confirmed by the high incidence of perinatal complications, particularly hypoxia. The mortality was high, but results are improving with the institution of early aggressive treatment."
1143977,"Parental compliance in keeping a return appointment for the purpose of having their child's Tuberculin Tine test read was studied in the setting of a large urban pediatric clinic. This compliance rate was found to be 72%. Various factors which could potentially affect compliance with this procedure were examined, and the only factor which correlated significantly was family size. A modified system whereby parents read their child's Tine test in the home setting and reported the test results to the clinic by mail (a method used today in many pediatric outpatient departments) was implemented and evaluated. With this new system, the compliance rate increased to 90%."
1143978,"The validity of the recommendation that routine screening for tuberculosis precede the administration of live viral vaccines was tested in a field study. One hundred and ten children already known to be tuberculin-positive, mostly on the basis of prior vaccination with BCG, were immunized with live viral vaccine and retested with tuberculin at the same time. Reversion to a negative tine test occurred in 3% of children given measles, mumps, or rubella vaccine, and 3.6% of controls who received no vaccine but had the tuberculin test repeated at the same interval. Very few Mantoux reactions (two of 68) reverted to negative in children given one of the three vaccines, singly or in combination; some became smaller, but there was no significant difference in the changes in the size of the Mantoux reaction between the vaccinated group and the control group, with the exception of an unexplained increase in the size of the reaction in many of those who received rubella vaccine. Screening for tuberculosis by tine or Mantoux test is not invalidated by simultaneous administration of vaccines against measles, mumps, or rubella, given singly or in combination, as part of preventive care programs."
1143979,"In order to allay concerns about using simulators as opposed to real mothers for teaching and evaluating interviewing skills, a study was designed to test for differences in students' approaches when interviewing simulated and real mothers. Three mothers were trained to give their own children's histories consistently and two mothers trained to simulate a history. Thirty third-year medical students conducted two interviews which were audiotaped. Students were told the nature of the study and whether the mother was real or simulated. One half of the time the mothers were presented as simulators and one half of the time the simulators were presented as mothers. The variable of order was controlled. An objective checklist containing 70 to 80 bits of organic and personal data per case and an interaction analysis (with an average of 285 interactions per interview) were utilized to measure the content material gathered and the approach used by the students. The data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. All but 1 of the 55 null hypotheses were accepted, i.e., no significant differences were found. The Use of Simulation for Teaching and Evaluating Interviewing Skills Provides a Valid Experience."
1143980,"The transcripts of tape-recorded interviews of pediatric endocrinologists and patients with Turner's syndrome and their parents were reviewed in consultation with child psychoanalysts in order to evaluate certain aspects of communication between patients and doctors. The transcripts showed that the doctors often talked at cross purposes with the parents and their patients, evading emotional issues in favor of quasi-scientific explanations which the patients and parents did not understand. Parts of the discourse, at times unconscious, have been shown to be of great importance as means of communication. Reviewing the transcripts of the doctor-patients discourse is an excellent way of improving one's therapeutic communication with the patient. The same material can be used for teaching purposes."
1143981,An outbreak of streptococcal and staphylococcal skin disease was discovered in a full-term nursery after the discontinuation of bathing infants with hexachlorophene. The epidemic was only temporarily controlled by conventional means and recurred despite reinstitution of hexachlorophene bathing. Measures that decreased infants' exposure to visitors and hospital personnel and enforced aseptic techniques in the nursery were more important than use of hexachlorophene soap in achieving and maintaining control.
1143982,"Two male infants, whose mothers are sisters and whose fathers are unrelated, were born within two weeks of each other. Both infants had coarctation of the aorta. Since both mothers were exposed to an insecticide while on a camping trip in the first trimester of pregnancy, it is unknown whether genetic or environmental factors caused the anomalies. Observations should be made on other patients with congenital heart defects to clarify the etiologic factors."
1143983,"From measurement of the distances between the medial canthi, lateral canthi, and the pupils of 580 black boys and 639 black girls, we present values for these dimensions for 5- to 11-year-old normal subjects. With use of the cranial circumference, we also give normal values for two clinically used indices, the canthal and the circumference-interorbital. Compared with previously published standards, the intercanthal and interpupillary values for black boys significantly exceed those of white boys with only three exceptions involving interpupillary distance, and the values for black girls exceed those of white girls with just two exceptions, one each of the lateral canthal and interpupillary distances. Thus, we suggest that the measurements of a patient be compared with normal standards specific for race as well as age and sex. In contrast, values for neither the canthal nor the circumference-interorbital index of the blacks differed from values available for whites. Consideration of the position of eyes is relevant to the diagnosis of a large number of syndromes."
1143984,The contents of serotonin (hydroxytryptamine) and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in the blood of 11 hyperactive children and 11 controls were determined on an outpatient basis. A significant decrease in serotonin content was found in blood samples from hyperactive patients as compared with controls. There were no differences in PLP content of blood between the two groups. Four children were selected for a study of the effects of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) on low serotonin levels. Oral doses of pyridoxine resulted in an appreciable increase in the serotonin content and a very large increase in the PLP content of blood in these hyperactive patients.
1144015,"Modification of the normal plasma protein picture has been studied in plasma samples from cows suffering from spontaneously arisen (17 cases) or experimentally induced acute peritonitis (5 cases) using polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Considerable differences were found in the postalbumin region during peritonitis. One protein component increased in size, while another disappeared. Two weak components in normal samples were replaced by four discrete protein bands. These modifications were not detected in any of 10 plasma samples from cows suffering from other diseases than peritonitis or in any of 35 samples from clinically healthy animals. The modifications were visible 12-16 h after injection of the provoking agent and were remarkably alike from one case to the next."
1144054,"This paper outlines the method of preparation of 99m-Tc-phytate and its use for scanning the reticuloendothelial system. The tissue distribution studies in mice and rats indicate that 99m-Tc-phytate is a safe and effective liver imaging agent. This was confirmed by preliminary studies in human subjects. The stability of the aqueous tin-phytate complex is remarkably good, and it could be successfully used for more than two months to prepare the labelled product."
1144056,"Carbon-11 (t1/2 equals 20.4 min, beta-+) labelled DL-alpha-phenylalanine and DL-alpha-phenylglycine were administered intravenously to rats and the distribution of the radioactive amino acids over pancreas, liver, spleen, kidneys and blood was measured after several time intervals. From these results the ratios of the concentration in pancreas and liver were calculated and compared with the corresponding ratios from the literature for some 18-F-labelled aromatic amino acids and L-selenomethionine-75-Se. On the basis of this study it appears that DL-alpha-phenylglycine-1-11-C, in spite of a small percentage of the administered dose reaching the pancreas, and DL-alpha-phenylalanine-1-11-C are better suited to pancreas scintigraphy than L-selenomethionine-75-Se."
1144058,"The stability of the interaction of oligoadenylates, containing single nucleotide substitutions, with cellulose-pdT9 has been studied by thermal elution. In the case of oligodeoxyriboadenylates, the replacement of an internal dA by dC, dG or dT caused destabilization. In the case of oligoriboadenylates, replacement of an internal A residue by C or U resulted in a significantly lesser destabilization. The results indicate that caution should be exercised in extrapolation of data on the specificity of deoxyribonpolynucleotide-deoxyribopolynucleotide hybridization to structure of the type deoxyribopolynucleotide-ribopolynucleotide."
1144059,"Chick embryo collagen-synthesizing polysomes were isolated by differential centrifugation. RNA  extracted from these particles was chromatographed in oligo(dT)-cellulose solumns and the mRNA thus obtained characterized as collagen mRNA by its electrophoetical mobility in acrylamide gels (equivalent to 1.05 x 10-6 daltons) and its effect upon a cell-free system derived from Krebs ascites tumor cells. The incorporation of 3H-proline was markedly dependent upon rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors and inhibited by initiation inhibitors such as aurintricaboxilate and pyrocatechol violet. The incorporation product was characterized as collagen by its lack of tryptophan, digestibility by purified bacterial collagenase, and by its co-chromatography with unlabled chick collagen in Sephadex G-200 and CM-cellulose columns."
1144060,"The structure of eukaryotic chromatin has been investigated by isolating and analyzing the ""accessible"" DNA fraction of rat liver chromatin. This DNA fraction has been isolated by titrating the chromatin with the protese-resistant D isomer of polylysine to bind the ""accessible"" DNA sites. After removal of chromosomal proteins by digestion with pronase, all DNA not protected from attack by bound polylysine was removed by digestion with DNase. Even after exhaustive treatment with pronase and DNase approximately 30% of the chromatin DNA remains resistant to nuclease attack. Analysis of the isolated DNA shows it to be mainly double-stranded with an average size of 200-250 base pairs. The DNA is slightly A-T rich and contains both repetitive and ""single-copy"" nuleotide sequences. The results suggest that there are extensive regions in chromatin where the DNA is not tightly complexed with protein. Furthermore, the DNA of these regions is similar in gross properties to the DNA of the total genome."
1144061,"Poly (3'-O-carboxymethyl-2'-deoxyctidine) (VII) has been synthesised by the polymerisation of 3'-O-carboxymethyl-4-N-phenoxyacety-2'-deoxycytidine (V) and removal of the phenoxyacetyl groups under acidic conditions. V was obtained by the action of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phenylacetate on 3'-O-carboxymethyl-5'-O-triphenylmethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (III) followed by removal of the triphenylmethyl group under carefully controlled acidic conditions. The polymer, VII gave a hypochromic effect of about 20% at 250nm when mixed with poly (1) in 0.2Macetate, pH 5.0. It appeared, therefore, that a complex was formed. Upon heating a solution of this complex there was an initial decrease in optical density followed by a much larger increase to give a Tm of about 60 degrees. Attempts to form the 3'-O-carboxymethyl derivative of 4-N-phenoxyacetyl-5'-O-'triphenylmethyl-2'-deoxycytidine to give a shorter synthetic route to VII were not successful. 3'-O-Carboxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine was obtained by removal of thetriphenylmethyl group from III. Attempts to polymerise this compound in concentrated aqueous solution with a water-soluble carbodiimide were not successful."
1144062,"RNA from bound polysomers of lactating ewe's mammary gland directs the synthesis of the three major milk proteins (alphas, beta and kappa-caseins) in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticuyocytes. The ""in vitro"" product was identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies and by electrophoresis in SDS polyacrylamide gel. Each of these messengers was purified from 20 to 25 fold from total membrane-bound polysomal RNA using poly U-Sepharose chromatography. This purified fraction assayed in a reticulocyte cell-free system is able to direct also the synthesis of 2 minor secretory proteins (beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin). The messenger RNAs purified by hybridization to poly U-Sepharose have a sedimentation coefficient of about 12 S and an apparent molecular weight of approximatively 3.5 s 10-5 daltons was observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing contitions. This value which correspond to about 900 nucleotides is significantly greater than the number expected for coding milk proteins."
1144063,"The sulfated polysaccharides polydextran sulfate (PDS) and heparin stimulate in vitro transcription of mouse kidney chromatin by E. coli RNA polymerase by about 100 and 40 fold respectively. Heparin which has been N-desulfated and N-acetylated stimulates only 13 fold. Chondroitin sulfate B and heparitin sulfate do not stimulate transcription under similar conditions. PDS inhibits transcription of deproteinized chromatin. Therefore, the stimulation with chromatin is due to interaction with the chromatin and not the polymerase. Polydextran sulfate has no effect on the size of the RNA that is made either under conditions in which the enzyme can reinitiate or under conditions in which reinitiation is blocked. If reinitiation of the enzyme is blocked, the time required to complete the synthesis of the RNA is the same whether or not the enzyme is stimulated by PDS. These observations indicate that sulfated polysaccharides stimulate transcription by making available new RNA polymerase binding sites on the chromatin."
1144064,"The polyA-containing heterogenous nuclear RNA fraction separated from total rat liver nRNA by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B followed by affinity chromatography on polyU-Sepharose and containing predominantly the 45S components becomes enzymatically bound to homologous 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes at 0 degree C. If 80S ribosomes or polyribosomes with bound poly-a-containing HnRNA are subjected to a further incubation at 37 degree C, the original 45S RNA is gradually converted into smaller RNA species of 10- 35S which remain bound to the particle. This ribosome-dependent cleavage of larger HnRNA species into smaller RNA molecules may represent the ultimate step of mRNA maturation."
1144065,"By means of DNA-cellulose chromatography an enzyme with endonucleolytic activity has been isolated from nuclear acidic protein fraction of mammalian cells. The main active fraction, eluted at 0.7 M NaCl, effects the velocity sedimentation of UV-irradiated and alkylated DNA, resulting in a decrease of the molecular weight. The fraction is completely inactive using native as well as heat-denatured DNA."
1144066,"Mercurated nucleic acids are converted to the corresponding tritiated, brominated, and iodinated derivatives by treatment with sodium borotritiide, N-bromosuccinimide, and elemental iodine, respectively. All three reactions occur under mild conditions in neutral aqueous solutions. Mercury-halogen conversions are essentially quantitative at both the mono- and polynucleotide  levels. Tritiation reactions also proceed efficiently with mononucleotides, although polymers undergo incomplete demercuration. In spite of the latter limitation , these reactions provide novel and efficient synthetic routes to radiolabeled nucleic acid derivatives."
1144067,"Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase and RNase activities have been studied in those fractions of rat liver, which are used in in vitro reconstitution of rough membrane, because these enzymes may interfere with the in vitro reconstitution. It was found that smooth membrane has an active peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase, while the other fractions tested, polyribosomes, rough membrane, stripped rough membrane and the post-microsomal supernatant had no, or very low, peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase activity. Polyribosomes, rough and stripped rough membrane have RNase activity; this activity could be completely inhibited by rat liver RNase inhibitor. It is shown that RNase inhibitor is an obligatory component in in vitro experiments, in which rough membrane is reconstituted from stripped rough membrane, ribosomes and mRNA."
1144068,Interactions between copolypeptides containing Glu and Tyr residues and polynucleotides can be mediated through divalent metal ions such as Zn-2+ and Ci-2+. Circular dichroism studies show that the binding of metal ion - polypeptide complexes to poly(A) induces an unstacking of adenine bases. Fluorescence investigations demonstrate that Tyrosine - Adenine interactions result from the formation of ternary complexes polypeptide-Zn-2 plus-polynucleotide.
1144069,"The degree of binding of ""33258 Hoechst"" to DNA and nucleohistone has been determined by equilibrium dialysis and the properties of the complexes have been followed by different optical and electro-optical methods, after determining the orientation of the main transition moments within the dye molecule. The binding isotherm was found composed of a Langmuir-type and of a strongly cooperative component. The existence of two bound species yielded a continuous variation of most of the properties of the complexes studied as the amount of binding increased, while the hydrodynamic properties of the macromolecules were not affected. At low binding, the strongly bound dye molecules appeared to bind to highly fluorescent sites with their long axis oriented at 45 degree to the helix axis. As the binding proceeds, less fluorescent sites are cooperatively occupied and the inclination of these ligand molecules becomes closer to that of the base planes. These results are compatible with the formation of two external complexes with the double helical structure."
1144203,"Indomethacin can be found in several crystalline forms, of which only gamma is allowed in therapy. To determine the possible correlation between indomethacin crystalline form and its absorption as well as acute toxicity, a cycle of experiments was undertaken on mice and rats. Significant differences in toxic activity of alpha and gamma forms were stated in mice. In rats, however, no influence of the crystalline form on toxicity or absorption was observed."
1144204,"The correlation of hypotensive action and chemical structure of some new piperazine derivatives was studied in normotensive rats and those with experimental hypertension. In the latter, all the tested derivatives, administered both once and repeatedly, appeared to have hypotensive action of various degree. In normotensive animals, there was no evidence of such action."
1144205,"The inflammatory and nociception inducing effect of PGE1 and PGE2, and the inhibition of these actions were studied. The inflammatory effect was produced in rat paw by intradermal injection of PG. Both PGE1 and PGE2 in doses of 500 ng produced maximal inflammatory and vascular permeability increasing effects. With higher doses these responses decreased. Antiserotonin, antihistamine drugs partly antagonized the above mentioned effects of PG."
1144208,"The synthetic routes leading to 7-beta-hydroxyethyl- (I) and 7-beta-hydroxypropyl-8-benzylaminotheophylline (II) were described. Particularly the opening of oxazolidine ring in easy available oxazolidine-(2,3-f)-theophyllines with benzylamine was investigated. The structure of I, II and acetyl derivatives Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb was also confirmed by UV spectra."
1144209,"1-Beta-Chloroethyltheobromine (CETb) heated with piperazine in the medium of 2-methoxyethanol yields N,N'-bis-(theobrominyl-1-ethyl)-piperazine dihydrochloride (IIb) or 1-piperazinoethyltheobromine (I). The use of N-methyl, N-beta-hydroxyethyl, N-ethoxycarbonyl and N-phenylpiperazine for exchange of chlorine in CETb lead to corresponding 1-N-alkyl or N-arylpiperazinoethyltheobromines (III--VIa) isolated in the form of salts. The preliminary investigations for diuretic and cardiovascular activity of the obtained compounds were performed."
1144210,"Thermal degradation of aqueous and buffered solutions of perazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thioproperazine, thiethylperazine and butaperazine salts was examined by kinetic method using an accelerated testing of pharmaceutical preparations. The order, rate constants and activation parameters (Q100, E, delta H not equal to, delta S not equal to, delta G not equal to ) of the reaction given were discussed. The predicted stability of the examined derivatives was compared on the grounds of a calculated time t10% and K293 kappa. A dependence between the stability and kind of substituent in the C2 positions was discussed in terms of the Hammett equation."
1144206,"DA concentration in brain tissue decreased statisticaly after 3, 6 and 9 weeks, NA concentration also statisticaly decreased but after 3 weeks only. The NA concentration in heart tissue decreased statisticaly significant in all investigated animals. There were no statisticaly significant changes in blood pressure."
1144212,"The ethereal extract contains the glycerides of saturated: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, tetradecanoic, dodecanoic and eicosanoic, and of unsaturated: octadecaenoic, octadecadienoic, octadecatrienoic acids. From the neutral fraction n-nonacosane was isolated beside to beta- and gamma-sitosteroles, a triterpene compound, crystalline mixture of unidentified compounds and amorphous substance with haemolytic properties. From methanolic extract five heterosides derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin were obtained."
1144214,"Nine heterosides, derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin from the drug were isolated. Six glycosides were identified, and the structure of the three compounds was established partially, one of these is triglycoside of quercetin, the other two are the higher-molecular glycosides of quercetin and myricetin."
1144211,"A series of pyridinium salts derived of barbituric acid (BAC) was obtained, as starting substances in Kröhnke's reaction. On the example of 3-(1',3'-dimethyl-5'-isopropylbarbituryl-5')-1-acetonylene-N-pyrifinium bromide it was stated that the corresponding nitron can be formed only when in positions 1 and 3 of barbituric ring are no hydrogen atoms able to enolization. 3-(1',3'-Dimethyl-5'-isopropylbarbituryl-5')-pyruvic aldehyde (XIII) was obtained by decomposition of nitron XII."
1144215,The strongest biological activity in the Allium test was shown by Rx. Primulae. The inhibition of the linear growth of the onion roots affected with the extract from 0-2 g of Rx Primulae in 100 ml of water (W0-2) and with the 0-05% solution (S0-05) of the saponin fraction after 24 hrs was about 70% of the blanc halves. The inhibition of mitose affected with W0-2 and S0-05 was 90% and 80% respectively.
1144248,"We believe that the use of sex-maturity ratings as a routine part of physical examinations for adolescents is of value to all physicians caring for adolescents. The information is useful not only in following the growth of an individual patient but in detecting early abnormal patterns of adolescent development and also as a means of comparison with other adolescents. Because anaemia or a low haemoglobin-haematocrit value is a major concern during growth, we believe norms related to the sex, race, and maturity rating of an adolescent patient are of significant value. Caloric intake as well as dietary iron intake and percentage of transferrin saturation tend to increase with increasing maturity ratings and provide an indication for further evaluation if they are below the mean and standard deviation for the rating of maturity."
1144249,"Soluble and protamine zinc insulins were given to six insulin-dependent diabetic patients using three different techniques of administration to determine whether the recommended single injection of the insulins, from separate syringes with the needle redirected, compared more closely with separate injections or with a single injection from the same syringe. It was shown that the mixture of the two insulins in the same syringe resulted in both a significant loss of the initial rapid effect of soluble insulin and an increased protamine zinc action with the risk of late night-time hypoglycaemia. A single injection of the insulins, using separate syringes and redirecting needle, gave at least as satisfactory control of the 24-hour blood glucose profile as when they were given by separate injections."
1144250,"A description is given of four patients with active chronic hepatitis, all of whom were treated with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. In all the patients diagnosis was established by the finding of a clinical picture of hepatic dysfunction associated with abnormal results of biochemical tests of liver function, evidence of disturbed immunity mechanisms and liver biopsy. After treatment  all four patients made a clinical recovery. Three eventually had normal serum tests for liver function, normal bromsulphthalein excretion tests and normal histology in their needle liver biopsies. The fourth patient has shown considerable improvement in her serum tests of liver function, but she has been treated for a much shorter period than the others. Her test results are still improving. It is concluded that the combination of prednisolone and cyclophosphamide therapy is a satisfactory one for active chronic hepatitis, and probably superior to other therapeutic measures based upon the suppression of autoimmune mechanisms."
1144258,"An investigation was made into the incidence of type IIa hyperlipidaemia in two generations of a family in which there was a tendency to develop premature ischaemic heart disease. Forty-three per cent of those tested showed a lipoprotein abnormality characteristic type IIa hyperlipidaemia. Treatment of this condition, by dietary and drug therapy, was uniformaly successful. The importance of early detection of this condition by the general practitioner is emphasized, in view of the high incidence of premature ischaemic heart disease in such patients."
1144261,"A gastric ulcer is a lesion which needs to be treated with respect and should be followed to a satisfactory conclusion. The barium meal is still the mainstay of diagnosis but the accuracy of this examination is considerably improved when a double-contrast technique is used. Endoscopy is of value both to check the radiological findings and in particular to obtain biopsy material for histological examination. When the diagnosis has been established surgical intervention may be indicated, but if a course of medical treatment is thought to be justifiable the patient's progress must be closely followed radiologically and surgery reconsidered if there is no convincing evidence of ulcer healing."
1144269,"Duodenal ulcer is a common cause of dyspepsia. The clinical features are non-specific, and suspicion of this lesion requires confirmation with a barium meal, perferably using a double-contrast technique. Duodenoscopy and gastric-acid-secretion studies are helpful in selected cases. Medical treatment is essentially symptomatic but nevertheless remains perfectly acceptable to many ulcer suffers. Surgical intervention is usually necessary in the presence of ulcer complications, but careful assessment is required before recommending operation for a patient with an uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. This decision should be based predominantly on the severity and duration of symptoms."
1144276,"Through cooperation with a social worker attached to his practice, a family doctor can obtain valuable help in coping with patients who present problems of marriage, parenthood, old age, bereavement, physical disability and psychiatric illness. This help does not replace that already available from existing services, need not interfere in the doctor-patient relationship, and increases the doctor's effectiveness."
1144277,"Symptoms such as diarrhoea and rectal bleeding are suggestive of ulcerative colitis but this diagnosis should never be made without confirmation by sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy and the possibility of infection excluded by stool culture and microscopy. A barium-enema is usually essential to assess the extent of the disease process. Treatment of the initial attack or subsequent relapses should be started as soon as possible and early referral to hospital is indicated, both for diagnostic confirmation and for therapeutic advice. The relapsing nature of the disease necessitates adequate follow-up and it should be possible for the patient to be seen at hospital with the minimum of delay. Most patients with colitis can be managed successfully by medical treatment, but occasionally emergency or elective proctocolectomy is indicated."
1144284,"Pelvic x-rays taken as a routine in 150 patients in a geriatric hospital revealed a considerable number of pathological conditions, many of which were unexpected. These included pathollgical fractures of the pelvic bones and femoral necks, calcification of the walls of the iliac and femoral vessels, calcified fibroids of the uterus, urinary stones, arthritis of the hip joints, metastases, osteomalacia, Paget's disease of pelvic bones and lumbar vertebrae, and degenerative arthritic chcnages in the lumbar spine. Routine x-ray of the pelvis is indicated in elderly patients admitted to geriatric hospitals."
1144286,"The irritable bowel syndrome is one of the commonest conditions seen in gastroenterology clinics. The diagnosis is suggested by the presence of longstanding colonic symptoms without any deterioration in the patient's general condition but depends essentially on the exclusion of any underlying organic disease. Particular care is required before attaching this label to middle-aged and elderly patients presenting with bowel symptoms for the first time. The most important aspects of treatment are firm reassurance, a simple explanation of symptom production and sympathetic follow-up. Drug therapy plays a comparatively minor role although a variety of preparations are helpful in individual cases. Reinvestigation is rarely indicated unless the symptom complex changes or the patient loses weight."
1144287,"An influenza B epidemic which occurred in a boys' boarding school during the early part of 1974 is described; 41 per cent of the boys, 30 per cent of the masters and 38 per cent of the house masters developed influenza. The incidence of influenza was similar in all blocks in the school but variable in the boys' houses. The four-day half-term holiday which took place in the middle of the epidemic was of undoubted value in curtailing the spread of infection. Intranasal vaccination with a vaccine which did not contain specific protection against the subsequent epidemic was of slight benefit."
1144288,"Vaccination against influenza of boys resident in a public school (Winchester College) was followed some months later by an outbreak of the disease at the school. Analysis of the sickness records of all the boys shows that vaccination prevented disease in a large number of the pupils, reduced peak temperatures in those who nevertheless contracted the disease, and led to a shorter illness than in the unvaccinated."
1144313,"Techniques for purifying teh purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium are given. This purple membrane contains a chromoprotein with a retinal prosthetic group similar to rhodopsin, the chromprotein found in the visual systems of higher invertebrates and vertebrates. The described purple membrane isolation procedures yield a highly purified preparation as determined by transmitting electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. Critical analysis of the absorption spectra of the purple membrane was also employed to establish criteria of purity for the preparation. The visible absorption spectra of the purified purple membrane preparation in buffer was found to have a maximum at 559 nm which shifted to 567 nm on light exposure. No indication of any spectral perturbation arising from bacterioruberin-containing membrane, the major contaminant in purple membrane preparations, was found. Furthermore, the ratio of protein aromatic amino acid absorbance at 280 nm to chromophore absorbance at 567 nm was found to be 1.5 in light-exposed preparations compared to the previously reported ratio of 2.3.-3 The decrease in the value of this ratio is also indicative of an increase in the purity of the purple membrane preparation."
1144314,The rouleau-promoting agents dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were used to accelerate erythrocyte sedimentation in order to harvest the leukocyte rich plasma (LRP). The objective of the work was to determine if agent concentration or blood: agent ratio had any effect on the leukocyte differential count and if so at what agent concentration and agent:blood ratio did the LRP leukocyte differential count most closely match the whole blood leukocyte differential count. With both sedimentation agents the data clearly indicate that both parameters effect LRP differential counts and that low concentrations of sedimentation agents are most important in obtaining LRP differential counts which most closely match the whole blood differential counts.
1144413,"High mortality and a high incidence of exudative diathesis and muscular dystrophy were observed in chicks fed a diet supplemented with either 800 or 1600 ppm copper. Adding 0.5 ppm selenium to a basal diet containing 0.2 ppm prevented mortality and selenium deficiency signs. Dietary zinc levels of 2100 to 4100 ppm also resulted in high mortality, exudative diathesis, and muscular dystrophy. A selenium supplement of 0.5 ppm completely prevented the deficiency signs and markedly reduced mortality. The results demonstrate that both copper and zinc can induce a selenium deficiency in chicks when a diet relatively low in this element is fed."
1144414,"The brain ventricular system of the adult dog was perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing inulin, creatinine and radioactively labeled p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and mannitol. Inflow and outflow rates and concentrations of test molecules were measured at different intraventricular pressures, allowing calculation of their steady-state rates of removal from the ventricles. Clearance of inulin, a measure of CSF bulk absorption varied nearly with intraventricular pressure (- 15 to +12 cm H2O relative to the external auditory meatus). The efflux coefficient (Ko; representing clearance of a molecule by means other than bulk absorption) for mannitol was independent of intraventricular pressure. Ko's for PAH and creatinine were pressure dependent. PAH and creatinine efflux may be related to the amount of fourth ventricular choroid plexus surface exposed to the perfusion fluid. Ko's for creatinine and PAH (46 plus or minus 4 mul/min; 34 plus or minus 4mul/min, respectively) were significantly greater than mannitol (16 plus or minus 8 mul/min) at comparable intraventricular pressures, suggesting that both creatinine and PAH leave the CSF by an active process in addition to passive diffusion."
1144415,"Uterine blood volume increases after administration of estrogen to ovariectomized mice. The effect on uterine blood volume was not altered by depletion of mast cell histamine with compound 48/80 or by depletion of norepinephrine from uterine nerves by 6-hydroxydopamine. Thus, neither reduction in the adrenergic transmitter content nor release of mast cell histamine appears to play any primary role in mediating the changes in uterine hemodynamics produced by estrogen, at least as they are reflected by changes in uterine blood volume."
1144416,"Thyroid activity of both male and female spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats was studied by measurements of uptake and rate of release of 131-I, urinary excretion of 131-I, and thyroxine secretion rate (TSR). In addition, thyroid glands were removed at death and weighed. Radioactivity of the thyroid gland of male rats measured at intervals after administration of 131-I revealed a significantly reduced maximal uptake at 21.5 hr after injection and a reduced rate of release. The mean biological half-life of 131-I for the control group was 37.8 plus or minus 3.1 (SE) hr compared to 54.8 plus or minus 7.2 hr for hypertensives (P less than 0.05). Similar results were observed for females in that biological half-life of 131-I was 32.2 plus or minus 1.2 hr compared with 84.1 plus or minus 4.1 hr for hypertensives (P less than 0.01). Urinary excretion of 131-I by hypertensive rats at 24, 48, and 72hr after injection of 131-I did not differ from control in either experiment. Thyroid weight at autopsy was increased significantly above that of normotensive controls. TSR was measured indirectly in a third group of male spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. TSR of control rats was estimated to be 0.97 mug T4/100 g body wt/day and 1.35 mug T4/100 g body wt/day for SH RATS. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the method for measurement of TSR in hypertensive rats gives an artifactually high value because TSH secretion is elevated."
1144418,"Strain differences among inbred mice is demonstrated for the relative amounts of peritoneal ascites fluid induced by the injection of Freund's adjuvant and antigen. Females tend to produce more fluid than males; the lower level in males is attributable to the action of male hormone. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are determinants in the response levels; genetic factors differentiate the inbred strains of mice, epigenetic factors underlie the variations within a strain and the difference between sexes."
1144419,"Some of the possible mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of glucagon were investigated. Glucagon was found to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. In addition, it was found to either hasten the rate of egress of lipoprotein cholesterol from the blood into the liver or to retard the rate of re-entry of cholesterol from the liver into the blood. The data do not distinguish between these two possibilities, which indeed may occur simultaneously."
1144420,Stimulation of both CSN in dogs with continuous stimuli decreased blood pressure and heart rate as effectively as intermittent bursts of stimuli. The temporal separation between the stimulus bursts to the two CSN was without effect on the reflex response. Similarly perfusion of both carotid sinuses with pressure pulses which were in phase was no more effective in eliciting the reflex than perfusion with pressure pulses 180 degree out of phase. These results suggest that the barosensory fibers project centrally to independent neuronal pools. Pulsatile perfusion of the carotid sinuses lowered systemic pressure more than nonpulsatile pressure at the same mean level. The greater efficacy of pulsatile pressure appears to result from baroreceptor recruitment and not from the impulse pattern.
1144421,"In dogs with bilateral adrenalectomy loaded with K by infusion of 2 mEq KCI/kg/hr there is a marked increase of cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia. Typical ECG changes begin at lower serum K levels (5-6 mEq/l) and the prelethal arrhythmias that signal the imminent onset of fatal when mean serum K is 7.6 mEq/l, 2.9 mEq/l above the average pre-infusion level. In control dogs, ECG changes start above 8 mEq K/liter, and prelethal arrhythmias appear between 9.5 and 10.2 mEq/l, a mean increase of 5.6 mEq/l above the average preinfusion level."
1144422,"Triton WR-1339, administered parenterally, has long been known to be a potent hyperlipemic agent. In vitro lipid biosynthesis is stimulated in liver and brain preparations from animals injected with Triton. Only in a perfused isolated liver system has an in vitro effect of Triton on lipid synthesis been demonstrated. In the present study, lipid biosynthesis has been shown to increase in bone, a third organ system, under the influence of in vitro Triton WR-133. This stimulation affects most major lipid classes. Triton similarly stimulates lipid synthesis in tissue cultures of bone cells. This is the first report of an effect of Triton on lipid synthesis (1) in bone and (2) in any tissue culture system."
1144423,"Changes in the numbers of erythroid colonies formed in cultures from rabbits pretreated with either testosterone or busulfan plus testosterone were studied using a methyl cellulose gel system. The mean number of erythroid colonies in bone marrows from rabbits treated with testosterone in vivo was significantly higher than that of controls. However, this increase in erythroid colonies in cultures seen following testosterone treatment was completely blocked by the concurrent administration of busulfan as seen in the rabbits treated with busulfan orally and followed by testosterone injections. Busulfan has been postulated block the formation of new erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) from hematopoietic stem cells (CFU). Thus, these findings suggest that testosterone may act directly on CFU to enhance their differentiation into the ERC compartment causing an increase in nucleated erythroid cells."
1144424,"The concentrations of triglyceride in the blood of female rats increased 2- and 4-fold during treatment with 5 and 15 mug/kg of ethynyl estradiol, respectively. The rate of secretion of triglyceride increased 66% over controls with livers obtained from the rats administered ethynyl estradiol. Ethynyl estradiol induced a hypocholesterolemia in the donor animals but the secretion of cholesterol into the perfusate from livers obtained from these animal was not affected. Adrenal corticosterone levels were depressed 48% in animals receivint of ethynyl estradiol on the liver or secondary to other hormonal changes."
1144425,"Autoradiography with [30H] thymedine has been used to measure the rate of DNA synthesis in the mammary epithelium of hypophysectomized-ovariectomized rats under the influence of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin. Controls and animals treated with estradiol did not increase [3-H] thymidine incorporation, while progesterone alone had a slight stimulatory effect. Prolactin alone stimulated some [3-H] thymidine uptake in ductal and alveolar epithelium, but when combined with either estradiol or progesterone synergistic effects were observed. Estradiol with prolactin stimulated incorporation primarily in the ductal epithelium, whereas progesterone with prolactin stimulated both ductal and alveolar epithelium."
1144426,"The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the maintenance of arterial pressure following hemorrhage was studied in conscious dogs. Hemorrhage (20 ml/kg body wt) decreased the mean arterial pressure, but compensatory mechanisms partially restored the arterial pressure toward normal. Plasma renin activity increased more than twofold following hemorrhage. To evaluate the role of endogenous angiotensin II in this compensatory response, a specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-angiotensin II, was infused intravenously at 6.0 mug/kg min-1 for 30 min; the mean posthemorrhage arterial pressure decreased from 102 plus or minus 7 mmHg to 80 plus or minus 6 mmHg after 15 and 30 min of analog infusion (P less than 0.01 for both values). After a recovery period of 60 min, arterial pressure returned to pre-infusion levels. These results suggest that angiotensin II plays an important role in the short-term maintenance of arterial pressure following hemorrhage in the conscious animal."
1144427,"Verapamil, Prenylamine and, to a lesser extent, Cinnarizine were highly efficient in preventing the development or reducing the severity of heart lesions in cardiomyopathic hamster of the UM-X7.1 line. The calcium antagonistic compounds did not protect against the skeletal muscle changes already present at the time when treatment was initiated. The cardiac lesions were also significantly diminished in frequency and severity by a low calcium diet and in apparent contradiction, by parenteral administration of calcium gluconate. The relation of these electrolytes and creatine phosphokinase is not yet fully understood but suggests that a primary defect in muscles cell membranes may be responsible for hereditary cardiomyopathy in hamsters."
1144429,"We described magnesium transport in hypothyroid and normal sheep with an eight-compartment biomodel fitted by a least-squares technique to data from multiple compartments and routes of entry of 28-Mg. Isotopic equilibrium was not attained during this period of observation in hypothyroid or control sheep. Hypothyroidism reduced transfer coefficients for absorption (P less than 0.01) of 28-Mg from the GI tract but did not change the rate coefficient for endogenous 28-Mg losses to feces (P less than 0.05). Nutritional balance data indicated higher absorption and retention of Mg in hypothyroid sheep, and the observed decrease in rate of passage of digestive residues suggested that mean retention time of GI tract contents had a definite effect on the availability of Mg."
1144430,"Neutrophilia, produced by bleeding or by parasitic infection, did not result in a larger than normal number of cells migrating into endotoxin-induced peritoneal exudates. These results fail to support but do not disprove the concept that neutrophil loss from the blood may be controlled primarily by changes in the fractional turnover rate rather than by blood pool size. They indicate that the failure of exudate neutrophils to increase in proportion to blood neutrophils in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia may not be an abnormality as interpreted previously."
1144431,"The growth hormone response during standard 5-hr oral glucose tolerance tests was studied in three groups: normals, hypoglycemia-prone diabetics, and an age-weight-matched stable diabetic group. The stable diabetic and normal groups had significant (P less than 0.02) growth hormone responses at the 4-hr and 5-hr determinations during the tests, while the hypoglycemiaphone diabetic group failed to respond. The 4-hr and 5-hr growth hormone levels in this group were significantly (P less than 0.05) below the levels in the stable diabetics and normals. These data suggest that growth hormone responses differ in subgroup within the diabetic population."
1144432,"Six commerically prepared, chemically defined media were tested in the presence and absence of serum to assess their influence on the maintenance of viable hamster respiratory epithelium over extended periods of time in vitro. Unique proliferation of epithelial elements was observed in organ cultures maintained in ""complex"" media containing serum, whereas use of these media in the absence of serum produced disorganized epithelial changes resembling squamous metaplasia. Minimum essential media at low serum concentrations preserved the columnar structure of the normal tracheal epithelium for 8 wk and longer in vitro."
1144433,The induction of hepatitis in adult hamster by H-1 virus was documented by demonstrating an increase in serum SGOT and SGPT at 3-9 wk postinoculation. The electrophoresis pattern of LDH isoenzymes showed a marked increase in the liver fraction (fraction 5) indicating liver damage in infected hamsters. The pathology displayed in diseased livers revealed a focal degeneration of hepatic cells although infiltration of white cells was not observed. H-1 virus is apparently capable of producing hepatitis (without symptoms) in adult hamsters as well as cause hepatitis and severe cerebral disease in newborn hamsters.
1144434,"In the gel filtration of 100,000 g rat liver supernatant, four major glutathione S-transferase activities, S-aryl-, S-epoxide-, S-aralykyl, and S-alkyltransferase, were identified as having an elution volume identical to that of fractions exhibiting either glutathione or sulfobromophthalein sodium binding. The organic anions, sulfobromophthalein sodium, indocyanine green, and bilirubin, were found to be competitive inhibitors of the four glutathione S-transferase activities. These findings indicate that the glutathione S-transferases bind organic anions, and as a group, have a similar molecular weight to a known organic anion-binding protein. It is proposed that these enzymes also serve nonenzymically as a group of binding proteins in the hepatic cytoplasmic transport of organic anions."
1144435,"A blood protein in complex with native chylomicrons was labeled with radiogold colloid, thus indirectly identifying the protein material in the complex as opsonin and suggesting the possibility that native chylomicrons may utilize the opsonin system for its clearance from the circulation. The protein in question has been shown to be at least divalent, in that the protein in combination with one type of particle could still react with another. It is felt that these studies provide further insight into the complex surface events that result during the process of opsonization."
1144436,"The effects of chlordiazepoxide-hydrochloride (CDZ) on the isolated perfused rat liver were examined. CDZ administration decreased bile flow, biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and hepatic uptake of BSP. The addition of CDZ to the perfusate of livers obtained from phenobarbital (Pb) pretreated rats led to 50% greater reductions in bile flow, concentration of BSP in bile and hepatic uptake of BSP. The adverse effects of CDZ on BSP excretion per g liver, however, did not appear to be enhanced by Pb pretreatment. The complex nature of the interrelationship of the effects of Pb and of CDZ on the control liver prevented differentiation of the role of CDZ from that of a metabolite on the adverse effect on liver function."
1144437,Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was increased in 9-10 wk old vitamin E deficient rats although there was no difference in platelet count between deficient and control animals. With a more prolonged deficiency (at 15 wk) both platelet aggregation and platelet counts were elevated in the vitamin E deficient animals.
1144439,"The effects of PGA1 and PGA2 were studied in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Infusion of PGA1 into the lobar artery decreased lobar arterial and venous pressure but did not change left atrial pressure. In contrast, PGA2 infusion increased lobar arterial and venous pressure and the effects of this substance were similar in experiments in which the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. These data indicate that under conditions of controlled blood flow PGA1 decreases pulmonary vascular resistance by dilating intrapulmonary veins and to a lesser extent vessels upstream to the small veins, presumably small arteries. The present data show that PGA2 increases pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting intrapulmonary veins and upstream vessels. The predominant effect of PGA2 was on upstream vessels and the pressor effect was not due to interaction with formed elements in the blood or platelet aggregation."
1144440,Interferon was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of monkeys injected iv or im with 30 million units of human leukocyte interferon. The im injection maintained a long-lasting plateau at about 1/30th of the corresponding level of interferon in the serum. Interferon injected into the serum. Interferon injected into the cerebrospinal canal was cleared from CSF at a similar rate as it disappeared from blood after iv administration of a high dose. A relatively stable serum level was maintained for 12-24 hr after the injection of interferon into the CSF space.
1144441,"The distribution of fatty acids in hepatic lipids of dogs fed a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil as the only source of lipid, changed in the manner characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency. Cholesterol supplementation of this diet accentuated these changes resulting in further increases in oleic and eicosatrienoic acids and decreases in the distribution of linoleic and arachidonic acids. Two eicosatrienoic acid isomers, 20:3 omega9, derived from oleic acid and 20:3 omega6, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid from linoleic acid, were identified. The increase of the 20:3 omega6 isomer was found, somewhat unexpectedly, to be greater than that of 20:3 omega9, the isomer normally associated with EFA defiency. The increase in 20:3 omega6 was probably due in part, but not completely, to competitive inhibition by the increased concentration of 20:3 omega9 on the desaturation reaction whereby 20:3 omega6 is converted to arachidonic acid."
1144442,"Light deprivation by blinding  in female hamsters was followed by a regression of the reproductive organs, an elevation of pituitary LH concentration and a depression of pituitary prolactin levels. Pinealectomy negated almost completely the effects of light deprivation on the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis. Weekly subcutaneous implants of a melatonin:beeswax pellet completely prevented the pineal gland from inhibiting reproductive physiology in blinded hamsters. The findings suggest that melatonin is not pineal antigonadotrophic factor in female golden hamsters. Melatonin implanted hamsters also had higher than normal levels of plasma prolactin."
1144443,"Isolated normal livers perfused with 3-H-thymidine containing suspensions which had been previously circulated through isolated livers either (a) regenerating or (b) ""sham"" operated, showed equal and erlatively low levels of both tissue specific activity and nuclear labeling by autoradiography. When such blood-simulating perfusates, containing 3-H-thymidine, are circulated through whole isolated regenerating livers, nuclear uptake is apparent and specific activity is increased greater than 100 times over levels obtained when the same perfusate is circulated through nonregenerating livers."
1144444,"Golden hamster fetuses were extremely sensitive to the teratogenic action of jervine and cyclopamine, the steroidal alkaloid tetratogens from Veratrum californicum. Cebocephaly, harelip/cleft palate, exencephaly, and a cranial bled were the common deformities produced by dosing on the seventh day of gestation. Sprague-Dawley derived albino rats were susceptible to cyclopamine but not to jervine, and at an incidence very much lower than that of hamsters. Cebocephaly and microphthalmia were the common deformities. The terata were observed as a consequence of sixth to ninth-day dosings. Single-day dosings produced no terata. Swiss Webster mice were apparently resistant to the teratogens."
1144445,"Following within 45 sec after the development of contracture induced by restoring normal ionic composition perfusion conditions after a 12 min period of mechanical arrest in the rabbit heart caused by zero [Ca-2+] perfusion, there is an explosive efflux of K+ and Mg-2+. After shorter periods of Ca-2+-lack arrest, the restoration of [Ca-2+] to normal causes recovery of rhythmic contraction and no K+ efflux. The K+ and Mg-2+ effuxes are ascribed to the effects of the contracture itself and not simply to the loss of Ca-2+ during zero [Ca-2+] arrest nor to the restoration of normal perfusate [Ca-2+], except insofar as the latter operates to induce the contracture. It is suggested that cell membrane permeability progressively increases during zero [Ca-2+] arrest and that an abnormally large influx of Ca-2+ after restoration of normal perfusate [Ca-2+] induces the contracture."
1144446,"Acetazolamide, chlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid and furosemide were infused to glucose loaded dogs. Glucose reasorption was unchanged after acetazolamide and chlorothiazide. Ethacrynic acid depressed glucose reabsorption significantly. Furosemide caused a modest decrease in glucose reabsorption which was not significant when the control values were compared with the last three experimental values, but which was significant when all experimental values are analyzed. These diuretics most likely depress glucose reabsorption by acting on the proximal tubule, though a distal effect cannot be excluded."
1144447,"Phenobarbital injections to rats given a low oral dose level of methl mercury for 2 or 4 wk decreased methyl mercury-induced ultrastructural alterations in kidney proximal tubule cells, increased urinaryexcretion of inorganic mercury and increased blood concentrations of methylmercury. These effects were not seen after 2 wk of treatment but were highly significant after 4 wk."
1144448,"The early hematopoietic regeneration in a depopulated segment of femur shaft is compared in +/+ and W/Wv mice and in W/Wv mice previously treated with +/+ marrow. Since the W/Wv mouse has an intrinsic CFU deficiency on spleen colony assay and since immigrant cells play a negligible role in the onset of regeneration after marrow extirpation, the W/Wv(+/+) chimera provides a model for evaluation of the contribution of residual cells to the regenerative program. There was little difference in the relative recovery of CFU in +/+, W/Wv, and W/Wv-(+/+), Moreover, +/+ derived CFU were responsible for nearly all of the CFU repopulation in chimeric mice. Thus, recovery of hemic cellularity must be due to residual stem cells rather than to stem cells derived by transformation of more primitive mesenchymal elements. The residual CFU are probably intimately associated with bone, most likely within the endosteum and haversian system."
1144449,"The aim of this study was to determine if edema develops in the canine forelimb after relief of prolonged ischemia. Two hours of ischemia was induced either by interrupting brachial artery inflow in collateral-free innervated, naturally and constantly perfused preparations or by applying a pressure cuff in intact preparations. Changes in extravascular fluid volume were inferred from changes in limb weight. Relief of ischemia produced a transient 1.7% increase in weight in the collateral-free, naturally perfused preparation but had no effect on weight in the collateral-free, constantly perfused or intact preparations. Skin lymph flow failed to change significantly and total lymph protein concentration increased only slightly. Thus, relief of 2 hr of ischemia does not produce marked edema or a large increase in microvascular permeability to plasma proteins in the dog forelimb."
1144450,"Growing KB cells in hyperosmolar medium causes in reduction in total alkaline phosphatase activity associated with a decrease in the proportion of the heat-labile and an increase of the heat-stable enzyme components. In standard medium enzyme activity increases progressively during a 6-day growth cycle and the proportion of heat-stable activity remains constant. In hyperosmolar medium, activity increases only during the initial 24 hr after the change in osmolality and then levels off, but the heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity increases 7-fold within 48 hr. The transmission in thermostability is discernible 24 hr after increasing the osmolality of the medium and toward the end of a growth cycle most of the activity is heat-stable."
1144451,"Insulin and its vehicle without insulin were administered separately by iontophoresis to patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), obligate heterozygotes, and healthy controls. The resultant sweat chloride concentration after treatment with both preparations was compared in each individual. No difference after the two treatments was found in the control sample. A decrease in sweat chloride concentration after insulin iontophoresis in comparison with the vehicle was observed in both the CF (P smaller than 0.005) and heterozygote (P smaller than 0.01) samples. These observations suggest an involvement of insulin in CF and a possible role of insulin in sweat gland function."
1144452,Two experiments involving littermate cotton rats were conducted to determine the effect of cool-white fluorescent versus artificial sunlight environments on caries incidence. There were no significant differences in either the incidence or extent of caries associated with the different types of lighting. This contradicts our previous observations (1) with this species using identical experimentation and calls for a retraction. It is suggested that the difference is due primarily to the application of an inappropriate statistical approach in the earlier work.
1144453,Antibodies to the dinitrophenyl determinant as estimated by a modified antigen-binding procedure have been found in the sera of all guinea pigs with contact sensitivity to DNCB. The humoral as well as the dermal responses were detectable within 7 days after immunization and persisted for at least 10 wk.
1144454,The anti-DNP response to DNP-BGG is substantially suppressed in guinea pigs sensitized to DNCB. The degree of antibody suppression varies with the mode of skin sensitization and with the degree of conjugation of the challenging immunogen. Suppression of the anti-HSA response was also induced by the prior injection of CFA.
1144455,"The lipolytic effect of glucagon was measured in vitro with adipose tissue of ""young"" (4-8 wk) and ""old"" (over 1 yr) geese. The response of the young geese tissue was about twice that observed with tissue of old geese, for glucagon concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mug/ml. Our estimates indicate that the number of adipose cells per g of adipose tissue of young geese was three times that of the old geese tissue. This suggests that the greater lipolytic response to glucagon, observed in young geese adipose tissue, may possibly be due to its greater cellularity, rather than to a greater lipolytic response of the individual adipocyte. The lipolytic effect of glucagon in vivo, for each of the doses between 1.0 and 20.0 mug/kg, was significantly greater in the old than in the young geese. The slope of the linear equation relating log10 of glucagon dose and elevation of plasma FFA 5 min after injection, was significantly greater for the old than for the young geese. In the goose, therefore, the influence of age on the adipokinetic effect of glucagon appears to be mediated by factors operating in the whole animal, more than by changes in the adipose cell itself. A slower removal rate of circulating FFA by the old geese, could be one of these factors."
1144456,"The tolerance of altitude-acclimatized (18,000 ft 4 wk) and unacclimatized rats to exercise at 5 degrees was determined. Fewer unacclimatized than acclimatized rats became fatigued during 9 hr of exercise in the cold. Normal body temperatures were maintained in both groups during 9 hr in the cold at rest, but after exercise unacclimatized rats became mildly hypothermic (body temperature 35 degrees) and acclimatized rats severely hypothermic (body temperature 27.9 degrees). Polycythemia (hematocrit 69) was produced during the altitude acclimatization. Altitude-acclimatized rats developed more severe hypoglycemia and lower liver glycogen and serum lactic acid concentrations after exercise than did controls. No pathological changes were found in resting altitude-acclimatized rats, but after exercise in the cold, a higher percentage of acclimatized than unacclimatized rats developed focal myocardial necrosis within 4 days. Reduced exercise tolerance is attributed to severe hypothermia with associated decreased metabolism, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, and a higher incidence of pathological changes in the cardiac and striated muscles."
1144457,"Thyroid activity was tested in two substrains of SHR. Plasma level and pituitary content of TSH increased significantly in both substrains of SHR. As a result, the thyroid weight and thyroidal radioiodine uptake increased significantly. Plasma T3 concentration was decreased in Kyoto substrain but was normal in NN substrain, while plasma T4 concentration decreased significantly in both substrains. Since the pituitary content and plasma level of TSH were significantly higher in spite of the normal concentration of plasma T3, it is concluded that the pituitary ""hormostat"" is set at a higher level at least in the NN substrain of SHR."
1144458,"The properties of the 500-fold purified high-molecular-weight lipase have been studied. The rate of hydrolysis of the triglycerides decreases with increasing fatty acid chain length. The lipolytic activity also increases with increase in unsaturation in the fatty acyl moiety. Diglycerides are hydrolyzed at more than twice the rate for triglycerides while monoglycerides are not hydrolyzed. Methyl esters are generally hydrolyzed at a higher rate which increases with increasing chain length of the fatty acid but the enzyme does not act on phospholipids. Emulsifying agents such as Tween 20, gum arabic, and albumin increase the rate of hydrolysis. Metal ions such as Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ strongly inhibit the lipolytic activity of the high-molecular-weight lipase while Ca2+ or Mg2+ by themselves show no stimulating effect. Treatment of the high-molecular-weight lipase with P-chloromercurybenzoate inhibits hydrolytic activity by 70% while iodoacetic acid has no effect."
1144459,"The effect of fatty acids on insulin secretion in vitro was investigated. Pieces of pancreas from fed rats were incubated for 15 or 90 min at low (0.6 mg/ml) and high (3.0 mg/ml) glucose concentrations with and without either sodium octanoate or sodium oleate. A highly significant difference in insulin secretion between low and high glucose concentrations indicated viability and responsiveness of the incubated tissue. No statistically significant effect of octanoate or oleate on insulin secretion was found at either low or high glucose concentration. Thus, no support was found for the concept that medium- and long-chain free fatty acids are insulin secretagogues."
1144460,"Neuroepithelial cells of the presumptive spinal cord (stage 11) consume oxygen, albeit at a low rate. As neurons differentiate in the presumptive motor horns the rate of oxygen consumption increases to approximately 70 mumoles/g wet wt/hr by stage 26. It is suggested that the rate of oxygen consumption per unit volume of neuron then remains constant as subsequent development ensues but since the neurons become more widely spaced the oxygen consumption per unit volume of anterior horn tissue decreases."
1144462,"Chemically induced unilateral renal disease was associated with a high incidence of proteinuria, diuresis, a morphological spectrum ranging from perinephritis to acute tubular or cortical necrosis, and unilateral or bilateral glomerular fibrinogen deposition during the first 2 wk after induction. Later, a decrease in proteinuria and return to normal urine output was not infrequently followed by recurrent proteinuria, hypergammaglobulinemia, morphological alterations, and deposition of IgG and beta1C on the glomerular basement membranes and mesangium of the contralateral kidney and the treated kidney. Intercapillary deposition of fibrinogen in association with IgG and beta1C was occasionally observed in one or both kidneys. The morphologic, immunohistologic, serologic, and chemical findings suggest that this model may be useful for further defining the course and prognosis of unilateral renal disease produced by vascular insufficiency."
1144463,"Maternal hypothyroidism, when induced by surgical thyroidectomy with parathyroid hormone replacement, results in fewer live fetuses and smaller fetuses at the 22nd day of gestation. The hypothyroid mother shows the ability to mobilize adequate amounts of glucose even at the expense of her own reserves but the supply of glucose to the fetus appears to be impaired. These fetuses have subnormal skeletal muscle and liver glycogen and are severely hypoglycemic. The impaired development of these fetuses may result from alterations of either transplacental carbohydrate transport or placentofetal carbohydrate metabolism."
1144464,"Elevation in the plasma levels of the acute phase proteins--C-reactive protein (C-RP) and fibrinogen--were found after injection of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) into rabbits. C-RP in the plasma was elevated 8 hr after injection of LEM, and maximum elevation occurred 24 hr after injection. Injection of LEM into rabbits also produced alterations in body temperature, in levels of plasma iron and zinc, and in the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood."
1144465,The specific adherence to target fibroblasts of lymphocytes differentiated in vitro from blast cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was studied under the electron microscope. Lymphocyte pseudopods were seen to penetrate into the target cells forming a close contact between the membranes of the two interacting cells. Microfilaments were the only cytoplasmic components that could be detected within or in the vicinity of the penetrating pseudopods. No morphological signs of secretion could be observed in the contact region. Morphological aspects of the contact region are discussed as related to the lytic mechanism.
1144466,"Experiments performed to determine the influence of the C5 component of complement in experimental Toxoplasma infection revealed that mice deficient in C5 had reduced mortality due to acute toxoplasmosis. Similar results were noted when inbred congenic mice of known complement type, as well as random-bred mice selected for complement type, were used. In both, mice with high complement activity were less resistant to Toxoplasma than were mice deficient in C5. However, many factors must interact in susceptibility to infection with T. gondii. Thus, lower resistance to Toxoplasma was noted in C5-deficient DBA/2J mice, whereas a high degree of resistance was noted in DBA/1J mice, which are not related to DBA/2J mice and which possess a normal sequence of complement. This accentuates the importance of using both random-bred and where possible cogenic lines in assessing the importance of individual factors in infectious immunity."
1144467,"We measured the flow rate and protein concentration of lymph collected from a digital lymphatic in eight anesthetized ponies. Additionally, we recorded systemic arterial pressure (Part), and small vein pressure (Psv). Control lymph flow averaged 0.068 ml/min, and contained 3.11 g/100 ml of protein with albumin/globulin ratio of 0.75. Twenty-minute local intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (10 mug/min.) elevated Psv but did not increase lymph flow rate or protein concentration. A 60-min local intra-arterial infusion of histamine (10 mug/min) produced a marked sustained increase in Psv and both lymph flow and protein concentration. Edema developed in the digit receiving histamine. These data support the conclusion that in the horse, as in other species, histamine edema is due primarily to a decreased transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure gradient rather than an increased transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient."
1144468,"Lipid composition of thymuses investigated during the development of thymic leukemogenesis induced by exposing C57BL/6J mice to gamma radiation led to the following conclusions. 1. Alkyldiacylglycerols, a class of lipids that are generally elevated in most neoplastic tissues, occurred only in small quantities (less than 1% of the total lipids) in the thymuses of both control and irradiated mice. However, we found a 3- to 8-fold increase in this fraction in thymic tumors of mice at 5 mo after irradiation when compared to controls of similar age. However, the small quantity of this lipid class in thymic leukemia and the fact that similar levels were found in some samples of involuted thymuses of mice 3 days after irradiation, suggests to us that the level of alkyldiacylglycerols is not sufficiently specific or sensitive for detecting early stages of thymic leukemogenesis. 2. Thymuses 3 days after irradiation and leukemic thymuses contain 2- to 3-fold greater quantities of cholesterol esters than control thymuses. No major differences were found in the distribution of acyl moieties in the cholesterol esters of the various thymus samples from the same aged mice except that in thymic tumors the quantity of 18:1 esters was increased by about 25% over that of the controls. The apparent lack of specificity of increased cholesterol esters for neoplasia indicates that its measurement would not provide a suitable indicator of early neoplastic transformation. 3. Acyl composition of the triacylglycerols of thymuses revealed an increase in the 18:1 and a decrease in the 18:2 acids at 3 days after irradiation when compared to the same aged controls. However, thymic tumors occurring at 5 mo after irradiation contained less 14:0, 16:0, and 16:1 acids and increased amounts of 18:1 and 18:2 acids esterified as triacylglycerols compared to controls. The fatty acid distribution in the phospholipid fraction of thymuses was not altered by the appearance of leukemia."
1144475,"A series of 6 doses of lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) altered the bar-pressing behavior of 6 rats maintained on a fixed-interval, 5 min (FI 5) schedule of reinforcement. High doses of LSD (0.16, 0.32 mg/kg) depressed overall rates of responding. Low response rates, which occurred during the first half of the interval between successive reinforcements, were increased by low (0.01, 0.02 mg/kg), moderate (0.04, 0.08 mg/kg), and high doses of LSD; high rates of responding which occurred during the final half of the interval were decreased only by high doses of LSD. All doses (except the lowest) decreased the Index of Curvature, a statistic describing the temporal distribution of responses. The results were discussed in terms of baseline rate of responding and the presence or absence of timing behavior."
1144477,"Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) in doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v. was administered to adult rabbits previously adapted to the testing chamber. Additionally, a group of rabbits not adapted to any part of the testing regimen was administered 1.0 mg/kg delta-9-THC. Cortical and hippocampal electroencephalographs as well as postural and activity behaviors of the unrestrained animals were recorded. In the adapted rabbits, there were dose-related increased in cortical voltage output, disruption of hippocampal theta rhythm and cortical polyspike bursts. Behaviorally, there was a dose-related tendency for standing and exploration to decrease, and at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/lh, delta-9-THC produced sprawling. In the nonadapted rabbits, administration of 1.0 mg/kh of the drug caused EEG and behavioral stimulation followed by depression of both, The results suggest that the bahavioral actions of cannabinols are largely dependent upon the animal's existing state of arousal."
1144476,"To characterize drug actions on thermoregulatory processes it is necessary to know whether compounds which alter body temperature also cause changes in thermoregulatory motivation. In the present experiments the effects of sodium salicylate, aminopyrine and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on rectal temperature (Tre) and behavior were measured in rats trained to escape heat and obtain cooling. All three drugs produced hypothermia in a 23 degree C environment but the effects upon behavior suggest that the compounds have different actions. Sodium salicylate (60-300 mg/kg) increased the amount of time spent responding to escape heat and obtain cooling so that Tre was held below control levels. Aminopyrine (12.5-75 mg/kg) did not alter thermoregulatory motivation even though it caused marked hypothemia. The time spent responding decreased after CPZ (2 and 3 mg/kg) so that drug-induced hypothermias were compensated. The results suggest that sodium salicylate influences the central mechanisms of physiological and behavioral temperature control whereas CPZ affects either peripheral thermoeffectors or central effector pathways without disrupting thermoregulatory motivation. Aminopyrine is presumed to act on central temperature controls to lower body temperature and, at the same time, to reduce the significance of the low body temperature to behavior."
1144478,"In Experiment 1, 4 doses of morphine and 4 doses of naloxone were tested for their ability to induce a conditioned aversion to saccharin in rats. Morphine was much more potent than naloxone which had only weak effects at the highest dose (12.96 mg/kg). Based on the determinations of Experiment 1, doses of 0.096, 0.96 and 0.6 mg/kg of morphine in a second experiment. The highest dose of naloxone was an effective antagonist of morphine-induced aversion. The antagonism was incomplete, but this may have reflected the particular dose combinations that were employed. Although 12.96 mg/kg of naloxone induced only a weak conditioned aversion to saccharin in Experiment 1, 9.6 mg/kg had a substantial effect in Experiment 2. Thus naloxone was itself an agent of aversive conditioning at a dose which significantly antagonized the aversive effects of morphine. Because of the successful demonstraion of antagonism, it was suggested that there may be common pharmacological mechanisms involved in both positive reinforcement and aversive conditioning by drugs of the opiate class."
1144479,"Taste aversions reflect the association of drug-produced noxious interoceptive stimuli with distinctive tastes. In the present experiments, taste aversions to sweetened condensed milk were induced in rats by a wide range of doses of the hypnotic drugs, hexobarbital, amobarbital, chloral hydrate, flurazepam and methaqualone and by anesthetization with ethyl ether. Observation of changes in motor behavior following drug administration could not be used to predict the development of taste aversions. Despite the fact that hypnotic drugs have punishing properties, which these paradox is discussed in terms of procedural differences between taste aversion and self-administration experiments."
1144480,"The effects of 40 mg/kg Metrazol on a conditioned saccharin aversion produced by LiCl were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, it was found that Metrazol administered 10  min before or after LiCl did not impair conditioned aversion to saccharin. In Experiment 2, Metrazol was given 2 min before, 9 or 3 min after the administration of LiCl. Under these conditions, impairment did occur. It was concluded that Metrazol may impair conditioned taste aversion in a time-dependent manner. The present findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to ECS as an interfering agent and retroactive and proactive effects on the CS and/or the UCS."
1144482,"The antiparkinsonian drug amantadine HCl caused a dose-dependent depression of electrical self-stimulation, followed by a dose-dependent enhancement. Neither action was correlated with the differential effects of d- and l-amphetamine at different implantation sites. The initial depression was not prevented by pretreatment with anticholinergic or antiserotonergic agents nor by depression of catecholamine (CA) synthesis. The stimulant effects of amantadine and d-amphetamine summated but did not interact, response rates after d-amphetamine being augmented by pretreatment with amantadine except at intervals at which amantadine was by itself depressant. It is concluded that the initial effect of amantadien is caused by impulse-independent release of a pool of intraneuronal CA, causing dissociation between reinforcement signals and the rat's responses. This is followed by amphetamine-like facilitation of impulse-dependent release; the first action depresses performance, the second enhances it."
1144483,"Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to newborn rats resulted in a nearly complete disappearance of catecholamines in brain regions containing nerve terminals. In the hypothalamus, however, dopamine was only decreased to 60% of control levels. The exploratory (rearing and crossing) and some of the automatic type behavioral activities (grooming, chewing and gnawing), the duration of neocortical synchronization and hippocampal theta frequency were measured during light and dark periods in adulthood. Decreased exploratory and increased automatic behavioral activities were found in both light and dark periods and a high incidence of synchronization and a lowered hippocampal theta frequency in the light phase when the animals were repeatedly subjected to a strange environment. The light-dark rhythmicity of exploratory and hippocampal activity remained intact in the 6-OHDA treated rats. Furthermore, the diurnal periodicity of general motor activity was also normal. It was concluded that contrary to the active involvement of prepontine catecholamine structures in the behavioral and electrocortical responses in a novel situation, their role in controlling the light-dark rhythmical processes may not be essential."
1144481,"In order to identify and differentiate separate components of an overall drinking system on neurochemical grounds, a few neuropharmacological blocking agents, already shown to affect the mediation of some thirst-related behaviors, were tested against a wide range of manipulations that elicit drinking behavior. Peripheral injections of scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent, or haloperidol, a catecholamine blocking agent with pronounced antidopaminergic actions, substantially reduced the water intake of rats induced to drink by periods of deprivations or by subcutaneous injections of either hypertonic saline, polyethylene glycol, or isoproterenol. When a combined injection of both scopolamine and haloperidol was given, hypovolemic and isoproterenol-induced drinking were about entirely eliminated but salt-aroused or deprivation-induced drinking were not totally abolished. In control studies, eating behavior elicited by either food deprivation or peripheral injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose was not affected by these blocking agents. These experiments suggest that activation of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons within central thirst-related systems are important physiological events underlying drinking behavior."
1144484,"p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), a serotonin depletor, was given to rats at least 24 h prior to testing in an open field or a shock avoidance Y-maze task. In the open field PCA groups showed hypoactivity and increased defecation up to 30 days after drug administration. These same animals plus independent groups of PCA animals, showed facilitated avoidance acquisition in the Y-maze up to 15 days after PCA administration. At the beginning of behavioral testing serotonin levels in PCA animals were reduced 70 percent and were still reduced 41 percent after 38 days in whole brain. These results suggest a separation between shock and non-shock effects of brain serotonin depletion. The facilitated avoidance also provides support for the role of serotonin as an inhibitory neurotransmitter mediating a behavioral suppression system."
1144485,"L-cysteine in doses of 1.2-1.3 mg/g, was administered to 4-day-old rats which were tested throughout development and as adults on a variety of behavioral tasks. Lesions of the type previously described from L-cysteine treatment were confirmed in several cortical and limbic structures. No neurodegenerative changes were observed in NaCl (10 mmoles/kg) controls. Surviving L-cysteine treated animals displayed no obvious impairments in motor ability or growth rate, but did show behavioral deficits when tested as adults on 3 behavioral tasks: spontaneous alternation; Lashley III maze; and pattern discrimination. Activity in the open field was significantly higher in the L-cysteine group at 20 days of age. Amphetamine, administered in doses of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/kg, had no differential effects on open-field activity in the two groups. The behavioral changes observed in L-cysteine treated animals is similar to that which has been reported in adult rats with extensive hippocampal damage."
1144486,"The actions of marihuana on the cardiovascular system in man are the most consistent physiological effects produced by acue administration. Significant tachycardia and conjunctival injection are well established effects. When the subject is upright, marihuana produces a fall in blood pressure; however, either no significant effect or a slight increase in blood pressure occurs when the subject is supine. Marihuana has been reported to increase limb blood flow and produce no significant effect on electrocardiogram of normal subjects. It, however, interferes with the integrity of peripheral vascular reflex responses. Although the detailed mechanism of action has not been elucidated, there is evidence that marihuana produces both sympathetci nervous system stimulation and parasympathetic nervous system blockade. No data are available that indicate the acute administration of marihuana presents a significant hazard to the cardiovascular system of normal subjects."
1144487,"Injections of L-tryptophan (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) i.p. in rats resulted in dose dependent increases in brain concentrations of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Sensitivity to electric shock as measured by flinch and jump thresholds was not changed by L-tryptophan 100 and 200 mg/kg. The results indicate that increased 5-HT turnover does not influence sensitivity to electric shock."
1144505,"A series of new heterocyclic derivatives of triiodophenyl and triiodophenoxy alkanoic acids was prepared; some of these compounds showed high billiary excretion and low acute toxicity in rats. One compound, 2-ethyl-3-[3-N-butyrolactamyl-2,4,6-triiodophenyl]-propionic acid, showed such characteristics that encouraged us to carry out further preclinical and clinical investigations."
1144508,"The use of different alkyl halides as effective cyclodesulfurizing agents was thoroughly studied. N-phenyl-,N'-[o-aminophenyl]-thiourea when treated with different alkyl halides gave rise to 2-phenyl-aminobenzimidazole. The optimum conditions for such cyclodesulfurization reaction were established by using eight equivalents of the alkyl halide, ethyl alcohol as solvent, and 8 h reflux. The reaction was also successfully applied to N-o-tolyl (benzyl or n-butyl)-N'-[o-aminophenyli1-thioureas to give rise to the corresponding 2-substituted aminobenzimidazoles."
1144509,"In this investigation, the cyclodesulphurization of N-o-aminophenyl-N'-phenylthiourea to produce 2-phenylaminobenzimidazole under the influence of dimethylsulphate was thoroughly studied under different reaction conditions. The mechanism of such reaction was also suggested."
1144510,"In the proposed method, an internal standard, suitably chosen, is added in equal quantities to the sample was well as to the standard solutions. A standard curve is obtained by plotting the ratio Ds/Di for each of the standard solutions against the logarithm of the quantity of material present in each solution, where Ds and Di are the average diameters of the standard and internal standard spots, respectively. It was disclosed that the ratio Ds/Di for a given solution is constant, regardless of the volume of the solution spotted. As a result, no exact equal known volumes are needed for spotting. The method has been tested with estimation of menthol in volatile oil of peppermint and strychine in nux vomica seed."
1144511,"The polarographic reduction of isocarboxazid, (Marplan) and its hydrolytic product 5-methyl-3-isoxazolylcarboxylic acid was studied both in aqueous buffered and in nonaqueous methanolic solutions. In both media, reduction occurs in the isoxazole ring resulting in a single diffusion-controlled irreversible wave corresponding to the transfer of four electrons per molecule. Addition of surfaceactive agents to the experimental solutions, did not spilt the wave into separate acts. Addition of proton donors to the methanolic solutions did, however, confirm the transfer of four protons during reduction. In acid buffer solutions the recorded polarograms furnish good means for the quantitative estimation of both compounds in the concentration range used (10(-4)-10(-3)."
1144513,"Binding of dichlorotetrafluoroethane (F 114) with bovine albumin was studied at 37, 20.5 and 5 C. It was found that at the total concentration of 0.4 x 10-3 M of F 114 in the 5-percent protein solution, 50, 51 and 55% of them, respectively, were in bound form at the temperatures indicated above. The termodynamic data found for the F 114-bovine albumin interaction in the temperature range studied were: deltaG = -3.44 to -4.11 Kcal/mol. deltaS =20.40 to 20.45 e.u., and deltaH =2.23 Kcal/mol. It is postulated that the large positive entropic change associated with a sizable positive enthalpy change indicates that the breaking of iceberg water stucture and slight unfolding of albumin molecule are involved in the interaction."
1144514,"Two prescription tranquilizers reduced the growth of barley plants by as much as 50%. Measurements of the long axis of mid-anaphase cells from shoot meristems did not seem to explain the reduced growth. However, observations from electron micrographs indicated abnormal nuclear membranes would not undergo the usual mitotic divisions which, in turn, could account for the reduction in growth. Futhermore, it is suggested that the opening of the nuclear membrane resulted from enzyme degradation."
1144515,"Activity of Asp-1 -beta-amide-Val-5 -angiotensin II (A II), Sar-1 -Ile-5 -angiotensin II (SA II) and (N,N-dimethyl) Gly-1 -Ile-5 angiotensin II (DMGA II ) was studied in the isolated continuously superfused rabbit aortic strips. The myotropic activity of SA II was found to be 20 times greater than that of A II and DMGA II. A rapid tachyphylaxis occurred to SA II but not to A II and DMGA II. A II and DMGA II but not SA II significantly decreased in their myotropic activities when superfused over the rabbit aortic strips. The observed decrease in activities of A II and DMGA II is probably due to their metabolic degradation in the aortic tissue. The enzymes responsible for this degradation are probably aminopeptidases, as evidence by the fact the SA II, as aminopeptidase-resistant analog of A II, does not lose its activity when superfused over aortic strips."
1144516,"The right of a patient to have information about his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis within the framework of communication processes is discussed from the perspectives of the professional, the patient, and  the interaction process. The traditional role of the patient is described with attention given to apparent changes in that role. These changes have implications for the health care practitioner who is a product of the authority structure of academic and clinical institutions steeped in traditional autonomous and unilateral decision making in the mystique of the medical arena."
1144517,"Vibratory stimulation holds promise of becoming a useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of motor disorders. The benefits of vibratory treatment are predictable on the basis of current knowledge about the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the motor effects of vibration. Actual results of vibratory treatment are described  for patients with a wide variety of motor disorders. The importance of attending to practical details such as the proper selection of both stimulus parameters and patients is stressed. Specific recommendations are offered for learning to use vibratory stimulation effectively safely, and intelligently."
1144518,"In analysis of variance, when the null hypothesis of no difference among several treatment means is rejected, the investigator concludes that not all treatment means are equal. The logical question that arises at this point concerns which means, then, are different from which others. In many research reports, this question is never answered. In those instances where an attempt is made to pinpoint just where the differences among means occur, the procedure employed is frequently inappropriate. This article describes the most frequently used of the theoretically sound procedures that are available for making all possible comparisons among means. Four procedures are illustrated with the same experimental example."
1144520,"Replacement arthroplasty for the shoulder in rheumatoid arthritis is an operation which is being performed increasingly often. Several types of arthroplasty may be performed. One type is a true total shoulder replacement which involves replacing both the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa. In a second type of arthroplasty, the articular surface of the humeral head is replaced. A modification of this type is the addition of a polyethylene spacer. Indictations for surgery, the surgical procedure, and the postoperative management are duscussed. The primary goal in the rheumatoid shoulder is a pain-free joint with a functional range of motion."
1144523,"Use of the Standards for Basic Education in Physical Therapy as the basis for organizing and implementing a program of clinical education is described. The article addresses the subject most specifically as it relates to the setting of an acute care general hospital; however, the program is described in sufficient detail to permit adaptation for other settings where personnel are participating in clinical teaching. Reasons for considering and developing this approach to clinical instruction are included, as well as preliminary subjective evaluation of the outcomes. The article is presented as a mechanism for exchange of ideas among persons engaged in clinical teaching."
1144524,"Prosthetic replacement of the humeral head in patients with severe fractures that detach or crush the articular surface and in patients with glenohumeral arthritis has been done at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center since 1953. Recently, a revised prosthesis for the articular surface of the head of the humerus has been used in combination with a polyethylene glenoid component. This method of total shoulder replacement has been used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in other conditions where the glenoid fossa is abnormal. Postoperative physical therapy management is especially important in this unique joint and is explained in detail."
1144525,"The effect of rewarding desirable sitting positions in six children with cerebral palsy (mean age of 3.7 years) was examined. Each subject's sitting behavior was documented at home under both pretreatment and treatment conditions. Treatment of all subjects consisted of rewarding the use of positions other than the reverse tailor sitting position. In addition, half of the subjects were asked to sit in desirable positions. All subjects demonstrated significant increases in the frequency and duration of desirable sitting positions after the onset of treatment. Those children asked to sit in desirable positions showed even greater increases, but only initially. Sitting behavior was documented (but not treated) in another setting, before and after treatment was insituted in the home. Four subjects showed some increases in the frequency of desirable sitting in the other setting. Further research is suggested in the management of reverse tailor sitting at home and in school."
1144526,"The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether a wedge placed under the knee during resistive exercise enhances quadriceps strengthening and the length-tension relationship of the quadriceps. Twenty normal women students were tested for maximal isometric contraction of their left quadriceps at different knee positions. The test positions were zero, 30, 60, and 90 degrees. The greatest muscle force was recorded when the knee angle was 60 degrees and the least force was recorded when the knee extended fully. The results of the length-tension relationship of muscle obtained in this study adhered to the accepted concept. Values recorded for quadriceps force when the wedge was placed under the knee did not differ significantly from those values recorded when the wedge was not used. The use of the wedge in quadriceps exercise does not appear to be an effective means of generating greater force than when no wedge is used."
1144527,"Most asthmatic children develop a significant degree of bronchospasm from exercise which restricts their active participation in outdoor play and sports and sometimes leads to many social and psychological problems. No specific physiological or immunological factors have yet been found to explain the basis of this exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). It is also unrelated to age, sex, or severity of asthma. Some investigators have hypothesized that EIB may be a conditioned response resulting from the association between the physical exertion and breathing difficulty which is frequently experienced by these children during their asthmatic attacks. Physical activity programs, organized around themes of progressive and interval training periods, may be quite helpful in reducing the intensity of EIB."
1144532,"From this brief experience in Ethiopia I believe that plastic and reconstructive surgery can contribute much to the lives of many people in such underdeveloped regions of the world. If one will teach the principles of plastic surgery to the general surgeons and paramedical people who do most of the work in these areas, it can amplify and expand their capabilities. Surgery is, of course, only one link in the long chain of basic health issues, and the ultimate solutions are on a different level. Yet, the magnitude of the problems is a compelling reason to make the effort, to take the time, and to contribute our skills in developing regions of the world. Though we cannot alone conquer the entire problem, we can do our bit."
1144537,"Abnormal bleeding after a face lift was found to be due to a profound interference in platelet function caused by clofibrate and xylocaine acting synergistically. This did not appear to be an idiosyncratic reaction to either of the drugs, as it could be reproduced in vitro by using platelets from normal individuals. Clofibrate is a drug used commonly by persons in the age group requesting face lifts. Beware."
1144538,"A new and simple technique for the anastomosis of small arteries, using a lyophilized dural cuff and a tissue adhesive, is presented. The feasibility of this new technique was demonstrated on 26 carotid arteries in rats. Possible indications for it are noted."
1144540,"Partial amputations of the hind legs were done in 44 rats. The femoral arteries and veins were repaired by microvascular techniques. The systemic use of heparin, the local use of magnesium sulfate, and the combined use of the two drugs, were evaluated as to their influence on preventing thrombosis in these microvascular anastomoses. No benefit could be demonstrated from the use of these drugs."
1144543,"A new ""breast-halving incision"" for subcutaneous mastectomy is described. It has particular advantages in the large breast, where the incidence of complications is much higher. Its main disadvantage is the length of the incision, which runs across the equator of the breast. However, subcutaneous mastectomy is not primarily a cosmetic operation. The improved results in immediate reconstruction would seem to justify this approach."
1144544,"Twenty-six cases of parotid hemangiomas seen at the Montreal Children's Hospital are reviewed. This lesion is by far the most common tumor of the parotid gland in children. In recent years, our treatment of this condition has gradually shifted toward conservatism, reserving surgical excision for the unusual case where the lesion does no show spontaneous resolution."
1144546,"Although carpal tunnel syndrome associated with injury to the wrist is common, it is possible to overlook symptoms of median nerve compression caused by an ascending tenosynovitis secondary to trauma distal to the wrist. One should look for these symptoms in such patients who complain of pain and weakness of the hand, and release the carpal tunnel if nerve compression is suspected."
1144547,"In two cases of unilateral ficial paralysis, the advanced atrophy of the muscles forced us to try a new technique for dynamin reanimation.  To our knowledge, this has not yet been reported in the literaturel. The technique combines a free nerve graft across the face with a free muscle graft or a muscle flap.  The result in both our cases was good."
1144549,"Subcantaneous mastectomy through a lateral approach, with preservation of the nipple and areola on a dermal pedicle, removing the excess skin at the time of aubautaneous mastectomy, is a safe procedure which results in esthetically acceptable breasts.  The surgical approach greatly facilitates the removal of the entire glandular portion of the breast.  The need for a second surgical procedure is eliminated.  Lateral biopsy scars can be reinforced by the dermal sling support, thereby decreasing the chances of exposure of the implant.  The implant is also successfully and easily held in position by the use of the dermal-fat sling support.  The nipple and areola survive quite well on the dermal pedicle, with preservation of contractility and sensation, as well as of blood supply."
1144551,A national survey of plastic surgeons has been conducted to determinr the incidence of occult breat carcinoma in patients having a subcutaneous mastectomy.  The results are reported herein.  We believe subcutaneous mastectomy is the most effective prophylactic procedure presently available that is acceptable to women who have a high risk of developing breast cancer.
1144564,"We corrected a chest wall defect by fabricating and inserting a prosthesis made from Silastic RTV 382 (a silicone elastomer). This reconstruction in our 19-year-old patient was easier, less expensive, less time consuming, and more acceptable cosmetically than we could have obtained by using thoraco-abdominal flap."
1144566,"The greatest obstacle in obtaining high-quality black and white prints for publication, from a high-quality color transparency, is the making of an excellent internegative. A process is described for making high resolution internegatives simply and quickly."
1144568,"This paper examines how the interplay of certain characteristics of institutions of higher education and of professional and psychiatric orientations results in a role for the college psychiatrist that is excessively overdemanding. To reduce the resulting role strains practitioners use a number of concepts and practices which have important consequences of the type of service given. Moreover, these modes of adaptation to workplace requirements generate social and ethical problems which need to be resolved if college psychiatry is to be a forceful agency of human assistance in the colleges of the future. Our analysis of college psychiatry is based on a sociologically informed review of the sixty years of professional literature devoted to the subject and on the detailed examination of the functioning of one college psychiatry service over a period of three years."
1144569,"That the schizophrenic is ""out of contact with reality,"" and hence impervious to it, has been recognized from the time that the term ""schizophreniz"" was coined. That the members of the schizophrenic's family are also ""impervious"" (Lidz et al., 1958), and hence also ""out of contact with reality,"" has only comparatively recently been recognized (Bateson et al., 1956; Wynne et al., 1958; Laing and Esterson, 1964). Imperviousness is here defined as an individual's inability (or unwillingness) to consciously grasp. become aware of, register, and acknowledge another person's interpersonal perception despite the fact that this perception has been clearly stated or presented to him.-1 This paper will focus on the levels of imperviousness that are characteristically established within the parent-child sub-system in the schizophrenix's family. This is not meant to deny the presence of imperviousness in the other subsystems within the family - i.e., between husband and wife or between the children themselves - for they, too, exist and are significant. However, to simplify matters, only imperviousness in the parent-child sub-system will be focused on here."
1144570,"It is with the effect of an idiom - a psychological idion - and its articulation on the subjective life of the individual that I will be concerned in this paper. My argument is necessarily hypothetical:-1 Human beings as members of a society are provided wiht an idiom by which they structure and evaluate their reality, their world, including themselves, and insofar as the experience of reality can be distinguished from the reality itself their experience of reality, of their world, of themselves. Although this idiom is necessarily expressed through language, it is more than language. Within it are sedimented traditional symbols and values which form the basis for schemata by which reality is interpreted. (These schemata can probably be reduced to a series of propositions about reality which form the basis of what anthropologists call culture.) Not only does the idiom enable the articulation of an explicit psychology but it renders possible the articulation of subjective experience. By ""explicit psychology"" I mean all commonly recognized assumptions about the nature of the ""human psyche."" These would include theories of personality, character formation, motivation, cognition, and perception."
1144571,"This paper seeks to explore the phenomenon of possession trance in the ritual context from still another tack, complementary to the studies cited above, by analyzing it as an active and perhaps necessary component in the development of significant personal relationships basic to the organization and goals of some religous cults.-1 This view has been suggested by data gathered in study of social process in Puerto Rican Spiritist cults-2 which examined the relationship between patterns of cult social organization and the cult execution of a culturally patterned psychotherapeutic process for committed adherents whose emotional problems are diagnosed by cult headers as manifestations of developing ""faculties"" for communication with the spirit world-3 (see Koss; Rogler and Hollingshead, 1965, pp. 244-254; Seda Bonilla, 1964)."
1144572,"When the manifest dreams of young adult male and female Chicanos were examined through an inventory which captures the dream content and pattern, striking differences between male and female dreams were found in the areas of setting, characters, interaction, self, instinctual modalities, and realism. Generally speaking, the men's internal psychic world, as viewed through their dreams, tended to be organized around a highly visible and demarcated self seen as  robustly active, randomly in motion, and often contentiously involved with unrelated others. The confines of this internal world were sketched in as broad, but were occupied by boundaries and barriers and were often subject to unpredictable events. In contrast, the women's internal world contained a relatively less sharply defined and less robustly active self, but also a less contentious self with a greater range of interactions with more, and more familiar characters. Narrower confines were matched by less emphasis on boundaries, greater predictability, and more goal-directed locomotion."
1144643,"The effects of amphetamine, imipramine and ICI 58,834 (Vivalan), on the unconditioned behaviour of rats were compared using a novelty preference test and the open field test. Overall, the effects of ICI 58,834 (Vivalan) showed a marked resemblance to those of imipramine but differed from those of amphetamine. It is suggested that an adequate explanation of these drugs' effects can be offered in terms of changes in emotional reactivity, in general activity, and in exploratory activity. A dissociation of drug effects on general and exploratory activity in the novelty preference test was demonstrated. The use of this test and the open field test in drug screening is briefly discussed."
1144644,"The dose-response relationships for three stimulants have been explored. These drugs have been shown to differ in potency and, with successive doubling of doses, have been found to have dose-response curves of differing slopes. In addition, the relationship between dose and activity level was not the same for younger and older rats. The relationship between dosage of both d-amphetamine and methylphenidate and locomotor activity was not the same in the light and the dark. The latter finding suggests a difference between these two stimulants and the third stimulant studied, caffeine, whose effects where unaltered by ambient illumination level."
1144668,"Some experiments concerning the photochemical production of condensation nuclei are described. Preliminary measurements of filtered atomospheric air, initially free of particles yielded high concentrations of particles by reactions in the dark when the air was previously irradiated by sunlight. In further investigations a definite composition of pure gases was used. The formation of nitric acid particles from NO2 in pure nitrogen of different relative humidities in the dark and under influence of light was investigated. No particle formation was found which could be correlated to any production of nitric acid nuclei. Even within a spectral region in which photolysis of NO2 takes place no HNO3-nucleation could be found. The particles detected under certain conditions of irradiation originate from impurities in the walls of the reaction chamber. Particle growth in an irradiated mixture of N2 and NO2 with benzene is demonstrated and the mean radius of particles is calculated from measurement with a diffusion battery."
1144669,"Tetrodotoxin (10- minus 8 to 10- minus 6 g/ml) blocked the contractile responses of isolated guinea-pig urinary bladder preparation to electrical (25 and 100 Hz) neural but not to transmural stimulation and to X-irradiation (50 kV, 20 kR/min, 20 kR). The irradiation had no influence on the bladder responses to electrical and hormonal (acetylcholine and histamine) stimulation. It is concluded that the X-ray-induced contraction is of myogenic origin and that it is possibly not related to the electro-mechanical coupling system."
1144671,Construction of an apparatus for the determination of the cell contact potential difference and the measuring method are described. The contact potential differences are attributed to the degree of hydrophobic properties of the cell surface and referred to human erythrocytes and chloroplasts.
1144737,"Pulmonary insufficiency is one of the most frequent causes of death in patients subjected to shock. The continuous radiographic series, clinical data and autopsy findings in 46 patients are described. The changes in the chest radiograph can be related to the histological findings and are clearly related to changes found by arterial blood analysis. Given the appropriate history, the radiographic picture can provide a clue for the diagnosis of a shock syndrome."
1144738,"Data are presented from thirteen patients with marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea associated with widening of the corresponding sagittal diameter. The term ""saber-sheath"" trachea describes this deformity which can simulate a mediastinal mass. The absence of mediastinal masses and the presence of obstructive pulmonary abnormalities in each patient, either as a clinical diagnosis (11 of 13), functional abnormality (10 of 11) or both (8 of 11), suggest that the ""saber-sheath"" trachea may be a useful sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."
1144739,"The results of 100 bronchial brushings and 80 percutaneous needle aspiration biopsies of the lung performed in the same department were analyzed for their accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms. While both procedures have a high degree of reliability, the aspiration needle biopsy appears to be the procedure of choice in smaller, more peripheral lesions, in Pancoast tumors, and whenever a metastatic neoplasm is suspected."
1144734,This article is the result of a study that the authors conducted for the Council of Radiologic Technology Educators of New Jersey. The purpose of the study was (1) to determine if radiologic technologists thought continuing education was necessary; (2) to determine what technologists have done to date about continuing education in their own lives; (3) to identify the type of continuing education programs radiologic technologists want; and (4) to find out how radiologic technologists want continuing education programs to be designed.
1144740,"Areas of sclerosis in the phalanges, particularly the terminal phalanges, are common in sarcoidosis despite the rarity of osteosclerotic changes in other bones. Of 37 patients with sarcoidosis with osseous changes of the hands or feet, 20 (54%) has sclerosis either alone or in combination with bone destruction. Of 48 patients with acrosclerosis, 20 (40%) had sarcoidosis. In the authors' experience with a largely black population, sarcoidosis was found to be the most common causes of acrosclerosis."
1144741,"The intra-articular structure of the elbow joint was studied in 18 patients with double contrast arthrography and tomography. All tomographic examinations were made with the hypocycloid motion. The authors feel that the disadvantages of the method, i.e., getting access to tomographic equipment, the 30 to 45 minutes required to complete the examination, and the radiation from multiple exposures needed for tomographic sections are obviated by the results: the arthrographic findings were confirmed in all 7 patients who later underwent surgery."
1144742,"Flexible fiberoptic endoscopes are being used increasingly for direct visualization and biopsy of lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Contrary to earlier expectations, however, the incidence of complications has not diminished despite the technical advantages of modern flexible instruments over semirigid endoscopes; indeed, the mortality of fibergastroscopic perforation has almost quadrupled compared to standard gastroscopy. The authors cite their experience with the spectrum of complications associated with fiberoptic esophagoscopy and gastroscopy. Radiological recognition and evaluation of these iatrogenic incidents is of paramount importance."
1144735,"The 3M ""High Light System"" has been used in a clinical environment for one and one-half years. The inherent advantages, as well as the disadvantages, of this system are discussed. An objective comparison of the blue based HL film and the conventional Type R film was made. This comparison indicates that image quality is similar with either film and, hence, radiographs produced with either system will be of diagnostic quality."
1144743,"Fiberoptic colonoscopy is being used increasingly for endoscopic visualization of the large intestine, particularly in the electrocautery removal of polypoid lesions. Complications may include bleeding, mesosigmoid hematoma, splenic avulsion, and impaction of the instrument, but the most common is perforation of the colon, which occurs in 0.4-1.9% of colonoscopic examinations. Radiological evaluation plays a critical role. Free intraperitoneal rupture may be clinically overlooked in an aged or infirm patient. Extraperitoneal perforation often results in delayed signs and symptoms. The demonstration of extraluminal gas documents perforation. Recent roentgen-anatomical studies of the characteristic distribution of extraperitoneal gas may permit precise localization of the site of colonic perforation on plain films."
1144744,"Angiographic observations are described in 2 patients with acute traumatic transection of the pancreas. Abnormalities were subtle, and, in retrospect, suggestive of transection in only one case. Although angiographic abnormalities any imply acute pancreatic transection, absence of specific features does not exclude the diagnosis."
1144745,"Fourteen patients with alcoholic hepatitis were evaluated serially by free (FHV) and wedge (WHV) hepatic venogrpahy and corrected hepatic wedge pressure (CWP). Cardiac output was determined and liver biopsy performed before and after 30 days of medical therapy in 11 and 6 patients, respectively. The CWP and FHV correlated well with the severity of hepatitis. Sinusoidal morphology, as determined by WHV, was difficult to interpret and varied on serial studies, although there were no significant changes in the liver histology or FHV. The authors conclude that FHV and CWP are useful parameters of the severity of alcoholic hepatitis, while WHV is helpful in determining patency and direction of blood flow in the portal vein."
1144746,Introduction of a small electric current by way of a catheter-placed electrode can completely occlude experimentally produced arteriovenous fistula. The occlusion appears permanent and without morbidity in experimental animals. This technique might be clinically useful in obliterating an arteriovenous fistula and controlling gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
1144747,"The angiographic finding in four cases of ganglioneuroma are described. In all four cases a large vascular mass was demonstrated angiographically. The vessels supplying the tumors varied, depending on the location of the mass. Stretching and displacement of adjacent opacified vessels helped define the extent of the tumor. Abundant neovascularity was present with serpiginous vessels tending to cluster in nodular areas, with adjacent avascular areas."
1144748,Various renal abnormalities have been reported in patients with hemophilia. Findings in four patients with hemophilia and nonobstructive renal enlargement are described. Three of these patients also had pseudotumors of the iliac bone. The one factor common to all of these patients and patients with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia with large kidneys is multiple blood transfusions.
1144749,"Thirty-nine patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent repeat lymphography. The radiographic findings and effects on clinical management are discussed. The repeat examinations were technically no more difficult to perform than the initial studies. Repeat lymphograms were positive for tumor in 44% of cases. Positive findings were more frequent in patients who received no prior subdiaphragmatic irradiation or in whom the initial study demonstrated lymphomatous infiltration. Interpretative problems include reactive hyperplasia, post-irradiation lymph node alterations, and the lymph nodal distortion occasionally encountered in the treated lymph node which had been involved with tumor."
1144750,"Lymphangiomas are rare, benign tumors which may become opacified during lymphography and may be confused with malignant lymph node disease. A case is reported in which lymphography showed focal collections of contrast material retained for several days in dilated lymphatic spaces which initially simulated metastatic disease."
1144751,"Nephrotomography showed markedly enlarged adrenal glands in a 67-year-old man with acute Addison's disease due to tuberculosis. Other causes of acute adrenal insufficiency associated with enlarged adrenals are histoplasmosis and, rarely, bilateral metastatic carcinoma, amyloidosis, or hemorrhage. Radiologic demonstration of large adrenal glands in a patient with acute Addision's disease should strongly suggest an infectious etiology."
1144752,"The radiographic appearances of the most commonly used intrauterine contraceptives devices are reviewed, and methods are suggested to determine the extrauterine location of these devices. Complications resulting from the use of these devices are also discussed."
1144753,"The long-term administration of nitrous oxide anesthesia during craniotomy as well as following closure of the parietal craniotomy flap (under no tension) leads to significant expansion of the residual air bubble trapped under the dura. A case is presented in which an extracerebral avascular space, filled only with gas, caused a marked shift of the intracranial structures and uncal herniation secondary to nitrous oxide anesthesia during craniotomy and postcraniotomy angiography."
1144754,"Acute, post-traumatic subdural hygromas, in contrast to benign chronic subdural hygromas, may be life-threatening. Two cases are presented in which a rapidly enlarging subdural hygroma either prevented improvement over a 1-2 week period or resulted in rapid deterioration of the patient. Angiographic documentation and the natural course of this condition are revealed."
1144755,Myocardial imaging with 133-Xe and a gamma camera was employed to evaluate total and regional myocardial blood flow. The technique detected vasodilatation after injection of papaverine or diatrizoate. Contrast medium caused transient vasodilatation with return to baseline flow within five minutes. Myocardial tissue flow tended to decrease as coronary artery stenosis became more severe. There was overlap of flow measurements in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Coronary flow measurements made at rest are not considered to be an essential clinical tool. gpreater diagnostic benefit is obtained from the scintigram which distinguishes between akinesia caused by ischemia and akinesia due to extensive scarring.
1144756,"Fourteen patients with transmural myocardial infarction were studied by gated cardiac blood pool scanning (to determine regional ventricular function) and 43-K myocardial imaging (to determine the regional distribution of myocardial perfusion). An akinetic area on the gated scan and an area of decreased tracer concentration on the 43-K image were detected. The area of reduced 43-K concentration averaged 33.5% of the left ventricular circumference which correlated (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01) with the area of infarction determined by the zone of akinesis, 34.2% of left ventricular circumference. The extent of akinesis and left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly different in those patients with left ventricular failure than in those without failure."
1144757,"Radionuclide and contrast angiographies were performed in 10 dogs. In 6 dogs unilateral or bilateral (partial or total) carotid occlusions were produced by silk ligatures. Follow-up angiographies were carried out at intervals up to 6 months following surgery. Visual assessment of the radionuclide carotid angiogram was compared to quantitative analysis of the time-activity curves over these areas. Several parameters of these curves were reviewed. The ratio of the slopes, was the most sensitive parameter of the assessment of carotid artery stenosis. The ratio of the slopes of the curves in normal dogs (mean 96 plus or minus 5.2 S.D.) was significantly different from that in animals with stenosis greater than 80% (mean 67.3 plus or minus 16.9 S.D.)."
1144758,"Cisternographic examinations have become a relatively common procedure in the evaluation of patients with suspected communicating hydrocephalus. Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are relatively uncommon, particularly with the commonly used agents such as 111-In-DTPA and 169-Yb-DTPA. Adverse reactions after lumbar intrathecal instillation of 111-In-DTPA in three patients are described."
1144759,"99m-Tc--polyphosphate bone imaging was useful in distinguishing Legg-Perthes disease from other childhood hip disorders in 40 patients. In 33 Legg-Perthes patients, imaging provided earlier and more accurate information concerning the extent of the necrotic and revascularization process involving the hip than radiographs  alone. This advantage could both facilitate treatment selection and provide a more objective baseline from which to judge treatment results. Preliminary experience also suggests that the technique may offer some insight into the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease."
1144760,"Eleven hundred sixty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts, treated from January 1948 through December 1965, had no evidence of disease five years after the initial treatment and no other manifestation of squamous cell carcinoma within the first five years. After five years, the incidence of disease at the initial location, in the vicinity, or in remote sites was found to be identical in the surgical and irradiation groups. There is a correlation between severe late complications in the irradiated patients and the volume of tissue irradiated."
1144761,"Delayed hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was tested prior to radiation therapy in 206 patients with solid tumors. The patients were separated into a DNCB-positive group who showed a significant response to DNCB and a DNCB-negative group who did not. After one year, it was found that patients with a positive DNCB reaction had a statistically better chance of survival than those with a negative DNCB reaction. Although this is not proof that DNCB testing can indicate those patients who should be excluded from radical therapy, it can help identify those who may respond favorably to extended efforts at palliation or cure despite clinically advanced disease."
1144762,"The spectra of diagnostic x-ray beams were measured with a germanium semiconductor dectector. With this system it was possible to define the K-alpha-1, K-alpha-2, K-beta-2 characteristic peaks of the tungsten target. The effects of various filters on the beam using characteristic absorption edges to create a ""bandpass"" effect were studied. Gadolinium filtration of the diagnostic beam used for contrast studies selectively removed both higher energy photons (greater than 50 keV) and lower energy photons (less than 33 keV) thus enhancing contst for iodine and barium while substantially reducing radiation dose."
1144763,"A clinical fluoroscopic unit used in conjunction with a TV image digitization system was investigated to determine its capability to evaluate differential absorption between two areas in the same field. Fractional contrasts and minimum detectability for air, several concentrations of Renografin-60, and aluminum were studied using phantoms of various thicknesses. Results showed that the videometric response, when treated as contrast, shows a linear response with absorber thickness up to considerable thicknesses."
1144764,"At least 90% of the exposure of a radiologist's crystalline lens and right hand to scattered radiation during angiography, investigated by thermoluminescent dosimetry, proves to be due to radiography during and immediately after manual injection of the contrast medium. Therefore, manual injection should be replaced by remotely controled injection by means of an injector. The exposure of a radiologist's gonads (measured behind a lead apron) proves negligible. At the low exposure rates to be expected, integrating measurements should be made."
1144765,A computer program has been designed to describe radiation therapy plans in numerical as opposed to graphical terms. Treatment is specified by using the average dose in the target area. The rationale for its development and an illustration of its use are given.
1144766,"The present method of steroe shift for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of radium implants has been found to produce displacement errors. Analysis shows that the maximum displacement error decreases as the shift (S) increases with fixed focal spot-film distance (H), while conversely for a fixed shift distance the maximum displacement error with increased focal spot-film distance. The authors suggest that sufficiently accurate 3-D reconstruction may be achieved when H greater than or equal to 100 cm and H/S less than 2."
1144767,"The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values of fast neutrons as a function of dose in the range of dose per fraction being used clinically are reported for effects on several normal mouse tissues. The specific tissues examined were: thymus, spleen, white blood cells (WBC), testes, and small intestine. The RBE values for damage to the thymus (1.2), spleen (1.2), WBC (1.0), and testes (3.0) were independent of neutron dose size. In contrast, the RBE for the small intestine varied between 2.7 and 3.4 and was dependent on the size of the neutron dose. The RBE for intestinal death (2.4) and hematopoietic death (1.1) also is reported."
1144768,"The effects of fractionated irradiation on the feet of rats were the subjects of a time-dose study. The doses required to produce various levels of early skin damage, late skin damage, and late structural damage were determined for single doses and for treatments employing three fractions per week and lasting up to 50 days. The data did not follow the relationship first proposed by strandqvist, in which dose is proportional to time-n; rather, when the normal-tissue reactions were plotted on a linear-coordinate graph, they formed parallel time-dose isoeffect curves with distinct positive curvatures."
1144769,"A simple method of obtaining a biphasic injection of contrast material with a standard pressure injector was developed for aorto-femoral and unilateral iliac-femoral arteriograms. An improvement in the degree of arterial filling, the quality of visualization,and the almost complete elimination of repeat injections was noted."
1144770,"A lateral view of the knee in 90 degree flexion can reveal popliteal cysts which do not show on routine arthrography. Flexion causes transfer of intra-articular fluid to the posterior portion of the joint space, lowering pressure within the cyst and allowing it to fill with contrast media."
1144771,"A technique used for removal of residual biliary tract stones, too large to be withdrawn through a T-tube tract, is reported. Telescoping Teflon catheters were used in one patient to dilate the tract sufficiently to remove the stone with the Dormia type wire basket."
1144917,"The influence of the route of vaccination on the systemic and local immune response has been studied in the sow with ferritin antigen using three methods of vaccination: 1. intramuscular with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA); 2. intramammary without FCA; 3. intramammary with FCA. Intramammary vaccination was found to be superior to intramuscular vaccination in producing both a local and systemic response. Folowing stimulation by either route, antibody activity was found in all immunoglobulin classes, the major amount of antibody activity in a body fluid correlating with the major immunoglobulin class in that fluid. Antibody production was increased in all immunoglobulin classes by using FCA. Vaccination of one gland resulted in antibody activity in the secretions of the other mammary glands."
1144918,"Regression analyses were performed on data from 48 Compton metabolic profile tests relating the concentrations of certain constituents in the blood of dairy cows to their milk yield, age and stage of lactation. The common partial regression coefficients for milk yield, age and stage of lactation were estimated for each blood constituent. The relationships of greatest statistical significance were between the concentrations of inorganic phosphate and globulin and age, and the concentration of albumin and milk yield."
1144919,"The sera of 728 game animals, collected in East Africa, were tested for neutralising antibody to a strain (WC11) of wildebeest herpesvirus, which is an important cause of malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. In addition, 290 of these sera were tested for neutralising activity against a closely related herpesvirus (K/30) from hartebeest (Alcelaphus sp.). Antibody was frequently present in three species of the subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebest, hartebeest and topi) and one of the subfamily Hippotraginae (oryx). No activity was found in the sera of nine other species of four additional subfamilies. The proportion of hartebeest sera positive for WC11 virus (60 per cent) was not significantly different from that neutralising the K/30 isolate (77 per cent) and antibody titres against the two agents did not differ significantly. Of 62 topi sera 40 per cent neutralised WC11 virus, while all of three oryx sera were positive. It is suggested that the antibody detected in hartebeest, topi and oryx was induced by infection with viruses related to, but not identical with, the WC11 and K/30 strains. Some characteristics of the latter indicated that it was not the usual herpesvirus of hartebeest and may have been derived from wildebeest. It is proposed that the group of viruses involved should be provisionally designated as 'alcelaphine herpesviruses' in order to separate them from the rest of the 'bovid' herpesviruses, a name proposed by the Herpesvirus Sbucommittee of the International Committee on the Nomenclature of Viruses."
1144920,"Young Friesian steers were fed for nine months on copper supplemented or depleted diets. Immediately after they had been killed, tissues were taken from the myocardium for examination by electron microscopy. Copper deficiency was associated with extensive changes in myofibrillar and mitochondrial morphology and distribution. It is suggested that the ultra-structural changes in the myocardium were specifically attributable to copper deficiency, the most likely underlying biochemical defect being lost of cytochrome oxidase activity."
1144921,"Uterine motility was recorded for several weeks in 10 ovariectomised goats, using small intra-uterine balloons, to study the effects of female sex hormones on uterine activity and reactivity to oxytocin. Oestradiol stimulated uterine contractions and increased both the sensitivity and intra-uterine pressure response to oxytocin. When progesterone was administered in addition to oestradiol, spontaneous uterine motility became irregular with low amplitude contrations; the sensitivity and reactivity to oxytocin was significantly depressed."
1144922,"Storage iron in spleen, liver and bone marrow of cattle significantly increased after three years of age, reached mximal concentrations at five years and remained constant until nine years of age. Storage iron concentrations were always highest in the spleen. In liver and bone marrow much lower concentrations were found. In contrast to storage iron, serum iron remained relatively constant between one and eight years of age."
1144923,"In each of two consecutive years, groups of breeding ewes were removed from a hill farm in the west of Scotland on four occasions, namely late pregnancy, early lactation, autumn and early winter. At slaughter the major nematode genus present in the alimentary tract was Ostertagia, with O circumcincta the predominant species but three species previously found in Scottish hill sheep, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Strongyloides papillosis and Chabertia ovina were absent. An absolute increase in total nematode burden and faecal egg count was apparent in the ewes commencing in late pregnancy, reaching a maximum during lactation and falling again in autumn and early winter. This peri-parturient increase in the nematode population could not be solely attributed to the maturation of previously inhibited larval stages but was primarily the result of the development of recently ingested infection; the latter situation thought to be due to a temporary relaxation of immunological response by the ewe at parturition or early lactation. Serum pepsinogen values in ewes remained elevated throughout the grazing season and were always higher than those of their lambs, suggesting that the ewe, although allowing few parasites to become established, was under considerable challenge in the autumn. The worm burdens of the lambs were always low in autumn and early winter with Ostertagia spp being the major genus present during the autumn and Trichostrongylus spp being the predominant genus during the early winter."
1144925,"Hepatic portal and arterial blood flow and the net hepatic uptake of individual free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in sheep during intravenous infusions of saline and noradrenaline (2 mu kg-minus 1 min-minus 1). During noradrenaline infusion in FFA increased in the circulating (arterial) plasma in amounts oleate greater than palmitate greater than stearate. Changes in the hepatic uptake of FFA opposed these changes in plasma FFA composition; the hepatic uptake of oleate increased more than that of palmitate, and the uptake of stearate fell slightly, but not significantly."
1144926,Before birth a marked rise in the potassium/sodium concentration ratio of allantoic fluid coincided with a similar rise in the corticosteroid levels of fetal plasma. The prepartum corticosteroid increase started at 134-136 days gestational age whether delivery occurred at 141 or 151 days.
1144927,"Replacement of the drinking water of chicks maintained on a normal mixed protein diet with an aqueous extract containing the equivalent of 5 g of the dried leaves of Solanum malacoxylon (DLSM) per 100 ml for one month produces a hypercalcaemia (23-49 per cent), hypomagnesamia (28-37 per cent), hypophosphataemia (26-34 per cent), hypouricaemia (29-34 per cent) and a decrease in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (54-98 per cent). The ash content of the defatted, dried tibiae and the body weight of the DLSM treated chicks were also significantly lower (37-7 per cent and 17-79 per cent respectively) than the corresponding values for the untreated birds. The results obtained are similar to those reported for hypervitaminosis D3 in the chick."
1144928,"At a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, pyrantel tartrate was 18-51, 99-63, 100 and 100 per cent effective in chickens treated at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days respectively after infection with Ascaridia galli. Similarly, 25 mg/kg was 14-44, 100, 100 and 99-63 per cent effective."
1144930,"A method for the separation of leucocytes from bovine blood and its separation into lymphocyte and granulocyte fractions is described. The method, involving flash lysis of the erythrocyte population, was found to yield large numbers of viable cells suitable for maintenance in tissue culture medium and hence of value in immunological studies."
1144931,Specific pathogen free lambs were exposed to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. Ten lambs vaccinated with an adjuvanted killed P haemolytica vaccine and nine units of P haemolytica administered in an aerosol. Pneumonia histologically indistinguishable from natural pneumonic pasteurellosis occurred in one vaccinated lamb and in four control lambs.
1144932,"Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels of the constituent proteins of the 12 serotypes and an untypable strain of Pasteurella haemolytica showed a pattern of bands that divided the group into two. This division conformed to the A and T biotype groupings of Smith (1959) although the serotype A9 showed only minor band difference from the three T serotypes 3, 4 and 10. It was not possible by this method to separate all the type strains from each other by the specific recognition of the patterns of protein mobilities produced."
1144933,"Global and regional lung function were studied in 17 subjects with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Global lung function (VC, MVV, and FEV1) in the sitting postion was reduced by an average of about 25%. Regional lung function data in the same position showed a considerable decrease in perfusion (19%), ventilation (20%), and lung volume (7%) of the diseased side as compared to reference values obtained in healthy volunteers. Compared to the partition of function in the supine, the perfusion of the affected lung increased when it was lowermost in the lateral decubitus postion, while regional FRC decreased and ventilation changed little. When uppermost, perfusion and ventilation of the affected lung decreased while FRCr increased somewhat. The arterial oxygen tension was significantly below normal in the supine position but in the normal range in the sitting position. It increased further during exercise. Bronchography showed compression of the basal lung segments on the affected side in the erect, and kinking and obliteration of lower lobe bronchi in the supine position and still more when the lung was lowermost in the lateral decubitus position."
1144934,"Regional ventilation-perfusion ratios have been determined in 12 healthy subjects, 16 patients with pulmonary embolism, and 22 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The ventilation-perfusion ratios were determined from xenon-133 ventilation studies and 99-tc-m-labeled particle perfusion scans, using either the fractional exchange of air or the relative distribution of tidal volume per unit volume as the numerator of the ratio. A comparison of these two methods showed comparable distributions of regional ventilation-perfusion relationships in the healthy subjects and patients with pulmonary embolism. However, in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the fractional exchange method clearly separated this group of patients from the others."
1144936,"From controlled inhalation experiments with bronchotropic substances, it becomes clear that the 'dust model of the lungs' is inadequate in explaining the 'facts and findings' of drug inhalation. Two pathway flow charts are worked out, permitting a more specific description of the transport processes involved, in order to meet the need for a more appropriate model."
1144937,"It has been observed previously that the successive values of depth and duration of respiratory cycles recorded in man are not independent random variable. The present study has been performed in order to test whether a serial dependence of the characteristics of the respiratory cycles results from an inherent property of the central respiratory oscillator. In the ""isolated respiratory centre"" preparation of the cat (spinalized, bivagotomized, curarized and artificially ventilated) the following respiratory data have been studied: the value of integrated phrenic discharge per breath (S), inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE) and total cycle duration (T), at rest and during hypercapnia and hyperthermia. Each recording in a steady-state condition provided a set of four series of data; using statistical analysis of time series the following results were obtained: 1. In each series the successive values are not independent random variables. This suggests that a cycle may be considered as an event whose characteristics condition those of the following cycle. 2. TE is not independent of the preceding TI, and TI is not independent of the immediately preceding TE. However, this last relation cannot be asserted in hypercapnia and hyperthermia. 3. A positive correlation exists between S and TI. This result indicates that a simultaneous adjustment of S and TI, in terms of one another, does exist in absence of the vagal mechanism."
1144938,"In supine dogs with saline-filled lungs the vertical gradient of pleural surface pressure (VGPpl) was not significantly different from -1 cm H2O/cm and that of transpulmonary pressure (VGPtp) was not significantly different from zero. Hence the hydrostatic gradient of the liquid was entirely taken up by the chest wall, the ribs being rigid in the direction of gravity and the diaphragm facing an equal hydrostatic gradient on both sides. In head-up dogs VGPpl was -0.8 cm H2O/cm when the level of the liquid in the filling system was 19.5 cm below the lung top and -0.5 cm H2O/cm when this level corresponded to the top. The hydrostatic gradient of the liquid was not entirely taken up by the rib cage because of its uneven regional compliance and VGPtp was reversed with respect to that of the air-filled lung. With fluorocarbon (specific gravity 1.75) filled lungs in the supine posture VGPpl was about -1.28 cm H2O/cm and VGPtp was reversed. In the head-up posture VGPpl was about -1.2 cm H2O/cm and VGPtp was reversed."
1144939,"The authors used waltzing and nonwaltzing mice to examine granular pneumocyte mitochondria and lung oxygen consumption and protein synthesis. They found that the oxygen consumption of lung slices from waltzing mice is higher than that of lung slices from nonwaltzing mice. The volume density of granular pneumocyte mitochondria is higher in waltzing than nonwaltzing mice as is their number per 100 mum-3 of cytoplasm. The mean, length, width, volume and surface density of individual mitochondria are the same in both groups. The incorporation of [14-C]leucine by lung slices into protein in a surface active lung fraction is greater in lung slices from waltzing than nonwaltzing mice. This difference occurs in the face of similar levels of free leucine in both groups. The authors conclude that there are intraspecies differences in lung oxygen consumption and protein synthesis and in the volume density and number of granular pneumocyte mitochondria."
1144940,"The output of the ""respiratory centers"" has been estimated by measuring ventilation, inspiratory muscle power, EMG of the diaphragm, and by various other means, each of which has serious disadvantages. The static pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles at FRC against an obstructed airway is here suggested as a useful alternative. Ten conscious, normal, sitting human subjects were subjected to CO2 rebreathing (Read, 1967) and their airways were occluded at end-expiration at intervals without the subjects being aware in advance. The inspiratory pressure waves so generated were found to be distorted by conscious or unconscious responses to the occlusion which had a minimum latency of 0.15 sec. The pressure generated at 0.1 sec after the onset of inspiration (P0.1) was nevertheless easy to measure and was reproducible in each subject. The CO2 response obtained by plotting P0.1 against PCO2, was curvilinear, the P0.1 increasing more rapidly at high PCO2. The P0.1 is independent of pulmonary mechanics. Since it measures the rate of rise of inspiratory activity and not the peak activity it is also independent of mechanisms that alter the respiratory pattern by affecting inspiratory duration, in particular the vagal volume-related inspiratory-inhibitory reflex. It is concluded that measurements of P0.1 represent a useful index of the output of the respiratory centers."
1144941,"Breath holding and rebreathing have been carried out at sea level in lowlanders and at high altitude in acclimatized lowlanders and in highlanders. It has been shown that the values of gasping time, breath-holding time, rebreathing time and the composition of the alveolar gases at the breaking point are modified by chronic hypoxia, especially in highlanders. The modifications observed can be explained by different sensitivities to humoral stimuli of the different groups of subjects. The importance of nonhumoral factors, as studied by comparing apnea and rebreathing, seems modified at altitude, especially in highlanders, although the mechanism of this change is unknown."
1144942,"The general functional principles encountered in respiratory organs of vertebrates are investigated. Generally three steps are involved in external gas exchange in vertebrates: (1) convective transport by flow of external respiratory medium, air or water (=ventilation); (2) transfer of gas between external respiratory medium and blood by diffusion (=medium/blood transfer); (3) convective transport by blood flow (=perfusion). According to the arrangement of external medium flow relative to capillary blood flow four construction principles may be distinguished: (a) counter-current system (fish gills), (b) cross-current system (avian lungs), (c) ventilated pool system (mammalian lungs), and (d) infinite pool system (amphibian skin). The gas transfer performance of these systems is analyzed in terms of conductances, relative partial pressure differences and limitations attributable to ventilation. to medium/blood transfer and to perfusion. The theory is applied to analysis of gas exchange data obtained in an elasmobranch fish, domestic fowl, dog and a lungless salamander. The analysis shows that, despite distinct differences in maximum efficiencies of these systems, the differences in efficiency values actually attained are much less pronounced, and may be even less marked when taking functional inhomogeneities into account which are neglected in this study."
1144943,"Based upon Weibel's lung model, an equation which describes one-dimensional gas transport in the lung is derived. It is shown in this equation that the gas transport in the airways is due simultaneously to bulk motion and longitudinal diffusion. The longitudinal diffusion consists of the usual molecular diffusion and an apparent diffusion which arises from nonuniform distribution of the gas to the airways and a profile-interaction effect of the gas due to Taylor's mechanism in each individual airway. Expressions for the apparent diffusion coefficient are obtained. This apparent diffusion, which has been neglected in almost all previous studies of gas transport in the lung, is shown to be of dominant importance in the upper airways."
1144944,"The architecture of the pulmonary circulation in the domestic fowl was studied in 30 birds of different breeds by injection techniques and serial sections. The branches of the cranial, caudomedial and caudolateral rami of the pulmonary artery form interparabronchial arteries which are essentially transverse to the long axis of the parabronchi. At the periphery of the parabronchus they give rise to intraparabronchial arterioles which form capillaries in the exchange tissue. Most of the capillaries drain into atrial veins via intraparabronchial venules. The atrial veins lie near the parabronchial lumen below the interatrial septa. Some of the capillaries empty into septal venules which form a network underneath the atrial muscles and empty into the atrial veins. The atrial veins draining any particular region converge into a single intraparabronchial vein which penetrates the exchange tissue radially to join an interparabronchial vein. The interparabronchial veins contribute to the cranial and caudal radices of the pulmonary vein. The anatomical pathways of blood and gas indicate a cross-current relationship between pulmonary arterial blood and bulk parabronchial gas flow, and a counter-current relationship between capillary blood and gas in the air capillaries."
1144945,"Cold water is known to facilitate the drowning process. To gather information on the possible relationship between ventilation and cold stimuli, measurements of inspired and expired breath by breath ventilation and alveolar PCO2 were made on 8 male subjects suddenly immersed in both cold (11 degrees C) and warm water (28 degrees C). The mean ventilation for all subjects for the 1st three breaths following cold water immersion was 94.5, 71.3 and 94.6 L/min (BTPS) as compared to 60.0, 36.2 and 38.5 L/min (BTPS) for warm water immersion. Alveolar CO2 fell dramatically in cold water from a pre-immersion mean value of 36.4 torr to 23.9 torr, whereas there was only a change associated with the first few breaths following immersion in warm water. In prolonged cold exposure, ventilation was still markedly above that observed in warm water after 5 min. There was no relationship between skin fold thickness and ventilatory response over the period studied. A large increase in ventilations is likely to result in inefficient swim stroke mechanics. This, combined with a high probability of inspiration of water, may contribute to death as a consequence of cold water exposure."
1144946,"The authors present a sigmoid mathematical model of the pressure-volume curve of the human lung, based on a relationship between the specific compliance and the maximal pulmonary volume: (see article). This model fits better the experimental data obtained in 20 young normal adults than the currently used exponential model of Salazar and Knowles (1964). The independence between the constant K' and body height is interpreted as a constancy of pulmonary structure for normal subjects of the same age range."
1144947,"The growth and internal partitioning of the lung are increased in young animals exposed to high altitude. Neither the mechanism whereby O2 lack brings this about nor the anatomic site of action of hypoxia is known. To test whether extrapulmonary tissue hypoxia can stimulate lung growth in the prescence of normal alveolar PO2, pulmonary morphology was studied quantitatively in young rats exposed to 208 ppm carbon monoxide for 29-30 days. The results show no effect of this exposure on lung dimensions and thus argue against extrapulmonary tissue hypoxia as the relevant stimulus in the increased lung growth that occurs at high altitude."
1144948,"A membrane-covered CO2 microelectrode system is described; it consists of a platinum electrode surronded by a ring-shaped Ag-AgCl electrode, both in contact with an electrolyte layer composed 10 minus 3 M/l quinhydrone in 0.1 N KCl. The resulting oxidation-reduction potential is shown to vary linearly with the logarithm of the PCO2 of the medium. Response time for 95% deflection to a step change in PCO2 of 65 mm Hg is about 1 min i.e. considerably less than in the macroelectrode described previously, but stability is decreased at the same time. Since oxygen in concentrations up to about 21% (air) did not influence the CO2 response and the presence of both CO2 (10.33%) and quinhydrone (10 minus 3 M/l) did not alter the oxygen polarogran, this electorde may be used independently as an oxygen electrode as well. Stability and response time for oxygen were similar to those of the Clark electrode. Possibilities and limitations for in vivo estimation of PCO2 and PO2 are discussed."
1145012,"During a comparative trial  between enteric-coated and rectally administered phenylbutazone in patients with rheumatoid disease, one patient developed a mild hepatitis. She had recently concluded a long period of gold therapy. The natural history of phenylbutazone hepatitis is reviewed on the basis of 41 case histories, and the experience with this individual patient interpreted accordingly."
1145013,"In a trial to determine the best palliative physiotherapy for the painful osteoarthrosic knee, radiological assessment was suggested as a measure for testing homogeneity of treatment groups. Preliminary observer error experiments showed that an accepted standard grading scheme was unsatisfactory. A different system was designed in which all three knee compartments were graded separately (medial, lateral and patello femoral), based on a comparison of supine and erect films. The two systems have been compared in use on the same set of radiographs, and the observer error results are presented. The advantages of grading each compartment separately are discussed."
1145014,"The results are recorded of a number of studies performed over the last few years using a simple and reproducible method for investigating the extensibility of intact skin. A major advantage of this method lies in the fact that it causes the patient no discomfort and leaves his skin without blemish. We have found abnormal behaviour of skin in response to applied stress in the heritable connective tissue disorders: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, cutis laxa, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and in the acquired disorders of acromegaly, hypopituitarism and scleroderma. An abnormal elastic modulus, however, was found only in pseudoxanthoma elasticum and the growth-hormone disorders."
1145106,"In nine patients with arterial insufficiency of the legs, the effect of induced arterial hypertension upon blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was correlated to the changes of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue during dependency. Arterial pressure was increased by constant intravenous infusion of angiotensin. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was measured 10 cm distal to the head of fibula, at the lateral malleolus, and at the base of the first toe by means of the xenon washout technique. It was found that in areas where blood flow decreased during dependency, blood flow decreased during angiotensin infusion. An increase in blood flow during angiotensin infusion was seen in areas where blood flow increased during dependency. It is concluded that the effect of angiotensin infusion on blood flow and of therapeutically induced hypertension can be predicted from the effect of orthostatic changes on blood flow. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the vessels behave as passive channels (i.e. blood flow depends mainly upon arterial perfusion pressure) in areas where the normal vasoconstrictor response to increased transmural pressure is abolished."
1145107,"Microcalorimetric measurements have been made of the heat production in whole blood and its major cell fractions. All measurements were made with samples from normal subjects. The average heat effect value found (plus or minus S.D.) for whole blood was 62 plus or minus 7 mW/l. The value obtained for erythrocytes was 82 plus or minus 6 mW per liter of packed cells suspended in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. For lymphocytes and for polymorphonuclear leukocytes heat effect values were 4.6 plus or minus 1.8 and 1.2 plus or minus 0.4 pW/cell, respectively, for cells suspended in buffer. For plasma suspensions corresponding values were 2.2 plus or minus 1.4 and 3.5 plus or minus 1.0 pW/cell, respectively. For thrombocytes suspended in plasma the heat effect value was 59 plus or minus 8 fW/cell. Heat production in cell-free plasma was close to zero. Using heat effect values determined for the different cell fractions, values could be calculated for whole blood samples which were in full agreement with the values obtained by direct measurements of whole blood."
1145108,"The blood patterns of acetoacetate (AA), 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), free fatty acids, and glycerol were registered after intravenous injection of insulin or glucose in seven obese persons. In each individual investigated the study with insulin was carried out first and that with glucose 2 days later. Both sets of studies were repeated after 8 and 10 days of absolute fasting. In the studies both before and during fasting the concentration of AA and 3-hb in blood varied independently of lipolysis. It is concluded that determination of only one of the ketone bodies is an insufficient expression for changes in total ketone body concentration ana that the peripheral metabolism of AA during the fasting studies was less than the production of AA after injection of insulin or glucose, whereas the opposite was the case in the prefasting studies."
1145109,"Sixteen former girl swimmers were studied in 1971 before and after 12 weeks of physical training. These girls constituted a representative selection from a group of 30 girls swimmers studied in 1961 (3). Maximal oxygen uptake increased by 14%, to 2.47 l/min, whereas heart volume and vital capacity remained unchanged. Cardiac output and intrapulmonary gas exchange were also studied in 6 girls. Cardiac output in maximal exercise was 15.3 l/min; heart rate, 185 beats/min; stroke volume, 83 ml; and the arteriovenous oxygen diffence, 15.6 ml/100 ml. The stroke volume did not show the usually good correlation with heart volume. Normal values for V-E/V-O2, V-A/VO-2, V-A/Q, and PAO2-Pao2 were found both at rest and during exerice. The increase in maximal oxygen uptake after training was related to the increase in stroke volume. No increase was found in values for pulmonary gas exchange nor in the maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference. The results obtained suggest that a long period of previous intense physical training does not significantly influence the maximal aerobic power later in life when again sedentary. Moreover, the observed increase of 14% in VO2, max after 12 weeks of training may not be large enough to prove any advantageous effects when training is resumed."
1145110,"The R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins, here called cobalophilin, in human plasma, serum, leukocytes, gastric juice, amniotic fluid, and milk, were characterized by isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Cobalophilin from all these sources in microheterogenous, consisting of several isoproteins with isoelectric points (pI) between 2.3 and 5.0. Isoproteins with pI values of 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, and 4.2 were found in most of the cells and fluids studied, but in different proportions. Milk contains isoproteins with pI values mainly between 4.0 and 4.7, and such components also occur in considerable amounts in saliva. The cobalophilin in these fluids also has a smaller Stokes radius than that from other sources. On the basis of the isoelectric patterns and the Stokes radii the isoproteins of cobalophilin are tentatively divided into two populations, a glandular one occurring in milk and saliva and a myelogenic one occurring in all the cells and fluids studied but only occasionally in milk."
1145111,"The alpha-amylase of serum and urine was determined in 40 healthy people using the modified ""Phadebas Amylase Test"". The original method was modified by decreasing the incubation volume to one millilitre and by adding to all urine speciemens a small amount of albumin in saline. The normal values obtained are slightly higher than those obtained by the original method. The amylase isoenzymes were likewise determined from the serum and urine of the same 40 healthy people. For separation were used electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and Phadebas tablets as substrate. These urine and serum isoamylases were investigated and compared. The distributions obtained deviate somewhat from ones reported earlier. The clinical usefulness of isoamylase is briefly discussed."
1145112,"Urinary density can be determined by measuring the change in the natural frequency of a hollow oscillator when filled with liquids of different density. The method requires only 0.6 ml of sample, and the precision is plus or minus 2. 5 - 10-4 g/cm-3. For clinical use a determination rate of approximately 60 samples an hour with a precision of 1 - 10-3 g/cm-3 may be reached."
1145113,"The experience gained within a 12-month period in 89 bone-marrow biopsies performed by means of the Bordier trephine is reported. The Bordier trephine is larger (inner diameter, 5 mm) than other previously described instruments devised for bone-marrow biopsy. The specimens are taken from the region posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine below the iliac crest, using a special cutting technique by which the bone is completely perforated. The trephine is easy to use and, by the proper technique, invariably yields suitable histological material. From a diagnostic point of view, the large size of the specimen obtained is a great advantage. The only complication encountered in the series was the development of a haematoma in a non-thrombocytopenic patient. EDTA is recommended for the decalcification of the specimens."
1145114,"Light gray, irregular threads in a May-Grünwald & Giemsa stained blood film made of EDTA-blood some time after drawing may sometimes call attention to a previously unsuspected cryoproteinaemia. The cryoproteinaemia discovered in this way in our patient consisted of IgG complexes resulting in proteinuria. After treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide the cryoproteinaemia and proteinuria disappeared."
1145115,"The administration of vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, to a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) failed to diminish the urinary excretion of 59-Fe as monitored by 59-Fe whole body counting and urinary loss of isotope. However, in vitro vitamin E corrected the increased sensitivity of PNH red cells to haemolysis by hydrogen peroxide. These results support the concept that the susceptibility of PNH red cells to lipid peroxidation is an in vitro phenomenon bearing little relation to the mechanism of in vivo haemolysis."
1145116,"Splenomegaly accompanied by anaemia, increased reticulocyte and decreased thrombocyte counts, was induced in Wistar rats by a long-term intraperitoneal administration of methylcellulose. Compared to controls, hypersplenic rats showed significantly enhanced utilization of 59-Fe by red cells and increased titre of erythropoietin. After the exposure of rats to hypoxic hypoxia corresponding to an altitude of 7,000 m for 6 h, no difference in the erythropoietin titre was found in either group. The results suggest that experimental hypersplenism alone does not affect the production of erythropoietin and does not stimulate the formation of an inhibitor of erythropoietin or erythropoiesis. The increased titre of erythropoietin and enhanced utilization of radioiron by red cells in rats with hypersplenism were found to be due to haemolytic anaemia leading to the stimulation of erythropoiesis."
1145117,"Erythrophagocytosis in human bone marrow has been studied in selected series of iliacal bone biopsies embedded in methacrylate or epoxy resin. Using established light microscopic criteria for recognition of the early digestive erythrophagic vacuole, intense erythrophagic activity was encountered in a series of 5 patients with haemolytic disease. A series of 32 biopsies, selected to represent 'normal' bone marrow, demonstrated low or modest erythrophagic activity in all cases. The findings are in accordance with previous demonstration of erythrophagocytosis in human bone marrow at autopsy and point to the bone marrow as the main site for destruction of aged red cells in the healthy human organism."
1145119,"Cyanate (NCO), which impedes sickling by increasing the oxygen affinity of sickle haemoglobin, may react with many proteins in the body and potentially interfere with many functional systems. Leukocyte glycogen was studies because elevated liver glycogen has been noted after high dose NCO treatment in rats. Leukocyte function was also studied in peritoneal exudates. In animals given NCO alone, blood leukocyte glycogen was 2.8 plus or minus 0.3 (SE) mg per 10+9 WBC while control values were 3.3 plus or minus 0.6, a difference not statistically significant. In casein-induced peritoneal exudates, more WBC were recovered from NCO-treated animals (265 x 10+6 WBC vs. 214 x 10+6 WBC; P = 0.0009). Glycogen in blood leukocytes of casein-stimulated animals was not significantly different from NCO-treated animals. Leukocyte glycogen in peritoneal exudates was markedly increased over blood leukocyte glycogen in both controls (19.4 plus or minus 0.6 vs. 2.7 plus or minus 0.3 mg per 10+9/WBC; P less than 0.0001) and NCO-treated animals (17.5 plus or minus 0.7 vs. 3.6 plus or minus 0.5 mg per 10+9 WBC; P less than 0.001), although levels in exudates from control and NCO-treated animals did not significantly differ from each other. 14-C-glucose incorporation into glycogen was significantly increased (P = 0.020) in exudate leukocytes of NCO-treated animals. Initial phagocytic rates were equal in exudate leukocytes of control and NCO-treated animals. Although NCO treatment has demonstrable effects on ome aspects of leukocyte glycogen metabolism, exudation of leukocytes and phagocytic function are not impaired."
1145120,"This study is intended to clarify whether or not platelets are essential to endotoxin-induced precipitation of soluble fibrin representing the second phase of microclot formation. Renal glomerular microclots could be observed in extremely thrombocytopenic rabbits to the same extent as in normal rabbits after the injection of endotoxin into animals with circulating soluble fibrin. Thrombocytopenia was induced by feeding rabbits busulphan, and soluble fibrin was produced by infusing ancrod. The experiments indicate that platelets are not essential to the endotoxin-induced precipitation of soluble fibrin."
1145121,A single dose of prednisone (2 mg/kg orally) resulted in a mean rise in neutrophil counts to 2.3 (range 1.5-3.6) and a mean decrease in plasma lysozyme to 0.73 (range 0.50-0.87) times the value before the steroid was given in 10 haematologically normal persons. There was no change in the intraneutrophilic lysozyme activity. It is concluded that the decrease in plasma lysozyme is compatible with a reduction in the egress of neutrophils to the tissues and a decrease in the neutrophil turnover rate.
1145122,"Comparative microspectrophotometry of the DNA content of Feulgen-stained megakarocytes from the bone marrow and from those retained in the pulmonary circulation showed that the ploidy classes 8 N, 16 N and 32 N are found in both bone marrow and pulmonary circulation, whereas the 64 N class is found in the bone marrow ocal 'naked nuclei'."
1145123,"Cytogenetic studies have been carried out on bone marrow aspirates from 25 patients with myelomatosis. Abnormal stem lines were present in 7 of the patients; the remainder had a diploid chromosome complement. In most patients - also in those without an abnormal clone - some metaphases had a blurred appearance similar to that seen in bone marrow aspirates from patients with acute leukaemia. In many of the chromosome preparations obtained before cytostatic therapy some metaphases with structural aberrations on the chromosomes were seen. Evidence is presented that in the patients with abnormal stem lines in the bone marrow, the chromosome abnormalities are confined to the myeloma cells and are not found in the erythrocytic or granulocytic precursors, which thus do not seem to be involved by the neoplastic process. Based on the present resuts and on a review of the relevant literature some general cytogenetic features are emphasized which may contribute to a better understainding of the disorder. Especially, it is demonstrated that in myelomatosis the cytogenetic changes are much more uniform than in other malignant disorders with the exception of chronic myeloid leukaemia."
1145124,"A previous report have shown that both intact red blood cells (RBC) and an equal number of haemolyzed cells were able to inhibit erythropoiesis on ESF-induced erythropoiesis, suggesting a cell compound to be responsible for the inhibitiory effect. Haeme and haeme compounds have been found to stimulate or inhibit both erythropoiesis and haeme synthesis. The present work presents data on the inhibitory effect of haemolyzed RBC and compounds from intact RBC on erythropoiesis. The inhibiting factor was found to be of a small molecular size and of the same range as a urinary erythorpoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF). The inhibitor did not contain haeme. Both Fe+2 and Fe+3 were tested, showing no reduction of the 59-Fe incorporation into RBC in the test animals. The inhibition could not be due to dilution of the 59-Fe with unlabelled iron from the haemolyzed cells. On the contrary, Fe+3-ions rather stimulated erythropoiesis, probably due to increased amounts of available iron. Haemolysates were prepared from RBC with different amounts of immature cells. With increasing amounts of reticulocytes, a reduction of the inhibitory effect occurred. Also foetal cells showed less inhibition than an equal amount of adult cells. After high speed centrifugation, the inhibitory effect of haemolysates was found in the supernatant, while ghost cells exerted no inhibition. No species differences were found using both exhypoxic polycythaemic mice and rats. An inhibiting factor was liberated into the incubation medium when RBC were incubated for 20 h. No haemolysis occurred during the incubation period. Mature, adult RBC therefore contain a substance which is different from haeme, with a negative feedback on erythropoiesis."
1145125,Members of two Yugoslavian families were found to have delta-beta-thalassaemia. Interaction of beta-thalassaemia with delta-beta-thalassaemia occured in two young children producing a clinical condition which is somewhat less severe than that of homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Results from biosynthetic analyses indicate that the degree of globin chain imbalance in double heterozygotes for beta- and delta-beta-thalassaemia is similar to that in homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Fetal haemoglobin of all heterozygotes contained G-gamma and A-gamma chains in an average ratio of about 2:3 whereas that in the two double heterozygotes had G-gamma and A-gamma chains in a ratio of 3:2.
1145126,"A study of the circular dichroic (CD) spectra of various fragments of human IgG3, including the isolated hinge region, Fh, has shown that the hinge region has a high degree of an unusual secondary structure, unique within immunoglobulin material recorded to date. This structure appears to be rigid and aperiodic throughout the hinge region and is compatible with a repeated amino acid sequence. The conformation of the isolated Fh fragment is the same as that of the bound hinge region; also, there is no substantial conformational interaction between the hinge region and the Fab or Fc fragments of human Igtg3. a comparison of the CD spectra of Fc and pFc fragments isolated from an IgG1 and an IgG3 myeloma protein has shown that subclass differences of amino acid sequence do not substantially alter the conformation of these fragments."
1145127,"Sterile female homozygous nude mice were rendered fertile through a graft of thymic epithelium from heterozygous littermates 3 days after birth. Homozygous nude embryos were compared with embryos age (8-18 days). In nude mice, the embryological anomaly is noticeable from the 11th day of gestation and essentially consists of a failure of the ectoderm from the 3rd branchial cleft to proliferate and differentiate into a cervical vesicle. As a result, the endoderm from the 3rd pouch degenerates into cystic formations instead of differentiating."
1145128,"The complete primary structure of allergen M of cod (Gadus callarias L.) is presented. The amino acid sequence of fragment TM1, the NH2-terminal peptide of allergen M, was elucidated by the dansyl-Edman method. It consists of 75 amino acids and 1 glucose residue (mol. wt. 8,492). By summation of the sequence data of fragment TM1 and the previously reported fragment TM2, the intact allergen M has 113 residues (mol. wt. 12,328). Fragment TM1 of cod shows less homology (30.6 percent) with the corresponding fragments of other reported fish species than does fragment TM2 (42.1 percent); the intact allergen M shows 34.5 percent homology. The single half cystine of allergen M was shown to be blocked. Gas chromatographic analysis of the reduced and nonreduced allergen M suggested that the glucose is bound to Cys 18 through an S-glucosidic bond."
1145129,"During the acute stage of infectious mononucleosis (IM), 16 out of 19 patients have reacted to skin tests with ampicillin and/or benzylpenicillin or their derivatives. Two thirds reacted to ampicillin and less than half (10/19) to benzylpenicillin, or their derivatives. No reaction was observed with cloxacillin. The lack of reactivity in 3 of 7 patients and the circumstance that the frequency of reactions with the penicilloylated Escherichia coli proteins makes it likely that the greater reactivity to penicillins and in particular to ampicillin in IM is not due mainly to protein impurities, but chiefly to the antibiotic molecule as such. There was no definite relationship between reactivity and clinical involvement. After the acute stage, disappearance of skin reactivity was noted. Intracutaneous testing with penicillins may be used to monitor the increased cutaneous reactivity during acute IM, and it may be helpful when the acute stage is over to determine when a patient may use these antibiotics without side reactions."
1145130,"168 patients with bacteremia seen in 1965-1969 were studied with regard to mortality rate, age and sex distribution, sources of infection, predisposing factors and infecting organisms. Special attention was drawn to outside hospital originating bacteremia vis-a-vis hospital-acquired bacteremia. In general, the results obtained were essentially in agreement with earlier experiences elsewhere. The most striking observations were, firstly, the grave prognosis associated with hospital-acquired bacteremia and, secondly, the dominant role played by gram-negative bacilli."
1145131,"245 strains of hemolytic streptococci, isolated from 225 patients with infectious diseasses, were grouped serologically according to Lancefield. About 40% belonged to group B and half of them were found in the genito-urinary tract. Another 40% belonged to the groups C and G, half of them being found in the respiratory tract and often as the only potentially pathogenic organism. About 10% of the isolates belonged to other of the groups E to T, including M streptococci, and were found under similar circumstances as the C and G isolates. The last 10% could not be referred to any of the groups A-U. In 4 cases group B streptococci were found as the only potentially pathogenic organism in typical erysipelas, and in 4 cases of septicemia the only bacterial finding from blood was a streptococcus of the groups B, C or G. In these cases, as in most others in which an etiological significance could be ascribed to steptococci of other groups than A, the patient was in a bad general condition, due to very high age, agranulocytosis, ethylism or narcomania."
1145132,"The clinical value of the NBT test and of leucocyte counts in the aetiological differentiation of acute throat infections was investigated. In our hands a frequency of less than 13% NBT positive neutrophils is considered as normal and a test value above 19% as ""positive"", i.e. indicating a bacterial infection. More than 19% or more than 1 800 NBT positive neutrophils per mm-3 blood were found in 10 of 18 patients with an infection caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci, in 1 of 2 patients with a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and in 1 patient with both a streptococcal and mycoplasmal infection, but in none of 19 patients with a viral infection. Since 8 of 18 patients with streptococcal throat infection had normal NBT test results, the NBT test apparently is of limited value in the early recognition of these infections. A high NBT test value would however support the diagnosis. The white blood cell and neutrophil counts were of little value in the differentiation between streptococcal and viral throat infection."
1145133,"Spontaneous L-phase production was found in 7 of 14 investigated Staphylococcus aureus strains. A common characteristic of the strains producing L-phase variants spontaneously was their ability to develop L-colonies on a solid medium with 1.0-1.5% NaCl by the action of methicillin, whereas other strains required higher NaCl concentrations. Further, in 6 of the 7 strains the ability for spontaneous L-phase production was associated with high L-phase productivity in the presence of methicillin. The pattern of alpha-, beta- and delta-hemolysin production in a strain was not correlated to spontaneous L-phase production."
1145134,"12 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis were treated with cloxacillin (6 patients) and dicloxacillin (6 patients) in a prospective, comparative study. The drugs were given perorally in the dose 1 g every 4th hour and serum concentrations were followed. 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after administration the serum level of dicloxacillin was about double that of cloxacillin. The lowest serum level of dicloxacillin at the time of administration of the drugs was nearly 3 times as high as the level of cloxacillin. An evaluation of clinical benefit and side-effects revealed no differences between the drugs. The prolonged serum level of dicloxacillin may permit a longer interval between doses than the administration of cloxacillin."
1145135,"The occurrence of toxoplasma antibodies was studied in 3 selected groups of humans by means of complement fixation (CF) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFAT) techniques. High occurrence of antibodies was observed among the owners of pedigree cats (CF: 55%; IFAT: 67%), which differed significantly from the values of the control material (35% and 33%, respectively). Having a pet in the family did not increase the proportion of reactors among controls. No significant correlation was observed between the antibody occurrence and the period for which a pet had been kept, nor the raw meat consumption of the cats or humans themselves, or the hunting habits of the animals."
1145136,"87 patients with the clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster were seen during a one-year period in 8 general practices in Glasgow, the rate per 1 000 practice population being approximately 2.4. Of these, 78 (90%) had serological evidence of active infection with herpes zoster. A history of recurrent herpes simplex was obtained in 25 (32%) of the 78 patients with confirmed herpes zoster; 63 (81%) of these 78 had complement-fixing (CF) antibodies to herpes simplex. Thus, latent herpes simplex infection did not prevent herpes zoster nor modify the severity of herpes zoster. In most of the patients CF antibodt to varicella-zoster was not detected within 5 days from appearance of the rash. After the acute phase of the illness CF antibody titres fell fairly rapidly, the geometric mean titre being 189 at 2-4 weeks after the rash, 27 from 3-6 months, and 8 from 12-18 months. The rapid rise and decline in CF antibody after herpes zoster infection compared with the unchanging CF titres associated with recurrent herpes simplex infection suggest that varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus differ in their mechanism of latency."
1145137,"Toxoplasmosis is known to complicate diseases with impaired cellular immunity. For treatment of toxoplasma infections atoxic drugs should be used to avoid depression of the bone marrow. The hitherto recommended treatment, pyrimethamine in combination with sulphonamides, is often associated with severe side-effects. The present study presents the results of treatment with trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in 7 patients, clinically and serologically diagnosed as having toxoplasmosis. Good therapeutic results were observed in 5 patients with lymphoglandular toxoplasmosis and a significant reduction of the dye test titres were found in 6 patients. In one patient, however, a relapse of clinical symptoms and a reversion to high dye test titres were observed 6 1/2 months after the end of the treatment. Treatment had to be discontinued in one patient due to an allergic reaction."
1145138,Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was isolated in blood cultures from a previously healthy 81-year-old woman with fever. A high agglutinin titre against this organism was demonstrated in the patient's serum. Antibiotic therapy was given according to sensitivity tests but the outcome was fatal due to uraemia.
1145139,"A case of septicaemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3, biotype 4, in a non-compromised host is described. The patient showed severe signs of gram-negative septicaemia. Treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim) was unsuccessful in spite of full sensitivity, bactericidal and synergistic effects in vitro. Tetracycline gave full restitution."
1145140,"Two out of five patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated at the Aker Hospital, and the Department of Urology, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo, Norway, are reported. They had pronounced early symptoms, similar to collagen disease, and were therefore treated with corticosteroids long before the correct diagnosis was established. The effect of this treatment was immmediate with prompt and striking improvement. Some pathological and immunological considerations are discussed. Serological and histopathological methods, including a mixed agglutination test, were used in order to find an immunological activity, but no such activity could be demonstrated in the present material. Still, the clinical course, the histological appearance, and the excellent therapeutic effect of corticosteroids seem to show a resemblance to connective tissue disorders."
1145141,"Measurement of the increase in area of the renal silhouette, as it appears on radiographs following the administration of water-soluble contrast medium and certain diuretics, seems to be useful in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. In order to assess the optimal technique for such measurements, washout urography was performed in 32 hypertensive patients in two consecutive examinations so that the distensive effect of etacrynic acid, furosemide and hypertonic mannitol, respectively, were compared with that of urea in the same patients. In spite of their stronger diuretic effect, none of the above-mentioned diuretics caused a greater renal distension than urea, the maximum increase in area of the renal silhouette being about 7 to 20%, average about 11%. Since urea is probably the best siuted diuretic for the washout test, it seems to be the drug of choice for these diagnostic procedures."
1145142,"A female patient with a side-to-side fistula between the radial artery and the cephalic vein complained of pain in the three radial fingers during dialyses. Using 133-Xenon and histamine injected locally into the thumb musculature, local effective arterial pressure was found to be decreased, and to rise after compression of the fistula, or the radial artery distal to the fistula. The patient's symptoms thus were probably ischaemic and disappeared after ligation of the radial artery distal to the fistula. Ten more patients, of whom 9 had no local symptoms, were studied using the same technique. In 3, systolic blood pressure was measured in the thumb by a strain gauge technique. Some ""steal"" of thumb blood pressure by the fistula could be demonstrated in all patients but one and retrograde flow of blood in the artery distal to the fistula in 8. ""Supernormal"" Xenon wash-out occured when the pressure head was restored to normal by compression of the fistula or the radial artery distal to it. This is probably due to a compensatory increase of the distal vascular bed. The technique can be used for investigation of patients with suspected ischaemia distal to an arteriovenous fistula, and to indicate the appropriate treatment, usually ligation of the artery distal to the fistula."
1145143,"The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of surgical trauma on renal blood flow (RBF) and renal funciotn. The renal vessels were catheterized in lightly anaesthetized rabbits and the dye-dilution technique was used to measure renal blood flow and cardiac output. The renal fraction of the cardiac output (RBF % CO), the total peripherauation of the glomerular and tubular function was made by measuring the extraction of EDTA and of Hippuran. A decrease in the cardiac output was accompanied by a diminution of renal blood flow. Renal blood flow was reduced, regardless of whether surgery or puncture of the kidney was performed, probably due to vasoconstriction in the kidney caused by an increase in sympathetic tonus or in the concentration of plasma catecholamines. Manipulation of the renal artery seemed to stimulate further vasoconstriction in the ipsilateral kidney by a direct effect. The glomerular and tubular function decreased initially, independently of surgical trauma, and it is therefore assumed that the initial renal vasoconstriction includes the afferent arterioles. Renal function was not greatly influenced by handling of the renal artery."
1145144,"The impairment of renal circulation and function in connection with general anaesthesia and surgical trauma was investigated in 19 rabbits. The systemic circulation and the renal circulation were evaluated by a dye-dilution technique and glomerular and tubular function by measuring the extraction of 51-Cr-EDTA and 125-I-Hippuran. In Group I measurements were performed before and after manipulation of the left renal artery preceded by topical application of a local anaesthetic. In Groups II and III measurements were performed before and after i.v. injection of, respectively, 0.8 and 3.0 mg/kg body-weight phenoxybenzamine, and then after manipulation of the renal artery. Blockade of the alpha-adrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine was found to preserve the renal fraction of the cardiac output. The blockade prevented an initial reduction in the extraction of EDTA and Hippuran, previously ascribed to general anaesthesia, but did not prevent a diminution following surgical handling of the kidney and the renal artery. The local anaesthesia had no effect. It is concluded that general anaesthesia and surgical trauma cause an impairment of the renal circulation due to an increased concentration of plasma catecholamines."
1145145,"The renal artery was occluded in rabbits for varying lengths of time with the aid of a balloon catheter. Before and after the period of ischaemia, renal blood flow was measured by a dye-dilution technique and the glomerular and tubular functions were evaluated by measuring the extractions of labelled EDTA and Hippuran. Prolongation of the period of continuous ischaemia from 15 to 60 minutes resulted in a progressive increase in the postocclusive hyperaemia, but in a reduction of the renal function. Compared with 30 minutes of continuous occlusion, 30 minutes of intermittent occlusion caused only slight hyperaemia, but the same degree of reduction in renal function. One day after 30 minutes or 60 minutes of ischaemia, renal blood flow was within the range of the normal flow. After 30 minutes of occlusion, renal function was re-established 7 days later, whereas after 60 minutes of ischaemia, function was still severely impaired 7 days later. Fourteen days after 60 minutes of occlusion, renal function was 50% or less of the normal. Juxtamedullary shunting has not been demonstrated in the present investigation. Metabolic changes and cellular damage remain as possible explanations of the postocclusive changes in renal blood flow and function."
1145146,"After 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days of ureteral occlusion, renal blood flow was measured on both sides by means of a dye-dilution method and the glomerular and tubular functions were evaluated by measuring the extraction of 51-Cr-EDTA and 125-I-Hippuran. The results showed an increase in the weight of the obstructed kidney parenchyma and indicated an incipient compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney after 14 days of occlusion. The blood flow to the occluded kidney was reduced on the first day after ligation and ranged in all experiments between 24% and 44% of the total renal blood flow, without correlation to the duration of stasis. The blood flow to the contralateral kidney was mostly above the average in the control group. A small glomerular and tubular extraction was noted in more than 50% of the ligated kidneys. The glomerular filtration rate and the clearance of Hippuran by the contralateral kidney were increased after one day of occlusion, but no relationship between the changes in renal function and the duration of ligation was revealed. It is concluded that ureteral ligation causes a decrease in the blood flow to the occluded kidney and an increase in that to the contralateral kidney. The function of the contralateral kidney increases initially, but thereafter only as a consequence of the compensatory hypertrophy which is evident around the 14th day post occlusion."
1145147,"The effect of diethylstilboestrol diphosphate (DES) and polyestradiol phosphate (PES) on the serum lipid levels of 40 prostatic cancer patients was investigated during a long-term follow-up. In patients treated with DES serum triglyceride levels elevated significantly whereas changes in serum cholesterol and total lipid contents were not significant. In patients treated with PES no significant changes in serum triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid levels were found. Nineteen out of 40 (48%) of patients developed cardiovasculat complications during the trial; 11 had cerebrovascular attacks, 5 coronary occlusion and 3 thromboembolism in the leg. There was a significant increase in serum triglyceride levels in all patients who developed vascular disorders, whereas the changes in serum cholesterol and total lipids were not significant. The results suggest a possible association between the increase of serum triglycerides and the development of thromboembolic complications."
1145148,"Fourteen personal cases of agenesia of the vas deferens, bilateral in 12 and unilateral in 2, are described. In 13 of the cases the diagnosis was confirmed by surgical exploration. In most of the cases cytologic examination of aspiration biopsy specimens and histologic examination of surgical specimens of the testes showed that spermatogenesis was normal. The appearance of biopsy specimens of the epididymides were normal except for a certain degree of interstitital fibrosis and dilation of the ductus epididymidis. Endeavours to produce an artificial spermatocele with the aid of an isolated flap of tunica vaginalis in several patients proved unsuccessful. In one patient with a naturally preformed spermatocele the latter was aspirated, and the patient's wife was inseminated with the cellular content from the aspirate. This procedure has been repeated on several occasions, but so far without any subsequent conception. The failure of treatment of these patients may perhaps be due to some change in the function of their epididymides. This possibility is discussed."
1145149,"In a consectuive series of 734 patients with malignant tumorous of the lung, sarcoid reactions were observed in the mediastinal lymph nodes in 20 cases, i.e. in 3.2% of the 630 patients in whom these nodes were studied. Among these 20 patients, sarcoidosis was suspected in three. In two of these, granulomata were revealed in the tumour. Another two had metastases in the affected lymph nodes. All the common histological types of lung tumour were represented in the patients, but squamous-cell carcinomata showed a statistically significant preponderance as compared with anaplastic carcinomata. Three causes of such sarcoid reactions have been suggested: 1. an immunological reaction to substances released by the tumour and transported along the lymphatics; 2. an unrecognized sarcoidosis predisposing to lung cancer; 3. the co-existence of sarcoidosis and malignant tumour, possibly due to a common aetiological factor. The significant preponderance of squamous-cell carcinomata observed in this study is in favour of the first theory, because the slower growth and higher tendency to necrosis of this tumour type may be assumed to give rise to a more vigorous and longer-lasting stimulation of the regional lymph nodes."
1145150,"This study involves an investigation of 185 subjects, aged 35--54 years, a representative sample of persons with chronic obstructive lung disease in a local Swedish population. Bronchial asthma was diagnosed in 86 persons, chronic bronchitis in 69 and a combination of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis in 30. Reaginic bronchial allergy as a provoking factor was considered as definite when the case history, an intracutaneous test, a bronchial provocation test and a radioallergosorbent test were all positive with regard to one and the same allergen. This was found in 28% of the asthmatics. In 16% of the asthmatics, the diagnosis of reaginic bronchial allergy was not supported by all the four diagnostic criteria used but was considered as probable since the case history or the bronchial provocation test was positive in association with a positive RAST or intracutaneous test with the same allergen. Reaginic (IgE) antibodies in serum to mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) were found in 20 subjects, 18 of whom also had a positive intracutaneous test for house dust. Four of these 20 subjects had definite and 12 had probable reaginic bronchial allergy. One of the remaining four subjects had chronic bronchitis without asthma. The percentage of definite reaginic bronchial allergy may possibly be increased when reliable bronchial provocations with mite allergen can be performed. Increased IgE levels in serum were found in only eight of the 51 asthmatics with reaginic bronchial allergy and in two of the 65 other asthmatics."
1145151,"Fifty-two steroid-dependent adults with chronic perennial asthma were transferred to beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. The tests demonstrated a significant improvement with beclomethasone in terms of the diary score, bronchodilator use, and PEF and FEV1.0 measurements, as compared with the previous period of prednisolone treatment. Before the transfer, 26 of the patients displayed one or more diseases or symptoms which were probably due to systemic steroid medication. Morning cortisol levels, along with the response to tetracosactrin had in all cases returned to normal when tests were carried out 41 days after transfer to beclomethasone dipropionate. In a group of 12 patients with the lowest 11-OHCS basal values, the mean of their 11-OHCS values during prednisolone treatment was as low as 0.14 plus or minus 0.06 mumol/l, but tetracosactrin challenge induced an elevation to a normal level, 0.33 plus or minus 0.13 mumol/l. After 41 days of beclomethasone treatment, the corresponding values were 0.56 plus or minus 0.90 plus or minus 0.28 mumol/l. Thirty-seven patients experienced one or more disturbing symptoms after transfer to beclomethasone. In many cases, the symptoms of allergic rhinitis were troublesome and persistent leading to a sixfold increase in the use of antihistaminic tablets. When the patients had learned to exhale through the nose following beclomethasone inhalation, the use of antihistaminic tablets again diminished to some extent. Moreover, two cases of ulcerative colitis were encountered during the beclomethasone treatment. During a follow-up period of one year, 14 patients were again receiving prednisolone; most often, this was due to worsening of the asthma because of respiratory infections. During the beclomethasone treatment, a continuous significant improvement in PEF was noted after isoprenaline inhalation, suggesting that further benefit may be obtained by the employment of bronchodilator aerosols as an essential part of the treatment."
1145161,"Unexpected hemorrhage in surgery may be avoided whenever preoperative examinations have not detected a defect of hemostasis. A prospective study conducted before oral surgery demonstrated that a simple preoperative screening program was suitable for specific detection of patients with bleeding tendencies and to indicate the need for a more detailed evaluation of hemostasis. The screening program includes a detailed history with the aim of detecting congenital defects of hemostasis or bleeding tendencies due to prolonged, acquired disorders. The thromboplastin time (Quick test) should be performed to evaluate asymptomatic, acquired coagulation defects, especially liver disease, whereas the semiquantitative determination of platelets on blood smears is necessary to rule out thrombocytopenia. A dramatic complication of massive bleeding is the so-called ""dilution syndrome"" caused by simultaneous blood loss and transfusion of stored blood (or red cells alone), leading to a progressive reduction of clotting factors and platelets. Therapeutic and organizational measures which are necessary in this exceptional situation are briefly discussed."
1145162,"The availability of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates has considerably improved substitution therapy in hemophilia A and B respectively. The desired activity levels and the corresponding factor VIII or factor IX dosage are indicated. Antifibrinolyics have a favorable action when given simultaneously, though hematuria is an absolute contraindication for antifibrinolytic treatment. The administration of factor IX concentrate in case of hemorrhage due to oral anticoagulation or to liver disease, or in newborns, should be used in emergency situations only, since this material may provoke either thrombosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Transmission of hepatitis is also possible."
1145177,"Samples of mud, water, algae and fish were collected from the Danube River and Danube Canal and analysed by neutron activation techniques for various trace metals. The study was conducted over a ten-months time period. Results show no significant variation in levels of Cr, Co, Sb, Zn, Fe and Sc during the period of study. Comparison of the results obtained for the river with those obtained for the canal indicate that, with the exception of one sampling site, there are no statistically significant differences. Generally the values lie in the range accepted as normal for most fresh water systems. One site in the canal was found to have high Cr content in the mud samples at a point where the Vienna River joins the canal."
1145178,"After a pilot study (2 subjects, 19 nights) we tested two different subjects during 57 nights, administering sonic booms (1 mb, 300 ms; sound level of sonic boom in the bedroom 80-85 dB (A) and recording EEG and peripheral blood volume. After 7 nights without noise, 30 nights with either 2 or 4 sonic booms (alternately) were applied. After 10 more nights without noise, four nights with 8 and 16 bangs followed alternately. The last 6 nights were used as a comparison phase. Results showed that distrubance was obvious during all periods of noise. No adaptation could be observed during any of the experiments. On the contrary, during the night with 4 bangs there was a tendency for compensation, e.g., in the last two thirds of nights with 4 bangs, the total time of deep sleep was comparable with the nights without any noise."
1145180,"Electron microscopic observations suggest that the rodlike and conelike photoreceptors of diurnal tree squirrels shed outer segment discs. Twenty-four hours after injection of triated L-leucine, the rodlike photoreceptors show a band of radioactivity at the base of the outer segment. The conelike photoreceptor outer segments show only a pattern of diffuse labeling. These results strongly suggest that disc shedding can occur in photoreceptor outer segments in which proteins are diffusely renewed."
1145181,"In order to block acetylcholine receptors of muscle, the alpha toxin of the Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) was given intravenously to rats. Electrophysiological and pharmacological changes typical of myasthenia gravis were recorded, including decremental responses to repetitive stimuli, curare sensitivity, neostigmine reversal, and posttetanic phenomena. This model supports the concept that a reduction of available acetylcholine receptors may play an important role in myasthenia gravis."
1145182,Sexual behavior in male hamsters is totally abolished by bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs. This operation eliminates sensory input from both the olfactory and the vomeronasal systems. We previously demonstrated that peripheral destruction of the olfactory receptors caused anosmia but did not impair male hamster mating behavior. Here we demonstrate that peripheral deafferentation of the vomeronasal system produces severe sexual behavior deficits in approximately one-third of the treated animals. Combined deafferentation of both the vomeronasal and the olfactory systems eliminates copulation in 100 percent of the animals. This is the first experimental demonstration of a functional role for the vomeronasal organ in a mammalian species.
1145183,"Viewers briefly glimpsed pictures presented in a sequence at rates up to eight per second. They recognized a target picture as accurately and almost as rapidly when they knew only its meaning given by a name (for example, a boat) as when they had seen the picture itself in advance."
1145184,"The ability of chemically synthesized 3-deoxy-lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, an analog of the biologically active form of vitamin D3, (lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), to stimulate intestinal calcium transport was assessed. The 3-deoxy analog acted significantly more rapidly than vitamin D3 and only slightly slower than lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Comparison of the dose-response curves of these three vitamin D derivatives emphasizes the importance of the 3beta-hydroxyl group to biological activity."
1145186,"Conservation of secondary and tertiary structure in proteins suggests that rates of sequence variation reflect differences in the total number of amino acid replacements that are compatible with preservation of structure. Consequently, rates of sequence variation depend on whether the constituent amino acids of individual proteins are, over-all, more subject or less subject to evolutionary substitution than normal. Such rates correlate well with a mutability term based on amino acid composition."
1145187,"Over a period of 2 weeks, adult cats were twice a day exposed for 1 hour to a visual environment consisting only of vertical stripes and for the rest of the time were kept in darkness. Subsequent investigation of the striate cortex showed a decrease in the number of neurons sensitive to orientations around the vertical relative to those sensitive to horizontal orientations. This indicates that plasticity of functional properties of the cortical neuronal network still exists in adult animals."
1145188,"Bank swallows nest gregariously in colonies usually ranging from 10 to 300 nests. Different pairs within the same colony are highly synchronized with each other, and 67 percent of the nests fledged their young over a period of only 6 days. This high degree of synchronization is demonstrated to be of adaptive significance. Reproductive fitness increases as a function of the precision of synchrony of the colony. It is proposed that social foraging plays an important role in maximizing the feeding efficiency in this species and that asynchronous breeding decreases the effectiveness of this social foraging, particularly in late nesters and among young, newly fledged birds. An individual that fledges either early or at the peak of synchrony will emerge to find a steady stream of other bird traveling to local, ephemeral, concentrations of food. The late emerger finds itself practically alone and thus is deprived of the potential benefits of the pooled information about locations of food resources available to the full colony."
1145192,"In the rat the deep body temperature rhythm, monitored by telemetry, can be reset in a predictable direction by a stimulant (theopylline) and by a depressant (pentobarbital). When the drugs are applied immediately before or during the early active phases of the circadian cycle, the rhythm is set back (phase delay). When applied later, past the thermal peak, theophylline, but not pentobarbital, shifts the rhythm ahead (phase advance). Theophylline and pentobarbital in addition to having a number of already established pharmacological properties are now further identified as chronobiotics: they are drugs that may be used to alter the biological time structure by rephasing a circadian rhythm."
1145193,"Flavonoids are effective inhibitors of lens aldose reductase. Quercetin, quercitrin, and myricitrin are significantly more potent than the previously known aldose reductase inhibitors. The inhibitory activity is of the noncompetitive type. In addition, quercitrin effectively blocks polyol accumulation in intact rat lenses incubated in medium containing high concentration of sugars."
1145194,"Neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs inhibited the electrically stimulated release of [3-H] dopamine from rat striatal slices. The concentrations for 50 percent inhibition (ranging from 11.5 nanomolar for spiroperidol to 800 nanomolar for thioridazine) correlated closely with the average daily dosages of 25 neuroleptic drugs used clinically for schizophrenia. The correlation includes butyrophenones, phenothiazines, reserpine, pimozide, clozapine, and (plus)- butaclamol. Clinically inactive isomers [trans-thiothixene, trans-flupenthixol, and (minus)-butaclamol] required 20 to 1000 times higher concentrations than the active isomers to inhibit release. Compared to the inhibition of [3-H] dopamine release, much higher neuroleptic concentrations were needed to inhibit the electrically stimulated release of other neurotransmitters--[3-H] acetylcholine, [3-H-a1 (gamma-aminobutyric acid). The neuroleptic drugs may block the presynaptic coupling between impulse and neurosecretion."
1145196,"Lactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase activities in the fibroblasts from the previously described patient with so-called ""lactosyl ceramidosis"" were reexamined with the two recently developed assay methods which appear to measure two genetically distinct enzymes that can degrade this substrate. No deficiency of either of the lactosyl ceramide-cleaving enzymes was observed. In addition, sphingomyelinase activity was only one-sixth of normal, while all other enzymes examined were within the normal ranges."
1145197,"Rat electroretinograms were measured as a function of dietary supplements of purified ethyl esters of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from precursors of linolenic and linoleic acids appear to be important functional components of photoreceptor cell membranes, although in equal dietary concentrations, linolenic acid precursors affect electroretinogram amplitudes to a greater extent than linoleic acid precursors. The electrical response of photoreceptor cell membranes appears to be a function of the position of the double bonds as well as a function of the total number of double bonds in fatty acid supplements."
1145198,"A modification of the Euler equation is used to describe a simple parasite life history in which survival decreases with age at a rate determined by mortality of the parasitized host. The advantages of castration of hosts by parasites are discussed using the modified equation in which castration is equivalent to reducing parasite virulence in the host to near zero or zero. It is suggested that castrating parasites can infest a wider range of hosts with higher mortality rates and that within parasite groups having castrating and noncastrating species, the former should infest hosts with higher mortality rates and relatively larger gonads."
1145199,"An angiotensin II inhibitor was administered to rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. The inhibitor produced a marked drop in blood pressure after 5 weeks but no significant change after 15 weeks of hypertension. However, even after 15 weeks of hypertension, following sodium depletion by either diuretics or a low sodium diet, the animals again became renin dependent as readministration of the inhibitor induced a significant fall in blood pressure. The data indicate that two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension is initially renin dependent but subsequently becomes sodium volume dependent in a way similar, although more protracted, to that already described for one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension."
1145200,"Potassium activities have been measured in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Chironomus salivary gland cells, using potassium-selective electrodes. The data provide the first rigorous evidence that potassium is at electrochemical equilibrium across the nuclear membrane. In addition, no difference in potassium chemical activity was found between nucleus and cytoplasm."
1145201,Thiocarbamate sulfoxides formed on metabolic sulfoxidation of thicoarbamate herbicides in plants and mammals are effective carbamoylating agents for glutathione and other tissue thiols. Dichloracetamides that protect corn from thiocarbamate herbicide injury more rapid detoxification of the thiocarbamate sulfoxides by increasing their rate of carbamoylation of glutathione through elevation of the root glutathione level and glutathione s-transferase activity.
1145202,"The residual structural framework of the cell nucleus termed the nuclear protein matrix, is associated with newly synthesized DNA in regenerating rat liver. One minute after rats are injected with [3-H] thymidine, more than 90 percent of the total tritium in nuclear DNA is associated with the matrix DNA although this DNA comprises only 25 percent of the total nuclear DNA. In contrast, the bulk DNA, 75 percent of total nuclear DNA, contains less than 8 percent of the total labeled DNA. The percentage of total labeled DNA associated with the bulk DNA increases for 30 minutes after injection and decreases correspondingly in the matrix DNA."
1145203,"A mutant strain of Beijerinckia, after growth with succinate plus biphenyl, contains an enzyme system that oxidizes benzo [a] pyrene and benzo [a] anthracene to mixtures of vicinal dihydrodiols. The major dihydrodiol formed from benzo [a] pyrene was identified as cis-9, 10-dihydroxy-9, 10-dihydrobenzo [a] pyrene by comparison with a synthetic sample. Benzo [a] anthracene was metabolized to four dihydrodiols, the major isomer being cis-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydrobenzo [a] anthracene."
1145204,"Cells lying on the ventricular surface of the hypothalamic ependyma of the tegu lizard exhibit the pseudopodial and flaplike processes characteristic of macrophages found elsewhere. Since they ingest latex beads, they may be considered a resident phagocytic system of the brain. The importance of ependyma and ventricular phagocytes as a first line of defense against viral invasion of the brain, as well as their role in the pathogenesis of certain virus-related diseases, is suggested by a number of experimental and clinical observations."
1145205,"Two rat strains previously shown to differ with respect to behavioral activity, regional brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and norepinephrine-elicited accumulation of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate exhibited differential behavioral responsiveness during the intraventricular infusion of norepinephrine. The results are interpreted in terms of differential catecholamine receptor sensitivity."
1145206,"Short-latency evoked potentials recorded from the vertex of adult cats in response to click stimulation (the far-field acoustic response) were analyzed in a series of lesion experiments to determine the origins of each component. The resultant data indicate that the primary generator of potential is the acoustic nerve; of potential 2, the cochlear nucleus; of potential 3, neurons of the superior olivary complex activated by projections crossing the midline; of potential 4, neurons of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and preolivary region activated equally by crossed and uncrossed projections; and of potential 5, neurons of the inferior colliculus activated primarily by crossed projections."
1145208,A pentapeptide was synthesized with the  same amino acid sequence that occurs in a unique region of the chaim of immunoglobulin E near the cysteine residue participating in the linkage between the two heavy chains. This pentapeptide has the capacity to block a standard Prausnitz-Küstner reaction as well as to inhibit a known positive skin test reaction. Other similar synthetic polypeptides had less or no inhibitory activity. The likelihood that this pentapeptide amino acid sequence does in fact represent the structure of the specific immunoglobulin E binding site for the mast cell and basophil is considered.
1145209,"Perfusion of rat kidneys with the polycation protamine sulfate caused glomerular epithelial alterations resembling those observed in human and experimental nephrotic states. The changes included swelling, blunting, and flattening of epithelial foot processes, were accompanied by decreased stainability of glomerular anionic sites, and were largely reversed by subsequent perfusion with the polyanion heparin."
1145210,"2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, heretofore considered absent in avian erythrocytes, occurs in the erythrocytes of embryos to the extent of 4 to 5 micromoles per cubic centimeter of erythrocytes before hatching; it disappears from the cells within 8 days after the embryo hatches."
1145211,"Analysis of representative samples of spackling, patching, and jointing compounds, purchased at retail stores in the New York City area, has shown that some contain asbestos minerals as well as other biologically active substances. Measurements suggest that home repair work involving the use of such materials may result in exposure to dust at concentrations sufficient to produce disease."
1145213,"Duffy blood group negative human erythrocytes (FyFy) are resistant to infection by Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria that infects Duffy positive human erythrocytes. The P. knowlesi resistance factor, Duffy negative erythrocytes, occurs in high frequency in West Africa, where the people are resistant to vivax malaria. This suggests that Duffy blood group determinants (Fya or Fyb) may be erythrocyte receptors for P. vivax."
1145214,"Signaling within an embryonic Xenopus eye comprised of two fused eye fragments can reprogram, in turn, the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of one of the fragments. The responding fragment, subsequently isolated and allowed to round up and innervate the brain, shows corresponding inversions in its retinotectal map. This is the first evidence of trans-repolarization of presumptive retina and provides an assay system for analysis of positional signaling within the retinal field."
1145215,"The terrestrial slug Limax maximus can lean to avoid new palatable food if CO2 poisoning is paired with igestion of the new food. Some animals learn in one trail and remember without error for 3 weeks. Avoidance most commonly consists of complete rejection of the unsafe food, based on olfactory cues. This preparation offers the opportunity for detailed neurophysiological analysis of a rapid-onset learning mechanism of long duration."
1145234,A micro-method with a high percentage of reproducibility and recovery was used to determine TIBC in 207 Thai blood donors. The mean values of TIBC were found to be 312 mu-g per 100 ml (S.D. = 46) in 149 male and 339 mu-g per 100 ml (S.D. = 58) in 58 female subjects respectively. There was a good relationship between these values and those obtained from the macro-technique using bathophenathroline in 105 samples. The corresponding results determined by the macro-technique were 328 mu-g per 100 ml (S.D. = 59) and 328 mu-g per 100 ml (S.D. = 74) in 106 male and 40 female subjects respectively. These results were fond to be in accordance with the result reported previously by other authors using different methods. The micro-method used in the present studies needed only 0.2 ml of serum. Determination of TIBC by this method and serum iron by the ultra-micro technique would be very valuable in the investigation of anaemia in the field studies particularly in infants.
1145240,"R. sabanus and R. muelleri are very common in the lowland forests of Malaysia. In nature they are infected with Breinlia sp. and D. ramachandrani. In an attempt to determine whether they are also susceptible to subperiodic B. malayi and thereby being potential reservoirs of infection of the disease, 24 R. muelleri and 17 R. sabanus were experimentally infected with the parasite. Results show that although they can support the full development of the parasite, they are poor hosts. This confirms the observation that in Malaysia natural infection of Rattus spp. with the parasite has not been seen. These rats therefore are probably not important in the zoonotic transmission of subperiodic B. malayi in Malaysia."
1145241,"During April, 1973, and outbreak of trichinosis occurred in Mae Sruay District, Chiang Rai Province, about 900 kilometers north of Bangkok, Thailand. Thirty-one persons were involved, of whom 27 (20 males, and 7 females), ranging in age from 9 to 72 years, were questioned. One adult female died before being brought to hospital. All subjects gave a history of having consumed raw pork in the form of ""lahb"" and ""nahm"", favourite dishes of the northern Thai. Beginning the third week after exposure, all developed fever and myalgia. Other less common complaints were diarrhoea and oedema of extremities and palpebral skin. Leucocytosis was revealed in 37% and 55% had eosinophilia exceeding 20%. Nineteen patients had hookworm and Opisthorchis infections. About 63% were skin test positive with Trichinella antigen. Eight patients were admitted to hospital; muscle biopsy was done on one serious case and trichina larvae were detected."
1145242,"Stool surveys in Soong Nern district, Korat Province, were done by the MF concentration technique. The intensity of hookworm infection, egg counts, results of treatment by anthelminthic drugs, observations on new infections and reinfections following treatment throughout the year and the density of nematode larvae in soil in the study area were investigated. Hookworm infection rates were high in Na-Glang village, both in adult villagers and school-aged children. The intensity of hookworm infections was considered mild and after treatment the numbers of eggs in the stools diminished or disappeared. New cases and reinfection increased during the rainy month, due to socio-environmental factors in the village that favoured the development of hookworm larvai in the soil. Although in this study it was impossible to distinguish hookworm larvae among the nematode larvae collected form soil it was highly probable that hookworm larvae were present. Control of hookworm infection in the study area was proposed by improvement of environmental sanitation and health education."
1145359,"A review of a group of 87 patients with osteo-arthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint is presented and the results of treatment by non-surgical means and by excision of the trapezium, by arthrodesis of the trapeziometacrapal joint and by prosthetic replacement are reviewed. Indications and contra-indications to surgery, as revealed by this series, and the type of operation best carried out in individual cases, are discussed. The common association of a median carpal tunnel syndrome, which should receive prior treatment, is emphasised."
1145360,"The electrocardiographic manifestations of left bundle-branch block associated with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction are presented. The classic features of uncomplicated left bundle-branch block are modified in the following manner. The QRS complex is diminished in amplitude, and the S-T segment and T wave reflect primary changes: a coved, elevated S-T segment and an inverted, symmetrical T wave. These changes occur in leads orientated to the infarcted surface."
1145361,"The electrocardiographic features and genesis of so-called masquerading' bundle-branch block are presented. The phenomenon is essentially a right bundle-branch block with left anterior hemiblock, with further modifications of the initial and terminal QRS vectors, so that the standard leads, and at times the left precordial leads, resemble left bundle-branch block."
1145362,"A patient presented in the coronary care unit with acute chest pain and in shock. The electrocardiographic features suggested an acute high lateral myocardial infarction. Certain features were, however, paradoxical, and suggested reversed arm electrodes. A repeat electrocardiogram reflected the classic features of acute pulmonary embolism. It is evident that the ""mirror image' of the classic S1Q3T3 presentation of acute pulmonary embolism mimics an acute high lateral infarction."
1145363,"Five cases of atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin are reported. This uncommon, benign skin lesion has a bizarre histological appearance, which may frequently be misdiagnosed as milignant by the unwary. It is, however, eminently recognisable and an awareness of the condition may prevent unnecessary radical surgery."
1145366,"In countries with unrestricted access to food, obesity is common and is associated with enhanced mortality. Morbidity is difficult to assess, but must be a cause for much concern. The mechanisms concerened in the development of obesity have been studied intensively, but any single factor which might distinguish the obese from the lean remains elusive. The management of obesity must be based on altering the eating habits of the patient, and this, in turn is still an exercise in persuasion rather than a pharmacological operation."
1145367,"Idiopathic oedema is a common disorder in women, and is diagnosed by exclusion of known causes of oedema. In 26 of 31 patients studied, the oedema was shown to be orthostatic, i.e. induced by the upright posture and relieved by recumbency. Approximately half of the patients with orthostatic oedema are orthostatic sodium retainers owing to excessive transudation from presumably defecive capillaries with a consequent fall in plasma volume, reduction in glomerular filtration rate and, frequently, excessive renal tubular reabsorption of filtered sodium because of orthostatic hyperaldosteronism. The other patients are orthostatic water retainers, perhaps because of abnormal ADH secretion in the upright posture. Measurement of changes in sodium and water excretion in the recumbent and upright postures are described for the differentiation of these conditions. When conventional diuretic therapy and sodium restriction lose their effectiveness - as often happens after several months - orthostatic sodium retainers may be treated with a combination of the following sympathomimetic amines (dextroamphetamine or ephedrine) to reduce fluid transudation, spironolactone (Aldactone) to promote excretion during recumbency of sodium retained in the upright posture, the use of elastic stockings during the day, and a conventional diuretic together with recumbency from 20h00 most evenings. The last three measures are also useful in orthostatic water retention. Considerable symptomatic improvement can usually be accomplished by these means."
1145368,"Clinicians who deal with numerous cases of breast cancer are aware of the fact that there is some relationship between childbearing and breast cancer, and also that nulliparous women are probably more prone to breast cancer than their parous sister.  however, a relationship between breast feeding and breast cancer is not certain. This is a preliminary report on a study of the breast feeding habits of breast cancer patients and non-cancerous patients, after an attempt was made to match controls for parity and age."
1145375,"Isolated rat hearts perfused at suboptimal pressures have been studied as a model for generalised myocardial ischaemia. Glycogen phosphorylase a and hormone-sensitive triglyceridase activities, measured as markers for endogenous catecholamine release, were significantly increased at low perfusion pressures. Pharmacological blockage of noradrenaline re-uptake accentuated these effects, and depletion of catecholamine reserves eliminated them. This phenomenon may be important in the pathophysiology of cardiac ischaemia and its serious complications."
1145380,"It has been proposed that delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), which is overproduced in the inherited hepatic porphyrias, may be responsible for the neurological manifestations of the acute attacks seen in these disorders. Studies were conducted in rats to test the neurotoxicity of ALA. It was found that, after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections, ALA is rapidly eliminated via the kidneys. In nephrectomised animals sustained elevation of blood ALA concentration was demonstrated, but despite this, brain uptake was extremely low. Experiments on incorporation of [4-14-C]-ALA into brain haem yielded similar information. After intraventricular injection of [4-14-C]-ALA, significant uptake by brain tissue occurred. The subsequent disappearance of ALA was moderately rapid and was virtually complete within 24 hours. Uptake of [4-14-C]-ALA was apparently significantly greater in the hypothalamus than in other brain areas. The subcellular distribution of radioactivity did not reveal any preferential uptake by nerve endings. Intraventricular injection of unlabelled ALA revealed definite but transitory neurotoxic effects in doses of 3 micromoles and greater. These include involuntary movements and ataxia. No effect of ALA administration on brain protein synthesis could be demonstrated. It is concluded that ALA does have effects on the nervous system in vivo, but the significance of these effects in relation to the pathogenesis of the neurological manifestations of acute porphyria is questionable."
1145381,"The relationship between urinary excretion of porphyrins, porphyrin precursors and total oestrogens in normal pregnancy was investigated. Significant increases in total oestrogen, delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrin (COPRO) excretion were noted. However, no close correlation was found between total oestrogen excretion and urinary output of ALA and COPRO. The results suggest that the observed increases in ALA and COPRO excretion during pregnancy may not simply be the result of steroid-mediated induction of hepatic haem biosynthesis, as has been proposed."
1145386,"There is an urgent need for comprehensive audiological services in South Africa to deal adequately with the problems of clinical, industrial and social medicine. The organisation built up in and around the Tygerberg Hospital is described, and may serve as a possible blueprint for what could be done in the rest of the country. In particular, the important role of the medical profession in the habilitation of hearing-impaired children is described, as well as the influence this has on the education of these children."
1145389,"The variable incidence of primary liver cancer has been shown to be related to the average daily intake of aflatoxin in various parts of the world. This study was made to detect and report strategic points of contamination of foodstuffs in the region with the highest known incidence of liver cancer. Methods of food production, harvesting, storage and preparation were examined, and defects which promote fungus growth on food were found at each stage. Most meals consisted of a single dish with three basic ingredients -- a protein, bulk carbohydrate and green vegetables. Groundnuts were the main source of protein, but were also the main cause of aflatoxin contamination, since casual traditional methods of agriculture are not suited to the production of this exotic crop. Aflatoxin production appears to occur in the main sources of carbohydrate, such as cassava and maize, during storage. Leaves of various kinds provide substitutes for green vegetables and common methods of handling the crop promote fungal growth. Western-type foods had a particularly low aflatoxin content, or were free of it. Education and economic opportunities external to the subsistence economy structure are contributing to the westerisation of some living habits, a process believed to be responsible for the observed decrease in the incidence of primary liver cancer. Current knowledge indicates that a pertinent but simple educational programme could further markedly reduce the incidence of the disease."
1145390,"The average dark adaptation time for newly recruited Black mineworkers is longer than that reported for Whites. While this longer dark adaptation time may result from a number of pathological conditions, its most likely cause is a deficiency of vitamin A in the diet. A study was conducted in which the vitamin A level of the blood and the dark adaptation times were correlated in a group of Black mineworkers upon arrival and again after 4 - 6 months continuous work underground in a gold mine. The study indicated that a very marked decrease occurred in the miners' serum vitamin A level between the time of arrival at the mine and the second examination. This difference was found to be highly significant. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in mean dark adaptation time, which was significant at the 5% level. These observations accord with the findings of a previous study and are indicative of an inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A during the period when the miners were on the mine diet."
1145391,"Subclinical vitamin C deficiency frequently occurs in Black mineworkers, in spite of an apparently adequate daily intake. A study was undertaken to establish the minimum rate of supplementation that would effectively reduce the incidence of subclinical vitamin C deficiency. Two levels of supplementation were tested in relation to a control group. It was found that a supplementation rate of at least 235 mg/head/day is required to maintain reasonably adequate serum levels. It was also found that effective control measures are required to ensure that the supplement is added to the magou, the staple beverage of the miners. It is strongly recommended that the intake of every Black mineworker be supplemented at a rate of 200 - 250 mg/day."
1145392,"The effect of a 7 100 kilojoule diet (50% of the energy derived from carbohydrate, mainly unrefined, 30% from fat, mainly unsaturated, and 20% from protein) on 100 overweight subjects was investigated. It was found that 45% of subjects did not complete the study, 9% continued with the study but did not lose weight, 25% lost weight moderately well and 21% responded very well and lost a mean of 15,9 kg over a 6-9 month period. Very little indication of water retention was found. The following biochemical changes occurred during the study period: 1. There was a marked improvement in the glucose tolerance of the groups that lost weight effectively. 2. This improvement in glucose tolerance was associated with a very marked decrease in the secretion of immuno-reactive insulin. 3. The tendency for serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels to decrease during the study was also evidenced in the changes which occurred in the lipoprotein electrophoresis patterns. Stepwise discriminant analysis performed on biochemical, clinical and psychological data failed to provide a practical means of discriminating in advance between the likely response of subjects to this dietary therapy with acceptable accuracy."
1145393,"Twelve young male baboons were kept on a diet low in ascorbic acid for 3 months before the experiment. Six animals then received intravenous injections of ascorbic acid 60 mg/kg body mass every third day, while an isotonic saline solution was administered to 6 control animals. The serum ascorbic acid concentration of the animals treated with ascorbic acid levelled off after 9 days, at about 1,1 mg/100 ml. Ascorbic acid treatment resulted in a significant increase (P smaller than 0,005) in serum cholesterol values during the initial stages of treatment, but these returned to normal when the body pool was replenished with ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid also brought about a significant lowering in serum triglyceride values (P smaller than 0.05). In an acute experiment ascorbic acid caused a 12,7% increase in serum cholesterol level 2 hours after the intravenous injection of ascorbic acid 60 mg/kg body mass. The blood glucose value and serum triglyceride concentration were not affected. The results prove that ascorbic acid treatment causes mobilisation of cholesterol from body depots into the bloodstream."
1145402,"In a series of 114 consecutive patients with acute renal failure, the over-all mortality rate was 60 per cent; 62 per cent of the patients had a documented episode of hypotension just prior to the development of acute renal failure. In 11 patients, a second episode of renal failure developed following recovery from the initial episode of acute renal failure; all of these patients died. The urine output rate during the course of acute renal failure was inversely related to the mortality rate in the series as a whole. The mean duration of acute renal failure in survivors of the present series was 11.0 plus or minus 1.4 days. Complications of renal failure in the order of their frequency included hemorrhagic hypotension, sepsis, sepsis with hypotension and consumption coagulopathies; only 12 per cent had no complications. Only six of 51 patients whose clinical course was complicated by sepsis with or without an episode of hypotension survived. By contrast, 30 of 53 patients who had hemorrhagic hypotension without sepsis survived. The date suggest that although acute renal failure has a high mortality rate, it is a benign disease that is potentially reversible. Regardless of age and sex, renal functional recovery will take place if the patient is maintained in good physiologic condition long enough without a continued stress, such as sepsis, hypotension or hypovolemia, all of which prolong renal ischemia. During the course of  renal failure, extreme care is essential to maintain adequate circulating volume without extracellular fluid overload; a second hemodynamic insult may result in serious damage to the regenerating renal tubules. We conclude that early recognition of acute renal failure, aggressive management of sepsis, careful titration of fluid and electrolyte therapy, meticulous monitoring, maintenance of the circulation and judicious utilization of dialysis will aid in reduction of mortality in these critically ill patients."
1145403,"Thirty-three bovine grafts were placed in 28 patients for vascular access for hemodialysis. The indications were lack of shunt sites and anticoagulation with Coumadin in patients without vessels suitable for construction of a primary arteriovenous fistula. All but one of the grafts were loops placed in the forearm. There were 20 complications associated with the 33 procedures. Three patients required replacement of the initial graft in the early postoperative period due to thrombosis. One additional patient required two graft replacements  and eventual anticoagulation with Coumadin before a successful result was obtained. There have been no serious ischemic problems. Presently, there are 27 functional bovine grafts, and 68 per cent of these are currently used for vascular access for dialysis. Patient acceptance of the fistulas has been good. The loop bovine graft fistula in the arm is an excellent means for vascular access in the patient receiving hemodialysis."
1145404,"Wound healing in the stomach and colon of mongrel dogs was studied using physical, histologic and chemical techniques to evaluate effects of various suture materials on the healing pattern and to compare visceral wounds with skin wounds. The general pattern of healing for stomach and colon wounds is the same in rats, rabbits and dogs. However, the extent of healing, the percentage of strength of normal tissue attained by the wound, is less in the dog than in the rat or rabbit. Prolene and plain and chromic catgut produce the least and silk produces the greatest cellular reaction in the stomach and colon. We believe the effect of absorbable sutures on strength of stomach and colon wounds, while statistically significant, is not of any great clinical significance except perhaps in severely debilitated patients. A trial of Prolene sutures for anastomotic closure would seem indicated. The healing of stomach and colon wounds differs from the pattern observed for skin wounds. Breaking strength increases rapidly for 14 to 21 days postwounding and then does not change significantly. The wounds are metabolically more active than skin wounds since the rate of collagen synthesis is markedly elevated even after 120 days and the rate of noncollagenous protein synthesis is twice as great in the wound as it is in normal tissue. Colon and stomach wounds closed with absorbable sutures are weaker at 14 through 28 days than similar wounds closed with nonabsorbable sutures. Yet, when strength of wound is expressed as a percentage of strength of unwounded tissue, there is no difference between wounds blosed with absorbable or nonabsorbable sutures. Thus, it would appear that there is a general diminution of the strength of normal stomach and colon wall up to 6 centimeters from wounds which have been closed with absorbable sutures."
1145405,"One hundred and eight total hip replacements have been accomplished in an attempt to salvage a problem caused by trauma. Many times, patients with traumatic arthritic problems have a quick transition from a normal existence to a severe disability. They may not have had the ability physically or mentally to handle this disability seen in patients with rheumatoid disease or idiopathic osteoarthritis. It has been shown that these patients with total joint replacement can be rehabilitated to almost a normal degree of function. Complications occur, but with careful planning and execution, they can be held to a minimum. In the long run, a high incidence of degenerative disease is seen in these problems. The primary procedure should not be done so as to jeopardize a secondary reconstruction."
1145406,"The splenic artery was occluded by the selective injection of Amicar-mixed clot or Gelfoam in 18 dogs. The dogs were sacrificed at 24 hours, two weeks and two months. Angiography was done before and after embolization, three hours after embolization and prior to sacrifice. White blood counts and hematocrit values were evaluated weekly in the dogs sacrificed at two months. The results of this study reveal differences in the effects of the two embolic materials. Because Amicar-mixed clot was partially lysed in the first several hours and also pushed peripherally, the depression of hematologic function seen with its use was transient and most spleens returned to a relatively normal gross and histologic appearance. With Gelfoam, although the embolic material was also pushed peripherally into the branches of the splenic artery in several of the dogs, the depression of hematologic function was prolonged, and moderate splenic parenchymal fibrosis was seen. The areas between the bands of fibrosis appeared normal. The results indicate that selective embolic occlusion of the splenic artery and its branches may offer a method of depressing splenic function in patients who are not candidates for splenectomy."
1145407,"With better methods of diagnosis, patients will be identified earlier in the course of their disease and will often have atypical and borderline manifestations of the syndrome. Serum gastrin measurements with calcium and especially with secretin challenge will be the most important method of diagnosis. Any patient with acid hypersecretion who has a high serum gastrin level that does higher on secretin infusion should be considered to have the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A firm diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome should be made, if at all possible, prior to operation. At operation, a thorough search of the pancreas, duodenum, stomach, greater and lesser omentum and liver should be made for primary and secondary gastrinomas. If the preoperative data firmly establish the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a total gastrectomy should be carried out even if no primary tumor is found. Similarly, a total gastrectomy should be done even if there are massive hepatic metastases. If total gastrectomy is not performed, the patient is apt to die of complications of acid hypersecretion. The only possible exceptions to the rule of always performing a total gastrectomy are in asymptomatic patients with easily excisable tumors or patients with tumors of the duodenum that are easily excisable, providing that in both instances after the excision of the tumor the output of gastric acid as measured at operation is immediately halted. All possible metastatic tumor tissue should be removed. The more tumor tissue removed, the longer the patient will survive. Metastases should be treated aggressively. They do not disappear after total gastrectomy in our experience, and they may kill patients. Patients should be followed after operation with serial measurements of serum gastrin concentrations and by hepatic scintillation scans and hepatic angiography. If hepatic metastases develop, intrahepatic artery infusions of 5-fluorouracil may slow tumor growth."
1145408,"A consecutive series of 118 patients was studied postoperatively by Doppler ultrasonic techniques and by either venography or radioiodinated fibrinogen. When using the latter diagnostic measures, 22 patients were shown to have deep venous thrombosis, an incidence of 18.6 per cent. The Doppler ultrasonic technique showed that 21 patients had deep venous thrombosis, an incidence of 17.7 per cent. When the patients diagnosed as having deep venous thrombosis by two separate methods were compared, it was shown that the Doppler technique gave two false-positive results and three false-negative results. It is concluded that this technique is accurate, and because of its convenience, lack of complications and ability to be repeated frequently, it should be the preferred screening technique for the diagnosis of postoperative deep venous thrombosis."
1145409,"Patients with coarctation of the aorta have a significantly decreased life expectancy. Surgical correction is curative and involves a low mortality rate which increases with coexisting cardiovascular abnormalities. In our series, there were no operative deaths in patients with pure coarctation of the aorta. Age is an important factor and postoperative complications were more frequent in older patients. Re section of the narrowed area with end-to-end anastomosis is the technique of choice. If theis is not possible, a Dacron tube is a good alternative. Early diagnosis and early intervention are of utmost importance, even in asymptomatic patients."
1145410,"Fourteen patients have been encountered with stercoraceous or idiopathic perforations of the colon. Seven patients had a stercoraceous perforation; four had an idiopathic perforation; and three patients remained without exact classification. All the patients were admitted to hospital because of sudden abdominal pain. All except one patient, who was in an agonal condition, were operated on with a diagnosis of peritonitis. The preoperative clinical, radiologic and laboratory examinations were not specific, and in only one instance, the provisional diagnosis was correct. The main differnece between idiopathic and stercoraceous perforations was the macroscopic and histologic appearance of the perforation. In a perforated stercoraceous ulcer, the perforation was a round or an ovoid hole with necrotic and inflammatory edges, while in the idiopathic form, the perforation was a tear with a normal appearance of the colonic wall. The treatment consisted of a closure of the perforation and a proximally situated stoma, or exteriorization. Four patients of the seven with stercoraceous perforations survived. In idiopathic perforations, the prognosis was poor. All patients died during the first 24 hours after the operation. This possibly is an indication of some basic difference in the pathophysiology of these two diseases."
1145411,"Ureteral injuries may cause infection, fistula, and even death. By revealing abnormalities, preoperative pyelography warns the surgeon of hazards to be anticipated. Injury found during operation is managed by reimplantation, reanastomosis, or ureterostomy in situ, while deliberate ligature is avoided. Postoperative ureteral fistula is treated by reimplantation, although occasionally a tongue of reflected bladder wall converted into a  tube is required. In the absence of skilled urologic advice, ureteral injuries may be managed by the gynecologist."
1145414,"The first amputation through the knee to be done in the United States was performed 150 years ago. Since then, its advantages have been noted repeatedly, but widespread acceptance has never been attained. Amputation through the knee should be the procedure of choice for the poor risk, bedridden patient because it is simple, safe  and swift. There is minimal postoperative pain, and the stump is sufficiently long to be a useful appendage."
1145416,"This is a report of 54 cases of saccular aneurysms operated upon intracranially with a total operative mortality of 7.4%, poor results in four cases (7.4%) and excellent results in 46 cases (85.1%). For 53 supratentorial aneurysms, the operative mortality was 5.6%, with two operative deaths (4.8%) in the last 41 cases. Intermittent vascular occlusion with a newly developed special forceps and the use of moderate arterial hypotension were of value in dealing with these aneurysms."
1145417,"Effects of a new synthetic vasodilator, YC-93, a derivative of 1. 4-dihydropyridine, on experimental cerebral vasospasm, were studies in cats. A topical administration of YC-93 solution was found to rapidly reverse the spasm of the basilar artery induced with a subarachnoi application of fresh blood, serotonin or porstaglandin F2 alpha. Pretreatment of the basilar artery with YC-93 prevented the development of experimental vasospasm with all these agents."
1145419,"The bulkiest portion of the shunts commonly used to divert the cerebrospinal fluid into the atrial or pleureal cavities is traditionally implanted under the skin behind, and above the ear. The scalp in this location is often thin and tightly attached to the underlying bone. Placement of these bulky devices beneath the skin may cause erosion of the scalp and exposure of the shunt. When erosion and infection occur, the shunt has to be removed. Reinsertion of the shunt is possible by placing the bulkiest portion, the pumping chamber, below the clavicle over the second rib."
1145421,"An extradural toruloma developed in the lumbo-sacral region of a man. Symptoms had been present for two years, but he had been diagnosed as having tuberculosis of the lung seven years before. The mass was excised and the patient treated with Amphotericin B which had to be discontinued and Sulfa Soxizole substituted. He recovered and has remained symptom free for three years."
1145422,"In summary, the young neurosurgeon entering private practice will find he will have to make many non-medical decisions for which he has had little or no preparation during the course of his lengthy training. Just as one spends time planning a careful curriculum in leading to the specialty of neurological surgery, he must also dedicate many hours to establishing a private practice in that specialty. The time spent in investigating these problems in advance will minimize the frustrations in attaining the goal which we are all striving to achieve-personal satisfaction in the delivery of excellent health care."
1145426,"This study was designed to clarify the details of any changes in serum growth hormone levels occurring in surgical patients. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed upon three groups of six patients each, Group I, minor surgery (inguinal herniorrhaphy), Group II, moderate surgery (vagotomy and pyloroplasty), and Group III, major surgery (aortofemoral bypass). Plasma glucose and serum growth hormone levels were measured. Depression of glucose utilization occurred together with elevations of fasting growth hormone levels and increased growth hormone responses to intravenous glucose. It is suggested that the increased serum growth hormone levels are a response to the glucose intolerance caused by operation, modifying the pituitary growth hormone release."
1145427,"Mongrel dogs were prepared by cholecystectomy, ligation of the lesser pancreatic duct, and insertion of modified Thomas cannulas into the duodenum and stomach. After recovery from surgery, experiments were performed by cannulation of the common bile duct for bile collection through the duodenal cannula. Bile flow and composition and the biliary clearance of erythritol were observed during secretin, glucagon, or sodium taurocholate choleresis and were compared with control studies. All test substances caused increased bile secretion. Sodium taurocholate caused a marked increase in bile salt output and in the biliary clearance of erythritol. Secretin caused a large increase in bile flow, no increase in bile salt output, and a very small increase in the biliary clearance of erythritol. The results indicate marked differences in the choleretic mechanism of sodium taurocholate and secretin and suggest that the principal action of taurocholate was on the canaliculi and the principal action of secretin was on the ducts."
1145429,"In an attempt to further delineate the pathophysiology of the shock-lung syndrome, we studied the effect of hemorrhagic shock on the pulmonary microcirculation in the adult sheep with lung lymph flow and lymph protein transport as indices of fluid filtration and vascular permeability to protein. We noted that lymph flow remained at baseline levels during shock, despite significant decreases in pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures. This suggests that microvascular pressure is maintained by an increase in pulmonary venous resistance. We demonstrated that lymph protein transport does not increase during shock, which indicates that a change in pulmonary vascular permeability to protein does not occur."
1145430,"The systolic blood pressure measured in the fingers and wrists by the spectroscopic method and in the arm by auscultation were correlated with angiographic evidence of organic arterial obstruction in 29 patients. The pressures also were measured in 14 normal people. Results in the normal people suggest that a difference of more than 15 mm. Hg between the pressure measured simultaneously in corresponding fingers (or any two or more fingers), an absolute digital pressure less than 70 mm. Hg, or wrist-to-digit gradient of more than 30 mm. Hg, all in the warm subject and warmed hand, indicated the presence of organic obstruction. These criteria indicated the presence of organic arterial obstructive disease in 25 of 26 hands with definite angiographic evidence of it. The pressures were ""normal"" in five hands with no angiographic evidence of organic arterial obstruction. The digital skin temperature response to indirect heating was much less successful than were pressure measurements in identifying fingers with organic arterial obstructive disease."
1145431,"A total of 131 surgically treated ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms have been reviewed. Factors affecting morbidity and mortality rates have been analyzed. In our experience very little improvement has occurred in the last 10 years and the question is raised whether a plateau has been reached in the management of this catastrophic disease. Patient selection is not considered to be the key to better results, since some operated patients inevitably die. Improved technique with better, more rapid control of blood loss, especially from venous tears, will continue to yield better results. Eighty-six nonoperative cases have been studied. Diagnostic accuracy is lower than it should be, often leading to delayed surgery or death."
1145432,"The effect of electrical vagal stimulation on canine pancreatic exocrine function was studied in conscious dogs by stimulating intact thoracic vagus nerves, the distal ends of cut vagus nerves in animals with intact gastric denervation, and the distal ends of cut vagus nerves in dogs whose stomachs had been previously selectively denervated. The effectiveness of the stimulus was confirmed by monitoring gastric  hydrogen ion output. The results indicate that stimulation of intact nerves produced minimal alteration in pancreatic output and bicarbonate and protein secretion while significantly increasing gastric fistula hydrogen ion output. Stimulation of the distal ends (efferent fibers) of cut vagus nerves in dogs with intact gastric innervation significantly increased the volume and protein output of the pancreas and the acid output of the stomach. Stimulation of the distal ends of cut right and both vagus nerves in dogs whose stomach had been denervated previously, again, significantly increased the volume and protein output of the pancreas without stimulation of stomach hydrogen ion output. The data presented in this study suggest that the canine pancreas is innervated directly by vagal fibers, which when stimulated produce an increase in protein (enzyme) output and volume of secretion. Maintenance of the pancreatic response following denervation of the stomach suggests that the response is primarily the result of direct vagal innervation and is not produced by gastrin released from the antrum."
1145433,"A number of experimental and clinical studies have shown that early regional surgical sympathectomy decreases tissue loss following frostbite, presumably by relieving vasospasm and increasing blood flow. This study was performed to determine if a decrease in tissue loss following a standard cold injury could be obtained following a regional ""medical sympathectomy"" achieved by the intra-arterial administration of sympathetic blocking drugs. A standard cold injury was produced in rabbits and the animals were divided into nine treatment groups. Various treatment modalities were evaluated, including rapid rewarming, intra-arterial reserpine and tolazoline, and intravenous low molecular weight dextran. In the slowly rewarmed animals, the usual clinic situation, the regional intra-arterial administration of reserpine and tolazoline significantly reduced tissue loss, equalling the results obtained in the rapidly rewarmed group. These results indicate that the early achievement of a regional ""medical sympathectomy"" may be of benefit in reducing tissue loss following frostbite in patients, especially in those in whom rapid rewarming cannot be performed."
1145434,"Erythrocyte filterability, an index of deformability, and lysosomal enzyme activity were studied in 34 patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition fresh human erythrocytes were analyzed after incubation for filterability changes after exogenous lysosomal enzymes were added to the suspension medium. The results showed statistically significant elevations of the filterability index (decrease in  filterability of the red cells) after 10 minutes on cardiopulmonary bypass as well as postoperatively. Likewise cathepsin D concentration after 10 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass of 8.4 plus or minus 0.8 U. was significantly elevated over the preoperative level of 5.3 plus or minus 0.7 U. Furthermore, the pump prime was found to have the highest filterability index as well as concentration of cathepsin D. Supporting our hypothesis that lysosomal enzymes may be a factor affecting erythrocyte integrity was the elevation of the filtration index to 10.5 plus or minus 0.3 U. during incubation with exogenous lysosomal enzymes compared with the control index of 9.0 plus or minus 0.2 U. This stduy implies that the pump prime should be an area of further investigation if alterations of erythrocyte filterability (deformability) and lysosomal enzymes during extracorporeal circulation are shown to have clinical importance."
1145435,"Two indices of postoperative morbidity, Nursing Assessment Index and Observed Treatment Index, are described and evaluated in this study of 4,182 consecutive anesthetics. The use of these indices in studies of the quality and effectiveness of surgical and anesthetic care should increase the economy and precision with which the causes of unsatisfactory outcome are identified. Specific illustrations of the relationship of the preanesthetic status of patients to their postoperative morbidity as measured by these indices and mortality rates are given. In addition these two indices of morbidity measured on the seventh postoperative day are shown to be strongly co-related with subsequent in-hospital deaths. Thus, of the 100 patients with a Nursing Assessment Index worse than 3, 19 percent died; only 0.4 percent of the 550 patients who had no morbidity as measured by this index died. Although they ultimately survive, about an equal number of patients become seriously ill as die follow operations."
1145436,"Blood clearance by phagocytosis, predominantly by the liver, presents an important mechanism for the elimination and detoxification of endotoxin. However, its effectiveness alone does not determine the outcome of an experimentally induced standardized endotoxin shock. Consequently other effects elicited by endotoxin--for instance, those on the coagulation mechanism or on an endotoxin-detoxifying enzyme system in plasma--must also play an important role in determining the ultimate fate of this condition, for it is now abundantly clear that interrupting such effects with heparin provides considerable protection."
1145440,"Twelve patients with prior episodes of alcoholic pancreatitis and hyperlipemia were admitted to a metabolic ward during a quiescent period. By lipid feeding (316 to 894 Gm. per day), significant hypertriglyceridemia (greater than 600 mg. per 100 ml.) was induced in 11 of the 12 patients. Seven of the 11 patients with hypertriglyceridemia developed abdominal pain similar to but not as severe as that experienced during prior attacks of pancreatitis. Four of the seven patients with abdominal pain developed serum amylase elevations, and, of the remaining three, one had a serum lipase elevation and one a urinary amylase elevation. Alcohol ingestion is known to increase serum triglyceride levels in many individuals. A prior study demonstrated that 41 percent of the patients presenting to our hospital with alcoholic pancreatitis had serum triglyceride elevations. The data from the present study suggest that increased serum triglycerides act as an important intermediary in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in some alcoholic patients."
1145441,"Elevated concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone and hypocalcemia occur following the induction of experimental pancreatitis in the pig, but only when the thyroid gland is present. Prior thyroidectomy completely eliminates these changes. Serum magnesium concentrations remained normal throughout the experiments despite the occurrence of hypocalcemia. These data support the hypothesis that calcitonin or another thyroid-related substance plays a role in the mechanism of the hypocalcemia which accompanies experimental pancreatitis in the pig."
1145442,"Traditional efforts in the law schools to improve interprofessional communication between the medical and legal professions have been confined to abstract case studies and other academic materials, sometimes augmented with visits and demonstrations by physicians in the classroom. This paper describes one approach to broaden the prespective of law students during their training by permitting them to experience directly the atmosphere of the teaching hospital and the sociology of surgery practice in that environment. The experiment has proved beneficial to the young members of both professions."
1145443,"Of 680 patients who had bilateral adrenalectomies for metastatic breast cancer, 583 were evaluable. Two hundred and nine patients (36 percent) responded (180 objective, 29 subjective responders) for at least 6 months. Age, menstrual status, prior response to oophorectomy, disease-free interval, involved organ systems, and incidental splenectomy were correlated with adrenalectomy response. Patients aged 21 to 35 years did poorly (23 percent response rate), whereas 41 percent of patients aged 51 to 65 responded. Menstrual status appeared to have no effect upon whether or not a patient responded to adrenalectomy. Oophorectomy responders benefited from adrenalectomy 40 percent of the time and oophorectomy failures responded in 27 percent of the cases. Patients with a disease-free interval of zero to 2.5 years responded to adrenalectomy at a rate of 31 percent whereas patients with a free interval greater than 2.5 years responded at a rate of 50 percent. When a single visceral organ or any combination of bone and soft tissue was involved, the average response rate was 39 percent. However, when multiple visceral organs or a single visceral organ with any combination of bone or soft tissue was involved, the response rate dropped to 26 percent. Sixty-six patients had splenectomies at the time of adrenalectomy with a 44 percent response rate, whereas nonsplenectomized patients had a 35 percent response rate. The median survival rate of 209 adrenalectomy responders was 26 months; it was 10 months for 374 nonresponders. The 5 and 10 year survival rates for adrenalectomy responders were 18 and 7 percent, respectively, and zero percent for adrenalectomy nonresponders. The patients who received greatest benefit from adrenalectomy in this series were aged 51 to 65 years, had a disease-free interval greater than 2.5 years and had metastases limited to a single visceral organ or any combination of bone and soft tissues."
1145444,"Although it has been shown that infusion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-magnesium chloride (MgCl2) proved beneficial in the treatment of shock, it is not known whether this effect is due to improvement in the microcirculation or to direct provision of energy. In searching for the mechanism of this, we have now examined the in vitro uptake of ATP by soleus muscle of animals in shock. Rats were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm. Hg and so maintained for 2 hours. Following death the two soleus muscles from each animal were removed and incubated in Krebs-HCO3 buffer containing 10 mM. of glucose, 5 mM. (8--14C) of ATP, 5 mM. (8--14C) of ADP, or 0.5 mM. (8--14C) of adenosine, and 5 mM. of MgCl2 for 1 hour under an atmosphere of 95 percent O2 to 5 percent CO2. Following homogenization and centrifugation, samples of the muscle extract and the medium were subjected to electrophoresis to separate the various nucleotides. The concentrations of the several nucleotides in medium and muscle were calculated from the radioactivity observed in each fraction. The uptake of 14-C-ATP by muscles from animals in shock was three times greater than was the uptake by control muscles. This leads us to conclude that the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 to animals in shock could be due to provision of energy directly to tissues in which ATP levels were lowered."
1145445,"Toxicologic aspects of long-term therapy with the gallstone-dissolving agent, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) are under study in the baboon. Eighteen animals, subdivided into low (20 mg. per kilogram per day), incremental (18 to 38 mg. per kilogram per day), and high (38 mg. per kilogram per day) dose groups were fed CDC daily for 8 to 15 months. During that period they maintained on appearance of excellent, unchanged health and behavior indistinguishable from that of eight control animals. However, 15 of the 18 CDC-fed animals showed significant elevations of monthly serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase-serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase determinations, and 14 of the 18, from all dose groups, developed significant focal histologic changes in serial liver biopsies. Histologic changes are similar to those described for lithocholic acid toxicity and correlate with an elevated percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid and, particularly, with lithocholic acid (8 to 14 percent) in gallbladder bile of the CDC-fed animals. A few CDC-fed animals showed histologic changes without enzymatic changes and vice versa. To date none of the focal hepatic lesions appears irreversible; it is too early to determine whether continued CDC feeding results in progression, stabilization, or regression of changes. More intensive surveillance of human subjects receiving chenodeoxycholic acid is indicated."
1145446,"Between May, 1967, and April, 1971, 122 patients underwent mitral valve replacement with fresh aortic valve allografts mounted on rigid support rings. The operative mortality rate was 6.6 percent. Current evaluation was obtained on all patients; the average postoperative follow-up interval for surviving patients is 4.8 years (range, 3.3 to 7.1). Survival rates 1, 2, and 5 years after mitral valve replacement are 89, 86, and 71 percent, respectively. The average functional class of 90 current survivors is 1.6, as compared to 2.9 preoperatively. Thirty-six thromboembolic episodes have occurred in 28 patients, generating a thromboembolism rate of 7 percent per patient year of analysis. Allograft valve dysfunction has occurred in 64 patients, requiring reoperation in 16 and causing death in two. The linearized valve dysfunction rate is 13 percent per patient year. Pathological examination of recovered allograft valves revealed predominantly leaflet fibrosis and calcification, acellular collagenous valve matrix, and infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells. The results of this long-term analysis indicate that mitral valve replacement with fresh aortic allografts provides significant functional improvement and an acceptably low rate of thromboembolism. However, the time-related rate of allograft valve dysfunction is unacceptably high and does not justify further clinical use of this type of bioprosthesis."
1145447,"The relationship of glucogenesis and other energy-requiring functions of the liver to the proteolysis which is characteristic of trauma and sepsis was studied in conscious pigs following laporotomy and after the induction of intraperitoneal sepsis. By means of appropriately placed thermal dilution catheters, portal and hepatic arterial blood flows, hepatic oxygen consumption, glucogenesis, and uptake of the fuel, substrates were measured. No animal was in shock. Despite significant increases of lactate and aminoacids delivered to the liver, the blood concentrations were maintained in the normal range. The rate of glucogenesis was proportional (r equals 0.71) to the sum of the glucogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and alanine) taken up by the liver. Higher rates of glucose production were accompanied by elevated blood insulin values. Hepatic oxygen consumption and the uptake of free fatty acids also were related directly to the glucogenic rate, the correlation coefficients being 0.69 and 0.74, respectively. In the absence of shock, the liver function and hepatic energy production remained normal in post-traumatic and septic states. Under the conditions insulin-resistant muscle in the presence of reduced free fatty acid availability mobilize protein to satisfy local energy requirements. Skeletal muscle can oxidize only branch chain aminoacids; other aminoacids, including alanine, are transported to the liver for glucogenesis or other purposed. This concept accounted for failure of glucose infusion to eliminate post-traumatic and septic proteolysis, since alanine is cleared only from blood by conversion in the liver to glucose. Thus it is concluded that in sepsis the release of glucogenic substrates because of altered metabolism in peripheral tissues determines the rate of hepatic glucogenesis. This relationship constitutes an important metabolic homeostatic mechanism."
1145529,"Pulmonary function studies performed in seven patients who had recovered from 'shock lung' showed a highly significant decrease of diffusing properties of the lung, a slight loss of lung recoil pressure, and a borderline increase of residual volume with normal vital capacity and total lung capacity. Pulmonary compliance was normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed."
1145530,"A previous study of neurological damage related to open-heart surgery suggested that the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass is a time of particular hazard, and there is evidence that both microemboli from the extracorporeal circulation and inadequate cerebral perfusion may be contributory factors. Measures to eliminate or minimize these hazards have been introduced, and a clinical survey has been undertaken to evaluate their efficacy. There has been a very highly significant decrease in the incidence of neurological damage as judged by comparison with the results of a similar survey carried out before these measures were introduced. In spite of limitations imposed by differences in workload, perfusion techniques, and methods of data collection, it is concluded that the prophylactic measures have been responsible for the reduction in the incidence of neurological damage."
1145531,"The elastic properties of preserved human aortic homografts after different storage times in antibiotic-nutrient medium solution have been measured. There was a definite loss of elasticity within nine months leading to a rapid decrease after a year of preservation. It is likely that satisfactory valve function depends on its elasticity, and these studies indicate that aortic valves which have been exposed to antibiotic media for more than nine months should not be used in valve replacement surgery."
1145532,"In view of the severe damage caused by unyielding, low residual volume cuffs, various modifications to the cuff of an intratracheal tube have been introduced. The merits of two low-pressure cuffs were assessed in an experimental study in dogs; both cuffs produced little visible damage to the tracheal wall in dogs intubated continuously over a two-week period. A modified technique of producing tantalum tracheobronchograms without distrubing the mucous blanket or traumatizing the tracheal wall is described. These tantalum radiological studies demonstrated a progressive temporary increase in size of the trachea at cuff level over the period of intubation with these cuffs. The implications of such a progressive weakness occurring in the tracheal muscle are discussed."
1145533,"The hearts and lungs of 36 patients dying of cystic fibrosis have been studied to establish the relationship between right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), pathological changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the clinical features. The presence and degree of RVH were measured by Fulton's technique of weighing the ventricles separately. Of the subjects who died after the age of 3 years, one in six had no RVH, although the mean age of this group was not significantly different from that of the remainder. There was no correlation between duration of cyanosis, haemoglobin levels, and RVH. Although not statistically significant, the cases without RVH tended to have had clubbing of the finger-nails for longer periods before death. The electrocardiogram was useful in the diagnosis of RVH. Right ventricular hypertrophy was common in children with lungs of large volume as judged by the radiographic centile of lung length. Cases with RVH show reduced background haze in the arteriogram and fewer arteries per unit area of lung. For the first time thickening of the medial muscle layer proportional to the degree of RVH has been demonstrated, only in the smaller arteries. Arterial subintimal fibrosis is more common in cases with RVH, as is thickening of the walls of small pulmonary veins. The implications of these findings are discussed."
1145534,"Measurement of persistence, expressed as half-life (t1/2), of a monodisperse aerosol during breath holding was interpreted as an indirect estimate of the size of intrapulmonary airspaces in healthy subjects. Within subject variation of t1/2 measured over a period of nearly two years was small (coefficient of variation 7-7 to 11-5%). Mean effective airspace diameters were calculated from the aerosol t1/2 values using the settling term from the equation of Landahl (1950). Calculated mean airspace diameters ranged from 0-30 to 0-79 mm for 36 males and from 0-40 to 0-62 mm for 12 females. Airspace diameters correlated poorly with age, height, weight, and lung volumes. These results suggest marked differences in airways geometry in subjects with similar heights and lung volumes."
1145535,"The bronchial responses to treadmill running and ergometer cycling have been compared in 13 adults with asthma. The exercises were performed on separate days with an interval ranging from three days to six months. The study was designed to ensure that the time course of oxygen consumption during running was replicated during cycling. The response to exercise was estimated by taking serial measurements of the maximum forced expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume in one second before and after work. Indices used to describe the response were (b-a)/b and a/b, where b and a were the average lung function before and the lowest value after exercise respectively. There was no significant difference in the lung function of the subjects before running and cycling nor did the duration of exercise or oxygen consumption differ between the two exercises. Eleven of the 13 patients showed a reduction in ventilatory capacity after both forms of exercise. Differences in the lung function responses to the two forms of standard work were trivial and not statistically significant, amounting to only about 1%. It is suggested that previous reports of larger responses to running than cycling were probably due to higher energy expenditures during running. General problems regarding the description and comparison of the responses to exercise are discussed."
1145536,"Five patients with progressive fibrotic lung disease are described. The dominant symptom was slowly increasing dyspnoea, and cough and sputum were not prominent. Marked weight loss was also a feature. There was severe restrictive impairment of ventilation with normal arterial gas tensions. The changes were confined to the upper parts of the lung in some but others had more generalized disease. The duration has varied so far from two to 17 years. The lung changes are considered to be due to dense progressive fibrosis. Necropsy in two confirmed this. Histologically there was monotonous fibrosis with lymphoid collections and secondary bronchiectasis, a picture similar to that found in association with ankylosing spondylitis. None of these patients had joint disease. Tuberculosis was excluded as a cause by exhaustive bacteriological tests and the failure of chemotherapy to stop deterioration. All other recognized types of infective and non-infective progressive lung fibrosis were also excluded, and this is not considered to be a variant of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Though these patients have many features in common they do not necessarily have the same pathogenesis. They are presented as an encouragement to further study."
1145537,"Stereological techniques were applied to an electron microscopic study of biopsy samples from nine human lungs with diffuse pulmonary histiocytosis X, and the results were compared with values for normal lungs. This made possible a morphometric analysis of the tissue changes associated with the measurable abnormalities in gas transfer present in this disease. The small increases in arithmetic mean thickness of the alveolar-capillary membranes appeared insufficient to account for the reduction in gas transfer present. When compared with normal lung, a threefold increase in volumetric fraction of septal intercapillary tissue was found along with a corresponding decrease in septal capillaries. While uniformity of distribution cannot be determined by this method, it appears that abnormalities of blood gas transfer in this disease result primarily from a decrease in the available diffusing surface and the ventilation-perfusion distrubances with which these tissue changes are associated."
1145538,Pulmonary absorption of phenol red was studied in normal subjects. Phenol red was administered by intratracheal injection and its urinary excretion was used as an index of pulmonary absorption. Doses ranging from 3 to 30 mg were given to two subjects and urinary phenol red excretion was found to be rate limited. That this effect occurred in the lung was shown by giving the dye intravenously to one subject. A linear relationship between dose and urinary excretion was then observed. Intratracheal p-aminohippurate did not reduce pulmonary absorption of phenol red in one subject. Pulmonary absorption of phenol red dissolved in 0-9% saline and 0-18% saline was compared in nine subjects. Dye absorption was three times greater when it was given in 0-18% saline. When the saline concentration of phenol red doses was held constant there was a linear relationship between the intratracheal dose and urinary excretion in one subject. These results suggest that phenol red is absorbed from the lung by passive diffusion. They also show the importance of solvent effects when studying pulmonary absorption of a substance.
1145539,"Breath holding was used as the basis of a simple test of respiratory chemosensitivity. Breath holding was begun at selected degrees of hypercapnia produced by CO2 rebreathing. In 16 healthy control subjects there was a linear regression of the log of breath-holding time on the PCO2 at the start of breath holding. Breath-holding time (BHT) and the slope of a log BHT/Pco2 plot were closely correlated with the ventilatory response to CO2. In five cases of the idiopathic hypoventilation syndrome, CO2 retention and reduced ventilatory response to CO2 were accompanied by prolonged breath-holding time and the regression of log BHT on Pco2 was abnormally flat. However, in 17 patients with chronic airways obstruction, breath-holding time was never prolonged and the log BHT/Pco2 relationship was normal, even though 13 had a diminished ventilatory response to CO2 and four had chronic CO2 retention. It is concluded that the BHT/Pco2 relationship provides a useful index of respiratory chemosensitivity which is not influenced by airways obstruction. This may be helpful in the detection of impaired chemosensitivity as a cause of CO2 retention even when the ventilation CO2 response is reduced non-specifically by coexisting airways obstruction."
1145540,A case is described of a patient who made a complete recovery following unusually serious complications of excision of aortic coarctation. The thoracic aorta was reconstructed successfully using an aortic graft along a course which appears to be short and direct.
1145542,"We record a case of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula presenting in a dramatic and unusual way. These lesions are generally diagnosed clinically by consideration of their associated features. In this case these were all absent, and the patient presented with a spontaneous haemothorax as an isolated finding. When blood is found on aspiration of the pleural cavity it generally represents bloodstained effusion (trauma excluded), and by far the commonest cause is bronchogenic carcinoma. Less frequently, however, aspiration of blood may represent spontaneous intrapleural bleeding without effusion (spontaneous haemothorax), and a rare cause of this situation is pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. We record this case to demonstrate that innocent pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae can masquerade as carcinoma."
1145606,"In Notocaryoturbella bigermaria, Otoplana truncaspina and Paroto-planella heterorhabditica three types of epidermal receptors are recognized. Type I: with a single cilium running in a duct, piercing the distal dendrite process of the receptor. The internal wall of the dendrite process has eight ridges with longitudinal filaments lying inside them. The ciliary basal body lacks a longitudinal rootlet but is encircled by a thin annular formation. Type II: with a single (A) or several (B) cilia which protrude from the outer epithelial surface and are provided with a large and striped rootlet. Both types are considered as mechanoreceptors. Type III: with two or more short and stumpy cilia devoid of rootlets and displaying the usual 9 + 2 pattern in the proximal part only. They are considered as chemoreceptors."
1145607,Transmission electron microscopical studies of the pharyngeal bulb in the archiannelid Trilobodrilus sp. proved the presence of two opposing myofilament systems in the plate muscle cells forming this bulb. These muscles are obliquely striated. The significance as well as the origin of this specialized plate-muscle cells in the pharyngeal bulb of archiannelids is discussed in the light of their controversial phylogenetic and systematic position. In addition a hypothesis is suggested to explain the origin of the special arrangement of two opposing systems of myofilaments in one single muscle cell.
1145608,"1. Cytoplasmic fragments in the haemolymph of newly emerged flies derive from the degenerating wing hypodermis. 2. At the time of eclosion, dorsal and ventral cell layers of the wing are connected by processes containing bundles of microtubules and microfilaments. Cytoplasmic fragments contain similar bundles of microtubules but few microfilaments. 3. Extensive vacuolation marks the onset of hormonally initiated fragmentation of the wing hypodermal cells. Haemocytes containing lysosomes are present in the wing at this time, but do not invade the fragmenting hypodermis."
1145609,"Gross ultrastructural and histochemical details of the integumental milk glands of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans have been examined during the pregnancy cycle. Structural evidence for protein secretion is found between Days 3-8 of the nine-day cycle: termination of activity is completed on the day of parturition. Onset of lactation is synchronized with the eclosion of the first instar larva. The changes in cell volume (notably in the extracellular reservoir) occurring throughout the pregnancy cycle are illustrated in electron micrographs, and a one hundred-fold volume increase in the reservoir volume between the inactive phase and the active period is illustrated and discussed in terms of membrane modulation of the limiting membrane of the reservoir. Intracellular membrane changes during the cycle, particularly the development of extensive ER arrays in the actively secreting cell, are illustrated and discussed. It is suggested that cytoplasmic microtubules play a part in maintaining the form of the distended secretory cell, at the height of secretory release and storage. Histochemical observations on the milk secretion, and the contents of the larval gut are presented."
1145610,"The sensory organs on the tarsi of the antenniform first legs of the whip spider Admetus pumilio C. L. Koch (Amblypygi, Arachnida) were examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscope. At least four different types of hair sensilla were found: (1) thick-walled bristles, which have the characteristics of contact chemoreceptors (several chemoreceptive dendrites in the lumen plus two mechanoreceptors at the base); (2) short club sensilla, innervated by 4-6 neurons which terminate in a pore on the tip; they are possibly humidity receptors; (3) porous sensilla, which are either innervated by 20-25 neurons and have typical pore tubules, or they have 40-45 neurons but no pore tubules; both types are considered to be olfactory; (4) rod sensilla occur in clusters near segmental borders; they are innervated by only one large dendrite which branches inside the lumen. Other tarsal receptors are the claws, which correspond to contact chemoreceptors, and the pit organ which resembles the tarsal organ of spiders. Compared to other arthropod sensilla, the contact chemoreceptors are very similar to those of spiders, while the porous sensilla correspond structurally to olfactory receptors in insects; the club and rod sensilla seem to be typical for amblypygids."
1145612,"Freeze-fracture replicas have been prepared from two fast-acting vertebrate muscles (frog sartorius and rabbit sacrospinalis) and are described with particular reference to the distribution of intercalated particles in the plasma membrane. T-tubule and SR cisternae. Orthogonal assemblies of small particles are present on the A face plasma membrane in each instance, and their distribution (in sartorius) is found to be random with respect to the underlying myofibrillar sarcomere repeat. Such assemblies are not present on A or B faces of T-tubule or SR cisternae. Asymmetric particle distribution is described for fracture faces of the T-tubules and SR: the profuse particle packing of the SR A face is uniform from terminal cisternae to medial fenestrated collar. Intercalated particles are present on A and B faces of T-tubule fractures; more commonly on the latter. These results are compared with studies on insect muscles, and a comparative approach to further studies on the correlation between membrane structure and function is discussed."
1145613,"Glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and tubular basement membranes (TBM) were prepared from human kidney and their chemical compositions were studied. Electron microscopic figures showed no contamination of the cellular components components or collagen fibers, indicating a high degree of purity of the preparations. Low contents of phospholipid supported this indication. Amino acid compositions of the human GBM and TBM resembled that of the bovine GBM, containing hydroxyproline, hydroxylsine, half-cystine, methionine and a large amount of glycine as the characteristic amino acids. The human GBM and TBM had similar carbohydrate compositions consisting of glucose and galactose, as the major sugars, together with mannose, L-fucose, hexosamine and sialic acid. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine and a small amount of galactosylhydroxylysine were detected in alkaline hydrolyzates of both membranes. The human GBM and TBM separated into more than ten subunits having molecular weights ranging from 2.5 times 10-4 to more than 2.5 times 10-5 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium laurylsulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The electrophoretograms of both membranes resembled that of the bovine GBM. These observations indicate that the human TBM has a similar chemical structure to those of the human GBM and the bovine GBM."
1145614,Daily pancreatic flow and daily outputs of bicarbonate and amylase in pure pancreatic juice were observed in 15 postoperative patients who underwent upper abdominal surgery. Exocrine pancreatic secretion under the stimulation by enodgenous or exogenous hormones was well correlated with the extent of pancreatic fibrosis estimated by the histometrical treatment. Exocrine pancreatic secretion in Billroth II type of gastrectomy was depressed to 60-70% of the patients' with Billroth I type of gastrectomy. In distal pancreatectomy the depression in the exocrine pancreatic secretion almost corresponded with the resected volume of pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic secretion in pancreatodoudenectomy was highly depressed beyond the expected value from the resected volume and fibrosis of the pancreas. This was interpreted as partly due to the elimination of hormonal mechanism by duodenectomy and partly due to the denervation of the secretory fibers by surgical manipulation.
1145615,"Gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was extracted from plasma of dogs and was compared for its molecular size and insulin releasing activity with GLI present in the intestine. Plasma was obtained from the portal vein of dogs, of which the pancreas was removed as rapidly as possible during the glucose administration into the intestine. Plasma GLI of intestinal origin was extracted by a modification of Kenny's method. The amount of GLI extractable from plasma in each dog ranged from 4.30 to 25.74 ng. The extract of plasma during glucose absorption was observed to have two peaks on gel filtration, corresponding to Peak I and Peak II of GLI extracted from the gastrointestinal tract. The intrapancreatic infusion of the Peak II GLI extractable from plasma promoted remarkable insulin release in dogs, like pancreatic glucagon. In contrast, the Peak I GLI from plasma caused an equivocal rise of insulin in the pancreatic vein. It is concluded from the experiment that gut GLI extracted from plasma shows the same elution pattern on gel filtration and the same insulin releasing activity as GLI extractable from the gut."
1145616,"The isolated right atrium of the dog was perfused with arterial blood introduced from a carotid artery of a support dog. The selective injection of dopamine, tyramine and norepinephrine into the cannulated sinus node artery induced dose-relatedly positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. However, for an equal increase in sinus rate, dopamine caused less increase in tension development than norepinephrine. Tyramine caused least increase in contractility. Effects induced by dopamine were not blocked by treatment with tetrodotoxin which blocked those induced by nicotine. Desmethylimipramine treatment significantly suppressed dopamine-induced effects and completely blocked tyramine-induced ones but rather enhanced norepinephrine-induced ones. Alprenolol inhibited effects of dopamine, tyramine and norepinephrine. From these results, it is concluded that positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of dopamine are partly due to tyramine-like effect which causes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic storage sites."
1145617,"The quantity and composition of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) were compared between a fibrotic lung and normal lungs. The acid glycosaminoglycans were isolated by proteolysis, fractionation with ethanol and precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride, and were identified by chromatography, electrophoresis and incubation with mucopolysaccharide-lyases. Evidence was obtained for the presence of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate A(C), dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. Quantitation of individual glycosaminoglycans by using specific mucopolysaccharide-lyases revealed that the quantity of dermatan sulfate in the fibrotic lung exceeded that in the normal lungs."
1145618,"A study of 68 patients subjected to re-surgery for residual or recurrent gallstones provided the following results: Among the 68 patients, the stones were recurrent in only 4, residual in 38, and uncertain but mostly suggesting residual in the other 26 cases. In many of the residual stone cases, the previous operations were cholecystectomy alone, retrospectively suggesting insufficient search for residual stones and other abnormalities in the biliary tract during the operations. Of the 4 recurrent stone cases, 3 of them showed bile duct stricture, papillary stenosis and idiopathic choledochus dilatation, respectively, while the remaining one, though free of any sign of bile stasis, had a gallstone formed around a silk-thread core. The indications for additional sphincteroplasty and biliodigestive anastomosis in re-operations were strictly consistent with those in the first operations. Seven operative fatal cases (10%) were mostly those of long persistent gallstones with serious hepatic failure. The follow-up studies in 53 patients showed as many as 51 cases returning to the preoperative occupation without any significant complaints. These results emphatically suggest that retained gallstone cases should be referred to surgical treatment as early as possible."
1145619,The sensitivity of the eccrine sweat glands to adrenaline and noradrenaline was examined in 9 patients with pheochromocytoma and 12 patients with primary aldosteronism by Wada's method for determining threshold concentrations of local sweat response to intradermal injection. In pheochromocytoma most of the patients characteristically showed considerably reduced sensitivity to catecholamines in the sweat glands. Sensitivity was rapidly restored after the extirpation of the tumor in all cases. In primary aldosteronism the sweat gland sensitivity varied over a very wide range from subnormal to supernormal levels. These were restored to normal range after extirpation of the adrenocortical adenoma. In both diseases it was found that the sensitivity of the sweat glands to catecholamines and the vascular system to noradrenaline altered almost in parallel.
1145620,"Digital plethysmographic responses to auditory stimuli in 15 healthy men and 82 patients with vibration disease were analyzed in order to clarify the functional conditions of autonomic nervous system in this disease. The auditory stimuli given to healthy men caused a rapid decrease in the amplitude of the plethysmograms. After cessation of the auditory stimuli the decreased amplitude recovered to the control value within 30 sec. In the patients with vibration disease, however, the recovery of the decreased amplitude was delayed. The plethysmographic changes in the patients with vibration disease were divided into 4 types: normal (N), intermediate (I), delayed (D) and poor response (P) types. Each type of I, D and P was altered to type N by treatments consisting of therapeutic exercises, hot spring cures and so on. All healthy men showed type N. There were no significant differences between the time courses of the recovery of the plethysmographic changes and the amplitudes of the plethysmograms before the auditory stimuli. The results obtained seem to indicate that the autonomic nervous system in the patient with vibration disease is in disorder, and that the digital plethysmography with auditory stimuli is instrumental to detect the functional changes in the autonomic nervous system."
1145621,"Hypertension resulting from chronic pyelonephritis has been shown in clinical as well as experimental cases, although some authors deny that there is a pathogenic relationship between the two. To throw light on this problem the present authors conducted a series of experiments with mongrel dogs, in which chronic pyelonephritis was induced and postoperative changes in blood pressure and plasma renin activity were observed over a period of 3 months. The pyelonephritis infection was brought about by a method involving vesicoureteral reflux and ureteral dysfunction, as described in a previous paper. Preoperative and postoperative levels of systolic pressure wer compared, but no definit trends were found for the first 3 weeks after operation. At 30, 60 and 90 days the pressures were found to have risen by 21.2 plus or minus 11.2 mmHg, 21.7 plus or minus 14.6 mmHg and 17.1 plus or minus 16.7 mmHg, respectively. Thus there was a significant elevation (p smaller than 0.01). No appreciable change in the plasma renin activity was found, however, at any stage. From these results it was concluded that experimentally induced chronic pyelonephritis in dogs caused a rise in blood pressure. No connection between the pyelonephritis and the renin angiotensin system was found."
1145622,"In monkeys with beta-adrenergic blockade caused by administration of propranolol, we found that the conductance of the total respiratory system markedly decreased following intravenous administration of methacholine. The presence of beta-adrenergic blockade was judged from inotropic effect on the heart, levels of blood glucose and lactic acid, and the reaction of eosinophils after adrenalin injection."
1145652,"A simple, rapid and inexpensive assay method for the colored components of commercial samples of eosin is described. Samples are dissolved in dilute aqueous ammonia and absorbance measurements made at wavelengths of 492 nm, 512 nm, and 518 nm. The concentrations of fluorescein, tribomofluorescein and eosin are derived by solution of simulataneous equations in three unknowns. The validity of the method has been confirmed by recovery experiments. Mean recoveries of fluorescein, tribromofluorescein and eosin were 99.1%, 100.2% and 98.8% respectively. Seventeen commercial samples have been assayed by this procedure. Concentrations of fluorescein, tribromofluorescein and eosin ranged from 0.00%-0.82%, 4.34%-29.92% and 44.89%-82.82% respectively. The sodium concentrations of the same samples were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and found to range from 0.10% to 6.13%. The presence of free halide (Br-, Cl-, or both) was demonstrated. These observations, together with color variations in the samples, indicate that in commercial products eosin is in the form of both the free acid and sodium salt. Volatile matter accounted for 1.68%-16.11% of the samples."
1145653,Tissue processed for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing combined with critical point drying was embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of specimens cut in a plane passing through the fracture edge indicated that preservation of cellular fine structure of fractured cells was excellent. Even at the most peripheral edge of the fracture there was no evidence that movement of cytoplasmic components occurred to distort the original structural organization of fractured cells. Lack of cytoplasmic detail in ethanol-cryofractographs has been due more to the nature of the fracturing of the tissue and to the obscuring effects of the metal coating than to structural deformation at the fracture edge or to limitations in resolving power of the scanning electron microscope used.
1145654,A photometric system for measuring optical densities generated by tissue autoradiograms has been adapted to an ordinary light microscope. The optics of the microscope are used to direct the light transmitted through the autoradiogram to ocular-mounted photoconductive cells coupled to a bridge amplifier. Readout is on a digital panel meter. The integrated area analyzed varies between 33.16 to 0.02 0.02 mm2 depending on the objective magnification. The system is linear over a range of optical densities from 0.5 to 0.05.
1145655,"The iron, potassium, sodium and zinc content of commercial samples of the thiazine dyes azure A (C.I. 52005), azure B (C.I. 52010), azure C (C.I. 52002), methylene blue (C.I. 52015), new methylene blue (C.I. 52030), polychrome methylene blue, thionine (C.I. 52000) and toluidine blue (C.I. 52040) have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentration varied widely in the 38 samples examined--iron, potassium, sodium and zinc together comprised between 0.02% and 25.35% of individual samples."
1145656,"A method is described for the purification of the dye azure B in quantities sufficient for biological staining experiments on a larger scale. The method is based on the use of column chromatography. Two columns are employed. In column A with silica gel as adsorbent the azure B fraction is isolated from a suitable substrate ('technical' azure B gained by a modification of Bernthsen's synthesis of methylene blue, or polychrome methylene blue) using an acetate-formate mixture as eluent. In column B, on an Amberlite polymeric adsorbent (XAD-2) the acetate-formate anions are exchanged in chloride. Regeneration of both columns is possible: KMnO4, Na2S2O4 and water are run through column A; 5% NaOH, methanol and water through column B. Purification of azure B on economic terms is thus attained. The opinion is expressed that this method is also applicable to the purification of other cationic dyes."
1145657,"Lanthanum nitrate solution adjusted to pH 7.4 and pH 7.7 was subjected to column chromatography, ultrafiltration and conductivity measurements. Lanthanum concentration was measured by a colorimetric method employing eriochrome cyanine RC. Under these conditions, lanthanum was not excluded from the column by a packing with an exclusion limit of 1800 daltons. Ultrafiltration through a membrane with a filter limit of 500 daltons allowed approximately 75% of the lanthanum to pass. Conductivity measurements showed a decrease of charge of about 20% on adding sodium hydroxide to a solution of lanthanum nitrate up to a pH of 7.7. It is concluded that approximately 80% of the lanthanum exists as a charged particle of less than 500 daltons at pH 7.7; the other 20% consists of larger, possibly colloidal particles. Nonfiltered and ultrafiltered lanthanum have equally good staining and tracer properties in the electron microscope, suggesting that staining depends largely on the ultrafiltrable noncolloidal lanthanum ion."
1145663,"In the skin of the rat with longer focus-to-grid distance and wider slot openings the grid pattern corresponding to the inhomogeneous dose distribution may be demonstrated by histological means; after slot irradiation the damaged skin portion corresponding to the slot may be recognised. The shorter length of this skin portion compared with the width of the slot as well as the differences after grid irradiation of the average length of the severely damaged and relatively intact portions is in accordance with the authors conception, justified already by previous experiments, namely that the tissue parts covered by the bars of the grid exert a protective influence on the adjacent directly irradiated tissues."
1145664,"Fourteen cases of invasive, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were studied by means of spectrophotometry for relative DNA content in the tumor cells. Comprehensive review of literature on the subject is given. No correlation of relative DNA value in the tumor cells and clinical stage of the malignancy was found. Lack of the correlation between percentage of aneuploid cells and clinical stage of the tumor was observed. Based on the results of this paper and the literature on the subject, the interrelationship of the proportion of aneuploid cells with low arbitrary DNA value and radiosensitivity of the cervical lesion is suggested. The value of quantitative DNA study for treatment planning is emphasized."
1145665,"Rats fed with normal laboratory feed or elemental diet 3200-BD (Mead Johnson) were administered fractions of 240 rd (-60Co gamma-radiation) abdominally. Consumption of food and its nutrition efficiency were the parameters studied. Anorexia occurred rapidly following only one fraction of 240 rd and was unaffected by the feeding of the diet. Animals fed the latter, however, recovered normal appetite much faster upon completion of abdominal irradiation than those fed normally. While nutritional efficiency of the diet was smaller than that of normal feed with the controls, the opposite was obtained with irradiated animals."
1145666,"Effects of partial body gamma irradiation have been studied on rat testis at lethal (2000 R) and sublethal (720 R) doses. Radiation produced a progressive decline in DNA and RNA content of testis for first 15 days at both lethal and sublethal doses, followed by recovery as evidenced up to 74 days without any evidence for recovery of spermatogenesis. The incorporation of P-32 into nucleic acids was also low as compared to normal rats on day 8 postirradiation. Subsequently there was a tendency for the enhanced incorporation of P-32 in nucleic acid fractions. The P-32 nucleic acids specific activities were higher on 74th day in radiated rats than in normal controls. Enhanced incorporation of P-32 in nucleic acids and phospholipid fractions after 15 days of irradiation indicates greater synthetic activity of testicular interstitium rather than in recovery of germ cells."
1145668,"The plasma aldosterone radioimmunoassay developed by Ito et al. was found to be non-specific for aldosterone following administration of the spirolactones, spironolactone and canrenoate-K, in rabbits, dogs and humans. The assay interfering principle was identified as a hydroxylated derivative (M-B) of canrenone, which itself is a metabolite common to both spironolactone and canrenoate-K. The metabolite M-B possessed a high cross-reactivity to the 21-hemisuccinate aldosterone antibody relative to other spirolactones. A modified procedure was developed specific for plasma aldosterone in the presence of M-B. Following single doses of spironolactone and canrenoate-K, aldosterone plasma levels were unchanged in humans and in dogs and decreased in rabbits."
1145670,"A time course study to measure adrenal cortical function was undertaken for the period prior to the development of hypertension until the onset of hypertension in the adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH) model. Quiescent rat kills were used so that all adrenal cortical parameters investigated would reflect basal or resting levels for controls. Thus a more accurate determination of the differences between control and experimental animals could be made. A radioimmunoassay procedure for deoxycorticosterone was developed to measure this steroid in individual rat serum samples. Elevated serum deoxycorticosterone levels were observed in rats with regenerating adrenals when they were killed under quiescent conditions. This agreed with our recently reported in vitro finding of restoration of cholesterol side chain cleavage activity while 11beta-hydroxylase activity remained imparied 25 days after adrenal enucleation. When rats were killed after ether stress, deoxycorticosterone levels were elevated in both control rats and in rats with regenerating adrenals but the difference was not significant. In contrast, after ether stress serum corticosterone levels were lower in rats with regenerating adrenals than in controls. These studies, in conjunction with our previous in vitro findings, point to the importance of deoxycorticosterone in the pathogenesis of adrenal regeneration hypertension and help to explain the anomalous corticosteroid secretion rate data found in this experimental hypertension model."
1145671,"A mixture of 4-3-H and 4-14-C-mestranol was administered orally to four women. Reactions involving position 4 were no greater than 1.7-3% of the dose as measured by liberation of 3-H into body water. The extent of de-ethynylation in vivo was no greater than 1-2% of the dose as measured by urinary estrone metabolites. Mestranol (0.7 and 0.32% of the dose), 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (6.6 and 11.3%) and 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol (0.64 and 0.7%) were identified as metabolite aglycons by reverse isotope dilution after Ketodase hydrolysis of the urine from two of the women."
1145672,The major conversion products of incubation of 3-H-cortisol with slices of human clinically normal and inflamed gingiva were identified as 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and cortisone. Reduction of C-20 of cortisol to 20alpha- and 20beta-dihydro metabolites was found only after incubation of cortisol with normal gingiva and not with inflamed tissue. Thus the two major pathways of metabolism of cortisol in the gingiva appear to be the oxidative cleavage of the side chain and the oxidation of 11beta-ol while the reduction of the 20-one appear limited to the normal tissue. The mean rates of conversion of cortisol to its various metabolites in 12 normal and 12 chronically inflamed gingival tissue samples were 147 and 55.2 pmoles hr-1-mg-1 respectively. The less conversion of cortisol in inflamed tissue might explain its effectiveness as a naturally occuring antiinflammatory hormonal steroid.
1145673,"5beta-Cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-24(14-C)-triol were synthesized from 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoic acid (chenodeoxycholic acid). Chenodeoxycholic acid was converted to the diformoxy derivative (II) using formic acid. Reaction of II with thionyl chloride yielded the acid chloride which was treated with diazomethane (CH-2-N-2 or 14-CH-2-N-2) to produce 3alpha, 7alpha-diformoxy-24-oxo-25-diazo-25-homocholane (III, A or B). 25-Homochenodeoxycholic acid (IV, A or B) was formed from III by means of the Wolff rearrangement of the Arndt-Eistert synthesis. The methyl ester of V (A or B) was treated with methyl magnesium iodidi in ether to provide the desired triol, VI (A and B). The triol was identified by mass spectrometry and elemental analysis and was characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. The 3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol is of possible significance as an intermediate in the pathway of bile acid formation from cholesterol."
1145674,"The testosterone concentration, the in vitro response to HCG and the percentage Leydig cells in testes of normal and of testosterone-3-BSA immunized rabbits were determined. Following immunization all three parameters increased in the same order of magnitude (1.8-2.6fold). The results indicate that active immunization with testosterone has no deleterious effects on the endocrine capacity of the Leydig cells. The observed functional and morpholigical alterations of the testes are due solely to increased trophic hormone secretion from the pituitary caused by antibody binding of circulating androgens. The basic testosterone concentration in the testes of the control rabbits were in the range of values reported for other species."
1145675,"Isolated perfused rat lungs removed more than 35% of 3-H-cortisone (1 times 10-9M) from the perfusate during one passage through the pulmonary circulation. The cortisone in the lungs was then rapidly converted to cortisol, which was returned to the perfusate. The tritiated steroid taken up was so rapidly washed from the lung, that only 10% remained after a 12 minute perfusion with steroid-free medium. In recirculating experiments, nearly 60% conversion to cortisol occurred over 32 cycles; in addition, there was a slow increase in the percentage of polar compounds in the medium. Similarly, the perfused hindlimbs preparation from the rat converted cortisone to cortisol and returned the cortisol to the perfusate. In contrast, guinea pig isolated perfused lungs had neglible effect on cortisone. Rat lungs demonstrated only a limited ability to convert 3-H-cortisol to cortisone. The results suggest that the lungs may play an important role in maintaining cortisone/cortisol levels in the plasma."
1145676,"Metabolism of 5alpha-androstan-3-one in the rabbit was studied in order to investigate changes in the steroidal ring system. The total crude urinary extract was separated into a non-ketonic and a ketonic fraction and was further purified by column chromatography. 3-alpha- and 3-beta-Hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-16-one together with 5-alpha-androstane-3-alpha, 16-alpha- and 3-beta, 16-alpha-diol, and 5-alpha-androstane-3-beta, 17-alpha-diol have been isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with authentic samples. The results were compared with other metabolic studies of steroid derivatives. From this study it is suggested that metabolic oxidation occurs in positions removed from the initial oxygen function of the monooxygenated steroids."
1145677,Following the administration of 3-H-testosterone to adult male rats radioactivity appeared in epididymal fluid and at 60 minutes was in excess of the level in tissue of the cauda epididymidis and blood plasma. Ligation of the arterial blood supply to this region caused a significant decline in the radioactive content of epididymal fluid and cauda tissue. It is concluded that direct transfer occurs from the systemic circulation into the cells of the cauda epididymidis and thence into the lumen of the duct. The major radiometabolite of 3-H-testosterone identified in chloroform extracts of epididymal tissue (60.6%) and epididymal fluid (72.8%) was 17-beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one.
1145679,"Ten steroids have been compared for their ability to modify the rate of uptake of acridine orange by rat liver and by rat liver lysosomes in vivo. The short-term effects of the ten steroids on the specific activity of a lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were also compared. Five of the ten steroids were administered as tritium-labelled compounds and the concentration of steroids or metabolites was measured in rat liver and liver lysosomes at 2.5h and 3.75h after administration. Cortisone acetate, etiocholanolone (5-beta-androstan-3-alpha-01-17-one) and testosterone accelerate and increase the uptake of acridine orange by rat liver lysosomes. Deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, triamcinolone (9-alpha-fluoro-11-beta, 17, 21-trihydroxy-16-alpha-methyl-pregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione), estradiol-17-beta and progesterone appear to inhibit the uptake of acridine orange by rat liver lysosomes at 2.5 hours. Cortisol and dexamethasone (9-alpha-fluoro-11-beta, 17, 21-trihydroxy-16-alpha-methyl-pregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione) had little effect. All steroids with the exception of etiocholanolone and deoxycorticosterone increase with the specific activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the lysosomal fraction at 2.5h. None of the effects at 2.5h are due to lowered protein levels. Lysosomal concentrations of radioactivity following the administration of tritiated steroids were greated for the glucocorticoids, corticosterone and cortisol. Estradiol-17-beta, progesterone and testosterone showed much lower concentrations of radioactivity in isolated lysosomes. Most of the lysosomal radioactivity (73-96%) was associated with the soluble fraction of the disrupted lysosomes."
1145681,"Better synthetic approaches to 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane and its ester derivatives, which were hitherto difficult to prepare, are reported. A satisfactory preparation of the desired trans-diequatorial 2alpha,3beta-dibenzoate, starting from the easily available corresponding cis 2alpha,3alpha-diol, has been devised. Finally, the influence of the temperature as well as of the bulkiness of the silver carboxylate on the steric course of the Prevost reaction have also been examined."
1145682,"Following intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of testosterone-7-3-H-17-sulfate and testosterone-4-14-C into male and female rats with bile fistulas, biliary metabolites were separated and purified by a combination of column chromatography, enzymic hydrolysis or solvolysis of the conjugate fractions and identification of the liberated aglycones. The injected steroids were extensively metabolized and excreted predominantly in the bile. The major portion of the 3H was excreted in the disulfate fraction in both sexes. Solvolysis of the disulfate revealed the sex-specific aglycone pattern: 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol was the major metabolite in the male rat, whereas 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and polar steroids were found in the female. In marked contrast, testosterone was metabolized in a different way than testosterone sulfate. 14-C radioactivity was distributed in monoglucosiduronate, monosulfate, and diconjugate fractions. Analysis of the aglycones showed that polar steroids were the main metabolites in the male. In the female, testosterone was metabolized to polar steroids, androsterone, and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol."
1145683,"Testes from rats of different ages were indubated with or without tritiated testosterone. The exogenously-added or endogenously-produced testosterone is mainly metabolized to 7alpha-hydroxylated testosterone in adult animals, and to 5alpha-reduced metabolites (especially 5alpha-androstanediol) in immature animals."
1145686,"[4--14C] Estrone was injected intramuscularly into six laying hens. Fifty minutes later the hens were exsanguinated. The plasmas were examined for conjugates of radioactive phenolic steroids by recovery on columns of Amberlite XAD-2 or by extraction with tetrahydrofuran followed by chromatography on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 in a gradient of NaCl. The biggest Sephadex chromatographic fraction (50,4% of total) contained about 42% of its radioactivity as estradiol-17alpha-3-sulfate and 18% as estradiol-17beta-3-sulfate and the remaining 40% was identified tentatively as estradiol-17alpha-17-sulfate plus a small proportion of estradiol-17beta-17-sulfate. The second biggest Sephadex chromatographic fraction (12.7% of total) was a mixture of conjugates not further identified. Minor fractions identified comprised estrone-beta-glucuronide (2.8%), estradiol-17alpha-3-beta-glucuronide (2.8%), estradiol-17beta-3-beta-glucuronide (2.3%) and estrone sulfate (6.0%). Evidence was obtained for the presence of small proportions of estradiol-17alpha disulfate and estradiol-17beta disulfate."
1145687,"The 1968 decision of the Sir Lanka Ministry of Health to allow paramedical distribution of oral conctraceptives at a reduced price greatly expanded availability. Available data on the immediate effects of this policy indicate that oral contraceptive acceptors increased significantly and there was no reduction in the number of other contraceptive acceptors. A policy decision on nonclinical distribution must be implemented rigorously by adequate training of distributors, by ensuring adequate supplies, by assigning importance and responsiblity for this activity to the paramedics, and by educating and motivating acceptors."
1145689,"The First National Survey on Family Planning in Singapore was designed to gather data that would aid in evaluating the program of the National Family Planning and Population Board and the influence of government population policies on attitudes toward family planning. Interviews with 2,078 currently married women aged 15--44 revealed high levels of contraceptive knowledge and use, satisfaction of clinic users with the Board's services, and attitudes that favor greater acceptance of abortion and sterilization. Continued promotion of the concept of the two-child family appears necessary in light of divided opinions of respondents on this government recommendation."
1145688,"Historically, various interpretations of the menstrual process have been reflected in a wide, and usually negative, range of social attitudes toward menstruation. Recent clinical experience with continuation of the modern hormonal and mechanical methods of contraception that induce changes in the normal menstrual pattern suggests the need to understand current variations in attitudes and practices related to menstruation. This paper briefly outlines historical Western, Orthodox Jewish and Muslim, and contemporary US women's attitudes toward menstruation and begins to explore their relationship to contraceptive continuation."
1145690,"Despite low per capita income and little evidence of economic development, the response to the government-sponsored family planning program in Bali has been remarkably favorable. After five years of government involvement, a total of 29 percent of eligible women are estimated to be using program methods, including 25 percent who have accepted IUDs, and 4 percent more are estimated to be using nonprogram methods. This level of performance is higher than in most other developing areas of the world. A number of the factors that might help to explain the success of the program in Bali are identified, and the future prospects for continued success are assessed."
1145691,"A computerized model that simulates reproductive events during the childbearing years of a cohort of women is used to analyze the impact of contraception and induced abortion on fertility. Four different reproductive regimens are investigated: (2) contraception only, (2) abortion only, (3) abortion as a backstop to contraception, and (4) combinations of abortion and contraception. It is concluded that in historical as well as in modern populations, levels of fertility near replacement are unlikely to be obtained without the use of induced abortion."
1145692,"Kelly's parity approach is used to estimate the number of live births averted at 6, 12 and 18 months after acceptance by 3,518 acceptors at nine Profamilia clinics in 1969. The calculated rates per thousand acceptors at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively, are 137, 267, and 363. In order to obtain a general idea of the number of abortions averted by contraceptive use through the Profamilia program, Kelly's formula is also used, with modifications, to estimate the number of fetal losses (stillbirths and spontaneous and induced abortions) averted by the sample of users. It is estimated that 86 fetal losses per thousand acceptors are averted at 18 months postacceptance."
1145693,"The objectives of this article are (1) review the contribution of traditional midwives to family planning communication in several Asian countries; (2) organize knowledge gathered from various studies into general guidelines for the most effective use of traditional midwives in family planning programs; and (3) present hypotheses for future research. In certain countries where pilot projects have tested the potential performance of traditional midwives in family planning programs, results have been encouraging. In other nations, more research is needed to determine the contribution traditional midwives can make to the family planning program."
1145694,"Mathematical simulations and structured observations were used to assess factors in family planning clinic procedures responsible for long waiting times for clients. Principal causes of unnecessarily long waiting times in selected clinics of a Mexican program included: inflexibilty of client's routes within the clinic and of staff functions, late arrival of staff, patterns of client arrival times, and the proportion of clients seen by the doctor."
1145719,"Leishmanin skin testing was carried out in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, the site of an outbreak of kala-azar in 1971-72, and in Catania, Eastern Sicily an old endemic focus of Mediterranean kala-azar. Nearly all the people who had recovered from kala-azar in the past gave positive skin tests. Active cases of kala-azar gave negative tests. There was a higher proportion of positive reactors amongst the household contacts and neighbours of cases of kala-azar than among the general population. Age specific leishmanin rates showed an increasing positive rate with age in Catania, comparable to those found in endemic areas in Kenya, but in the Emilia-Romagna area all age groups showed a high positivity rate suggesting a simultaneous exposure to infection. The age specific rates from Catania suggest an interruption in transmission 20-30 years ago. The leishmanin skin test is a useful tool for the study of the epidemiology of Mediterranean kala-azar."
1145723,"Examinations of the banding pattern of polytene chromsomes from larval salivary glands of the population in west Africa once thought to be a single species, Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum, revealed eight species all within the Nile subgroup of the complex. The following names were proposed: S. (E.) squamosum Enderlein, S. (E.) yahense n.sp., S. (E.) soubrense n.sp., S. (E.) sanctipauli n.sp., S. (E.) dieguerense n.sp., S. (E.) damnosum Theobald, S. (E.) sirbanum n.sp. and S. (E.) sudanense n.sp. Micromorphological characters by which there species are distinguished include interspecific inversions, different sets of intraspecific inversions, different sets of sex chromosomes and a few micromorphological features other than the banding pattern. By following the logical sequential development of interspecific inversions both a key to the species and a phylogenetic chart have been drawn up. Analysis of the proportions of alternate sequences for random distribution or not with ther Hardy-Weinberg equation have confirmed the existance of distinct populations, uncovered an example of incipient speciation and showed the existance of a genetic variant of S. damnosum which could possible colonize below dams."
1145725,"In experiments, adult marabou storks were fed with hydatid fluid of viable Echinococcus cysts obtained from sheep and goats. On microscopic examination of the birds' faeces no scolices were found, the only remaining undigested parts of the parasites fed being the chitinous hooks of the rostellum. The feeding trials have shown that the marabou does not play a role in the spread of echinococcosis from the abattoir."
1145727,"The survey carried out for the assessment of onchocerciasis prevalence in Liberia from 1968 to 1971 covered about 1% of the rural population. From 10.885 persons examined parasitologically, 38% were carriers of microfilariae of O. volvulus in the skin, and an additional 6.8% carried nodules but no mf. One or more onchocercal nodules were prevalent in a total of 27% of the population. Geographic and sex differences were observed as well as several different patterns of increasing age. A description of the geographic distribution patterns is given but evaluation of population clusters classified by overall endemicity is considered more profitable for analyses of parasitological and clinical lesions related to the transmission of the filarial infection. Regional differences of the age-adjusted mf-rates ranging from 0 to 78% prevalence were obtained from the analysis of 121 communities throughout the country. The general onchocerciasis distribution pattern showed the highest endemicity in the western part of the country with a general decline towards hypoendemic condition in the Eastern regions. Exceptions were found in that sizable pockets of high transmission activity seems to exist in Eastern Liberia near the coast and also in Central Liberia."
1145728,"Dissections of Simulium damnosum in the Sudansavanna zone of Cameroon indicated that nulliparous flies dispersed mainly inland away from their riverine breeding sites. Parous flies also dispersed inland to the same distances as nulliparous flies, but mainly they stayed close to, or moved along, the banks of the breeding rivers. This tendency was most marked in the older parous flied. As a result of this differenital dispersal, the numbers of S. damnosum carrying infective larvae of Onchocerca volvulus were highest on the banks of breeding rivers. This has an important bearing on the epidemiology of onchocerciasis. Tests at one place in Guinea savanna indicated a similar dispersal pattern there. In the forest zone nulliparous flies tended to stay near the rivers; and the proportions of parous and of infective flies were higher inland than on the river bank."
1145729,"The relationship of stage of development to structure in Babesia rodhaini and B. microti was studied by freeze-etching, carbon replication, and thin sectioning. The trophozoites of these Babesia are surrounded by a single membrane over most of their surfaces, but in some regions of the cytoplasm, membranous structures may parallel the plasmalemma, providing a double membrane. Merozoites are produced from trophozoites by budding. An early external indication that a bud will form is the organization of a pellicle complex at the site of the bud. The trophozoite nucleus divides before bud formation starts. The pellicle forms by development of a thick subplasmalemmal layer just under the plasmalemma in a bulging area that contains one of the daughter nuclei. The subplasmalemma layer of the pellicle of babesial merozoites is similar to that of plasmodial merozoites as it is divided into a series of roughly hexagonal plates by a reticular network which resembles coarse chicken wire. Thus, not only are the merozoites of these two species of Babesia budded in a fashion similar to that by which plasmodial merozoites are budded, but they also have similar pellicles."
1145769,"The biological reactivity of two commercially available tuberculin preparations was measured in 168 subjects (9 with active tuberculosis; 98 with inactive tuberculosis; and 61 general population). One tuberculin had 5 tuberculin units (TU) per 0-1 ml dose relative to a stabilized solution of PPD-S, whereas the other preparation was bioequivalent to 5 TU per 0-1 ml dose of unstabilized PPD-S, and was therefore of lower potency. Differences between the tuberculins were more evident when an induration of larger than or equal to 10 mm was considered as positive. Using a criterion of larger than or equal to 5 mm the differences were smaller, but the frequency of non-tuberculous responders was increased using this criterion. The average difference between the tuberculins was of the order of 5 mm regardless of the criterion of postivity. The use of chemoprophylaxis based on reaction size necessitates that the physician should know which of these two commercially available tuberculins is being used."
1145898,"The formation of ATP at the cell surface of intact glia and glioma cells in culture has been established. The ATP-forming capacity at the surface of the malignant cells was several times greater than that of the normal glia cells. The ATP-forming capacity was about the same on reincubation one hour after the first incubation. The cells were kept in Eagle's medium in the meantime. ADP, NAD+ and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde could all be available from a postulated intramembranous metabolic pool and take part in biochemical reactions at the cell surface, provided that albumin was not present in the incubation medium. An incubation medium which was complete except for 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde was only slightly less effective as regards ATP formation at the surface of both glia and glioma cells, compared with the complete incubation medium. The presence of nucleoside diphosphate kinase at the glioma cell surface was confirmed. When intact cells were incubated with only the phosphoryl group donor (ATP) of the reaction but with the acceptor nucleoside diphosphates (CDP, GDP, UDP) ommitted, only CTP and GTP were formed. No UTP was found. Thes latter results indicate that both CDP and GDP are available from the postulated intramembranous metabolic pool, while UDP is not."
1145899,"The effect of 2 hours' intravenous infusion (7.5 mg/h) of propantheline bromide (Ercotina, Erco Läkemedel AB) on basal or pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion was studied in 7 healthy subjects and in 11 patients with acute duodenal ulcer. A moderate to marked decrease in acid secretion rate and acid output was found both in subjects and patients during the infusion period. The acidity decreased in most of the subjects but did not change much in the patients. Two other dose rates (3.75 and 15 mg/h) were studied in a few subjects and patients. The lowest dose rate gave as good an inhibition of the gastric secretion as the higher ones. No troublesome side effects were noticed. It was concluded that a dose rate of around 5-10 mg/h may be suitable for prolonged i.v. infusion, for example as trial therapy in patients with upper gastro-intestinal bleeding."
1145900,"The atrial activity was studied at rest and during exercise in 6 patients with atrial flutter and in 7 patients with atrial fibrillation. In the latter, a special recording technique was used which permitted identification of the f-waves. No increase in the frequency of the atrial waves was found. Thus the increase of the ventricular rate during work in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation seems to be caused by a change in the atrio-ventricular conduction."
1145901,"Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of noradrenalin from dopamine, was assayed in the blood plasma of 20 men with primary hypertension. At the same time plasma was taken for measurement of plasma renin activity. Renin release as well as the plasma level of DBH is dependent upon the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, at least to some extent. A possible relationship between the two enzymes was therefore investigated. However, no relationship could be found in this series of 20 hypertensive patients. Another aim was to study the levels of DBH in venous and arterial blood simultaneously. No difference in the DBH level was found in venous and in arterial blood in 11 patients undergoing heart catheterization."
1145902,"A method for the measurement of red blood cell velocity in the microcirculation is described. The technique is based on the on-line cross-correlation of the delay between optical signatures derived from photodetectors aligned in direction oflow. A specialised photodiode holder which can be inserted directly in place of an ocular is described. The interdetector delay data is computed automatically from the cross-correlation function by a peak detector designed to provide a voltage proportional to the delay to maximum cross-correlation, regardless of intermediate lower peaks. Application of this system to measurements in the rabbit ear chamber, mesentery and skeletal muscle is described."
1145903,"The frequency of postoperative venous thrombosis and the prophylactic effect of dextran 40 and 70 were studied in 90 otherwise healthy patients undergoing cholecystectomy. The 125-I-fibrinogen test was employed as the diagnostic method. The frequency of thrombosis was very low (1.1%) compared with other investigations on patients undergoing elective general surgery. Thus nothing can be concluded about the prophylactic effect of dextran from this series, but it can be presumed that this type of patient does not need routine prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis."
1145904,A newly synthesized dimer Ph DZ 59B and Angiografin were used in high doses in renal angiography. The two contrast media appeared to have no clinical effects. Light microscopy shows no changes from the radiogrphic agents in the kidneys removed due to carcinoma.
1145905,"The PTB-suction prosthesis has been studied by a roentgenological technique. There is complete contact between the skin of the stump and the plastic inner surface of the socket. The movement of the stump in the socket is minimal. The displacement of the skeletal stump is reduced to half in the PTB-suction prosthesis, compared with the strap-suspended PTB prosthesis. As a result, the stability between stump and socket is increased, provided that the stump is sufficiently long. Skin sores are avoided. The prosthesis, when adequately fitted, guarantees a good circulation within the stump and a cosmetically favourable fit with a feeling of walking with ""a normal leg""."
1145906,"The contents of phytic acid were determined for protein-rich flours and protein concentrates prepared from nigerseed, sunflower seed, rapeseed and poppy seed. The values ranged from 6.89 to 8.80 mg phytate-P per g of fat free weight. This means that the phytate content of the analysed oilseed flours was at least about 4 times higher than the phytate content of common grain cereals. The precipitation of extracted phytic acid with trivalent Fe was an important step in the analytical procedure. The Fe:P mole ratios of the precipitates from the different oilseeds were lower than the corresponding ratios previously reported for cereal materials."
1145909,"The influence of a potent anti-androgenic compound, SK and F 22340, on the ultrastructure of the lateral and ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles of the rat has been studied. After treatment for 18 days there was macroscopic atrophy of the organs with decreased amount of secretory material. There was reduction of the height and width of the epithelial cells and loss of cytoplasm. The most distinct changes were found in the cytoplasm and comprised a quantitative reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and of free ribosomes; the Golgi apparatus was reduced and the number of secretion granules were diminished. All the alterations observed are apparently similar to the changes caused by bilateral orchidectomy."
1145911,"Numerous case reports of renal angiomyolipoma with or without tuberous sclerosis continue to be published with increasing frequency in the urologic literature. The need for a comprehensive and updated review of the subject is timely. A collective pathologic, clinical, and radiologic review of the subjects of tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma is presented; and a plan for the urologic management is discussed."
1145912,A radiologic method of measuring metastases was developed and statistically analyzed with respect to survival based on 103 patients with known metastases at diagnosis. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between shortened patient survival and the combination of number of sites involved and the extent of involvement within each site. These quantitative analysis are useful in predicting patient survival and in studying response to treatment.
1145916,"One hundred B-mode nephrosonograms were reviewed, and 41 percent of these had a diagnosis proved by either arteriography, cyst puncture or tissue examination.  There were 8 proved normal sonograms with one error, an upper pole renal cell carcinoma in a kidney badly distorted by chronic pyelonephritis and ureteral obstruction.  Overlying ribs and anatomic distortion contributed to the misinterpretation.  Sonic diagnosis of solid tumor was correct in all proved cases.  Cysts were diagnosed in 23 patients; six were in error.  Four were called cysts less than 3 cm. in diameter.  If the lower limit of sonographic resolution is considered 3 cm., the accuracy for diagnosed simple cysts becomes 90 per cent."
1145919,"Plasma transcortin and cortisol levels, which are significantly elevated by estrogens, were determinied in a group of patients with prostatic cancer who were on estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) therapy.  In a series of 44 male patients studied transcortin and corticol levels became elevated above normal and were maintained at these high levels as long as the patients were on estramustine phosphate therapy.  The levels observed in this study may serve as reliable indices to monitor patients who are on this drug."
1145920,"The sera from patients with prostatic cancer have been observed to posses an unidentified factor capable of inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and the proliferative response to the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin.  Observation of inhibition of these two suggested in vitro correlates fo cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness emphasizes (1) the importance to the adjunctive diagnosis and prognosis of patients with malignancy of identifying the presence of abnormal serum proteins, and (2) the role of humoral inhibitory or ""immunoregulatory"" factors as potential abrogators of mechanisms of host resistance, for example, immunologic surveillance, and thus the degree to whcih the host may respond to his tumor."
1145921,"Benign fibroepithelial polyps of the posterior urethra are rare lesions, usually presenting with obstructive symptoms. Most often they occur in the pediatric age group and are believed to be of congenital origin. Our patient, a fifty-nine-year-old man, represents the oldest case reported in the English literature. Current thoughts on diagnosis, associated urologic findings, treatment and possible cause are discussed."
1145922,"Prolonged ingestion of mixed analgesics containing phenacetin has been associated significantly with the development of a chronic interstitial nephritis frequently associated with papillary necrosis. This disease is frequently underdiagnosed. If an adequate history of headache and/or backache (of which most of these patients complain) is not taken, the central causative effect of phenacetin ingestion may never be appreciated. Laboratory tests show the usual abnormalities seen in any form of chronic interstitial nephritis such as poor urinary concentration, renal failure with large urine output, and no hypertension. Papillary necrosis is helpful but not pathognomonic. The type of medications ingested appears to be changing to prescription compounds. The with significant improvement in renal function."
1145923,"Twenty-four patients have undergone percutaneous transfemoral selective renal  artery occlusion as part of their management for renal carcinoma. Preoperative infarction was performed in 7 cases. This facilitated surgery by eliminating the major blood supply to the tumor and resulted in collapse of the large collateral veins and created edema within the perirenal tissue. In 17 patients with visceral metastases, tumor infarction was performed in lieu of nephrectomy for control of the primary lesion and in hopes of stimulating an autoimmune response. The current status of this procedure s discussed in light of its indications, complications, and preliminary results."
1145924,"Thirteen patients with neuropathic vesical dysfunction resulting from intervertebral disk herniation or abdominal-perineal resection have been evaluated with a urodynamic technique. Urinary sphincter weakness was common, and it appears to be responsible for poor results in patients treated by transurethral resection."
1145925,"Forty-one cases of renal artery thrombosis following blunt trauma have been reported previously.  Most injuries resulted from acute deceleration, and the left kidney was involved more frequently than the right kidney.  An additional case, a nineteen-year-old victim of a motorcycle accident, had immediate surgery following an early diagnosis.  Although the kidney was viable, arterial repair was unsuccessful, and a nephrectomy was performed.  Following blunt trauma, patients with microhematuria should have an immediate excretory urogram and retrograde cystogram.  With nonvisualization of the kidney, arteriography is necessary to establish the diagnosis.  Prompt operation is mandatory if the kidney is to be saved."
1145926,"An unusual long-term survival of a patient with metastatic renal cancer is reported. Asthma developed after lung lesions were detected. After development of his allergy, new lesions have failed to appear and growth of old ones has slowed. The possibility that allergy can be a factor in the control of neoplasia is discussed."
1145927,"Blind-ending bifid ureter is one of the rarest congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary system. It can be symptomatic and can give rise to recurrent urinary tract infection and pain on the affected side. If there is any suspicion of this condition on the intravenous pyelogram, a retrograde ureteropyelogram should be done to demonstrate the blind-ending segment.  In symptomatic cases, the condition can be treated successfully by exising the segment."
1145928,"An unusually rare case of chronic hematuria, secondary to an intraparenchymal renal aneurysm is presented. The triad of normal blood pressure, intrarenal aneurysm, and hematuria can be treated conservatively by partial nephrectomy with good results. This treatment is recommended since in a significant percentage of patients with these lesions spontaneous rupture can occur, which is a life-threatening disaster."
1145932,"Twenty-six patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma refractory to conventional endocrine treatment were treated with a new oral nonsteriodal antiandrogen, flutamide. There were 6 responders and 20 failures. No serious toxicity attributable to flutamide was observed."
1145933,"The courses of 11 patients with sigmoid conduit urinary diversion following total pelvic exenteration were reviewed in detail and the results presented. The sigmoid conduit appears to be a safe alternative to the ileal conduit for urinary diversion, and offers in addition the possible advantage of an effective antirefluxing ureterocolic anastomosis."
1145934,"Genitourinary tuberculosis continues to be a significant worldwide problem. In the southwestern United States, this is particularly true among Indians and Spanish-Americans who, in the experience of the authors, frequently present with advanced and neglected disease. The possibility of silent development or progression of ureteral strictures while on antituberculous medication demands routine urographic evaluation of all patients in whom pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed. A large percentage of patients with ureteral tuberculosis undergo stricture formation or progression while on chemotherapy, and require reconstructive ureteral surgery if renal destruction is to be avoided."
1145935,"A brief discussion of ureteral injuries with emphasis on injuries secondary to penetrating external violence is presented. Four cases with gunshot injuries to the ureter are documented. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries due to penetrating missiles are presented. The need for routine preoperative intravenous urography and the necessity of having urinary diversion proximal to the anastomosis are stressed."
1145937,A patient with an unusual unilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to mechanical obstruction by a common iliac artery aneurysm in association with an abdominal-aortic aneurysm is presented. A diagnosis of ureteral obstruction should be suspected in a patient with flank or abdominal pain and an infra-umbilical (iliac) aneurysm. Treatment is directed toward the aneurysm. The aneurysmal wall attachments to the ureter should be left undisturbed.
1145940,"Herein is presented what we believe to be the eighth case reported of renal cell carcinoma with caval tumor thrombus treated by radical excision with vena caval resection. A review of the literature reveals that although postoperative morbidity is minimal, only 1 patient survived more than two years. All patients with metastases at time of operation died within one year. It is our conclusion that the length and quality of survival anticipated must be carefully weighed before performing this major surgical procedure."
1145945,"Two cases of double primary prostatic adenocarcinoma are described. A periurethral papillary adenocarcinoma coexisted with the common acinar type of cancer, which tends to arise deep in the corpus of the gland. We are of the opinion that the patterns observed in these tumors are not mere variations of one neoplasm, but rather two dissimilar growths of diverse cell origin, varried histology, and possibly also of disparate biologic potential."
1145946,"The second reported case of primary paravesical tumor is described. A seventy-five-year-old man complained of increasing difficulty on urination. Physical examination revealed a visible aand palpable mass in the hypogastrium. The cystogram disclosed a unilateral crescent-shaped configuration of the urinary bladder. A tumor mass was surgically removed from the extraperitoneal paravesical space. The histologic diagnosis of the tumor was myxoid liposarcoma. A feature of primary paravesical tumor, which is derived from connective tissue, is that it manifests no symptoms or signs until the tumor attains considerable size. Primary paravesical tumor, heretofore unclassified, is a urologic entity."
1145948,The thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine after scintillation camera studies using -131I-labeled hippuran was studied and the radiation dose calculated in 30 euthyroid children with normal renal function. Fifteen children received Lugol's solution which reduced the thyroid uptake and radiation dose significantly.
1145953,"One hundred consecutive histologically confirmed malignant melanomas of the posterior uvea; on which the 32-P test was performed prior to enucleation, were classified according to cell type. The 32-P uptake results of the pure spindle cell melanomas were compared with the results in the mixed and epithelioid cell tumors. There appears to be no relationship between 32-P uptake and cell type using the Callender classification. The 32-P uptake results in the 100 melanomas were then compared with the results in teh 30 benign lesions which are known to simulate melanoma occasionally. There was a significant difference in 32-P uptake between the benign and malignant lesions, and no false-positive results were encountered. The importance of the 32-P test as a diagnostic adjunct for malignant intraocular tumors is emphasized."
1145955,"The evidence provided by previous studies of malignant melanomas of the choroid has indicated that a small melanoma is most likely a spindle cell tumor, evolving in a relatively benign growth pattern. However, this generalization has not been tested with regard to the small melanomas which can be considered for conservative management. We have studied 264 malignant melanomas of the choroid; 50 of these were designated as small melanomas (less than 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in elevation). We found a surprisingly large percentage (22.0%) of mixed andepithelioid tumors (considered to be more malignant) in the group of small tumors. In 33 patients with a possible five-year survival, two (6.1%) died of metastases. Of 22 possible ten-year follow-ups, five patients died of metastatic melanoma (22.7%). These deaths occurred in one patient with a spindle cell A melanoma, three with spindle cell B melanomas, and one with a mixed melanoma. All five of these patients were women, and all had posterior pole tumors. No deaths occurred in patients with tumors less than 7 mm in diameter and 2 mm in elevation. The relatively good five-year survival in the patients with smaller melanomas supports the views held by previous authors that small melanomas carry a better prognosis than larger tumors. However, mixed and epithelioid tumors in our series do not seem to have a worse prognosis than spindle cell tumors. Cell type may be of less prognostic significance than tumor size in the case of small melanomas."
1145958,"Seventy-one patients with glaucoma needing surgical correction had either a peripheral iridectomy with a thermal sclerostomy or a trabeculectomy utilizing a modification of Watson's technique in which the scleral flap was closed tightly with sutures. Results of surgery were analyzed at intervals up to an including three years following the surgical procedure. The success of the operations was judged both in terms of the effect on intraocular pressure as well as on the visual ability of the eye. Since the surgeon's aim is to lower intraocular pressure to a particular level, not simply to an arbitrary level that facilitates statistical analysis, the control of the disease was graded in terms of how completely the operative procedure fulfilled the goal set by the surgeon at the time the decision to operate was made. While this method of grading success introduces a subjective element, a more valid assessment of the true value of the surgery may be obtained. The results suggest that the Scheie procedure lowers pressure to a lower level and for a longer duration than does the trabeculectomy (mean intraocular pressure three years postoperatively was 12.3 mm Hg in patients with primary glaucoma treated with a Scheie procedure and 16.6 mm Hg in those with trabeculectomy with a sutured scleral flap). In this study the long-term visual result was apparently no different with the Scheie procedure and trabeculectomy. Trabeculectomy causes fewer flat anterior chambers than the Scheie procedure. The degree of pressure lowering in trabeculectomy is directly related to the amount of postoperative filtration. The relative indications for trabeculectomy include: (1) malignant glaucoma in the other eye, (2) chronic angle-closure glaucoma where an iridectomy is considered insufficient, (3) ""high pressure glaucoma"" where pressure below 20 mm Hg is not essential, (4) low inflow glaucoma in which persistent flat anterior chambers may be expected following routine filtration surgery, and (5) patients where endophthalmitis is a real concern, as in the young, those remote from medical care and those with poor personal hygiene. Trabeculectomy gives such poor results in secondary glaucoma that the procedure is probably relatively contraindicated. Trabeculectomy is a valuable operation, but not the final solution to glaucoma surgery. It should be chosen with full recognition of its specific advantages and disadvantages."
1145959,"The technique, results, and possible mode of action of trepano-trabeculectomy were presented. In our hands the operation proved to be relatively easy to perform, to be free of consequential complications, and effective in normalizing the intraocular pressure. It should be emphasized that the presented results apply only for this type of trabeculectomy. Black patients appear to respond better to this than to other antiglaucomatous procedures."
1145962,"Ten eyes which had developed retinitis proliferans following branch retinal vein occlusion were treated with xenon photocoagulation utilizing an ablative technique limited to the effected retinal quadrants. In eight of the ten eyes, complete regression of the vessels was obtained, as evidenced by nonfilling on subsequent fluorescein angiography. The remaining two eyes showed significant but incomplete closure. There were no postoperative vitreous hemorrhages, no significant permanent complications, and the visual acuity remained at or better than pretreatment levels in all cases. In conclusion, we wish to reemphasize the limited scope of this report. The series, though consecutive, is small and the follow-up period relatively short. On the basis of the cases presented here, we believe that continued investigation using this mode of treatment is warranted, and that this method may prove to be of significant value in the management of complicated retinal branch vein occlusion."
1145961,"The beneficial and harmful effects of 2% pilocarpine and 0.125% echothiophate iodide were evaluated on the prospective study of uniocular miotic therapy using the fellow eye as a control. Thirty primary open-angle glaucoma patients were treated with pilocarpine alone over a median time of 55 months. Twenty-nine similar patients were treated initially with echothiophate iodide and subsequently with pilocarpine over a median time of 54 months. Pilocarpine is cataractogenic but the changes are less marked and require more time than those induced by echothiophate iodide. In the combined group of 118 eves of 59 patients there were 11 optic disc changes and dix glaucomatous field defects. There was no difference in incidence between the treated and control eyes. The results suggest that one should be conservative in prescribing miotics, including pilocarpine alone, for patients suspected of having glaucoma."
1145982,"The periodicity and place-pitch modulation data, along with the data on loudness, offers promise of the development of a multielectrode, multichannel cochlear auditory prosthesis. Also, the currents required for cochlear stimulation are of the magnitude which can pass across the electrode-perilymph interface, by double-layer charging, without production of toxic by-products of electrolysis(6), supporting the feasibility of long-term chronic stimulation."
1145983,"A diffusion limited, multicompartment patient-artifical kidney transport model has been developed. The physiological transport parameters have been clincially elevated for radiosotopically tagged urea, creatinine, uric acid, vitamin B12, and inulin with anuric, chronic uremic patients. Concomitant hemodialysis simulations illustrate that a 3 compartment patient model is adequate to characterize physiological transport. However, because of the high value of the transcapillary mass transfer coefficient, it is concluded that a 2 compartment (intracellular/extracellular) model is adequate to define mass transfer in the patient-artifical kidney system: a single pool may be assumed for very low hemodialyzer (less than 20 ml/min) clearances. Dialysis simulations also demonstrate that a point of diminshing returns is reached with respect to increasing mass removal from the patient, via increasing dialyzer clearance for middle molecules. In a 5 hr hemodialysis simulation the system becomes limited by physiological mass transfer resistances for dialyzer clearances greater than 100 ml/min. It is concluded that physiological transport resistances significantly impeded the removal of middle molecules from the patient-artifical kidney system. As a result, a single, well mixed pool assumption is not generally adequate to describe solute transport. A consequence of this conclusion is that the M2-hr hypothesis, which is based on a single pool assumption, cannot be generally utilized to accurately adjust hemodialysis treatment schedules for equivalent middle molecule removal. We are currently analyzing the patient-artifical kidney system to define improved adjustments modes for equivalent mass removal employing a 2 pool patiemt model."
1145985,1. A single pool mathematical model has been clinically tested and found to give values similar to those previously reported for volumes of distribution of creatinine and urea. 2. Calculated generation rates for creatinine and urea approximated values obtained by independent measurement of removal rate. 3. Preliminary observations suggest that the model may be empirically useful in predicting interdialytic serum creatinine urea concentrations. 4. The potential clinical usefulness of the mathematical model has been enhanced by development of a solution suitable for a programmable pocket calculator.
1145986,"A naturally deposited protein layer is shown to be highly compressible as witnessed by its resistance to the passage of both water and dissolved molecules. This protein layer can easily be much more important than the underlying membrane. Hydrodynamic methods can be employed to control this protein layer, even to the extreme of its extinction in a continuous flow system. The rejection properties are shown to be a function of both the tracer molecular weight and type. Some of the physical property variations are reviewed for plasma amd serum as a function of protein concentration."
1145988,"1. In order to accredit the NISR440 Polycarbonate Membrane for clinical studies, the following was accomplished and/or established: a. Casting and synthesis were increased from the laboratory level to production scale. b. Quality control of permeabilities and physical properties was within +/- 5%, from membrane lot to lot and within the same roll. c. The target properties of the Artificial Kidney Program (NIH) were reached(7): 1) Middle M. W. solute permeability of marked molecules was established by 3 different laboratories and averaged: Vitamin B12 - 296 x Cuprophan¿; Inulin 3.6 x Cuprophan¿; Bacitracin 2.94 x Cuprophan¿. 2) Low M. W. species permeabilities were approximately the same as Cuprophan¿, to avoid a depletion syndrome. 3) Hydraulic permeability was essentially the same as Cuprophan¿ (UF rate 1.25 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿) to avoid dehydration and hypotension. 4) Burst strength was 1.5 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿. d. Toxicology studies were all negative in spot and in serial lot testing. e. Non-thrombogenicity tests (Lindholm test) were up to 36.6% better than Cuprophan¿. f. No protein adsorption was found. g. The membrane could be produced in the wet and dry state with the same permeability and physical properties. 2. In an earlier clinical study at USC, it was established that: a. There were no toxic effects manifested in patients in 25 episodic studies. b. Clearances forlow M. W. solutes and hydraulic permeabilities were, as targeted, approximately the same as Cuprophan¿. c. In 4 1/2 mos of a double blind study of 6 patients, no significant toxic effects were noted for either the patients on Cuprophan¿ or NISR 440 Polycarbonate Membrane. Two patients had an increase of hematocrit. 3. The ability to heat seal the membrane in the periphery and in channels through many layers, combined with its relative rigidity when wet, make possible clinical hemodialyzer designs approximately the size of a package of cigarettes and inexpensive to produce."
1145991,"Hemodynamic and gas exchange studies on acute respiratory failure patients treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation led to the following conclusions: pulmonary circulation can be influenced to a large extent Lamy, et al. Effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on pulmonary hemodynamics by changes in bypass cannulation mode and bypass flow rate. An increase in pulmonary flow is followed by an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, a drop in total pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in shunt fraction. Forced opening of previously shut down vascular area (possibly due to hypoxic vasoconstriction) is a potential explantation for these physiological changes. Increase in bypass flow rate leads to increase in total systemic flow (pulmonary and oxygenator), but does not change total CO2 production and possibly total O2 consumption. Mixed cannulation mode (venoarterial and venovenous) guarantees adequate oxygenation of all the organs. Oxygenation of the heart can be jeopardized by venoarterial bypass, although the use of an aortic root cannula may decrease this major risk. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reversed the disease process in some of the patients treated. The best criteria of reversibility seem to be an improvement in arterial PO2 decrease in shunt fraction across the lung, and decrease in total pulmonary vascular resistance. The most striking change of these parameters has been observed after 2 to 3 days on bypass."
1145996,"A novel fluoropolymer prepared from ethylcellulose by acylation with perfluorobutyryl chloride has been shown to be remarkably non-thrombogenic in vena cava and renal embolus ring implant tests. Gas permeabilities of this fluoropolymer are dufficient to make it highly attractive for membrane blood oxygenators, either in the form of a thin film supported by a porous substrate or as a thin coating deposited onto microporous substrates. The broad solvent solubility of this fluoropolymer allows it to be fabricated into membranes by pratical processes. Good adhesion of coatings of this polymer to rigid and semi-rigid plastic surfaces can be achieved in many cases. This fluoropolymer represents an important new biomaterial for use in blood handling and oxygenation devices."
1145997,"Twenty-four to 48 hr veno-arterial bypass with microporous membrane oxygenators causes moderate progressive thrombocytopenia associated with decreased platelet function, no significant change in clotting factors, fibrinogen, or the fibrinolytic system, and minimal change in white blood count, differential, and plasma hemoglobin. These effects are identical to those seen in previous studies following the same protocol with solid silicone rubber membrane oxygenators. Microporous membrane is suitable for prolonged extracorporeal support systems. This study suggests that the deleterious effects of a direct blood gas interface are caused by continuous renewal of the surface rather than the nature of the interface itself."
1145998,"This analysis of turbulent oxygenation predicts a substantial gain in the oxygen-transfer rate relative to current laminar flow membrane systems. As a consequence, major reductions in residence time, membrane area and priming volume would be possible. This straightforward application of the phenomenolgical theory of experiment. The potential gains sre sufficiently impressive to encourage such experimentation."
1146000,From these studies it is concluded that: 1) Physical characteristics of wound dressings can be quantified and evaluated for their contribution to in vivo performance. 2) A total performance scoring system can be reliably used to quantitatively separate series of wound dressings by their in vivo performances. 3) The physical characteristics most determinate of good perfprmance in these 5 series of dressings were undersurface texture and water vapor transmission.
1146001,"On the basis of the preceding discussion and information, it is our conclusion that: 1. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be created successfully in 87% of those patients who have had a failure of conventional fistuals. 2. Bovine graft A-V fistuals provide easy needle placement. 3. Bovine graft A-V fistuals give excellent access for effective hemodialysis. 4. Bovine graft A-V fistuals do not cause excessive bleeding at the puncture site. 5. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be used immediately."
1146003,"During in vivo sheep studies on biolized shunts of a unique geometry it was found that venous stenosis was produced in 3 of 3 implants, suggesting its use as a model for the study of this lesion. Hemodynamic data on biolized shunts of different geometry and silicone shunts did not demonstrate significant differences among them. In general, venous side pressures were low and steady. Arterial side pressures upon stabilization were not significantly different than the controls. Time averaged hemodunamic parameters do not appear as dominant differences between the blood access devices evaluated. Angiographic studies indicated that a divergence of flow takes place at the shunt's exist and reveled angulation between the short shunt and the vein. Venous wall immobilization at increased pressures was observed. The tension which causes the wall to be immobilized is beleived to be due to anatomical mismatch between the short shunt and the vascular connection points. Although mechanical stress to the wall, fluid dynamic events and the resultant mass transport processes all may be important in causing the development of the stenotic lesion, the data to date seem to strongly implicate mechanical factors, specifically angualtion and stretching of the vein, in the development of venous stenosis. Local fluid dynamic and mass transfer effects may aggravate the already overstressed vessel."
1146004,"A protocol was designed to alter mean time average serum concentrations of ""middle"" (B12) and ""small"" (urea) molecules. Serum before and after studies was tested for its effect on the blastogenic response to PHA. From this study we have concluded that: 1. Serum of patients on hemodialysis inhibits the mitogenic response of normal lymphocytes to PHA when compared to normal sera. 2. This phenomenon is not responsive to pertubations in dialysis designed to alter the concentration of """"middle'' and """"small'' molecules. 3. The inverse correlation between PHA response and serum PO4 and likewise the inverse correlation with changes in bone X-rays suggest that PTH, fragments thereof, or other factors related to bone and calcium metabolism, could conceivably be involved. This could mediated via cyclic AMP."
1146005,"Flow visualization experiments were performed leading to the development of a correlation for the vortex shedding from indentations perpendicular to the main stream flow and caused by the addition of a pulsed flow component. The peak pulse flow rate required for vortex shedding greatly exceeds the condition for flow reversal in the channel when the steady flow rate is low while the vortex shedding occurs close to the flow reversal condition when the steady flow rate is very high. The empirical correlation should be useful in assessing the practicality of utilizing this technique to augment mass transport in membrane separation processes. Vortex shedding provides substantial transport augmentation in the ultrafiltration of a flowing plasma stream, and recommendations for further study are outlined to improve our understanding of this phenomena."
1146006,Peritoneal dialysis solutions were chemically injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. A high percentage of the injected animals showed particulate matter in the peritoneal membranes associated with an inflammatory reaction. This was prevented by final filtration of the solutions through 0.22 and 0.45 mu filters. It is recommended that all chronic peritoneal dialysis be performed through a final filter.
1146009,"1) The implanted TAH offers a method of evaluating the effects of varying physiologic demands cardiac output and venous return. 2) Cardiac output and venous return measurements offer a method of evaluating system design of the device and driving and control-logic improvements in awake, unanesthetized animals. 3) The obtained cardiac function and venous return curves suggest that the present TAH is less responsive to increases in right atrial pressure than the natural heart, but is still completely controlled by venous return. Therefore, it is extremely important to make every effort to eliminate any factor causing excessive venous return."
1146010,"Effects of various drugs, such as Isuprel, Neo-synephrine, aminophylline and quinidine, have been evaluated and compared in both control and TAH calves. In the control calves, the cardiac effects of these drugs were overlapped by vascular effects. But in the TAH calves, pure vascular effects have been clearly shown. 1) The peripheral effects of Dibenzyline and Inderal were evaluated in the TAH calves. 2) From these results, it has been concluded that the TAH animal is a useful model for the study of the peripheral vascular response to drugs in awake, unanesthetized subjects."
1146011,"The composite findings described above suggest that the relatively mild blood trauma (and possibly altered arterial pulse waveforms), which were produced during the prolonged pump perfusions, sufficed to produce a modest but distinct measure of compromise in the phagocytic function of the RES in the majority of animals. Among possible factors contributing to the observed decreases in the RES phagocytic function of perfused animals are 1) pump-induced alteration of blood flow pattern RES elements (particularly decreased hepatic perfusion), 2) impaired opsonization, and 3) depressed phagocytic capability of RES cellular elements (due possibly to partial RES blockade by blood breakdown products. The specific role of these and possibly other factors requires furher clarification. The findings thus suggest that fixed tissue elements, as well as circulating blood cells, may be vulnerable to the hematological, and possibly the hemodynamic derangements which accompany prolonged perfusion with mechanical circulatory devices."
1146013,"In summary, in contrast to a blood-membrane interphase system (artificial kidney), the use of a blood-gas interphase system (bubble oxygenator), even at a low flow rate of 400 ml/min, leads to severe changes in platelet function and number, to a temporary delay in fibrin formation and to a prolonged bleeding time. A definite bleeding tendency expresses the disturbance in hemostatic balance, as predominantly effected by the changes in platelet function. Hemolysis is apparently a minor symptom, and does not express the gravity of this damaging situation."
1146018,"A new heparinized hydrophilic polymer, H-RSD (graftcopolymer composed of ethylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, polyethyleneglycolmethacrylate, quartenized dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and ionically bound heparin), continuously releases heparin from its surface at the rate of approximately 0.004 units/cm2/min when placed in the plasma. It has excellent antithrombogenic and mechanical properties for a biomaterial. In vivo evaluation for thrombogenically using IVC indwelling catheter method in dogs revealed excellent antithrombogenicity over 2 wks. Use of H-RSD as a coating material on other synthetic polymers has also been studied, Catheters made of polyurethane were coated with H-RSD 20 mu, 50 mu, 100 mu, and 150 mu in thickness, and were tested for thrombogenicity in the dog. Catheters coated with 20 mu of H-RSD caused moderate to severe thrombus in the IVC after 2 wks, but catheters coated with H-RSD 50 mu or more were completely free of thrombus formation after 2 wks. Scanning electron micrograph showed neither fibrin clots nor platelet adhesion on the surface of H-RSD catheters. Heparin concentration in H-RSD catheters was analyzed by electron probe X-ray microanalyzer before and after in vivo tests. Heparin concentration became higher as the thickness of H-RSD coating increased. After a 2 wk test, heparin concentration in the catheters decreased to about 85% of the initial value. Good retention of heparin in the H-RSD catheters after in vivo tests was found to correlate with continuous release of heparin from its surface. H-RSD catheters can be sterilized with ethylene oxide gas. Pyrogen and acute toxicity tests on extracts of H-RSD were negative. H-RSD catheters were used in 9 patients for up to 3 wks. Thrombus formation observed by pullout venography or at autopsy in these patients was less than those seen in patients with silicone rubber or polyethylene catheters."
1146019,"Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction are well known complications of extracorporeal circulation. The production of """"denatured'' protein is a common occurrence with extracorporeal circulation even in the absence of a blood-gas interface. We subjected platelet-poor plasma to vigorous bubbling with air and studied the effect of this """"denatured'' plasma on platelets from the same donor. Aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine or collagen was measured. The bubbled plasma decreased the delay in the onset of aggregation observed with collagen and eliminated the biphasic aggregation response induced by epinephrine. These data indicate that """"denatured'' protein may affect platelet function and may play a role in the thrombocytopenia and altered platelet function associated with extracorporeal circulation."
1146020,"Abnormalities in plasma lipid composition in uremia are examined. A qualitative decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the various lipid fractions is documented. A relationship between these lipid findings and accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure patients is suggested. A relative deficiency of the essential fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, was demonstrated and may be related to the uremic platelet disorder."
1146021,"We postulate that plasma or muscle cell hypo-osmolality may be the major factor or co-factor causing muscle cramps during dialysis, rather than plasma volume contraction alone. The transient hyperosmolality induced with hypertonic saline is therapeutic because it reverses this abnormal state. We feel that the bolus administration of hypertonic saline is of great value in the therapy of dialysis-induced cramps and may be the treatment of choice. It is a rapid and effective means of relieving cramps at no risk to the patient, and without compromising ultrafiltration."
1146023,"Although these studies are preliminary, they do not show that the chemical structure of the block copolymer is not the only determinant of its blood properties; one must be equally concerned with the effect of its domain-matrix size and purity. These features, which are affected by factors such as block size, mold surface, and general fabrication procedures, as well as chemical structure, must be controlled if one is to have reproducible results in the function of an implant."
1146024,"The results from OCTOPUS-I indicate that combined metabolic activities could be maintained under the optimal conditions provided for a prolonged period of time, but most effectively up to 14 hrs. The results of OCTOPUS-II and -III are lower than those in OCTOPUS-I. However, the activity in these systems is still higher than those previously reported((18)), which had urea production of 0.47 mg/Gm of liver. As imposed by any mass transfer device rate limitation, 60% efficacy of OCTOPUS-I brought into OCTOPUS-II, calculated by urea level, is acceptable. What is required for further improvement is mainly oriented to device rather than procurement andpreparation stages. The obstacles in the OCTOPUS-II and -III were, 1) the long time consumed for mounting the slices and assembling the devices before initiation of incubation, 2) inadequate control of incubation media, particularly blood, for oxygenation and pH, which was only for a short period of time but in the critical early stage of operation, 3) possible inadequate flow geometry in the device resulting in mass transfer resistance between the medium and the slices, 4) decrease in effective surface area of the slices, especially in OCTOPUS-III in which only one side of the slice faced the blood, and 5) in OCTOPUS-II, sagging of the slices due to the vertical position of the frames, with eventual reduction of effective surface area. Could a hepatic assist device utilizing liver slices be practical? Daily excretion of urea in dogs is 0.3-0.5 Gm/Kg((31)). Should the urea productivity in OCTOPUS-I(7.2 mg/Gm of liver/24 hrs) be successfully incorporated in a system, 600 Gm of slices can produce the amount of urea equivalent to the daily excretion in a 15 Kg dog. This volume of slices should not be considered unrealistic. Even though it is realized that in the practical situation 60% efficiency is expected, substitution of liver functions does not appear impossible. Further exploration for optimal conditions and practical considerations for improvement of devices will bring the goal closer to reality."
1146026,"The ability of our implantable pump to provide continuous long-term drug infusion in abulatory animals has been demonstrated. Chronic heparinization has been achieved in the dog for 6 mos. Anticipated complications, hemorrhage and osteoporosis occurred, but not to a prohibitive degree. The successful performance of the pump in these animal studies has led us to plan a clinical trial using the pump for heparin anticoagulation in patients and to investigate employment of the pump in cancer chemotherapy, insulin for the treatment of diabetes, and other purposes."
1146027,"An absorbable artificial vas deferens is being developed in order to improve the relativley poor conception rates of vasovasotomy. The capillary device which is 0.4 mm I.D. by 0.7 mm O.D. and 15 mm long vas made from 3 absorbable polymers: starch, collagen, and a copolyester of lactide and glycolide. Preliminary evaluation of the device was made by implantation in the guinea pig was deferens immediately following vasectomy. Absorption of the starch and the copolyester occurred within 2-4 wks after implantation, whereas collagen required 3 mos and sometimes longer. Gross and histological examination showed little or no adverse effect on the tissues of the vas deferens, epididymes and testes. Active spermatogenesis continued in most cases and sperm count and motility remained essentially unchanged. Breeding studies with males implanted with the device for 5 mos have resulted in 12/13 prrgnancies with starch, 19/19 pregnancies with the copolyester and 9/11 pregnancies with collagen."
1146030,"High output AH pumping causes a marked decrease in hematocrit, as well as peripheral circulatory insufficiency. By the application of a new control method, based on our hypothesis of regulating the output of the pump, maintenance of normal outputs, long term survival, after total heart replacement, has improved from 10 days to 37 days, with the average survival of 18 days. In addition, the experimentsl animals' general condition has been markeldy improved."
1146032,"Experimental studies were carried out to quantitate the effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumping (ABP) in reducing severity and extent of myocardial ischemia and the persistence of induced changes after cessation of pumping. Ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery was followed by one hr of observation, IABP for one hr (12 dogs) or 3 hrs (12 dogs) and an additional one hr of observation. Epicardial mapping utilizing 20 electrodes was used to obtain the ST segment elevations (Sigma ST) and numbers of electrodes showing ischemic ST CHANGES (NST) in each group. Reductions of SigmaST of approximately 15% and 33% and reduction of NST of 15% and 20% was observed in the one and 3 hr groups respectively, and persisted throughout the period of pumping. Both parameters were noted to increase within 5 mins after cessation of IABP in both groups. SigmaST frequently rose to almost pre-IABP values in the group pumped for one hr. The group pumped for 3 hrs showed SigmaST increase of approximately 15% and NST increase of approximately 16%. Hemodynamic measurements showed in both groups a mean systolic unloading of approximately 10% and 10-20% mean diastolic augmentation. In conclusion, IABP of short duration (1-3 hrs) early after the onset of acute ischemis (one hr) induces a significant but transient decrease in SigmaST and NST, which reflects a reduction in myocardial ischemia. Further study is required to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumping, if intitated several hours after the onset of ischemia, to reproduce the clinical reality of a patient with an acute myocardial infarction."
1146033,"Continuous measurement of hemodynamic parameters during acute TALVB and MVO2, with the use of a fiberoptic coronary sinus catheter, has demonstrated complete removal of ventricular pulsations and reduced mean left ventricular pressure, with maintenance of the systemic circulation. Myocardial O2 demand has been shown to significantly decrease during maximum LV decompression in the presence of a minimally changing O2 supply."
1146034,The advantages of the dura mater fabricated value have been demonstrated in clinical applications. These desirable features of blood compatibility and excellent hemodynmaic performance can be advantageously applied to cardiac replacement and assist devices. Application is especially warranted in totally implantable systems where overall efficiency is of major importance.
1146035,"Normal calf platelets were found to significantly differ human platelets in a number of important respects. The average calf platelet count is more than twice the average human value. Calf platelets demonstrated no adhesion to glass, in a test in which over 50% of human platelets adhered. Responsiveness to several aggregating, agents, including ADP, thrombin and collagen, was markedly diminished in the calf platelet, requiring much higher concentrations of the stimulating agent to produce comparable responses. In addition, calf platelet clot-promoting activity was far less effective than with human platelets following stimulation with Celite or Russell's viper venom, although the total platelet factor 3 content exceeded that found in human paltelets, following complete disruption. In addition, the calf platelet has a significantly shorter life span and higher turnover rate than the human. These species differences in normal platelet function must be considered in evaluating the results of experiments with artificial organs in the calf model."
1146037,"Particles are expected to deposit onto filtering surfaces provided the non-dimensional parameter (see article) U (see article) R2S3/2 exceeds a certain value. For erythrocytes this value has a measured value of 0.15, and for platelets the value ranges from 0.01 to 0.15. If deposition is expected, the rate of particle deposition is proportional to the ultrafiltration flow rate. However, the other fluid mechanic mechanisms may transport a greater number of platelets to the surface. We expect these platelets will be fluid mechanically held to the surface even if it is non-sticky for platelets."
1146041,"The combination of molding at physiologic pressures, close-range stereophotogrammetric processing, geometric smoothing, finite element analysis, leaflet thickness measurements, and a knowledge of leaflet properties have provided a description of asymmetric geometry and stress patterns within a normal human aortic leaflet which are consistent with anatomic observations. A predominantly circumferential, tensile pattern of stress resultants was found. The higher values of stress resultants coincide with thinner regions of the leaflet. And those in a coronary leaflet. A design stress magnitude of 80 Gm/mm2 for a long pressure of 110 mm Hg, based on the actual thickness of the leaflet, was considerably greater than that previously reported in the literature. Those responsible for device development in the future must consider the mechanical properties and asymmetric geometries in design. Future generation devices will depend on the ability of the designer and the fabricator to incorporate features of asymmetry, anisotrophy, and deformation characteristics which match those of living tissue. Through such efforts more durable devices will result."
1146042,"This experimental study demonstrated that the warm ischemic tolerance of a rat kidney is about 60 mins, in this model. If the warm ischemic time is 60 mins or longer, in unilateral nephrectomized rats, the animals die of renal insufficiency. After pre-operative treatment with Na-Cu-chlorophyllin we observed a significantly lower increase of serum urea and creatinine levels, caused by a pharmacological effect on the kidneys. The prolongation of warm ischemic tolerance of rat kidneys is about 30 mins in this model; that means 50% more than the normal ischemic tolerance. From our results and from the literature we conclude that Na-Cu-chlorophyllin has a membrane stablilizing and an inhibiting effect on autolytic enzymes. The drug Na-Cu-chlorophyllin has indeed 2 positive effects: the immunosuppressive and organ preseving effect. These effects may play a role in donor and recipient pretreatment and treatment after grafting."
1146128,Emergency splintage is a variety of first aid. The procedures which one might expect to find performed before the patient enters the hospital for definitive diagnostic treatment are too often ignored in a busy and otherwise excellent veterinary practice. Simple entrance in the hospital and cage confinement do not appreciably lessen the likelihood of increased self-trauma. The manipulation inherent in physical and radiographic examination of the injured and painful animal is an even greater indication for immobilization to prevent additional trauma. The clinician is dutybound to place a proper splint on the affected animal to lessen subsequent trauma and to prevent edema. The techniques presented allow this application with minimal time and expense and maximal support and protection to the patient.
1146138,"The costs of death in a model 100-doe commerical rabbit unit were calculated on the basis of two levels of breeding (7.5 and 10.0 litters per doe per year) and two levels of feeding, (ad lib and controlled). Although the cost of individual deaths from stillbirth and other perinatal and neonatal deaths was half or two-thirds the cost of an individual death later in the rabbit's life, the total cost of these early deaths was three times the total cost of the later deaths. Early death thus plays a major part in the profitability of a commercial rabbitry."
1146147,"The association between salmonellosis in man and the infection in food animals has been clearly established. There is, moreover, little doubt that abattoir by-products, effluent and solid waste may allow the recycling of infection in animals. The potential hazard posed by salmonellosis to human and animal health will be reduced only by a greater control over the slaughter of infected farm livestock, improved isolation and casualty slaughter accommodation, a stricter control of slaughterhouse hygiene and the provision and full utilisation of adequate laboratory facilities for the bacteriological examination of meat and the abattoir environment."
1146157,"A survey of cadaver material was undertaken in order to determine the prevalence of arthritis of the canine stifle joint. One hundred and fifty unselected cadavers were obtained from veterinary practices for this purpose, and their stifle joints were radiographed and dissected to discover abnormalities. Thirty-one dogs (20 per cent) had stifle arthritis and in all except one the lesions were characteristic of osteoarthritis. In the exceptional case infection was the cause. A mechanical derangement was present in 20 of the 54 affected joints, in the form of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (10), meniscal tears (9) and patellar dislocation (1). The cause of the arthritis in the other 33 joints is unknown."
1146170,"Surgical deepening of the groove in the femoral trochlea is a technique commonly employed in the correction of patellar dislocation in dogs.  In order to discover how this deep articular defect repairs the operation was studied experimentally in young goats.  Observations were made on the appearance of the trochlea and the histologic changes that had taken place after approximately six, 12, and 40 weeks.  The abraded groove became filled with fibrocartilage with a relatively smooth surface and it articulated freely with the patella.  The majority of the replacement tissues arose by differentiation of the granulation tissue which initially filled the groove, but there appeared to have been some contribution made by the hyaline cartilage at the margins of the groove."
1146177,"Internal fixation of radial and ulnar fractures in three goats was accomplished using bone plates. Intervals between the time of fracture and internal fixation varied from one to 13 days. The goats were ambulatory the day after surgery, and recoveries were uneventful."
1146178,"The changes in total unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in the peripheral blood of one bitch throughout a false pregnancy were measured. The levels of these hormones detected in 11 bitches when examined during a false pregnancy, and in 13 other bitches with pyometa are also reported. Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations were within normal limits in both of these conditions where single samples were obtained, but the bitch with false pregnancy studied in detail showed a raised oestrogen level during metoestrus. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to previous studies on the aetiology of false pregnancy and pyometra."
1146190,"Diamphenethide and a mixture of nitroxynil and hexachlorophane, which are effective against Fasciola hepatica in sheep, are effective in cattle if allowance is made for the slower rate of development and the more intense liver reaction which is associated with resistance. Adult parasites are mostly rejected around the time of maturity so that therapy in cattle must be directed against the early developmental stage using an appropriate drug."
1146192,"The efficacy of fenbendazole against the following gastrointestinal nematodes was tested in experimentally infected lambs: O circumcincta, H contortus, T colubriformis and N filicollis. As low a dose as 0.5 mg per kg reduced the egg output of a patent infection with H contortus and T colubriformis by 85 per cent to 100 per cent. A dose of 3.5 mg per kg has a 100 per cent effect on three or 10-day-old stages of H contortus and one of more than 99 per cent or 100 per cent T colubriformis. The same dose reduces seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta and N filicollis by more than 94 per cent or 100 per cent, while 10 mg per kg produces a 100 per cent elimination of seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta. In field trials and efficacy of more than 99 per cent was determined after oral dosage with 5.0 mg per kg against Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Chabertia. Fenbendazole has a wide therapeutic-toxic dose ratio. Discoloration of the wool does not occur. Fenbendazole can be administered as a drench or with the feed."
1146193,"The coming into effect on July 14 of the Zoonoses Order 1975, marks a new and important step in veterinary public health. The Order makes available powers to investigate and control Salmonella and Brucella infections in animals and Salmonella infections in birds which present a threat to human health. Any Salmonella and Brucella infection becomes reportable in certaain species when organisms have been isolated by laboratory test. Veterinary surgeons and livestock owners may be involved in this obligatory procedure. The statutory powers to investigate incidents and apply restrictions on the movement of animals, birds and their products are not limited to reportable species: they cover a much wider range of animals and birds. They will be held in reserve and used only when necessary because of a hazard to public health; the use of restrictions will be limited to cases involving a very serious threat to man. The information collected from reports and investigations will add considerably to the epidemiological knowledge of these infections and so allow improved methods of control to be developed. Some of these measures already in operation are described, together with others possible for the future."
1146272,"Incubation of human erythrocytes in the medium containing adenosine, pyruvate and phosphate causes the synthesis of considerable amounts of IMP and ITP. The synthesis of ITP is linear during the 4-hour incubation period. Dipyridamole lowered the synthesis of ITP to a certain extent and greatly increased the synthesis of IMP."
1146273,"11.4 mg of a ceramide hexahexoside (B-I) and 16.4 mg of a ceramide octahexoside (B-II) as blood group B-active glycosphingolipids composed of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose (molar ratios 1:3:1:1 and 1:4:2:1 respectively) have been isolated from 6,400 ml of packed human B erythrocytes. This yield is greater by more than the 13-fold amount of B-I glycosphingolipid and the 20-fold amount of B-II glycosphingolipid which has hitherto been isolated from human erythrocytes. The B-active glycosphingolipids isolated represent about 0.04% of the erythrocyte membrane and in consequence must be regarded as the main representants of B properties of the erythrocytes as far as they have been investigated up to this time. This high yield was achieved by a simple and conservative erythrocyte membrane preparation without loss of serological activity and by the improvement of some chromatographical methods which permitted a high purification without the acetylation-deacetylation procedure. Purity was checked by gas-liquid chromatographical analysis of the sugars as their alditol acetates and by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. 1.7 x 10-8 g of each of these glycosphingolipids completely inhibit the agglutination of human B erythrocytes by 4 hemagglutination units of normal human anti-B sera. A ceramide tetrahexoside and a glycolipid fraction with a high H activity could also be isolated which possibly are blood group-intermediate substances. Lewis blood group-active glycosphingolipids characterized by the hemagglutination inhibition test and by passive hemagglutination are trace constituents of other glycosphingolipid fractions."
1146277,"Evidence is presented for the antithetical relationship of In-a with a previously unreported high frequency antigen, Salis. Three Salis (-) propositi were all found to be In(a+), and, although tested in London, came from the Indian subcontinent where the In-a antigen was first detected."
1146279,"The antigen Yk-a is detected in 92 and 98% of the American Caucasian and Negro populations, respectively. In population studies with anti-Yk-a and anti-Cs-a, association was demonstrated between the two antigens; however, in two of three informative families Yk-a and Cs-a segregated independently. The possibility that these antigens have a relationship with leucocyte antigens is discussed."
1146280,"Plasma pools, prepared from time-expired blood stored in plastic packs, were analysed for DEHP content and levels ranging from 0.78 to 7.42 mh DEHP/100 ml plasma obtained. The DEHP content of the Cohn fractions prepared from such plasma pools was estimated. Only very low levels of DEHP were found in the four therapeutically useful fractions and high levels in the discard fractions III and IV."
1146281,"A single-channel AutoAnalyzer was used to screen potential blood-grouping sera to exclude the presence of unwanted antibodies. In order to detect the widest possible range of antibodies, a low-ionic strength Polybrene method was employed, but difficulty was encountered because the aggregated cells adhered to the glass surfaces of the reaction coils, resulting in instability of the system. Modifications were made to the apparatus, and the improvements in the demonstration of antibodies that resulted are described."
1146282,"An example of anti-Gy-a found during routine antenatal testing is the first recorded example in Europe to be described. Five other Gy(a-) siblings were found in the patient's family from whom blood donations were obtained in the event of a needed transfusion. Although anti-Gy-a was detected in the infant's serum, there was no evidence of haemolytic disease of the newborn, presumably due to the fact that the Gy-a antigen is poorly developed at birth."
1146283,"Blood collected in ACD was supplemented with PIGP solution or PIGPA solution. The presence of adenine enhanced the mechanical resistance to trauma of erythrocytes. The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate were restored to a normal to subnormal level. The PIGPA media seemed satisfactory for rejuvenation of stored blood for freezing purposes."
1146290,"A review of 120 patients who had a discharge diagnosis of intermediate coronary syndrome showed 12 patients with documented transient ST elevation during spontaneous rest pain consistent with Prinzmetal's angina. Coronary arteriography showed severe proximal occlusive coronary atherosclerosis in nine of the patients, and normal or minimal disease in the other three patients. In two of these three, there was documented coronary arterial spasm with reproduction of symptoms during arteriography. Although a shorter history of chest pain, presence of an old myocardial infarction and a positive finding on electrocardiogram treadmill test tended to predict the patients with severe occlusive coronary artery disease, these methods were inadequate to select candidates for arteriography. All patients responded well to nitroglycerine while in the hospital. Five of the nine patients with coronary artery disease had coronary bypass operations, with two excellent, two fair and one poor result. One of the three patients with normal findings on coronary arteriograms died with refractory ventricular arrhythmia six months after study. The other two have had good-to-moderate relief of symptoms on long-acting vasodilators and propranolol. Current concepts of the syndrome of Prinzmetal's angina and ST elevation are reviewed. It appears that this syndrome has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and coronary arteriographic anatomies."
1146300,"No-fault medical malpractice insurance has been proposed as an alternative to the present tort liability approach. Statistical examination of the concept of proximate cause reveals not only that the question of acceptable care, and therefore of fault, is unavoidable in identifying patients deserving compensation, but also that specifying fault in an individual case is scientifically untenable. A simple formula for a Coefficient of Causality clarifies the question of proximate cause in existing trial practices and suggests that many of the threats associated with malpractice suits arise from the structure of the tort-insurance system rather than from professional responsibility for medical injury. The concepts could provide the basis for a revised claims and compensation procedure."
1146302,"This statement was prepared in response to a request made to the Clinical Pharmacology Service at the University of California, San Francisco to evaluate the potential therapeutic uses and the possible toxicities of chelation therapy. The question arose in regard to the use of ethylene tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease."
1146356,"1. The 'pink spots' observed in the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine were identified as N-oxidation products of 2-chlorophenothiazine and phenothizaine,, respectively. 2. Incubations of the latter two compounds with fortified hepatic fractions from rabbit and guinea-pig gave the corresponding hydroxylamines, the nitroxides which were purplish-pink and gave characteristic e.s.r. signals, and the N-hydroperoxides which were the major pink compounds and gave no e.s.r. signals. Each hydroxylamine was readily oxidized to an N-hydroperoxide in air and the latter readily reduced back in solution to the corresponding hydroxylamine by ascorbic acid. 3. The synthesis, chemical properties and the i.r., u.v., n.m.r., e.s.r., and mass spectra of the above compounds, their sulphoxides and phenothiazine-N-peroxides are reported."
1146357,"1. Urinary and faecal excretion of radioactivity in 120 h after oral administration of [U-14-C]phenyl o-(2-N-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl ether hydrochloride (200 mg/kg) were 92 and 3% dose in the rabbit, and 60 and 35% in the rat. 2. Urinary metabolites were produced by aromatic hydroxylation and aryl alkyl ether bond cleavage. Some evidence for formation of dioxomorpholino, oxohydroxymorpholino, and ethanolamino derivatives of the drug was obtained. 3. The aromatic hydroxylation product, p-hydroxyphenyl o-(2-N-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl ether hydrochloride had vasopressor activity comparable with the parent compound, but with shorter duration of action."
1146370,"A case is presented with sudden onset of cachexia and anorexia with hypopituitarism, starting early and progressing gradually. After about 15 months the patient recovered; first he lost the anorexia, then the endocrine functions and growth became normal. Conflicting reports about hypopituitarism in anorexia nervosa and similar syndromes may be due to lack of longitudinal observations and the transient nature of the endocrine disorders."
1146371,"In 100 low-birth-weight newborns divided into a group of prematures with adequate birth weight and a group of antenatal hypotrophics, the immunoglobulins in cord serum and in serum at 5 days were determined. The results are expressed in International Units/ml. A significant increase of IgM as compared with cord blood after 5 days of life was found in both groups. In prenatal hypotrophics insignificantly higher levels of IgM were detected both in cord and in 5-day blood. It could be supposed that the dystrophisation of some small-for-date newborns could result from intrauterine infection."
1146378,Autoradiographic studies at light and electron microscope level showed that tritiated tyrosine injected into the peritoneal cavity of infected mice localised in the cells of adult Schistosoma mansoni within one hour. The amino acid was avidly taken up by vitelline cells compared to other tissues. Subcellular localization was in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and in the vitelline droplets. The label was also present in the tissues of the tegument and gut but the route of entry into the parasite was not determined.
1146381,"The two congeneic Tetrabothrius cestodes of the fulmar are so closely related that they can only be reliably distinguished by differences in the number of testes. The two species show a considerable distributional overlap along the intestine. Statistically it can be shown that high numbers of the common, anteriorly situated species (T. minor) affect the distribution of the rarer, more posteriorly situated species (T. procerus), causing the latter to occupy a more posterior site in the intestine. Several possibilities are discussed concerning the mechanism by which T. procerus is affected, and how this mildly competitive situation is maintained. It is probable that niche segregation between the two species is more or less complete, but that this is reinforced in concurrent infections by interactive site segregation."
1146415,In this paper have been studied properties of a product that arose from the interaction of malonaldehyde with collagen. It has been shown by an amino acid analysis that malonaldehyde reacts in a significant way on lysine and tyrosine residues. The partcipation of tyrosine in the reaction with malonaldehyde has been further demonstrated by means of spectrophotometry. It has also been found that the hydrolysis by pronase is considerably modified with the cross linked collagen.
1146420,"The course of browning was more rapid in mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters with casein that in those of the same lipids with formaldehyde-treated casein or with an inert inorganic substrate (barium sulphate or sodium sulphate). On the contrary, the content of oxidation products (peroxides and aldehydes) was much higher in lipids mixed with formaldehydetreated casein or with inorganic substrates. The results obtained with albumin were similar. The ratio of red to yellow pigments was higher in mixtures with non-treated casein than in the other two investigated reaction mistures. Brown pigments contained only low per centages of nitrogen."
1146424,"Investigated the role of the odor of the flank gland in the stimulation of flank marking by male hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. In the first experiment it was shown that a male has customary marking posts and that a second male introduced into the first male's area will mark in the same places. In experiment 2 nine test male male flank, marked less in the home cages of flank glandectomized male male than in the cages of normal male male. In experiment 3 it was shown that flank glandectomized male male marked at within the range of frequencies for normal male male."
1146425,"A group of 4 female and 3 male adolescent wild-born chimpanzees was observed for 7 months in an outdoor enclosure. Use of tools aimed at escaping from this enclosure is decribed, the two main techniques being the use of poles as ladders and sticks as pitons."
1146437,Cl. sporogenes NCTC 532 was grown in serial doubling dilutions of Suramin from 1% to 0.125% w/v in BHI broth containing 1% glucose. After overnight incubation the culture grew into extremely long chains on transfer into suramin free medium reverted to normal morphology.
1146442,"An epidemiological study was carried out in a juvenile diabetics institution, in order to determine the incidence and the significance of the hepatitis associated Australia antigen (HBAg) carriers. By means of counterelectrophoresis and CF an average of 15% HBAg-positive individuals was found during the course of the search (June 1970-January 1973). As a rule the carrier state appeared to be longlasting and it was only occasionally associated with symptoms and/or signs of liver involvement. Isolation measures to inhibit spread of serum hepatitis (the hepatitis most associated with HBAg) failed partially to prevent the spread of the HBAg associated agent suggesting that nonparenteral transmission could play a role in the diffusion of the infection."
1146443,"With a single exception among 11 strains, each strain of Y. enterocolitica representing one of the six O-groups possesses, as judged by the sugar composition of its lipopolysaccharides, a particular chemotype. All 14 of the strains examined possessed glucosamine, KDO, two heptoses and glucose. In the most complicated chemotype 10 sugars were demonstrable. Of three Y. enterocolitica strains not included in the 6 O-groups, two had the same chemotype as the representatives of the O-groups IV and VI. Details can be seen in the two tables."
1146446,"An outbreak of ""hand-foot-and-mouth disease"" (HFMD) occurred in Nov. 1973 in a nursery school. Sixty-seven children were studied, 15 of whom presented clinical signs of the disease. Sixty-two percent of the HFMD cases and 18% of asymptomatics were proved to be infected with Coxsackie virus A 16. The ratio of clinical to asymptomatic infection of nursery-school children with confirmed Coxsackie A 16 infection was 58%. The accidental diffusion of the infection led to the occurrence of secondary cases. This allowed to establish the incubation period of the illness at 8 to 12 days, for 3 individual cases where a single infecting contact in a very definite time could be documented. Fecal excretion of virus was demonstrable in 2 cases up to 10-20 days, while the duration of oral excretion appeared to be somewhat shorter. Evidence was also obtained showing that infectious virus could be spread by patients during the incubation period. Virus isolations were more easily obtained in suckling mice than in cell culture."
1146457,"Esthetic blepharoplasty is the operation designed to correct excess skin and/or pseudoherniation of fat in the eyelids. These eyelid changes give the pateint a tired look and make him or her look (prematurely) old. The indications and contraindications for the procedure are reviewed. The possibilites and the limitations of the operation must be thoroughly discussed with the patient preoperatively. A psychological evaluation of the patient must be carried out by the surgeon in order to discard unsuitable candidates for the operation. The esthetic blepharoplasty is performed under local anesthesia, completed by intravenous sedation. The operative technique is outlined and consists of judicious skin excisions and resection of fat from the differenct orbital compartments. Atraumatic technique is of utmost importance. Complications are rare in experienced hands but are almost unavoidable in inexperienced hands. Ectropion of the lower eyelid is the most common complication. The cause, prevention and treatment of possible complications are discussed. If carried out properly in a well selected patient by a competent plastic surgeon, the esthetic blepharoplasty gives very satisfying results."
1146462,"The continuous wave CO2 laser lacks a number of draw-backs of the pulsed Ruby laser, and seems attractive for tumor surgery. We compared the CO2 laser with conventional surgery in experiments on mice bearing the Cloudman S91 melanoma. We had the same rate of local recurrence and lung metastasis in both techniques."
1146473,"PCN, a microsomal enzyme inducer, given orally (10 mg in 1 ml water twice daily for 5 days), increased liver weight and mitotic activity in intact as well as in partially hepatectomized rats. Electron microscopy revealed SER proliferation in the hepatocytes of animals treated with PCN alone. Accumulation of SER membranes was also evident in the liver cell cytoplasm of untreated, partially hepatectomized rats; it was however, more pronounced in the hepatocytes of partially hepatectomized animals given PCN. These results indicate that the steriod has a marked effect on the regeneration rat liver."
1146474,"The postnatal development of the red nucleus in albino rat was quantitatively studied. Planimetric studies on stained paraffin sections of the midbrain showed that the red nucleus has a rounded contour with tapering ends and a broad centre. The volume of the red nucleus revealed an increase from birth, to reach its maximum at the age of 3 months, then declines until the age of 2 years. However, the size does not regain its newly born value. On the other hand, the number of cells remains constant during the entire life span of the animal."
1146475,"Quantitative counts of the intermediate nerve fibers of the mouse with electron microscope have shown that, on an average, 1,267 (79.3%) and 301 (18.9%) of the total nerve fibers (1,597) were myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, respectively. The number of unmyelinated fibers in the intermediate nerve was less than one-half the number of unmyelinated fibers in the greater petrosal nerve found in previous studies. Therefore, it is postulated that some of the unmyelinated fibers in the greater petrosal nerve may come from the intermediate nerve, while the rest may be derived from another source."
1146476,Electron microscopy of the nasal skin of primates shows that lymphoid cells are normally present in this region. No degeneration or mitosis of these cells or their transformation into other cell types was seen. These intraepidermal lymphocytes contained cytoplasmic fibrils. There was no evidence that they were phagocytic in the epidermis. The present study suggests that these lymphoid cells migrate into the lamina propria but not into the epidermis.
1146477,"The guinea pig plantar epidermis was examined by light-microscopical histochemical methods and by transmission electron microscopy. Autolysis of cell structure was much less complete in guinea pig plantar horny layer than in the back, and stainable cytoplasm was retained in keratinized cells but organelles were lost except for some degraded ultrastructural remnants. By light microscopy the whole thickness of the horny layer showed bound phospholipid and bound cysteine, and there was a weak cystine reaction at the peripheries of the keratinized cells. In ultrastructure the keratohyalin contained slightly larger subparticles than in the back skin. The horny layer was not divisible into basal, intermediate and superficial regions as in hairy skin. The stratum lucidum of light microscopy was not defined in electron micrographs. Osmium-stained cytoplasmic material was retained in horny cells about to be desquamated, in contrast to the empty appearance of these cells in hairy skin. Epidermal cells in plantar skin have ultrastructural cytoplasmic processes which are longer than they are broad. In the horny layer these interdigitate with those of neighbouring cells and are held together by lateral demonsomal junctions. Probably this gives mechanical strength against shearing forces experienced by the plantar horny layer."
1146479,"We found that there are variations of the arterial supply of the duodenum and the pancreas in the domestic cat. In not a single cat does the cranial pancreatico-duodenal artery supply the whole descending duodenum. In 80% of our cases it supplies the cranial half, and in 20% of our cases only the cranial third of the descending duodenum. Only 48% of our cases is the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery the first branch of the cranial mesenteric artery. But in 52% of our cases it is the second or even the third branch of the cranial mesenteric artery."
1146480,"A study has been made of the morphological and histological changes of the cat fish (Mystus tengara) ovary during its reproductive cycle in natural and confined waters. This fish is oviparous and breeds once a year during the rainy season (July throught September). Factors responsible for bringing about spawning in fishes are discussed and the onset of spawning in Mystus is attributed to monsoon rains. In the ovarian cycle 7 phases have been recognised, whic are based on the gross morphological changes in the ovary, the percentage and duration of different developmental stages of oocytes, the average diameter and the gonosmatic index. They are: 1) immature virgin (November-February); 2) preparatory virgin (March-April); 3) maturing virgin (April-May); 4) pre-spawning virgin (June); 5) spawning (July-August); 6) depletion (September), and 7) recoupment (October-November). Oocyte growth has been divided into 9 stages. The ova diameter and gonosomatic index are maximum in July and minimum in November and December."
1146481,"The term 'medial hypothalamus' is used here for the region situated between the anterior hypothalamus and mamillary body (without the lateral hypothalamic area). The paper is based on a series from the macaque brain in three principal planes and stained by the Weigert-Wolters, Klüver-Barrera, Nissl, and Schultze methods. The following parts have been differentiated in the medial hypothalamus: the ventromedial, dorsomedial, dorsal, dorsocaudal, and infundibular nuclei."
1146482,"The nasal epithelia of two species of bats were quantified with respect to relative surface areas and olfactory epithelial volumes. In the macrosmatic Aribeus jamaicensis 55.9% of the nasal cavity surface was covered by olfactory epithelium (232.4 mm2), in contrast to only 28.9% in the microsmatic Myotis lucifugus (36.4 mm2). The roles of the various nasal epithelia have been discussed as they may relate to olfaction, respiration and echolocation. In the olfactory bulbs of both species, the estimated concentration of mitral cells approximated at 2,500/mm2 compared to an olfactory nerve concentration of 5/mm2. In Artibeus, calculated total volume of olfactory epithelium was on the order of 16 times greater than in Myotis, and Artibeus' olfactory bulb diameter was twice as great. These findings, together with previously published surface, volume and physiological relationships, suggest a developmental design mechanism for an olfactory bulb in which the number of olfactory receptors increases some 450-fold above an initially established ratio of 2:1 between receptors and mitral cells. Key governing factors could be requisite mechanical rigidity of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and response thresholds of higher brain centers."
1146484,"Two internal herinias of the intestines were found in adult males. One was a large translucent avascular membranous sac contining the small intestine from the duodenojejunal flexure to a point 6 in. proximal to the ileocaecal junction. The other was a peritoneal sac enclosing the small intestine, appendix, caecum and 6 in. of the ascending colon. The mesenteric and colic vessels were normal. Both hernias conformed to PAPEZ's concept of the so-called paraduodenal hernia that the hernial sac is derived from the umbilical coelom. The authors suggest that most of the so-called paraduodenal hernias are derived from the embryonic umbilical peritoneal diverticulum rather than from the peritoneal recesses or mesentery of the colon."
1146487,"If the migration of the excitation energy depends on the wavelength of the exciting light then this can be expected to influence also photosynthetic production in monochromatic light. In the present investigations we started from this assumption. Tomato and paprika seedlings were used in the experiments. Analysis of the results obtained the two plants does not give a univocal answer to the question of whether the wavelength-dependent energy migration plays an important role in the dry-weight increase of the plants. It is beyond doubt, however, that the chlorophyll content and the dry matter increase are affected by the wavelength of the light to a considerable degree."
1146488,"The absorption and fluorescence spectra of peroxidase solutions is independent of temperature in the range from 10 to 45 degrees C. Above 45 degrees C the absorption decreases in the visible range and increases in the ultraviolet. The intensity of fluorescence decreases with the increase of temperature. The temperature quenching of the fluorescence is accompanied by an energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan. The optimum enzyme activity is observed at about 40 degrees C, at 75 degrees C the activity ceases. The heat-induced activity change is partially reversible, the activity being restored to 40 per cent on cooling down. Enzyme activity and the activation energy of fluorescence quenching of tyrosine and tryptophan residues are given in the temperature range from 10 to 45 degrees C. The kinetical characteristics of the processes are described."
1146490,"Quinaldate (quinoline-2-carboxylate) inhibits the oxidation of substrates of rat-liver and kidney mitochondria. The concentration of quinaldate required to cause a 50-per-cent inhibition of ADP-activated oxygen uptake slightly differs with various substrates in the same type of mitochondria, and differs with the same substrate in the case of the two types of mitochondria and lies within the mM order of magnitude. In higher concentrations, quinaldate also inhibits the resting respiration (i.e. without ADP). The endogenous respiration of liver mitochondria is also inhibited. The inhibition of oxygen uptake of uncoupled or repeatedly frozen and thawed mitochondria shows the same sensitivity to quinaldate as that of untreated mitochondria in the presence of ADP. TMPD +ascorbate oxidation is not inhibited at all. NADH oxidation (in sonicated mitochondria) is only slightly inhibited even by high concentrations of quinaldate. The inhibition by quinaldate is reversible and of mixed type with respect to 3-hydroxybutyrate as substrate in liver mitochondria, with a Ki of about 0.1 mM. It can be concluded that quinaldate inhibits mitochondrial oxidation at the level of substrate dehydrogenases."
1146491,"A protein mixture named LTx, was released from human tonsillar lymphocytes, when incubated at 37 degrees C in either ""individual"" or ""mixed"" cultures. LTx caused a decrease in the incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids of the target lymphocytes, while the release of 51Cr from labelled target cells increased. Target cells were found to bind the ""toxic"" protein."
1146492,"C19C21O2 steroids of urine can be analyzed under isothermal conditions by gas chromatography after a pretreatment consisting of mild acid hydrolysis, simultaneous extraction with toluene (or, in the case of of C21O3 steroids, enzymatic hydrolysis followed by ether extraction), a short purification step and the formation of derivative. Separation of acetyl derivatives could be achieved by three columns: 3%SE-30,1.3%NGS and 3%QF-1. These were needed because the separation of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one from 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one and that of 3alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane from 3alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane could be accomplished only in the NGS fluid phase and QF-1 stationary phase, respectively. At the same time, this method gives information on the secretion of anabolic androgenic steroids and on the secretion and metabolism of progesterone and 17-hydroxy-progesterone in the human body. The application of a retention-index system specified for the steroid skeleton and substituents offers the possibility to correlate retention times to molecular structure, which facilitates the identification of problematic metabolites. Steroid spectra as shown by gas chromatography seem to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of pregnancy on the basis of the increase in the excretion of 3alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane."
1146493,"The effect of alkali cations on the rate of citrate uptake of rat-liver mitochondria and on the citrate adsorption has been studied. In each set of results, as in a series of comparative respiratory studies, Cs+ is more stimulatory than the other ions. This effect might be the consequence of different electrostatic interactions between the membrane and ions in solution in the case of different cations."
1146495,"The size and arrangement of the hexagonal filament lattice in the Z line of the flight muscle of honey-bee is similar to the size and arrangement of the lattice of A filaments. Z filaments show a ""tubular"" structure and possess a seemingly empty inner core just like A filaments do. The Z filaments are connected with a thick network transversally. The I filaments are probably embedded in this transversal network on both sides of the Z line; they cannot be recognized inside the Z line. The filament lattice of the Z line does not exclude the possibility of the A filaments to be connected to the Z line through the connecting filaments, or continuously to pass from one sarcomer into the other."
1146497,"The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) was investigated in a small selected area within the western high-risk county of Finland. The investigation was extended to the level of single communes, villages and even houses, together with the search for all familial cases born in this district. The results were compared to those obtained for Helsinki, a city of medium-risk for MS. Prevalences by present domicile that exceeded 100 per 1000,000 inhabitants were recorded in several communes of the western high-risk county. The highest prevalence was 174.2. Seventy patients were born in the small high-risk area. This was 25% of the MS patients born in the whole county and much higher than expected (16%). A positive familial history of another MS patient was recorded in 8 cases (11%). They were all living, first-degree relatives. A similar history was found in only 2 cases (2%) among the 99 MS patients born in Helsinki. The birthplaces of the 123 parents of these 70 MS cases could be confirmed. All villages with high MS frequencies were located along the rivers, running through the area. The birthplaces of the patients showed a similar accumulation to the valleys. No conjugal cases were found. If the preponderance of familial cases in the small high-risk area reflects the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of MS, it is only of polygenic nature. The pronounced clustering of the birthplaces in the small high-risk area and, especially, along the rivers also suggests the importance of environmental influences in early childhood."
1146498,"As a continuation of our previous studies on the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) in human thrombocytes, the present study concerns the biosynthesis of PGs in thrombocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis, as this condition has been suggested to be linked to thrombotic and/or thrombocyte abnormalities. It was found that in these patients a statistically decreased synthesis of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF took place compared to the corresponding values in normal subjects. The ratio between PGE1 and PGE2 was, however, unchanged."
1146499,"Available evidence indicates that serotonin located within platelets--or lack of it--does not precipitate migraine attacks, and that intravenously administered serotonin is beneficial in migraine. On this premise, it is not likely that the beneficial effect of intravenously administered serotonin is due to replacement of lost intracellular serotonin. If serotonin is effective in relieving migraine pain, this is probably due to extracellular serotonin acting on the cardiovascular system. In other words, serotonin-induced relief in migraine is probably caused by the pharmacological properties of the amine--it probably acts as a drug and not by replacement. The serotonin changes in migraine are probably not primary, but caused by the disease process. Platelets may nevertheless be of importance in the pathogenesis of migraine, and serotonin may be of even more interest. However, interest in platelet serotonin will probably be diminishing in the future."
1146500,"The in vitro protein synthetic capactiy of brain slices from guinea-pigs in the late stage (17-18 days post-induction) of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was increased over that of Freund's adjuvant injected controls, as determined by the rate of (14C)-leucine incorporation into both tris-soluble and tris-insoluble proteins. All subcellular fractions prepared from incubated slices showed increased incorporation, with a crude nuclear fraction having the largest increase. Isolated brain mitochondria from EAE animals incorporated more amino acid into protein during the late stage of the disease, while isolated microsomes and ""pH5 enzymes"" show decreased amino acid incorporation compared with controls in the late stage of EAE. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of acidic, soluble proteins isolated from (3H)-leucine labeled nuclear or synaptosomal fractions revealed that increases of incorporation were generalized, and not restricted to a few proteins."
1146501,"Myotonia is a symptom, which occurs in a series of hereditary diseases, and it is also seen in less frequently occurring syndromes. A summary is given of conditions with myotonia. Five cases are reported from a family with a dominant hereditary disease presenting myotonia, muscular hypertrophy and increased muscle irritability as the only symptoms. In the most affected patient, some unusual rolling muscle contractions are seen. Apart from a moderate increase of creatin kinase, supplementary examinations are normal. The clinical picture resembles myotonia congenita Thomsen, but differs from this in significant respects. Other diagnostic possibilities are also considered. It is concluded that the clinical picture is different from all previously described conditions."
1146502,"Fourteen patients with bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis were analysed with respect to long-term prognosis and the prevalence of risk factors of cerebrovascular disease. The patients comprised seven per cent of all patients with internal carotid thrombosis treated in 1966-73 at the Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki. During the follow-up period of 3 to 86 months (median 50 months) five patients died, three during the first, and two during the second year of follow-up. Of the surviving patients: two needed institutionalization; three were able to take care of themselves; and four who were virtually symptom-free, were able to work. The risk factors of cerebrovascular disease were analysed: 91 per cent were cigarette smokers; 70 per cent had serum triglycerides of 140 mg/100ml or higher; and 62 per cent had cholesterol values of 280 mg/100 ml or higher. Fasting glucose values higher than 95 mg/100 ml, and ECG abnormalities were encountered in every third, and obesity and hypertension in every fourth patient. Cigarette smoking and high triglycerides were more prevalent than in the general population. No association between the number of risk factors in the individual patients and the prognosis could be found."
1146503,"46XY, normal male karyotype (G-banded) was noted in each patient with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Although vacuoles have been recognized in other conditions, their presence in significant numbers in the diseases under scrutiny suggests the possibility of a common offending agent. It is likely that vacuolation is a pathological indication of infection by slow viruses."
1146504,"Nuclear RNA polymerase activity was studied in homotransplanted rat glial tumors where the primary tumor was produced by transplacental injection of ethylnitrosourea. Alpha amanitin, cycloheximide, and rifampicin were tested as inhibitors of this activity. Alpha amanitin significantly inhibited RNA polymerase activity in all tumors. This indicated that the major nuclear RNA polymerase activity seen in vitro in the tumor nuclei was RNA polymerase II. This is similar to the activity seen in normal glial nuclei. Cycloheximide and rifampicin which have no effect on RNA polymerase activity in normal glial nuclei inhibited about 20% of the polymerase activity in three of the tumors. The size and multiplicity of the nucleoli in these tumor cells suggests that RNA polymerase I could account for the activity which is inhibited by cycloheximide."
1146505,In this study is described the quantitative structure of one circumscribed area of the cerebral cortex 2 months after a series of electro-consulsions. The results indicate a persistent change in the nuclear volume of the cerebral neurons in this area. There was no loss of neurons in the cortex. The changes described are diffuse in the cerebral cortex and not restricted to particular architectonic layers.
1146506,"The Trembler mouse is a neurological mutant showing dominant inheritance.  Adult animals show a segmental demyelinating lesion of the peripheral nerves characterized by prominent onion bulb formation which is very similar to that of human hypertrophic interstitial neuropathy.  Electron microscopic study of the development of this lesion in Trembler mice nerves from 1 to 21 days of age shows: 1. Axon differentiation towards a mature 1:1 axon/Schwann cell relationship is retarded, and the initiation of myelin formation is delayed. 2. Compact myelin formation is often incomplete, and when produced undergoes rapid degeneration. 3. Schwann cells become reactive to the presence of myelin debris, undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia resulting in digestion of myelin debris and remyelination.  These processes lead to early onion bulb formation.  The presence of normal axons associated with reactive changes in Schwann cells suggest that the Schwann cell change is primary and not secondary to an axonal disorder."
1146507,"Dorsal and ventral nerve roots from clinically normal dogs aged 3 months to 13 years have been examined. The L6, L7 roots were selected and samples removed from the roots within the sub-arachnoid space and within the root sleeves. Routine light microscopy, electron microscopy and single fibre studies have been made. The single teased fibre results have been analysed statistically for the correlation of internodal length and diameter. With increasing age there was marked evidence of demyelination and remyelination. Paranodal and segmental demyelination were present and there were numerous fibres showing a marked variation in internodal length. In younger animals these features were not seen. Wallerian type degeneration was uncommon. In older animals myelin balloons, similar to those described proximal to neuromas, were commonly found. These were present in both dorsal and ventral roots. The ballooning appeared to result from a splitting of the myelin sheath. The intervening space was non-staining but sometimes contained myelin debris. No evidence of neuromas was present in these roots or peripheral nerves. These studies suggest that both the ballooning and demyelination and remyelination are age related."
1146508,"As the result of cytokinetic analysis of osteogenic cell at the time of reintegration after experimentally administered bone fractures in mice, the following findings were obtained: 1) Gt of mesenchymal-like cells 1 week after fracture was 23 h but that 2 weeks later was 15 h. This shortening of Gt was due to the shortening of Gt1. Gt of osteoblasts, one week after, was 20 h and that 2 weeks after was 21 h. This prolongation of Gt was due to the prolongation of St. Despite the fact that Gt of mesenchymal-like cells 2 weeks after fracture was shortened, St indicated prolongation. 2) Both mesenchymal-like cells and osteoblasts indicated a reduction of growth fractions 2 weeks later. From these facts, it is considered that in the reintegration of the fracture, these proliferative cells control their own growth fractions according to the necessity of repair of the fractured part. 3) It was argued that chondrocytes originated from mesenchymal-like cells but should not be the precursors of osteoblasts. 4) It was shown that mesenchymal-like cells must have the potential to differentiate into either osteoblasts or chondrocytes. 5) Mesenchymal-like cells are the precursors of osteoblasts and the latter are the precursors of osteocytes, but mesenchymal-like cells and osteoblasts have their own respective cell cycles. 6) It was argued that the relation between S-32 uptake by the matrix of the osteoid and chondrocytes as functional cells should be studied in relation to the role played by cartilage tissue in the mechanism of ossification."
1146509,"The effect of ligation of veins on the longitudinal bone growth was studied in growing white rabbits.  The daily longitudinal bone growth was determined with the tettacycline technique from the day before up to 40 days after operation.  Ligation of the femoral vein, the circumflexal veins, and the deep femoral vein resulted in a temporary venous stasis.  Additional ligation of the sciatic vein resulted in the same degree of venous stasis but a more longstanding effect.  Neither of the operations resulted in growth stimulation or growth retardation compared with the control side.  On the contrary, the ligation resulted in a minor temporary general growth retardation during the first days after the operation."
1146510,"The joint cartilage of immature, adult and old rabbits was examined. The joint cartilage in adult and old rabbits contained less nucleic acids than that in young rabbits. The synthesis of DNA decreases with advancing age, while no difference was found in the concentration of nucleic acids between adult and old rabbits."
1146511,"Twenty patients with complete acromio-clavicular dislocation treated between 1967 and 1973 were reviewed with a follow-up time of from 1-6 years, the average being 3 years.  They were treated by transposition of coraco-brachialia, short head of biceps and a third of pectoralis minor from their origin in the coracoid process to the clavicle together with repair of the acromio-clavicular joint.  The results were evaluated according to pain, motion, deformity and x-rays with 90 per cent excellent results, 5 per cent fiar and 5 per cent poor.  Discussion of the other types of treatment is presented."
1146512,"Forty-three shoulders in 38 patients have been reviewed. They were all operated on for long-standing incapacitating calcific tendinitis in the region of the supraspinatus tendon. Excellent or good results were obtained in 34 out of 43 shoulders. The methods employed were simple incision and curettement in 12 shoulders, curettement combined with partial resection of the acromion in 26 shoulders, and resection of the acromion in 5 shoulders. The results were the same in these three groups and about 80 per cent of the operations were successful. The most commonly affected patients were women of 45-50 years of age."
1146515,"Physiological genu varum is a condition which, during the first years of life, usually does not require any treatment, but it can present differential diagnostic difficulties. The condition can be distinguished from Mb Blount, prenatal genu varum, hypophosphataemia, rachitis, and post-traumatic genu varum in its course, roentgenological picture, and laboratory examination. It is highly probable that physiological genu varum is the reversible initial stage at Mb Blount, because both physiological genu and Mb Blount can occur at the same time in the same patient."
1146517,The radiological results after caliper treatment of 45 hips with Coxa Plana are presented. The material was grouped and analysed according to the degree of primary involvement of the epiphysis by the necrotic process. It was found that the risk for deformation of the femoral head became significantly higher in the groups with more extensive involvement of the epiphysis. This observation shows that the primary involvement of the epiphysis has a determining influence on the results. It further indicates that if the radiographic results from different materials of Coxa Plana are to be compared consideration must be given to the primary extent of necrosis of the epiphysis.
1146518,"A strain gauge rosette was attached to the midshaft of a man's tibia. This demonstrated that during every stride the bone surface was subjected to a number of discrete deformation cycles. During each cycle the bone was deformed from a particular direction, released at least partially and then deformed from another direction. This feature has been observed from a number of sites in experimental animals. The largest deformation occurred while the subject was running; the principal tension then reached 850 microstrain applied in line with the bone's long axis at 13 times 10-3 microstrain per second. When walking the largest deformation occurred prior to 'toe off'; compression was then the larger principal strain about minus 400 microstrain applied at 37 degrees to the bone's long axis at minus 4 times 10-3 microstrain per second. These strain values are the same order of size as those recorded from the long bones of sheep and pigs during their locomotion."
1146519,"Tissue gas tensions were measured in healing rabbit tibias by means of an implanted Silastic tonometer. During the course of the healing, tissue oxygen tensions increased progressively and carbon dioxide tensions underwent a gradual decline. In all phases of repair, bone tissue gases responded to systemic hyperoxia and hypercarbia. Occlusion of local circulation resulted in tissue anoxia and accumulation of carbon dioxide. Acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, elevated the carbon dioxide tension in the bone but not in the blood which supports earlier data indicating the presence of a functional carbonic anhydrase system in actively metabolizing bone tissue."
1146522,"Two additional risks are involved in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip when diagnosis is made too late: avascular necrosis following the reduction, and residual coxo-femoral dysplasia. Our study and the experience that we acquired within the past 10 years on 142 hips show the value of closed reduction by slow progressive traction with abduction and internal rotation, and the value of innominate osteotomy. These are two strong points on which we can base our treatment in order to further improve the results of our efforts in this field."
1146524,"On the basis of our own experience and the most up-to-date reports, we present some of the most controversial features of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. In particular, the importance of stress in the etiology of the lysis has been revealed by research carried out on athletes practicing strenuous sports. It has also been shown how the slipping of the olisthesic vertebra does not necessarily cease around the age of 20, but may continue, under certain conditions, even in the young adult. Finally, advice on treatment is given in relation to the various surgical techniques, emphasizing the importance of the reduction of slipping, and giving directions on the use of this technique, and its limitations."
1146525,"This report reviews two groups of cases: 194 fracture dislocations of the hip reviewed in 1952, and a follow-up of 222 additional fracture dislocations of the hip seen since then. The report describes the methods of treatment used in terms of the various classifications of fracture dislocations of the hip and analyses the results, the complications and the comparative results in these two groups of patients. Recommendations as to the proper form of management for each type of fracture dislocation are presented."
1146526,The human ear is very resistant against noise-induced damage in the low frequency range. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not the stapedium reflex is of any importance for this resistance. Subjects with peripheral facial palsy (Bell's palsy) including unilateral stapedius muscle paralysis were exposed to several different levels of narrow band noise centered at 0.5 and 2.0 kHz. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) at 0.75 kHz was significantly higher in the affected than in the nonaffected ear after 0.5 kHz noise at and above 110 dB SPL. After the exposure with 2.0 kHz narrow band noise there was no difference in TTS at 3.0 kHz between the affected and nonaffected ear. It is concluded that the attenuation provided by the stapedius reflex reduces TTS after low frequency noise exposure. An implication is that the stapedius reflex also may have the function of protecting the ear from hearing damage caused by low frequency noise exposure.
1146528,"A quantitative analysis of the afferent innervation of the organ of Corti was made on normal and vestibular nerve-sectioned guinea pigs. Section of the vestibular nerve at the internal auditory meatus provided an efficient means of eliminating the efferent innervation to the cochlea without significant loss of afferent fibres. Nerve counts on normal and de-efferented animals revealed that about 10-15 % of the cochlear afferent innervation supplies the outer hair cells. The remaining 85-90% of afferent fibres innervate the inner hair cells. As in cats, all tunnel spiral bundle fibres and upper tunnel crossing fibres were efferent to outer hair cells. Since unmyelinated fibres in the osseous spiral bundle were not counted, quantitative analysis of the efferent innervation to inner hair cells could not be made. However, a significant loss of myelinated fibres in the osseous spiral lamina after vestibular nerve section confirms that many myelinated efferent fibres are present in this region."
1146530,"Seventeen cases of postinflammatory acquired artresia of the external auditory canal in 14 women are described and analysed. Fourteen of these cases were solid atresias in which the auditory canal was more or less filled with fibrous tissue. Three patients had partial membranous atresia. The aetiology was external otitis and/or chronic otitis media. The formation of atresia is usually by jerks, and its steps are as follows: External otitis with destruction of the epithelium, formation of granulations, fibrosing of the granulations, and lining with new meatal skin."
1146531,"The autonomic innervation of the nasal mucosa has been studied in normal rats and in rats in which the supplying nerves had seen selectively transected; postoperative survival times varied from 2 weeks up to 18 months. The vascular structures appeared to be innervated both by acetylcholinesterase- and noradrenalin-containing fibres. Furthermore a nerve plexus consisting of both types of fibres was observed in the subepithelial region. The nasal glands however showed only a cholinergic innervation. The pattern of the autonomic nerve supply deduced from these selective denervation experiments does not differ fundamentally from the generally accepted scheme of this system in the nose of other mammals. Denervation occurred within 2 weeks after transection of the supplying nerves, but after longer survival times reinnervation was observed."
1146529,"In order to develop a quick and reliable clinical method for recording counter-rolling as an indicator of the otolith function, 14 normal persons were investigated by both an objective and a subjective recording method. For the objective recording a goniometer ocular on a Zeiss microscope was used, and for the subjective method, a luminous cross, manipulatable along the three axes of the space. The results show that the objective recording is much more reliable and better reproducible than the subjective, and is consequently a good and quick recording method for clinical investigation of counter-rolling."
1146533,"In dry swallowings repeated at maximum frequency, manometric recording on healthy volunteers showed that the swallowing intervals successively increased. After surface anaesthesia of the oro-pharynx the difficulties in dry swallowing increased. A corresponding increase did not occur in sham tests. The results show that the elicitation of swallowing is dependent upon oro-pharyngeal sensitivity and further that the reflexive elicitation of swallowing cannot instantly be fully replaced by other mechanisms."
1146535,"The decline in loudness of a pure tone was used as a criterion of perstimulatory suprathreshold auditory adaptation. The testing technique consisted of continuous binaural balancing of a steady adapting stimulus with an interrupted comparison tone of equal frequency, the pulse and pulse intervals being of 200 msec duration. The measurements were carried out in the majority of cases at 60 dB sensation level for frequencies 2 000 to 4 000 Hz. In normal-hearing test subjects younger than 15 years, as compared with adults, adaptation was of a different character. It could be demonstrated only in a few cases, which were almost without exception among the oldest in their group. The amount of adaptation in the group of 15-18-year-old subjects did not differ statistically from that of the adult persons, even though the adaptation was slight in 25% of the cases. The lacking or slight adaptation was noticeable also in all types of hearing disorders in the young patients."
1146532,"The influence of varying humidity levels in the air surrounding the mucous membrane of rabbit tracheae has been investigated in vitro at 34 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The following results were obtained: (1) The average mucociliary wave frequency was linearly reduced following decreasing levels of relative humidity (r.h.) from 90% to 20%. (2) A temperature of 40 degrees C was more detrimental to the mucociliary function than that of 34 degrees C and 37 degrees C (body temperature) at decreasing levels of r.h. (3) At decreasing levels of r.h. the duration of experiments with preservation in recordable activity (""mucociliary survival time"") was significantly shorter (p smaller than 0.05) between 50% and 40% r.h. than between 60% and 50% r.h."
1146534,A histological classification and grading of malignancy has been performed on the initial biopsies from 124 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the gingiva treated during the period 1958-69 at the Karolinska hospital. Six different morphological parameters were evaluated with respect to the tumour cell population and the tumour-host relationship estimated in terms of a four-point scale. This permitted grading with total points ranging from 6-24. A strong correlation was found between the degree of histological malignancy and the fatal outcome of the disease. Thus a tumour with a point value of 16 almost always led to the death of the patient while the best results were achieved with surgery alone in the group of small cancers (T1 + T2) with low total malignancy points.
1146543,The main clinical features of neonatal purulent meningitis are discussed on the basis of 19 neonatal cases. The liability to infection of preterm and dysmature babies and the role of Gram-negative bacteria in the aetiology of neonatal meningitis is emphasized. Pathological perinatal events should be regarded as predisposing factors. From the point of view of early diagnosis even the most discrete symptoms are of importance. The therapy of choice is early treatment with combinations of broad-spectrum antibiotics in high doses. Repeated electroencephalographic and immunologic examination provide a useful guideline in treatment and prognosis.
1146537,"An instrument called the Accelerometer Recording System (ARS) was developed for graphically recording responses of neonates to auditory stimulation. Its main component, is an accelerometer, which picks up vibrations of the crib, caused by the response movements of the infant. In a pilot study with 400 newborns, a distinct record was registered in all but seven. The ARS seems to offer a semi-objective test procedure which is short, simple and reliable. It promises to be a valid test method for mass screening of newborns for early detection of profound hearing loss."
1146544,"Clinical features, humoral immunity and EEG findings in infants and children suffering from purulent meningitis are discussed on the basis of data collected in the last 10 years. Purulent meningitis is a grave disease with a bad prognosis and a mortality rate of 47 and 12% in infancy and in childhood, respectively. Beyond the importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment, the use of immunological tests and EEG findings in emphasized."
1146546,"Ten term, normally grown newborn infants aged 3-5 days with hyperbilirubinaemia due to rhesus or ABO incompatibility have been studied. Blood samples were taken via an umbilical venous catheter at 10 minute intervals in order to study spontaneous changes in growth hormone, insulin, glucose and free fatty acid concentration. Mean plasma GH, insulin and glucose concentrations remained unchanged, but the FFA level rose, due probably to the low room temperature at which the investigations were performed. Analysis of individual changes showed large and bidirectional alterations in GH and insulin, which were much greater than the error of the analytical methods. The findings should be considered in the evaluation of diagnostic investigations performed on newborn infants."
1146541,"Glycerol has been injected intravenously in guinea pig and its effects on the pressure in the cochlear fluids have been studied. Simultaneously, arterial and cerebro-spinal pressures have been recorded. Glycerol lowered the intracochlear as well as cerebro-spinal and blood pressures, the latter only temporarily. Different possible mechanisms for the glycerol effect on the intracochlear pressure and its transient effect on hearing in Menière's disease are discussed."
1146542,"Evoked cortical focal potentials from electrical vestibular nerve stimulation were recorded in the Pcd-area in cats anaesthetized with Chloralose or Nembutal. For comparison, additional cortical projections were located for n. rad. superficialis and group Ia muscle afferents from n. rad. prof., n. fibularis prof., n. femuralis ramus muscularis and the motor nerve to the trapezoid muscle. Surface positive potentials, which reversed to negativity in middle cortical layers, were for vestibular nerve stimulation recorded in the S I forelimb field in a small area close to Pcd in the posterior medial part of the deep radial nerve projection field. The location of this field is compared with the vestibulo-cortical projections described earlier for rodents, squirrel monkey, and rhesus monkey. The histology shows that the field was within the cytoarchitectonic 3a area."
1146550,"Ovarian tumours obtained at laparotomy were histochemically examined for their local fibrinolytic activity, and simultaneous fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were determined in the serum. The fibrinolytic activity was confined mainly to vessels of both malignant and benign tumours. A very close correlation was demonstrated between the fibrinolytic activity and the vascularity of the sections. FDP were found in the serum in 13 of 14 patients with malignant tumours, but in none with benign tumours. The difference in occurrence of FDP in patients with malignant and benign tumours might be due to the invasive growth of the former with the entrance of thromboplastic substances, fibrinolytic activators or locally formed FDP into the bloodstream."
1146551,"The variation in the DNA distributions in the murine JB-1 ascites tumour was investigated by means of impulse cytophotometry (ICP) on days 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 after i.p. inoculation of 2.5 times 10-6 tumour cells and on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after aspiration of the main part of 10-day plateau tumours. The study showed that a considerable fraction of cells with a DNA content of about 2 and 4 n (p smaller than 0.001) accumulated from day 2 to 10. During the same period the fraction of cells in S decreased significantly (p smaller than 0.001). One and two days after aspiration, a rapid rearrangement in the distribution pattern occurred, leading to a predominance of cells with S DNA content, while the fraction of cells around 2 n and 4 n decreased. Three and four days after aspiration the cells again accumulated around the 2 and 4 n values while the fraction of cells with S DNA content decreased. The ICP results were in agreement with our data obtained by autoradiography and Feulgen microspectrophotometry, and ICP is recommended as a rapid and statistically precise method in cytokinetic analysis."
1146552,"In this report an apparatus is described which can quickly and reliably induce a standard crushing injury in a desired location of rat calf muscle without tearing the skin. To test the constancy of injury caused by the apparatus, both hind legs of rats were traumatized. Two days after traumatization, the rats were killed and the hind legs were inspected macroscopically and microscopically following prior formalin fixation. The breaking strength of the muscles was measured immediately after traumatization. In every case, the injury totally penetrated the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, but never damaged the whole jumping complex of muscles (gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus). Both the location and the dimensions of the wound as well as the breaking strength of the injured muscles remained inside such narrow limits that the trauma can be regraded as constant."
1146553,The blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was tested in rats with hepatic encephalopathy induced by portocaval anastomosis. An increased number of vesicles containing HRP was seen in endothelial cells. Basement membranes of some vessels and the adjacent neuropil were filled with HRP. Astrocytes showed swollen end-feet. The cytoplasm of astrocytes adjacent to HRP containing basement membranes was evenly filled with HRP. This phenomenon could be caused either by cellular hyperactivity or by leaking membranes due to cell damage.
1146566,"Brain uptake of antipyrine, water and ethanol was studied in rats under normo-, hypo- and hypercapnic conditions. Brain uptake of D- and L-lactate was studied in normal rats. The uptake was determined with the Oldendorf method, using single common carotid arterial injections of a mixture of -14C-labeled test substance and tritiated reference substance. The results demonstrate that L-lactate is taken up by the brain in significant amounts. The results also demonstrate marked differences in the uptakes of antipyrine, water and ethanol. The brain uptake of antipyrine is lower, the brain uptake of ethanol higher, than of water. The brain uptake of all 3 substances was shown not to be affected by changes in cerebral blood flow, although a decrease of brain uptake of antipyrine relative to ethanol was observed during hypo- and hypercapnia."
1146567,"Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from arm and leg muscles of endurance and strength trained athletes, respectively. Total LDH activity as well as occurrence and activity of LDH isozymes were determined. Comparing the results from the athletes with those from non-trained subjects with corresponding fibre compositions, it was found that the endurance athletes had a lower total LDH activity, a higher relative activity of the most heart-specific isozymes. LDH (1 + 2), and, on electrophoretic separation, a complete absence of LDH (4 + 5) in both arm and leg muscles. As compared to the untrained material the strength trained athletes tended to have a higher total LDH activity, a similar distribution of relative isozyme activities, and, in the leg muscles, a strong electrophoretic band corresponding to LDH 5, the most skeletal muscle specific isozyme."
1146568,"The force-velocity relation of the rat portal vein has been studied during regular spontaneous contractions induced by elevated levels of [K-+]O AND [Ca-2+]o. No satisfactory description of the force-velocity relation was obtained by measuring shortening velocity in afterloaded isotonic contractions. Therefore the method of isotonic quick release was used, as this permits mechanical studies at specified instants of the contraction-relaxation cycle. The temporal development of the force-velocity relation in the phasic response was investigated. During a time interval in the rising phase of the contraction, at about the time for maximal dP/dt, the force-velicity curves were practically identical, suggesting a plateau in the intensity of active state. At later stages of the twitch the curves were progressively displaced towards the origin, the intercepts on both the force and the velocity axis becoming smaller. At the time of the isometric peak the maximal shortening velocity had declined relatively more than the isometric force. This is presumably caused by inhomogeneous activation of the muscle at the beginning of relaxation, The maximal force-velocity relation in the rising phase of the contraction can be described by Hill's (1938) equation with the following parameters (at 37 degrees tc): a/Po = 0.73 plus or minus 0.04, b = 0.54 plus or minus 0.04 lengths/s, Vmax = 0.74 plus or minus 0.02 lengths/s (n = 7, mean plus or minus S.E,). The force-velocity relation of the portal vein in comparison with other kinds of muscle is discussed."
1146569,"The time course of relaxation under isometric and isotonic conditions was studied in preparations of rat portal vein which maintained regular phasic contractions in solutions with increased [K-+] and [Ca-2+]. It was found that the smooth muscle during isotonic lengthening was able to carry the afterload for a period of time which was longer than expected from the control isometric response. The difference was largest for afterloads corresponding to about half the isometric peak force. The terminal decline in force was identical in afterloaded and purely isometric responses. Inhibitory influences of isotonic shortening causing increased rates of relaxation, as reported for striated muscles, were not observed. The differences in the course of relaxation between isotonic and isometric responses of portal vein could not be attributed to variations in membrane excitation. It also appears that the differences are not due to changes in release or uptake of activator calcium, or to presence of viscous elements in the tissue. It is suggested that the ability of the smooth muscle to carry load over a relatively long period during isotonic relaxation may be attributed to the characteristics of the instantaneous force-velocity relations in the force range above Po."
1146570,"Proximal tubular reabsorption was measured with the split droplet technique under the following conditions. Group 1. Star vessel perfusions with ultrafiltrate in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) and with ultrafiltrate alone. Group 2. Capillary perfusions, under locally high flow rates, with ultrafiltrate in the absence or presence of HSA. Group 3. Subcapsular perfusions with ultrafiltrate of high HSA concentrations but under low hydrostatic pressure and ultrafiltrate of low HSA concentrations but under elevated hydrostatic pressure. In Group 1, the presence of HSA increased the reabsorptive rate, whereas ultrafiltrate alone had no provable effect on the reabsorptive rate. In Group 2, a flow dependent decrease of the reabsorptive rate, that was not influenced by the presence of HSA, was observed. Finally, in Group 3, high concentrations of HSA did not alter the reabsorptive rate, whereas elevation of the hydrostatic pressure decreased the reabsorptive rate. The results cannot be explained on the basis of a simple passive mode of action of colloid osmotic and hydrostatic pressure on the reabsorptive rate. The possibility of a direct tubulae capillary transport route is discussed."
1146571,A transient natriuretic peak was observed in dogs the third minute after the i.v. administration of the highly active diuretics bumetanide and furosemide. The peak is dependent on the sodium balance such that it is potentiated during positive sodium balance and is not observed in sodium depleted dogs. A relationship exists between the simultaneous occurrence of the peak and abolition of the cortico-medullary electrolyte gradient.
1146572,"The pressure response of the rat urinary bladder to electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve at a low stimulation frequency was found to be almost completely atropine resistant. However, the response to stimulation of the degenerating pelvic nerve 20-30 h after section of the nerve postganglionically using maximal stimulation frequency was totally abolished by atropine or the parasympatholytic agent Hoechst 9980. The responses were not affected by hexamethonium or dihydroergotamine, but were potentiated by eserine. The non-adrenergic portion of the bladder response to stimulation of the degenerating hypogastric nerves was also abolished by atropine or Hoechst 9980. It is concluded that the transmitter activating the detrusor muscle at stimulation of the pelvic nerve or the non-adrenergic part of the hypogastric nerve probably is acetylcholine."
1146573,"A compact apparatus for perfusion of isolated organs from small animals is described. The system is based on a module principle making it useable both in low and high pressure perfusions. 40-80 ml of heparinized, diluted rat blood used as liver-perfusion medium, is recirculated in the system, which is temperature controlled by means of a water jacket. A new type of capillary membrane oxygenator is used for oxygenation. The system permits rapid measurements of perfusate flow, vascular resistance, bile production (when the isolated liver is used), urinary production (when the isolated kidney is used), gas tensions, oxygen consumption, pH and perfusion pressure. Descriptions of the techniques used for operation and perfusion of isolated livers and kidneys from rats are given. By the generally accepted criteria of viability the isolated rat liver remains almost normal for the test period of 3 h. Liver functions were normal as judged by formation of glucose, respiratory rate, urea and bile production and gross morphology. There was very little leakage of liver enzymes into the perfusate. The transformation and elimination of labelled corticosterone were studied to test the steroid metabolizing activity of the isolated rat liver preparation."
1146574,"Renal cortex, anterior uvea, lateral choroid plexus and terminal ileum accumulate -14C-cholate, glycocholate, deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate to considerable tissue/medium ratios. Iodipamide partly inhibits accumulation by kidney, uvea and plexus but not ileum. In renal cortex the sensitive part is similar to 10, 60 and 90 percent for dihydroxy acids, cholate and glycocholate respectively. Hippurate depresses uptake in kidney and uvea but hardly in plexus. Simultaneous uptake by renal cortex and uvea of -14C-cholate or glycocholate, -125I-iodipamide and -131I-o-iodohippurate was studied with unlabelled iodipamide and hippurate as inhibitors. The concentration-dependence of the inhibition required the assumption of 4 partly overlapping iodipamide-sensitive transport systems handling the 4 test substances: the hippurate (H)-system, one moderately (L(1)) and one very hippurate-resistant (L(2)) part of the liverlike L-system and a fourth system called BS, more evenly inhibitable by iodipamide and hippurate than the others. The L(2)-system carries iodipamide but very little bile acids. No iodipamide-sensitive system clearly specialized for bile acid transport was found. The systems have only moderate affinity for bile acids and probably treat them just as large organic anions. A new mathematical procedure to test the degree of complexity of composite transport systems without kinetic assumptions was used."
1146575,"Using the electromagnetic flowmeter technique, the blood flow in the aorta, carotid, hepatic, superior mesenteric, renal and femoral arteries and portal vein was recorded during continuous i.v. infusion of synthetic Substance P (SP) in 8 dogs. Systemic and portal blood pressures were recorded. A significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure was recorded at infusion of SP in the femoral vein at a rate of 2.5 ng x min-1 x kg b.w.-1 or higher. Portal venous blood pressure increased. A rapid increase in the carotid, hepatic, mesenteric and portal blood flow was obtained at infusion rates of 1.2 ng x min-1 x kg b.w.-1 or higher. The femoral artery responded with a late, transient increase in flow, with a return to the base level while the infusion was still in progress. The renal artery 0lood flow decreased slightly at low infusion rates and increased at higher. At SP infusions in the portal vein the infusion rate had to be increased to 20 ng x min-1 x kg b.w.-1 or higher before any general vascular reactions lere recorded, indicating that the liver has a high capacity for inactivating SP."
1146577,"The neural mechanisms involved in the detection of natural complex sounds were studied by recording single-neuron responses from 132 cells in the primary auditory cortex of the cat. The cats were paralyzed and under neuroleptanalgesia (NLA). The cells were first stimulated with pure tones; the responses were then compared with those evoked by many different types of complex sounds, most of which were animal vocalizations. Per-stimulus-time (PST) histograms constructed from the responses to repetitive stimuli were compared with the corresponding sound spectrograms formed from the sounds used as stimuli. Of 100 cells 68 per cent gave predictable responses to complex sounds on the basis of their responses to different pure tone frequencies. In 32 per cent of the cells the responses were unpredictable. Half of these cells did not react to pure tones at all but responded to one or more animal vocalizations or generator sounds with different patterns. Some cells reacted to pure tones in quite a different way than to certain complex sounds, e.g. with inhibition instead of excitation. These results indicate that cells in the primary auditory cortex of the cat reacting in an unpredictable way to sounds with a complex structure have a more or less specialized function, in detecting and analyzing natural and other complex sound patterns. Cells reacting phasically to pure tones seem to be involved in the detection of transient sound elements."
1146578,"The anterior branch of the left coronary artery of the rat heart was ligated and the effects of anoxia on adrenergic nerves were studied histochemically using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for localization of norepinephrine. Greenish catecholamine fluorescence was associated in the normal or infarcted myocardium only with adrenergic nerves. Constant but not prominent changes were seen in adrenergic nerve fibers 2 or 4 h after ligation of the coronary artery; the number of dilicate adrenergic fibers was reduced and some diffusion of the histochemical reaction was seen in small areas of the infarcted myocardium. Strong effects of anoxia were seen 8 h or more after ligation of the coronary artery. These were characterized by a prominent diffusion of the histochemical reaction and gradual disappearance of adrenergic structures in 2 to 4 days of anoxia. During the healing phase the appearance of numerous adrenergic nerve fibers was closely connected with the ingrowth of a new vascular bed into the infarction area. The observations indicate that adrenergic nervous structures of the myocardium resist the effects of anoxia, which may indicate the viability of sympathetic nerves in the infarcted area during long periods of anoxia."
1146579,"The spinal subarachnoid space was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the low lumbar level to the middle thoracic level or to the cisterna magna in anesthetized rabbits. 3-H-choline, 3-H-methyl-atropine or 3-H-decamethonium with carrier in different concentrations was added to the perfusate together with 14-C-inulin, the latter serving as a marker of the dilution of the perfusate by original CSF. Choline was eliminated from the perfusate partly by a saturable mechanism probably by an uptake into the spinal cord. About 15 per cent of the radioactivity of the choline infused was recovered from the spinal cord mainly as phosphorylcholine, betaine, and phospholipids. Amphetamine decreased the elimination of choline from ventriculocisternal perfusates and partly inhibited the uptake of choline in rabbit choroid plexus in vitro. In contrast, amphetamine did not influence the saturable elimination of choline in the lumbothoracic perfusion. Neither methylatropine nor decamethonium was eliminated from the perfusate by a saturable mechanism in the lumbothoracic perfusions. However, in perfusions including the cisterna magna methylatropine was partly eliminated by such a mechanism. The concentration of radioactivity in fourth ventricular choroid plexa suggested this structure to be responsible for the saturable part of the elimination. In conclusion, there is no active removal of quaternary amines in general from spinal CSF like the choroid plexus mediated clearance from ventricular CSF."
1146580,"The elimination kinetics of acetate, the main end product of ethanol metabolism in the liver and the influence of acetate oxidation on the redox- and energy state of the isolated perfused hind-quarter of the rat were studied. The rate of acetate uptake increased with increasing initial concentration of acetate in the perfusion medium, suggesting that the plasma level of free acetate may be one factor in the regulation of acetate uptake in the skeletal muscle. Addition of acetate as a single dose did not affect the net production of lactate or the uptake of glucose. In continuous infusion experiments at a constant concentration of 2 mM of acetate in the medium, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was unaffected in the medium and in the muscle tissue. Addition of acetate did not affect the oxygen uptake. Experiments with 14-C-acetate showed that about 50% of added radioactivity was found in form of 14-CO2 accounting for 25 to 45% of the oxidative metabolism in the muscle tissue. It was calculated that about 25% of the acetate produced in the liver during ethanol oxidation can be consumed in the resting, perfused hind-quarter of the rat. The tissue content of high-energy phosphate compounds was not significantly affected by acetate."
1146581,"The histamine in the granules of mast cells has been proposed to be stored as a heparin-zinc-histamine complex. Due to its chelating action zinc should increase (double) the histamine binding capacity of heparin. We have determined the zinc content of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells to 2.4-4.1 nmol/10-6 cells and of their granules to 13.3-21.4 nmol/mg dry weight. The corresponding amounts of histamine were 150 and 680 nmol respectively. The zinc content found is far (20 times) too low to allow for an adequate binding of histamine in a heparin-zinc-histamine complex. In vitro the granules take up zinc in the same manner as they take up other cations and zinc competes with histamine for granule storage sites. Consequently, Hi-uptake is reduced and not enhanced in the presence of zinc in the suspension medium. In summary no evidence was found for a storage function of zinc in a heparin-zinc-histamine complex."
1146582,"A peptide with a molecular weight of about 5 000 has previously been shown to affect the output of semen in frogs and probably also in mammals. This sperm-releasing substance is not part of any known gonadotropic hormone. The distribution of this substance has been investigated using whole-body autoradiography. Radioactive material is incorporated into the epididymis, the adenohypophysis and probably also into the ovary."
1146583,"The diffusion permeability to water of the rat blood-brain-barrier (BBB) was studied. Preliminary data obtained with the Oldendorf tissue uptake method (Oldendorf 1970) in seizure experiments suggested that the transfer from blood to brain of labelled water is diffusion-limited. More definite evidence of such a limitation was obtained using the single injection technique of Crone (1963). 14-C-labelled sucrose was used as intravascular reference substance and tritium-labelled water as test substance. The non-exchanging (transmitted) fraction, I-E equals T, of labelled water during a single passage increased from 0.26 to 0.67 when the arterial carbon dioxide tension was changed from 15 to 85 mm Hg, a change increasing the cerebral blood flow about sixfold. This finding suggests that water does not pass the blood-brain barrier as freely as lipophilic gases."
1146584,"The relationship between arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in hypoxic hypoxia was studied in artificially ventilated and normocapnic rats. Changes in CBF were evaluated from arteriovenous differences in oxygen content after 2, 5, 15 and 30 min exposure to PaO2 85, 75, 55, 45, 35, and 25 mm Hg. In separate experiments the PaO2 was decreased to 25 mm Hg for 1, 2, 5, 15 and 30 min in animals in which PaCO2 was allowed to fall by 5-10 mm Hg. There was a small, gradual increase in CBF when PaO2 was lowered in steps from 130 to 55 mm Hg, and a more pronounced increase at PO2 values below 50 mm Hg. At PaO2 25 mm Hg CBF increased to values of 500% of normal. Significant increased in CBF were recorded at PaO2 values of 85 and 75 mm Hg in spite of the fact that previous studies have failed to record an elevated tissue lactate content at these po2 levels, and in spite of an unchanged cerebral venous PO2. When the PaO2 was reduced to 25 mm Hg CBF increased markedly already at 1 and 2 min, and this increase in CBF occurred even if PaCO2 was allowed to fall by 5-10 mm Hg. Previous results have shown that in such short periods enough lactic acid is not formed to induce a net tissue acidosis. The results thus give no support to the hypothesis that cerebral hyperemia in hypoxia is coupled to accumulation of lactic acid in the tissue."
1146585,"Attempted suicide and suicide have been investigated among 2,619 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and ulcer dyspepsia without ulcer demonstrable by x-ray. There was no difference in the percentage of attempted suicides and suicides among the three ulcer groups or between the sexes. Within well-defined periods, there was a statistically significant greater excess of attempted suicides among patients operated on than among unoperated patients. The distribution according to psychiatric diagnosis was very similar to the one observed among persons in general in Copenhagen attempting suicide. The number of patients committing suicide exceeded the expected number significantly, for men as well as for women, but there was no difference between patients operated on and unoperated patients. The psychiatric diagnoses of those committing suicide were predominantly neuroses and psychopathy."
1146586,"Among 1,780 male persons with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and ulcer dyspepsia without ulcer demonstrable by x-ray, 737 (21%) had been convicted of law offences. There were no differences among the three ulcer groups with regard to the frequencies of the different crimes or the percentage of persons in each of the groups. The percentage of persons admitted to a psychiatric department was higher among those convicted than in the material in general. The dominating psychiatric diagnosis among those convicted was psychopathy. Among patients operated on, the percentage of convicted persons was significantly higher than among those not operated on. Among 168 persons convicted for offences committed while under the influence of alcohol, the percentage of heavy drinkers was higher than in the material in general. Only 3.1% of 771 women had been convicted for an offence. The observed frequencies of law breakers among the patients in the three ulcer group did not exceed the frequencies in the general population."
1146587,"Recent studies in psychophysiology and neurophysiology strongly indicate that there is an overstimulation of the brain schizophrenia. However, the relationship between overstimulation and schizophrenic symptoms is largely unknown. Neuropathological, anatomical and biochemical data support the conclusion that the schizophrenic syndrome represents a malfunctioning involving at least the neostriatal-thalamus system, perhaps due to an imbalance between dopamine and noradrenaline."
1146588,"Ninety-seven young non-psychotic men with intravenous opiate abuse, who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital, were seen at follow-up 3 years after admission. All were traced. At follow-up, 19% were abstinent, 9% had died, whereas the remainder were still addicted. Those who had become abstinent had done so around the age of 20 and/or before they had been addicted to opiate for 3-4 years, almost  regardless of the time at which their total drug abuse had started."
1146589,"The effects of reduced auditory feedback were investigated using an accurately calibrated binaudal pure tone producer on 27 stuttering children and 68 non-stuttering controls. A comparison was made of both auditory hearing and discomfort thresholds in the two groups; the hearing thresholds did not differ between the groups. The results did however replicate an earlier finding which suggested that stutters have a lower threshold for auditory discomfort than do normal speakers, and showed that fluency is inversely related to auditory feedback. The discussion suggests that a necessary cause of stuttering is a physiological abnormality in side-tone conduction and central processing."
1146590,"Using a Lovibond flexible fibro-optic tintometer, no differences of skin pigmentation were found between chronic male schizophrenic patients untreated with phenothiazines, and non-schizophrenics. No differences were found between chronic male schizophrenics receiving phenothiazines and those not so treated. This latter comparison may however be questioned on the grounds that the treatment had consisted not of chlorpromazine alone (which is particularly associated with pigmentation), but of a variety of drugs, including fluphenazine. An ideal, chronically treated group proved impossible to assemble. No support is thus provided for the hypothesis proposed by Greiner & Nicholson linking the supposed chemical basis of schizophrenia with pigmentation."
1146591,"The results of a study on the prevalence of mental diseases and abnormalities among a geographically well-defined group of 70-year-olds, all living in nine suburbs of Copenhagen, are submitted and discussed. The total psychiatric morbidity was found to be 15.5%; 6.4% suffered from psychoses, males preponderating, and 7.4% classified as ""neuroses + personality disorders"", females preponderating. Only 15% of the pschotic group were institutionalised. Of the entire material, 5% were demented, and this included 1.l% patients who were severley demented. There was a definite preponderance of males. Of the population, 2.6% were living in their homes with senile or arteriosclerotic dementia. About 1% of the population were looked after in their homes despite severe dementia of varying geneses. Hidden morbidity, meaning that the proband had neither been institutionalised nor had consulted a doctor for mental illness within the past 5 years, made up of 15% of the psychotic group and 19.2% of the group ""neuroses + personality disorders + alcoholisms"". The total hidden morbidity constituted 2.6% of the population or 16.5% of the demonstrated psychiatric morbidity. The prevalence findings are on the whole on a level with those reported from other studies, most of which have been concerned with population groups over 65 years of age."
1146592,"The behavior and heart rate of autistic children were simultaneously videorecorded in a standard situation. Normal children of two age-groups were also studied. It was found that the heart rate of the autists was characteristically highly variable and more so than that of normal children of the same age or younger. This variability (arrhythmia) however, was behaviour-dependent in all children-involvement in a task resulting in suppresion of the arrhythmia. It was at a maximum in the autists during the performance of stereotyped behaviours. The functional implications of these behaviour-heart rate associations are discussed."
1146593,"An American version of the MNT Inventory (Sjöbring personality dimensions) was administered to three separate groups of American subjects. Normative data on the Sjöbring dimensions, including correlational data between the dimensions, was reported for these groups and compared to published normative data from prior studies in Sweden and in the United Kingdom. For the American groups, the correlations between dimensions were negligible or very small, in accord with Sjöbring theory. There were similar patterns to the scale scores and to the correlational data for the American groups and comparable Swedish groups. The results suggest that the American version of the MNT inventory is a valid tool for obtaining Sjöbring dimension scores on American subjects."
1146594,"A study was made of 612 psychotic outpatients, followed by means of a national case register from their first referral in 1946 to 1955 up to and including 1973. One hundred and sixty-four cases were not found to be registered as inpatients and so must be counted as lost to a registration system based upon hospital admissions. The loss of cases was estimated at around 5% of the total first admissions. Most of the lost cases were borderline psychotics or manic-depressives."
1146612,"Adrenal scintigraphy after i.v. injection of 131I-19-iodocholesterol has been performed in 4 patients with primary aldosteronism, 5 with Cushing's syndrome and 1 patient with phaeochromocytoma. In primary aldosteronism a unilaternal adrenocortical adenoma was demonstrated in 2 patients, while the method failed in 1 patient to visualize a tumour that was localized by measurements of aldosterone concentrations in the adrenal veins and by adrenal venography; in 1 patient none of the methods demonstrated a tumour. In Cushing's syndrome, adrenal scinitgraphy indicated bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia in 1 patient and visualized the tumour in 2 patients with adrenocortical adenoma. In all patients with Cushing's syndrome due to unilateral adrenocortical tumour, the accumulation of radioactivity in the contralateral adrenal was suppressed. However, a delayed and slight accumulation of the isotope in the suppressed gland contralateral to an adrenocortical carcinoma was misinterpreted and led to exploration on the wrong side since the tumour did not concentrate radioactivity at all. The method failed in 1 patient to localize the adrenocortical tissue responsible for the relapse of Cushing's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy for hyperplasia. In the patient with phaeochromocytoma, no radioactivity was found on the tumour. It is conculded that adrenal scintigraphy is a safe and valuable method for localization of adrenal tumours and their differentiation from adrenocortical hyperplasia. Some diagnostic pitfalls do, however, exist, as demonstrated in this series of patients."
1146613,"The inner and outer diameters of the cortex have been measured in 32 obese subjects in the middle of the second metacarpal bone and in the proximal part of radius. The results, which were compared with an age-matched control group, showed that the obese subjects had, on an average, an 11 percent larger cortical area than the controls (p smaller than 0.05). The increased cortical area was caused by the greater outer diameter of the measured bones. There were no significant differences in inner diameters betwee the groups. The inner diameters increased with age in the same way in both obese and control persons, indicating the the former are not protected against osteoporosis in the form of endosteal resorption."
1146614,"Intestinal 47Ca absorption has been determined from blood and stool radioactivity after oral administration of the isotope in nine patients before and during cellulose phosphate treatment. Oral administration of 5 g cellulose phosphate concomitant with 47Ca in 100 mg ""carrier"" calcium as CaCl2 decreased 47Ca absorption by 80 per cent. Cellulose phosphate, 5 g three times daily, decreased urinary excretion of non-radioactive calcium by 47 percent. Urinary magnesium excretion decreased by 47 percent whereas urinary phosphorus excretion increased by 67%. Calcium and magnesium excretion in urine decrease because cellulose phosphate binds divalent cations within the GI tract. The increased phosphorus excretion is probably due to partial hydrolysis of the substance in the gut."
1146615,"The rise in serum calcitonin (delta-CT240 min) has been measured during hypercalcemia induced by i.v. infusion of calcium gluconate. This calcium infusion test was used in a prospective screening for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) in 4 families with Sipple's syndrome as well as in 3 sporadic cases of MCT. In 16 normal controls delta-CT240 was minus 0.2-+ 0.5 ng/ml (mean plus or minus 2 S.D.). Delta-CT240 was normal in 2 patients with chronic hypocalcemia. In all 14 MCT patients delta-CT240 was markedly higher (min-max 2.2-630 ng/ml), i.e. no false negatives were found. However, in these cases, the diagnosis was already evident from basal serum calcitonin (S-CT), which up to now has been our most sensitive diagnostic technique for MCT. 19 first-degree relatives of patients with Sipple's syndrome presented no signs of MCT. In 14 of these delta-CT240 was normal (""healthy relatives""), but in 5 it was slightly elevated, intermediate between the controls and the MCT patients. These 5 borderline cases were more sharply delineated from normal by delta-CT240 than by S-CT. Thus our calcium infusion test seems to be the most sensitive method for early diagnosis of occult MCT. We recommend the calcium infusion test for: (a) screening for MCT in all Sipple relatives with normal or only slightly elevated basal S-CT, (b) postoperative control in both sporadic and hereditary MCT, (c) investigation of supposed non-MCT tumours with calcitonin production."
1146616,"Cardiac arrhythmias, digoxin concentration in plasma and urine, digoxin and creatine clearances, electrolytes in plasma and in erythrocytes, and subjective symptoms have been carefully studied for 5 consecutive days in 19 patients with definite or suspected digitalis intoxication. The digoxin treatment was discontinued during the observation period. Eleven controls without any signs of toxicity were similarly followed on unchanged maintenance dosage. All patients were independently classified as toxic or non-toxic from the follow-up of extended ECG recordings and subjective symptoms. In 9 definitely toxic patients a plasma digoxin concentration 3.1 plus or minus 0.7 ng/ml was found, as compared to 1.4 plus or minus 0.5 ng/ml for the 11 controls. In the suspect toxic group 1.5-3.9 ng/ml was found. The high digoxin level in the toxic group corresponds to a low digoxin clearance. In the toxic patients cardiac arrhythmias were related in most cases to a plasma digoxin level above 2.5 ng/ml and usually disappeared when the concentration had decreased below this. Suspect toxic patients, classified as probably non-toxic, and controls had with two exceptions plasma digoxin levels below 2 ng/ml. It is suggested that digitalis toxicity should be considered at a plasma digoxin concentration above 2 ng/ml. It must be stressed that this limit is not absolute and is affected by, among other things, a disturbance of intra- and extracellular electrolytes."
1146617,"Sinus node recovery time (SRT) after rapid atrial pacing has been recorded in 66 patients, 28 with coronary heart disease, 11 with advanced AV block, 10 with sick sinus syndrome and 17 with paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias. In patients with a normal functioning sinus node SRT was related to the basal heart rate. On an average SRT was 130% of the basal P-P interval with an upper limit of 160%. In patients with a presumed normal atrial function the mean SRT was found to be 1 080 msec, with an upper limit of 1 500 msec. This corresponds with previously published observations. In all 5 patients examined, beta-receptor blockade (propranolol 5 mg i.v.) prolonged SRT. The prolonged SRT was related to sinus bradycardia. Verapamil (Isoptin 5 mg i.v.) had no effect on SRT in the 7 patients examined. The observation of an SRT of more than 1 500 msec indicates a poor sinus node function. Recording of a normal SRT, however, cannot exclude a sinus node dysfunction, as normal SRT is occasionally found even in patients with a clinically proved dysfunction."
1146618,"Following the i.v. injection of about 30 muCi of 1-alpha-2-alpha-3H-cholesterol, the specific activity decay of plasma cholesterol has been analysed in terms of a 2-pool model in eight patients with radiolucent gallstones and two healthy controls. In each subject some kinetic parameters were calculated, including the input into and the size of the rapidly exchangeable cholesterol pool. The results were compared with those in 16 controls from another study. Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate significant differences in any of the parameters between the gallstone patients and the combined controls, indicating that patients with cholesterol gallstones have normal input into and size of the rapidly exchangeable cholesterol mass. The conclusion is discussed in relation to similar studies, and it is speculated that gallstone patients may have decreased absorption of exogenous cholesterol."
1146619,"Five consecutive cases of anorexia nervosa in women have been investigated for variations in the frequency of sex chromatin-positive cells. The results showed a statistically signifcant relation between body weight and the frequency of sex chromatin-positive cells, the amount of sex chromatin increasing with rising body weight. These findings are difficult to explain but the results might conceivably be used, at least in some cases, as an index of changing basal biological functions in anorexia nervosa."
1146620,"During streptokinase treatment of an iliofemoral thrombosis, a formerly healthy man developed clinical signs of major pulmonary embolism. In spite of all attempts at resuscitation, the patient died after 1.5 hours. The autopsy showed no signs of remaining thrombus or emboli. The probable explanation is that the thrombus had partially been lysed and that the remaining parts formed an embolus large enough to cause considerable haemodynamic changes which could not be influenced. Lysis continued pre- and postmortally and was complete at the time of autopsy."
1146641,"This chapter critically reviews arguments supporting the role of the frontal cortex in light-sensitive epilepsy of the baboon Papio papio in the light of the most recent neurophysiological research. In particular, it is known that spontaneous or ILS-induced paroxysmal discharges, as well as generalized seizures, originate in the frontorolandic cortical region. In this region during ILS, neurons behave in the same manner as hyperexcitable neurons in focal epileptogenic lesions of animals and man. Aso, section of the corpus callosum causes deterioration or even destruction of the synchronization that exists naturally between the two frontorolandic areas. Lastly experimental focal irritative lesions enhance light sensitivity if they are located in the frontorolandic region and inhibit it if they are located in the occipital cortex. Opposing these arguments are those that support the important role the occipital cortex plays, since its ablation makes excessive light sensitivity in the baboon disappear. Studies of the primary and nonprimary visual messages and pathways have also contributed evidence. In particular, demonstration of the existence of large numbers of direct occipitofrontal connections may help reconcile the two opposing arguments. Other evidence favoring the role of the frontal cortex is furnished by the still fragmentary studies on activation of the motor pathways and by studies in neuropharmacology. The significance and value of this type of epilepsy as an animal model of the generalized reflex epilepsies of man are discussed."
1146642,"Electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus was performed on hemicerebellectomized baboons. Stimulation was delivered in volleys of 40 to 60 Hz lasting 5 to 25 sec, and at intensities ranging from 1 to 6 mA (width of shock 0.5 to 5 msec). Similar parameters of stimulation produced asymmetrical motor and electrocortical responses. When the normal VL nucleus was stimulated, these responses were tonic or tonic-clonic. When the VL nucleus deprived of its cerebellar afferents was stimulated, the tonic-clonic responses were followed by afterdischarges appearing in the EEG which persisted after cessation of stimulation. The role of the cerebellum in the lowering of the excitability threshold of some structures, particularly the VL nucleus, is discussed, as are the systems likely to play a role in producing various clinical responses."
1146654,"An ergolene derivative having a piperazine-phenyl side chain instead of a peptide side chain causes rotational behavior in experimental rats and appears to activate mainly limbic DA receptors when given in vivo, in contrast to amino acid ergot alkaloids, which appear to activate all DA receptors when given systemically. Theophyllamine and caffeine were found to cause considerable enhancement of the action of DA formed from DOPAP AND DA receptor agonists such as apomorphine, piribedil, and amino acid alkaloids on supersensitive DA receptors. Many DA receptor agonists such as apomorphine, piribedil, and CB 154 have in common the property to induce hypothermia in mice, an effect that may be related to actions on limbic DA receptors. Many DA receptors agonists such as apomorphine, piribedil, ergocornine, and CB 154 are able to block ovulation in immature rats treated with PMS. It is likely that this blockade is related to activation of a DA receptor in the median eminence controlling LRF secretion. DA receptor agonists antagonize sexual activity in the female rat, whereas DA receptor blocking agents enhance it. DA neurons may therefore subserve an inhibitory role in the control by hormones of sexual behavior. It is of considerable interest that there appear to exist inhibitory DA receptors with regard to both LRF secretion and sexual behavior."
1146663,"It is generally accepted that platelets from the main constituent of a thrombus. Experimental work has shown that 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5 HT) in a concentration of 0.06 mg/ml produces clumping of the platelets. In view of this it was decided to estimate platelet 5 HT in thrombotic and non-thrombotic diseases. Thirty-five patients were investigated. Estimations of 5 HT were made on washed platelets rather than platelet-rich plasma which has been used in previous studies. Three groups were recognized on the basis of platelet 5 HT values. The first group consisted of five subjects who were clinically asymptomatic at the time of investigation but died 24 to 48 hours later and were shown at autopsy to have deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; they had the highest level of platelet 5 HT. The second group comprised eight patients with cerebral thrombosis whose platelet 5 HT ranged between 1529 and 2183 ng/10-9. There were 22 subjects in the third group (11 apparently normal and 11 with different pathologies). Their platelet 5 HT ranged from 611 to 877 ng/10-9 and did not vary in the different pathological conditions studied. Since the highest level of platelet 5 HT was observed in patients prior to the formation or embolization of a thrombus, it is suggested that this may have some role in initiating thrombus formation."
1146665,"The workload of three Day Hospitals was studied during 1973 and a simple mathematical calculation, the New Patient Index, devised to enable rapid assessment of function and activity to be made. This calculation gives a more accurate assessment of function than the conventional returns of total attendance or of new patient attendance for it takes size and activity into account. It can be measured over any period of time, weekly, monthly or yearly. It is proposed that a calculated New Patient Index should be included in all future reports on Day Hospitals. In addition it is suggested that the calculation should be used to plan Day Hospital development based on the discerned needs of the elderly in an area or district."
1146668,"Thoracic aortas of pvg rats accumulated Ca (analysed by flame spectrophotometry) throughout mature life, with females having slightly higher levels than males at each age interval studied. Femur Ca concentration was similarly elevated in female rats, and was maintained fairly constant in both sexes after 19 weeks of age. Femur Mg and K levels showed an over-all decrease with age; whilst the Na concentration fell up to 19 weeks, and then decreased steadily. It was concluded that a simple shift of Ca from the ageing skeleton into soft tissues cannot adequately account for aortic physiosclerosis."
1146669,"The effects of carotid sinus massage in aged subjects with a high incidence of arteriosclerosis are described. In 71 men and 315 women tested, a slowing of more than 10 per cent of the heart rate was found in 25 per cent of the men and 19 per cent of the women, which is not of statistical significance in relation to sex. Only men showed a significant increase with age and the women had a significant preponderance of a right-sided response. The technique was found to be safe, although a review of reported side-effects suggests care is advisable and carotid compression must not occur. The findings are discussed in relation to those reported in younger subjects and in carotid sinus syndrome with syncope. The fact that men have an acquired increase in response in old age, which is not seen in women, may be a factor of importance in the explanation of why carotid sinus syncope is almost always seen in men. Carotid sinus sensitivity appears to diminish in old age and some of the ageing factors which might influence the carotid sinus reflex are examined."
1146670,Plasma Human Growth Hormone (HGH) was raised in a patient with bronchial carcinoma and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy before radiotherapy to the tumour. Though the soft-tissue swelling and pain of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy disappeared two to three weeks after radiotherapy to the carcinoma the HGH plasma levels were still very high at two months and came back to normal levels at six months and remained so at one year. It is suggested that ectopic production of HGH by the tumour in this case was not responsible for the changes of hypertrophic osterarthropathy.
1146671,"A group of 278 patients, over the age of 60 years, and representative of geriatric and general medical admissions to the District General Hospital in Banbury, Oxforshire, was studied to correlate the prevalence of systolic murmurs to age, sex, cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, dysrrhythmias, hypertension, peripherial vascular disease and anaemia. The object was to establish the clinical significance of these murmurs and test a postulate that they could not be dismissed as benign. Seventy-five per cent of the murmurs were judged to be aortic and 12 per cent mitral in origin. The prevalence of systolic murmurs increased with age from 32 per cent at 60-64 years to 57 per cent over 85 years, and was greater in females (44 per cent) than in males (34 per cent). The presence of systolic murmurs was related to the presence of cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, dysrrhythmias, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and anemia. Only 8 per cent of patients with systolic murmurs had none of the above-mentioned six cardiovascular abnormalities compared with 36 per cent of patients without such a murmur, while multiple cardiovascular abnormalities were also commoner in the former group. The mortality rate in hospital was similar for patients with or without a systolic murmur."
1146676,"A program to control industrial work exposures to airborne asbestos fibers is presented. The program is consistent with OSHA standards, and with current good industrial hygiene practice. The program includes methods of problem evaluation, the establishment of effective corporate standards, and provisions for environmental and medical surveillance. Hazard control measures and techniques are discussed and their merits related."
1146678,"The ideal analytical method is one which has been thoroughly evaluated, collaboratively tested by a number of laboratories, and established by long usage. The development of such procedures is time consuming and expensive. However, a classification scheme which recognizes that methods may be used which have not been fully evaluated or collaboratively tested is useful. A scheme with five classes which has been applied to NIOSH analytical methods is presented. It recognizes that many analytical methods have been developed, that other agencies and organizations have examined the literature and published methods, and that unproved or suggested method may be the only information available."
1146677,"In a coke oven study conducted by NIOSH, selected chemical analyses of airborne particulates, vapors, and metals in the emissions from five coke ovens were done. Eight sampling procedures and seven analytical techniques were used to analyze samples collected for the study. Six of the analytical methods used are discussed."
1146679,This paper discusses radiological safety measures built in to a 1.5 MeV electron beam accelerator at the General Motors Research Laboratories. The accelerator is used to study the interaction of electrons with plastic materials. The safety features described represent the type of precautions taken over and above legal requirements and include the results of experience gained in other installations.
1146680,"The alveolar burden following nose-only aerosol exposure of rodents to highly toxic radioactive materials depends upon the percentage of the inhaled aerosol that is deposited beyond the animals' ciliated epithelium. The quantity inhaled was estimated from the product of the aerosol concentration (nCi/liter), the exposure time (minutes) and the mean minute volume (liter/min) of the animals. For rats exposed to Pu(NO3)4 and sacrificed within an hour, the mean alveolar deposition was 19.2 plus or minus 9.19% for 36 groups of both -239Pu and -238Pu. No important correlations between any of the measured parameters and this initial percentage deposition were observed, in contrast with the results for -239PuO-2 deposition measured in rats sacrified 24 or 48 hours postexposure. In these, the aerosol activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) was strongly correlated with aerosol concentration and percentage deposition (mean-7.9 plus or minus 3.9% for 32 groups) with AMAD over the range of 1.5 to 4.5 mum. The 200-fold lower mass concentration of -238Pu compared with -239Pu for a given activity level may explain the fact that the AMAD was correlated with concentration for -239Pu oxide and nitrate, but not for -238Pu compounds."
1146681,"Laboratory tests have shown that an aqueous solution of 1.0 wt.% sulfamic acid-0.5 vol.% surfactant can be used for decontaminating MOCA-contaminated surfaces to less than the analytical detectable limits for MOCA, without any flammability hazards. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have shown that a different compound is formed when sulfamic acid is reacted with MOCA, as evidenced by the disappearance of the NH2 peak from the MOCA spectrum."
1146682,"A weighed amount of a ""special"" semi-reinforcing (SRF) carbon black, made in 1964 and not considered to be typical for furnace blacks, was extracted with triple distilled benzene for 24 hours. The separation of carcinogens from the benzene extract was achieved by gas chromatography on a 5 ft x 0.25 inch stainless steel column packed with 3% OV-1 on chromosorb W. The chromatogram yielded 20 peaks. These peaks were collected, eluted and identified by (a) comparison of retention times, (b) peak enhancement technique, and (c) comparison of their excitation and fluorescence spectra with those of known polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAH) standards. The PCAH's identified in SRF-carbon black were: anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(mno)fluoranthene, chrysene, 1,2-benzanthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, 1,2-benzopyrene, 3,4-benzopyrene, perylene, o-phenylene pyrene 1,2-benzoperylene, anthanthrene, and coronene. Of these, 1,1-benzanthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, 3,4-benzopyrene and o-phenylene pyrene are known carcinogens. These and others have also been quantitated."
1146683,"Blood lead concentration and red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) activity were determined at intervals for eight months after symptom-free dogs, which had received 100 ppm or 500-1000 ppm of lead, by weight, in their diets for 75 1/2 weeks, were returned to a lead-free diet. Statistical treatment of the data disclosed a linear relationship between the logarithm of blood lead concentration or of ALAD activity and the logarithm of time (experimental week) during the recovery period. The calculated regressions predict that recovery of ALAD will occur before recovery of the blood lead concentration. Predicted recovery times depend on the levels selected as those which must be attained for recovery to be complete, as well as on the dosage of lead. The logarithm of the slope of the ALAD recovery regression of the individual dog has a linear relation to the percentage reduction in ALAD due to the lead, the regression accounting for 92% of the variance in the recovery rates. The slope of the blood lead recovery regression has a linear relation to the increase in blood lead for the dogs which received the low lead diet, but not for those which received the high lead diet."
1146684,"Baboons were exposed to dust clouds of Ph3O4 of different size distribution but of the same total gravimetric concentration. Blood samples were taken immediately after each exposure of 4 hours and the total blood lead was determined. The exposure to the lead-bearing dust was stopped after four weeks, but the blood sampling continued for another six weeks. Graphs are presented comparing the patterns of lead absorption obtained with different sized lead particles. The coarser lead particles resulted in a higher blood lead concentration than the finer."
1146685,"An evaluation of the Chamber Works control program was made relative to the 1967 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH) for tetraalkyl lead compounds. Results from fixed station samplers throughout the manufacturing areas had not correlated well with routine medical examinations and urinary excretion levels for lead. Similarly there was no correlation of fixed station results with urinary excretion rates. This suggested that personnel monitoring procedures would be necessary to obtain a valid evaluation of the highly variable ambient work atmosphere. No correlation could be established between personnel and fixed station monitor results; however, the mobile units gave significantly higher values. An approximately linear relationship between breathing zone lead levels and urinary excretion was found when the sum of the weekly average organic and inorganic lead TLV coefficients were related to the corresponding average urine excretion."
1146687,"Some of the problems involved in the use of human hair sample as an indicator of trace metal exposure are discussed. The significant correlations of hair cadmium level with the respective kidney (r equals .52) and liver (r equals 0.36) levels in selected autopsies, and the fact that hair samples can distinguish between occupational and non-occupational exposure (t28 equals 4.88) in a New Jersey community are advanced as arguments in favor of hair sampling. The hair samples were washed with sodium lauryl sulphate, deionized water and acetone and then dried. All the samples were ashed at 450-500 degrees and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry."
1146688,"This study determined the effects of controlled physical training program on resting heart rate, blood pressure, serum cholesterol and body weight in middle-aged, sedentary, corporation executives. Two groups were established: an active group consisting of invited subjects hat exercised on a regular basis, and a comparison group consisting of subjects that were invited to use the facility but did not. Both groups were classified by the Medical Deartment as being ""clinically normal."" The training intensity of the active group was at 65% to 85% of age predicted maximum heart rates as established by the Tennessee Heart Association. Each exercise session was closely monitored by the subjects and by the instructors. Training continued for 24 months. Statistical analysis indicated that resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol were significantly reduced after the training as compared to the comparison group. However, there were no significant changes in diastolic blood pressure or body weight."
1146693,"Echocardiographic findings from 10 patients without clinical indications of aortic root dissection or aortic valve disease from 1 patient with angiographic confirmation of aortic root dissection are reported and compared. Previously reported echocardiographic findings were confirmed in the patient with aortic root dissection. These include (1) a widened posterior or anterior aortic wall, or both; (2) parallel motion of the separated margins of the aortic walls; and (3) aortic root dilatation (42 mm or more at end-systole). However, all three findings were also noted in 5 of the 10 patients without clinical indications of aortic root dissection or aortic valve disease, and at least two of the three findings were noted in the remaining 5 patients. Echocardiographic detection of aortic root dissection appears to be most reliable when clinical indications of the anomaly are present."
1146694,"The posteroanterior and lateral chest X-ray films of 64 consecutive patients with an isolated systolic click (55 patients) or a systolic click with a late systolic murmur (9 patients) showed a striking frequency of thoracic skeletal abnormalities. There were 50 female and 14 male subjects. The average age of the female subjects was 36.7 years (range 13 to 67), that of the male subjects 39.7 years (range 17 to 56). Seventy-two percent of the female and 78 percent of the male subjects had an anteroposterior/transverse thoracic ratio less than the mean ratio in a small population. Bony abnormalities such as pectus excavatum, straight thoracic spine and scoliosis occurred alone or in a combination in 31 of the 50 female patients (62 percent) and in 8 of the 14 male patients (57 percent). Overall, 39 of the 64 patients (61 percent) had at least one of the skeletal abnormalities. Scoliosis occurred in 25 subjects (39 percent) and was mild in 19. A ""straight back"" was found in 15 (23 percent) and pectus excavatum in 7 patients (11 percent). The explanation for these findings is not apparent. Thoracic cage abnormalities should be included as one of the nonauscultatory features of the systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome."
1146695,"Idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve is a common disorder, but many cases are clinically subtle. Thoracic skeletal abnormalities, reported recently to accompany the syndrome, may serve as an easily identifiable clinical indicator. The prevalence of these abnormalities was defined in 24 patients with proved prolapse of the mitral valve. The valvular syndrome was defined clinically, by echocardiography and, in seven cases, by left ventricular angiography. The skeletal deformities were defined clinically and radiographically. Pectus excavatum was present in 62 percent of the patients, ""straight back"" in 17 percent and severe scoliosis in 8 percent. Eighteen of the 24 patients (75 percent) had a definite thoracic skeletal deformity. The association of idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve with these skeletal deformities may represent a forme fruste of Marfan's syndrome. Patients with ""straight back"" and pectus excavatum should be examined clinically and perhaps by echocardiography to exclude idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve; when murmurs are present, a diagnosis of ""pseudoheart disease"" should not be made before mitral valve prolapse has been excluded."
1146696,"The role of a critical myocardial mass required to maintain ventricular fibrillation initiated by rapid ventricular pacing was studied by two methods in dogs placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. In the first method, depolarization of a limited myocardial mass was accomplished by injecting potassium chloride into one or two coronary arteries. Injection of potassium chloride simultaneously into the left circumflex and left anterior descending coronary arteries abolished ventricular fibrillation more often than did injection into any other single or combination of two coronary arteries (P less than 0.0001). Ventricular fibrillation could not be reinitiated as long as the left ventricle remained inexcitable. Immersing the heart in a solution of potassium chloride or injecting the solution into the right and left ventricular cavities failed to terminate ventricular fibrillation. The second method evaluated the amount of current necessary to terminate ventricular electrodes, between two left ventricular electrodes and between one right ventricular and one left ventricular electrode. Electrical shocks of equal magnitude terminated ventricular fibrillation most often when those shocks were delivered between an electrode located at the right ventricular apex and an electrode located at the posterior base of the left ventricle, and least often when the shock was delivered between two right ventricular electrodes. Successful defribillation results when a critical amount of myocardium becomes depolarized by either potassium chloride or electrical discharge; depolarization of every cell in both ventricle is not necessary to terminate ventricular fibrillation in the entire heart."
1146697,"The effects of increased and decreased cardiac sympathetic tone and coronary occlusion on ventricular fibrillation were determined in 14 open chest dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Heart rate was kept constant by pacing the right atrium at cycle lengths of 500 msec. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured by delivering 350 msec trains of constant current stimuli with a frequency of 100 hertz and 2 msec duration. The minimal current of the train that induced fibrillation was taken as the ventricular fibrillation threshold. In seven animals, the effects of stellate stimulation were studied. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured during control periods, after 2 minutes of cornoary occlusion, after 2 minutes of stellate stimulation and after 2 minutes of stellate stimulation and coronary occlusion. Coronary occlusion alone decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold an average of 35 percent of control valvues and stellate stimulation alone decreased the threshold an average of 42 percent of control values. The combination of both these interventions decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold an average of 63 percent of control values. The effects of stellate ablation were studied in seven animals. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured during control periods, and during coronary occlusion before and after stellate ganglionectomy. Stellectomy increased the threshold an average of 31 percent above control values. After stellectomy, coronary occlusion decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold by only 11 percent of control values, a value 26 percent higher than the threshold during coronary occlusion before stellectomy. These findings may have therapeutic implications for the management of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction or some forms of central nervous system disease."
1146698,"The effects of manganese chloride (MnCl2) and verapamil on automaticity of digitlazied Purkinje fibers were studied using conventional microelectrode techniques. The stduied wer made in isolated, spontaneously beating Purkinje prearations. Quabain alone consistently increased the automatic rate, whereas no such increase was observed when the preparations were superfused with a mixture of ouabain adn MnCl2. MnCl2 was also shown to be effective is suppressing the enhanced automaticity induced by ouabain. Mncl2 alone did not have a significant effect on the spontaneous rate of Purkinje fibers. The effect of verapamil was similar to that of MnCl2 in preventing and suppressing the ouabain-induced increase in automaticity. MnCl2 and verapamil have been shown to inhibt tha slow inward calcium current of cardiac fibers. The results therefore suggest that  an inward calcium ion current may play a role in the development of digitalis-induced increase in the stope of phase 4 depolarization in Purkinje fibers."
1146699,"A new balloon-tipped flotation catheter equipped with two pairs of electrodes has been developed for simultaneous monitoring of cardiac rhythm and hemodynamics as well as for temporary emergency atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular sequential pacing. Experience in 43 patients demonstrates the following: (1) The catheter can be passed and positioned with the tip in the pulmonary artery or its branches at the bedside with the use of fluoroscopy as easily as the standard (Swan-Ganz) catheters. (2) With the catheter in the proper position ans with the use of appropriate filters (proximal, 50 to 300 hertz; distal, 15 to 300 hertz), the intracavity  electrograms recorded from the proximal and distal pair of electrodes provide characteristic high right atrial and right ventricular signals, virtually free of noise artifact, baseline drift and respiratory variation, that are particularly suitable for automated on-line monitoring of cardiac rhythm. (3) When indicated, atrial, ventricular or atrioventricular sequential pacing can be initiated without delay. (4) Large artifact-free right ventricular intracavitary signals can be used for reliable and consistent operation of any device requiring QRS triggering mechanisms. (5) Monitoring of pulmonary arterial or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and withdrawal of blood samples from the central circulation is possible. This device can be particularly useful in patients with hemodynamic difficulties as well as arrhythmias."
1146700,Premature closure of a Beall mitral valve prosthesis is described in a patient with aortic prosthetic paravalvular regurgitation. Differentiation from valvular malfunction and diagnostic confirmation by means of cinefluoroscopy and simultaneous electrocardiography are discussed.
1146701,"Electrophysiologic studies with recordings of multiple intracavitary electrograms were performed in two patients with atrial dysrhythmias. In Case 1 the arrhythmic pattern in the surface electrocardiogram resembled atrial flutter. Electrophysiologic studies revealed the arrhythmia to be paroxysmal left atrial tachycardia, with separation of left and right atrial components of the P wave by an isoelectric period secondary to marked interatrial conduction delay. In Case 2 the surface electrocardiogram indicated paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block. Electrophysiologic studies revealed right atrial standstill with atrial inexcitability and two dissimilar rhythms involving the left atrium. The electrocardiograms did not accurately reflect atrial arrhythmias in these two patients and only multiple direct recordings permitted the correct diagnoses. New electrophysiologic observations concerning intraatrial block and dissimilar atrial rhythms are presented."
1146702,"A case of symptomatic sick sinus syndrome is presented with confirmation of sinus nodal dysfunction established by functional testing. The validity of such provocative testing and the criteria for abnormality are discussed. A newly recognized, seemingly ""paradoxical"" and potentially detrimental effect of atropine noted in this patient is examined. Despite an increase in sinus rate and an improvement in sinoatrial conduction time after administration of atropine, a markedly prolonged sinus recovery time after rapid atrial pacing occurred, and atrial quiescence for more than 10 seconds was seen. Possible electrophysiologic mechanisms for this phenomenon, such as decreased atriosinus entrance block, concealed sinoatrial reentry or enhanced intranodal depolarization, are discussed and potential clinic correlates are made."
1146703,"The reproductive biology of the bat Pipistrellus hesperus was investigated histologically using animals obtained from nature at monthly intervals throughout the year. The female shows proestrous morphological changes in late summer and autumn, which continue until early spring. Insemination is probably effected several times during proestrous, since both sexes are intermittently active throughout this period (August--April). Permanent arousal from torpor and return to normal metabolism in the spring results in ovulation. Both ovaries are functional and both uterine horns may be utilized. P. hesperus is monestrous; two young per bat is usual. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in late June and the first sperm are available for ejaculation in September. Some sperm remain in the seminiferous tubules until early March. The epididymides also serve in sperm storage with the caput emptied by late February and the cauda in April. Leydig cells are largely nonsecretory from March through July, a few are secretory in August and most are secretory in September and October. Active cells gradually decline in number until few are secretory in late March. Accessory sex glands are functionally cyclic: they are small from April through August, hypertrophy in September, and gradually involute to the resting stage through March, to achieve total involution in April. The penis, similar in structure to that of other vespertilionids, is thought specialized to insure effective insemination."
1146704,"The structural and functional development of the striated ducts and convoluted granular tubules (CGT) of the rat submandibular gland (SMG) were studied by electron microscopy and alkaline protease chemistry. Development of the SMG was followed from 14 days of gestation through 30 weeks of age. The specialized morphology of the basal aspect of the striated duct cells arises from cellular extensions which are first seen at 20 days of gestation. These processes elongate and intertwine with similar processes from adjacent cells, and as the cells enlarge the processes are compressed together giving the appearance of ""infolding"" of the basal plasma membrane. Mitochondria migrate to the basal part of the cell and are seen in close relationship to the cellular extensions throughout the development of these cells. Development of the striated duct is complete by one week after birth. The CGT develop from the proximal portions of intralobular striated ducts. At one week after birth, cells of the proximal striated duct demonstrate apical vacuoles. By two weeks after birth these vacuoles are replaced by distinct zymogen-like granules. There is a progressive accumulation of large numbers of secretory granules in the CGT cells as the animals age. However, rough endoplasmic reticulum is a relatively inconspicuous cellular component throughout development. The accumulation of alkaline protease activity in the gland closely parallels the pattern of granule accumulation."
1146718,"Fasting blood samples were taken from 13 college students who had never been on oral contraceptives in two menstrual cycles. During the first cycle, the control cycle, each girl donated three blood samples; the first sample was given between days 1 and 5, the second sample between days 13 and 17, and the third sample between days 22 and 26 of the menstrual cycle. In the second menstrual cycle, the experimental cycle, nine girls were given Micronor, a progestogen type oral contraceptive and four girls were given Ortho-Novum SQ, a sequential type oral contraceptive. Four blood samples were obtained from each of the subjects: the first three samples were obtained in the three periods corresponding to those in the control cycle, and the fourth was taken 2 days after the subjects had stopped taking the oral contraceptive. Results showed that estrogen significantly raised plasma vitamin A and triglycerides. The progestogen, at low concentration, had little or no effect on these two lipid materials. At a higher concentration the progestogen enhanced the effect of the estrogen on plasma vitamin A and triglycerides. These effects were extended to at least 2 days after subjects had ceased taking the oral contraceptive. Plasma vitamin E levels in the subjects given Ortho-Novum SQ, were consistently but not statistically higher in the experimental cycle than in the control cycle. The correlation coefficient between vitamin E and triglycerides was statistically significant while those between the vitamin A and vitamin E and between vitamin A and triglycerides were not. Cholesterol was not affected by either Micronor or Ortho-Novum SQ."
1146719,"That bile salts are required for intestinal absorption of cholesterol is well known, but the mechanism of action is elusive. Substitution of other surfactant micelles and inclusion of fatty acid or monoglyceride variably influenced sterol transport. In this study, rat jejunal mucosal sheets were exposed for 1-2 min to 10 mM micellar solutions of taurodeoxycholate, dodecylsulfate, Tween 80 or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide containing cholesterol, 0.25 mM. Monoolein and/or oleic acid were variably added. Cholesterol influx was insignificant in all solubilizers without additives. With taurodeoxycholate, addition of monoolein progressively enhanced influx from 13 nmoles/cm-2 per hour to 29 nmoles/cm-2 per hour (0.67-5.4 mM monoglyceride). Oleic acid, 3 mM, was as effective as 5.4 mM monoolein. Oleic acid, 3 mM, added to monoolein 3 mM maximized influx (42 nmoles/cm-2 per hour). With cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, monoolein 0.67 mM enhanced influx to 13 nmoles/cm-2 per hour but further additions of monoolein with or without oleic acid had no added effect. Additives had no material effect on the insignificant influx from the other anionic or nonionic surfactants. These results are not explained by differences in cholesterol, monoolein or oleic acid partition or in micellar sizes. Specific interactions of bile salt and fatty acid or monoglyceride with the plasma membrane are postulated in cholesterol absorption."
1146720,"Nephrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats in two separate studies by injections of aminonucleoside with sacrifice of animals on days 20 and 54, respectively. Experimental animals in both studies showed the typical findings of nephrosis, i.e., hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and proteinuria. Biochemical findings included hypozincemia and hyperzincuria. A significant correlation between hypozincemia and hypoalbuminemia was noted in the short-term study. Proteinuria occurred on the 10th day in the short-term study and the 15th day in the long-term study and increased quantitatively over the remaining days. The hyperzincuria and proteinuria correlated significantly in the long-term study. Measurements of tissue zinc revealed no change in testes and kidney in the short-term study. Kidney and muscle zinc were increased, testicular zinc was unchanged and femur zinc was decreased in the long-term study. Our conclusions are that in the aminonucleoside induced nephrosis of the rat: 1) hypozincemia occurs probably as a result of hypoalbuminemia, 2) the hyperzincuria is likely due to proteinuria and 3) zinc deficiency is not observed in nephrotic rats who receive ample zinc in their diet and who are observed up to 6 weeks."
1146721,"Thirty-three Mexican Americans between the ages of 9 and 60 were interviewed and tested for lactose intolerance. The participants of the study included 16 children and 17 persons not related by birth, including the parents of the children. Determination of lactose intolerance was based on a rise of less than 25mg/100 ml of blood glucose as measured by an Ames Dextrostix/Reflectance Meter following consumption of a lactose load. Forty-seven percent of the 17 nonrelated Mexican Americans were lactose intolerant. There was a marked relationship between low rise in blood glucose and symptoms  of diarrhea, flatulence, and distention. Sixteen children from four families had an incidence of 50 per cent intolerance. The findings of intolerance in two successive generations of three families and in both sexes of the families adds support to the contention that lactose intolerance has a genetic basis, without sex predilection."
1146722,"A diet made low in vitamin E by elimination of foods considered good sources of the vitamin was fed for 13 months to two groups of men engaged in strenuous labor. With a daily average dietary intake of about 9.4 mg of total tocopherols, a progressive decline in blood levels of tocopherol from 1.42 to 0.81 mg/100 ml was observed in the five control subjects. The test group of 30 men received a daily supplement of tocopherol-stripped safflower oil containing 88 g of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 2.3 mg of tocopherols. Average blood plasma levels of tocopherol in this group dropped rapidly from an initial  value of 1.01 to about 0.5 mg/100 ml within 5 months and remained relatively stable thereafter. No muscular weakness or other physical symptoms were reported."
1146723,"Examinations for thyroid size were carried out on 35,999 individuals in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. Overall goiter prevalence was found to be 3.1 per cent with the higher prevalence of goiter among adolescents and adults. Females of all ages had a higher prevalence of goiter than did males. No consistent regional pattern of the occurrence of goiter was observed. Urinary iodine excretion values used to estimate iodine intake indicated very few persons with excretion values suggesting iodine deficiency. No association between goiter and low iodine excretion was observed. On the contrary, a higher prevalence of goiter was found among persons excreting high levels of iodine. There is no indication from this study of widespread, iodine-deficiency goiter."
1146724,"Five tissues from three adults who died suddenly and three adult cancer victims were analyzed for alpha- and gamma-tocopherols and fatty acids. When compared with two reports in 1949 and 1958, the three presumably normal subjects had alpha-tocopherol concentrations in liver, muscle and adipose tissue in about the same range as earlier, but heart was twice as high and lung was three times higher than earlier. The content of gamma-tocopherol in all tissues was considerably higher than in 1949 or 1958. Tissues from cancer patients were no lower in alpha-tocopherol than tissues from normal subjects. Adipose tissue from three of the six subjects contained linoleic acid exceeding 15 per cent of total fatty acids. Tocopherols in these subjects, expressed on a tissue weight or tissue lipid basis, were not remarkable. The molar ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to alpha-tocopherol in heart and lung was calculated and its possible use in evaluating vitamin E status is discussed."
1146725,"The effects of supplementation of the diets of 6- to 12-year-old children in a village near Shiraz in Iran with zinc plus iron or iron alone, together with the indispensable amino acids in the form of egg white protein, vitamins, minerals, and corn oil have been evaluated. Initially 48 of 59 children had zinc concentrations below the minimum found in well-nourished persons. Eight months of supplementation with zinc plus iron (20 mg daily of elemental zinc as carbonate and 20 mg ferrous iron as fumarate) failed to stimulate growth or bone development or to bring about an increase in plasma zinc concentrations. However, supplementation with iron in the above amount was associated with an acceleration of growth in height and weight. The persistence of low concentrations of zinc in plasma and the failure of supplemental zinc to stimulate growth are attributed to the poor availability of both dietary and supplemental zinc resulting from sequestering action of fiber and phytate present in large amounts in the unleavened whole meal bread consumed by villagers. In addition, the results suggest that simultaneous administration of iron and zinc supplements may impair utilization of the metals."
1146726,"A group of 33 adult males was fed for 21 days a formula diet that supplied 38 per cent of their calories as fat. The fatty acid composition of the diet was 25 per cent saturates, 16 per cent polyunsaturates and 58 per cent monounsaturates. All of the unsaturated acids were in the cis configuration. The subjects were then divided into two groups. One group of 17 men continued on the same diet. In the diet of the remaining subjects, 80 per cent of the dietary fat was replaced with a hydrogenated fat. Over 60 per cent of the monounstaurated acids and approximately one-half of the polyunsaturated acids of the diet of this latter group were in the trans configuration. Except for the presence or absence of trans acids, the fatty acid intakes of the two groups were the same. Over the 4-week period that the two diets were consumed, the group receiving the hydrogenated fat showed no change in plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels relative to the subjects consuming the unhydrogenated fat. It is concluded that the effect of a hydrogenated fat on blood lipid level is determined by its fatty acid composition and this effect is not altered by the isomeric form of the unsaturated acids."
1146727,"The vitamin B6 status of 10 pregnant women (third trimester), 9 oral contraceptive agent users, and 12 notnpregnant women (controls) was investigated over a 10-week period by means of the erythrocyte glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (E-GOT) activation test and by measurements of whole blood pyridoxal phosphate levels. Blood pyridoxal phosphate levels in oral contraceptive agent users (7.6 plus or minus 1.1 ng/ml) were significantly lower than in the control group (9.6 plus or minus 1.7 mg/ml)indicating a relative vitamin B6 deficiency. Pyridoxal phosphate levels in pregnant women(5.1 plus or minus 1.3ng/ml) were even lower; in fact, no overlap was found in individual mean values between the pregnant and control groups. The E-GOT activation test did not indicate a vitamin deficiency in the pregnant women or in oral contraceptive agent users and the E-GOT activation factor did not correlate with blood pyridoxal phosphate levels unless results obtained after pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/day) administration were included. The E-GOT activation test appears to be a poor indicator of vitamin B6 status, except in pronounced deficiency as it is less responsive to vitamin depletion than blood pyridoxal phosphate levels, and suffers from relatively large variations in individual control values. This may be a result of factors unrelated to vitamin B6 as blood pyridoxal phosphate levels remained fairly constant in the individuals investigated."
1146728,"Normal individuals ingesting a low carbohydrate diet frequently develop an impairment of glucose tolerance as measured by the oral glucose tolerance test; most of these diets, however, have been high in fat content. Our present studies demonstrate that a low carbohydrate diet (57 g/day) did not impair the glucose tolerance of normal men if the fat content was similar to values on a standard (301 g/day) carbohydrate diet. However, a low carbohydrate diet did lead to impaired glucose tolerance when the fat content was 16 per cent higher than on the control diet. Thus our present and previous studies demonstrate that normal men maintain normal glucose tolerance on low carbohydrate diets and suggest that the deterioration of the glucose tolerance observed on high fat diets is related to the  increased fat content rather than to the reduced carbohydrate content of these diets. Seven patients with reactive hypoglycemia were exquisitely sensitive to carbohydrate deprivation. Whereas the glucose tolerance tests of normal men were not altered by a low carbohydrate, high protein diet, a significant deterioration of glucose tolerance occurred when reactive hypoglycemic patients were changed from control diets to low carbohydrate, high protein diets. These hypoglycemic patients also showed an exaggerated deterioration of the glucose tolerance after a 48-hour fast when compared tothe response of normal men. Our observations suggest that a low carbohydrate, high protein diet is not the best therapeutic diet for certain patients with reactive hypoglycemia because this diet does not provide symptomatic improvement and, in addition, leads to impaired glucose tolerance."
1146729,"The content of various tocopherols was determined in normal plasma and red blood cells. alpha-Tocopherol concentrations ranged form 6.6 to 15.0 (mean 9.6) mug/ml in plasma and from 0.9 to 1.8 (mean 1.4) mug/ml in red blood cells. gamma-Tocopherol ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 (mean 1.6) mug/ml in plasma and fron 0.1 to 0.4 (mean 0.24) mug/ml in red blood cells. Only a minute amount (smaller than 0.3 mug/ml) of each of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocotrienol and delta-tocopherol was found in plasma but none in red blood cells. No delta-tochotrienol was detected in either plasma or red blood cells. Of the total tocopherols, alpha form accounted 83 per cent in plasma and 87 per cent in red blood cells and gamma from represented 13 per cent in each system. The recovery of added 14-C-alpha-tocopherol averaged 87 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, for plasma and red blood cells. All alpha-tocopherol in the red blood cells was found to be localized in the membrane fraction."
1146730,Bread fortified to contain a daily dose of 900 mug folic acid was administered to patients in late pregnancy. The patients receiving the bread showed significant rise in red cell folate concentration. The rise was similar to that observed in women receiving a daily dose of 300 mug of folic acid in tablet form. It is concluded that bread may be used as a vehicle for folic acid fortification.
1146731,"Epidemiologic and metabolic data are consanant with the hypothesis thata metabolic imbalance in regard to zinc and copper ia a major factor in the etiology of coronary heart disease. This metabolic imbalance is either a relative or an absoulte deficincey of copper characterized by a high ratio of zinc to copper. The imbalance results in hypercholesterolemia and increased mortaility die to coronary heart disease. The imbalance can occur due to the amounts of zince and copper in human food, to lack of protective substances in food or drinking water and to alterations in physiological status that produce adverse changes in the distribution of zinc and copper in certain important organs. Because no other agent, with the possible exception of cholesterol, has been related so closely to tisk, the ratio of zinc to copper may be the preponderant factor in the etiology of coronary heart disease."
1146732,"In order to maximize the impact of limited resources available for the government of Sri Lanka/CARE school feeding program, a nutrition survey was carried out in 1973 using the measurements of arm circumference for height of 1,122,773 school children aged 6-12 years. The results of the survey provided a score of the incidence of malnutrition in each government primary school and schools with the highest percentage of malnutrition were selected as eligible for the feeding program. The height-arm circumference technique as found to be a valid tool for diagnosing malnutrition when compared with either weight-height-age or clinical assessment. This technique requiring only measuring tapes, was found to be rapid, economical, and highly practical for field situations as a device for nutritional selectivity. The survey findings revealed that 40 per cent of the primary school population were malnourished."
1146740,"Since it has been controversial whether in man changes in taste sensitivity for salt occur in relation to changes in extracellular volume, as has been described in animals, we assessed saline acuity in human volunteers undergoing a predictable pattern of external sodium balance. Our results demonstrate that taste thresholds for salt did not vary despite oppositely directed changes in renal sodium excretion and sodium balance."
1146741,"The syndrome of dwarfism, hypogonadism, iron-deficiency anemia and geophagia, first reported in 1960 from Iran, was thought to be limited to males. In 1971-1972 two females with the same clinical features were observed over a 14-month period. The anemia responded rapidly to iron. Growth and sexual development occurred promptly when 120 mg of zinc sulfate was administered daily in conjunction with a well-balanced diet and iron supplement. This diet prior to the addition of zinc sulfate, resulted in gradual but much slower growth and sexual development. Observations in these two patients provide confirmation of the occurrence of human zinc deficiency in females, which responds to large doses of zinc salt."
1146742,"Adult obese rats were restricted to equal intakes provided by four diets which varied widely in protein, fat and carbohydrate content. Loss in body weight and body fat was similar in all groups. The only significant dietary effect observed was a modest increase in the body protein content of the animals fed the high protein diets. Low carbohydrate--high fat--high protein diets, as expected, showed no advantage as reducing diets when compared to other diets on an equal calorie basis."
1146743,"The effect of supplementary pyridoxine on the metabolism of vitamin B6 as well as plasma tryptophan and alpha-amino nitrogen was determined in women using oral contraceptive agents. Ten women who were taking oral contraceptive agents and 11 who had never taken them served as subjects. Blood from the various biochemical measurements was drawn from fasting subjects before and after they had received an oral dose of 50 mg of pyridoxine-HCl daily fo 2 days. The use of oral contraceptive agents had no effect on the levels of blood vitamin B6, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and plasma tryptophan. The activity of erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase was higher (P less than 0.05) in the oral contraceptive agent users than in the nonusers but the stimulation in vitro by pyridoxal phosphate was similar for the two groups. Plasma alpha-amino nitrogen was slightly lower in the oral contraceptive agent users than in the nonusers, but the difference was not statistically significant. The rise in blood vitamin B6 in response to pyridoxine was similar in the two groups, but the rise in plasma pyridoxal phosphate tended to be lower in the oral contraceptive agent treated subjects. Following pyridoxine supplementation, the basal activity of erythrocyte glutamic oxalocetic transaminase increased (P less than 0.01) in both groups of subjects and the stimulation in vitro by pyridoxal phosphate decreased correspondingly. Plasma tryptophan and alpha-amino nitrogen were unaffected by the supplementary pyridoxine."
1146744,"Levels of plasma folate, erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 were measured in 106 essentially healthy persons grouped both as to race and economic--educational status. Whereas the mean values of the three assays did not differ significantly among groups, values of plasma folate below the usual limits of normal were more prevalent in the migrant worker and urban clinic groups. Persons with low plasma folate levels did not have symptomatic deficiency as evaluated by hematocrit, peripheral blood smears and erythrocyte folate levels. The interpretation of the plasma folate requires reference values from a healthy population selected to be comparable to the study group. The diagnosis of deficiency, or at least the degree of deficiency, requires clinical and laboratory evaluations beyond the plasma folate."
1146745,"In 13 obese children plasma triglyceride concentrations were found to be significantly elevated, while plasma cholesterol concentrations were normal. In the hypertriglyceridemic obese children, the plasma fractional triglyceride removal, measured by the intravenous fat tolerance test, was significantly reduced. These abnormalities reverted to normal in 8 patients retested after weight loss. Plasma postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity was found to be increased and significantly related to the degree of obesity. As to carbohydrate metabolism, a decreased glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia were found. Hyperinsulinemia reverted to normal during dietary restriction, glucose intolerance did not."
1146747,"Oral glucose tolerance, urinary xanthurenic acid excretion, and plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were determined in nine women taking oral contraceptives and in four controls. The tests were repeated after 4 weeks ingestion of a vitamin B6-deficient diet, and again after pyridoxine supplementation. Vitamin B6 deficiency, as judged by an increased xanthurenic acid excretion and reduced plasma pyridoxal phosphate, was associated with a deterioration in the glucose tolerance of the contraceptive steroid-treated group despite normal or elevated plasma insulin levels. This abnormality was reversed by pyridoxine. There was no change in the glucose tolerance of the vitamin B6-deficient controls. The observed pyridoxine-responsive alteration in carbohydrate metabolism may involve the complexing of insulin with xanthurenic acid with a consequent loss of biological activity. In addition, oral contraceptives may enhance gluconeogensis."
1146748,"A nitrogen balance study was undertaken to determine the effects of three levels of nitrogen intake on the loss of nitrogen through sweat and to assess the impact of sweat nitrogen on the protein needs of preadolescent girls. Values were determined through the collection of 24-hour, total body sweat samples from 15 healthy girls with a mean age of 8 years, 7 months. Mean height and weight of the subjects were 132 cm and 28.9 kg, respectively. Mean sweat nitrogen losses, collected under uncontrolled environmental conditions, were 201 mg, 263 mg and 319 mg/day on 34 g, 57 g and 88 g of protein intake. The environmental conditions throughout the study remained fairly constant. Mean nitrogen balances per day were 0.04 g, 0.55 g and 1.42 g on the respective levels of nitrogen intake, with the inclusion of sweat nitrogen loss, however, a negative nitrogen balance per day was found in 8 and 2 subjects on 34 g and 57 g protein intake. After considering nitrogen retention of 0.3 g which has been recommended by NRC for the minimum nitrogen allowance for growth of preadolescent children, protein intakes higher than that recommended by the NRC-RDA for preadolescent girls may be required  for support of normal growth."
1146749,"Forty-five cases of epidemic dropsy were studied from an epidemic in New Delhi. Argemone oil contamination was found in the mustard oil used for cooking. Sanguinarine was detected in the eight urine samples collected within 2-3 weeks of onset of dropsy and its concentration ranged from 0.4 to 3.6 mug/100 ml. Three of the 18 sera were positive for sanguinarine, the concentration being 1.2, 1.6 and 3.6 mug/100 ml. The clinical manifestations and epidemiological factors were studied. Edema of the legs was the most consistent clinical finding, and was present in all the patients. In contrast to the earlier epidemics, three striking features were pigmentation in 33%, hair loss in 77.7% and nontender hepatomegaly in 24.4% of cases. A follow-up of 10 months showed almost complete recovery in all."
1146750,"Abbreviated, portable methods of lactose tolerance test administration were investigated. Results obtained with the Ames Reflectance Meter/Dextrostix system for blood glucose determination during lactose tolerance testing were compared with those obtained from a standard method, the AutoAnalyzer. Subjects who had maximum blood glucose rises below 20 mg/100 ml were considered to have a flat lactose tolerance curve and were designated lactose nondigesters. Results of the two methods were very similar for determination of maximum rise in blood sugar over fasting level, for obtaining values of individual blood sugar determinations, and for diagnosis of lactose nondigesters. The effect of omission of the final blood sample on tolerance test results was examined. It was found that maximum rises in blood glucose occurred before the final sample in 31 of 35 cases on the AutoAnalyzer and in 26 of 27 cases on the Reflectance Meter. In no case did omission of the final sample change the results of the lactose tolerance test."
1146751,"Since 1964, 41 patients with strictly defined, severe primary (dietetic) protein malnutrition have been studied under metabolic ward conditions during prolonged periods, initially on a low (20 g) and later on a high (100 g) protein diet. Clinical, nutritional, hematological, intestinal absorptive and histological studies were performed in the malnourished state, during and after protein repletion. Classical signs and symptoms of malnutrition, lasting for at least 4 months, were present in most patients. Mild diarrhea was frequent. All were normoblastically anemic, hypoproteinemic, and hypocholesterolemic; serum folate values were normal or low but serum B12 values were normal or high. Liver biopsy showed fatty liver in the cases where it was performed. Mild malabsorption was detected in over one-half of the patients, with moderate intestinal radiological abnormalities. Malabsorption was independent of concomitant folate deficiency. All the clinical, absorptive and histological abnormalities reversed with treatment consisting only of a high protein diet. In addition to protein lack, another factor has to be invoked in the pathogenesis of the intestinal abnormalities present in severely malnourished adults from rural areas in the tropics."
1146752,"Light microscopy evaluation of the intestinal abnormalities seen in 35 severely malnourished adults revealed changes which are common to other well-documented enteropathies. These included shortening, widening and fusion of the villi, lost convolution of the nuclear line, and diminished epithelial cell height. With Masson's trichrome stain, dense material was seen to have accumulated in a subepthelial location in villi (as described in other enteropathies), in crypts, and perivascularly around the capillaries of the lamina propria. Two findings however appear to characterize the severely malnourished state: a consistent, significant reduction of intestinal mucosal thickness, and in many cases atrophy of the crypts. Statistical analysis of the total mucosal thickness data does not justify five but rather three histological categories. With protein repletion as the sole therapeutic modality, 17 patients in which adequate biopsy samples were available at its completion showed significant amelioration of the aforementioned histological abnormalities, as well as normalization of their previous absorptive defects. The mild enteropathy of severe protein malnutrition must be considered in the differential diagnosis of malabsorption in a tropical setting."
1146753,"As part of a comprehensive study in adult patients with severe primary protein malnutrition, jejunal ultrastructural studies have been performed in nine adults in the malnourished state. Malnutrition was severe in all. D-Xylose malabsorption and abnormal fecal fat excretion were present in most. The main ultrastructural abnormalities encountered were: microvillar abnormalities such as shortening, diminished numbers, abnormal positioning, branching, and mesalike fusion of the microvilli; and abnormalities in the lamina propria characterized by deposits of osmiodense material and collagen fibers below the basement membrane of the epithelial cells and of the capillaries. None of the aforementioned findings were noted in our control cases. These ultrastructural alterations of severely malnourished adults are nonspecific, since they have already been described in other enteropathies frequently encountered in the tropics."
1146754,"Methylhistidines are among the amino acids which are present in increased concentrations in the plasma of severely uremic patients who may have a hemorrhagic diathesis. Histidine contains an imidazole ring, and our previous work has shown inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by imidazole in concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Collagen-induced, adenosine diphosphate-induced, and norepinephrine-induced platelet aggregation were tested in platelet-rich plasma by a turbidimetric technique after incubation of the plasma with varying concentrations of the methylhistidines for 1 hour. Platelet aggregation was unaffected by methylhistidine concentrations up to 0.6 mM. Only norepinephrine-induced platelet aggregation was slightly inhibited at a concentration of 4.7 (mM far higher than found in uremic patients). The imidazole ring as a portion of the methylhistidine molecule appears to have lost much of its effect on platelet aggregation."
1146755,"Djaldetti, Meir, Elion, Dorith, Bessler, Hana, and Fishman, Pnina: Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Tranmission and scanning electron microscopy features of erythrocytes. Am J Clin Pathol 63. 804-810, 1975. The case history of a patint with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria of the chronic iduipathic type is reported. The patient showed a marked dependency on the external temperature, with severe hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria during the winter. Examination of the erythrocytes with the transmission electron microscope showed abnormal forms identified as ropalocytes, whereas examination with the scanning electron microscope revealed ""holes"" in the erythrocytes. (Key words: Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria' Ultrastructure of erythrocytes."
1146756,"Benjamin, Ivy, Taylor, Herbert, and Spindler, James: Orbital and conjuctival involvement in multiple myeloma. Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 811-817, 1975. Orbital and conjunctival involvement in multiple myeloma are rare. In most reported cases of multiple myeloma with orbital involvement proptosis has been the initial manifestation that has led to diagnosis of the disease. Our case represents and example of terminal involvement of the orbit and conjunctiva, causing proptosis. The minimal conjunctival changes were the first indication of neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells in this location and, presumably, the orbit."
1146757,"Benisch, Barry M., and Howard Rudolf G.: Lymph-node infarction in two young men. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 818-823, 1975.  Two cases of massive lymph-node infarction in young men are described.  Both patients had fever and lymphadenopathy and findings that suggested the possibility of viral infection.  Follow up has revealed both patients to be asymptomatic, with lymphadenopathy, and with normal laboratory findings."
1146758,"Thambipillai, Shanthi, and Senewiratne, B.: A simple finger-prick method of screening for abnormal hemoglobins; Am J Clin Pathol 63: 836-840, 1975.  Two simple methods of hemoglobin electrophoresis of samples obtained by finger prick are described. The methods do not involve venipuncutre, centrifugation, or the preparation of a hemolysate, and can be carried out on starch gel or cellulose acetate membranes. The specimen can be collected even by non-medical personnel and sent by post to the laboratory. Alternatively, electrophoresis can be carried out in the field and the results obtained within 20 minutes. Both methods are suitable for population screening and pediatric studies. The method will detect structurally abnormal hemoglobins only."
1146759,An improved method of A2 quantitation by cellulose acetate electrophoresis is describes. Densitometry is performed on uncleared membranes. The height of the peak obtained for the A2 band is compared with a standard curve derived from peaks obtained by serial dilutions of hemoglobin. Noral A2 hemoglobin as measured by this method is 2.55 percent plus or minus 0.60 (2 S.D.). Twenty patients samples were run in parallel with a column chromatographic method. Eight samples were found to contain elevated A2 levels by the column method.  The same eight samples were correctly identified by the electrophoretic technic.
1146760,"The results of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag) testing in a large volunteer blood donor population are described. Counterelectrophoresis and three versions of solid-phase radioimmunoassay technic are compared and evaluated. Initial results suggested that the radioimmunoassay technic are compared and evaluated. Initial results suggested that the radioimmunoassay technic detected more than five times as many reactive donors as did counterelectrophoresis. The specificity of the radioimmunoassay technic has been increased by successive modifications, and recent results show that the technic detects 73 percent more reactive donors than does counterelectrophoresis. Not all of these reactions are specific, and it is estimated that the true gain in detection of HBsAg carriers is 49 percent of the value found by counterelectroesis. The incidence of HBsAg carriers in the America Red Cross donor population is about 1.25 per 1,000."
1146761,"One hundred thirty-seven Warthin's tumors from 120 patients seen during a 23 1/2 year period were studied as two groups. The first group consisted of 32 tumors removed by the otolaryngology department. Material from these cases was re-examined microscopically for evidence of tumor occurrence within lymph nodes located inside and outside the parotid gland. This group of 32 tumors was also studied as part of the second group, 105 additional lesions removed by the surgery department. Data on patient age, sex, and race, as well as tumor multiplicity, location, and size were incorporated into a single statistical analysis. Seventy-two percent of the tumors in the first group were intranodal in location. Second primary Warthin's tumors occurred in 13 (11%) of the patients. Eight occult tumors were identified, and their importance is discussed. A single Negro, a man, was found among 118 patients. The observed frequency of the tumor was twentyfold less than expected among the Negro population."
1146762,"The report deals with a case of epidermoid carcinoma of the vallecula with widespread sebaceous differentiaton. The sebaceous areas were first observed in a cervical lymph-node metastasis, which preceded the discovery of the primary lesion. No similar lesion has been described. Recent literature dealing with extracutaneous sebaceous lesions is cited."
1146763,"The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was carried out on blood from ten normal individuals and 20 schistosomal patients, ten of whom had hepatosplenomegaly and ten hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. The test revealed defective neutrophils in patients who had hepatosplenomegaly accompained by ascites. The phagocytic and bactericidal effects from five of each of the two groups of patients; results substantiated tose obtained by the NBT screening test. The NBT screening test thus proved useful in detecting acquired defective function of neutrophils in a helminthic parasitic disease that is accompanied by frequent bacterial infections."
1146764,"Lyopholized and liquid aliquots of human serum and blood were distributed in 1973 and 1974 to 50 international medical laboratories that took part in a pilot study sponsored by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the Commission on World Standards of the World Association of Societies of Pathology (COWS/WASP). The results were compared with data derived from more than 4,000 United States laboratories that received the same samples. Sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, hemoglobin and hematocrit assays show a strikingg similarity in mean values when the World group (COWS/WASP) is compared with participants in the United States. The results suggest that laboratory testing in the international group follows the pattern seen in the United States. The study measures differences and similarities and the collected data serve as a springboard for discussion on international standards of laboratory testing."
1146765,"The CAP Toxicology Survey Program's initial year is reviewed. Four series of samples, each consisting of five specimens with approximately 12 different drugs, were sent to almost 200 participants and as many as seven referees. They reported the presence or absence of more than 16 different compounds, and identified specific barbiturates when present. In each series, two serum samples were for qualitative identification and quantitative analysis. The remainder were urine samples for qualitative analysis. The aim of the survey is to enhance the ""current state of the art"" among participants. Drug-abuse toxicology and therapeutic monitoring of drugs were given priority. Clinically relevant samples reflecting current drug abuse, especially mixed-drug abuse, were provided, including serum for quantitative determination as is required in treatment of barbiturate overdose and for therapeutic drug monitoring. The Committee has interacted with participants by critiques of surveys, by questionnaires, and by responding to queries from participants."
1146767,"When the absorbance at 240 nm. of a solution of sodium iodide was measured by 159 laboratories using narrow-band-pass spectrophotometers, 15% reported results that suggested a problem caused by stray light. The laboratories were also requested to measure the absorbance at 240 nm. of solutions of acid potassium dichromate and alkaline potassium chromate. The laboratories that had stray-light problems reported absorbance results that were skewed in distribution and showed low mean values and wide instrument-to-instrument variation. The laboratories without stray light problems reported results with less instrument-to-instrument variation, the results followed a symmetrical distribution, and the mean of the results provided an accurate estimate of the absorbance of the solutions."
1146768,"The data that have been accumulated by the Survey program of the College of American Pathologists for analysis of 12 serum constituents for the five-year period 1969-1973 are reviewed. The data include approximately 2 million individual analyses provided by the majority of the clinical laboratories in the United States. The data show clear evidence of progressive improvement. The values reported by the participants for each analysis have agreed more closely in each successive year. The improvements have stemmed partly from improved performance of individual methods and partly from increased use of methods with good precision. Closer standardization between laboratories may have played a role. The findings are used for proposing a set of goals for the analysis of these constituents in serum. Comparison of the goals with the actual levels of current performance shows that for many analyses the current levels are adequate, while for others the current levels fall short of the desired goals. Achieving the goals from some analyses may be beyond the present limits of the technology of clinical laboratory analysis."
1146769,A review of the College of American Pathologists' Surveys experience in fibrinogen testing from 1967 to 1974 is reported. Trends in fibrinogen methodology and the emergence of a consensus choice of the modified thrombin time method are documented. The reasons for these changes from former methods are discussed.
1146770,"Analysis of the data for the 1969 to 1973 CAP Surveys of proficiency in partial thromboplastin time (PTT) determination indicates more than desirable variability in this measurement. Non-activated procedures show greater interlaboratory variability than activated methods; therefore, they may be preferable for routine use. It is likely that many laboratories have not determined their own upper limit of normal for their PTT system and thus have received unacceptable evaluations in the Surveys. It also was determined that many laboratories do not closely follow the manufacturer's directions, especially in regard to incubation times and calcium concentration of the recalcification solution."
1146773,"The various childhood problems that are often subsumed under the heading of ""hyperactivity"" occur in various combinations and, apparently, for various reasons. The designation does not define a homogeneous group of children, does not consistently point to a common cause, and has treatment implications only in the sense that multiple simultaneous approaches must typically be considered. Stimulant drugs, which seem frequently to be used for control of so-called hyperactivity, are an inadequate treatment when used alone, have a number of poorly studied effects, some of which are apparently negative, and may obscure problems other than the hyperactivity itself, which then may be ignored. There is some evidence now available that classroom learning does not improve with drug treatment despite common assumptions to the contrary."
1146774,"Renal function studies were done in five children with infantile polycystic disease (IPCD)of kidneys and liver and in four with congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). Glomerular filtration rate was reduced in all IPCD patients and in two of four CHF patients. Urinary concentrating ability following water deprivation and vasopressin administration was impaired in all IPCD patients and in three of four CHF patients. During control period, all patients had asymptomatic metabolic acidosis with total carbon dioxide content less than or equal to 20.5 millimols/liter, and net acid excretion (NAE) was reduced in all but one. Ammonium chloride was administered to seven patients; NAE increased in all, but the increments were subnormal in four. The inability to excrete maximally concentrated urine and an adequate amount of net acid may best be explained by abnormal tubular structure or alterations in medullary architecture secondary to progressive scarring, or both."
1146775,"In order to meet the minor acute health needs of the school-age child in an effective and efficient manner, school health workers were trained to follow standards of problem solving with the aid of a problem-specific reporting form for seven common minor acute problems. During the operation of the program, the workers displayed a high degree of compliance with standards of the problem-solving process. The program resulted in a substantial reduction in the work load for the minor acute problems, and there was a reduction in the number of unnecessary trips to the clinic for minor problems."
1146776,"We observed five cases of constrictive pericarditis (CP) during a 12-year period, and studied the clinical findings, usual causes, and hemodynamic findings. There are two variants of CP: a chronic form, which is usually of unknown cause, and a rapidly developing form, which follows an attack of effusive pericarditis. A high index of suspicion is necessary to establish the diagnosis of CP both in children with a prolonged course of ascites and failure to thrive and in children with effusive, usually purulent, pericarditis. Although CP is rare in childhood, it should be easily recognized and curative surgical therapy should be rapidly initiated."
1146777,"Measurement of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the total and free serum thyroxine values in response to feeding are aids in the diagnosis of growth failure. Infants with small-for-gestational-age dwarfism gained weight poorly in the hospital, had a low BMR before and after spontaneous or induced weight gain, and a normal serum thyroxine value. Infants with linear growth failure due to chronic malnutrition had a normal BMR but a low serum thyroxine value that rose to normal with weight gain; infants with clinical signs of recent weight loss had a low BMR and a low serum thyroxine value, both of which rose to normal with weight gain. Increases of the BMR were sharp and very rapid; they preceded the rise of the serum thyroxine value in some cases."
1146778,"Artificial fluoridation of communal water supplies has resulted in 50% to 60% reductions in dental caries experience accompanied by very little fluorosis. Although vitamin-mineral fluoride supplements also have resulted in significant caries reductions, data are not readily available in the literature in regard to enamel fluorosis in the permanent dentition of children who have received supplements in early infancy. In comparison to estimates of fluoride intake from communal water supplies, the recommended dosage from fluoride supplements results in daily doses that may be two to six times greater, on the average, for the infant less than age 6 months and three times greater for the average 3-year-old. Estimates from both sources bear careful consideration in light of available knowledge and are not necessarily indications for a revision in presently acceptable practice."
1146782,"Pyomyositis is a common disease in tropical countries, but is believed to be rare in temperate climates. Two children who had never left the northeastern part of the United States developed single intramuscular abscesses. Pyomyositis may be more common in temperate climates than has previously been appreciated."
1146783,"Two brothers, 6 and 13 years old, had histidinemia. On the basis of clinical and biochemical observations, the younger boy was considered to have a classical type of the disease, while the older boy had an atypical form characterized by partial impairment of the skin histidase activity and a moderately prolonged half-life of blood histidine. The mother is a heterozygous carrier, while the father and sister seem to be normal."
1146786,"Resting lower esophageal sphincter pressures and fasting serum gastrin levels were measured in 35 consecutive patients. 28 of these patients were subdivided into Group I, which consisted of 9 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia, and Group II was further subdivided into Group IIA, 5 patients with hiatus hernias, and Group IIB, 14 patients without hiatus hernia. Mean LES pressures for Groups I, IIA, and IIB were 9.7, 36.8, and 25.6 cm H2O, and serum gastrin levels were 129, 74, and 116 pg/ml, respectively. Examination of these data as a whole or as subgroups failed to demonstrate a correlation between these two variables. The remaining 7 patients had abnormal sphincters (3 patients which scleroderma and 2 with achalasia) or abnormal serum gastrin levels (1 patient with pernicious anemia and 1 patient with antrectomy and Billroth II anastomosis). For these patients as well, no correlation between LES pressure and serum gastrin level was found. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that endogenous gastrin is a major factor in the maintenance of resting LES pressure."
1146787,"Microanatomical evidence is presented which shows that the lumen of the intraduodenal portion of the common bile duct is almost completely filled by folds of a highly vascularized mucosa in the dog, cat, rabbit, and human.  These folds are most apparent near the intraduodenal ductal orifice, where they almost completely occlude the lumen.  Physiological data are presented which indicate that changes in systemic arterial blood pressure are associated with changes in the opening pressures of the choledochoduodenal junction of the cat and dog, which vary in the same direction.  Experimental results indicate that bile duct opening pressures of these two species are increased by the intraductal administration of histamine and reduced by the intraductal administration of norepinephrine.  A histological examination of the intraductal mucosal folds in this area, subsequent to the administration of the elevating agent, revealed a marked presence of vascular engorgement.  It is concluded that the most significant determinant of changes in ductal opening pressures in the cat and dog is probably the state of the mucosal vasculature of the terminal portion of the common bile duct."
1146788,"Hepatic selective arteriography was performed in 20 patients with an amebic hepatic abscess.  In most cases, arterial hepatic vascularization showed a characteristic change in the benign space-occupying lesion.  The arteriogram revealed displacement of intrahepatic arteries, with a bare area outlined by curved, narrowed, and stretched vessels.  The hepatogram phase showed a different radiolucency of the liver parenchyma in the area of the amebic abscess.  It is possible to differentiate between an abscess and an hepatic malignant tumor by hepatic arteriography.  This technique is valuable in that it can be used to determine whether the abscess has disappeared  after medical treatment."
1146792,"A case of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the esophagus in a 21-year-old woman with a 5-year history of dysphagia is presented.  The radiological appearance was that of achalasia, but at esophagoscopy, a diagnosis of an organic stricture of the lower end of the esophagus was made.  During the operation a diffuse tumor involving the lower end of the esophagus, cardia, upper portion of the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas was found.  The histological diagnosis was diffuse leiomyomatosis of the esophagus.  The individual characteristics of the microscopic picture are described.  Distal esophagectomy and total gastrectomy resulted in complete recovery of the patient.  This is a very rare condition; only a dozen similar cases have been published before.  The data of these patients are presented."
1146793,"Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was performed on a 23-year-old male because of an atypical progression of hepatitis B antigen-negative hepatitis.  No bile duct was entered and the procedure was uneventful.  However, celiac angiography the day following PTC revealed abnormal liver vessels in the target area and the patient developed hemobilia and clinical pancreatitis, causing common bile duct obstruction.  Symptomatology persisted until celiotomy 32 days after PTC.  Clots were found obstructing the bile duct.  This case is presented both because of the unusual complications of PTC and the unusual angiographic abnormalities.  It is suggested that when there is a specific indication for the procedure either to differentiate cholestatic jaundice from extrahepatic jaundice or to localize a site of abstruction before surgical intervention."
1146794,"When bilirubin levels are elevated, visualization of the biliary ducts is only possible by endoscopic transampullary cholangiography or by P.T.C. Cannulation of the biliary tree is difficult under the best of circumstances and when obstruction exists at the caudal end of the ducts, success is frequently precluded. P.T.C. then becomes the modality of choice, since visualization can be achieved in 98% of cases when obstruction exists. These methods are complementary. Each should be used when the other fails. Their dual application and complementary role in ""difficult"" jaundice cases is elaborated upon in the 16 cases reported in this current series. Their combined use should help elicit the diagnosis in almost all cases of jaundice."
1146795,"Data have been presented correlating changes of blood coagulability, capillary permeability, blood electrolyte content with electrocardiographic abnormalities and symptoms of coronary insufficiency. In acute pancreatitis and in acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, accentuation of these vascular factors may induce symptoms of coronary disease. Data are also presented indicating abnormal blood coagulability and blood electrolyte content in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Minimal augmentation of these abnormalities may account for the ""yoke"" syndrome."
1146796,"The simultaneous effects of acute i.v. ethanol administration (1.3 gm./kg.) on pancreatic and gastric acid secretion was studied on dogs provided with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas (Thomas cannula) and subjected to a continuous i.v. injection of GIH secretin (0.5 CU./kg./hr.) and gastrin (Eurorga hog gastrin I-II, 6 gamma/kg./hr.). Acute i.v. ethanol inhibits the pancreatic secretion of protein (concentration and output) and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Experiments were repeated: 1. Superimposing an atropine infusion (1.0 mg./hr.) on the continuous hormonal perfusion. 2. After reserpine administration for 48 hours (0.10 mg./kg./24 hr.) Atropine abolished the ethanol-mediated inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion but did not prevent the alcohol-mediated gastric acid stimulation. Reserpine did not change the ethanol-mediated pancreatic inhibition. It is assumed that in nonalcoholic dogs, i.v. ethanol inhibits pancreatic secretion by an intermediate nervous mechanism and enhances gastric acid secretion by acting directly on the oxyntic cells. Reserpine induces a high plateau level of HCl secretion which obscures the ethanol-mediated excitatory influences on the oxyntic cells."
1146797,"Intravenous diazepam will not significantly suppress gastric secretion within the first hour after ""maximal"" stimulation with pentagastrin. In the second and third hours, however, gastric secretion is significantly diminished. Further suppression after pentagastrin and diazepam is possible in each of the three post-stimulation hours by the simultaneous administration of atropine. Diazepam does not suppress the seven-hour basal nocturnal gastric secretion during sleep. This suggests that diazepam acts during wakefulness by inhibition of secretory stimuli arising centrally, thus providing a rationale for use of this drug in patients with peptic ulcer in whom stress may be a factor in the pathogenesis."
1146798,"Eight dogs underwent intestinal lymphatic block. Once intestinal lymphedema was established, a segment was excluded from continuity for four months and then restored to continuity. The lymphedema decreased during exclusion and reappeared after restoration to continuity. The relationship of the changes seen in the intestine following lymphatic block and to the changes observed in the bowel in regional enteritis suggests a pathogenetic role for lymphatic blockage and explains the pseudobeneficial effects of by-pass as well as the prompt recrudescence of pathology which follows reconstruction procedures."
1146799,"A case of generalized peritonitis, secondary to a rupture of the rectosigmoid portion of the colon is presented. The surgical management is discussed, a basic part of which is the use of a Baker tube to splint the small intestine while adhesions form in a pattern along the tube, as a substitute method for a Nobel plication, to prevent chronic small intestinal obstruction. Extensive lavage of the peritoneal cavity should also be carried out. Energetic fluid replacement with careful monitoring of the fluid and electrolyte balance is essential before, during and after the surgical procedure. Adequate broad spectrum antibiotic coverage is important. We believe that the management of these cases should be by surgical intervention and institution of the above mentioned measures and not by expectant therapy and treatment of complications."
1146800,"The mortality of spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation in 36 patients with cancer was 84% (30 patients).  The main factors responsible for this included failure of recognition, perforation through tumor, advanced uncontrolled disease and multiple organ failure.  Six of 19 patients who underwent surgery survived (32%).  Five of these patients did not perforate through tumor and their underlying malignancy was in good control.  Earlier diagnosis is essential.  Prompt surgical intervention and intensive supportive measures are indicated only if additional therapy of the underlying malignancy offers a reasonable chance for continued worthwhile palliation."
1146801,In 138 patients of 215 gastric polyps were removed by electroresection through a fiberscope and the polyps recovered in toto by suction or special grasper-forceps.  Discepancies of histological findings in the biopsy specimens and in the tissue of the whole polyps were often found.  Follow-up examinations of the cases were presented.  Based on our experiences a new histological classification of gastric polyps is neccessary.
1146802,"Amylase isoenzyme analysis of serum, urine and other bodily fluids using dextran gel and ion exchange chromatography provides a new dimension in the identification of pancreatic disease.  Examples are described that illustrate the clinical application of such analysis and the usefulness of the information that may be derived."
1146803,"The clinical experiences with a few patients diagnosed as regional enteritis by x-ray and histological examination and treated as such during a period of 15-40 years, have furnished some interesting data. It appears that in some instances, regional enteritis may gradually resolve completely or ""burn"" itself out, while in others it may be asymptomatic for years only to reappear suddenly with marked abdominal symptoms. An asymptomatic course can occur without steroid therapy. Initial surgery may be ""curative"" in some for many years; in others for only a short time."
1146804,"A 31-year old physician, with a 15-year history of regional enteritis, presented with a gallstone and biliary colic, who on further work-up proved to have Crohn's disease of the stomach and duodenum.  Roentgenographic, endoscopic and biopsy material were all consistent with Crohn's disease of the stomach and duodenum.  Response to steroid treatment indicated that the symptoms were secondary to Crohn's disease and, as such, this is the first report of this rare problem.  Further, to our knowledge this represents only the ninth endoscopy and only the second biopsy via endoscopy to demonstrate a noncaseating granuloma from the stomach in this disease."
1146805,"The clinical, endoscopic and histological findings of 14 cases with unusual gigantic ulcers of the stomach were reported. The patients were mainly aged, complicated by cardiovascular diseases. The ulcer was designated as ""trench ulcer"" from the characteristic endoscopic features, which ran from the cardiac portion to the angle along the lesser curvature."
1146806,"In this study the inhibitory effect of glucagon on pure exocrine pancreatic secretion obtained by direct drainage of the duct of Wirsung in man is demonstrated.  In two experiments carried out during stimulation with secretin and CCK-PZ and in one experiment during secretin stimulation an inhibitory effect on pancreatic secretion was found.  This effect was global, affecting both the total volume and the concentration and output of protein and the output of bicarbonate.  The greater inhibition, however, occurred in the case of protein."
1146818,"An in vivo study was conducted to determine if there were differences in local anesthetic potency between two commercial brands of lidocaine. The two preparations were evaluated in terms of onset of action, peak effects and duration of action using a double-blink technique. Both products were tested at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1%. Each were evaluated for conduction (in rats), topical (in rabbits) and in filtration (in guinea pigs) anesthesia. No clinically significant differences between the two commercial preparations were found."
1146819,"A 600-hour-on-the-job training program for hospital pharmacy technicians is described. Qualified applicants who successfully pass a written examination are admitted to the program. Trainees receive both didactic and practical experience in all service areas of the pharmacy department. Opportunity for advancement through a technician specialist training program is available. Eighty percent of all applicant accepted into the program graduated, and 39% are currently employed by the pharmacy department with an average of 42 months work experience each. It is recommended that national guidelines are established for hospital-based pharmacy technician training program."
1146820,"The effect of decentralized pharmacy services on medication therapy was studied. The records of 200 patients at a 175-bed, nonprofit, pediatric hospital were reviewed to determine the drug therapy received agreed with the indications, contraindications, ages and dosages recommended by the official labeling. Half the patients received treatment before decentralized pharmacy services and half after. For all drug-use variables, a one-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the two groups of patients."
1146821,"A case of lactic acidosis associated with phenformin therapy for diabetes mellitus is reported, and 34 previously reported cases of lactic acidosis associated with phenformin therapy are reviewed to determine if any predisposing factors to lactic acidosis were apparent. Observations of sex, age, duration of diabetes, pathologic conditions, dosage, duration of phenformin therapy and the onset of symptoms preceding lactic acidosis were made. Renal impairment, urinary tract infections, hepatic impairment, ethanol ingestion and poorly controlled congestive heart failure were found to be predisposing factors to lactic acidosis. The appearance of a syndrome of impending lactic acidosis consisted of anorexia, nausea, vomiting with abdominal pain or lethargy."
1146822,The literature concerning the use of fructose to lower ethanol blood levels in acute alcoholic intoxication is reviewed. Studies indicate that 500 ml of a 40% infusion of fructose solution given over a 30-minute period can increase the rate of decline of ethanol blood levels by 25%. The recommended daily dosage is one to three liters of a 10% solution. Lactic acidosis is a potentially serious side effect of large doses of fructose. The lack of controlled clinical studies or other convincing evidence makes the routine use of fructose to treat acute alcoholic intoxication inadvisable.
1146823,"A quantitative method for the assay of phenol in ointments is described. The procedure involves the formation of a blue indophenol by reacting phenol with 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide which can be measured spectrophotometrically. The method is accurate, and interference from other active ingredients (hydrocortisone and menthol) does not occur."
1146828,"An analytical toxicology service, which primarily tests specimens for drugs of abuse but also determines blood levels of therapeutic drugs, is described. Analytical methods discussed are the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, hemagglutination-inhibition, the free radical assay technique, radioimmunoassay, thin-layer and gas liquid chromatography, and spectrophotometric analysis. A typical scheme for drug analysis is presented."
1146829,"A nine-month on-the-job training program for hospital pharmacy technicians is described. The first three months of the program are devoted to didactic training and the remaining six months to acquiring practical experience. Candidates for the program are provided through state-sponsored public assistance or manpower training programs. A minimum of six individuals are needed to begin a program to ensure that during at least three complete it. Forth technicians have completed the program during the past six years, and eight are currently employed by the hospital. Thirteen others are known to be employed at other institutions or in health-related occupations."
1146831,"The clinical use of potassium supplements is reviewed. Included is a discussion of the measurement of potassium status, oral and intravenous potassium therapy, intraperitoneal potassium administration, and hazards of potassium supplements. It is concluded that the potential hazards of potassium indicate a need for a more rational approach to potassium therapy."
1146832,A colorimetric method for direct quantitative assay of methadone hydrochloride in liquid oral dosage forms is presented. The procedure involves the formation of a dye complex with bromothymol blue buffer solution. The resultant complex is extracted with benzene and measured spectrophotometrically. Duplicate tests on the formulation showed 99.2% of the labeled amount of methadone.
1146833,"Potential pitfalls in evaluating bioavailibility data are presented.  These pitfalls are involved with interpretation of the therapeutic significance of the data, the methodology of the bioavailibility study and presentation of data.  Specific information which should be requested from manufacturers for proper evaluation of bioavailibility data is given."
1146838,The implementation of a pharmacy-controlled medication technician program is discussed.  Qualified candidates are selected and trained to administer medications to patients under the supervision of a pharmacist.  A centralized unit dose drug distribution system is employed. The responsibilities of the technicians and the pharmacists are presented.
1146839,"Four innovations in a unit dose drug distribution system are described. The innovations involve prefilling oral syringes, distribution of refrigerated doses, pharmacist verification of nurses' transcriptions of medication orders, and pharmacy preparation of dose administration schedules."
1146840,"The effect of particulate matter and stability of three parenteral drugs upon addition to glass and flexible polyvinyl chloride containers of 0.9% sodium chloride injection was studied. Aminophylline, lidocaine hydrochloric and metaraminol bitartrate were added to the solution in therapeutic quantities using techniques normally practiced by the hospital pharmacist. Statistical comparisons of the amount of particulate matter present were made for each solution consisting of drug added to plastic and glass bottles, drug filtered through a 0.22-mum filter and then added to the solution in plastic bags, controls for bags and bottles, and solutions with adjusted pH values to simulate the pH attained after addition of the drug to the solution. A correlation appeared to exist between the quantity of particulate matter and the amount of unfiltered drug solution added to the large-volume parenteral containers.  Differences in storage and handling had an influence on the initial quantity of particles found in the plastic bags, no significant change in concentration of the drugs occurred during the 24-hour test period."
1146841,"The techniques of pharmacist-patient communication are discussed.  Ways in which the pharmacist can identify the patient's information needs, control communication timing, define communication objectives, develop methods of communication and evaluate the effectiveness of his instructions are covered."
1146842,"A survey of staff nurses was conducted to determine readership and evaluate the usefullness of a pharmacy newsletter.  Questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 50 nurses.  Of the respondents, 91% claimed to read the newsletter at least occasionally.  Formulary and pharmacy policy information was considered most important.  Interest in drug quizzes and features concerning drug therapy appeared to be high enough to make the newsletter an aid to inservice education.  Readership was felt to be at a sufficient level to justify publication of a regular monthly newsletter for staff nurses."
1146844,"Three uses of the Shared Hospital Accounting System (SHAS) by pharmacies in two hospitals are described.  Improvements in the inventory control system, more accurate drug usage information and formulary drug lists are benefits derived through the use of this computer system.  It is recommended that pharmacists practicing in hospitals using SHAS implement sismilar programs."
1146846,"The effects of hemodialysis on cardiac performance were evaluated by systolic time intervals measured blindly in 15 chronic renal failure patients maintained free of circulatory congestion.  After a mean dialysis of 8.7 hours, levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinin, and potassium and body weight showed statistically significant decreases and serum calcium and hematocrit values increased; heart rate and both diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not change significantly.  Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and ejection time index (ETI) were significantly shorter, falling from within normal limits to below normal.  Pre-ejection period (PEP) rose significantly.  These changes are consistent with a two-fold immediate effect of hemodialysis: (1) reduction of stroke volume as reflected by decreased ETI; and (2) reduced Starling effect, with or without decreased contractility, as reflected by increased PEP."
1146852,"A demonstration program was conducted in which 54 innercity children classified as educable mentally retarded were selected on the basis of age, IQ, family income, race, and achievement scores.  They were then placed into self-contained classrooms with two classes being taught by precision-teaching procedures and two classes being taught by the methods particular to their teachers.  Tesults showed that a high percentage (60 percent) of the children taught by precision-teaching procedured were capable of acquiring the basic skills necessary for regular-class placement."
1146853,"The effects of three elaboration structures (compound sentences, complex sentences, and paragraphs) on the paired-associate learning and reversal of 30 8- to 10-year-old nonretarded and 30 8- to 10-year-old EMR children were investigated.  Analyses of trials-to-criterion, first trial errors, and reversal errors did not reveal any differences in the effects of the three elaboration structures.  Results of the present study indicate that given constant meaning and relational factors, some forms of surface structure differneces (compound sentences vs. complex sentence vs. paragraph) are not significant in determining a child's ability to understand an elaboration or to use it in a learning situation.  There was no population difference found in the analysis of first-trial errors, although small significant differences between the nonretarded and EMR children were found in the analyses of trials-to-criterion and reversal performance."
1146847,"The standard lactose tolerance test involves measuring a patient's blood glucose after the ingestion of lactose. If the patient has lactase deficiency and is unable to hydrolyze lactose and absorb its monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, the blood glucose does not usually increase greater than 20 mg/100 ml. Since factors other than the absorption of glucose can cause an increase in the blood glucose of greater than 20 mg/100 ml in a diabetic, this test could be unreliable when it is performed on a diabetic. The present study was performed to determine whether the lactose-ethanol tolerance test could be used to diagnose lactoase deficiency in diabetics. This test involves measuring the blood galactase level, instead of the blood glucose, and the administration of ethyl alcohol to a subject prior to the test to delay the clearance of galactose from the circulation. The results indicate that the standard lactose tolerance test in which the blood glucose is measured is unreliable when performed on insulin-dependent diabetics, but that it can be reliable when performed on non-insulin-dependent diabetics. The lactose-ethanol tolerance test gave results in each type of diabetic which were qualitatively similar to those of nondiabetics. It was concluded that the latter test is a useful screening test for lactase deficiency in diabetics."
1146848,Two groups of 38 patients have been treated for staphylococcal infection with either cephaloridine (4 gm daily) or gentamicin (320 mg daily) by the intramuscular route. The rate of favorable clinical response was higher among the patients who received cephaloridine (78.8 per cent) than among those who were treated with gentamicin (60.5 per cent). No death related to the infection occurred in the cephaloridine-treated patients. The mean peak and trough antibacterial activity reached in the serum of the patients after injection of the antibiotics was higher in patients receiving cephaloridine (1/64 and 1/16) than in those treated with gentamicin (1/16 and 1/4). Patients who failed to respond to therapy had often a low antibacterial activity of the serum. These studies suggest that the 1/8 level of bactericidal activity should be attained in the serum one hour after the administration of the antibiotics to allow optimal results in staphylococcal infections.
1146854,The relationship of Stage 6 of Piaget's sensorimotor period and the acquisition of meaningful expressive language was investigated.  The sample consisted of eight profoundly retarded children who exhibited some meaningful expressive language and eight profoundly retarded children who exhibited none.  Chronological ages of the children ranged from 47 to 98 months.  A strong relationship was found between meaningful expressive language and Stage 6 functioning as tested by the Uzgiris and Hunt (Note 1) instrument.  The findings were discussed in terms of supporting Piaget's theory that cognitive structures exist which are prerequisites for the development of language.
1146855,"Forty-four retarded adolescents varying in MA, IQ, and etiology were taught one of three active rehearsal strategies or assigned to a control condition. Immediate, short-term (1 day), and long-term (2 weeks) transfer of the strategy was assessed by presenting new 9-item serial lists on each day. Exposure durations, which indicated the rate of subject-pacing, showed that the two highest MA-IQ (mean IQ = 55) groups, one diagnosed as organically impaired and the other as cultural-familially retarded, successfully transferred their strategies over three sessions, while no transfer occurred in the lower MA-IQ group (mean IQ = 40). Greater consistency in the expected pattern of exposure durations of high MA-IQ subjects was found in the cumulative-rehearsal group than in the cumulative-clustering group across sessions. During immediate transfer, the best recall was found for the cumulative group, while on short-term transfer both the cumulative and the cumulative-clustering groups learned more rapidly than the clustering or control groups. No significant recall differences during long-term transfer were apparent for high MA-IQ subjects, probably due to a ceiling effect. For retarded individuals with IQs above 50, the cumulative-rehearsal strategy was the most efficient technique for inducing strategy transfer to a categorized serial list."
1146856,"In equivalence-formation tasks, retarded children have been ovserved to use fewer action concepts than expected on the basis of their MA.  When tasks were structured and praise for performance was introduced, mildly retarded children performed like nonretarded children in most respects, except for total number of responses.  Moderately retarded children of the same MA showed improved performance but still performed more poorly than either of the other two groups.  The implications of these findings were discussed."
1146849,"A severe case of trichinosis occurred following the ingestion of raw meat from a common black bear, Ursus americanus, that was shot in Butte County, California. Examination of steaks cut from the bear revealed heavy infection with T. spiralis. A good clinical response was obtained following treatment with prednisone (1 mg/kg body weight per day) and thiabendazole (50 mg/kg body weight per day); no toxic effects were observed. In comparison with the pre-treatment biopsy, a more intense inflammatory response was seen following the administration of thiabendazole. Nevertheless, a muscle biopsy taken several months after discharge still showed well-encapsulated, morphologically intact larvae. In addition to the expected immunological responses to T spiralis, a marked rise in titer of antibodies to Toxoplasms gondii was observed by the fluorescent antibody and Sabin-Feldman dye test methods. Since toxoplasma infection of muscle is widespread in man, it is possible that an unrelated disease of muscle could result in stimulation of anti-toxoplasma antibodies similar to the findings in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Alternatively, the possibility that a dual infection was acquired from the bear meat cannot be excluded."
1146850,A patient with histologically proven coexistent Paget's disease of the bone and parathyroid adenomatosis is described.  She developed coma associated with hypercalcemia and underwent successfully surgical removal of two parathyroid adenomata.  The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia in patients with this rare association is discussed and the importance of early surgical treatment is stressed.  A review of similar reported case is presented.
1146857,"Institutionalized retarded children were randomly assigned to 11 sessions of directive play therapy (N = 5), nondirective play therapy (N = 5), or no treatment (N = 4). Student nurses were therapists.  The Denver Developmental Screening Test was administered before and after treatment.  For the Fine Motor and Personal-Social scales, a significant interaction effect (p smaller than .05) was found between treatment group and measurement period (pre vs. post).  The interactions tended to support the hypothesis that play therapy was effective in increasing developmental level but not the hypothesis that directive therapy was more effective than nondirective therapy."
1146851,A patient with post-necrotic cirrhosis is described in whom spur cell hemolytic anemia developed eight years after splenectomy in association with worsening liver function.  The presence of a spleen or splenic function is therefore not essential either for the formation of spur cells or for the hemolysis of such cells.  Splenectomy therefore should be regarded with circumspection in the management of patients with spur cell hemolytic anemia.
1146858,The results of a survey directed to administrators of 82 residential facilities for mentally retarded citizens were presented and discussed. The survey concerned sexual behavior among residents and professional attitudes toward these kinds of behavior.
1146859,"The present study was concerned with investigating the effect of training mentally retarded adolescents in a residential school to act as tutors for younger retarded children who were deficient in dressing and eating skills.  The effect of a tutorial program on both the adolescents (tutors) and the young children (trainees), in terms of acquisition and retention of self-maintenance skills for the trainees and social and personal adjustment for the tutors, was examined.  Tutors received 30 hours of training in dressing-techniques and 30 hours of training in eating-techniques.  The tutors were able to teach the dressing- and eating-skills to the trainees in 18.5 and 20 hours, respectively.  The statistically significant overall success of the trainees supports the view that retarded persons can successfully instruct other retarded persons.  Educational and economic implications of the findings were discussed."
1146860,"A delayed matching-to-sample task, with pictures as sample and comparison stimuli, was given to four severely retarded youths.  Although they matched accurately when the sample picture was available for comparison, they performed poorly on the delayed-matching in which the sample was removed a few seconds before the comparison stimuli appeared. When dictated names rather than pictures were presented as samples, three of the four subjects could match pictures to the names even under delay conditions which caused complete breakdown of picture-picture matching.  Further tests indicated that these three subjects could name the pictures.  Apparently, these three subjects were not applying existing skills (naming and remembering names during a delay) to the performances of the visual delayed-matching task.  The second experiment confirmed that when the subjects were instructed to name the pictures during the matching task, they could do delayed picture-picture matching accurately.  These findings suggested that some retarded persons, like some young children, may fail to bring existing language skills to the performance of a new task; instructions may bring out such skills, but the effect of the instructions may be transitory."
1146861,"Performance and causal ascriptions to the four factors effort, ability, luck, and task difficulty as a function of success for failure feedback were investigated.  A total of 40 male, educable mentally retarded adults served as subjects.  Although performance was unaffected by feedback, results, indicated that (a) success was ascribed to ability more than failure was attributed to lack of ability, (b) failure was attributed to lack of effort more than success was ascribed effort, and (c) failure was ascribed more to bad luck than than success was attributed to good luck.  No effects were found on task attributions.  Research implications for the attribution theory interpretation of the mentally retarded adults' motivation in achievement-related situations were discussed."
1146862,"The effects of social reinforcement and population on two simple motor tasks which were embedded within a contingently reinforced imitation task were explored.  A  Social Reinforcement Type x Population interaction was observed, where the nonretarded children performed at higher levels under informative social reinforcement (right-correct) and at lower levels under affective social reinforcement (good-fine); the opposite was observed for the retarded children.  In addition, one motor response was imitated to a higher degree than the other response."
1146863,"The extent to which visual perceptual maturity contributes to intellectual efficiency, as measured by the ability to conserve, was investigated in educable mentally retarded and nonretarded children.  Hypotheses that visual perceptual ability and conservational ability would be positively correlated and that children with more mature visual perceptual processes would be better able to conserve were supported.  Relationships among visual perception, conservation, CA, MA, and IQ were discussed."
1146864,"A multivariate discriminant function analysis was used to explore 22 biographical and psychological variables which were thought to have some possible bearing on frequency of family visits to the institution and attendance at parent conferences.  The analysis identified 6 of the variables as significant predictors, although the factors related to the 2 measures of parental involvement were not identical.  The 6 major predictors of lack of involvement were: presence of physical anomalies, high disparity between CA and social maturity, greater distance from the institution, low occupational level of the father, maintenance payments not being required, and the parent having custody being divorced and remarried."
1146865,"Four equated groups of moderately retarded children were trained on a simple eight-word vocabulary, each under a different experimental condition.  In the standard condition a printed work was repeatedly paired with a pictured representation.  In the faded condition the same procedure was used except that the picture was gradually faded-out over trials.  A mixed condition had, on alternate trials, either work-and-picture or word alone, while on alternate trials a control condition had either picture alone or word alone.  On immediate and delayed tests of vocabulary learning, subject showed large differences in reading performance with these methods. The order of efficiency of conditions was faded, mixed, standard, and control.  Several theoretical interpretations of the superiority of fading were considered.  The conclusion favored was that the fading procedure was best because it increased the attention-value of the words in relation to the faded pictures, without sacrificing the superior associative effects of noncontingent pairings of words and pictures."
1146866,"The development of habilitative language programming for severely and profoundly retarded individuals requires detailed knowledge of their current levels of competence.  Specific information is needed regarding the particular language skills characteristically displayed, the frequency with which such skills are used, and the proportion of severely retarded individuals who evidence linguistic abilities at the various levels.  An index of language proficiency has been developed utilizing a standardized system of direct observation of subjects in their usual, familiar environment.  Data on a group of ambulant, institutionalized, severely and profoundly retarded individuals were described.  Some type of vocal or gestural communication was observed for about 75 percent of the subjects; almost 60 percent evidenced some vocal or verbal expression.  One in four subjects demonstrated meaningful, articulate speech.  Associations between language and factors such as sex, chronological and mental age, diagnosis, and biosocial history were investigated.  Implications of these findings were discussed in relation to programs for language development."
1146867,"Through the use of a 4-choice continuous reaction-time paradigm, the hypothesis that epiliptic patients have frequent lapses of attention was tested. Control subjects were nonepileptic mentally retarded subjects matched for IQ and CA.  Experimental variables were: paced and self-paced work, massed and spaced work periods, and short or long stimulus exposition.  The epileptic patients performed well as compared to the control group or to nonretarded persons with respect to reaction time, accuracy, and the occurrence of mental blocks.  No abnormal disturbance of attention was clearly detected.  This conclusion leads to the possibility that even for patients with severe epilepsy, some tasks can be defined that they can perform successfully."
1146868,"The effects of an institutional tour on college students' attitudes toward the mentally retarded child, mentally retarded adult, state school for mentally retarded persons, and ward attendant at a state school for mentally retarded persons were investigated. Four separate Semantic Differential Scales were administered to 179 subjects prior to being given the alternative of touring a state school for mentally retarded persons (72 subjects took the tour).  Pretest responses were used to divide subjects into initially positive or negative attitude groups.  Posttest scores for each concept were then analyzed by a two-way classification mixed-models analysis of variance for unequal Ns. Results indicated significant positive effects on attitudes toward mental retardation as a function of the institutional tour."
1146870,"A group of epileptic and nonepileptic patients from an institution for mentally retarded persons was surveyed for roentgenographic and biochemical abnormalities of calcium metabolism. Osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly increased in incidence in the epileptic group. The only significant difference among the osteoporotic and nonosteoportic epileptic patients was the increase fo the alkaline phosphatase in the former. Ambulation did not appear to influence the significance of the above parameters."
1146871,"Colposcopy, including colposcopically directed biopsies in selected cases, was employed to evaluate over 300 pregnant patients with abnormal Papanicolaou tests suggestive of mild dysplasia or worse (Class III to V). Over half of the patients had benign disorders determined by colposcopic examination. All cases of invasive disease were diagnosed by colposcopy and biopsy, and the patients were treated accordingly. Only 3 diagnostic conizations were necessary in the antepartum period. The majority of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were seen post partum, and appropriate therapy was instituted. In the pregnant patient with an abnormal Papanicolaou test, colposcopy has proved to be a reliable and safe method of evaluation and has virtually eliminated the need for conization."
1146872,"Six hundred high-risk monitored obstetric patients were reviewed for evidence of fetal asphyxia at delivery. The over-all incidence was 20 per cent, i.e., 8 times the incidence in a normal obstetric population. Highly significant indicators of risk for asphyxia were severe toxemia (79 per cent), prematurity with further medical or obstetric complications (36 per cent), and clinical fetal distress, particularly meconium staining with fetal heart rate abnormality (33 per cent). All obstetric, medical, or gestational complications in this review were associated with an increased risk for fetal asphyxia when compared to that in a normal obstetric population."
1146873,"A five-year review of 127 elderly patients (35 years of age and over), in their first pregnancies, defines the risk to the fetus in terms of perinatal death and neonatal morbidity. With the equivalent of a perinatal mortality rate of 94/1,000, an 11 per cent incidence of small-for-dates infants, and a neonatal morbidity rate of 18 per cent, there would still appear to be a need for an increased awareness of the fetal risks in this group and an increased emphasia on their prevention. Areas of management in prenatal care and labor which might reduce these figures are defined."
1146874,"Spectral analysis of the fetal heart rate and intrauterine pressure was done with data obtained during labor for 24 patients delivered of their infants in an obstetric intensive care unit. The patients were grouped according to clinical assessment of labor and neonatal outcome as normal (11), abnormal/premature (4), and prolonged labor/cesarean section (9). A comparison among groups of spectral density functions and of coherence functions and phase angles failed to reveal consistent features that could be used to distinguish between groups. However, an analysis of the variance (integrated spectrum) and the mean of the base-line component of the fetal heart rate showed that the values for the normal and abnormal/premature groups could be distinguished from the background population. It is suggested that a study of the joint statistics of the variance and the mean may lead to the development of a diagnostic aid to the early detection of incipient fetal distress."
1146875,"Over the last 4 years at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, Women's Hospital, clinical interest in antepartum fetal monitoring has increased considerably. As a result of approximately 1,500 tests in some 600 patients at high risk for placental insufficiency, we have reached several conclusions regarding the methods for antepartum fetal monitoring, criteria for interpretation of the results obtained, and the role of antepartum monitoring information in clinical management. In this paper, the results of ""stress"" monitoring (monitoring in the presence of uterine contractions) are presented. The term ""oxytocin challenge test"" is used in reference to ""stressed"" monitoring even though sometimes the contractions were spontaneous, or without oxytocin stimulation."
1146876,This report documents the clinical outcome of 137 consecutive menstrual extractions. The pre- and postprocedural pregnancy testing is correlated with histologic examination of tissue obtained. This report reviews the management of the unsuccessful cases.
1146877,A review of 35 cystadenofibromas of the ovary has revealed certain morphological features which implicate the role of estrogenic hormones in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. The epithelium was tubal in type and at the ultrastructural level was found to be comparable with that of the normal Fallopian tube during estrogenic stimulation. The appearance of the stromal fibroblasts in the connective tissue component of the tumor was also consistent with an estrogenic influence. It is suggested that the source of estrogen responsible for both the epithelial differentiation and the fibrous proliferation may be found in functional steroidogenic cells present in the stroma of the neoplasm.
1146878,Twenty-six women received intramuscular or intra-amniotic 15 (S) 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha to induce midtrimester abortion. The median initial injection-abortion interval was 10 hours and 25 minutes. The advantages of intramuscular analogue are somnolence and reduced discomfort during labor. Disadvantages include severe gastrointestinal toxicity in the majority of patients and symptoms of acute respiratory distress in two patients.
1146879,Changes in placental function during the induction of midtrimester abortion by prostaglandin F2 alpha and hypertonic saline were investigated. Serial estimations of human placental lactogen (HPL) and cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) were carried out in 17 subjects. There was a significant (P smaller than 0.01) reduction in the plasma CAP and HPL levels 4 hours after PGF2 alpha administration. In the case of hypertonic saline abortions only HPL levels showed a reduction at 8 and 12 hours after induction.
1146880,"Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in patients with hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, and twin pregnancy were studied by radioimmunoassay. Serum AFP was absent in seven of seven patients (100 per cent) with choriocarcinoma and 10 of 13 (76.9 per cent) with hydatidiform mole. However, low concentrations (below 8 ng. per milliliter) of AFP were detected in two patients (15.4 per cent) and 105 ng. per milliliter in one (7.7 per cent) with hydatidiform mole. In 10 of 14 patients (71.4 per cent) with twin pregnancy serum AFP levels were significantly above the normal range for single pregnancy and approximately twice as high as the average value in pregnancy. It was concluded from these findings that abnormal levels of serum AFP during pregnancy suggest the presence of various complications such as hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or twin pregnancy and that the determination of serum AFP is valuable for prenatal diagnosis. The origin and significance of elevated AFP in patients with hydatidiform mole are now being investigated."
1146882,"Utilizing the Zatuchni-Andros Breech Scoring Index a prospective study of 290 consecutive term breech deliveries occurring at Evanston Hospital from Jan. 1, 1968, to Jan. 1, 1974, is reported. This paper represents a direct continuation of a retrospective study of 500 consecutive term breech deliveries reported by the authorsin 1970. The results indicate that this breech assessment method is a valid method and it is recommended that patients whose breech score is 3 or less be submitted to immediate cesarean section and, conversely, those with a breech score of 4 or more be allowed to labor with meticulous observation with a high confidence level that successful vaginal delivery will result. Also, cautious stimulation with intravenous oxytocin can be safely undertaken when necessary in patients with a breech score of 4 or more. By employment of the Zatuchni-Andros Breech Scoring Index, the authors submit, fetal mortality and morbidity rates are markedly diminished."
1146883,"Plasma renin activity (PRA) in umbilical cord blood exceeded that of maternal blood in 14 out of 20 cases. Fetal PRA was not significantly correlated to maternal PRA. Significantly higher fetal renin values than the corresponding maternal ones were restricted to shorter labor (N equals 10). In cases with uterine inertia (N equals 8) higher values than in normals (N equals 7) were observed, whereas suppressed maternal and cord blood levels were found in maternal fluid retention with edema (N equals 3). The data suggest that fetal production of renin may be largely independent of maternal renin secretion."
1146897,"The liberalization of indications for hysterectomy by hospital tissue committees, partly encouraged by sterilization by hysterectomy instead of tubal ligation, has led to an increased frequency of this procedure. To evaluate the debate about tubal ligation vs. hysterectomy and hysterectomy in general, statistics from community hospitals should be reviewed, analyzed, and compared with those from large medical centers where statistics favoring a procedure generally originate. A total of 235 abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies covering a 1 year period in a community hospital of 400 beds are reviewed for indications, complications, morbidity, and death."
1146898,Ultrasonic cephalometry was performed prior to therapeutic abortion in 323 women during the second trimester of pregnancy. In 101 instances satisfactory paired measurements of intrauterine biparietal diameter and extrauterine fetal weight were obtained and these formed the basis for mathematical analysis. In midpregnancy increase in size of the fetal head and increase in body weight seem to proceed at different rates but the ratio of the rates appears to be constant--an allometric relationship of relative growth. The data were used to calculate a standard curve and a graphic method is proposed for estimating gestational age when reliable menstrual history is not available in the second trimester.
1146899,"This study presents a clinical evaluation of private patients between the ages of 16 and 40 who have used contraceptive measures from January 1, 1961, through December 31, 1973. The clinical evaluation involves 3,746 private patients. The contraceptive methods of 641 patients (17 per cent) who have been bollowed for a total of 99,996 months (13 years each) are presented and analyzed. The patients are evaluated as to weight, blood pressure, pregnancy, pap smears. laboratory changes, pelvic surgery, breast surgery, incidence of cancer, contraceptive failures and changes in contraceptive practices over this span of time. This paper evaluates the role of such sociologic factors as education, religion, economic level, occupation, working status, changing marital status, age at the time of contraceptive choice, and the attitude of the husband with regard to long-term contraceptive therapy. Side effects have been well publicized. Safety has been questioned but essentially proved for the vast majority of the patients. Collected data enable some insight into the life style and motivation of the long-term contraceptive users."
1146901,"Pelvic endometriosis may completely obstruct the ureters and destroy the kidneys with little or no gynecologic symptoms. Five cases are discussed, all causing ureteral obstruction. Two patients suffered the complete loss of a kidney and in each case the remaining kidney was in jeopardy because of partial obstruction due to endometriosis. All these patients were treated by complete removal of all ovarian tissue, dissection of the ureter, and dissection of the scar tissue. In severe cases, retroperitoneal clamping of the infundibular pelvic ligament with clear exposure of the ureter is mandatory to avoid leaving small remnants of ovary in the infundibular ligament clamp. With complete removal of all ovarian tissue, postoperative estrogen therapy will not cause recurrence of the disease."
1146902,"This paper is an analysis of 95 cases treated surgically at the University of California Hospitals and at Children's Hospital between 1949 and 1971; 92 had abdominal radical surgery and three were done vaginally. Figures are analyzed by age, cell type, pregnancy status, and survival data. The numbers surviving for 5 years were 27 in the control group (26 living five years and over) and 50 in the study group."
1146904,"The 310 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding in which secretory endometrium was found are reviewed by age group, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, severity of bleeding, continued ovulation, medical treatment, parity, and results. Two unusual endometrial histologic patterns were identified: (1) abnormal stromal and/or glandular response to progesterone and (2) secretory hyperplasia. Twenty-eight per cent of all patients with an adequate follow-up eventually received a hysterectomy--14.8 per cent for bleeding alone. Hypermenorrhea was most likely to result in a hysterectomy, with metrorrhea least likely. Dating the endometrium placed approximately 50 per cent at the time of menses. Those patients with an abnormal response to progesterone were most likely to have a hysterectomy."
1146905,The experience with endometrial adenocarcinoma in postmennpausal women in a private hospital is reviewed for the time period from 1960 to 1973. By dividing the investigation into time periods from 1960 to 1966 and from 1967 to 1973 a real increase in the incidence of this lesion in the latter is demonstrated. The data suggest that the increase may be due in part to the increased use of exogenous estrogen in postmenopausal women. A treatment regimen to circumvent this increase is offered.
1146920,"The first reported measurement of plasma renin and aldosterone in toxemia with an abdominal pregnancy is presented. In contrast to toxemia where plasma renin and aldosterone are either normal or low, extraordinarily high levels of both were found in this patient which returned to normal after delivery. The role of extrarenal renin in the hypertension of toxemia is discussed and the possibility raised that the elevated renin in this case was of placental origin."
1146921,"Ninety-five pregnant women, not previously known to have diabetes but suspected of being at risk for the disease because of obesity, glycosuria, family history, or obstetric history, underwent oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests in the last trimester of pregnancy. Several methods were used to categorize the degree of abnormality, but none was of value in predicting pregnancy outcome. Perinatal mortality and malformation rates in the offspring of these women were no greater than those of the over-all infant population at this Center and were much lower than those in infants born to women with overt diabetes. Causes of infant morbidity were not increased, with the exception of overweight babies, hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia. Umbilical vein glucose level correlated significantly with the mothers' blood glucose at the time of delivery. Cord insulin level correlated with infant birth weight and with University Group Diabetes Program number. Birth weight correlated with the degree of the mothers' obesity. It was concluded the documentation of the degree of glucose intolerance in the mother is of little value in predicting fetal outcome but may indicate infants at risk for hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia."
1146922,"A series of 57 cases of ovarian disease during pregnancy is presented; 10 of the patients were referred to the Mayo Clinic for treatment. During the 17 year period under investigation (1955 through 1971), there were 25,189 deliveries in Rochester, Minnesota. Thus, the corrected incidence of operable ovarian disease in pregnancy was one case in every 536 deliveries. Simple ovarian cysts were the most common lesions found (38 of 57 cases). The over-all abortion rate was about 25 per cent (14 of 57 patients); six of the patients were threatening to abort prior to surgery. Therefore, the incidence of spontaneous abortion after surgery was 16 per cent (eight of 51 patients). Progestational agents given before and after operation did not affect the abortion rate."
1146923,"Demand for inhibiting puerperal lactation has brought about a plethora of methods, none entirely satisfactory, in achieving successful and comfortable ablactation. In addition some were associated with untoward side effects. In this study administration of 100 mg. of clomiphene citrate daily for 5 days was effective in suppressing puerperal lactation. Response to the treatment was particularly pronounced, when this was started within the first 12 hours post partum."
1146924,"Immunosuppression was the major factor associated with the deaths of 44 women who died from opportunistic mycotic infections. The patients were immunosuppressed by malignancies, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs, and metabolic diseases. An additional four patients may have developed candidiasis as a result of antibiotic therapy. Coccidoidomycosis was the only mycosis solely associated with pregnancies not altered by exogenous immunosuppression."
1146925,"Prostaglandin F2alpha and its major metabolite in plasma, 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha were quantitated in biopsies from human endometrium using gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In four of the five cases studied, the levels of both compounds were higher in the secretory phase than in the proliferative phase regardless of whether the IUD was present or not. Before insertion of an IUD the levels of PGF2alpha ranged from 65 to 8,280 pg. per milligram of tissue and those of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha ranged from less than 4 to 1,940 pg. per milligram. After insertion of an IUD the levels of the compounds ranged from 260 to 2,100 and from 5 to 109 pg. per milligram, respectively. In four of the five individual cases the IUD caused a decrease rather than an increase of the prostaglandin content of the tissue. These data do not indicate an increased biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the human endometrium after insertion of an IUD."
1146926,"Reproductive-age women were given identically prepared mestranol or ethynylestradiol orally for two consecutive 21 day cycles in doses ranging from 50 to 100 mug per day. Endometrial biopsies were obtained at the end of the second cycle and assessed for estrogenic effect. At these dose levels and with this treatment regimen, no differences could be detected between doses or between drugs, indicating that a plateau in endometrial response was reached."
1146927,"The occurrence or inhibition or ovulation was inferred from the plasma progestin level measured in the last week of 430 control cycles and of 4,638 cycles from fertile women receiving various antiovulatory steroids, singly and in combination. The substances tested included: mestranol and ethynylestradiol (EE) of homogeneous bioavailability, used alone in a range from 50 to 100 mug per day; these same dose levels combined with various progestins; and finally various proprietary combination and sequential low-dose regimens undergoing clincial trials. Statistical analysis showed ethynylestradiol and mestranol alone to be equipotent over the tested range, although at 50 mug per day superiority of mestranol over EE was suggested. Two preparations of EE at 50 mug per day, one of them a sequential with dimethisterone, showed different potency. At 50 mug per day no estrogen, alone or with a sequential progestin, reached a satisfactory level of effectiveness. However, very small amount in the range of 20 to 40 mug per day were highly effective when combined with quantities of various 19-nor progestins which by themselves are well below the antiovulatory level. This indicated that a synergism exists between these two classes of compounds insofar as their antiovulatory effect is concerned, thus explaining the high contraceptive effectiveness observed with very-low-dose combination regimens."
1146929,"This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of daily ingestion of 0.5 mg. of lynestrenol on some parameters of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Daily plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17-beta (estradiol; E2-17beta), and progesterone (P) were determined by specific radioimmunoassays during one control and one treatment cycle of seven normally ovulating women. One of the volunteers was followed throughout 84 days of treatment. The  following changes were observed during medication: (1) the midcycle FSH/LH peak was abolished, with a trend toward reduced LH values during the second half of the treatment cycles; (2) progesterone was significantly, though variably, reduced whereas estradiol showed little difference between control and treatment cycles; (3) during prolonged treatment two difference cyclic response patterns were observed in the same individual. It is concluded that daily administration of 0.5 mg. of lynestrenol exerts a profound effect at the central level, which contributes to the satisfactory contraceptive efficacy of this compound. A hypothetic blockade of estradiol receptors at the pituitary and/or hypothalamic level is discussed."
1146928,"Twenty-one-day treatment cycles of ethynylestradiol or mestranol at dosages of 50 to 100 mug per day were administered to 191 normal volunteer women from six cycles, followed by six cycles of this estrogen treatment combined with 2.5 mg. of norethindrone acetate, 2 mg. of megestrol acetate, or 0.5 mg. of norgestrel. The drugs were prepared to insure uniform bioavailabiltiy. Plasma FSH and LH were determined by radioimmunoasay during the last week of medication intake in each cycle. In another study, a large number of blood samples were obtained at various times during the menstrual cycle from women using IUD's (as a control population) and from women who had been taking oral contraceptives regularly for 5 to 12 years. With the various estrogen treatments, the median FSH level showed no change at any estrogen dose at the end of the first cycle. From the second cycle on, a stable, dose-related fall was obtained with the 80 or 100 mug per day doses. The addition of any of the three progestins caused a prompt, stable, further fall in FSH level. By contrast, the median LH level rose in the first cycle with all estrogen regimens, and then fell progressively in a dose-related fashion in cycles 2 to 6. The addition of a progestational agent also caused a further prompt and stable fall in LH during cycles 7 to 12. Except for a minimal indication of greater LH suppression by ethynylestradiol as compared to mestranol at 50 mug per day, all other indices and dosages showed ethynylestradiol and mestranol to be essentially equipoten under these experimental conditions. Long-term administration of oral contraceptives produced a comparable degree of gonadotropin suppression. There was a suggestion of slightly less FSH suppression with agents using 50 to 75 mug per day of estrogen than from those with 100 mug per day. Both in normal controls (IUD cycles) and in cycles under chronic treatment with oral contraceptives, pulses of both FSH and LH were seen with some frequency, at times distant from the ""periovulatory"" period. The significance and origin of these random FSH and LH pulses is unknown."
1146930,"Two types of fibrous structures  can be demonstrated in midcycle cervical mucus: (1) long, thick fibers that vary in diameter from 0.5 to 5 mum and run parallel to each other, and (2) microfibrils that vary in diameter from 500 to 1,500 A and form bundles or networks. The spaces in such networks usually measure from 800 to 4,0000 A. The fibers are made up of the microfibrils and most likely represent the micelles that give spermatozoa their directional transport through the cervix."
1146931,"The ""in vitro"" spontaneous magnitude and stability with time of the isometric developed tension (IDT) and frequency of contractions of ampullar longitudinal and ampullar circular as well as isthmic longitudinal and isthmic circular muscle, from human Fallopian tubes, were explored. The effects of polyphloretin-phosphate (PPP), an inhibitor of prostaglandins (PG), upon the IDT and frequency of different tubal segments, were also explored. We looked for PGE, and F2alpha in extracts of ampullar and isthmic tubal segments. The initial IDT and frequency (recorded at 10 minutes following equilibration) as well as the stability with time (explored afterward during 40 minutes) were comparable among all the preparations, with the exception of the isthmic longitudinal muscle, which suffered a progressive decrement of IDT. PPP inhibited significantly the IDT of the isthmic circular muscle but had no effect upon the ampullar circular muscle. Whereas PGF2alpha was frequently detected in extracts from the isthmic region, those from the tubal ampullar region showed the consistent presence of PGE1. The results suggested a possible relationship between isthmic PGF2alpha and its spontaneous motility. Also, the peculiar distribution of PGE1 and PGF2alpha could have some bearing on the regulation of the different functions of isthmic and ampullar regions of human Fallopian tubes."
1146932,"Psychometric testing and psychiatric interviews were conducted on 13 families in which the women had undergone amniocentesis for the prenatal detection of a genetic defect in the fetus and, upon receiving positive results, elected to have a therapeutic abortion. The indication for amniocentesis was maternal age in two families, a previous child with Down's syndrome in one family, a previous child with a recessively inherited inborn error of metabolism in four families, and the mother being a carrier for an X-linked disease in six families. The incidence of depression following selective abortion may be as high as 92 per cent among the women and as high as 82 per cent among the men studied, and was greater than that usually associated with elective abortion for psychosocial indications or with delivery of a stillborn. Four families experienced separations during the pregnancy-abortion period. Despite the emotional trauma of the procedure, most of the families studied would repeat their course of action and consider selective abortion preferable to the alternative birth of a defective child. Several modifications in the amniocentesis and selective abortion procedure which might diminish the concomitant emotional trauma are suggested."
1146933,"Human placental villi from term placentas and from 10 to 14 week placentas were examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) after critical point drying. When prepared by this method, the syncytial surface appears covered with slender microvilli similar to those seen in transmission electron micrographs. We find no support in our observations for the suggestion that the trophoblastic surface is a mosaic of microvillous and nonmicrovillous areas or that substantial areas lack microvilli. In addition, the villi often show circumferentially oriented furrows. SEM's of the early placentas showed numerous syncytial sprouts, most of which represent stages in the formation of new free or terminal villi."
1146934,"The disappearance rate of intravenously injected insulin was investigated in the serum of 30 women during the third trimester of pregnancy and 6 to 8 weeks post partum, in order to determine whether pregnancy has an influence on insulin kinetics in human subjects. Both women with unimpaired glucose tolerance and those with latent diabetes were included in this study. The disappearance rate of exogenous serum insulin in pregnancy was characterized by a two-compartment model. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to determine whether the estimated parameters of this model during pregnancy differ from those obtained after the puerperium and whether the insulin kinetics are altered when carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed. The kinetics of insulin during pregnancy did not differ from those after pregnancy. Thus, hyperinsulinemia observed in pregnancy cannot be explained by a change in the insulin kinetics. It appears improbable that the insulin-degrading enzyme activities of the placenta participate in degradation of insulin circulating in the maternal blood. A connection between the decline of glucose tolerance during pregnancy and the kinetics of exogenous insulin could not be found."
1146935,"Serum concentration of radioimmunoreactive gastrin reflects closely the known physiology of gastric acid secretion during pregnancy. In particular, marked rises of immunoreactive gastrin occur in late pregnancy, at parturition, and in the early puerperium."
1146936,The effect of maternal alcohol infusions on fetal cerebral function in terms of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and fetal brain metabolism was studied in 10 fetal sheep experiments. A 9.75 per cent alcohol-dextrose solution was infused at the rate of 15 c.c. per kilogram of maternal weight for 1 or 2 hours. Fetal cerebral uptake of oxygen was unaffected. Blood flow was significantly increased as a result of a greater decrease in resistance than decrease in blood pressure. The cerebral uptake of glucose and the glucose-oxygen utilization ratio were significantly increased. The EEG showed a decrease in amplitude and slowing of the dominant rhythm as the blood alcohol concentration increased and became isoelectric on occasion during the postinfusion period associated with a severe fetal acidosis.
1146937,A study was made of ovaries perfused in vitro with a liquid fluorocarbon that was stabilized in emulsion by a nonionic detergent to which tissue culture medium was added. A pulsatile flow was used in an organ preservation system under aseptic conditions. Glucose was utilized and lactate produced at a fairly constant rate for as long as 20 hours of perfusion. 14-C-progesterone and 14-C-17alphaOH-progesterone were synthesized from 14-C-acetate and estradiol was secreted. The production of these steroids by the perfused ovary appears to be responsive to gonadotropins.
1146938,"Between the years 1950 and 1973, 152 abdominal hysterectomies were performed for surgical sterilization in patients who were mentally retarded. A retrospective follow-up study was performed to ascertain the opinions of parents, guardians, and institutional care workers charged with the care and responsibility of these patients since the time of the original operation. In the categories evaluated, over 90 per cent of those charged with the care of the patient were enthusiastic for the benefits achieved by hysterectomy rather than tubal ligation for the purpose of surgical sterilization."
1146943,"We tested 11 patients with choroidal melanomas and 32 control subjects for cell-mediated immunity to melanoma-associated antigens by an in vitro leukocyte migration inhibition assay. Five of seven patients with choroidal melanomas, who received two melanoma extracts used in this series of experiments, had significant leukocyte migration inhibition as compared with none of 17 normal subjects. Four of five melanoma patients who received a third melanoma extract had significant leukocyte migration inhibition as did three of four normal controls, indicating that the extract showed nonspecific inhibition. These data agreed with the concept that patients with choroidal melanomas have cell-mediated immunity to common melanoma-associated antigens."
1146944,"A 23-year-old man had bilateral microphthalmos without microcornea. The eyes measured about 15 mm in length by ultrasound while the corneas were 11 mm in diameter. A distinctive, elevated, funnel-shaped retinal fold stretching between the disk and the macula was present bilaterally. Other unusual aspects were the deep anterior chambers and uncompromised chamber angles. This combination of anomalies is believed to be the result of a failure of growth of the posterior outer coats of the eye. These were of insufficient size to accommodate the excess sensory retina which folded to conform to its outer structural shell. Other cases of high hyperopia may in some instances be cases of microphthalmos, unrecognized because of normal-sized corneas."
1146945,"A survey in the Lebanese schools for the blind revealed that 77% of childhood blindness in the country was genetically determined. Two thirds of the hereditary blindness cases were due to autosomal recessive conditions; the high frequency of consanguineous marriages in Lebanon was the underlying cause of this finding. There is marked similarity in the etiology of childhood blindness in Cyprus and Lebanon, for both countries are somewhere between the highly developed countries."
1146946,"A follow-up study of 90 eyes in 60 patients subjected to trabeculectomy between 1967 and 1972 showed that intraocular pressure was controlled at the onset in 84% of the eyes, and eventually controlled in over 97%. Only 11% of the eyes required further medication and 5.5% further surgery. Subconjunctival drainage was established by means of a bleb in 91%. Trabeculectomy produced a high significant fall in intraocular pressure (P less than .001) and a parallel rise in aqueous outflow facility. The absolute fall in intraocular pressure was constant whether the preoperative pressure was high or low and whether or not the postoperative pressure remained above 20 mm Hg. This method was virtually free of major operative and postoperative complications when used appropriately; and it can be modified during the operation to deal with peripheral anterior synechiae. The anterior chamber remained formed or, if lost, was speedily re-formed. The anterior chamber rarely flattened postoperatively."
1146947,"Of 94 patients (100 eyes) with giant retinal tears, 71.4% of eyes with nontraumatic breaks were myopic and severe retinal pathologic findings were present in 57.3% of fellow eyes. Fifty-five (58%) of 95 treated eyes were successfully reattached; retinal incarceration, attempted in 19 cases, was successful in five. Serious surgical complications were responsible for failure in nine cases (22.5%). The worst prognostic factor were extension of the tear for over two quadrants, myopia of -10 diopters or more, and the presence of aphakia."
1146948,"Periodic photographic and angiographic surveys of patients with the earliest stages of sickle retinopathy showed a number of fundus findings. In seven cases (sickle cell anemia, four; sickle cell hemoglobin C, three), these findings included: (1) a variety of vascular abnormalities in the equatorial and post-equatorial retina such as segmented dilations of the vessel walls, hairpin-shaped vascular loops, hypertrophic, tortuous A-V anastomoses, intraluminal plugs, closure and loss of capillary bed, and terminal budding of capillaries; and (2) a continuous, spontaneous remodeling of the peripheral retinal vasculature due to successive closures and reopenings of equatorial retinal vessels. A centripetal recession of the peripheral retinal vasculature usually resulted. No correlation between the ophthalmoscopic and the systemic condition of the patients could be made."
1146949,"A 63-year-old man with a one-quadrant retinal detachment developed anterior segment ischemia after an operation that included the use of cryopexy, release of subretinal fluid, and segmental episcleral buckling without detachment of the extraocular muscles. A compromised cardiovascular condition of long duration and an episode of transient hypotension immediately preceding operation were factors in the pathogenesis of the ischemia. Although the anterior segment changes were moderately severe, recovery of vision ultimately was excellent."
1146950,"In a postmortem study of 57 diabetic patients, 19 of 23 patients with blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg/100 ml in the 72-hour period before death showed the characteristic histologic findings of ""lacy"" vacuolation of the iris pigment epithelium as well as vacuolation of the renal tubules (Armanni-Ebstein nephropathy). Conversely, 33 of the remaining 34 patients with blood glucose levels below 200 mg/100 ml in the 72-hour period prior to death showed no vacuolation in the iris or kidney."
1146951,"Unilateral arrested myopia preceded other signs of progressive facial hemiatrophy in a 13-year-old girl. Facial signs including soft tissue atrophy, enophthalmos, pupillary dialation with decreased pupillary reaction, and extraocular muscle involvement later appeared on the same side as the eye with the arrested myopia."
1146960,"Colloidal lanthanum salts have an average particle size of 40 degrees A; consequently, this electron-opaque marker remains extracellular and does not cross the intact plasma membrane. The affinity of lanthanum for calcium-binding sites on mitochondrial membranes makes it possible to demonstrate loss of plasma membrane integrity at the cellular level in ischemic myocardium. Biopsies were obtained from infarcted, marginal and normal areas 3 1/2 hours after ischemia was produced in 9 anesthetized closed-chest dogs by electrically induced thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The tissue was immediately fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde and 0.1 M cacodylate buffer containing 1.3% La(NO3)3, pH 7.4, for 2 hours. In normal control tissue prepared this way the lanthanum tracer, as expected, was confirmed to the extracellular spaces, including, basement membranes, gap junctions and portions of the intercalated discs. Specimens taken near the center of frank infarctions all contained intracellular as well as extracellular lanthanum. Intracellular lanthanum could be seen evenly distributed around lipid droplets and in focal deposits around mitochondria. Only when mitochondria were disrupted did lanthanum gain access to internal sites on mitochondrial membranes. Areas marginal to the infarct contained cells in varying stages of degeneration including many that appeared normal by morphologic criteria alone. Intracellular lanthanum was present in many but not all of the marginal cells in which degenerative changes could be seen. Similarly a few of the cells that appeared morphologically normal contained intracellular lanthanum. The entry of lanthanum into some of these marginal cells and its exclusion from adjacent cells demonstrated that ischemic injury affects the permeability properties of the plasma membrane and independently of other intracellular morphologic changes and that lanthanum can be a sensitive indicator of such alteration in membrane permeability."
1146956,"Since motivation is a key concern in rehabilitation, methods of encouraging clients to active participation in therapy are frequently sought. The motivational level of the client is an indicator of the success that can be anticipated in occupational therapy activities. This article identifies the phenomenon of competition as a potential motivator for promoting competent performance by clients receiving occupational therapy services."
1146957,"Staff and patient attitudes about an activity program were measured to highlight problems that existed in a paritcular milieu. Statements concerning the rationale for this activity program were compared to determine the similarities and differences between staff and patient perceptions of the program. To create a more therapeutic milieu, suggestions for openness and sharing were made based on the results of the attitude study. Their implementation would require staff and patients to interact on a more nearly equal basis. Such an approach is a bias toward the Maxwell Jones philosophy of therapeutic milieu, the direction in which the ward staff of this study wanted to go. This paper offers a way for the staff to reach their goal and suggests several paths they might take. The attitude questionnaire method used in this study might be a useful tool for those who are studying the therapeutic aspects of ward milieu."
1146961,"Growth plate cartilage from rachitic rats was studied to assess the role in calcification of extracellular matrix vesicles, which are thought to participate in the initial stage of mineralization of connective tissue. The concentration of matrix vesicles and their distribution within the longitudinal septa was found to be normal in rats made rachitic by feeding by a diet low in vitamin D and phosphate for 3 weeks after weaning. Rachitic cartilage matrix did not contain circumvesicular clusters of apatite as does normal cartilage; however, occasional vesicles did enclose one or a few apatite needles. When slices of rachitic cartilage were incubated at 37 C in a metastable calcium phosphate solution ([Ca++] times [PO SEE ARTICLE] equals 3.5 mM identical to 2), apatite formation was initiated in association with matrix vesicles. Under these conditions, mineralization was prominent in the upper hypertrophic cartilage, where matrix vesicles became encrusted with apatite after only 2 to 3 hours of incubation. Vesicular apatite accumulation was inhibited by preheating the cartilage to 60 C for 30 minutes. Measurements of 45Ca uptake by rachitic cartilage slices from metastable calcium phosphates solution also indicated inhibition of calcification by heat. Light microscopic autoradiographs showed 45Ca localization primarily in the matrix of longitudinal septa and substantiated the inhibition site of mineralization in healing rachitic cartilage. The presence of apatite within rachitic vesicles prior to heating and the inhibition of vesicle calcification by heat suggests an active, enzymatically and mediated mechanism of vesicular calcification."
1146962,The healing of full thickness surgical wounds from 0 to 14 days has been studied in hairless mice. Within 2 days after wounding the surrounding epidermis is thickened and primarily composed of enlarged basophilic cells. The remnants of the hair follicles attached to the epidermis are converted into cords of enlarged basophilic cells. Epidermal thickening is maximum at 7 days. Associated with the epidermal thickening surrounding the wound edge is an increase in the total number of cells in the stratum granulosum and in the stratum spinosum. The number of basal cells does not change. Mitotic activity and mitotic rate increase within 1 day after wounding. Both reach their peaks by approximately 5 to 7 days and then begin to return to control levels. Mitotic duration does not change.
1146963,"We measured the number and nuclear diameter of type I cells in the carotid bodies of 10 normal rats and in 10 rats living in a hypobaric chamber at a pressure of 460 mm Hg for 25 to 96 days. In normal rats, the number of type I rats, the number ranged from 15.92 to 30.77 times 10-3 with a mean of 40.79 times 10-3 which differed significantly from that in the control group. In 5 hypoxic rats the number of type I cells was less than the highest figure in the control group. The mean diameter of the nuclei of type I cells of hypoxic rats (5.5 mu) was greater than that of the controls (5.0 mu). The largest type I nuclei were seen in those rats which had been subjected to hypoxia for the shortest time."
1146959,"This article is the third in a series describing the American Occupational Therapy Association's Human Resources Project. The Project consists of several interrelated studies aimed at identifying the supply of occupational therapists and assistants in the United States as of December 1973, and at projecting requirements for their services. The present report is the first of several that will describe the results of the Member Data Survey, the objective of which is to define the geographic, demographic, educational, and employment characteristics of the AOTA membership."
1146964,"Right ventricular papillary muscles from control cats and from cats subjected to hemorrhagic shock were studied by electron microscopy. Half of the muscles were fixed at the apex of their active length-tension curves following stimulation in a papillary muscle bath. The other half were also fixed under tension. The ultrastructure of each muscle was examined in detail. A series of stages in the formation of myocardial zonal lesions, ranging from minimal changes in the intercalated discs to severe lesions, were identified and interpreted as representing the sequential stages in the formation of zonal lesions. One of the earliest (least severe) changes in the formation of zonal lesions, the separations of actin filaments from the intercalated disc, may be critical to the subsequent development of cardiac failure in hypovolemic shock. Mitochondrial displacement was a late event in the formation of the lesions, occurring only after major alterations had taken place in the sarcomeres and intercalated discs. It was noted that the ultrastructure of mitochondria remained essentially normal, and that there was no cell swelling associated with zonal lesions. This serves as confirmatory evidence that myocardial zonal lesions are a unique form of myocyte injury, are potentially reversible, and are not caused by ischemia."
1146967,"This paper attempts to clarify the dynamics of child abuse, and to suggest approaches to primary prevention. Child abuse is redefined, within egalitarian value premises, as inflicted gaps in children's circumstances that prevent actualization of inherent potential. Levels of manifestation and causal dimensions of child abuse are identified, and their multiple interactions are traced. Primary prevention is shown to be essentially a political, rather than a purely technical or professional, issue."
1146965,"Anatomic and clinical observations of 28 cases, including 23 previously unpublished, of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis are recorded and discussed. This brings the total reported to 57. All patients were women in the reproductive age group with the major complaint of breathlessness. This was usually progressive, and death from pulmonary insufficiency resulted within 10 years. Functional changes were obstructive or restrictive, or both. Pneumothorax, chylous effusions and hemoptysis were frequent complications. Radiographically the lesions initially appear as fine, linear and nodular, predominantly basal densities, and progress to a pattern of bullous change, or honeycombing, involving all portions of the lungs not sparing the region of the costophrenic sinuses as is typical of eosinophilic granuloma. There may be associated pleural effusions. A progressively increasing lung volume is characteristic. The lesions consist of an irregular, nodular or laminar ""irrational"" proliferation of smooth muscle within all portions of the lung, with loss of parenchyma leading to honeycombing. Proliferated muscle can obstruct bronchioles (with air trapping and formation of bullae often complicated by pneumothorax), venules (with pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis accompanied clinically by hemoptysis) and lymphatics (with chylothorax or chyloperitoneum). Both thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes and the thoracic duct can also be involved in the myoproliferative process with formation of subsidiary minute channels and obstruction. Renal or perirenal angiomyolipomas can also occur, as exemplified by 2 patients in the present series. Identical pulmonary lesions occasionally occur in tuberous sclerosis. Especially since these patients usually have no neurologic disturbances and are almost women, the possibility of a relationship between tuberous sclerosis and lymphangiomyomatosis must be considered. One feature of note in pulmonary lesions of tuberous sclerosis is the presence of adenomatoid proliferations of epithelium. Such changes were also observed in 2 patients of the present series, and it is remarkable that both of these women had ""retarded""children. At present the question of whether by lymphangiomyomatosis is a forme fruste of tuberous sclerosis must be considered as unresolved. It may yield to further investigation, possibility including chromosomal studies."
1146968,"Determination of which children will receive or be excluded from services, as well as the nature and extent of those services is largely the province of professionals. This paper examines the responsibility of professionals and social service agencies for the delivery - and denial-of services to children,discusses children's rights, and examines the role and oligation of professionals in the resolution of larger social issues."
1146969,"Research on child abuse has traditionally focused on incidence, causes, and prevention and treatment. One facet overlooked is that abuse is social deviance, and is the product of social labeling. Employing the perspective of labeling theory, this paper proposes that causes of abuse are products of social definitions applied by gatekeepers charged with identifying children injured by their caretakers. Gaps in our knowledge of child abuse are pointed out, and suggestions for empirical research are offered."
1146970,"Many children are raised by a surrogate mother after loss of their biological mother. The process of developing a relationship between the child and surrogate is complicated by the image of the biological parent. Interactional difficulties, highlighted by separation and loss, must be worked through to establish a viable bond."
1146971,"This pilot study identifies a two-phased syndrome experienced by families of homicide victims. The crisis phase consists of an acute grief process, including immediate reactions to the homicide, the funeral details, and police investigations. The long-term reorganization phase includes the psychological issues of bereavement and the socio-legal issues of the criminal justice process."
1146972,"A modification of the traditional group therapy format is described, in which clinicians responsible for decisions to hospitalize or release are provided a systematic structure for assessing the degree of impairment of patient's abilities to cope with the demands of their human environment."
1146973,"The field of mental health suffers from an abundance of technical jargon. The major social issues that touch upon mental health are debated in these technical terms, but persons most affected by the issues are left out of the debate. Hence, professionals have come to serve as an exclusionary buffer between human anguish and social policy."
1146974,"Parents of children with congenital heart disease participated in an experiment to assess effects of communication methods on retention, anxiety, and satisfaction in regard to information received from physicans. Restatement of medical information by parents was found to be most effective, especially over time, for retention; results were not significant for anxiety or satisfaction."
1146975,"During three academic years, 87 black students were counseled at the mental health clinic of a private western university. Their pattern of clinic use was compared with that of white students, and differences and similarities delineated in presenting problems, symptoms syndromes, and duration and termination of treatment. Knowledge of these problems and patternsmay aid mental health professionals; as well as college counselors and administration in planning adequate support services for minority students."
1146976,"Factor analysis of post-abortion emotional responses revealed three factors. Negative emotions split into two factors: socially-and internally-based. Positive emotions, constituting the third factor, were experienced most strongly. Correlations with background variables suggest two influences on response: the woman's social environment and her internalized concerns about the abortion."
1146977,"Lower-class and middle-class mother-child pairs were observed in their homes. In contrast to other studies, very few class differences were found in maternal behavior. These results are discussed in terms of the contexts in which observations are made."
1146978,Six families with autistic children were compared with six families with disturbed children and six with normal children by means of a family interaction task. No differences were found between families with autistic children and those with normal children. Families with disturbed children were found to have less agreement between father and mother than did autistic or normal families.
1146979,"In light of studies showing negative employer attitudes toward ex-mental patients, a comparative study was made of ex-patient employees and non-disabled employees. Results showed ex-patients indistinguishable from randomly selected employees in job performance, human relations, and overall rating. These findings are discussed in terms of the general employability of the mentally restored. The work project studied is offered as a model."
1146980,"While meditation derives from religious traditions, it is a behavior accessible to investigation. Recent physiological and behavioral studies are surveyed, and meditation behavior is described. Greater awareness of fellings, enhanced interpersonal perception, and increased present-centeredness are behaviors transferred from meditation, and facilitative both to the psychotherapist and to interpersonal functioning."
1146986,"Although original field data suggested that the average Bornean orangutan weighed twice as much as the Sumatran ones, this is shown to be an error. The only statistically significant difference in weight is between males and females, regardless of geographical area or data source."
1146987,"Electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin types of 409 baboons of various species, mostly from Senegal, corresponds with the findings of other authors. Baboon hemoglobin is homogeneous as a whole, but differs electrophoretically from that of other monkey species. However, a difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the nonhemoglobin fraction of Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus suggests a possibly different amino-acid sequence. This information may be useful for the classification in doubtful cases."
1146988,"The present study reports 5,029 length and weight measurements as well as percentile distributions for a mixed longitudinal series of 1,119 rural Guatemalan Ladino children. The study sample, birth through seven years, is representative of children in clinically good health, but of suboptimal nutrition. Boys are longer and heavier than girls over the age range. Guatemalan children of both sexes are smaller than American white children from Denver. Differences are least at birth, and increase through two years of age.  Between two and five years, differences between the rural Guatemalan Ladino and Denver samples are rather stable, but then increase through seven years. Despite these differences there is a linear weight for length relationship which is the same across all preschool ages, both sexes, and for both the Guatemalan and Denver populations. This implies that age, sex, ethnic differences between the two groups compared, and mild-to-moderate protein-calorie malnutrition do not affect the relationship between weight and length in preschool children."
1146989,"Using gene frequency data for 14 genetic loci, genetic distances between 13 tribes of Mexican Indians belonging to 12 language groups were determined and a dendrogram was constructed. The genetic distance between tribes is correlated more with geographic proximity than with language affinity. The gene diversity (heterozygosity) of the total population was decomposed into the three components, i.e., the gene diversity between three main linguistic groups, the gene diversity between tribes within the main linguistic groups and the gene diversity within tribes. About 95% of the total gene diversity exists within tribes, the intergroup and intertribe components being only about 5%."
1146990,"Height and weight were compared across five birth decades (1850-1899) among 1,121 Harvard athletes who were lettermen in various sports. There were considerable differences in the magnitude of the secular trend among the sport categories (crew, baseball, football, track, ice hockey, and two or more sports). Comparing the 1890-1899 and 1860-1869 birth-cohort samples, football lettermen were 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller (p less than 0.001) and 20 pounds (9.1 kg) heavier (p less than 0.001). Crew lettermen were 2.6 inches taller (p less than 0.001) and 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) heavier (p less than 0.05). For lettermen in other sports, changes in mean height and weight were smaller in magnitude. Differential selection for body size may explain the differences in the magnitude of the secular trend when analyzed by specific sport."
1146991,The contribution of a parental population in the gene pool of a hybrid population which arose by hybridization with one or more other populations is estimated here at the population level from the probability of gene identity. The dynamics of accumulation of such admixture is studied incorporating the fluctuations due to finite size of the hybrid population. The method is illustrated with data on admixture in Cherokee Indians.
1146998,"Potassium chloride was administered by constant, intravenous infusion in splenectomized, but otherwise normal, dogs. The concentration of potassium, [K+], and of insulin, [insulin], in the arterial plasma was measured at frequent intervals. To assess the relative contributions of extrarenal and renal mechanisms toward the maintenance of normal plasma [K+], the results were compared with data obtained previously in splenectomized, nephrectomized dogs. During the infusion, plasma [K+] increased in the dogs with kidneys intact at a mean rate slightly less than that in the nephrectomized dogs. After the infusion was stopped, plasma [K+] declined to about 0.75 meq/liter above control values in both groups of animals. The results indicate the operation of both renal and extrarenal homoeostatic mechanisms. The renal mechanisms contributed measurably during the infusion of KCl, but not immediately after the infusion was stopped. Simultaneous measurements of plasma [K+] and plasma [insulin] indicate that insulin may be involved in the extrarenal homeostatic response."
1146999,"Hypertension was produced in rabbits by constricting the left renal artery; in nine rabbits the opposite kidney was removed and in eight rabbits the opposite kidney was left intact. To investigate the role of angiotensin II (A-II), 1-sarcosine-8-alanine angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of A-II, was infused at 6 mug/min per kg body wt for 30 min. In a control group of seven unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits mean arterial pressure averaged 81 mmHg and infusion of the A-II antagonist did not alter the arterial pressure. In a group of Na-depleted rabbits, arterial pressure decreased from 81 to 63 mmHg (P less than 0.01) in response to the A-II analogue. Thirty days after renal artery constriction, seven of the nine one-kidney hypertensive rabbits had normal values for plasma renin activity (PRA) and during infusion of the A-II antagonist arterial pressure was unchanged. However, two rabbits had elevated PRA and the arterial pressure decreased during infusion of the angiotension analogue. In the two-kidney hypertensive rabbits, PRA was normal and arterial pressure was unchanged by infusion of the A-II antagonist. These studies provide evidence that hypertension developed with either a high or normal A-II plasma level in the one-kidney animals; the two-kidney rabbits developed chronic hypertension in which no role for A-II could be demonstrated."
1147000,"Angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex have been characterized in the dog. The evidence was derived chiefly from experiments that assessed the ability of a structural analog of angiotensin II, [Sar1, Ile8] AII, to antagonize the effects of exogenously administered angiotensin II on arterial pressure and aldosterone secretion. [Sar1, Ile8] AII is a potent and specific blocker of the pressor response to angiotensinII; in the adrenal cortex, it is a much less effective inhibitor of aldosterone biosynthesis. These results indicate differences in the receptor sites for angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex. Further, they raise the possibility that angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion by mechanisms other than have already been proposed."
1147001,"Bile flow studies were performed in three groups of awake rhesus monkeys. In the first group, the increase in bile flow stimulated by  secretin was not accompanied by an increase in erythritol-14C clearance. Resection of the gastric antrum and small intestine in the second group resulted in stable bile flow at fixed bile salt secretion rates. Linear regression lines for bile flow versus bile salt secretion rate and erythritol-14C clearance versus bile salt secretion rate were parallel, and the Y-axis intercept for the latter was consistently higher than for the former. We concluded that erythritol-14C clearance equals canalicular flow, and ductular reabsorption is constant at all bile salt secretion rates in this species. Bile flow was studied during fasting and feeding, over 6 days, in the third group. A model incorporating four bile flow components was developed and tested by multivariate regression analysis. The data fit the model quite well, explaining greater than 90% of the variation in bile flow. A method of measuring the contribution to bile flow of each of the four components is provided."
1147002,We present evidence showing that renal blood flow (RBF) in the anesthetized nondiuretic rat can be measured reliably and accurately using a noncannulating flow transducer and an electromagnetic flowmeter. In vitro calibration yielded a linear relationship (r=0.998) between flowmeter output voltage and blood flow rates from 0.2 to 10.3 ml/min. Excellent agreement was observed between simultaneous determinations of RBF by the flowmeter and the PAH clearance technique. Glomerular filtration rate and RBF for a kidney with a flow transducer around its renal artery did not differ significantly from corresponding values for the undisturbed contralateral kidney. The relationship of mean RBF with steady-state variations in perfusion pressure was evaluated in 13 nondiuretic rats. RBF averaged 6 ml/min.g kidney wt at arterial pressures (AP) above 100 mmHg. A high degree of autoregulatory efficiency was observed when mean AP varied between 105 and 145 mmHg. Over this pressure range RBF changed only 3% as changes in intrarenal vascular resistance and AP were directly related (r=0.994). Below 95-105 mmHg RBF decreased in a curvilinear fashion with the concavity toward the pressure axis.
1147003,"Swellings of the mouse tail and ear were produced by subjecting them to subatmospheric pressures of minus 40 to minus 80 mmHg for 15-60 min. Increase in volume was measured volumetrically in the tail and gravimetrically in the ear. Blood volume increases in the tail, as measured with 51Cr erythrocytes, contributed a minor part of the fluid increase. Comparison of mice from 3 to 36 wk in age showed a large decrease of fluid movement with age, with major changes during the growth period. Study of permeability of the ear under decreased pressure,to intravenously administred Evans blue, showed no influence of age on permeability to the protein-bound dye. Measurement of transmission of the applied negative pressure through the skin, and of compliance of the tissues of the ear and tail in mice of different age groups, indicated that these factors were not responsible for the observed changes with age."
1147004,"Direct electrical excitation of small cardiac branches from the thoracic vagus elicited highly localized and differential responses from individualized  segments of the myocardium. For example, small nerves from the vagus at the level of the superior pulmonary veins frequently induced moderate inhibition in contractile force of the ipsilateral atrium with little or no influences elsewhere. Branches from more rostral levels of the thoracic vagus induced changes in atrial contractility, with or without changes in sinoauricular (SA) nodal discharge rates, and often with partial or complete artioventricular (AV) nodal blockade.Excitation of individual, small vagal branches sometimes initiated acceleration in artrial rate and augmentation in atrial contractile force concurrently with complete AV nodal blockade. The negative dromotropic response was eliminated by atropine, leaving only the positive chronotropic and inotropic changes, thus revealing the intermingling of both sympathetic and parasympathetic components even in these small branches. There are frequently in excess of 20 small branches from  the vagal trunk between the level of the caudal cervical ganglion and the superior pulmonary vein on each side which will induce highly selective changes in cardiac function upon stimulation. Inhibitory branches are particularly concentrated in the region of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on either side."
1147005,"These experiments were designed to determine whether angiotensin II (AII) could potentiate the increase in plasma vasopressin (ADH) concentration produced by continuous, nonhypotensive hemorrhage in nephrectomized dogs. Infusion of AII (10 ng/kg.min) into a common carotid artery in nonbled dogs did not increase plasma ADH levels, suggesting that increases in carotid arterial plasma AII concentration alone do not stimulate an increase in ADH release. Subsequently, nephrectomized dogs subjected to nonhypotensive hemorrhage (0.44 ml/kg.min) were infused as follows: 0.9% saline intravenously, AII (10 ng/kg.min) intravenously, or AII (10 ng/kg.min) into the carotid. The Plasma ADH concentration increased in all three groups of dogs during hemorrhage. Although the AII-infused dogs demonstrated significant increases in plasma ADH levels earlier during hemorrhage, these changes were small; there were no statistically significant differences in plasma ADH concentrations among the three groups. These results suggest that increases in plasma AII concentration have little or no significant effect on the volume control of ADH release."
1147006,"In the present study the effect of angiotensin II (AII) on renal water excretion was evaluated. In dogs undergoing a water diuresis, neither the intravenous (IV) (40ng/kg per min) nor intracarotid (5-10 ng/kg per min) infusion of AII significantly altered urinary osmolality (Uosm) or free-water clearance (CH2O). Intravenous infusion of a competitive inhibitor of AII (1-sarcosine,8-glycine AII) into hydropenic dogs also failed to alter Uosm and CH2O significantly. To examine whether AII might suppress, rather than stimulate, vasopressin release, AII was also infused into hydropenic animals. No effect on Uosm and CH2O was observed during the intracarotid infusion. A significant fall in Uosm and rise in CH2O occurred during the intravenous AII infusion, but reversal after cessation of the infusion was incomplete and statistically not significant. Some suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release during the intravenous infusion of AII, however, was suggested since no similar alteration in renal water excretion was observed during an intravenous AII infusion in hypophysectomized animals receiving a constant infusion of ADH. Taken together, the present results provide no evidence for a direct effect of AII to alter ADH release or to interfere with the peripheral action of ADH. Suppression of ADH release may sometimes occur with pressor doses of intravenous angiotensin, but this effect is clearly less consistent than previously observed with intravenous norepinephrine."
1147008,"Ca++ binding data for seven preparations of troponin and 37 preparations of native tropomyosin were analyzed by the method of nonlinear least squares. The analysis was based on the assumption that two classes of independent binding sites exist. Data from one-third the preparations could not be fitted with all binding parameters at true least-squares minimum, and computed values of parameters for two-thirds the preparations were biologically uniterpretable. We conclude that troponin does not contain two classes of independent binding sites. Comparison of Scratchard plots of Ca++ binding by troponin and native tropomyosin modifies binding through a cooperative effect on troponin. Certain features of the Scratchard plots are imcompatible with the possibility that troponin possess more than two classes of independent sites. We interpret these results to mean that troponin's  binding sites interact and that the interaction is increased by tropomyosin. The interaction would cause Ca++ affinity to vary with time during a muscle contraction. The effect of variable Ca++ affinity on intracellular Ca++ movements and the time course of the active state is discussed."
1147007,"Net ion and H2O transport by jejunum adjacent to the ligament of Treitz (proximal jejunum) and midjejunum were measured in vivo by continuous perfusion with HCO3-Ringer solution containing a volume marker. Proximal jejunum secreted Na and H2O, whereas midjejunum absorbed Na and H2O. Both segments secreted CO2 and absorbed K and Cl. D-glucose stimulated absorption of Na and H2O and the transmural electrical potential difference (PD) in both segments, but these changes were not accompanied by alterations in Cl, CO2, or K fluxes. However, the increse in Na absorption caused by 3-O-methylglucose was matched by an increase in Cl absorption. This, in addition to increased tissue lactate concentration after addition of D-glucose, suggests that organic anion maintains electroneutrality for Na transport enhanced by D-glucose. Cholera toxin had no effect on ion transport or PD in proximal jejunum, but cholera toxin stimulated secretion and increased the PD in more distal jejunum. Although proximal jejunum shows spontaneous secretory activity, its capacity for secretion is not as great as more distal small intestine."
1147009,"Inflation of a balloon in the right atrium of 13 dogs resulted in salt and water retention not attributable to changes in GFR, RPF, filtration fraction, mean arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, or renal venous pressure. The response to right atrial balloon inflation was compared with the renal effects  of constriction of the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries and constriction of the ascending aorta. Neither procedure evoked the same response as balloon inflation. Results suggest that the decrease in mean arterial pressure which accompanies balloon inflation accounts for only part of the decreased salt and water excretion. There was no significant difference between the responses of denervated and intact kidneys to right atrial balloon inflation. A binary response to stretching of the right atrium is suggested, both components apparently involving hormonal  mediation."
1147010,"The mechanisms of water and ion  transport in ascending and descending rat colon were compared using an everted open mucosal sac preparation. Net water flux, measured gravimetrically, was similar in both segments (15.3 plus or minus 1.2 and 13.7 plus or minus 1.3mul h(-1) mg(-1), NS). Net catonic flux J(Na+K),net anionic flux J(Cl-HCO3), and net solute flux Josm were also similar; but the constituents of these flux , namely JNA, JK, and JHCO3, were significantly different. The descending colon absorbed significantly less Na and secreted significantly more HCO3. Only the descending colon absorbed K, whereas net JK across the ascending colon was zero. The PD across either segment ranged from 3 to 7 mV, mucosal side negative. Consideration of net flux and electrochemical gradient indicated that in both segments Na was absorbed actively. The nature of Cl transport could not be ascertained. Assuming transmural movement, HCO3 was secreted (or H ion absorbed) actively. Only the descending colon absorbed K actively. Across the ascending colon K was distributed close to electrochemical equilibrium. The compostion of the absorbates was calculated from Ji/Jv after correction of Jv for filtered water. Both absorbates were equally hypertonic (448.5 plus orminus 9.3 and 421.7 plus or minus 13.2; NS.)The ascending colon absorbate contained a significantly higher Na concentration and no K. The descending colon absorbate contained 15 mM K, about 3 times the K concentration in the bathing solution. It was concluded that the ascending colon and descending colon displayed quantitative differences in Na absorption and HCO3 secretion and a qualitative difference in K transport."
1147011,"Rat intestinal mucosa gave low yields of ferritin purified by standard procedures. The resulting ferritin had less protein relative to iron and migrated faster electrophoretically than ferritin from other rat tissues. Pancreatic duct ligation reduced these differences, suggesting digestive enzyme attack during ferritin isolation. Even in ligated rats, ferritin accounted for only 5-10% of mucosal iron. However, shortly after giving 59FeCl3 orally, 50% of mucosal radioactivity occurred in cell sap, about equally distributed between ferritin and low-molecular-weight (chelated?) iron. No other cell sap components were 59Fe labeled. Iron may thus be transported as a chelate with which ferritin is in rapid equilibrium. Mucosal ferritin content increased with age and iron treatment and decreased with iron deficiency. The iron-deficient rats showed accelerated 59Fe uptake into blood with little mucosal retention. One day after administering parenteral iron to deficient rats, 59Fe transfer to blood became retarded but 59Fe now accumulated excessively in the mucosa, suggesting that iron status affects transport more rapidly at the serosal than at the mucosal cell surface. A scheme for control of iron absorption is presented."
1147012,"The cardiovascular effects of stimulating  the posterior hypothalamus electrically were recorded in awake rats to permit in situ evaluation of central neural mechanisms without previous depression by anesthesia. Weak currents ineffective in normotensive or Doca-hypertensive rats elicited measurable pressor responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and when currents above threshold strength were used the responses were always larger in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in others. Reduction in reflex bradycardia probably contributed, at least in part, to the increased pressor responsiveness of spontaneously hypertensive rats to hypothalamic stimulation. Since pressor responses to injected norepinephrine or angiotensin were the same as or less than those in normotensive rats, it was concluded that some mechanism other than enhancement of cardiovascular reactivity is involved. Hypersensitivity of hypothalamic pressor areas was considered an attractive explanation but on the basis of the evidence available a possible hypersensitivity of other sites in the efferent neural pathway cannot be excluded."
1147013,"Mechanosensitivity of afferent sympathetic nerve fibers from the right heart and the pulmonary artery has been examined. Action potentials of the afferent fibers that responded to tapping the right heart and the pulmonary artery were derived from upper thoracic communicating rami of both sides of anesthetized dogs. The fibers were composed of myelinated Adelta fibers and unmyelinated fibers. The receptive fields of both groups of fibers were located widely in the right heart and the pulmonary artery. Myelinated fibers ceased to fire quickly whereas unmyelinated fibers continued to fire after withdrawl of a brief mechanical stimulus. In the myelinated group, the pressure threshold was 3-50, 6-58, and 3-10 mmHg for right ventricular,  pulmonary and right atrial threshold was 15-58, 22-34, and 4-8 mmHg for right ventricular, pulmonary, and right atrial fibers, respectively. Spontaneous discharge of myelinated fibers was synchronous with each rise and/or fall in intracardiac or pulmonary pressure whereas that of unmyelinated fibers was irregular and independent. A rise in pressure produced by pulmonary embolization or occlusion caused an augumented discharge whereas a fall caused by caval vein occulsion eliminated the discharge. The results indicate the existence of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers with mechanoreceptors in the right heart and the pulmonary artery."
1147014,"In fetal rat calvaria, puromycin selectively inhibited the uptake of certain groups of amino acids. Puromycin treatment decreased the uptake of glycine, L-proline, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid but was without effect on the active uptake of all other amino acids tested. In studies of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake, puromycin decreased the maximal transport velocity by 70% but had no effect on the affinity of the transport system for the amino acid. With puromycin treatment, the fall-off in rates of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake was first order with a half-life of 68 min. Insulin treatment increased this half-life to 118 min. These findings suggest that protein components of specific transport systems are degraded at varying rates after puromycin blockade of protein synthesis. Hormones that stimulate amino acid transport (e.g., insulin) may decrease the rate of degradation of these protein components."
1147015,"Creatinine exchange between mother, fetus, and amniotic fluid was investigated in rhesus monkeys in  late pregnancy in which a different radioactive-labeled form of creatinine was injected simultaneously into either of two of the three possible compartments. Creatinine specific activity was then determined for each isotope in each compartment over the ensuing 4-6 h. A rapid and extensive bidirectional exchange occurred between all three compartments. Maternal-fetal flux, while bidirectional, seemed to be predominately from mother to fetus. Approximately 35% of labeled creatinine originally injected into the fetus and 25% of labeled creatinine originally injected into the mother were present in the amniotic sac within 2 h. Creatinine pool size was calculated to be approximately 6 mg/kg in both mother and fetus. Comparison of experiments involving living had dead fetuses indicated that the route of creatinine transfer from mother to amniotic fluid was through the living fetus and directly across the chorioamnion in the dead fetus. In addition, the time required for 'mixing' of creatinine injected into the amniotic sac was longer with a dead than with a living fetus but its half-life averaged 4.5 h regardless of fetal status."
1147016,"Changes in pulse-wave velocity were simulated by changing the relative timing between aortic and carotid sinus barorecptor activity in anesthetized rabbits and dogs. In the rabbit, electrical stimulation was used to vary the timing; in the dog, it was also varied by perfusing the carotid sinuses with externally generated pressure pulses that could be triggered in any portion of the cardiac cycle. Changing the relative delay between aortic and carotid sinsus nerve stimulation did not result in variations of blood pressure or heart rate in the rabbit. Varing the time of electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve caused at most 5 mmHg change of blood pressure in the dog. Delay-related heart-rate changes could be usually observed only when the stimulus consisted of short, high-intensity bursts. When the carotid sinus was externally perfused with pulses of pressure, only one out of five dogs showed delay-related variations in blood pressure (3mmHg) and heart rate (6 beats/min). It is concluded that variations in pulse-wave velocity are unlikely to play a significant role in acute cardiovascular control."
1147017,"It is shown that muscle models which describe force generation as being dependent on the extension of the individual crossbridges produce a force-velocity relation of the form: Vf= Visotonic--1/KHS dP/dt. The derivation of this equation is independent of the details of activation and the kinetics of the crossbridges. The velocity, Vf, represents the relative filament velocity, and Visontonic is the relative filament velocity which would maintain a constant muscle force. P. The quantity KHS is the net stiffness of all the force-generating crossbridges in one-half a sarcomere. Experimental methods for determining KHS are suggested . To study the force-velocity relation, computer simulations based on A. F.Huxley's 1957 kinetic model were conducted for isometric and isotonic twitch contractions. The relative filament velocity is found to depend on the contraction mode, exhibiting a sudden increase in an isometric-to-isontonic changeover and a decrease in the reverse process."
1147018,"The time course of the ability to shorten during contraction was measured using velocity of shortening of the contractile element corrected for length after quick releases to constant loads, in isolated papillary muscles of the cat, rabbit, dog, and rat. The ratios of time-to-peak shortening ability at preload (TTPA), to time-to-peak active force (TPF), were 0.30, 0.36, 0.32, and 0.70 in the cat, dog, rat and rabbit, respectively. When the pacing rate was increased from 12 to 60/min, peak force was augmented in the cat (36%) and rabbit (108%), while TPF decreased in the cat (by 30%) but not in the rabbit. Various inotropic interventions did not alter the ratio of TTPA/TPF in any species. However, caffeine (10mM) increased this ratio to that normally found in the rabbit, in which it was not altered. Afterloaded force-peak velocity relations of the cat, dog, and rat were curvilinear, but in the rabbit in the control state, and in the cat and dog in the presence of caffeine, these relationships tended to be linear. The differences in the time course of the ability to shorten among these mammalian species may be related to differences in excitation-contraction coupling."
1147019,"Effects of age and long-term nutritional treatment on pancreas composition and digestive function were determined in rats fed a cereal-type chow after weaning (experiment 1) or diets with 30% casein and 34% butterfat, 54% starch, or 54% sucrose after 9 mo (experiment 2). The rats were adapted for 1-2 wk to a 15% whole-egg protein diet before killing. In experiment 1, pancreas size, nucleic acid, and digestive enzyme content increased significantly with age up to 3 mo. Values for pancreatic weight and DNA were significantly greater in 28-mo-old rats than in 12-mo-old rats. Pancreatic digestive enzyme content was 65-100% lower in rats with and without gross pathologic lesions. In experiment 2, mortality was higher and pathologic changes were more pronounced by 24 mo in rats fed the butterfat or sucrose diet. Usually, pancreatic enzymes were not reduced as much as in experiment 1, although chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen concentrations were significantly and negatively correlated with the degree of pathologic change. Apparent digestibility of dietary nitrogen and food energy content was not reduced in rats with reduced enzyme reserves. The rate of incorporation in vitro of label into pancreatic protein and RNA did not differ significantly among aged and control rats."
1147020,"The three-element model for skeletal muscle has been widely applied to cardiac muscle. It consists of an active contractile element (CE) that represents the muscle's response to stimulation, in series with an elastic element (SE) and the CE and SE in parallel with another elastic element (PE). There have been problems in interpreting experimental data on muscle elasticity using this model. Data seem to indicate that SE force depends not only on instantaneous length, but also initial length; it is not only elastic. Recent experiments seem to indicate that the SE has time-varying properties; it is not passive. This paper formulates a three-element model in which phi(x) = alpha[e beta(x-x*)-1] governs the elastic elements, where phi = force, alpha, beta = spring constants, x = length, and x* = rest length, which avoids these problems. The SE and PE have the same properties. (Typical values: alpha approximately equals .045 g/mm2, beta approximately equals 5.9 mm-1 for cat papillary at 29 degrees C.). By accounting for the nonlinearity of the SE-PE interaction, this three-element model leads to predictions that agree with published data on excised papillary muscle's elastic properties."
1147021,"DNA synthesis was compared in seven tissues of hypophysectomized rats and normally growing controls. Liver, heart, kidney, and three skeletal muscles of hypophysectomized rats incorporated[3H]thymidine into DNA more slowly than tissues of normal rats, measured either in intact rats or upon in vitro incubation of tissue slices. However, removal of the pituitary did not alter incorporation into DNA of brain. Administration of ovine growth hormone to hypophysectomized rats stimulated total body growth and increased incorporation into DNA of diaphragm within 6h. The response of liver to growth hormone was less marked and slower in onset than that of diaphragm. Incubation of diaphragm in vitro with growth hormone, however, did not affect [3H]thymidine incorporation. Hypophysectomy reduced incorporation into nuclear DNA of liver, kidney, and muscle, but did not suppress incorporation into mitochondrial DNA. These results suggest that growth hormone only affects synthesis of nuclear DNA. Autoradiographic studies indicate that DNA synthesis is stimulated in distinct cell types in the different organs, including hepatocytes in liver, epithelia of renal tubules, and fibroblasts within muscle."
1147022,"The DNA content of skeletal muscle increases as young rats grow. Food deprivation prevented this increase: total DNA remained constant, while muscle weight and RNA decreased. Diaphragms isolated from fasted rats incorporated [3H]thymidine into DNA far more slowly than tissues from fed rats. Incorporation returned to control levels on refeeding. Fasting for 24 or 48 h also markedly reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation by slices of liver, kidney, and brain. The factors responsible for this inhibition of DNA synthesis were investigated. Amino acids, insulin, or serum from fed or fasted rats failed to alter thymidine incorporation by muscle. Injection of hydrocortisone into normal rats reduced incorporation into kidneys, liver, and muscle within 4h. Incubation of hemidiaphragms with hydrocortisone suppressed [3H]thymidine incorporation within 2-3h. Adrenalectomy enhanced incorporation into DNA by diaphragm, liver, kidney, and brain. When fasted, adrenalectomized rats showed little or no suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation and lost less weight than fasted controls. These data suggest that adrenal steroids are important in inhibiting DNA synthesis during normal growth and during fasting."
1147023,"Blood O2 saturations were measured by microscopic oximetry in the small coronary veins of wither open-chest or isolated and blood-perfused dog hearts. Subendocardial saturations (average 34%) were significantly lower than subepicardial (average 52%) in isolated hearts contracting isovolumically at systolic and coronary perfusion pressures of 100 mmHg. Saturations of botb regions fell and were not significantly different from each other (both averaged 16%) with partial coronary occlusion. When MVo2 was increased by calcium infusion, subendocardial saturations fell sharply to about 2% and were significantly, lower than subepicardial (average 10%). Conversely, when MVo2 was decreased by ventricular decompression, saturations rose equally in subendocardium (average 40%) and subepicardium (average 45%) (not significant). These data illustrate the efficacy of cascular autoregulation in isolated hearts. In open-chest dogs, as in isolated hearts with partial coronary occlusion, subendocardial (average 20%) saturations were not significantly diffenent from each other and ranged from 0 to 70%, suggesting the possibility of significant differences either in regional coronary flow or MVo2, or both, in closely adjacent areas throughout the myocardium."
1147024,"The hibernation season in the arctic ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus) is broken into 8- to 18- day cycles by short homeothermal periods during which the carboydrate reserves depleted during hibernation are replenished. This study follows a number of metabolities in tissues and body fluids to assess the sources for reconstitution of the glucose reserves: lactate, urea, ammonia, free fatty acid, glycerol, triglyceride, and glucose in plasma; glycogen in liver and muscle; and urea and ammonia nitrogen in urine. Fat is the major energy source during both homeothermal and heterothermal periods, the contribution from glucose being limited to glycolysis. Reconstitution of glycogen is accomplished prior to reentry through maximal use of substrates from all sources including glycolysis, fat, and protein metabolism. Of the new gluconeogenic substrate, one-fourth is supplied from protein and three-fourths from fat."
1147025,"The effect of systemic hypoxia on the vascular responses to the carotid baroreflex was studied in anesthetized, vagotomized, artificially ventilated dogs. One hindlimb, kidney, gracilis muscle, and paw were perfused at constant flow, and neurograms were obtained from renal sympathetic fibers. Bilateral carotid occlusions were performed while the animal was breathing a mixture of air and O2 (mean arterial PO2 = 106 mmHg) and again during ventilation with 10% O2 (PO2 = 40 mmHg). With occlusion, the average increase in mean aortic pressure was 36 mmHg greater during hypoxia than during normoxia and the increase in renal perfusion pressure was 87 mmHg greater; the increase in hindlimb perfusion pressure was identical in both situations. Hypoxia did not change the reflex response of the paw to carotid occlusion and increased that of the muscle vessels by only 10%; the increase in renal sympathetic activity averaged 56 plus or minus 10% more with hypoxia than with normoxia. When the carotid chemoreceptors were destroyed, the greater increase in aortic and renal pressure response to carotid occlusion during hypoxia as compared to normoxia was abolished. Thus systemic hypoxia markedly potentiates the reflex renal constriction caused by the baroreflex, and this effect is due to the carotid chemoreceptor afferent input."
1147027,"Reflex vascular responses to local carotid chemoreceptor stimulation with hypoxic-hypercapnic, hypoxic, or hypercapnic blood were investigated in pentobarbitalized dogs. Bilaterally isolated carotid chemoreceptors were perfused via an extracorporeal lung circuit. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions of blood perfusing the carotid bodies were altered by ventilating the isolated lung with various O2-CO2 mixtures. Ventilation of the whole animal maintained normal systemic O2 and CO2 tensions. Perfusion pressures of the isolated kidney, ileum, forelimb, gracilis and hindpaw were measured during constant-flow perfusion. Carotid chemoreceptor stimulation with hypoxic-hypercapnic blood before vagotomy increased renal vascular resistance but caused no change in intestinal or forelimb resistance. Following vagotomy, hypoxic-hypercapnic, hypoxic, or hypercapnic carotid body stimulation increased renal, intestinal, and forelimb vascular resistance. Forelimb skin and muscle vascular beds contributed about equally to the increase in forelimb resistance. Gracilis muscle and hindpaw resistance also increased during hypoxic-hypercapnic stimulation after vagotomy."
1147028,"Water and ion transport by the isolated teleost urinary bladder were studied. The transepithelial electrical PD across sac-type bladder preparations was unstable, i.e., initially mucosa positive but becoming more negative with time. Perfused bladders maintained a low mucosa positive PD which was stable. Both Na and Cl appeared to be actively transported from mucosal side (M) to serosal side (S). Voltage clamping the bladder at 0, -50, or +50 mV had almost no effect on active or passive Na or Cl flux in either direction. Na and Cl transport seemed electrically neutral. Fluid absorption (M to S) was directly correlated with absorption of osmotically active solutes. These solutes were almost all Na and Cl. The bladder acidified and secreted K+ into the mucosal fluid. Divalent ions were concentrated in the mucosal fluid as a result of fluid absorption. Although furosemide and ethacrynic acid inhibited ion and water transport by the bladder, ouabain was effective at a much lower concentration. Ouabain (10(-4) M) inhibited active Na transport when applied only to the mucosal or only to the serosal surface. Ouabain abolished the PD only from the serosal surface."
1147029,"Immunoreactive (IR) plasma prostaglandin (PG) levels were measured in samples collected simultaneously through catheters placed in the right ventricle and the thoracic aorta in fasting anesthetized dogs. There were significantly greater levels of IRPGB (P less than .01) and IRPGA (P less than .05), but significantly less IRPGE (P less than .01) in the aorta than in the ventricle. During femoral vein infusion of PGE1, PGB1, and PGA1, respectively, PGE1 was approximately 87% metabolized, but PGB1 and PGA1 were not degraded by the lung. There was no measurable increase in IRPGB or IRPGA levels in the thoracic aorta during intravenous PGE1 infusion. It was concluded that in the resting state PGE is actively degraded by the lung; that the lung very effectively degrades PGE1 but does not degrade PGB1 or PGA1 during infusion of these prostaglandins; and that pulmonary metabolism of PGE1 probably does not result in formation and release of PGB or PGA into the arterial circulation. Additionally, the possibility exists that in the resting state PGB and/or PGA are actively secreted by the lung, but the immunoassay methodology used does not permit resolution of this point."
1147030,"Two models of ypertonic urine formation in the inner medulla were tested. The active model asserts that thin ascending limbs of Henle's loop (ALH) reasorb NaCl hypertonically by active transport; the passive model suggests the reabsorption is by diffusion down a concentration gradient. Using (Na+) in ascending vasa recta (AVR) as a measure of interstitial (Na+), we found no concentration difference between loop tubular fluid and AVR, when the comparison was made at the bend of the loop, or at an ALH sampling site 1 mm from the bend; the results were the same in antidiuresis and saline diuresis. In saline diuresis with flow of tubular fluid to the ALH slowed by simultaneous collection at the bend of the loop,ALH  (Na+) fell below AVR levels, a result consistent with active transport, but not with a purely passive mechanism. Although contragradient transport was shown only with flow slowed and the corticomedullary gradient reduced, a model suggests the active component contributes almost half the observed Na+ flux in antidiuresis."
1147031,"When normal rats were put on a diet containing d-penicillamine equivalent to a dosage of about 1.75 g/day in a 70-kg man, there was a prompt, marked decrease in biliary excretion of copper and of radiocopper after its intravenous administration. Urinary copper increased as tissue copper levels decreased; this decrease was most pronounced in bone marrow, kidney, lung, and spleen. Plasma copper increased and p-phenylendiamine oxidase activity increased. Fecal copper decreased modestly, which was probably attributable to decreases in food intake and biliary copper. Copper-toxic rats, already hypercupriuric, excreted more urinary copper when given d-penicillamine."
1147032,"Isolated adipocytes were prepared from epididymal adipose tissues removed from rats which had been fed or starved for 48 h (fed adipocytes or fasted adipocytes). These cells were incubated at 37 degrees C for 90 min in media containing 0, 3, or 30 mM glucose, with or without norepinephrine (1.0 mug/ml). Then the concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and free glycerol (FG) in the total mixture (medium plus cells) and in the medium alone were measured. Addition of glucose to the medium increased the total PG, presumably by increasing the basal lipolysis, and it decreased the intracellular retention ratio of FG (the ratio of intracellular FG to total FG). Addition of glucose did not change the total FFA, but decreased the FFA/FG ratio, presumably by increasing reesterification. The increase in FG and decrease in the FFA/FG ratio on addition of glucose were greater in fed than in fasted adipocytes. The intracellular retention ratio of FFA also decreased on addition of glucose. Glucose enhanced norepinephrine-induced lipolysis (release of free glycerol), and this effect of glucose was greater in fasted adipocytes. However, the increase in FFA in fasted adipocytes induced by norepinephrine was not altered by addition of glucose. In fed adipocytes norepinephrine decreased the total FFA in the presence of glucose. Reesterification of FFA following norepinephrine was increased by addition of glucose. Norepinephrine decreased the intracellular retention ratios of FG and FFA in the presence of glucose. These results suggest that the passage of the lipolytic products, FFA and FG, through the cell membranes may not occur by simple diffusion, but may require energy."
1147033,"Previous work that apparently showed a functional relationship between GFR and maximum bicarbonate reabsorption was done at a time when the effects on the latter of several factors (PCO2, plasma potassium concentration, and extracellular fluid volume expansion) were not recognized. The present study re-examines this relationship, while controlling these factors. In 14 hydropenic dogs, bicarbonate reabsorption per unt GFR increased linearly with increases in plasma bicarbonate concentration. At any level of plasma bicarbonate concentration,the absolute rate of bicarbonate reabsorption was functionally related to the GFR. In six volume-expanded dogs, bicarbonate reabsorption remained stable at 20-22 mmol/liter GFR as plasma bicarbonate was raised to greater than 40mM. The absolute rate of bicarbonate reabsorption increased with large increases in GFR induced by methylprednisolone and high-protein diet. In a third group of dogs, bicarbonate reabsorption varied directly with increases in GFR, while plasma bicarbonate concentration was held relatively constant above the threshold. We conclude there is a close functional relationship between the absolute rate of bicarbonate reabsorption and GFR in individual dogs."
1147034,"To measure directly the relationships between flow rate, tubule diameter, and flow resistance in thin descending limbs of Henle, isolated tubule segments from the rabbit were studied by in vitro microperfusion. Small increases in pressure and flow cause rapid enlargement of the tubule. Flow resistance is inversely related to tubule diameter and, by its effect on transmural pressure, indirectly limits the extent of tubule dilation. In a range of transmural pressures comparable to that in vivo, the tubule is capable of radial dilations as great as 35% and does not reach its structural limit of distensibility. Flow resistance may be approximately by a Poiseuille equation for cylindrical tubules. The effective luminal diameter is approximately a constant fraction of outer tubule diameter and is defined approximately by the innermost projection of semirigid epithelial nuclei."
1147035,"Resting blood flow was measured in isolated, innervated, epigastric fat-pads of 27 male rabbits during growth in the 1st yr of life and found to vary widely in range (7.6-28.1 ml/100 g tissue per min). Definition of adipose tissue composition and of fat-cell size and number made it possible to explain the wide range of flow and to identify two types of relationships between adipose blood flow and tissue constituents. Expressed in the usual manner (ml/100 g tissue per min), adipose blood flow declined with increasing adiposity of the fat depots, and a negative correlation was found between flow and fat-cell volume (r equals -.571, P less than .01). In contrast, when blood flow was expressed on the basis of fat-cell number (ml/108 fat cells/min), a positive and highly significant correlation was found between blood flow per fat cell and fat-cell volume (r equals .842, P less than .001). In the rabbit tissue the relationship of blood flow to fat-cell number and size was more predictable than the usual expression of flow in terms of tissue wet weight. Food deprivation for 18-24 h did not significantly alter these relationships. The results indicate that changes in adipose tissue composition and cellularity, resulting from growth and from accumulation of lipid in enlarging adipocytes, are important determinants of blood flow regulation to adipose tissue."
1147036,"The Kety-Schmidt washout technique has been modified to measure whole-brain blood flow and metabolism in the rat. During nitrous oxide anesthesia, 14 rats exhaled (133)Xe, and continuous and simultaneous arterial and cerebral venous samples were drawn from a femoral artery and the transverse sinus of the brain. Extracerebral contamination of the venous sample was minimal, and equilibration of (133)Xe in brain tissue and blood was obtained after 10-24 min of inhalation. Cerebral blood flow was calculated from the total activity of the mechanically integrated arterial and venous samples according to the principle of Scheinberg and Stead. At a mean Paco2 of 40 mmHg, CBF averaged 98 +/- 6 (SEM) ml/100 g-min and CMRO2 averaged 5.4 +/- 0.7 (SEM) ml/100 g-min. CBF changed 2.4% with each millimeter Hg change of Paco2 while CMRO2 changed only insignificantly. The values obtained for CBF are higher than reported for man and large laboratory animals bur reflect the proportionately greater amount of gray matter in the rat brain."
1147037,"Hydrostatic pressures were measured in cortical tubules, long loops of Henle, terminal collecting ducts, and in vasa recta in hamsters. In hydropenia, the loops of Henle and terminal collecting ducts provided the major fluid flow resistances, as judged by the location of hydrostatic pressure drops. In mannitol or saline diuresis, hydrostatic pressures in all tubular segments increased, but pressure drops in loops of Henle disappeared, indicating dilatation of loops. The major pressure drop was in terminal collecting ducts, especially in ducts of Bellini, even though these tubular segments also dilated. At highest urine flows, cortical tubule pressures were higher with the ureter and renal pelvis intact than when they were excised, suggesting laminar flow in the ureter adds a flow resistance at high flows. The pressure drop across the medullary capillary bed was 1-2 mmHg. The summation of medullary capillary hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures favored fluid uptake from the interstitium, a relationship enhanced by vasa recta geometry which ensures that descending vasa recta offer 4 times the flow resistance of ascending vessels."
1147038,"Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and substrate utilization by small pieces of canine jejunal mucosa have been measured in vitro. In the absence of added substrate, the Qo2 was 0.21 mumol/h per mg dry wt and the respiratory quotient (RQ) was 0.73 indicating the endogenous substrate to be lipid in nature. When glucose or galactose was added, Qo2 and RQ increased. Metabolism of the endogenous substrate was depressed by fructose but not by glucose or galactose. Less than 15% of the metabolized glucose and fructose was degraded to Co2; 80% of the metabolized glucose was recovered as lactate. Galactose disappeared at one-seventh the rate of glucose, but 40% of that metabolized was degrated to CO2. In all experiments Qo2 showed marked cyclic fluctuations with an amplitude of 30-40% of the mean value and a period of 30-40 min. For tissues from a single animal, the cycles were in phase on a clock time basis, indicating that the cycles were synchronized by some in vivo mechanism."
1147039,"By using an isolated in situ, cross-perfused pancreas preparation, direct neural effects on the immunoreactive insulin secretion rate (ISR) were separated from blood-borne influences. Blood from a large, anesthetized ""support"" dog was perfused through the pancreas of a small, anesthetized ""pancreas"" dog. Both splanchnic nerves of the pancreas dog were cut above the diaphragm and stimulated simultaneously (10 Hz, 0.1-ms pulses, 5-15 mA) for three 10-min periods, twice before and once during a pancreatic arterial phentolamine infusion (10 or 20 mug/min). Splanchnic nerve section caused a transient increase whereas stimulation caused a decrease in ISR. Phentolamine infusion blocked this decrease. In control experiments, an epinephrine infusion (25 or 50 mug/kg per min) was made into the systemic circulation of the pancreas dog instead of the first and second neural stimulations. No decrease in ISR occurred. Later neural stimulation (in the absence of phentolamine) was accompanied by a decrease in the ISR in three of four dogs. the ISR can be inhibited by direct neural imput to the pancreas, and this inhibition is mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors."
1147040,"Responses of normothermic and hibernating marmots to manipulations of the preoptic-hypothalamic temperature (TPO) were studied. Independent variables included alteration of TPO and, during normothermia, room temperature. Hibernation occurred at an ambient of 6 degrees C. Dependent variables include brain, subdermal, and surface temperatures, heart rate, and behavioral, electromyographic cortical, and hippocampal responses. Although normothermic autumn marmots displayed most of the usual mammalian responses to alterations of the TPO, evidence of effective dermal vasomotion was not obtained. Single episodes of water drinking accompanied prolonged raising of the TPO; sleep was not elicited. During hibernation, effective central thermoregulation was not apparent until 3 or 4 days had elapsed. After this, thermoregulation was readily demonstrable in response to both raising and lowering the TPO. The apparent open-loop gains (OLG) for rise in body temperature after lowering of the TPO showed an exponential increase in value at lower prestimulus body temperatures. It was postulated that this could be explained on the basis of the recruitment of cold-sensitive neurones, which in turn would provide an explanation for the hypothesized ""alarm temperature."""
1147041,"Hemorrhagic hypotensin in anesthetized dogs produced a redistribution of renal blood flow from the outer to the inner cortex. The role of adrenergic mechanisms in this redistribution was studied in anesthetized dogs using a radioactive microspheres to determine intrarenal blood flow. Neither renal denervation, nor pretreatment with reserpine altered the characteristic redistribution of renal cortical flow during hemorrhage. These observations suggest that neither intact renal nerves nor circulating catecholamines are necessary for the redistribution of renal intracortical blood flow during hemorrhagic hypotension, and the role of myogenic autoregulation is emphasized."
1147042,"Cardiovascular function of arteriosclerotic (breeders) and nonarteriosclerotic (virgins) male am exercise was examined in the denervated gracilis muscle of the anesthetized dog. The data show that 1) on initiation of heavy exercise, the effluent blood PO2 and pH fall markedly and then rise slowly but remain depressed relative to control during 60 min of exercise hyperemia, while the initial increases in [K+] and osmolality rapidly approach and eventually reach preexercise levels. 2) The enhanced vasodilator activity of venous blood from exercising muscle is attenuated when effluent blood PO2 or pH is corrected to preexercise levels; it is completely abolished when both are corrected. 3) Induced reduction of PO2 or pH in the arterial inflow, and thus venous outflow, of resting muscle produces a fall in resistance; simultaneous reductions of both to levels seen in heavy exercise produce a fally in resistance to near that observed during exercise. Since the enhanced vasodilator activity of venous blood from the contracting muscle was abolished by simultaneous correction of the PO2 and pH, it seems likely that these factors, acting directly or indirectly, are the prinicipal chemicals responsible for the maintenance of the vasodilation seen in canine skeletal muscle during heavy exercise."
1147043,"Leukocytic pyrogen and sodium acetylsalicyclate (NaASA) were microinjected into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) area of cats to examine the direct effects of these agents on identified thermoregulatory neurons. The pyrogen and NaASA were administered under thermoneutral conditions to preparations that displayed peripheral or peripheral and central thermoreceptor input. The majority of neurons studied with proximate injection of pyrogen responded in a manner consistent with the set-point hypothesis; i.e., units responding to heating with increased activity were depressed and those showing a decreased discharge with the heat test were excited by the pyretic agent. Injection of NaASA without pyrogen pretreatment caused no significant modification of thermoregulatory neuron discharge in most cases. However, when NaASA was administered after pyrogen, it uniformly antagonized the pyretic effect causing a return of the discharge to the control rate. It may be concluded that pyrogen and NaASA act directly in the PO/AH area to produce fever and antipyresis, respectively, by appropriately offsetting the activity of thermoregulatory neurons."
1147044,"Effects of high potassium concentrations on para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by isolated, perfused snake (Thamnophis spp.) distal-proximal renal tubules were studied. Increasing the potassium concentration in bath from 3 mM TO 10 mM OR 40 MM led to about 50% decrease in net PAH transport from bath to lumen in less than 10 min, but transport still occurred against concentration gradient. Cell water PAH concentration was not significantly depressed in 10 mMpotassium and was nearly double control level in 40 mM potassium. Apparent luminal membrane permeability to PAH, calculated from perfusion studies, averaged about 3.5 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 3 mM potassium, 1.15 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 10 mM potassium, and 0.48 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 40 mM potassium. Apparent peritubular membrane permeability, determined from PAH efflux from tubules with oil-filled lumens averaged about 0.5 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 3 mM potassium, 0.29 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 10 mM potassium, and 0.17 x 10(-5) cm sec(-1) in 40 mM potassium. These data suggest that high potassium concentrations depress transepithelial PAH transport primarily by reducing luminal and peritubular membrane permeabilities. Effect of high potassium on PAH transport was reversed within 20 min after restoration of control potassium concentration."
1147045,"Sodium and calcium are normally reabsorbed in parallel in the renal tubule. Both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and thiazide diuretics may influence this relationship. This study was designed to show whether the dissociation of Na from Ca transport produced by thiazides is dependent upon the presence of PTH. Hydropenic thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs were given chlorothiazide alone and together with PTH. Chlorothiazide alone significantly increased fractional excretion of sodium (0.5 +/- 0.3-5.6 +/- 0.3%) and calcium (0.74 +/- 0.18-1.4 +/- 0.24%). However, the Ca/Na excretion ratio fell markedly from 1.57 to 0.24%. Micropuncture revealed this dissociation to occur at the distal tubule. Proximal reabsorption of water, sodium, and calcium were inhibited to an equal extent. However, distal fractional sodium reabsorption fell 10% whereas calcium reabsorption remained unchanged following chlorothiazide administration in TPTX animals. When phosphaturic doses of PTH were administered with chlorothiazide, no significant changes were observed in calcium or sodium reabsorption. It is concluded that PTH plays no role in the dissociation of sodium from calcium reabsorption resulting from acute chlorothiazide administration."
1147046,"Effects of an acute intravenous water load on glomerular and tubular function were studied in the anesthetized desert quail Lophortyx gambelii. Total-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single-nephron glomerular filtration rates (SNGFR) of reptilian-type and mammalian-type nephrons increased by more than 50% compared with the GFR and SNGFRs measured during a control mannitol diuresis. Despite the increase in GFR, urine flow rate was only 56% of that in control mannitol diuresis, free-water clearance (CH2o) remained at 1-2% of GFR, and the animals excreted only about 79% of the water load. More than 99% of the filtered sodium and 93% of the filtered water were reabsorbed during the water load. Possible reasons for the increased GFR and the failure to produce a dilute urine or excrete the water load are discussed."
1147047,"Histidine concentration in the brain decreases rapidly when rats are fed a low protein diet in which an amino acid imbalance is created by addition of an amino acid mixture devoid of histidine. Competition for histidine transport into the brain was suggested as an explanation for this effect. Therefore, animo acid mixtures simulating composition of plasma from rats fed basal or histidine-imbalanced diets were added to media to evaluate their effects on uptake of histidine by brain slices during a 60-min incubation period. At the concentrations actually found in plasma, the unbalanced mixture decreased histidine uptake significantly more than did the basal mixture. Two distinct inhibition patterns were observed with different groups of amino acids: a linear decrease in histidine uptake with a mixture of the small neutral, hydroxyl, basic, and acidic amino acids, and a hyperbolic decrease with a mixture of large neutral amino acids, and a hyperbolic decrease with a mixture of large neutral amino acids. Inhibition of histidine transport by the complete mixtures reflected these two effects. Plasma patterns and concentrations of competitive amino acids as well as the concentration of histidine appear to be factors involved in decreasing histidine transport into the brain."
1147048,"In the saphenous nerve of the barbiturate-anesthetized cat, single-unit recordings were made while stimulating guard-hair of down-hair receptors with sinusoidal or narrow-band ""noise"" displacements. From the units' frequency responses it was inferred that a significant contribution to their firing rate is made by stimulus displacement as well as by stimulus velocity. The appellation ""velocity detector"" for these units is only partially correct. The proposed division of guard-hair units into types G1 and G2 was not supported by the results obtained with the stimulus used in this investigation."
1147049,"The cerebral uptakes of glucose, oxygen, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were compared in the adult, the fetal, and the newborn sheep. Beginning 1-2 days after surgery, we withdrew samples simultaneously from an artery and from the sagittal sinus for up to 2 wk. At all ages glucose was the only substrate taken up in significant quantity relative to oxygen. The glucose-oxygen quotients were 0.98 less than 1.03 less than 1.08 in adults; 0.92 less than 0.99 less than 1.06 in lambs; 0.92 less than 0.98 less than 1.03 in fetuses. These quotients were not significantly different. There was a significant (P less than .05) arteriovenous difference for lactate in the adult (-0.031 mM), but not in the lamb or fetus. A significant (P less than .05) arteriovenous difference pyruvate was found in the adult (-0.013 mM) and in the fetus (-0.020 mM). The findings of a glucose-oxygen quotient of approximately 1 and the lack of significant lactate production in fetal sheep brain are consistent with the hypothesis that anerobic glycolysis is unimportant to the steady-state cerebral metabolism of the fetal sheep."
1147050,"Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) when micro-injected into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) of conscious rabbits is a potent pyrogenic agent. We have investigated the action of PGE1 on the activity of single units of the PO/AH area using the microelectrophoretic technique. One hundred and thirty-eight PO/AH units were tested both for their response to changes in local PO/AH temperature and for their response to PGE1 application. Less than 9.0% of the total population of units tested showed any response to PGE1 application. When present, the response was invariably one of mild facilitation. No specific unit type (thermally sensitive or insensitive) appeared to be selectively affected by PGE1. Thus, the proportion of units affected by PGE1 was constant at 8-10% for warm-sensitive, cold-sensitive, or thermally insensitive units. There was no evidence to support an antagonistic role for PGE1 on the effects on norepinephrine on PO/AH units. On the basis of these results, we cannot predicate any simple neuronal basis for the action of PGE1 in producing fever in conscious rabbits. However, it is suggested that the action of PGE1 might be the modulation of presynaptic release of neurotransmitter onto the units of the PO/AH area."
1147051,"Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered by gastric tube to 10 infant monkeys at doses of 1-4 g/kg produced rapid increases in plasma glutamate (17- to 33-fold) and aspartate (50- to 90-fold) levels. The degree of elevation was proportional to the dose administered. Levels of other amino acids were unaffected. Two of the monkeys exhibited high fasting glutamate levels and abnormal glutamate tolerance curves. Despite this apparent decreased ability to metabolize glutamate, neither these animals nor any of the others for whom morphologic studies have been previously reported demonstrated neurotoxicity. Studies using 14-C-labeled glutamated indicated conversion of administered glutamate to two ninhydrin-negative compounds identified as glucose and lactate, as well as to asparate."
1147052,"The effect of dehydration on the distribution of water in the bodies of two species of desert kangaroos, the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa and the euro Macropus robustus, has been examined. The volumes of various body-fluid compartments were determined in normally hydrated animals and then after the kangaroos had been dehydrated until body weight declined to 80% of the initial weight. The fluid compartments examined were total body water, plasma volume, intracellular volume (cellular and gut water), and extracellular volume. Both species were camel-like in their response to dehydration in that plasma volume was maintained in both species, falling by only 8.3% in red kangaroos and 7.4% in euros. The pattern of water loss from other compartments differed between species, particularly gut water loss. This compartment, which includes the large rumenlike fore stomach, contributed 56% of the total water loss of red kangaroos but only 22% of the loss from euros. The ecological implications of the preferential maintenance of gut water by the sedentary, cave-dwelling euros have been discussed."
1147053,"Effects of epinephrine on the automaticity of canine AV nodal fibers were studied on spontaneously beating AV node-His bundle preparations. Transmembrane potentials of single fibers of the AV node or His bundle were recorded with microelectrode techniques. Action potentials of most AV nodal fibers were characterized by steep phase-4 depolarization and smooth transition from phases 4 to 0. Epinephrine (0.1-0.2 mug/ml) increased the spontaneous rate of the AV nodal fibers. The slope of phase 4 depolarization was increased and the threshold shifted to a more negative level. These changes probably accounted for the increase in the automaticity of the node. Also, in the presence of epinephrine, the pacemaker of the preparation was consistently located at the AV node had a higher degree of automaticity than the His bundle. The findings of the present experiment, therefore, further support the view that the AV node is automatic."
1147054,"Prolonged vasodilation follows 20- and 60-min periods of stimulation (4 twitches/s) of dog skeletal muscle with blood flow held constant at 23 plus or minus 2 ml/100 g per min. During stimulation isometric tension development fell 61 plus or minus 3%, and we have operationally defined this as fatiguing exercise. During stimulation vasodilation was maximum. Following stimulation vascular resistance returned to control with average half-times of 6.9 plus or minus 0.6 and 5.8 plus or minus 0.4 min after 20 and 60 min of stimulation, respectively. This prolonged vascular recovery following fatiguing exercise is an order of magnitude slower than vascular recovery following less severe exercise. The pressor response to an intra-arterial bolus of angiotensin (0.5 mug) is not depressed during prolonged vasodilation. Prolonged vasodilation does not appear to be closely linked to changes in tissue oxygen consumption. In addition, the changes in resistance can be dissociated from changes in K+, osmolality, and lactate production following fatiguing exercise. We conclude that prolonged vasodilation following fatiguing exercise is caused by a metabolic vasodilator substance which is yet to be identified."
1147055,"In the isolated, perfused rat pancreas, we contrasted effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and diazoxide on glucose-induced biphasic insulin secretion. Either drug partially inhibited the first phase. However, DPH completely inhibited the second phase, whereas diazoxide produced inhibition, then escape and post-inhibitory overshoot. Exposure to DPH prior to glucose further inhibited the first phase, and increasing the dose had no additional effects, whereas only raising the diazoxide dose intensified inhibition of early release. DPH sequentially suppressed early response to a series of two, short, glucose pulses. In contrast, no additional effects of diazoxide were noted after its initial inhibition of the first pulse. A computer analysis was programmed from hypotheses based on these experiments. It suggests that DPH inhibits release from a labile compartment and provision of insulin to that compartment, whereas diazoxide divides the labile compartment into two sequential subcompartments. Further, the computer analysis indicates that, with diazoxide, insulin (or substances on which secretion depends) accumulates not at the final release step but at a proximal portion of the labile compartment."
1147056,"Measurements of anesthetized dogs by the heat-accumulation technique showed that cyanide reduced equally the metabolic rates of outer medulla and cortex, whereas combined infusion of ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide reduced mainly the metabolic rate of the outer medulla. During ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide infusion, cyanide reduced the remaining sodium reabsorption by an average of 19% and the remaining cortical metabolic rate by 43%, but had no additional effect on the outer medullary metabolism. Metabolic rates remained essentially constant when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was raised during cyanide infusion from 63 plus or minus 3 to 135 plus or minus 7% of control by carotid constriction or intravenous infusion of angiotensin. Glomerulotubular balance, defined as proportional relationship between sodium reabsorption and GFR during infusion of ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide, was present only at GFR less than 80% of control in experiments with and without cyanide infusion. We conclude that cyanide inhibits proximal energy-requiring sodium transport which cannot be inhibited by ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide, but does not alter the range of GFR over which glomerulotubular balance applies."
1147057,"To study the role of the renal sympathetic nerves in the regulation of sodium excretion, we examined the renal functional response to left renal nerve stimulation before (group I) and after (group II) left renal adrenergic blockade with guanethidine. In group I dogs, absolute sodium excretion from the left kidney fell markedly after left renal nerve stimulation; the decreases in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow were of a similar magnitude. Using the radiolabeled microsphere technique, distribution of renal blood flow to the outer cortex was diminished after left renal nerve stimulation. In group II dogs, guanethidine blocked all of these effects of left renal nerve stimulation. In group iii studies, a low level of left renal nerve stimulation was used which resulted in a decrease in sodium excretion in the absence of changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow; this effect was blocked by renal adrenergic blockade with guanethidine in group iv studies. These data support a role for the renal sympathetic nerves to directly influence renal tubular sodium transport in the absence of alterations in renal hemodynamics."
1147058,"To investigate the quantitative relationship between glucose and sodium reabsorption during extracellular fluid (ECF) expansion and to examine the possible contribution to glucosuria of passive diffusion of glucose from peritubular blood to tubular fluid, renal clearance studies were carried out in dogs. It was found that ECF expansion with isotonic saline or Ringer solution causes a decrease in the maximal rate of glucose reabsorption (TmGlc), which is inversely and linearly related to fractional sodium excretion (FENa) over a range from less than 1% more than 25% FENa (r equals -0.394, P less than 0.001). A continuous relationship between TmGlc and FENa could be demonstrated as the ECF was expanded in individual animals as well as in pooled data. Infusion of albumin solution to preferentially expand the plasma volume and decrease proximal tubular sodium reabsorption produced a 24% fall in TmGlc suggesting that the proximal tubule is the site of interrelated glucose and sodium reabsorption. After pulse injections into the renal artery, [14-C]glucose and insulin had the same appearance time in the urine, thus failing to demonstrate diffusion of glucose from blood into the tubule in saline-loaded dogs as well as in dogs in normal sodium balance. It is suggested that ECF expansion exerts its effect on glucose reabsorption by inhibiting the coupled transport of glucose and sodium across the epithelium of the renal proximal tubule."
1147059,"The electrical potential difference (PD) in the rat proximal convoluted tubule was investigated in vivo as a function of distance from the glomerulus. The PD was found to be invariably negative (up to -4.5 mV) in the earliest segments (less than 0.5 mm from the glomerulus) and rose to positive values (+2 to +4) in the later segments (1 mm beyond the glomerulus). This change in PD correlated with the bubule fluid-to-plasma (TF/P) chloride ratios, which rose from unity in the early segments to approximately 1.3 in the late. Corresponding changes in PD and chloride ratios could be elicited by single-nephron stop-flow techniques in the early segments. Luminal perfusion techniques demonstrated a direct relationship between PD and tubule fluid chloride concentration. Acetazolamide was found to significantly reduce both late proximal PD (less than +2 mV) and TF/P chloride ratios (less than 1.06). Split-drop studies demonstrated that the negative PD in the early proximal tubule was dependent on the presence of glucose and alanine and the absence of a chloride gradient, whereas in the late proximal tubule under the same conditions the PD was not significantly different from zero. In this segment of the nephron the positive PD in free flow appeared to result from the chloride diffusion potential generated by preferential HCO3 reabsorption. These results provide further demonstration of intrinsic differences in the transport properties along the length of the proximal convoluted tubule."
1147060,"The effects of prolactin on rat renal sodium and water handling during volume expansion were studied using clearance techniques. Both control and experimental adult male Wistar rats were prehydrated with an oral water load of volume equal to 2.5% body weight (BW). At least 3 h later, a continuous intravenous infusion of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S8), 7.1 mug/h per 100 g, was started in the experimental group. After a 1-h steady-state period, the rats were given an intravenous expansion infusion of either hypotonic saline (2.5% BW), isotonic saline (2.5% and 7.5% BW), or blood (2.5% BW). In all control hypotonic and isotonic saline-expanded animals, within 1 h the rats excreted a volume of urine equal to over 50% of the volume of saline infused. The diuretic and natriuretic responses to saline expansion of prolactin-treated rats were significantly smaller than controls. In contrast to the effects of prolactin on the renal response to saline infusions, it did not alter the natriuretic or diuretic response to blood infusion. Prolactin may be counteracting the effects of physical factors on the regulation of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule."
1147061,"It was determined by use of [35-S]furosemide and an ultrafiltration procedure that furosemide is bound extensively to bovine serum albumin. When 500 muM furosemide and albumin at a concentration of 2.5 g/100 ml were used, approximately 90% of the drug was bound. With this same amount of furosemide, but with 3 times as much albumin, binding was about 98%. Using a 25-fold lower concentration of furosemide, 20 muM, binding was nearly 98% with 2.5 g albumin/100 ml, and was over 98% with 7.5 g albumin/100 ml. These same concentrations of furosemide and albumin were used to investigate the excretory and secretory rates of [35-S]furosemide in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Tubular clearance (i.e., secretion) of [35-S]furosemide was inversely related to the concentration of albumin in the perfusate. In kidneys perfused without albumin, tubular clearance of the drug was 6-20 times that found when 2.5 or 7.5 g albumin/100 ml, respectively, was used. Probenecid, with or without albumin, reduced the clearance of furosemide to that of its filtration rate. It is concluded that at physiological albumin concentrations, a very small fraction of circulating furosemide will be available for filtration, and tubular-fluid and urinary furosemide will arise predominantly from secretion. Because of extensive binding of furosemide to albumin, the renal secretory process itself is depressed, and the rate of secretion will be dependent, in part, on the concentration of unbound drug."
1147062,"Hallucinations occur in a wide variety of altered states of consciousnes and are an important symptom in various psychiatric syndromes. Several psychological and biological theories of their origin have offered, ranging from the concept of wish fulfillment, to the hypothesis of an electorchemical release of the perceptual system, to denials that hallucinatory phenomena exist. No explanation has completely satisfied clinicans, probably because the word ""hallucination"" labels a complex set of phenomena. The author accepts this complexity and offers a conceptual analysis of four key dimensions of the halucinatory experience in an attempt to clarify the gamut of experiences that may be called hallucinations."
1147063,"The authors developed reliable clinical rating scales to compare 35 children with school phobia and their families with a matched sample of children with other neuroses and their families. Twice as many school phobic children as children with other neuroses showed excessive separation anxiety, dependency, and depression. Although a mutually hostile-dependent interaction was found in most of the families of children with school phobia, the development of school phobia appeared to be dependent on defects in character development in the children as well. The authors discuss the etiological significance of the almost universal parental pathology and family malfunction for both groups of children."
1147064,"Material from interviews with 35 premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls suggests that menarche is an emotional event related to the adolescent girl's emerging identity as an adult woman, her newly acquired ability to reproduce, and her changing relationship with her mother. However, our culture tends to ignore the affective importance of menarche and instead conveys the view that it is a hygienic crisis. The authors suggest the need for developing a socially and culturally appropriate substitute to serve the emotional function that more primitive societies have met with social rituals, thus meeting the psychological needs of the young adolescent girl."
1147065,"Nineteen psychiatrists who participated in the research training program at Boston University School of Medicine from July 1962 to June 1972 were surveyed by questionnaire to determine how participation in the training program may have affected their subsequent professional careers. Results indicate that-probably via a happy combination of self-selection, screening, and the actual experience of research training-these 19 psychiatrists constitute an impressive group who are active in research, publish extensively, and assume substantial teaching responsibilities at medical schools. The authors suggest tha a postresidency program in research training can be extremely important to the development of careers in psychiatric research and to a more scientifically grounded profession."
1147066,"The laws of many of the states require a physician to determine that a mentally ill individual presents a danger to others before the disturbed person can be civilly committed for involuntary treatment. The author contends that the prediction of dangerousness is not and should not be within the competence of medicine, but that physicians are competent to judge whether or not the severity of mental illness impairs a patient's competence to make an informed decision regarding treatment. The basic issue in emergency commitment is the patient's welfare, not his potential dangerousness. Dr. Alan A. Stone comments on Dr. Peszke's presentation."
1147068,"Data on 90 psychiatric patients' perceptions of the course and outcome of hospitalization were gathered using a problem-oriented system. Patients were interviewed on admission, at discharge, and at two follow-up intervals. Therapists perceptions of patients' problems and their severity were also assessed on patients' admission and at discharge. Although the absolute number of problems reported by patients increased over time, there was a significant decrease over time, there was a significant decrease in the level of distress associated with problems on both patients' and therapists' ratings. The dynamics of this improvement are discussed from the perspectives of both patients and therapists."
1147069,The authors report their experience with a 12-item checklist used to score need for hospitalization. The checklist was filled in and scored by research assistants who reviewed the charts of 100 hospitalized and 50 nonhospitalized patients. A written opinion of a senior clinical consultant was available for hospitalized patients whose charts were rated low in need for hospitalization and for nonhospitalized patients whose charts were rated high. The checklist scores differentiated the two groups of patients. The authors can conclude that the checklist can be a valuable tool in a review process that culminates in review by an experienced clinician.
1147070,"The authors reviewed the charts of 36 nonhospitalized suicide attempters who were identified by utilization review as requiring hospitalization. In 16 of the cases, the authors judged the treatment given to have been adequate because of an absence of a history of psychiatric treatment and/or the rapidity with which outpatient treatment was instiituted. Ten of the cases were judged to have been inadequately treated. This finding pointed to have been inadequately treated. This finding pointed to specific deficiencies in the training of residents and the delivery of psychiatric services and illustrates how chart review can be used to upgrade psychiatric care."
1147071,"The author emphasizes the potential benefits to patients, physicians, and third-party payers from systematic specification of services rendered by psychiatrists in direct patient care. Procedural Terminology for Psychiatrists provides a reporting system that appropriately reflects variations in skill, complexity, and levels of patient care services. The author suggest that reporting on the basis of specific procedures is an essential aspect in assuring quality care."
1147072,The authors have developed a two-year part-time sex therapy training program for physicians. The first year emphasizes instruction in human sexuality as it relations to dysfunctional states. A highly selected group continues to a year of clinical experience using dual-sex (trainee-supervisor) therapy teams; trainess treat an average of four dysfunctional couples. The authors suggest that the program can serve as a possible model for other centers.
1147073,"The authors compared the effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, and placebo on hostility, as an inner motivational or arousal state, in moderately and highly anxious male research volunteers. The data again supported the hypothesis that clordiazepoxide-induced increases in motivational hostility are more frequent and intense than those associated with placebo and oxazepum. The data also suggest that oxazepam may be a more specific ""hostility tranquilizer"" than other benzodiazepines."
1147074,"A patient who developed severe tardive dyskinesia after the termination of long-term phenothiazine therapy was successfully treated with deanol, a possible precursor of acetylcholine. Physiological measurements were obtained to quantify the clinical course. The authors discuss the practical and heuristic implications of these observations and suggest further consideration of therapy directed toward enhancement of cholinergic activity in the central nervous system."
1147075,The authors describe a 26-year-old woman who became hypomanic after awakening from a semicomatose state induced by an overdose of amitriptyline-perphenazine (Triavil). She had been depressed and had a strong family history of manic-depressive illness. The case is reported to support previous evidence that dopamine is a mediator for mania.
1147086,"Of 12 otherwise health individuals facing honorable discharge from the military because of intractable sleepwalking, six chose to participate in a short-term treatment program involving hypnosis. Four of these reported total alleviation of symptoms. Therapeutic design and treatment implications are discussed and a brief review of the literature is presented."
1147087,"An art-drama therapy group for latency-age boys made possible the exploration of personal symbols and intense fantasies which resulted in a therapeutically powerful and productive experience. This paper describes the background, rationale, and dynamic process of this group. Multimodal expressive arts therapy is supported."
1147088,"This article describes common life-history themes and intervention strategies with 25 patients who seemed overeager to regard themselves as mentally ill and had aggressively sought treatment for more than two years with little improvement. What they seemed to require was an approach that challenged this self-image, and helped them to organize their past experiences around a more constructive and satisfying identity."
1147089,"This article illustrates how the assessment of the level and degree of dependency in psychotherapy can be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Dependency varies with the stage of psychosexual development, with the degree and state of illness, and with the stage of treatment. Appropriate monitoring of this factor promotes optimal growth potential in the patient."
1147090,"Men frequently relate to women as either ""sanctified"" and hence, asexual, or as sexual, and therefore ""degraded."" A case is presented demonstrating a similar finding in a woman. The uncovering of the ""Devil-Priest Syndrome"" during psychotherapy is described. Some speculations as to the significance of this finding in the understanding of the psychodynamics of sexuality are included."
1147091,"A particular personality type, the victimizer, is an important component of destructive conflict. A victimizer syndrome includes a deep sense of deprivation and loss with a need for restitution, and a perception of the self as ineffectual in producing changes in his own life. The possible origin of the syndrome and societal effects on it are also discussed."
1147092,Eight physiologic parameters were correlated with global ratings of affect intensity in four psychotherapeutic interviews with one patient. Highly significant covariation of affect with five of the eight physiologic parameters was obtained. It was concluded that affect intensity may be a useful psychologic parameter in studying psychophysiologic relationships in psychotherapy.
1147093,"The development of the thinking processes from childhood to maturity is analyzed and three stages are distinguished: the magic omnipotent stage of the preschool child, the development of the realistic ego, and the future-directed value-building superego. The role of the lure to return to the magic thinking in our culture is described."
1147094,"The psychotherapeutic approach to sadomasochism is discussed with clinical examples. The necessary attributes of the therapist and specific therapeutic techniques are emphasized so as to avoid the destructive, uncontrollable negative therapeutic reactions. A better modulated transference can be interpreted with beneficial results."
1147095,"Interviewing behavior of psychiatrists representing the Gestalt, Psychoanalytic, Kleinian and Jungian schools of psychotherapy are rated using the Truax-Carkhuff measures of accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth and genuineness. Although similarities of behavior were found, there were significant behavioral differences that coincide with the theoretical models."
1147096,"An operant conditioning orientation and a psychoanalytic one are compared, in terms of differences and likenesses, on a number of dimensions. A few ideas are offered as to why advocates of each approach have generated more heat than light in their discussions with one another; and thereby worked against mutual enrichment and integration of the two viewpoints."
1147097,"Behaviorist principles operate observably in all aspects of animal life, hence in all therapies and in the community at large. Application of these principles strengthens treatment, notably with unsophisticated clients and sociopaths commonly encountered at Community Clinics. It also makes the program more sellable to taxpayers. Various techniques are described."
1147099,"There has been growing interest in social mobility (that is, an individual's movement within a social system) and the problems associated with it. This paper shows that the rates of psychiatric disorder are a function of (a) social mobility, (b) direction of mobility, (c) distance moved, (d) the locus of mobility in the status hierarchy. A central concept in this discussion is the concept of ""anomie."""
1147100,"In the orthodox theory and practice of psychotherapy and counseling, each case is considered to be unique or idiodynamic in terms of psychodynamic history. According to a new and still unorthodox principle, a syndrome may have a common psychodynamic denominator, shared by all or most carriers of the syndrome. As illustrated with reference to Turner's (45,X) syndrome, application of this new principle expedites the psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic procedures."
1147101,In this paper the authors cite examples of problems experienced in conducting psychotherapy in a highly prejudiced societal context-South Africa. The conclusion is drawn that not enough attention is paid to sociopolitical exigencies in the formulation of the goals of therapy and the role of the psychotherapist.
1147102,Dream analysis increases participation in brief analytic psychotherapy through interpretation of currently meaningful content. This transition and the sharing of the dream with the therapist helps develop increased self-awareness and recognition of the patient's ability to make self-initiated decisions rather than remain helpless in the face of current conflict.
1147103,"The authors have investigated the interrelationships among psychiatric resident physicians, medical student clerks, and patients on the inpatient psychiatric wards in two teaching hospitals. Medical students tended to focus on establishing rapport with patients whereas psychiatric residents tended to focus on psychopathology and management."
1147104,"The mental concept of puerperal psychoses is considered as having important determinants in body image disturbances. A case is presented of a woman who had had postpartum psychiatric disorders after the birth of each of her two daughters, and who suffered a relapse in identification with her parturient younger daughter."
1147105,"This case report illustrates the application of behavior modification techniques for managing children's misbehavior. The important elements of this report are the use of graduate students as co-therapists, the implementation of the program directly in the family's home, and the focus on shaping the mother's disciplinary behavior."
1147106,"This paper discusses superego fixations and regressions that predispose to and are caused by alcoholism. Two continua of superego functioning are explored, (1) the extent of internalization vs. externalization and (2) regulation of behavior vs. self-castigation. The superego constellations in guilty, binge, sociopathic, and deteriorated alcoholics are delineated to explain the interaction of a treatment program with these patients."
1147107,"Student psychotherapists often spend relatively brief periods in clinical placements or rotations. In this article, Lewis R. Wolberg's model for short-term therapy is extended and adapted for use in long-term treatment by multiple student therapists treating patients in tandem. Techniques are proposed to enhance continuity of therapy and smooth changing of therapists."
1147108,"Homosexuality as a diagnostic category has been of limited value since the sexual functioning, ego development, and object relations of patients are not always correlated. Considering homosexuality as a complex configuration resulting from the interplay of unconscious drives with defensive processes and adaptive implications offers a comprehensive dynamic approach. Illustrative case material is presented."
1147109,"The ego strengthening use of wit and the comic by a borderline psychotic child is discussed. Serving a valuable defensive function, this patient's use of wit allowed him to eventually confront the despair beneath the comedy. Specific techniques for therapeutic reinforcement of wit are suggested."
1147110,"Programs and contraceptive use continuation rates were obtained for a rural Georgia family planning clinic. Program continuation is a measurement of maintenance of clinic attendance, while use continuation is related to actual use of effective contraceptives regardless of clinic activity status. Program continuation rates ranged from 0.77 at 12 months to 0.48 at 36 months. Contraceptive use continuation rates were 0.78 at 12 months and 0.58 at 36 months. Women who moved or were otherwise lost to follow-up formed the largest category of discontinuation. The highest rate of discontinuation from clinic attendance occurred after the first visit with secondary peaks around the time of scheduled annual checkups. Women who were younger and had fewer living children had a greater likelihood of discontinuing clinic attendance and contraceptive use. The reasons for and timing of discontinuation from clinic attendance suggest that clinic personnel should place special emphasis on the first visits, arrange referral for women who might have plans to leave the service area before the scheduled return visit, send reminders before first revisits, and follow up patients soon after missed visits. Priority might be assigned to the younger women of low parity who have been shown to be at higher risk of discontinuation. Other factors which might influence continuation include method of contraception, marital status, and race. Program continuation can be determined by analysis of clinic records alone while contraceptive use continuation often requires follow-up of patients. Although the two continuation rates were not equivalent, program and use continuation were roughly parallel through much of the study period. This suggests that a simple review of records in the clinic or on computer tape, when available, to determine program continuation may give an estimate of actual contraceptive use in the population."
1147114,"A retrospective study of the association between selected sociopsychological variables and the early discontinuation of intrauterine device use was carried out among patients of the Central Clinic of Family Health, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana. In toto, 270 women cooperated in a standardized interview which was administered by trained auxiliaries of the clinic's staff; Investigation of sociodemographic characteristics shows a greater proportion of the terminators to be younger, more mobile, and to have experienced more changes in marital partners. Continuers are at greater health risk in pregnancy as rated by the clinic at time of admission, but do not verbalize this as a concern. Responses relating to sexuality image and contraceptive attitudes indicate that a greater proportion of the terminators dislike an internal IUD self string check, hold a more pro-pregnancy attitude, do not feel dependent on the availability of contraceptives, and currently utilize the less effective contraceptive methods. Few significant differences are reported in the side effects experienced after IUD insertion by the terminators or continuers. However, the groups hold decidely different perceptions of the meaning of such complaints. A greater proportion of the terminators perceive themselves as being sick, take to bed during the menses, find that complaints disrupt their normal household activities, and are fearful of the meaning to their health of the difficulties experienced. The majority of both groups are functioning in a segregated marital role pattern. Terminators portray a tendency to be interacting with more ""traditional"" husbands who visualize the proper role for their wives as mothers whose duty it is to stay home. Continuers, to a greater degree, are more dominant individuals, make more decisions in the running of the home, and feel that contraception is their responsibility alone. Program implications take direction from the findings that the terminator is a more ""costly"" patient in terms of physician time and is at a decidely greater risk of final closure to all clinic contacts."
1147115,"Menstrual regulation is a safe, effective, and economical method of fertility control. Its increased safety compared to first trimester abortion establishes menstrual regulation by vacuum aspiration for treatment of up to 14 days missed menstrual period as probably better medical practice than waiting to confirm the presence of a pregnancy. Because it is a postcontraceptive method, menstrual regulation has potential in family planning services both as a recruitment service and for the treatment of contraceptive failures. Its use as an only method of fertility control is being studied. The acceptance of this new family planning service will primarily depend on its availability, dissemination of information about the service, and the ability of women freely to avail themselves of the service without delay. Although long term effects of single and repeated use of menstrual regulation are not known, its immediate complications are few and it can be recommended as a useful addition to present fertility control methods in family planning programs."
1147156,"In reviewing 38 cases of biliary atresia, 8 cases were detected to have osseous abnormalities. We found definite generalized demineralization of bones in 3 cases, metaphyseal abnormalities in 5 cases, and fractures in 4 cases. Marked demineralization of bones was seen in cases in which the clinical course was more than 1 year. No good correlation was observed between osseous changes and severity of liver dysfunction."
1147157,"Two patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and a distinctive arthropathy are presented. The joint findings are characterized by joint narrowing, prominent osteophytes, subcondral sclerosis and multiple lucent subchondral cysts, and chondrocalcinosis. The etiology of this arthropathy and its relationship to chondrocalcinosis are discussed. Occasionally, patients may present with this arthropathy before the onset of the classical signs of idiopathic hemochromatosis."
1147159,"Neurogenic disorders of the foot in diabetics have been found with increasing frequency in recent years, Therefore, familiarity with the spectrum of roentgen findings appears essential. Significant changes include Charcot joints of the tarsus (destructive type), and bone absorption of the forefoot (multilating type). Charcot joints have been observed in 11 patients, bone absorption in 12, and a combination of both types in 3. This combination strongly suggests a diabetic neuropathy. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are briefly discussed."
1147160,"The navicular fat stripe (NFS) is a useful roentgenographic feature for evaluating traumatic wrist injury. A radiolucent stripe, cast by a thin collection of fat paralleling the lateral surface of the navicular bone, was seen in 96 percent of 400 normal wrists examined because of trauma. Obliteration or displacement of this line (positive NFS sign) is commonly present in acute fractures of the naviculum, radial styloid process, and proximal first metacarpus. A ositive NFS sign serves to alert the radiologist that an underlying fracture is likely. In particular, the NFS sign generally accompanies a navicular fracture."
1147163,"The radiographic anatomy of the tendon sheaths of the hand and wrist is described. Contrast evaluation, tenography, of these synovial-lined channels utilizing 10 cadaver limbs was accomplished outlining their relationship to adjacent osseous and articular structures. The technique is simple and provides the radiologist with further understanding of the pattern and distribution of roentgenologic alterations accompanying septic and granulomatous processes of the hand and wrist including ""horeshoe abscesses"" of the palm, osteomyelitis, pyarthrosis, and rheumatoid tenosynovitis. Tenography should be added to the radiologist's ever-increasing armamentarium."
1147164,"Characteristic roentgenographic patterns of femoral head migration occur in osteoarthritis of the hip. In a study of 100 patients superolateral migration was noted in 15, superomedial in 48, superior migration of intermediate type in 15, and medial displacement of the femoral head in 22. Correlation with pathologic specimens obtained following total hip replacements and comparison with patterns of femoral head migration in rheumatoid arthritis were accomplished. It would appear that anatomic features of the acetabulum are of prime importance in the determination of the type of femoral head displacement complicating osteoarthritis."
1147165,"Roentgenographic evidence of bone and soft tissue abnormalities may be noted in the upper extremities of diabetics. Major shoulder changes, typically associated with peripheral neuropathy, include humeral head deformity due to bone resorption, joint space narrowing, subchondral cysts and sclerosis, subluxation, and juxtra-articular soft tissue bone fragments. Charcot-type joints, characterized by severe joint destruction, sclerosis, multiple bone fragments, and soft tissue swelling may occur. Diabetic neuropathy can produce flexion contractures of the hand. Abnormalities not necessarily associated with clinical neuropathy include cystic bone changes, cortical bone erosions, soft tissue calcification (calcific tendinitis), and vascular calcification."
1147167,"Four cases of occult central acetabular fractures are presented. The oblique plane of the fracture line and the lack of displacement of the fracture fragments made the fractures difficult of impossible to visualize in the anteroposterior projection. The posterior oblique projection placed the fracture line perpendicular to the x-ray beam and, therefore, evident on the resultant roentgenogram. In the 3 cases in which this view was obtained, the fracture was disclosed. In the fourth case the fracture was demonstrated by tomography. In order to improve the roentgenographic assessment of pelvic trauma, consideration should be given to obtaining posterior oblique views of the pelvis as a matter of routine."
1147175,"The effects of the intravenous infusion of dantrolene sodium and of equal volumes of normal saline on arterial pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate and cardiac output have been investigated in healthy, anaesthetised dogs. The infusion of dantrolene in the manner and dose found to be effective by other workers in pigs-8 for the treatment of anaesthetic induced malignant hyperpyrexia, produced changes which differ little from those observed after the infusion of a similar quantity of saline. These results are discussed."
1147177,A case of malignant hyperpyrexia with unusual features in a South African negro child is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical presentation and laboratory investigations. Aspects of treatment and subsequent successful anaesthetic management are discussed.
1147187,"One of four groups of patients was not premedicated; the others received diazepam 10 mg by mouth, diazepam 20 mg by mouth or a combination of pentobarbitone orally and morphine and hyoscine intramuscularly. The cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were studied before and after the premedication and any changes in sedation, apprehension and reaction to pain were noted. The ease of induction of anaesthesia in the four groups was compared. Most of the patients who received the pentobarbitone, morphine and hyoscine combination came to theatre calm, sedated and often asleep. They showed no significant cardiovascular or respiratory depression and the induction of anaesthesia was more satisfactory than in the other groups. Two of the patients who were not premedicated became very agitated in the ward and the remainder of the patients in this group were apprehensive in the anaesthetic room and during induction. The effects of diazepam in the two doses studied were intermediate between those who received the pentobarbitone, morphine and hyoscine and those who were not premedicated."
1147188,An approach to the patient is described that is of value when operations are performed under local analgesia during intravenous sedation with diazepam. The technique involves maintained distraction of the patient with some phantasy of his own choice. All mention of the different stages of the procedure is deliberately avoided.
1147189,"A study was made of the intentions and interests of anaesthetic Senior Registrars in the United Kingdom between March and May 1974. It is hoped that examination of the findings will show some of the features which make a consultant post attractive. A great deal of goodwill for the United Kingdom was demonstrated but it should be pointed out again that this was before the upheaval within, and about, the National Health Service which erupted at the end of 1974 and the beginning of 1975. It would seem vital that the necessary steps are taken to keep the goodwill of this substantial number of potential consultant anaesthetists so that the many lightly veiled threats of emigration are not taken to their logical conclusion."
1147190,"An unusual case of cetrimide toxicity, probably the first of its kind to be recorded, is reported. It occurred after accidental intravenous injection in an infant and the management is discussed. Cardiac arrest, muscle paralysis, haemolysis and other complications were successfully treated."
1147191,An evaluation of the IMI oxygen analyser is described. The accuracy was found to be adequate for clinical purposes though it was considered that this could be improved if the meter was read with greater discrimination than the existing calibrations and if the zero could be adjusted.
1147198,"Pseudocholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) activity was measured in plasma of whole blood, bank blood, and several commercially available blood protein solutions by means of a colorimetric assay technique at 25 degrees C, pH 7.7, and with butyrylthiocholine as substrate (Merckotest-R No. 3337). Activity of whole blood was 5.79 plus or minus 0.20 U x ml-1, of bank blood 4.53 plus or minus 0.27 U x ml-1, and of two human serum solutions (Biseko-R, Seretin-R) 3.05 plus or minus 0.13 and 3.04 plus or minus 0.22 U x ml-1, respectively (mean plus or minus S.E.M.). The other blood protein solutions contained no clinically significant esterase activity. Since transfusion of blood plasma has been suggested for treatment of cholinesterase deficiency and postoperative suxamethonium-induced muscle paralysis, an in-vitro attempt was carried out to correlate the amount of plasma necessary and the rise of pseudocholinesterase activity in the recipient's blood: A large amount of blood has to be transfused to yield a comparatively small increase in esterase activity. Thus, considering the potential hazards of blood transfusion, this treatment does not seem to be advisable."
1147203,"A report is presented of five cases of transient swelling of salivary glands during and following endotracheal anaesthesia. No definite relation between the glandular swellings, sex, premedication, anaesthesics and type of surgery was found. The cause of the salivary gland swelling is, at present, unknown. However, ""bucking"", straining and/or the procedure of endotracheal intubation may be the most likely contributing factors. Although the swelling was of short duration and was benign, we should be familiar with the possible causes, the signs and the lack of clinical significance, in order to avoid unexpected anxiety to the patient."
1147287,"The peritoneal cover and the subcapsular region of the liver of Xenopus laevis were examined with electron microscopy. In the subcapsular region a prominent perihepatic layer two to ten cells wide was found. This perihepatic layer is mainly composed of granulocytopoietic tissue. Other cell types found in the perihepatic layer were lymphocytes, pigment cells and fat storing cells. The presence of a perihepatic granulocytopoietic layer in the liver of Xenopus laevis is in contrast to current opinion that such a layer is a characteristic typical of urodeles. The phylogenetic significance of such a layer in anurans and the developmental processes of the individual cell types of the perihepatic layer are discussed. Furthermore the possible participation of the perihepatic layer in the immune response is considered."
1147288,"A light and electron microscopic examination of retinogenesis in the fetal guinea pig has revealed an early development of synapses and photoreceptor cells. Differentiation of the neural retina begins around day 23 of gestation. By 34 days the retina reaches its maximum thickness. It differentiates an inner plexiform layer in which vesicle-containing processes and primitive synapses are evident. Synaptic ribbons are found in processes of this layer by 43-45 days of gestation. An outer plexiform layer develops within the neuroblast layer at 40 days of gestation; from its first appearance the outer plexiform layer contains synapses complete with synaptic ribbons. Receptor terminals of the alpha, paranuclear and beta type are present well before birth. Photoreceptor cells form inner segments by 40 days; the formation of outer segments is indicated by 45 days but not widespread until 49 days. The retina appears mature by day 51-57. It is clear that the primate is not unique in the early differentiation of its retinal synapses relative to the time of maturation of its photoreceptor cells. The potential functional capacities of precocious retinae, and the mechanisms of synapse development are discussed."
1147289,"A cytoarchitectonic subdivision into visual structures and neocortical grey and white matter has been made from frontal serial sections of brains of mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries). The reduction rates determined for the volumes of the brain areas are calculated by means of intraspecific allometric methods. The overall decrease of visual brain structures in domestic sheep compared with wild sheep amounts to 25.9%, The greatest reduction is found in the striate area (30.2%), followed by the lateral geniculate body (25.4%), the optic tract (20.6%) and finally the superior colliculus (12.1%). The neocortex as a whole decreases in sheep under domestication by 26.4% in volume. The reduction rate of neocortical grey matter amounts to 24.9%, that of the white matter to 28.9%. The changes of brain size in domestic sheep may be functionally correlated to changes of the environmental conditions which are due to domestication."
1147290,"The X-linked Tfm mutation causes androgen insensitivity in the target cells of testerone. Due to random X-inactivation, XX-mice heterozygous for Tfm are mosaics in respect to androgen sensitivity. By the autosomal ""sex reversal"" mutation, Tfm-heterozygotes were converted to males during embryonic life so that male sex organs developed in which the mosaic was expressed. The mutual influence of both components of the mosaic is analysed. It is shown that cellular differentiation is directly induced by testosterone, while the formation of organ anlagen and proliferation are locally mediated effects."
1147291,"Both the NZW and NZB mice exhibit an elevated fasting blood sugar level when compared to Swiss white mice. The NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse shows still a higher fasting serum glucose level than either of its parental strains. The elevated glucose level is noted very early in the animals' life, long before definitive signs or symptoms of pathology are evident, and remains elevated at least until the fortieth week of life, the last testing period in our series before sacrificing the aminals. There are two major peaking periods for the glucose levels, namely at 4-10 weeks of age and then again at 31-40 weeks of age. These age periods correspond to the very young animal and to the animal that is beyond its prime and most likely sick and near the end of its lifespan due to the animals' inherent disease processes. The NZB and NZB/NZW F1 hybrid succumb to their disease processes at approximately 8-10 months of age. The NZW usually lives until 18 months. The questions are raised: does the altered immunologic state in the NZB and/or the NZB/NZW F1 hybrid produce the elevated blood sugar levels and the pancreatic histopathology or is it the early hyperglycemic condition coupled with pancreatic pathology which are in some measure instrumental in producing the lesions discussed and observed, in the beginning of the three to four month period of age, in the various organs? Is there a relationship between the hyperglycemic condition and the immune state or are these independent phenomena in a genetically ""mixed up"" mouse?"
1147292,"Bile canaliculi in the rat liver have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. They appear as half tubules carved out of the hepatocytes' surface. In several cases the bile channel bifurcates to form two or three long branches running on the same face of the cell. Therefore, by SEM it seems obvious that the same side of an hepatocyte may be used for bounding two or more bile canaliculi. Some bile canaliculi display a flexuous course and show lateral sacculations. Some of them are large and apparently similar to the short lateral branches of the bile canaliculus; others are smaller and arise obliquely from the subjacent cortical areas of the hepatocyte cytoplasm. These latter structures are best observed in stereo-views in which they appear as narrow intracellular projections bordered with a few microvilli, actually opening into the lumen of the bile canaliculus. The SEM results suggest that these sacculations probably correspond to short intracellular branches of the bile canaliculi. Zones of minimal distance (0.1 mu) between the space of Disse and the bile channel have been frequently observed. They are actually the zones where the intercellular clefts arising from the subendothelial space of Disse come into closet contact with the bile canaliculus and might serve as sites of simple diffusion of substances."
1147293,"The effects of repeated doses of decamethonium or succinylcholine in muscles of the cat, dog, and rabbit have been examined.  In particular, the relation of degree of neuromuscular block to intensity of the electrical change at the end-plate region has been found to be more consistent when the peak spatial gradient of depolarization is used as a measure of electrical effect  than when the peak depolarization is used; the reason for this difference is discussed.  A plot of twitch height against electrical change provides a convenient frame of reference for following the development of phase II block quantiatively.  Examples presented show that the extent and kinetics of phase II block can vary considerably among species or among muscles in a given species."
1147307,"The effects of methoxflurane, trichloroethylene, chloroform, halothane and diethyl ether on the division of Chinese hamster fibroblasts in spinner culture have been studied. All agents caused dose-dependent inhibition of cell multiplication. Halothane increased the cell cycle time roughly in accordance with its effect on multiplication rate. There was no evidence that mitosis was greatly prolonged, and only small numbers of ""c-metaphases"" were seen. However, exposure to halothane resulted in a marked and rapid reduction in the prophase count, suggesting prolongation of G2 (the post-synthetic phase). Cine-photo-micrography showed frequent delay in division of cytoplasm at mitosis, and many binucleate cells were seen."
1147308,"The effect of halothane on A-V conduction was evaluated in gods during atrial pacing using the  technique of His-bundle electrocardiography. In addition, the effects of lidocaine and diphenylkydantoin (DPH) on A-V conuction were examined during halothane anesthesia. Effects of these drugs  on three subintervals of A-V conduction were compared. These included the -H (stimulus atifact of His-bundle deflection-atrioventricular conduction), H-Q (His-budnle deflection onset of QRS complex-His-Purkinje conduction), and H-S intervals(His-bundle delfection to end of QRS COmplex-total intraventricular  conduction). Linear regression best described the relationship between duration of interval (P-H, H-V,and H-S) and heart rate during incremental increases in the atrial paced rate. Data from these experiments were fitted to a multiple lenear regression model that predicted the effect of increasing concentrations of halothan, lidocaine, and DPH  on slope and intercept coefficients. In creasing concentrations of halothan ( 30 and 45 mg/100 ml arterial). Both lidocaine and DPH further depressed conduction at all levels of halothan anesthesia. The P-H interval was particularly sensitive todrug effefts. This may represent potentiation of the normal slowing of conduction through the AVnode in response to incremental increases in heart rate (fatigue response.) We conclude thatboth lidocaine and DPH fail to reverse the depressant effect of halothane on A-V conduction. This may explain their ineffectiveness in treating certain types of arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia."
1147309,"The effects of nitrous oxide on ventricular performance and pulmonary circulation were studied in 12 patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary-artery disease and normal ventricular contractility who had received 2 mg/kg morphine intravenously. Seventeen studies were performed intraoperatively, five before and 12 after cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial revascularization. Recordings were obtained during oxygen breathing and during nitrous oxide administration. Fifty per cent nitrous oxide significantly decreased mean arterial pressure (P less than 0.05), cardiac index (P less than 0.01), stroke index (P less than 0.01), left ventricular stroke work index (P less than 0.01), peak left ventricular dP/dt (P less than 0.05) and dP/dt/P (P less than 0.01), and heart rate-systolic arterial pressure product (P less than 0.01). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (P less than 0.05), pulmonary artery occluded pressure (P less than 0.01), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance (P less than 0.05) increased. Heart rate, right atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged. When nitrous oxide was discontinued, all variables returned to control except mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Responses were similar before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial revascularization. These findings suggest that nitrous oxide depresses left ventricular performance when administered intraoperatively to patients who have received large doses of morphine for coronary-artery surgery. Nitrous oxide also increases pulmonary vascular resistance, possibly via alpha-adrenergic stimulation."
1147310,"Sevoflurane, 1.4 per cent (MAC), was administered to groups of Fischer 344 rats for 10 hours, 4 hours, or 1 hour; additional rats received 0.5 per cent methoxyflurane for 3 hours or 1 hour. Urinary inorganic fluoride excretion of sevoflurane in vivo was a third to a fourth that of methoxyflurane. However, using hepatic microsomes, sevoflurane and methoxyflurane were defluorinated in vitro at essentially the same rate. The discrepancy between defluorination of sevoflurane and methoxyflurane in vivo and in vitro was probably due to differences in tissue solubility between the drugs. There were no renal functional or morphologic defects following sevoflurane administration. An unexplained adverse effect was significant weight loss, which occurred following all exposures to sevoflurane."
1147311,"SCh is unequivocally contraindicated in the management of patients who have sustainded thermal trauma or direct muscle trauma and those who have neurologic disorders involving motor deficits, including tetanus.  The mechanism is clear in some, but not all, of these conditions, and is related to increased chemosensitivity of the muscle membrane due to the development of receptor sites in extrajunctional areas.  Though SCh induces a small release of K+ in normal muscle, it produces a potentially lethal efflux in the presence of increased sensitivity.  This K+-releasing action of SCh begins about 5 to 15 days after injury and persists for 2 to 3 months in patients who have sustained burns or trauma, and perhaps 3 to 6 months in patients with upper motor neuron lesions."
1147318,"A population skin-tested with pollen from twelve wind pollinated tree species showed a variable level of allergenicity, particularly among adults. Pollen extracts of Box Elder, Willow and Hickory elicited the highest allergic reactions, Oak, Birch, Sycamore, Black Walnut and Poplar more moderate reactions, while allergens from Cottonwood, Maple, Elm and White Ash were less reactive. Since Box Elder is ubiquitous and produces a strongly positive reaction among adults, it should be included among skin tests of those patients known to be allergic to early spring pollen."
1147328,"Normal canine hip cartilage was compared with cartilage from the degenerative lesions found in young dogs with canine hip dysplasia. The upper 0.5 mm of normal cartilage was characterized. Four distinct layers or zones were found: a layer of fine fibrous material covering the surface, a layer (surface layer) of small (32 nm diameter or less) collagen fibrils tightly packed in bundles and oriented parallel to the surface, a layer (upper layer) or less tightly packed collagen fibrils oriented mostly parallel to the surface with about 33% of the fibrils 64 nm or more, and a layer (intermediate layer) of randomly oriented fibrils with more than 50% of the fibrils 64 nm or larger. Fibril density was high in the surface layer and decreased with depth into the cartilage. In a moderately advanced lesion of degenerative cartilage, there was a layer of amorphous material over the surface. The tightly packed surface layer of small fibrils was absent. The surface itself was uneven and fissued. At depths from the surface comparable to the upper and the intermediate layers in normal cartilage, the proportion of large fibrils was less than in normal cartilage. The overall density of fibrils in degenerative cartilage increased with depth into the tissue. Cells flattened parallel to the surface, with relatively large nuclei, were found in the upper layer of normal cartilage. Cells in the intermediate layers were larger and round. The oblong cells of the upper layer of normal cartilage were not found in any layer of degenerative cartilage. Differences between cells in other layers of normal and degenerative cartilages were minimal. A model for the arrangement of chondrocytes and collagen fibrils for normal and degenerative cartilage was proposed. Ultrastructural changes in degenerative cartilage were prominent in the upper 0.5 mm of cartilage. These changes were changes in the number of collagen fibrils/mum-2 and a change from a characteristic pattern of collagen fibril diameters and orientation found in normal tissue."
1147329,"Nine female Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) were used in a total of 25 experiments in which sickling was chemically induced. During these experiments, color fundic and color fluorescein photographs were taken. Fundic changes included retinal vascular attenuation, blood column pallor, and decreased tapetal reflectivity. These changes were most likely directly associated with a decreased hematocrit and a generalized shocklike condition. Three deer had a congested appearance in retinal blood vessels and tapetum lucidum. Two of the 3 deer developed serous detachment of the retina. These changes seemingly were associated with severe venous statis; all 3 deer died shortly after the experiment was terminated. These experiments yielded data only for the acutely affected deer. None of the ocular changes could be considered the result of chronic sickling because of the reversal of sickling that occurred despite continued intravenous administration of bicarbonate. None of the deer developed ocular changes characteristic of sickle cell retinopathy in human beings. The changes in human beings probably result from continued stress and prolongation of sickling, and especially from a multiplicity of repeated severe episodes of sickling occurring over many years."
1147330,"Coated (V-13) and uncoated (V-22) formulations of dichlorvos were used to treat experimentally established Hyostrongylus rubidus infections of pigs at intervals after exposure to infective larvae. Both dichlorvos formulations were efficacious against the adult stomach worm H rubidus, but showed little or no activity against 5- or 15-day-old worms. Neither formulation was as effective against H rubidus in sows as in barrows and gilts."
1147331,"The immune response and persistence of antibodies were investigated in dairy cattle vaccinated with formalin-inactivated phase (ph) I Coxiella burnetii vaccine agglutinating antibody geometric mean titer (GMT) of 193.2 at 1 month after vaccination compared to a GMT of 2.0 for nonvaccinated calves. The agglutinating antibodies gradually decreased in vaccinated cattle, but the GMT remained approximately 4 times higher than that for the nonvaccinated group for at least 20 months. Results of serotests at 2 months after revaccination indicated a rapid increase in the GMT to 177.0 with agglutinating titers between 1:64 and 1:512."
1147332,"Forty heifer calves, 27 yearling heifers, and 64 yearling steers with naturally occurring infections of nematode parasites were treated with levamisole HCl or morantel tartrate or were not treated. Although heifer calves had much larger worm egg counts before treatment than yearling heifers, necropsies showed a smaller average number of nematodes in the calves. Both anthelmintics significantly reduced the egg counts. At the end of the experiments, 98 to 240 days after treatments, there was no significant difference among groups of cattle in respect to necropsy worm counts. An advantage of 5% in rate of gain in body weight was shown in each experiment or phase of an experiment in favor of the treated groups of cattle. Overall, an advantage of 6% in feed efficiency was calculated for the treated groups of cattle."
1147333,"A comparison was made between rats fed purified rations containing different fats during gestation and lactation and rats fed a commercial ration during similar periods. The purified ration containign 20% cocoa butter did not result in appreciable differences in the mothers (body weight, behavior, litter production, and brain chemistry) or in the 1-day-old neonates (brain chemistry). The purified ration containing 20% safflower oil resulted in fewer completed gestation, in poorer maternal behavior during lactation, and in neonates with small brains. A fat-free purified ration resulted in low brain concentrations of RNA and low RNA-DNA ratios in the mothers."
1147334,"Mother rats were fed purified rations containing different fats during gestation and lactation and at 1 day after parturition. Litter sizes were reduced to 2 male and 2 female pups. The behavior and the brain chemical composition of these selected pups were compared with similarly selected pups from dams fed a commercial ration. All offspring were fed a commercial ration after weaning. Pups from dams fed 20% safflower oil were similar to controls. Feeding 20% cocoa butter to dams resulted in pups with reduced exploratory activity and with a rapid learning performance in a T-maze, employing the aversive stimulation of an electrical shock. Feeding dams a fat-free ration produced pups which had reduced rates of growth, small brains at 2 months of age, and low brain concentrations of cholesterol, DNA, and RNA."
1147335,"An epizootic of reptilian amebiasis seems to have caused the death of 15 to 16 large and valuable captive snakes (boas, pythons, and anacondas) occupying one of 5 large display dioramas in the Steinhart Aquarium of the California Academy of Science, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Subsequent review of previous snake deaths in the colony indicated that of 464 snakes that had died since early 1969, 89 snakes had intestinal or hepatic lesions, and 80 of these snakes had pathologic features which involved severe intestinal ulceration, hemorrhage, and massive enteritis, with or without hepatic necrosis and destruction, condition compatible with Entamoeba invadens infection. The present epizootic began in November, 1972, with the death by acute enteritis of a red-tailed boa constrictor (Boa constrictor amarali) and was followed by the loss of 15 other large boids and pythonids. The affected snakes became immobile, refused to feed, and began to die 10 weeks after the death of the red-tailed boa. Seven boa constrictors, 4 pythons, and 4 anacondas from the same diorama died during the ensuing 10 weeks. Entamoeba invadens trophozoites were identified in the stool of the remaining living snake, a 3-m boa constrictor, and in the liver and the intestinal tissue of 1 of the dead boas examined microscopically. The parasite was also found in the stool of a giant Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) that died in the adjacent diorama and in the tissues of a blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua scincoides), separately housed, that died of enteritis during this period. Amebic cysts were recovered from turtle and alligator fecal samples taken from a central ""swamp,"" or reservoir, draining the dioramas, water that is returned to the snake display areas after passage through a biological sand-gravel filter and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Cultures from these stools were positive and proved lethal to an experimentally infected boa constrictor. Treatment of the surviving snake in the affected diorama with metronidazole at the dose rate of 275 mg/kg proved rapidly effective; toxicosis was not observed. Other snakes and lizards suspected of having the infection were similarly treated and returned to normal behavior and feeding patterns. Epidemiologic considerations review the probable mode of introduction and spread of this highly lethal snake pathogen and recommendations are made for avoiding infection, prophylactic treatment, and handling of similar epizootics when they do occur among captive reptiles in aquariums, zoos, and research laboratories."
1147336,"Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) was fed to ewes from 70 to 100 days of pregnancy. Ewes were killed at 100, 115, 130, and 145 days, and selected tissues were collected from both the dam and the fetus for histologic examination. Neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation and neuroaxonal dystrophy decreased in dam and fetus with time after the feeding of locoweed was discontinued."
1147337,"Edotoxin was detected, using the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test, in the blood of 3 sheep and 1 steer which had been experimentally ""overfed"" (induced grain engorgement) with a mixture of corn and oats (2:1). The 1st postfeeding blood samples were collected 24 hours after overfeeding. In 2 sheep and 1 steer, the 24-hours blood samples were test positive. In 1 sheep which died, the 48-hour blood sample was the 1st test-positive sample. In all cases, pre-overfeeding blood samples were taken just before overfeeding."
1147338,Inapparent paratuberculosis was studied in a Guernsey herd with a history of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease); the herd was maintained at between 900 and 950 cattle. Fecal specimens and intestinal tissue specimens from any of these that were slaughtered were examined culturally for the presence  of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The reasons given for culling and slaughtering of cows from this herd were compared with infection status determined by culturing. Less than one-third of the culturally confirmed paratuberculous cattle were culled because of clinically apparent paratuberculosis. Mastitis was the reason for culling 3.6% of the non-infected cattle and 22.6% of the cattle with inapparent paratuberculosis. Infertility was also significantly higher in cows with inapparent paratuberculosis than in noninfected cows in the same herd. Separation of parturient dams and calves from the rest of the herd was shown to materially reduce the level of infection and incidence of clinical paratuberculosis.
1147340,"Tarsal degenerative joint disease (DJD) in 27 cattle was classified as primary or secondary based on age, joint conformation defects, faulty hindlimb alignment, or history of trauma to the affected joint(s). Results of blood and synovial fluid analysis for cattle affected with primary or secondary tarsal DJD were grouped in compilation of data. Cattle with tarsal DJD had significantly (P smaller than 0.01) reduced hemoglobin (Hb) content in comparison to that in control cattle. There was highly significant (P smaller than 0.001) reduction in packed cell volume (PCV). A significant difference was not determined for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values of the 2 groups of cattle. Total white blood cell (WBC) counts closely paralleled each other, although mean proportion of neutrophils was significantly (P smaller than 0.05) greater in cattle affected with tarsal DJD, as were mean proportion of lymphocytes (P smaller than 0.02). Synovial fluid samples were analyzed for physical, biochemical, and cytologic properties. Statistical comparisons were made between values determined for arthritic cattle and control cattle. All samples from cattle with tarsal DJD were transudative. Opacity and flocculation were attributed to the presence of cartilaginous fragments and fibrils. There was significant correlation between increased relative viscosity (RV) and higher grades of mucinous precipitate quality (MPQ; r = +0.294, P smaller than 0.05) for all cattle. Mean alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for arthritic cattle was significantly (P smaller than 0.001) reduced, as was the mean activity for lactic dehydrogenase (LDH; P smaller than 0.05). The mean aldolase (ALD) activity for arthritic cattle was increased, whereas mean activity values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were reduced. Samples from arthritic cattle had reduced total leukocyte counts and significantly (P smaller than 0.05) increased proportion of macrophages in comparison to the values in control cattle."
1147341,"The endotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum bov 5 was investigated. The supernatant (S) fluid and cell wall (CW) preparation, obtained after differential centrifugation of the ruptured cell mass, were lethal for mice. The toxicity of the S fluid was stable during prolonged storage, treatment with formalin, and heating for 15 minutes at 80, 100, and 121 C, but was destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis with 0.25 N NaOH. The toxic factor was found in a high molecular weight (MW) fraction after gel filtration. The properties exhibited by the toxic S fluid resembled those of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Extracted and partially purified LPS (endotoxin) from F necrophorum bov 5 demonstrated a mouse median lethal dose (mouse LD50) of 16.8 mg/kg of body weight. The toxic LPS material, a high molecular weight moiety as estimated by gel filtration, was resistant to ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and pronase treatment. A positive Shwartzman reaction (median skin lesion dose (SLD50) equal to 3.32 mug/kg of body weight) and biphasic fever response (minimal dose required to produce a fever index of 40 sq cm which falls on the linear portion of dose-response curve (FL40) equal to 0.41 mug/kg of body weight) further indicated the toxin was endotoxin in nature. The LPS from F necrophorum bov 5 was less toxic than Salmonella typhimurium LPS; but had considerable toxicity for experimental animals. The toxic activity of the partially purified F necrophorum bov 5 endotoxin was separated into 2 fraction regions by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. The data provide evidence for the production of a potent endotoxin, possibly composed of more than one toxic component, which may be released upon cell disruption."
1147342,"The physiologic closure of the ductus areteriosus was determined in 4 foals less than 16 hours old. The common carotid artery was catheterized, using local anesthesia and tranquilization, and contrast medium was injected into the ascending aorta. Radiographs were made of heart and great vessels during and after the injection to visualize the pathway of injected contrast medium."
1147343,"The neurally evoked contractile response of the upper lip muscles of horses anesthetized with halothane was used to evaluate the neuromuscular blocking property of oxytetracycline which was administered intravenously at total dose rate of 21 to 28 mg/kg. This dose rate did not alter the contractile response which had a mean control value (and standard error; SE) of 1.76 plus or minus 0.22 kg. Arterial blood pressure was not affected by these dose rates. Neuromuscular blocking effect of the antibiotic occurred when it was administered during partial neuromuscular blockade which had been induced by infusion of magnesium sulfate (0.12 or 0.16 g/kg). Moderate hypocalcemia induced by infusion of sodium oxalate did not enhance the neuromuscular blocking property of this antibiotic. Since the dose rates of the oxytetracycline preparation used had a small effect on calcium concentration of equine serum (smaller than 0.3 mg/dl), calcium binding does not seem to play a major role in the neuromuscular blocking effect of this antibiotic. It was concluded that the weak neuromuscular blocking effect of oxytetracycline is not a significant etiologic factor in the acute type of adverse reaction to this antibiotic that is occasionally encountered in horses."
1147344,"In a study of Onchocerca cervicalis infection in a sample of 100 horses from the western United States, 48 were infected. Infection was more common in older horses and occurred in both sexes equally. Data about the distribution and the concentration of microfilariae within the skin are presented. The only cutaneous pathologic change that could be attributed to microfilariae was minimal perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate. Invasion of the eye with microfilariae occurred in 60 percent of the infected horses. An attempt was not made to relate microfilarial invasion of the eye with ocular pathologic changes."
1147345,"Combination of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and paraldehyde (0.5 ml/kg), both administered intramuscularly, was found to be safe and effective for induction and maintenance of anesthesia for prolonged major surgical procedures in rabbits. Time of induction of deep surgical anesthesia was 20 to 30 minutes. Surgical procedures (creation of intestinal loops for perfusion studies) lasting 3 to 4 hours were performed, with an additional dose of ketamine (25 mg/kg) occasionally being given after 2 hours. At the end of the experiments, rabbits were killed. Another group of rabbits was maintained in a deep surgical plane of anesthesia for 5 hours without any surgical operation being done. Rabbits were then allowed to recover and, on the next day, were again anesthetized and allowed to recover without the performance of surgical operation. Finally, after a day's hiatus, the same rabbits were used in intestinal perfusion experiments. The use of 2 complementary anesthetics, each with a wide margin of safety for respiratory centers, provided safe anesthesia. The ability to administer a relatively fixed dose obviated the need for inordinate expertise to anesthetize rabbits for long periods."
1147346,"Adrenalectomized dogs were observed in order to identify the patterns of physiologic changes occurring during development of adrenocortical insufficiency. Daily measurements included plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium, arterial blood pH, packed cell volume, heart rate, and selected components of the electrocardiogram (ECG). The pattern in which these measurements changed indicated that alterations in plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium, T-wave configuration, and QRS interval were more consistent, whereas alterations in P-wave configuration were not evident until approach of terminal stages."
1147348,"A study was conducted to determine whether treatment devices could be designed for prolonged retention in the eyes of cattle. Experimental design ring devices were compared relative to their ease of insertion, induction of adverse tissue reaction, and period of retention. The ring devices were also compared with commercially available devices used in human eyes. Ring devices having a circumference smaller than that of the conjunctival sac, but larger than that of the globe of the eye, were easy to insert, caused a minimal tissue reaction, and were retained by the eye up to 19 days. The authors suggest that a development using the ring design and an erodable matrix containing an antibacterial agent could lead to a possible method for the treatment of obstinate infections, such as infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and Moraxella bovis carrier states in cattle."
1147349,"Guinea pigs infected with 9-mile phase I strain of Coxiella burnetii had increased blood glucose concentrations; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities; and bilirubin value. Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia were evident in the latter days of infection. At necropsy of the guinea pigs, necrotic foci were in liver, spleen, and heart. Seemingly, the major pathophysiologic changes in infected guinea pigs were the direct result of lesions in liver, spleen, and heart in which rickettsial bodies were readily observable with histologic staining procedures. The guinea pig may serve as an animal disease model for Q fever."
1147350,"A microculture system in conjunction with a semiautomatic multiple sample harvester (SAMSH) was used to study the in vitro properties of chicken peripheral lymphocytes. This new procedure enabled doing rapid multiple tests, using relatively few cells, and was highly reproducible. Data were presented to show many variables that are involved in studying the concanavalin A (Con A) response of chicken lymphocytes in a microculture system. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal Con A stimulation as measured by incorporation of 3H-TdR include: (a) use of 2 x 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 culture medium in the absence of any serum, (b) use of 0.4 mug of Con A per culture, (c) incubation at 37 degrees C for 72 hours, and (d) addition of 1 muCi of 3H-TdR to each culture 12 to 24 hours prior to termination. This technique could be used to monitor immunocompetence of the chicken."
1147351,"Purified dense-centered form of 1 bovine strain (LW613) and 3 ovine strains (B577, 034-EYE, and 047-EYE) of Chlamydia psittaci and 1 murine strain of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn) were dissociated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol. The number of polypeptides detected in the 5 strains varied between 17 and 20, with a molecular weight range of 29,000 to 120,000. Two polypeptides predominated and comprised approximately a third of the total protein in each of the 5 strains. The average molecular weights of the 2 polypeptides were 89,000 and 85,250 for 4 of the strains, and the polypeptide molecular weights were 100,000 and 98,000 for the ovine abortion strain (B577). Molecular weights and proportional composition of the polypeptides permitted differentiation of the chlamydial strains. The 3 strains from naturally occurring conjunctivitis or polyarthritis (LW613, 034-EYE, and 047-EYE) had similar polypeptide profile in the 75,000 to 100,000 molecular weight range. The polypeptides of the ovine abortion strain (B577) differed significantly from these 3 strains. Eight of the polypeptides of this strain had a molecular weight of 100,000 or greater, and 3 of the predominant polypeptides were in excess of 100,000. In contrast, some of the polypeptides of the murine strain had lower molecular weights than the 4 other strains. Three predominant polypeptides had molecular weights below 50,000."
1147352,"Portions of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum from 21 hamsters clinically affected with enteritis were examined for enzymes. Utilizing a variety of techniques, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase, and methyl green pyroninophilia were determined. The activities of enzymes normally associated with tissue proliferation and active protein synthesis were decreased, whereas those enzymes associated by cytolysis were increased."
1147353,"Mycoplasma canis was the most frequent mycoplasmal isolant obtained from the conjunctival surface of the eyes of dogs. Nine mycoplasmal isolates, 5 were M canis, were recovered from the lower cul-de-sac of 101 dogs. Experimentally induced immune keratitis was produced by sensitizing guinea pigs to 3 antigen preparations of M canis and then administering intracorneal challenge inoculation. The guinea pigs were clinically observed by leukocyte migration-inhibition (LMI) technique and by histopathologic study of their corneas. The corneal reaction of the guinea pigs was not identical to a clinical entity of the dog."
1147354,"Carbon-14-labeled aflatoxin B1 was prepared by growing Aspergillus parasiticus in medium containing sucrose-14-C as the sole carbon source. The 14-C-labeled aflatoxin B1 was extracted with chloroform and purified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) followed by precipitation from solution and washing. The 14-C-labeled aflatoxin B1 was intravenously given to anesthetized dwarf White Leghorn or Rhode Island Red hens with cannulated ureters and bile ducts. The 14-C had a calculated plasma half-life of 1.5 minutes and rapidly appeared in the bile. The 14-C concentration in the bile reached values approximately 7 times maximum for plasma, and most could no longer be extracted with chloroform. This finding indicated that metabolites of the 14-C-labeled aflatoxin B1 had been excreted against a concentration gradient into the bile. The quantities of 14-C excreted via bile, urine, and intestinal contents remained at a fairly constant ratio of 70:15:15, respectively, over the 315-minute experimental period. Six major chloroform-soluble compounds containing 14-C were isolated. Three of these were tentatively identified as aflatoxin B1, B2, and M1. A 4th was believed to be aflatoxin B2a. None of the early chloroform-soluble metabolites were as cytotoxic as aflatoxin B1."
1147355,"Sulfamethazine was administered to 8- to 10-week-old turkey poults intravenously (IV) at the dose level of 71.5 mg/kg of body weight, orally at the dose level of 143 mg/kg of body weight, or in the drinking water at the concentration of 0.1% over a 6-day period. The concentrations of free sulfamethazine in blood, muscle, skin, kidney, and liver were determined and semilogarithmic plots of concentration vs time for the various tissues indicated that the curve had a linear portion within the first 72-hour period of drug withdrawal. The rates of disappearance of sulfamethazine from the various tissues were proportional to the concentration in the tissues. After 72 hours of withdrawal and for as long as 14 days, sulfamethazine concentrations in kidney, liver, and skin of turkeys given the drug in the drinking water fluctuated between 0.1 and 0.4 ppm. Only 8.6% of the oral dose (143 mg/kg) and 16.5 to 17% of the IV dose (71.5 mg/kg) were recovered in urine and feces as the parent compound during the initial 72-hour period."
1147356,"A method is described for precise investigation of diuresis and saluresis in cats, using trained animals in a special diuresis apparatus. Furosemide given intramuscularly (IM) to cats at the dose level of 10 mg/kg produced slight untoward reactions of short duration. Therefore, this dose lies at the upper limit of tolerance. Saluretic and diuretic effect of 5 different doses of furosemide was investigated in 4 cats and 20 dogs. A dose-dependent increase in diuresis was achieved in cats given doses of furosemide ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/kg. In the dog, the range of effectiveness was broader. In both species, there was a parallel increase in the excretion of sodium and chloride ions. The excretion of potassium ions in the cat remained unaffected, whereas in the dog, there was a dose-dependent increase in potassium ion excretion, which became especially distinct when large doses were given. A direct comparison of total saluretic and diuretic values in the dog and cat after IM administration of furosemide was not possible, since the calculated straight lines had different slopes, and their points of intersection lay outside the scope of this study. A difference can be assumed to exist between dog and cat in the mode of action of diuresis and saluresis after administration of furosemide."
1147357,"Clinically normal adult dogs and pups 8 to 24 weeks of age were monitored for 2nd-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block. Radiotelemetry was used to obtain the electrocardiogram (ECG) of resting, unanesthetized, unrestrained dogs. Second-degree AV heart block was detected in 64% of 11 adult dogs and 100% of 12 pups between 8 and 11 weeks of age. The dropped beats, prolonged P-R intervals, and prolonged P-P intervals appeared to be associated with the respiratory cycle. Atropine quickly reduced the frequence of dropped beats. It was concluded that occasional dropped ventricular beats due to 2nd-degree AV heart block may be normal in dogs, especially young dogs."
1147359,"Two strains of Rhipicephalus sanguineus acquired Ehrlichia canis by feeding as either larvae or nymphs on acutely infected dogs and, in subsequent instars, transmitted the agent to normal dogs. Three strains of R sanguineus transmitted E canis as adults after their larval and nymphal stages fed on infected dogs. More than 400 adult female ticks were fed on infected dogs as larvae or nymphs or both, but none transmitted E canis transovarially."
1147358,"Effects of the drug xylazine were determined on arterial pH, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), aortic blood pressure, aortic flow, heart rate, pulse pressure, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance of dogs. The drug was given intravenously (IV) with and without atropine and was given intramuscularly (IM) without atropine. After IV administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg), arterial pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 values were not changed from control values. However, the drug did produce a statistically significant decrease in heart rate, decrease in aortic flow, initial increase in blood pressure followed by decrease, and increase in peripheral resistance. Stroke volume and pulse pressure were not significantly changed. Atropine (0.02 mg/kg, IV) did not significantly change any of the effects produced by xylazine. Intramuscular administration of xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) did not produce significant changes in arterial pH, PaO2, or PaCO2. Heart rate and aortic flow decreased significantly, but statistically significant changes did not occur in aortic blood pressure or peripheral resistance; however, the changes in these last 2 values were in the same direction and were of similar magnitude as those which occurred afger IV administration of xylazine."
1147360,"Elimination kinetics of nitrite and nitrate in the dog, sheep, and pony were determined. The elimination half-lives of nitrite were 0.499, 0.475, and 0.566 hours in the dog, sheep, and pony, respectively; those of nitrate were 44.681, 4.233, and 4.821 hours. Apparent specific volumes of distribution (V'd) of nitrite were variable among the 3 species--1,623.7 ml/kg in the dog, 278.0 ml/kg in the sheep, and 191.6 ml/kg in the pony. The V'd of nitrate were less varied--dog, 238.5 ml/kg; sheep, 291.1 ml/kg; and pony, 209.3 ml/kg. In the in vitro studies on protein binding in canine plasma, the extent of nitrite-protein binding varied directly with concentrations of 5 to 25 mug of NO2 minus/ml (4.5 to 13.6% bound), but inversely with concentrations of 50 to 100 mug of NO2 minus/ml (9.8 to 8.8% bound). Less than 1% of nitrate was bound to canine plasma at equimolar concentrations (5 to 100 mug of NO3 minus/ml)."
1147362,"Hampshire swine reared in confinement developed spontaneous lameness. In a comparison of lame swine with normal Hampshire and normal Yorkshire swine, there were no substantial differences in the gross or microscopic appearance of synovial membranes or volume of synovia per joint. Somatic cell count in synovia of lame Hampshires was higher than that of normal Hampshires; however, in normal Yorkshires, cell count was higher than that of either group of Hampshires. Total protein and total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) values were significantly higher in synovia of lame swine than in synovia of normal swine, as were also the gamma-globulin and LDH5 values. Hampshire swine seemed to be more heavily muscled than the Yorkshires, but the difference was not significant. In a 2nd comparison, joints of the swine were regrouped as normal or abnormal, on the basis of macroscopic appearance. Significant differences were not detected in total volume of fluid per joint, number of somatic cells per milliliter of fluid, total protein, or the 3 microscopic lesion scores in this comparison. Total LDH was significantly higher in the abnormal joints."
1147363,"When pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae were orally inoculated into pigs, severe disease characteristic of swine dysentery developed. Less severe lesions were produced by oral inoculation of infective minced colon. Noninoculated pigs were used as controls. Inoculations of surgically isolated porcine colonic loops with either pure cultures or infective minced colon produced lesions only in the injected loop; the adjacent noninjected colon remained normal. Pigs and other experimental animals, including rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice, inoculated with washed cultures by various parenteral routes remained normal."
1147364,"Adjacent areas of upper, middle, and lower parts of the small intestine and spiral colon from a 48-hour-old gnotobiotic calf were compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As visualized by all 3 methods, small intestinal histologic features, except for apical location of villous epithelial cell nuclei in sections of upper and middle parts of small intestine, were similar to those described for other species. The colonic surface visualized by SEM was composed of flattened ridges separated by furrows into which opened the crypts of Lieberkühn. The epithelial surfaces of the ridges and the furrows had an extensive microvillous covering and scattered goblet cell openings."
1147372,"A 48-year old, retired mounted policeman was followed for 4 years through 4 hospitalizations for progression of his bilateral, cavitary lung disease. His sputum was always negative for acid-fast bacilli and fungi. Subsequently, a painful perianal swelling appeared that was incised and drained of purulent material. Five years after first seen, sputum and rectal drainage revealed Sporothrichum schenckii in many cultures. Serologic evidence of sporotrichosis was also present. With amphotericin B therapy, the patient showed marked clinical improvement. Unfortunately, he died from an episode of acute respiratory failure. Although most patients with primary cutaneous or primary pulmonary sporotrichosis are horticulturists, the writers believe that this disease should be considered in any undiagnosed, chronic, cavitary lung disease, even in the absence of this occupational history."
1147373,"Eighty-four patients with culture-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections of the lung were evaluated with the Mono-Vacc and tine tuberculin skin tests. A previous report indicated that false negative reactions with the tine may occur in up to 6 per cent of patients when it is used as a screening device for tuberculin sensitivity. However, as indicated by this study, it is unlikely that either screening tests would miss active tuberculous infection; no false negatives occurred in the 84 patients."
1147374,"The summed cross-sectional area of the right main and left main bronchi was found to be directly related (r=plus0.54) to body length in 64 necropsies, and the best relation was to the square of the body length. These data, in conjunction with previously published information, indicate that tall subjects have larger lungs having the same number of main bronchi and small airways that are larger than those of short subjects. Tall subjects have more alveoli than short subjects, but it is not known what differences in alveolar size exist."
1147375,The stability of solutions of amphotericin B as prepared for intravenous use in glass and polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) containers was studied. Four conditions were tested: contained within glass and exposed to light; contained in glass and shielded from light; contained in PVC and exposed to light; contained in PVC and shielded from light. Bioassays were performed on specimens collected from the containers periodically during 24 hours. Results of the bioassays revealed no significant loss of activity under any of the test conditions.
1147381,"Evidence for severe intrapulmonary bleeding was obtained in 3 anticoagulated patients who presented with pulmonary infiltrates. The diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage was based on findings of markedly elevated quantities of stainable hemosiderin and hemoglobin in alveolar macrophages retrieved by bronchopulmonary lavage. In 2 of the patients, roentgenographic abnormalities regressed after anticoagulation was reversed. The third patient died and massive bilateral pulmonary hemorrhage was found at autopsy. The syndrome of occult pulmonary hemorrhage was characterized clinically by dyspnea, unexplained acute anemia, and infiltrates with an alveolar pattern on chest roentgenogram. Hemoptysis was conspicuously absent. Bronchopulmonary lavage and quantification of alveolar macrophage hemosiderin content may be useful in identifying intrapulmonary bleeding occurring in an otherwise occult manner. Recognition of pulmonary hemorrage in anticoagulated patients is important because reversal of anticoagulation can be life saving."
1147382,"Chemotherapy of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansaii has not always been successful, and resectional surgery has been used frequently in the treatment of this infection. To ascertain the impact of new antimicrobial agents on the treatment of M. kansaii infection, we reviewed the clinical courses of 59 patients treated between 1971 and 1974. Over-all, 92 per cent of patients converted their sputum cultures while receiving drugs, with only one patient undergoing surgical resection. Regimens containing rifampin were universally effective in both initial and retreatment cases; however, they offered no significant advantage over monrifampin regimens in initial treatment cases. In vitro resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol did not adversely affect the results of treatment with these drugs. Owing to the effectiveness of current chemotherapy, parameters such as age, underlying lung disease, or extent of disease were not related to the outcome of therapy. Because 90 per cent of the conversions in successful regimens occur within 4 to 6 months of beginning therapy, patients whose cultures remain positive should be considered for alternate drugs. Because the frequency of relapse after current chemotherapy is not yet clear, and because rifampin appears to be particularly advantageous in retreatment programs, rifampin should be reserved for this role. The total course of treatment should probably span at least 18 months, or 6 months beyond any cultural or radiographic evidence of activity."
1147383,"Blood lidocaine concentrations were measured in 21 patients during routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In one patient, concentrations were in the toxic range. Measureable, but generally safe, concentrations were observed in the remaining patients. Cardiac and central nervous system toxicity may result from lidocaine adsorption, particularly in the seriously ill patient, although none was observed during the course of these studies."
1147384,"The frequencies of fever, parenchymal infiltration, and bacteremia were studied prospectively after 100 flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopies performed transnasally under topical anesthesia. Fever occurred after 16 per cent, and parenchymal infiltration, after 6 per cent of the procedures. Most complications were mild and transient; however, one patient developed rapidly progressive pneumonia and died. No organisms were isolated from cultures of blood drawn at the time of the procedure or during complications. The organisms most commonly isolated from the sputum of the patients who developed pneumonia were the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria normally found in the mouth. Isolation of a significant pathogen before the procedure did not predispose to development of a complication. Advanced age (greater than 60 years) and the endoscopic findings of abnormalities were significant predisposing factors. Bronchial brushing, but not bronchial biopsy or bronchial washing, was associated with significantly higher complication rates in patients with bronchial carcinomas than in those without a neoplasm. The mechanism of the fever and parenchymal infiltration is thought to be related to obstructive atelectasis and infection produced by organisms present in the airways at the time of the procedures."
1147385,"It was not possible to demonstrate an increase in the proportion of goblet cells in the bronchioles of patients with chronic bronchitis and no emphysema, whereas other lesions, such as mucous gland hyperplasia, airway narrowing, and airway mucus were easily demonstrated in similar cases. Thus, it seems that goblet cell metaplasia is not an important factor in patients who have chronic bronchitis but little evidence of chronic airflow obstruction. Goblet cell metaplasia is an obvious feature of patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, especially in those with symptomatic or fatal chronic airflow obstruction, and it may be responsible for producing obstruction in the peripheral airways of these subjects. The role of goblet cell metaplasia in smokers with little airflow obstruction is uncertain from the data presented. No difference was noted in the proportion of goblet cells between bronchitic patients and nonbronchitic smokers who did not have clinical airflow obstruction."
1147386,"Adrenocortical function and plasma growth hormone pattern were investigated in 15 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, in a period of acute respiratory failure and again after recovery. During the acute period, secretion rate and plasma concentrations of cortisol were markedly enhanced; urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites was only slightly increased, suggesting an alteration of the catabolism of cortisol under these conditions; adrenocortical sensitivity to corticotropin and capacity of maximal adrenal secretion were normal. The increase of cortisol secretion was probably due to hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia acting through the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. During the chronic phase of respiratory insufficiency, adrenocortical secretion and responsiveness were within the normal range. Finally, respiratory failure did not stimulate the secretion of growth hormone."
1147387,"In view of the decreased diffusing capacity recently reported in man during lipid infusion, studies have now been made on the effects of hyperlipidemia on the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco). In normal volunteers and patients with hyperlipidemias, DLco and plasma triglyceride concentrations were determined during fat tolerance tests and while the patients were on diets that increased or decreased triglyceride concentrations. During the fat tolerance tests, the largest triglyceride and DLco changes were from 346 mg per 100 ml with a DLco of 18.8 ml per min per mm Hg to 1,545 mg per 100 ml with a DLco of 23.4 ml per min per mm Hg. While patients were on speical diets, the largest triglyceride and DLco changes were from 5,102 mg per 100 ml and 29.0 ml per min per mm Hg to 492 mg per 100 ml and 26.4 ml per min per mm Hg, respectively. Sta tistical tests showed no significant change of DLco with change in triglyceride concentration. The data suggest that there is normally no association between change in triglyceride concentration and change in DLco, and that triglycerides normally transported in plasma, even when present in extreme amounts as chylomicrons or very-low-density lipoprotein, do not affect the DLco."
1147388,"Lungs of 44 patients who died after postoperative respiratory distress and shock had a significantly higher incidence of atelectasis and thromboembolism than did 31 control patients. However, both lesions were as inconstant in occurrence as all other 15 investigated pulmonary changes. Moreover, no clear correlation between lung pathology and duration of shock was found and the incidence of thromboembolism was too low (one clot for each 16 or more counted vessels) to generate any significant vascular obstruction. Furthermore, pulmonary pathology in patients with postoperative respiratory distress was independent of the presence or absence of shock and some of the most typical findings of ""shock lung"" were more often present in patients who did not have shock but died of aspiration pneumonia. While possibly a contributing factor, shock is not the most important cause of the pulmonary lesions in postoperative patients. The term ""shock lung"" should be eliminated and renewed emphasis should be placed on detection, prevention and treatment of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in each individual case."
1147389,"A routine for safe, effective endotracheal suctioning is delineated. This routine was established by correlating various periods of augmented tidal ventilation and endotracheal suctioning with continuous arterial oxygen tension measurements. Patients were evaluated at bronchography to determine the effect of head position on suction catheter placement. Inspired oxygen concentrations were measured via an intratracheal catheter during various forms of inhalation therapy and modes of breating. Using these observations, guidelines were established to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of an endotracheal suction routine."
1147390,"Five cases of nonpenetrating, traumatic diaphragmatic hernia collected from the records of Medical Center Hospitals, Norfolk, Virginia, are presented. Four cases involved the left side; one case involved the right side and is discussed in detail. A brief review of the literature, modes of presentation, diagnostic work-up, and theories of etiology are presented. The detailed report illustrates: (1) the frequently vague presenting symptoms, (2) the need for high index of suspicion in evaluating lesions associated with the diaphragmatic surface, (3) importance of a thorough history and physical, and (4) the invaluable aid of diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in establishing the diagnosis preoperatively, thereby allowing a completely planned surgical approach."
1147391,"A case report of an apparently paradoxical electricl threshold required for cardiac ""capture"" based upon differences in construction in external as opposed to internal pulse generators is presented. The electrical characteristics of each type are discussed and recommendations made for more reliable determinations of cardiac ""capture"" thresholds."
1147393,"A case of 53-year-old woman with a parathyroid adenoma and a parathyroid carcinoma with functioning metastases to the lungs, mediastinum and pleura is reported. The administration of inorganic phosphate solution failed to control hypercalcemia. The therapeutic methods available to deal with metastases are discussed."
1147394,"In this paper are presented three case reports on the use of acupuncture as the sole means of intraoperative analgesia. The authors also discuss the present status of the possible indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages and future indications for its use. It also shows that the term anesthesia is a misnomer for this modality, and that it should be called acupuncture analgesia."
1147395,This is a report of one patient with the unusual complication of ischemic colitis in a segment of interposed right colon which was used for esophageal substitution. The presentation was unusual in that the patient had three episodes of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The diagnosis was established by selective angiography and a barium contrast study.
1147396,"A successfully treated case of acute fulminating necrotizing amebic colitis characterized by signs of toxemia, septicemia and peritonitis is reported. Early diagnosis and staged surgical procedures apparently lower the mortality. Intensive antiamebic therapy should be instituted as soon as amebiasis is confirmed, otherwise surgical therapy is likely to fail."
1147399,A patient with afferent loop obstruction caused by a right renal cyst who presented with acute pancreatitis has been described. The obstruction was successfully relieved at operation with resection of the portion of cyst wall extrinsic to the kidney and mobilization of the duodenal loop into its normal location.
1147402,"We evaluated ethyl linoleate (ethyl, (9, 12)-cic, cis-octadecadienoate), a naturally occurring cutaneous water-holding lipid, for its water-holding metabolic, healing and toxic properties in groups of unburned and burned rabbits and its toxic potentials in this species and mice. The lipid appears to reduce evaporative water loss in full-thickness burned rabbits. Associated with this effect is a proportional and related lowering of metabolic heat production. The topical application of the lipid at any time after burn appears to be associated with a significant healing in lesions that, histologically at least, would be interpreted as fullthickness. The material is highly toxic if applied daily to mice or rabbits. The details of the toxic effect (s) are being studied. The commerical-grade material (75 percent pure) contains a derivative of ricinoleci acid and chronic exposure of the EL to air may result in the formation of peroxides and epoxides. These materials exert well-defined toxicity. The obvious potential uses of this agent in treating human burn lesions need not be emphasized, but it does need to be stated categorically that, at present, (Feb 1974), the toxicity has not been defined enough for use except in experiments."
1147403,"The acute postoperative wound complications of 225 morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass were compared against the complications observed in 225 normal-sized individuals who underwent elective gastric resection for peptic ulcer disease. Not only were there more wound infections (8.9 percent to 5.3 percent) in the obese population, but these infections inflicted more serious complications and a significantly increased hospital stay. While the exact cause of the increase in infections in the obese patients is unclear, it is a real phenomenon to be dealt with in surgery for obesity."
1147404,In this article the authors report a patient with cholesterol gallstone formation shortly after a jejunoileal bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. The etiological factors for gallstones in the general population as well as jejunoileal bypassed patients are reviewed and discussed.
1147405,"Pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication of pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma. A review of the experience with surgical treatment of pseudocyst of the pancreas at the University of Iowa was carried out. Pancreatitis associated with alcoholism accounted for a smaller percentage of the pseudocysts than is usually reported and reflects the nature of the population. Internal drainage of the pseudocyst obviates the development of pancreatic fistula which is often associated with external drainage; however, the mortality for each method of drainage was comparable."
1147408,A case history of recurrent hyperparathyroidism 17 years following removal of an adenoma is presented. Reference is made to possible familial implications noted in this instance. The rarity of recurrent hyperparathyroidism is attested to by the fact that less than 20 authenticated cases have been reported to 1974. Arteriography may be greatly helpful in localizing the recurrent or missed tumor. Etiologic factors possibly associated with recurrence are discussed.
1147421,"Analysis of questionnaire responses of 70208 persons undergoing multiphasic health checkups showed a greater proportion of cigarette smokers than nonsmokers (excesses averaging 1.6-fold in white men, 1.3-fold in white women) admitting to nine types of chest pain. This excess in smokers was greater in younger individuals, and applied about equally to anginalike and nonanginalike pain. The smoking/chest pain association was not explained by greater alcohol or coffee consumption, diminished pain tolerance, or less reliability among smokers; nor did it appear to be mediated chiefly by excess cough, shortness of breath, coronary disease, or musculoskeletal complaints in smokers. Although smokers averaged more complaints than nonsmokers, chest pain resembled clearly smoking-related symptoms, such as cough, when the number of each subject's complaints was considered. Although more smokers had chest pain no type of pain was unique to smokers, suggesting that the ""tobacco angina"" concept be discarded or reserved for rare patients with coronary heart disease in whom smoking clearly provokes angina pectoris."
1147434,"Ouabain plasma level kinetics and removal by dialysis were studied in 14 dialysis-dependent patients with chronic renal failure. Each received one 400 mug intravenous dose of unlabeled ouabain (9 patients also received 83 muCi of 3-H-ouabain) at the onset of a routine 4-hour hemodialysis. Plasma concentration fell rapidly the first few hours, and after 5 to 10 hours declined exponentially with a mean half-life of 50 plus or minus 19 (SD) hours. Ouabain recovery in dialysis bath was 11.5% plus or minus 2.2% the first 2 hours and only 3.4% plus or minus 0.5% the next 2 hours after an intravenous dose, due to rapid removal of ouabain from the extracellular fluid compartment by tissue uptake. Hence, hemodialysis is relatively ineffective for reducing ouabain body stores. Ouabain elimination in patients with chronic renal failure is significantly slower than in normal subjects (P smaller than 0.01), but significantly more rapid than that reported for digoxin (P smaller than 0.01) and digitoxin (P smaller than 0.01) in patients with chronic renal failure, a potentially useful characteristic in treating acute cardiac problems among such patients."
1147435,"The present study was carried out in five cases of hepatic porphyria, including three of acute intermittent porphyria, one of variegate porphyria, and one of porphyria cutanea tarda in clinical remission. In two cases of acute intermittent porphyria (in relapse), a marked lowering effect on serum and urine porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acic was observed, together with prompt and gratifying clinical improvement. In a third case, in chemical remission but with longstanding psychoneurosis, no significant effects were noted, nor were any observed in the case of porphyria cutanea tarda. Although clinical improvements occurred in the case of variegate porphyria, the results were inconclusive for reasons given. Hematin was generally well tolerated. Preliminary reference is made to a transitory renal injury, without sequelae, where an excess of hematin was given in relation to time. Limits of tolerance are proposed. In the light of these observations the basic mechanism of the acute attack is diccussed."
1147436,"The American Burkitt Lymphoma Registry (ABLR) investigates the cause of Burkitt's lymphoma through comparative studies involving endemic and nonendemic regions. In 3 years 114 cases have been confirmed. Diagnosis was based on evaluation of pathologic materialy submitted to ABLR pathologists. Similarities between American and African patients included abrupt clinical presentation with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, jaw, gonads, and central nervous system. Response to high-dose cyclophosphamide and an apparent high cure rate distinguish American Burkitt's lymphoma from poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) of childhood. Time-space clustering and absence of cases in high-altitude regions are seen in American and African patients; young American patients resemble Africans in a predominance of men and high Epstein-Barr virus titers. American patients have bone-marrow and peripheral lymph-node involvement more frequently and are less likely to have Epstein-Barr virus genome in their tumors; most are white. Identification of specific causal factors requires the study of more cases and better pretreatment material for pathologic review."
1147437,"A prevalence of hyperuricemia of 50% and of acute gouty arthritis of 20% has been observed in a group of patients with Bartter's syndrome. All patients except one presented initially with complaints unrelated to uric acid metabolism. The cause of their hyperuricemia and subnormal clearance of uric acid is unexplained. Systemic alkalosis, a prominent feature of Bartter's syndrome, can decrease the clearance of uric acid and may contribute to the hyperuricemia and gout that have been observed. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of gout as a clinical complication of Bartter's syndrome and of the inhibitory effects of alkalosis on urate clearance."
1147438,"A patients with marked chronic hypokalemia (potassium, 1.7 to 2;3 meg/litre) and sodium depletion secondary to lazative abuse and dietary inadequacy was studied with respect to the renin-aldosterone system during sequential potassium and potassium-plus-sodium replacement. Extreme hyperreninemia of 20 Goldblatt units X 10-minus 4 was reduced to 0.9 with potassium replacement alone. Aldosteron excretion (15.8 mug/24 h) was initially low for a sodium-deprived state and high for a potassium-deprived state; it increased with potassium administration, but this rise was opposed by decreases in renin secretion induced by potassium and sodium administration. The results provide clinical confirmation of a dual effect of potassium on aldosterone secretion, with renin as a mediator."
1147439,"Two cases of familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis in Negro brothers occurred, and--because this has been reported to be an unusual disease among blacks--the family pedigree was investigated. Histories were obtained on 79 family members in four generations. Twenty seven (34%) had symptoms of periodic paralysis or weakness. As far as we could determine, there were no Caucasian ancestors."
1147440,"Two cases of patients having calcification within the sella turcica (pituitary stones) have been studied and followed up, one patient for 18 years. A detailed analysis of the radiographic findings and endocrinologic profiles of these two patients is presented. The rarity of bona fide pituitary stones and their benign nature, as evidenced by the two cases reported here, are emphasized."
1147441,Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection associated with pancytopenia was diagnosed in a 40-year-old man found to have granulomata in kidney and liver biopsy specimens. The M. kansasii was isolated from the urine and tissue obtained by renal biopsy. Serial renal biopsies and renal tissue obtained at autopsy showed severe interstitial fibrosis which was thought to represent a tissue response to the M. kansasii infection. The periportal and parenchymal fibrosis found in the liver at autopsy were consistent with a similar response in the liver.
1147442,"The effect of ""low dose"" heparin therapy on fibrinogen survival in patients with cirrhosis was studied in six patients. Survival of I-125 radiolabeled fibrinogen was measured using both autologous and homologous material. Average fibrinogen half-life before heparin therapy was 52 hours and after 3000 units of intravenous heparin every 6 hours was 101.8 hours. Median survival before heparin therapy was 56 hours and after therapy was 91 hours. In every instance fibrinogen survival was improved by heparin administration. These data indicate that ""low dose"" heparin improves fibrinogen survival in cirrhosis and suggest that disseminated intravascular coagulation is a primary process in the defibrination syndrome associated with cirrhosis."
1147446,"Alcohol interacts with a suprising number of commonly used drugs: antibiotics, anticoagulants, antihistamines, digitalis, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nitroglycerine, diuretics, heavy metals, insulin, iron, puromycin C, and many others. It also interacts specifically with sedatives, opiates, phenothiazines, antidepressants, and other psychoactive drugs. This review calls attention to these interactions and what we know of their mechanisms. The physician is cautioned about the use of alcohol by his patients taking other medications and about the frequent difficulty of ascertaining the extent of the patient's alcohol ingestion."
1147447,"Currently used contrast media for excretory urography are generally considered safe even in the presence of renal insufficiency. Isolated reports of acute oliguric renal failure in diabetic patients after excretory urography have been documented. We describe eight such patients who developed this complication. The approximate incidence of recognized acute oliguric renal failure in diabetics undergoing excretory urography was 2 in 1000 as compared with none in more than 100 000 procedures done in nondiabetic patients. Six of the diabetic patients with acute renal failure recovered; two required hemodialysis, never regaining self-sustaining renal function. If detected early, acute renal failure in this setting can often be managed conservatively. Attempts to induce diuresis have been discouraging."
1147448,"A method of carrying out contrast studies was considered for use in 124 persons with past histories of adverse reactions to contrast media. High-dosage steroid treatment was given before and during the contrast study to 37 patients with previous rash responses and 9 with prior anaphylactoid reactions; only 3 and 1 patients, respectively, of these groups had mild adverse reactions. Patients with past reactions deemed ""vasomotor"" underwent contrast study without preparative drug therapy without significant adverse effects. Although uncontrolled, this study suggests a possible protective role of steroids in patients with certain previous reactions to contrast media. We do not wish to imply that this is the only approach that can be used in the kind of patients reported here."
1147449,"Sensory neuroophthalmic abnormalities due to cerebral lupus erythematosus, with involvement of visual pathways posterior to the optic chiasm, occurred in 12 patients with systemic lupus erhthematosus. Five underwent detailed evaluation because of an hallucination, 4 for visual loss, and 3 for both. Hallucinations were either unformed (for example, bright lights, straight lines) or highly formed (for example, faces), in which case they were invariably recognized by the patient as inappropriate. In no instance did they occur in association with delirium, confusion, or use of hallucinogenic drugs. Patients with loss of vision had scotomas, homonymous field defects, and cortical blindness. These features indicate disease in the posterior cerebral artery circulation, a localization often supported by ancillary neurologic findings, for example, vocal cord paralysis, diminished gag reflex. Thus, various visual dysfunctions may occur in systemic lupus erythematosus due to cerebral vasculitis. At times they may be the most prominent and disabling feature of the disorder."
1147450,"Thyroid antibodies were found significantly more often in insulin-dependent diabetics than in their spouses or in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. The poor correlation between presence of thyroid autoimmunity and duration of disease and the significantly increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies in first-degree relatives of insulin-dependent probands are interpreted to suggest that thyroid autoimmunity in probands with insulin-dependent diabetes is not secondary to diabetes. Since married couples in which both members had thyroid antibodies were not found more frequently than predicted by chance alone, acquired environmental factors are not the sole determinants of familial thyroid autoimmunity in diabetes; it is likely that inherited predisposition is of major importance. Relatives of probands with thyroid antibodies have significantly higher frequency of these antibodies than do relatives of negative probands. This finding suggests that there are several kinds of insulin-dependent diabetes, one of which may be an ""autoimmune"" disease."
1147451,"An outbreak of upper and lower respiratory tract inflammatory disease and conjunctivitis among synthetic rubber tire workers occurred. The outbreak began after the introduction of a new thermosetting resin, containing resorcinol and a trimere of methylene aminoacetronitrile, into the rubber tire carcass stock formulation. Two hundred ten workers were affected. Characteristically, symptoms improved during periods of sick leave or vacation, recurring upon the workers' return to the plant. Chest radiograms disclosed pneumonic infiltrates in about one fourth of the cases. Pulmonary function studies detected abnormal airways dynamics as well as abnormal diffusing capacity in more than one third of the workers tested. Lung biopsy showed evidence of focal interstitial fibrosis and peribronchiolar and perivascular chronic inflammatory reaction. The illness was ascribed to volatile products released during the manufacture of synthetic rubber tires. The exact chemical nature of these products is unknown."
1147452,"Variables of calcium metabolism were measured in 11 patients with clearly documented acute pancreatitis. Total and ionized calcium levels were either low or in the low-normal range as were phosphorus and total magnesium levels. Parathyroid hormone levels were high, and there was a significant inverse correlation with ionized calcium. Gastrin levels were normal, calcitonin values were uniformly below the detection limit of the assay, and pancreatic glucagon levels were elevated. The hypocalcemia of acute pancreatitis was probably not caused by abnormalities of glucagon, calcitonin, or gastrin secretion. Furthermore, parathyroid hormone secretion was apparently not impaired. Hypomagnesemia possibly played a minor role. This study suggests that the hypocalcemia of acute pancreatitis is secondary to extraskeletal calcium sequestration or an as yet unidentified defect of bone metabolism, or both."
1147453,"One thousand patients admitted to a 575-bed general hospital during a 6-month period each underwent 20 chemical and hematologic tests. The potential clinical benefit was assessed. There were 2223 abnormal results found; 675 were predicted on clinical assessment, 1325 did not yield new diagnoses, and the remaining 223 led to 83 new diagnoses in 77 patients. On critical evaluation of the new diagnoses, none were unequivocally beneficial to the patient. Up to 30 patients might have benefited had these abnormal findings been followed up diligently, 39 others had findings or diagnoses of no lasting significance, and in 14 patients asymptomatic mild biochemical diabetes was discovered. Although screening may reveal many abnormal test results, the clinical benefits are not impressive."
1147454,"Fifty patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy were studied prospectively for the development of bacteremia by aerobic and anerobic blood cultures obtained before, during, and at 5 and 30 minutes after the procedure. Forty-six patients were culture negative; four had positive cultures at 5 or 30 minutes after the procedure, or at both times. The level of bacteremia as estimated by pour plates was very low. Bacteremia did not correlate with the performance of biopsy or the type of mucosal abnormality found. It is concluded that only very high-risk patients should receive antimicrobial prophylaxis before this procedure. The minor risk of this low-level bacteremia should not be considered a contraindication to the performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy."
1147455,Eighteen male diabetic patients with a mean age of 48.5 years and end-stage renal disease were maintained on chronic hemodialysis for a mean duration of 15.2 months. The cumulative survival rate for the first year was 86%. Their diabetes was no more difficult to control after starting hemodialysis. Cardiovascular complications accounted for the two deaths and most of the management problems. Patient rehabilitation was considered to be satisfactory. It is concluded that chronic hemodialysis can be a suitable form of therapy in this group of patients.
1147456,"A patient suffered from acute glomerulonephritis with modest renal impairment and life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage. The pulmonary hemorrhage  caused severe hypoxia that necessitated artificial ventilation. As a last resort, 1 g/day of methylprednisolone was administered intravenously. Rapid cessation of pulmonary hemorrhage ensued with clearing of the lungs fields. We suggest that large doses of glucocorticosteroids should be administered to patients with life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage before considering bilateral nephrectomy, especially if the renal function is still adequate. Bilateral nephrectomy is an irreversible approach and, as with massive doses of steroids, has yet to be proved to be a consistently effective mode of therapy."
1147457,"Clinical features in two patients with Behcet's disease were dominated by ""minor"" manifestations of the disease--arthritis and central nervous system involvement in one, chronic stasis ulcers complicating thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in the other. In a third patient, the dominant clinical features were coincidental obstructive airway disease and cor pulmonale. Two patients developed a nephrotic syndrome; the third had intermittent trace proteinuria. Amyloidosis was proved by histologic examination in all three. The two patients examined post-mortem had no focus of chronic suppuration. There is a possibility that systemic amyloidosis is an intrinsic feature of Behcet's disease."
1147458,"A 19-year old woman ingested an unknown amount of sodium azide (NaN3). The earliest symptoms were nausea and loss of vision. Within a few hours her clinical features were dominated by central nervous system signs, acute pulmonary edema, lactic acidosis, and hypothermia. The patient died within 12 hours, hypotension and shock occurring as preterminal events. This was the first recorded case in which antidotal methemoglobin production was attempted. Sodium nitrite administration resulted in methemoglobinemia but did not appreciably alter the clinical course and may not be of major benefit. Gross examination post-mortem showed marked pulmonary edema, visceral hemorrhage and congestion, and slight cerebral edema. Microscopically, the lungs showed alveolar and interstitial edema and a polymorphonuclear infiltrate. There were petechial hemorrhages and severe nonspecific changes in the brain."
1147459,"A patient developed disseminated intravascular coagulation with purpura fulminans 1 month after starting Dilantin therapy for a seizure disorder. In addition, the patient developed exfoliative dermatitis, hepatitis, cutaneous vasculitis, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. She was successfully treated with adrenal steroids and heparin for her purpura fulminans. The hepatitic dermatologic, along with hemorrhagic, complications of Dilantin are reviewed, and the possible origin of the vasculitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation is discussed."
1147495,"Ten patients with ocular histoplasmosis (photocoagulated 17 times) were retrospectively selected, in what was considered an unbiased manner, for examination of their response to partial xenon photocoagulation of their neovascular nets. Of the 17 photocoagulations, the part of the neovascular net not coagulated remained the same in 7, was stimulated in 5, and suppressed in 5. This distribution was not statistically different from a control group receiving corticosteroids alone. A direct relation of suppression of the uncoagulated part of the net with the distance of this coagulation from the fovea was demonstrated."
1147496,A 60 year-old black man when seen in consultation for foreign body sensation and presbyopic complaints was noted on ophthalmoscopy to have bilateral pigment epithelial defects. These defects were curiously symmetrical and there were visual field defects corresponding to the areas showing loss of pigment epithelium. The electrooculogram was abnormal and fluorescein angiography showed normal large choroidal vessels but totally absent choriocapillaris in the involved areas and abnormal pigment epithelium at the edge of the defect.
1147497,"A patient with an intracanalicular meningioma is presented who had the clinical symptoms and signs of optic papillitis. All neuroradiologic examinations except for hypocycloidal polytomography of the optic canals were normal. Orbital pain, progressive decreasing visual acuity, visual fields showing an enlarging scotoma, and a failure to respond to steroid therapy or worsening of symptoms upon steroid withdrawal should alert the clinician to this diagnostic possibility despite normal radiographic studies."
1147499,Hydrophilic contact lenses were prescribed for 62 patients with a variety of corneal diseases. The lens was must successful for relief of pain in bullous keratropathy and in the healing of recurrent erosions. Its value in improving vision in bullous keratopathy depends on the stage of corneal edema and is not impressive in long-standing edema with scarring. The lens may be of value in patients with sterile indolent ulcers and in alkali-burned corneas with large epithelial defects after conventional therapy has failed. Caution is advised in fitting patients with the dry eye syndromes. Patients with minimal corneal scars due to keratoconus may benefit from a soft lens. Complications related to the use of hydrophilic lenses in this group of 62 patients are also discussed.
1147500,"The addition of intravenous diazepam to other, routinely employed preoperative medications prior to intraocular surgical procedures was evaluated to determine if symptoms of extreme apprehension and anxiety could be alleviated and the necessity to resort to general anesthesia reduced. It was observed that patients who were given intravenous diazepam preoperatively sleep or were drowsy during the procedure, tolerated the surgery uneventfully and did not manifest symptoms of apprehension. Also, they could be aroused without difficulty after the procedure and were responsive to questioning and routine aftercare. The only adverse reaction, difficulty in breathing because of airway obstruction due to the tongue falling backward into the throat as a result of the light anesthesia employed, can be easily handled by lifting the chin upward or, if necessary, the use of an airway."
1147501,"6-0 Dexon (polyglycolic acid-PGA) suture was used in 30 eyes of 25 patients in surgical procedures which included cataract extraction, strabismus surgery, and ocular plastic surgery. The suture was found to hold the wound firmly, was not absorbed prematurely, was absorbed completely at a predicted time, was relatively easy to use although the knots were large, did not cause any infection or undue tissue reaction, and did not result in any wound dehiscence or vitreous loss."
1147502,"This is a description of an alternative type of vitrectomy instrument system which is characterized by specific advantages for mobilizing and removing sluggish intracapsular lens material, blood, debris, or plasmoid liquid pooled or sedimented at the posterior pole; and modular one-surgeon units adaptable to contemporary vitrectomy devices and techniques with a minimum of surgical or instrument modification. Electrovitreotomy for relaxing fixed folds due to taut opaque vasoproliferative bands inaccessible to or extremely hazardous with other cutting methods is a complementary procedure of value."
1147506,"Few guidelines have been advanced for the management of brain damaged children with strabismus. Conservative therapy with lenses, prisms, occlusion, atropine and late surgery has been suggested but without specific methods or ages being advocated. The authors undertook the treatment of these children utilizing the standard principles of strabismus therapy as applied to neurologically normal children. A further consideration is a satisfactory cosmetic appearance which wins greater self, peer and parental acceptance in these handicapped children. The results of therapy of this series of patients with cerebral palsy indicates that satisfactory alignment can be achieved in the majority even in the presence of severe motor involvement and/or mental retardation. Ninety percent of those patients with treated accomodative esotropia achieved a satisfactory alignment. Those patients with non accommodative esotropia had a satisfactory alignment in 77% of the patients operated upon and those with exotropia achieved this result in 86% of the patients operated upon. Only five (2%) patients spontaneously reduced their angles to cosmetically acceptable ranges. Overcorrections occurred in 10 (11%) patients in the surgically treated nonaccommodative esotropes and 4 (3%) of these patients required further corrective surgery. Only one exotropic patient was rendered esotropic postoperatively. The average age of initial surgery in the esotropic patients was 3.9 years and 5.7 years in the exotropic patients. The older ages for surgical intervention reflects the more conservative approach to these neurologically abnormal children and allow an increased time interval for the development of a stable preoperative oculomotor alignment."
1147507,"Experimental glaucoma was produced in 50% of rabbit eyes by injecting 75 units of alphachymotrypsin into the posterior chamber. The elevation of intraocular pressure was stable, rarely exceeded 50 mm Hg, and lasted one year or longer. Progressive buphthalmos first appeared 2 to 3 weeks following injection of the enzyme. Ocular histologic changes included bullous keratopathy, iris and ciliary body atrophy, and cupping of the optic disc. The optic nerve became atrophic but no cavernous degeneration occurred. In the retina there was thinning of the nerve fiber layer and loss of ganglion cells with preservation of the other retinal elements. The mechanism leading to glaucoma following alphachymotrypsin injection is unclear. This study demonstrated formation of peripheral anterior synechiae and reduction of outflow facility within 2 weeks following injection and these factors may play a role."
1147509,"A new experimental method is presented that permits objective evaluation of ocular decongestant and anti-inflammatory activity following systemic or local administration of drugs to the rabbit eye inflamed with mustard oil. The inflammation produced by mustard oil is characterized by conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis and is measured by the conjunctival sac temperature. Although a 2% suspension of acetylsalicylic acid (0.1 ml) applied topically to the eye did not markedly reduce conjunctival temperature compared to the control eye, oral administration of 300 mg/kg showed a significant reduction throughout the duration of the experiment. In addition to the anti-inflammatory agent, acetylsalicylic acid, the antihistaminic, antazoline phosphate 0.5% and a vasoconstrictor or decongestant, naphazoline hydrochloride 0.05% were applied individually and in combination (Vasocon-A) locally in the conjunctival sac. Both antazoline phosphate and naphazoline hydrochloride reduced congestion and conjunctival sac temperature while the combination reflected the action of the individual ingredients. The palliative effect of antazoline phosphate indicates that this drug administered topically readily antagonizes histamine in the inflamed eye. There was no corneal anesthesia after instillation of Vasocon-A into the rabbit eye. Antazoline hydrochloride administered in up to 8 times the concentration in Vasocon-A did not induce corneal anesthesia which could be readily obtained with tetracaine hydrochloride."
1147512,"Rationale, technique, and equipment required for mass, but accurate, ophthalmic screening of mental defective children is described. A review of the various diagnoses of systemic and ocular diseases of children attending special retarded schools is presented. Conditions in which the author thought correction was warranted are discussed. The philosophy of dealing with such patients is presented."
1147513,Cryotherapy was utilized in 5 eyes of 4 patients with recurrent toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis. Each patient showed slow gradual improvement in vision over several months following cryotreatment where previous medical management had failed. No recurrences have been noted during the follow-up period of 3 months to 3 years.
1147514,"To maintain the patency of the cleft created by the cyclodialysis operation, a trapezoid scleral pedicle is dissected near the limbus and then introduced through a sclerotomy and the cyclodialysis cleft into the anterior chamber angle. The method is indicated for treatment of chronic aphakic glaucoma and has been found useful in treatment of African patients."
1147515,"One hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic floaters without previous ocular trauma or surgery are analyzed as to the underlying cause. The most common findings were posterior vitreous detachment with and without vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous syneresis with collagen fibril clumping, diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tears without retinal separation, and retinal separation. Significant vitreoretinal disease occurred in 36% of the patients."
1147516,This report describes the surgical correction of senile spastic entropion by internally resecting tarsus and orbicularis muscle. A triangle of tarsus is removed with the apex at the margin and the base at the inferior border and a similar amount of orbicularis muscle is resected. Each layer is approximated separately. The shortened tarsus improves the apposition of the lid aagainst the globe and the tightened orbicularis aids in maintaining this stability.
1147518,"We evaluated retinal toxicity produced by intravitreal injection of 25 mg cephaloridine, noting the progression of destruction over a 4 week period. Clinically, intravitreal injection of cephaloridine caused thrombosis of intravitreal vessels in the vascularized portion of the rabbit retina within 2 days. Ultrastructurally, 12 hours after injection there were membrane and cystoplasmic disturbances in the pigment epithelium. Degenerative changes in the outer and inner segments were first observed 48 hours after injection and continued until 120 hours. Phagocytic cells of pigment epithelial cell derivation responded to photoreceptor degeneration by phagocytosis of degenerated outer and inner segments. After 120 hours all outer segments were completely destroyed and all surviving inner segments appeared to be normal. Evidence for the regeneration of outer segments by remaining photoreceptor elements was not found. Hence, the irreversible nature of damage due to intravitreal injection of a toxic dose of an antibiotic is noted."
1147519,"Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active narcotic principle of marijuana, was solubilized and administered intravenously to two male volunteers. Changes in intraocular pressure were recorded and compared to changes in the cortical effects of THC, as indicated by the subjects' report of degree of ""high."" The peak effect of THC on the central nervous system coincided well with the reduction of intraocular pressure induced by the drug; hypotony, however, outlasted euphoria. The results indicate that THC may have value as a hypotonizing ocular medicant."
1147520,"The use of B-can ultrasonography in ophthalmology is becoming increasingly important. There are several advantages of the Bronson-Turner system when compared with other B-scan instruments. The unit is quite compact and much less expensive. There is no need for a special laboratory and trained personnel, since it is operated easily by the ophthalmologist. Because a water bath is not necessary, uncooperative patients and children can be evluated. This instrument has been proven reliable and accurate in the diagnosis of retinal detachment, choroidal tumors, and intraocular foreign bodies, and is also capable of revealing more subtle abnormalities such as retinoschisis and vitreous membranes. The Bronson-Turner ultrasonoscope provides the clinician with a valuable instrument to evaluate ocular abnormalities in the presence of opaque media."
1147521,"Thirty-four cases of uveitis, 26 anterior and 8 posterior, showed elevated intraocular pressure in 25 cases during treatment with local steroids as well as systemic steroids. The patients were treated with drugs to reduce the IOP, but this was not accomplished until the local steroids were stopped. Then a good anti-inflammatory response was obtained with fluorometholone, without further increase of the IOP during the whole treatment. Two cases of episcleritis and one case of allergic conjunctivitis that responded very well to local steroids but showed an increase of the intraocular pressure were treated with fluorometholone. The same anti-inflammatory response was obtained without any increase of the IOP. In our small series, a new steroid has been reviewed. No double-blind studies were done, and the series was not well controlled. But this preliminary result shows that fluorometholone can control inflammation in cases of uveitis, episcleritis, and allergic conjunctivitis as well as other steroids, but without increase of the IOP."
1147522,"A 54-year-old black woman with no significant visual complaint and a diagnosis of disseminated sclerosis of 18 years' duration is presented because of marked bilateral sheathing of the retinal veins, and previously unreported dilated collateral vessels and early neovasularization secondary to peripheral vein occlusion."
1147523,"Ten patients with functional transection of the lower cervical cord were noted to develop a transient, occasionally alternate Horner syndrome. The ocular signs were rarely complete, eyelid droop being the most constant and prominent symptom. Signs could be elicited by turning the patients from side to side. They disappeared gradually with patients lying recumbent or supine. Cocaine and Adrenalin in the presently used concentration are not useful in diagnosis, but cocaine may possibly be used to ""bring out"" a ""latent Horner's syndrome."" The appearance of eye symptoms is delayed from 2 months to 7 years and, although implicating cavitation within the central gray, is not necessarily associated with progression of cord destruction rostrally or loss of remaining function. Temporary interference with sympathetic stimulation along the lateral tectotegmental tracts discharging to the intermediolateralis sympathetic column supplying the eye is suggested as responsible for this phenomenon. Fluid withdrawal from these cysts has been reported to revert the eye findings to normal and possibly arrest further cavitation."
1147525,"The simultaneous occurrence of a central retinal vein occlusion and retinal detachment has not been previously reported. Although both are well recognized entities with characteristic appearances, their simultaneous acute onset led to a misdiagnosis in our case report. The need for a complete eye examination in the face of obvious pathology is stressed."
1147526,"Henceforth we mention the observations of one of the authors (E.G.) which were made in 1949 and published in 1956. The author recommends iridectomy of one pillar, intracapsular extraction of the cataract and iridenclesis of the other pillar for the treatment of cases with glaucoma together with cataract. Between the years 1968 and 1976 in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, 966 cataract extractions were performed; within these, 84 were performed in glaucomatous eyes. In 17 cases the procedure that is used today was performed: iridectomy of one pillar, sphincterotomy, intracapsular extraction and iridencleisis of the other pillar. In other cases, other procedures were used. From our observations we consider that this technique is the most recommended in cases of glaucoma together with cataract."
1147527,"This is a report of a 41-year-old woman who presented with a rare complication of congenitally dislocated lenses. Phacolytic glaucoma was found in one eye followed shortly by an attack of phacolytic glaucoma in the opposite eye. although phacolytic glaucoma is an absolute indication for surgery in these patients, surgery in general for dislocated lenses is still thought to be hazardous especially when dealing with a lens fixata as we did here, which is a lens being fixed in the vitreous with attachments to the retina. The cogenital ectopia lentis was believed to be on a hereditary basis since the father of the patient had worn aphakic lenses all his life without surgery and as none of the many other causes of ectopia lentis could be found."
1147532,"One hundred and eighty-one patients with unresectable carcinoma of the oesophagus have been seen and treated during the past 10 years. When the general condition of the patient was judged to be such that he was able to withstand a major operation a bypass procedure was adopted. No cases were rejected, but when the patient was in extremis oesophagostomy and gastrostomy only were performed. The results of treatment are presented and the difficulties encountered discussed."
1147533,A method is described for detecting blood in the peritoneal cavity in cases of blunt abdominal trauma. It involves introducing a peritoneal dialysis catheter through a single puncture site in the anterior abdominal wall and in some cases performing lavage. Fifty cases have been investigated by this method and the results are presented.
1147535,"The intestinal phase hormone, elaborated by the jejunum in response to an intestinal meal or simple distension, produces profound gastric hypersecretion when it escapes hepatic degradation through a portacaval anastomosis. The hormone is released within 30 min of the application of the stimulus and rapidly reaches peak concentration in the portal blood. Intravenous infusion into a donor dog of active portal plasma from a shunted, intestinally fed dog stimulates gastric acid secretion after a delay of approximately 1 h, and requires a mean 1 1/2 h to stimulate peak secretion, which suggests that intermediate steps may be necessary before the hormone can effectively stimulate the parietal cell mass. The pig develops portacaval-shunt-related gastric acid hypersecretion in response to food comparable to that observed in the dog and in man. Porcine jejunal mucosa is thus an appropriate source for isolation of the intestinal phase hormone. Pig intestinal mucosal extract contains a heat-stable acidic peptide which is a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion. Administration of crude intestinal mucosal extract elicits gastric acid secretion after a brief delay, again indicating that some intermediate reactions occur before the target organ--the parietal cell mass--is stimulated."
1147537,In a series of 306 consecutive patients who had thyroid or parathyroid surgery for benign or malignant lesions attention was paid to a technique in which particular emphasis was laid on meticulous haemostasis and suction drainage of the postoperative serosanguineous fluid. This not only reduced the morbidity associated with haematoma formation and infection but also contributed to a good cosmetic result.
1147538,"Eighty casualities, mainly due to explosive devices, sustained over a period of 3 1/2 months by the armed forces of the Sultan of Oman in counterinsurgency operations are analysed and their management by a British field surgical team is described. Of the 73 who reached the surgical centre alive, 56 per cent had suffered major injuries, yet all but 2 survived, giving an overall survival rate of 88.75 per cent (71/80). The effects of first aid and rapid evacuation on survival and their influence on the surgical work load and on the facilities required for treatment are assessed, together with their relevance to the planning of military and civilian accident services."
1147539,"This lecture explores the factors controlling regeneration and reconstitution of skeletal muscle following vascular and neural injury by giving an account of some experimental work in this field, which is then linked to the problem of the use of whole-muscle transplants in clinical surgery."
1147540,"An attempt has been made to assess the patency and function of the choledochoduodenal junction after biliary sphincterotomy by estimating the first arrival time of injected bromsulphalein (BSP) in duodenal aspirate and the effect of morphine on this. Studies on 49 patients 1--12 years after this operation showed the arrival time to be normal in 47, but in 2 cases there was delay, which suggests that stenosis may develop in time in abot 4 per cent of cases. This had not been detected clinically, radiologically, or by liver function testing. Although it did not effect the BSP arrival time in T-tube bile, morphine was found to prolong the duodenal arrival time in control patients and also after sphincterotomy of the type used, indicating that the protective mechanism of the sphincter region may not have been destroyed by this operation. Abnormal BSP retention in plasma has been reported up to 5 years afte supraduodenal exploration of the bile ducts in 30 per cent of cases. Similarly, in the present study after biliary sphincterotomy plasma BSP levels were above normal in 14 of 49 patients, suggesting that this abnormality reflects the original pathological condition rather than the type of operation used to deal with it."
1147576,"A study was undertaken to determine if current methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing could be successfully applied to the gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli. Using clinical isolates and reference strains, experiments were conducted on the inherent reliability of the Bauer-Kirby method, as well as the effect of certain modifications on the method such as elimination of the 2- to 5-h incubation in broth and use of different agar media. Results obtained using these modifications were compared to the results obtained by the standard method. It was shown that the two modifications investigated had a significant effect on the interpretation of zone diameters. It was further shown that the standard Bauer-Kirby method with some exceptions correlates with minimal inhibitory concentrations as determined by broth dilution methods. Results suggest that the Bauer-Kirby method may be a reliable technique for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of the nonfermentative bacilli."
1147577,"Several antibiotics were evaluated in model infections produced in mice with each of two strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum. In one model, local abscesses occurred at the site of subcutaneous injection; in another intra-abdominal abscesses were produced when the organisms were injected into the peritoneal cavity. Treatment with effective antibiotics prevented the formation of abscesses or minimized the size of the lesions. Several treatment schedules were used. Minocycline was the most active antibiotic of the seven agents tested against both strains and in both models. Clindamycin was equal to minocycline against one strain with certain multiple dose treatment schedules and less active with others. Protective effects in mice were achieved with serum levels of minocycline and clindamycin that appear to be clinically achievable. Doxycycline was less active than minocycline, and tetracycline was relatively ineffective, as were cephalexin, ampicillin and penicillin G."
1147578,Benzamidine derivatives exhibited a high antiviral effect in vivo against influenza virus strains A2/Adachi and B/Lee. The inhibiting properties of anti-influenza benzamidine derivatives on the virus-induced inflammation undoubtedly plays an important role in the clarification of the mechanism of action of these drugs.
1147579,"The in vitro inactivation of gentamicin by carbenicillin and a new semisynthetic penicillin, ticarcillin (BRL 2288), has been demonstrated. Gentamicin half-lives have been studied in eight patients with end-stage renal failure, and a 25 to 74% reduction in half-life has resulted from the concomitant administration of therapeutic doses of carbenicillin and ticarcillin."
1147580,"Pipemidic acid was absorbed well by the oral route. Its peak levels in plasma ranged from 4 to 12 mug/ml at an oral dose of about 50 mg/kg in mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, and men. The protein binding of pipemidic acid was about 20% in dog plasma and about 30% in human serum. Pipemidic acid was distributed to most of the organs and tissues tested at the concentrations comparable to or higher than the plasma level. Its concentrations in bile and urine were much higher than the plasma level. About 25 to 88% of orally administered pipemidic acid was excreted into urine in a bacteriologically active form, the percentage depending on the animals and doses employed. The remainder was excreted into feces in men. The main active principle in vivo was unchanged pipemidic acid itself. The mean lethal dose of pipemidic acid after a single oral dose was more than 16,000 mg/kg in mice. No abnormalities were observed in mice orally receiving pipemidic acid once a day for 4 weeks at doses of 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg per day, and in rats orally receiving the drug once a day for 2 weeks at doses of 400 and 1,600 mg/kg per day."
1147581,"A new species of Actinoplanes, which has been deposited with the designation NRRL 5325 at the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, produces a polyene antifungal complex designated as Sch 16656. The complex, consisting of one major and three minor components, is isolated from the fermentation broth by a solvent extraction procedure and purified by precipitation methods. The major component is a heptaene and is highly active in vitro and in vivo against Candida albicans. It is active also against strains of Torulopsis and is significantly more potent orally than candicidin in mice against Candida infections."
1147582,"Seven laboratories participated in a collaborative study to evaluate the Autobac 1 system. Results obtained with this assay system were compared to those obtained by the standardized Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion test, and each of these two methods was compared to the agar dilution technique. Comparison of the Autobac 1 and the disk diffusion results from the seven laboratories showed an overall average of 91.5% interpretive agreement with the 17 antimicrobial agents tested. The distribution in the levels of Autobac 1/disk diffusion agreement was such that with 13 antimicrobial drugs agreement was 90% or higher; with three, between 85 and 90%; and with one, 77% (nitrofurantoin). Comparison of the Autobac 1 and disk diffusion tests with the International Collaborative Study agar dilution test showed that both methods gave levels of agreement with the International Collaborative Study agar dilution technique that were generally high and equivalent. The average overall agreement between the agar dilution test and each of the other two methods was approximately 90%. Disagreements that did occur tended to involve organisms that were drug susceptible by the Autobac 1 system but intermediate or resistant by the other two methods. This was in part due to the narrow intermediate interpretive zone of the Autobac 1 test. In reproducibility studies with the Autobac 1 and disk diffusion methods, no significant differences were observed between the interpretive reproducibility of the two methods."
1147583,"In a double-blind study with each patient as his own control, 1 g of cefazolin and 2 g of cephalothin were administered intravenously every 6 h to 20 patients in opposite arms for a period of 48 h each. The degree of phlebitis was significantly more severe with cephalothin than with cefazolin (P < 0.05); however, neither the incidence of phlebitis nor the time of onset of phlebitis was significantly different between the two drugs."
1147584,"The activity of R-802, a quinolone antibacterial agent, was studied in vitro and found to be active against Enterobacteriaceae; less than 4 mug of drug per ml was required to inhibit most isolates. The majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew in a concentration of 256 mug of R-802 per ml when studied in broth against an inoculum of 10(8) organisms per ml."
1147585,"Tropolone was shown to be bacteriostatic and bactericidal for a wide range of bacterial species. This antibacterial activity was quantitated using standard methods. Tropolone treatment of whole cells resulted in cell lysis characterized by bleb formation and subsequent loss of cell contents after rupture of the bleb. Although bleb formation and lysis did not occur in the presence of 20% sucrose, cell viability was lost. Spheroplasts and protoplasts also lysed in the presence of tropolone. These results indicate that tropolone acts on the cell wall or envelope and on the plasma membrane."
1147586,"The efficacy of the pleuromutilin derivative 81.723 hfu was tested in chicks and turkey poults by experimentally infecting them with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The data were treated to obtain the mean effective doses, and these were compared to those obtained with tylosin tartrate. The compounds were administered either by ingluvial catheter or via the drinking water. Therapy was started on the day of inoculation or 7 days thereafter, respectively. The experiments showed that the compound 81.723 hfu was significantly more active in chickens than tylosin tartrate by both methods of administration of drinking water. In turkey poults the pleuromutilin derivative and tylosin tartrate had comparable activity."
1147587,"Semiquantitative data regarding antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria were obtained by measuring the growth of bacteria in several different compartments (""cells"") of a plastic module. Each compartment contained an inoculum of the organism and various concentrations of antibiotics in broth, achieved by elution of antibiotic from paper disks placed into the individual cells. Growth of the organisms was measured using an automated monitor to detect the scattering of light. Susceptibility of 300 strains of gram-negative bacilli to multiple concentrations of nine antibiotics was determined by this disk elution system, and the results (expressed in terms of four clinical susceptibility groupings) were compared with those obtained by a quantitative agar dilution method. Results obtained by the two methods agreed completely in 78% of the 2,700 determinations. In evaluating whether individual strains would be susceptible to systemic therapy or not, results obtained by the two systems agreed in all except 149 of the tests. Results of testing by the disk elution method were available on the same day that testing was begun. A system of this type may prove useful, for it provides information of a semiquantitative nature and decreases the time between isolation of a bacterial pathogen and availability of susceptibility data to the clinician."
1147588,"Culturing of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli cells in the presence of low concentrations (</=1 mug/ml) of chloramphenicol (CAP) permitted exponential growth, but at doubling times up to twice those of controls. When such cultures were subsequently starved for uracil or arginine, derepression of aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) or ornithine transcarbamylase, respectively, was enhanced three- to 10-fold as compared to cultures not exposed to CAP. Enhancement of beta-galactosidase synthesis by prior exposure to CAP was also observed in uracil-starved E. coli cultures. Stimulation of enzyme synthesis appeared to be a specific effect of CAP; low levels of erythromycin, puromycin, sparsomycin, tetracycline, and rifampin did not show such effects. Derepression of ATCase synthesis in exponentially growing cells in the presence of CAP did not result in stimulation of enzyme synthesis by CAP. A prior history of growth of a culture in the presence of CAP was shown to be necessary for enhancement of enzyme synthesis by CAP; furthermore, continued presence of CAP in the medium during starvation was not necessary for enhanced enzyme synthesis and inhibited it in some instances. Enhanced enzyme synthesis in starving, CAP-treated cultures could be blocked by rifampin, which suggested that CAP treatment allows prolonged or more extensive messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis."
1147589,"1-beta-d-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) was effective against strains of influenza virus types A and F, whereas amantadine hydrochloride was effective only against strains of influenza virus type A. Dose-related protective effects against lethal influenza infections in mice were obtained with single oral doses of 25 to 400 mg of ribavirin per kg administered at the time of virus inoculation or up to 24 h thereafter. Therapeutic indexes (maximum tolerated dose/median effective dose) against various strains of influenza virus ranged from 5 to 35. With multiple-dose treatment initiated immediately after virus inoculation, oral doses as low as 12 to 25 mg/kg twice daily also afforded significant protection. Treatment with ribavirin inhibited the growth of influenza virus in the lungs of mice and delayed by about 24 h the attainment of maximal viral titers, which in nontreated mice were reached within 24 to 48 h. Inhibition of viral growth was correlated with a suppression of lung consolidation. Ribavirin appears to exert its protective effects against influenza infections by inhibiting virus growth, thereby preventing virus titers from reaching levels that result in massive lung tissue destruction and death of the mice."
1147590,"Intranasal inoculation of newborn mice with Herpesvirus hominis type 2 provides an experimental infection that closely resembles disseminated herpesvirus infection of human newborn infants. After inoculation of mice, the virus multiplies in the respiratory tract and is disseminated through the blood to the liver and spleen and to the brain by both a viremia and nerve route transmission. Although therapy with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) did not reduce final mortality, it did increase the mean survival time by 1 day. This effect on the mean survival time was associated with a 1-day delay in the appearance of herpesvirus in the blood, liver, and spleen and a reduction of virus replication in lung and brain for 1 day as compared with untreated control animals. Treatment with 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) likewise had no effect on final mortality, but increased the mean survival time by 2 days. Therapy with ara-A delayed or suppressed virus replication in blood, lung, liver, spleen, and brain for 2 days. Although treatment with either ara-C or ara-A in this experimental H. hominis type 2 infection resulted in a temporary delay and/or suppression of viral replication in several target organs, neither compound was completely effective in inhibiting viral replication or in protecting animals from eventual death due to the infection."
1147591,"Blood levels of cefazolin and cephalothin were determined in two separate crossover studies in 20 healthy male adults, each after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the intravenous data based upon a two-compartment open model. The rate constants controlling the distribution between the central and peripheral compartments, the overall elimination rate constants, the apparent volumes of distribution, and the fraction of the dose in the central and peripheral compartments were determined. The bioavailability was calculated to be 100% for cefazolin and cephalothin."
1147592,"Staphylococci were isolated from clinical specimens obtained from patients not known to be exposed to abnormal levels of heavy metals. The antibiotic and heavy metal resistance patterns of these strains were determined by using a disk diffusion test and computer sorting. Though not absolute, an association of resistance to mercury and tetracycline in coagulase-negative strains was found, in contrast to resistance to copper and penicillin in coagulase-producing strains. A high degree of correlation was observed between the resistance to phenyl mercury and inorganic mercury, but no correlation was obtained between resistance to methylmercury and other metals. In general, strains resistant to many agents were usually coagulase negative. A possible mechanism and implications of these associations are considered."
1147593,"Staphylococci were isolated from rural and urban populations in Iraq, which were not known to be exposed to either heavy metals or antibiotics. The antibiotic and heavy metal resistance patterns of these strains were analyzed in both mannitol-fermenting and nonfermenting strains. Over 90% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, lincomycin, or methicillin. In general, mannitol-fermenting strains were resistant to penicillin and cupric ions. Mannitol-negative strains were more frequently associated with mercuric ion and tetracycline resistance. Although resistance to penicillin and tetracycline can coexist, the combination of penicillin resistance and tetracycline resistance usually occurred in mannitol-negative strains. The possibility of selection of heavy metal-resistant strains due to exposure to toxic levels of methylmercury was examined. No significant increase in mercuric ion-resistant strains of staphylococci or Escherichia coli were detected in exposed populations as compared to control groups. The possible reasons for this result are discussed."
1147594,"Ticarcillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin similar to carbenicillin. Since carbenicillin has been shown to inhibit platelet function to such an extent that bleeding may accompany its use, an investigation of the effects of ticarcillin on hemostasis was made. The drug was administered to 17 human volunteers for periods of 3 to 10 days in intravenous doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg per day (7 to 21 g/day). Serial studies of blood coagulation and platelet function indicated that coagulation was unaffected by ticarcillin but that platelet function became defective in all subjects. Abnormal platelet function was evidenced by lengthening of bleeding time (17 of 17 volunteers), depressed adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (17 of 17), defective collagen-induced aggregation (15 of 17), and abnormal epinephrine-induced aggregation (10 of 17). Prothrombin consumption, due to reduced platelet procoagulant activity, was significantly decreased with a dose of 300 mg/kg per day. Comparison of results from this study with those from an earlier carbenicillin study revealed that ticarcillin at 300 mg/kg per day produces the same defects in hemostasis as does carbenicillin at 300 mg/kg per day, but that lower doses (100 or 200 mg/kg per day) of ticarcillin result in only a mild defect in platelet function. If the effective dose of ticarcillin is proven to be lower than the doses of carbenicillin currently employed for treatment of certain gram-negative infections, bleeding should not be a frequent complication of ticarcillin administration, when the drug is given to patients with normal renal function."
1147595,"Mature beagles were fed a ground-meal diet containing 0, 2, or 10 mug of oxytetracycline per g for 44 days. The 10-mug/g diet resulted in a shift from a predominantly drug-susceptible population of enteric lactose-fermenting organisms to a multiply antibiotic-resistant population which peaked at 78% resistant organisms. Since a shift to drug-resistant organisms did not occur in the group fed 2 mug/g, the level of oxytetracycline that results in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance lies between 2 and 10 mug/g in this dog model. Rats and hamsters fed diets containing oxytetracycline (10 mug/g or greater) or dihydrostreptomycin (10 mug/g), and provided suspensions of drug-susceptible Escherichia coli, did not develop a population of antibiotic-resistant organisms."
1147596,"The in vitro effectiveness of furazolidone combined with neomycin for the control of contaminants in Leptospira cultures was investigated. Enhanced additive or synergistic bactericidal activity was apparent with the combination when it was compared with each agent used separately or when compared with 5-fluorouracil. Combined furazolidone and neomycin, at 5-mug/ml concentrations each in Fletcher medium or in implanted sensitivity disks of 50 mug and 10 mug, respectively, was effective in inhibiting contaminants and did not interfere with the growth of leptospira belonging to 66 leptospiral collection serotypes. A simple technique for decontaminating swine kidneys from an abattoir for cultural isolation of leptospiras is described. The method involves exposing renal tissue diluted in saline containing furazolidone and neomycin in combination (each in a concentration of 25 mug/ml) for 1 h prior to inoculating culture media. The method is suitable for routine use in the isolation of leptospiras from contaminated clinical or pathological specimens."
1147598,"The synthesis of ribonucleic acid by whole cells of Bacteroides ruminicola is not sensitive to actinomycin D, but it is sensitive to actinomycin D in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Ribonucleic acid synthesis by whole cells of this gram-negative anaerobic bacterium is also totally inhibited by oxygen."
1147599,"Ten strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci were tested for elimination of resistance to macrolide antibiotics, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Six of the strains lost resistance after cultivation at 41 C or addition of acriflavine (0.2 mug/ml). These results suggest that determinants governing resistance to these antibiotics are located on extrachromosomal genetic elements (plasmids) that are widely distributed in streptococci."
1147600,"Eight isolates of Fusarium of the Sporotrichiella section were critically studied as to their taxonomic position. Most of these isolates had been used for comprehensive toxicological work on mycotoxin effects on animals, chiefly in the United States and Japan. Isolates NRRL 3299 and NRRL 3287, supplied from the United States, were determined to be Fusarium poae. Isolates NRRL 3249, NRRL 5908, 2061-C, and YN-13 from the United States and isolate T-2 from South Africa belonged to Fusarium sporotrichioides. Isolate NRRL 3509 belonged to F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum. The relevance of recent toxicological work with these isolates on animals to earlier work on alimentary toxic aleukia is discussed in light of the above identifications."
1147601,"Lake water samples were observed to transform [14-C]ethylene into water-soluble compounds that were undetectable by conventional acetylene reduction assay procedures. Methane oxidizing bacteria, which are known to be common in freshwaters, appeared to be responsible for this activity. As much as 28 percent of added ethylene has been observed to be transformed and this figure is probably an underestimate. It is suggested that acetylene reduction assays may not be accurately applied to samples containing methane oxidizing bacteria."
1147602,"T-2 toxin has been reported to cause severe oral lesions and neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural symptoms in laying hens. T-2 toxin had no effect on either hemoglobin, hematocrit values, erythrocyte count, plasma glucose, prothrombin times, or the sizes of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and heart. Lipid content of the liver was not altered. Feed consumption, however, was reduced, as were the total plasma protein and lipid concentrations and the total leukocyte count. Most important economically was the lowered egg production and a thinner egg shell. The timing and severity of the symptoms suggest that T-2 toxin causes primary oral lesions that reduce feed consumption with a consequent reduction in serum proteins and lipids, which culminate in decreased egg production. The leucopenia and thinner egg shell may be independent systemic effects of T-2 toxin in laying hens."
1147603,"The enrichment of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons on an estuarine beach after a spill of residual fuel oil on 11 April 1973 in Upper Narragansett Bay, R.I. was investigated. A rapid enrichment occurred during days 4 to 16 after the oil spill and a significant population of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria was maintained in the beach sand for at least a year. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mid-tide area declined rapidly during the bacterial enrichment period, remained fairly constant throughout the summer, and then declined to a low concentration after 1 year. An increased concentration of branched and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons in the low-tide sediment 128 days after the spill suggested a migration of hydrocarbons during the summer. Hydrocarbon biodegradation was apparent during the winter months at a rate of less than 1 mug of hydrocarbon per g of dry sediment per day."
1147604,"Total lipid extracted from wild-type Trichophyton terrestre CDC-X285 was found to be 2.0 percent of the dry cell weight. The total lipid contained the following phospholipid components identified by silicic acid-impregnated thin-layer and paper chromatography: phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidic acid. The total lipid extracted from the phenotype T. terrestre 7048-1 isolated from the Apollo 16 Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED) was found to vary according to the time at which the phospholipids were extracted. The Trichophyton phenotype was selected from a cuvette housed in the MEED exposed to specific space parameters including ultraviolet light of known wavelengths and energy levels in deep space. The phospholipid components, identified in the phenotype were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cardiolipin. The major lipid fraction was composed of digalactosyl diglyceride and monogalactosyl diglyceride. An unusual lipid was detected in the phenotype, which appeared to be sterol glycoside."
1147605,"The bacterial flora in the digestive tract of chum salmon growing in fresh water under defined and controlled culture conditions was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. The predominant species present in the digestive tract were identified as Aeromonas, with Aeromonas hydrophila being the most common isolate. These aeromonads were not isolated from the diet. Other bacterial species commonly isolated included Bacillus, Enterobacter, nonpigmented pseudomonads, Micrococcus, and Acinetobacter. These species were also isolated from the diet or tank water. As many as 10-8 viable bacteria per g (wet weight) of digestive tract plus contents were counted. After 75 days of starvation, 10-6 viable bacteria were counted, whereas fish fed a sterile feed contained 10-5 viable bacteria per g (wet weight) of digestive tract plus contents."
1147606,"Studies on the interaction of lead with lipid components indicate that individual lipids do not provide specific stable binding sites for lead, but that natural membrane lipid mixtures may simply provide an environment suitable for nucleation of lead."
1147608,"Aspergillus caepitosus Raper and Thom cultured on autoclaved cracked, yellow field corn produced 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin which was extracted and then purified by silica gel columns. The physical and spectral properties of the colorless crystals from methylene chloride:hexane were consistent with those published for 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. Yield of high purity 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin was about 140 mg of corn per kg."
1147609,"Two small, leaky silos were filled with normal high-moisture corn (HMC), and two with HMC severely infested by Helminthosporium maydis. Counts of mesophilic bacteria, lactobacilli, coliforms, yeasts, and molds were made on corn samples as received and periodically thereafter during 220 days of storage. Temperature and gas levels also were monitored. Sequential changes in the populations of lactobacilli, yeasts, and molds were determined during spoilage of HMC. These population changes were compared on the basis of the variables encountered in the present study as well as with the results of previous studies conducted on normal HMC stored under adequate conditions. Heavy infestation by H. maydis had no appreciable effect on HMC preservation."
1147611,"Two basic colony types have been obtained through single conidial isolation from the Bode strain of Aspergillus foetidus as well as from mutants of this unstable strain. Type I is prototrophic whereas type II is an auxotroph requiring proline. When a type I strain is grown on complex medium it gradually becomes overwhelmed by type II sectors of growth. However, essentially pure cultures of type I can be maintained on minimal medium (lacking proline). The yield of glucoamylase from type II cultures is less than half that obtained with type I cultures. The instability of type I cultures when grown on complex medium can not be explained by heterokaryosis or the presence of virus-like particles found in the original Bode strain and its derivatives. The isolation of five stable prototrophic strains obtained as more rapidly growing sectors from type I subcultures grown on complex medium suggests that the instability most probably results from a duplicated chromosomal segment or other chromosomal aberration analogous to those described in A. nidulans."
1147613,Growth of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was inhibited in a bacteriostatic manner by as little as 10-minus 8 M methylmercury acetate (MeHgAc) in unsupplemented synthetic liquid medium or when cells were exposed to 8.0 nm of MeHgAc per mg of cell protein in a single exposure.
1147614,"Forty-five fungal isolates from moldy supermarket foods were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp, and twenty-two of these isolates were subsequently tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Highly toxigenic fungi were Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a bakery product, Fusarium oxysporum from carrots, F. solani from cabbage, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum from bread, P. cyclopium and P. herguei from corn meal, P. lanosum from onions,P. steckii from chocolate syrup, Penicillium sp. from jelly, and Rhizopus nigricans isolates from sweet potato, applesauce, and strawberries. Approximately one-third of the fungal cultures were moderately to highly toxigenic to brine shrimp and chicken embryos, while several additional cultures were slightly toxigenic."
1147615,"The timing and relative participation of concurrent pathways of carbohydrate metabolism as well as the extent of terminal respiratory activity were determined by radiorespirometry with 14-C substrates and by enzyme assays for vegetative and sporulating cells of the bacterium Bacillus popilliae cultured in whole, intact Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) larvae. During vegetative proliferation, the pentose phosphate pathway predominates in the bacterial cells with minor involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. As the cells proceed through sporulation, pentose phosphate and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas activity remains constant. No tricarboxylic cycle activity is evident during growth and sporulation of B. popilliae. The results demonstrate (i) predominantly aerobic metabolism for carbohydrate assimilation within in vivo sporulating cells, (ii) a major contrast to the metabolism of other aerobic sporeforming bacteria that exhibit derepression of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymatic activity at the onset of sporulation, and (iii) no causal necessity of the cycle to B. popilliae sporogeny."
1147616,"A diarrheagenic toxin from culture extracts of Aspergillus wentii Wehmer isolated from weevil-damaged Chinese chestnuts was identified as emodin (2-methyl-4,5,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone). The orange-red, crystalline toxin (mp 255 to 257 C) showed ultraviolet absorption maxima in ethyl alcohol at 223, 250, 267, 290, and 442 nm, and infrared absorption maxima at 3,400 cm-1 (OH), 1,635, and 1,625 CM-1. Chemical shifts and coupling constants of the proton magnetic resonance spectra of the A. wentii toxin and of authentic emodin agreed. Mean lethal dose of emodin orally administered to 1-day-old DeKalb cockerels was 3.7 mg/kg."
1147617,Both T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin can be conveniently quantitated in crude extracts by using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and fluorodensitometry. This technique was used to follow the production of these toxins by liquid cultures of Fusarium poae (NRRL 3287). T-2 toxin was produced prior to HT-2 toxin and hexadeuterio-T-2 toxin was converted by the culture to trideuterio-HT-2 toxin.
1147618,"The microbial modification of several trichothecene mycotoxins by trichothecene-producing strains of Fusarium nivale and F. solani was studied. These results were compared with the corresponding chemical modifications. The growing mycelia of Fusarium spp. did not convert 4beta-acetoxy-3alpha,7alpha, 15-trihydroxy-12, 13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (fusarenon) into 3alpha,4beta, 7alpha,15-tetrahydroxy-12,13-epoxy-trichothec-9-en-8-one (nivalenol), whereas 3alpha,4beta,7alpha,15-tetracetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (tetraacetylnivalenol) was deacetylated to yield 3alpha-hydroxy-4beta,7alpha,15-triacetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (4,7,15-triae-tylnivalenol), which was resistant to further deacetylation. T-2 toxin was transformed intoHT-2 toxin, and 8alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-3alpha,4beta,-15-triacetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (T-2 acetate) was transformed into HT-2 toxin via T-2 toxin. Chemical modification with ammonium hydroxide converted tetraacetylnivalenol into fusarenon via 4,7,15-triacetylnivalenol. 3alpha-7alpha,15-Triacetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (triacetyldeoxynivalenol) gave deacetylation products lacking the C-7 or c-15 acetyl group in addition to 7alpha,15- diacetoxy-3alpha-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (7,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol). These results demonstrate the regio-selectivity in microbial modification of trichothecenes. Based on the results and available knowledge concerning the transformation of trichothecenes, mechanisms for biological modifications of these mycotoxins are postulated."
1147619,"Twelve T-2 toxin-producing isolates and four fusarenon-X-producing isolates of Fusarium species were examined for their ability to produce trichothecene mycotoxins in shake culture and jar fermentation. T-2 toxin producers such as Fusarium solani, F. sporotrichiodes, and F. tricinctum produced T-2 toxin and neosolaniol in semisynthetic medium. F. solani M-1-1 produced the largest amount of the mycotoxins in a nutrient medium consisting of 5% glucose (or sucrose), 0.1% peptone, and 0.1% yeast extract in either shake culture or jar fermentation at 24 to 27 C for 5 days. None of the isolates produced significant amount of fusarenon-X in shake cultures."
1147620,"Graded doses of pure ochratoxin A (0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0, and 8.0 mug of toxin per g of feed) were incorporated into a commercial diet which was fed to chicks from 1 day to 3 weeks of age, at which time the experiments were terminated. Growth was inhibited at 2.0 4,0, and 8.0 mug/g, whereas the kidneys were enlarged at doses of 1.0 mug/g and above. Renal function as measured by clearance of phenol red was decreased 15 and 31% by doses of 4.0 and 8.0 mug/g, respectively. Uric acid was increased 38 and 48% over the control values by doses of 4.0 and 8.0 mug/g, respectively. The plasma electrolytes Na, Cl,Ca, and K were measured; however, only K was significantly ( P smaller than 0.05) altered, showing a decrease at doses of 4.0 and 8.0 mug/g. The percentage dry weight of the kidneys decreased significantly at dose levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mug/g, indicative of edema. Histological examination of kidney sections gave the impression of edema and some tubular necrosis. Pathological changes were observed at all dose levels. These data demonstrate that ochratoxin A is a severe nephrotoxin in young broiler chickens."
1147621,"Prototheca zopfii is an achlorophyllous alga which degrades oil. It has been found to degrade 10 and 40% of a motor oil and crude oil, respectively, when tested under appropriate conditions. Degradation of the crude oil observed in this study compares well with the amount of degradation accomplished by bacteria. P. zopfii was found to degrade a greater percentage of the aromatic hydrocarbons in motor oil than of the saturated hydrocarbons and a greater percentage of saturated hydrocarbons in crude oil than of aromatic hydrocarbons. Resins and asphaltens were produced during degradation of motor oil, whereas these fractions in crude oil were degraded. P. zopfii did not demonstrate preferential utilization of lower homologues of cycloalkanes and aromatics as has been observed with bacteria."
1147622,"An investigation of mercury-resistant bacteria was undertaken to determine their role in the accumulation of mercury in a simplified food chain. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were maintained in a closed system, sealed aquarium with stirred, aerated water containing 10 mug of 203-HgCl2 per liter. Uptake of 203-Hg by oysters held under control conditions was compared with that of 203-Hg uptake by oysters under similar conditions except that mercury-accumulating and mercury-metabolizing species of Pseudomonas, isolated from Chesapeake Bay, were added to the experimental oysters. After incubation for 4 days, the major portion ofthe 203-Hg in the water column was found to be associated with the microparticulate fraction, corresponding to a rise in total viable count. Mercury accumulation in the oysters was significantly higher in the gill and visceral tissue than other tissue. Mercury concentrations were 200 times greater in tissue fractions of oysters dosed with mercury-metabolizing bacteria compared with the oysters held under control conditions without mercury-metabolizing bacteria."
1147623,"A study has been made of the last 50 patients subjected to aortic valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards or a Björk-Shiley prosthesis. The surgical mortality was 6%, the late mortality was 4%. Postoperatively the vast majority of the patients were symptom-free. Paravalvular leakage was believed to be present in two patients, both of them free from symptoms."
1147624,"During the period 1958 to 1968 inclusive, 238 patients were subjected to primary surgical treatment for gastric carcinoma. On the basis of Hoerr's classification, this material has been subdivided into a group operated on with palliative intention and a group operated on with curative intention. The latter group accounted for only 31.5% of the entire series. The postoperative mortality rate in the series as a whole amounted to 18.5%, and the rate of five-year survival to 16.2%. The proportion of resectability was 53.8%. Sixty-four patients were subjected to total gastrectomy, and in 50% of them this was done with palliative intention. During the period 1964 to 1968 inclusive, postoperative mortality was 5.9% for subtotal and 8.8% for total gastrectomy. The rates of five-year survival during the entire period for the groups operated on with curative intention amounted to 46.5% and 40.6% respectively, postoperative mortality included. At the time of writing, 25 patients are still alive, with periods of survival of longer than 15 years."
1147625,"As a supplement to a theoretical study published in 1966, we now report the indications and results in nine cases, seen over a period of five years, in which papillotomy or a short sphincterotomy was performed for cholelithiasis. In six cases, the indication was based on the presence of low-seated calculi in the common bile duct or in the papilla, which calculi could not be removed via the supraduodenal choledochotomy; in two cases it was based on the presence of a stenosis of the papilla without choledocholithiasis. In seven patients the postoperative course was uneventful. One woman exhibited a complication not connected with the bile-duct operation, and one other patient showed leakage of the suture line in the duct, a complication that may also occur after simple choledochotomy and which accordingly is not attributable to the additional sphincterotomy. All the patients have remained symptom-free during the follow-up period. These results confirm the data in the international literature and prove that for the limited range of indications mentioned, sphincterotomy may be performed if it is considered necessary."
1147626,"In this paper, a description is given of a simple, rapid method of peripheral nerve block by means of electrical nerve stimulation. This method gives optimal results and does not require cooperation by the patient. Since optimal sedation is permissible, the method is painless."
1147627,"The cases of two patients with a fracture of the stem of an endoprosthesis of the hip are reported. Reference is made to the possible biomechanical causes that may lead to such fractures. Apart from adequate surgical technique, the nature and the shape of the prosthetic implant deserve our full attention."
1147628,"In the treatment of fractures of the clavicle the generally accepted principles of fracture treatment should be observed, viz: X-rays in two projections at least, anatomical reduction and fixation stable enough to withstand exercising. Treatment with just a sling is adequate in children up to 14 years of age and also in older patients with only slight displacement. Surgical reduction and fixation with a Kirschner wire is to be preferred in patients older than 14 years with shortening by more than 1 cm or with severe displacement in another direction, and in cases of comminuted fractures. Patients with such fractures in whom operation is contra-indicated should be treated with an abduction-tractionbandage. The dorsal pad should be abandoned."
1147630,"In 101 white psoriatic patients, two histocompatibility (HL-A) specificities were significantly altered from expected values. The levels of W16 and W17 were found to be substantially increased, suggesting that persons with these antigens are at increased risk of having psoriasis. Clinically distinct patient groups were also observed. Antigens W16 or W17 or both were more prevalent in psoriatic patients who had extensive disease involvement, and patients with W17 antigen had an earlier age of onset as compared to patients with W16 antigen. In one family in this study, a linkage between  psoriasis and a specific HL-A haplotype was also observed, further supporting the concept that the HL-A system may serve as a marker for genes affecting specific disease susceptibility."
1147631,"Specimens from one case each of acquired and congenital cutis laxa were examined by electron microscopy. Elastic flbers of the dermis and subcutaneous arteries and veins were found to have similar changes. Elastin was diminished and microfilaments were visible throughout the entire fiber. Electron-dense, amorphous or granular layers that alternate with relatively electron-light layers were deficient. This electron-dense substance was unevenly aggregated within or in the vicinity of elastic fiber. In the congenital case, the aggregation and deposition fo the electron-dense substance was often pronounced. In the vein, deficient deposition of elastin and admixture of microfilaments and amorphous substance were also found. Such admixture was often encircled by fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells. In the artery, multiplication of basal lamina was seen. Collagen fibers and anchoring fibrils of the skin were normal."
1147632,"The results obtained over a period of more than five years are reported for 171 patients with more than 1,000 basal cell carcinomas treated solely with curettage. This method of treatment gives fine cosmetic results, and the rate of recurrence is very low. Certain aspects in this series make it impossible to state the rate of recurrence as a definite figure. Some patients had innumerable tumors, and others exhibited diffuse skin lesions resulting in pseudorecurrences. The establishment of a special service for patients with multiple basal cell carcinomas has contributed to the low number of recurrences."
1147633,A 57-year-old man with asymptomatic pancreatitis developed tender subcutaneous nodules with fat necrosis. These nodules were the sole clinical manifestation of the underlying disease. This case demonstrates that silent pancreatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painful leg nodules.
1147634,"A 27-year-old man had leukonychia totals, multiple sebaceous cysts, and renal calculi. Pedigree analysis showed a total of four generations involved, with koilonychia additionally present in three of the affected individuals. Autosomal dominant inheritance is a postulation."
1147635,"Sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis with a purplish, cord-like structure, singular or multiple around the coronal sulcus, appears 24 to 48 hours after sexual relations. There is edema of the glans penis and coronal area, which is doughy and plastic. The condition is self-limited."
1147637,"Disseminated herpes zoster infection is frequently fatal. Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside), a drug of variable efficacy, has offered some hope in the treatment of this condition. In this case of disseminated herpes zoster infection with pneumonia, there was remarkable recovery after low-dosage cytarabine infusion. The findings suggest that doses of the drug not exceeding 30 mg/sq m of body surface per 24 hours (30 mg/sq m/24 hr) may well be virucidal but not cytohematotoxic."
1147650,"Thirty-eight infants with severe hyperosmolar dehydration and hypernatraemia were treated, using three regimens of intravenous fluids: A. 1/2 normal saline, given fast; B.1/2 normal saline given slowly; C. 1/5 normal saline. 28 of the infants were studied in a treatment trial, and it is concluded tha 0-18% saline in 4-3% dextrose, with the early addition of potassium given at a rate of 100 ml/kg estimated rehydrated weight per 24 hours gives satisfactory rehydration within 48 hours, with little risk of convulsions."
1147651,"A patient with Crigler-Najjar disease has survived with the help of phototherapy to the age of 2 years without neurological damage. Because long periods of phototherapy are a threat to normal development, a search was made for supplementary treatments. Cholestyramine and a high fat diet were effective, and possibly also aspartic acid. Maintenance therapy with cholestyramine allowed the amount of phototherapy given to be reduced."
1147652,"Early insulin response to rapid intravenous injection of glucose was studied in 7 cases of cystic fibrosis aged 8 months to 9 1/2 years. Plasma insulin was measured with a radioimmunological method. Blood glucose values were determined and the glucose disappearance rate (kG) calculated. In all children except the youngest one the early insulin response values were low compared with normal children. The kG-values were normal and correlated neither to the duration of clinical symptoms, nor to the patients' actual clinical condition measured by means of the Shwachman score. The explanation of the decreased insulin response is probably the progressive fibrosis of the pancreas. This may also explain the reported increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis. Comparison is made with the condition in pancreatic fibrosis in rabbits, produced through duct ligation."
1147653,"In a consecutive group of 25 children with defective growth being evaluated for growth hormone deficiency, EEG-monitored slow-wave sleep provided discriminatory serum growth hormone responses equivalent to those obtained by arginine and insulin-hypoglycaemia provocation. Exercise was less effective but was able to provide a useful screening test. In 2 subjects with abnormal physiological but normal pharmacological serum growth hormone responses, therapeutic administration of growth hormone in one resulted in a significant growth increment, whereas in the other, advanced epiphyseal maturity precluded adequate evaluation. A normal growth hormone response to a pharmacological stimulus does not exclude a therapeutic response to human growth hormone."
1147654,"Air temperatures were continuously recorded inside four incubators with proportional heating control and six incubators with on/off heating cycles, during routine use. The air temperatures in the former were constant throughout, with a gradient between the roof and above-mattress air temperature not exceeding 1 degree C. In contrast, the recordings from the latter models showed a regular cyclical oscillation, the duration of the cycle varying from 14 to 44 minutes. Each incubator had a characteristic profile. The roof air temperature could vary by as much as 7-1 degrees C and the above-mattress air temperature by as much as 2-6 degrees C during the cycle. The oscillation persisted in the air temperatures recorded inside an open-ended hemicylindrical heat shield when used inside these incubators, but was markedly reduced inside a closed-ended heat shield, Carbon dioxide concentration did not increase significantly inside the latter."
1147655,"A study of leucocyte response to infection, polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction in children with kwashiorkor was undertaken and compared with a control group. The results show that total leucocyte counts were depressed in children with kwashiorkor, and lymphopenia was not infrequent. NBT reduction was normal. Abnormal polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity, though frequently found in children with kwashiorkor, was shown to be dependent on infection and not on protein depletion per se. Therefore, apart from some impairment of leucocyte mobilization in the presence of infection, the qualtiy of polymorphonuclear function, as determined by the above techniques, appears to be normal in kwashiorkor."
1147656,"Serum and urine concentrations of ampicillin, amoxycillin, and flucloxacillin achieved after oral administration have been measured in 27 newborn infants. Compared with adults and children, newborn infants show a delay in achieving adequate blood concentrations, presumably due to delayed absorption. However most infants achieve therapeutic concentrations in the serum. Infected newborn infants should be given these antibiotics by intramuscular injection for the first dose, but thereafter oral therapy (25 mg/lg every 6 hours begun concomitantly) should be satisfactory. The better absorption of amoxycillin compared with ampicillin reported in adults has not been confirmed in the newborn infant."
1147657,"Ascorbic acid levels in plasma and leucocytes and urinary excretion of tyrosyl derivatives (TD) were determined in 11 normal, 18 preterm, and 4 small-for-dates infants. Concentrations of ascorbic acid in both plasma and leucocytes were found to be similar in the 3 groups. There was no difference in the basal levels of TD between normal and small-for-dates infants, but preterms showed higher basal excretion of TD than the other two groups. After protein load the excretion of TD was higher than the basal level in preterms. It was concluded that the altered metabolism of tyrosine observed in preterms is not the result of poor ascorbic acid status; and that tyrosine metabolism is influenced by the period of gestation rather than the body weight of the infant."
1147658,"Three tests for the presence of occult blood in the stools of children were examined; the orthotolidine test, the guaiacum resin test, and a modified reduced phenolphthalain test. The stools of 71 neonates, 33 normal children, and 8 children with suspected gastrointestinal pathology were examined. The 1% orthotolidine test and the guaiacum resin test produced a high number of false positive results in healthy children eating a meat-containing diet. It is concluded that a positive result by these tests is of little diagnostic value in children eating a normal diet."
1147659,"A case of recurrent Bacteroides fragilis septicaemia leading eventually to meningitis in a 6-week-old infant is reported. Perforation of the small bowel at the constriction ring of a strangulated inguinal hernia caused a faecal peritonitis and was the primary source of infection. Erythromycin, to which the isolate was fully sensitive in vitro, was only temporarily an effective treatment; the infection was finally eradicated with chloramphenicol, and the baby made a full recovery. Bacteroides infections in infancy and childhood are briefly reviewed."
1147660,"Four children with chronic diarrhoea and perianal excoriation after a pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease have been shown to have increased but not markedly raised levels of faecal bile acids. Bile acid analysis of the 'bile-rich' duodenal fluid obtained after pancreozymin stimulation in 3 of the patients indicated a marked reduction in the proportion of deoxycholic acid conjugates. These findings are compatible with colonic malabsorption of secondary bile acids in these patients which is related in some way to the pull-through operation, but which is not likely to be the cause of the diarrhoea and the anal excoriation."
1147661,Children with chronic renal insufficiency have a normal diurnal rhythm and normal nocturnal values for serum cortisol when determined by competitive protein binding. Falsely raised values were obtained when a fluorimetric technique was used for the cortisol determination in these patients.
1147662,"This paper describes 2 male infants who were born with sever micropenis and in whom testicular tissue could not be identified at surgery. HCG stimulation in one infant was not followed by a rise in plasma testosterone. It was decided that both cases would be best raised as females, despite their male chromosomal sex."
1147664,"During screening of 16,800 primary schoolgirls, aged 4-12 years, in Cardiff and Oxford, significant bacteriuria was found in 294 (1-7%). Intravenous urography and micturating cystography were performed in 246 of these girls. The urinary tract was abnormal in 47%. Pyelonephritis with or without vesicoureteric reflux was present in 26% and reflux without renal abnormality in a further 16%. The prevalence of pyelonephritis and reflux was independent of age. With few exeptions kidneys without pyelonephritic scars appeared to be normal in size, even when ureteric reflux was present."
1147665,"In young infants the clinical and investigative features of coeliac disease (CD) may be mimicked by other conditions such as cow's milk intolerance or secondary disaccharidase deficiency. It is therefore especially important to confirm a diagnosis of CD by later gluten challenge in such infants. Sixteen children in whom the diagnosis of CD had been made before the age of 12 months had an oral gluten challenge, after being treated with a gluten-free diet for periods of one month to 5 years. In 15 we showed intestinal xylose malabsorption by the one-hour blood xylose level within 1-28 days of starting ingestion of gluten. One child, with a persistently normal one-hour blood xylose test after gluten challenge for 3 months, had normal absorption and normal jejunal histology after 18 months on a gluten-containing diet; she is considered not to have CD. The one-hour blood xylose test before and after gluten challenge can help to confirm the diagnosis in coeliac patients diagnosed in infancy."
1147666,"Urine specimens from 135 295 infants have been collected on filter papers and tested for 7 abnormal urinary constituents using spot tests and paper chromatography. The method has detected 5 infants with phenylketonuria, 4 with histidinaemia, 5 with cystinuria, 5 with diabetes mellitus, and one with alcaptonuria. Transient abnormalities such as tyrosyluria, generalized aminoaciduria, cystinuria, and glycosuria have been noted. 2 phenylketonuric infants failed to excrete a detectable quantity of o-hydroxyphenlacetic acid at the time of testing. The findings show that the detection of this compound in urine is an unreliable method of screening for phenylketonuria."
1147667,"Intestinal enterokinase deficiency in 2 sibs in described. A boy failed to gain weight and had vomiting, diarrhoea, oedema, hypoproteinaemia, and anaemia in early infancy. His duodenal juice contained very low or absent proteolytic enzyme activity, which increased markedly after addition of enterokinase. He was treated with pancreatic extract and gained weight rapidly. At 44 months of age he is normal, apart from some development delay, and no longer needs pancreatic extract. His older sister, who had had similar symptoms in early infancy but then grew normally, had the same abnormality in her duodenal juice when seen at 4 years of age. Enterokinase activity was virtually absent in the duodenal mucosa of both patients. Mucosal morphology was normal. The findings suggest that enterokinase deficiency is an inherited congenital defect and not the result of mucosal damage. Affected patients may show spontaneous improvement and normal growth after the age of 6 to 12 months. This phenomenon may be related to the decreasing growth volocity during the first 2 years of life and the concimitant decrease in protein requirements per unit bodyweight."
1147668,Serum 25-hydroxycholecaliciferol levels and x-rays of the wrist were normal in children who had had extensive resections of ileum and no supplementary vitamin D for considerable periods. These results suggest that normal vitamin D status occurs in the absence of the ileum and that supplementary vitamin D is unnecessary.
1147669,"Serum lysozyme levels were studied in term babies at the time of delivery and again between 7th and 30th postnatal days, and in preterm babies on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postnatal days. Levels in term babies at delivery (mean 2.28 mug/ml) were similar to those found in adults, but they fell between the 7th and 30th postnatal days. In premature babies lysozyme levels on the first day of live (mean (0.82 mug/ml) were lower than in term babies. They tended to rise during the first 5 days, by which time they had reached levels found in term babies between the 7th and 30th days. The low lysozyme levels in preterm and in term babies after the first few days of life may contribute to the poor ability of the newborn baby to localize infection and to kill bacteria extracellularly."
1147670,"The role of disseminated intravascular clotting (DIC) in the pathogenesis of the bleeding diathesis kwashiorkor was investigated in 22 patients. According to the severity of the clinical and haematological findings, two grades of DIC were observed. A severe grade of DIC was  shown in 6 cases (5 fatal) presenting with thrombocytopenia, hypofibinogenaemia, and multiple coagulation defects, and with abnormally prolonged partial thromboplastin,prothombin, and thrombin times]. A second goups of 16 patients (7 fatal) showed a less severe grade of DIC manifested by thrombocytopenia, low fibringoen level, and a clotting factor defect shown by rpolonged prothrombin and thrombin times."
1147671,"A patient with idiopathic marrow hypoplasia associated with short stature and other anomalies (Fanconi's anaemia) is described: treatment with human growth hormone for one year did not accelerate his growth rate or significantly affect his anaemia: androgen treatment considerably improved both features. Endocrine studies suggest that though he had poor and insufficient production of endogenous growth hormone to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, the major defect in this syndrome is determined more at the end-organ than at the pituitary or gonadal level."
1147673,"A case of desquamative fibrosing alveolitis beginning in early infancy is described. The disease was characterized by tachypnoea, hypoxia relieved by O2, absence of signs in the chest or clubbing, and radiological and physiological evidence of hyperinflation. The diagnosis was made by needle biopsy of the lung. Treatment with steroids and immunosuppression was without effect and the infant died at 9 months. The disease has a high mortality in infancy, only 2 out of 9 reported cases having survived. The difference from the usual course in adults and older children is noted."
1147686,"Cases of pancreatitis in children in the Newcastle Regional Board area were studied over approximately 6 years. There were 9 cases aged between 6 weeks and 15 years. In 5 children (all under 7 years of age) likely aetiological factors were found (2 cases of mumps and 1 case wach due to trauma, measles, and hereditary pancreatitis). In 4 children all over 13 years of age no likely aetiological factor was found. It is speculated that they may represent one end of the age spectrum of idiopathic pancreatitis as it occurs in adults. Hereditary pancreatis was definitely found in only one child and possibly in one other. Therefore, it probably does not represent the major cause of pancreatitis in children as has been previously thought. One child died, but all the other children have thrived since their illness."
1147687,"We examined the influence of maternal education and ethnic background on the four main areas of development (as measured by the Brunet-Lezine adaptation of Gesell's developmental schedule) of their infants. 173 babies were examined at the ages 0f 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the Kiryat Yovel area of Jerusalem, an area where Jew from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and Israel are represented at different educational levels but all share the saem maternal and child care services. The mean development quotients (dqs) of the infants of highly educated mothers were higher in all four areas of development that those of infants whose motherw were of low education. Further, North African infants of middle educated mothers had higher DQs than those of middle education European mothers, especially in motor and adaptive areas. It was concluded from this study that higher education of mothers will be expressed in higher DQs of their babies. This was true in all ethnic groups. However, where educational groups were comparable, North African babies have shown better development than all other groups, while European babies were the least developed."
1147688,Two brothers are described with chronic suppurative pulmonary disease. One has classical cystic fibrosis with complete pancreatic involvement and abnormal sweat test. The other had incomplete pancreatic disease with repeatedly normal sweat tests. The implications of a negative sweat test in patients with cystic fibrosis are discussed.
1147693,"In bromocarbamide intoxication in humans, as in rabbits, the predominant feature is the endothelial damage characterized by desquamation and vacuolisation, followed by interstitial oedema. Consumption coagulopathy, as observed in some cases of human bromocarbamide intoxication and also in our experimental model, can be prevented by anti-coagulant therapy with heparin and also, as could be shown in rabbits, with aggregation-inhibiting agents. These findings strongly suggest that consumption coagulopathy is only a secondary phenomenon which develops in the course of primary endothelial damage. Similarities in the histological findings of endothelial damage between bromocarbamide intoxication in humans and in rabbits and the so-called ""Adalin purpura"", which can be observed after chronic use of bromocarbamide, are discussed."
1147694,"The ultrastructural localization of TPPase and AcPase in rat skin was studied. AcPase appeared localized in the lysosomes of the basal layer and in the keratinosomes of spinous, granulous and corneum layers. A diffuse reaction was also present in the granulous cells cytoplasm. Only the keratinosomes in the superficial layer were TPPase positive, specially those of the intercellular spaces of the proximal horny cells. The Golgi apparatus of all skin cells reacted strongly towards TPP. Membranous structures with TPPase and AcPase activity were evident within horny cells and seem to be infolded portions of the cell membrane which keep their enzymatic activity."
1147697,"In order to evaluate whether or not an increase in daily cadmium intake may be taking place, 75 wheat samples (spring wheat and fall wheat) harvested from the same ""nonpolluted'' farm fields between the years 1916 and 1972 were analyzed. The individual scatter was large but a significant (Psmaller than.05) tendency toward increasing concentration with time was evident for fall wheat. A similar tendency was found for spring wheat, through not a statistical significance. This increase may be explained by general air contamination or the cumulative effect of fertilizers. There was a clear covariation in cadmium concentrations of differenc genotypes of wheat and barley harvested in the same year despite yearly variations in average concentration."
1147698,"Blood mercury was raised to levels exceeding 1,000 ng/gm by weekly oral doses of methylmercury hydroxide to squirrel monkeys. Operant behavior tests were employed and neurological signs were recorded on film. Sudden visual disturbance occured with subacute exposure. Prolonged exposure resulted in impaired coordination with impairment of scotopic vision and possibly also sensory disturbances. Scotopic vision was tested by determining the critical fusion intensity (cfi) at 10 cps. An increase in cfi was the earliest neurological sign appearing in some monkeys months before other signs could be detected. Poisoned monkeys exhibited typical cerebral cortical lesions. The visual cortex was invariably involved. Extension to adjacent cortical areas increased with increasing duration of exposure and increasing brain mercury. The microgram per gram brain tissue was the lowest concentration of methylmercury seen wiht morphological lesions."
1147699,"Rabbits were exposed for four minutes to combinations of oxygen (21%, 11%, or 7%) and fluorocarbon-11 (0%, 5%, or 15%). Exposure to 7% oxygen-15% fluorocarbon-11 caused cardiac arrhythmias in all rabbits exposed. These bradyarrhythmias developed at levels of arterial hypoxemia that did not cause arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to 7% oxygen alone. In contrast with recent reports, hypoxia and this aerosol propellant do appear to have an interactive effect on cardiac rhythm."
1147700,"When respiratory alterations associated with the inhalation of aerosol propellants were eliminated, it was demonstrated that a ten-minute exposure to trichloromonofluoromethane (Freon 11) at concentrations below 15% never caused death. Rarely, at a concentration of exactly 15% minimal sinus slowing occurred (change less than 10% the base line rate). At concentrations between 15% and 17%, nine animals survived while seven succumbed. Ranges between 17.5% and 21% resulted in seven survivors of 19 animals, while no animal survived a ten-minute exposure to a concentration in excess of 21%. The mode of death was most commonly and ultimate asystole. Concentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) greater than 95% were necessary to produce death in ten minutes, and severe oxygen deficit was evident."
1147701,"The short-term effects of cigarette smoking on the bronchial clearance of inhaled monodisperse radioactive insoluble particles was studied in nine nonsmokers and six smokers. Each subject inhaled two aerosols of the same particle size, tagged with a different isotope, with an interval of several hours between aerosol exposures. Simultaneous measurements were made of the clearance of both aerosols. Smoking of from two to seven cigarettes was started shortly after the second tagged aerosol. Comparison of the bronchial clearance times of the two tagged aerosols gave a minimum estimate of a twofold transient speedup in deep bronchial clearance caused by the cigarette smoking in both smokers and nonsmokers."
1147704,"The term ""spontaneous gastric rupture"" is used to describe our cases of neonatal gastric perforation. Nineteen such neonates are reviewed. Current opinions regarding the possible etiology is included in the discussion. Neonatal asphyxia was the most commonly seen predisposing cause in our series (63%). Roentgenograms of the abdomen are most helpful in making a positive diagnosis. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice. All the surviving patients in our series underwent surgical repair. The need for gastrostomy during surgery should be individualized. The mortality was 27% in the cases operated since 1970; a significant improvement as compared to a mortality rate of 62% for the cases operated before 1970."
1147705,"Ten patients are presented in whom a continent ileostomy (internal ileal reservoir or Kock Pouch) was constructed. The series is unique in that it includes the first such ileostomy successfully constructed in this country. The other 9 patients, for a variety of reasons, sought conversion from a standard ileostomy with an external appliance, to a continent ileostomy. Eight of 9 were successfully converted. Subsequent loss of continence has occurred in 2 of the patients due to reduction or intususception of the nipple valve. In one of the two, a satisfactory level of continence appears related to adequate pouch size. The second patient is seriously inconvenienced by a varying level of continence in part related to slow development of pouch size. Seven of the 10 attest to a dramatic improvement in life style, and illustrate the high level of patient satisfaction with a continent ileostomy."
1147706,"Nonpenetrating trauma to the abdominal aorta is uncommon and the development of a traumatic abdominal aortic aneurysm is even more rare. The victims of blunt trauma to the abdomen should be examined for diminution or absence of femoral pulses, especially if numbness, diminished sensations, or motor weakness appear following trauma. If pulse abnormalities are present, aortography should be performed promptly to exclude aortic disruption or dissection. Immediate surgery should be performed once the diagnosis of aortic disruption is made. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of successful surgical treatment of a false aneurysm of the abdominal aorta following nonpenetrating trauma."
1147707,"Of 125 patients with postsurgical acute tubular necrosis, 87 died, 34 regained clinical normal renal function, and 4 survivors (9.5%) were left with severe permanent renal failure, two of whom required chronic dialysis and transplantation. Preoperatively these 4 patients had normal renal function. The 4 patients were above age 60, two had undergone methoxyflurane anesthesia, and nephrotoxic antibiotics were used in all. The incidence of permanent renal failure is much higher than ever reported and may reflect the survival of patients who previously died because of less ideal dialysis. We believe that the cause of this permanent lesion is multifactorial, including age (over 60 years), nephrotoxic antibiotics (particularly cephalothin and gentamicin sulfate), and nephrotoxic anesthetic (methoxyflurane) agents. This combination of factors should be avoided whenever possible."
1147708,"Symptomatic solitary bony metastasis as the First sign of asymptomatic gastric carcinoma is very infrequent. Only 8 cases reported by 7 authors have been found in the literature. Furthermore, solitary bony metastasis as the sole sign of recurrence after hopefully curative resections are so rare that none has been previously reported in the literature. Three additional instances of solitary and histologically proven osseous metastasis of malignant gastric neoplasms have been observed and treated at Memorial Hospital during the years 1949 through 1969, and are herewith reported."
1147709,"A number of reports in recent years have indicated that the administration of low dose intra-arterial reserpine has resulted in significant clinical improvement in patients with symptomatic vasospasm, with the benefits presumably resulting from regional vascular wall norepinephrine depletion with resultant vasodilatation. However, to date, there has been no evidence that such low dose reserpine actually alters vascular wall norepinephrine content. This study was performed to determine both regional and systemic effects of low dose intra-arterial reserpine on vascular-wall norepinephrine content, and the duration of any alterations. Twenty-four mongrel dogs had vascular segments excised and assayed for norepinephrine content, before and for up to 4 weeks following a single injection of reserpine, 0.01 mgm/kg, into one femoral artery. The results indicate a pronounced norepinephrine depletion in the injected femoral arterial system, with the reduction persisting for 2-4 weeks, at which time complete norepinephrine recovery occurred. The visceral vessels sampled also showed considerable norepinephrine depletion, indicating systemic spill-over of the drug from the injected peripheral arterial tree. The visceral vessels, however, showed maximal depletion at 24 hours, with recovery by 7 days."
1147710,"In animals pulmonary hypertension, a decrease in total body O2 consumption and metabolic acidosis occur after transfusion of blood with an elevated screen filtration pressure (SFP) through standard blood transfusion filters. The purpose of this study was to define in detail the pulmonary abnormalities that develop following transfusion of blood with an elevated SFP through standard blood transfusion filters. Exchange transfusions of approximately twice blood volume were administered through standard commercially available blood transfusion filters (measured pore size--200 microns) to 6 animals. SFP measurements verified the presence of large numbers of aggregates in the transfusions. Although filters reduced SFP of the stored blood somewhat, numerous microaggregates passed the filters, and post-filtration SFP remained high. After transfusion average O2 consumption decreased to 77% of normal and metabolic acidosis developed. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was associated with an increase in pulmonary shunting of blood and a decrease in pulmonary diffusing capacity. The presence of extensive numbers of microemboli in the pulmonary arteriolar and capillary bed was confirmed by microscopic examination of lung tissue."
1147711,"The preoperative arteriograms in 87 periampullary cancers were analyzed in relation to the extension of tumor as explored in surgery, the resectability and the survival time. Most of the patients in whom the pancreaticoduodenal arcades were intact (Group I-O) showed no extension of the lesion into the surroundings and survived more than two years after pancreatoduodenectomy. Those in which the invasion was confined to the anterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade (Group I-A) could also be resected with much anticipation of long survival. About a third of the patients, in whom either the posterior arcade (Group I-P) or both anterior and posterior arcades were invaded (Group I-AP), were resectable. Only a few patients with the involved gastroduodenal artery (Group 2-A) or with the involved superior mesenteric artery (Group 2-P) were treated by extended pancreatoduodenectomy, but they died of recurrence shortly after resection. Further extension of the lesion was explored in surgery when preoperative angiography showed invasion of both the gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries (Group 2-AP) or of the extrapancreatic vessels such as the hepatic artery (Group 3-C), intestinal arteries (Group 3-M) and both (Group 3-CM). Survival in these cases was only a few months after by-pass operation."
1147712,"In 6 of 7 patients with acute pancreatitis and hyperlipemia, inhibition of serum amylase activity was detected by dilution of the serum before assaying for amylase and by correcting for tthe dilution factor. In 4 patients the inhibition phenomenon disappeared within the first few days of hospitalization as the elevated serum triglycerides fell. However, in 2 others there was no relation between triglyceride level and amylase inhibition. Removal of the excess serum lipids by ultracentrifugation did not eliminate the inhibition of amylase activity. Inhibition of amylase activity also occurred in the urine of these patients. No amylase inhibition was demonstrable in lipemic serum from patients without pancreatitis or in pancreatitis serum to which excess lipids were added. The data suggest the presence of a circulating inhibitor of amylase, distinct from the elevated serum lipids, in the serum and urine of patients with acute pancreatitis associated with hyperlipemia. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the patient with abdominal pain and lactescent serum can be facilitated by correcting the serum amylase activity by dilution."
1147713,"A series of 94 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck region has been studied. Fifty-three of the patients had regional lymph node dissections performed and the results in 37 performed more than 5 years ago are presented. The policy of elective lymph node dissection for invasive melanoma of the head and neck is strongly endorsed, although not proven by the data presented in this limited series. Whenever possible, a total excisional biopsy should be performed to establish the diagnosis. It is recommended that all melanomas be classified by the method of Clark and Mihm and that the level of invasion also be determined. There is an appreciable error in the clinical evaluation of lymph nodes for metastases. In general, it is suggested that elective regional lymph node dissections be performed for invasive melanoma (levels III, IV and V). The literature pertaining to cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck has been reviewed and surgical and pathological problems peculiar to lesions of this region are emphasized."
1147714,The extent of cellular metabolic deterioration and its reversibility was studied on human skeletal muscle needle biopsies during operations in bloodless field. The tissue levels of high energy phosphates and glycolytic metabolites were analyzed after various times of tourniquet ischemia and compared to contralateral control extremity levels. In the ischemic extremity the phosphocreatine (CrP) levels decreased by 40% within 30-60 min and after 60-90 min a 60% reduction was found. No significant ATP changes occurred. Lactate levels increased by 225% after 30-60 min and by 300% after 60-90 min. The glucose and G-6-P levels increased slightly and indicated glycogenolysis. The rate of the metabolic changes decreased with ischemia time. In the control leg no significant metabolic changes could be seen. After the release of the tourniquet there was a rapid restoration of the phosphagen content and clearance of lactate in the ischemic leg. Near control levels of these substances were seen already after 5 min. The present results show that clinical tourniquet ischemia of up to 90 min duration produces less pronounced metabolic alterations than those seen in working muscle.
1147715,"The acute effects of the intravenous administration of large doses of furosemide on the left ventricle were studied in a controlled open-chest dog preparation. The data revealed that there was no direct effect of furosemide on the ventricular myocardium. This suggests that any acute cardiovascular effects seen clinically after the use of furosemide would most likely be due to changes in the effective circulating blood volume, direct effects upon certain vascular beds, electrolyte alterations, and possible secondary reflex cardiovascular effects rather than to any direct cardiac effects."
1147716,"The effect of ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of ouabain was determined on CSF production after inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by benzolamide in cats. An additional decrease in CSF formation was observed by combination of i.v. benzolamide and intraventricular ouabain. However, the effect of the combined drugs was less than the sum of the effects of the drugs given individually. It is concluded that the reduction of the CSF production by ouabain is probably partly due to its effect on Na-K exchange (through inhibition of Na-K-activated ATPase) and partly due to its effects on Na+ transport coupled to anion transport mediated by carbonic anhydrase."
1147717,"Experiments were performed to determine 1) whether synergism existed between morphine and gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the production of analgesia and 2) the effect of each of these agents on pain-induced changes in brain amino acid content in mice. The analgetic ED50 for both agents was determined using hot plate and tail-flick procedures. The combination of one-half the ED50 of each agent produced an effect equivalent to the ED50 of either agent administered alone in the hot plate but not in the tail-flick test. Although both agents produced an unresponsiveness to noxious stimulation, only morphine prevented pain-induced alterations in brain GABA and glutamate levels."
1147718,"Seven days after bile duct ligation, rat receiving 80 mg of 14-C-imipramine/kg i.p. excrete less than 2 per cent of the dose as total drug (imipramine plus metabolites) within 2h through a bile fistula. In rats without cholestasis, the biliary excretion accounts for 15 per cent of the dose. The percentage of the dose found in liver, lung, brain, and blood does not differ from that found in bile fistula rats without prior bile duct ligation. The conjugates of the hydroxylated imipramine metabolites account for 33 per cent of the total drug excreted through bile after bile duct ligation as compared with 88 per cent in rats without bile duct ligation. The remaining 67 per cent of total drug are excreted as desmethylimipramine, imipramine-N-oxide and imipramine at about equal parts. Hepatic microsomal N-demethylating enzyme activity after bile duct ligation is decreased as well as the content of microsoma cytochrome P-450. A concomittant complentary appearance of the metabolically inactive cytochrome P-420 is observed."
1147719,"In guinea pigs, 160 mug kg-1 of ouabain decreased noradrenaline content of the right atrium and left ventricle by 44% and 68%, respectively, 2 hr after intraperitoneal injection. In rats, 20 mg kg-1 decreased noradrenaline content of the right atrium and left ventricle by 35% and 55%, respectively, at 1 hr. In mice, 10 mg kg-1 decreased myocardial noradrenaline by 33% and 20 mg kg-1 by 45% at 15 min. Phenytoin, 10 mg kg-1 in the guinea pig, 80 mg-1 in the rat, and 40 mg kg-1, in the mouse suppressed the effect of ouabain. Hexamethonium did not suppress the effect. In isolated, perfused guinea pig and rat hearts, 5.5 + 10-8 M and 6.8 + 10-6 M, respectively, caused an increase in noradrenaline output, which was usually followed by oscillatory fluxes; the initial increase in output was obtunded and the oscillations were entirely prevented by premedication with phenytoin but not by the addition of the drug to the perfusion medium."
1147720,"Kallikrein covalently attached to polyvinylpyrrolidone was prepared. The kinetic parameters, the molecular weight and the blood pressure depressor effect of kallikrein and kallikrein bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone are compared. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed a mean molecular weight of 110 000 dalton for kallikrein bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone. The specific activity of kallikrein-PVP was 4.6 times lower when compared with native kallikrein, however K-M was only slightly different. The maximal reduction and the duration of the decrease of mean arterial blood pressure were statistically not different from each other when kallikrein and kallikrein-PVP were injected in amounts of the same esterolytic activity."
1147721,"In mice, both apomorphine and pilocarpine either potentiated a hypothermic effect of a high dose of morphine or reversed a hyperthermic effect of a low dose of morphine to a hypothermic effect. Haloperidol paritally blocked the hypothermic effect but not the  hyperthermic effect of morphine. Scopolamine partially blocked the hyperthermic but not the hypothermic effect of morphine. Bilateral lesions of the caudate nuclei produced no changes in sensitivity to  either the acute hyperthermic or hypothermic effect of morphine but did selectively facilitate the developement of tolerance to morphine-induced hypothermia. The results suggest that morphine's temperature effects are determined by the interaction of several mechanisms and that the caudate nucleus may have a specific role in drug tolerance."
1147722,"Noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline applied to the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii of the medulla oblongata decreased arterial blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized normotensive rats. Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline was more effective than noradrenaline. Prior administration of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine at the same site prevented the central inhibitory action of the two catecholamines and even reversed the effect on blood pressure. The hypotensive responses evoked by electrical stimulation or alpha-methylnoradrenaline application were found to have a common distribution of the most effective site, comprising the middle-caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarii at the obex level. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of this area caused an immediate and severe hypertension. The data suggest that the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii is a site of action of hypotensive drugs which may act by noradrenergic receptor stimulation in the brain. In addition brain serotonin may also play an inhibitory role as indicated by the association of elevated blood pressure and brainstem serotonin depletion during treatment with para-chorophenylalanine of normotensive and genetic hypertensive rats."
1147726,"White mice of the NYA: NYLAR strain were infected with coxsackie B1 or B4 virus and studied for persistence of virus, antibody conversion, histologic changes, and glucose tolerance during periods up to 13 months. Pancreatitis was observed during the acute phase of infection. Suggestions of subclinical diabetes were found during the first six months after virus inoculation. A normal glucose tolerance at 10 to 13 months suggestes that the functional lesion is temporary."
1147727,"Individual kidney functions were studied during water diuresis in eight patients, following the relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Fractional excretion of phosphate was diminished in four of the patients, presumably due to enhanced tubular reabsorption of phosphate in the diseased side. Glomerular underperfusion may be the main factor responsible for the hypophosphaturia in the postobstructive kidney. Fractional excretion of sodium and water was increased in the obstructed side in six of the eight patients. In two of the four patients with hypophosphaturia, there was enhanced fractional sodium excretion, suggesting a dissociation of renal handling of sodium and phosphate in some patients with this condition."
1147728,"In late 1972, a survey of Mayo Graduate School alumni was undertaken to determine if changes were needed to make the internal medicine residency program more relevant to such medical practice in the 1970s. Responses were obtained from 783 of the 1,109 former residents in internal medicine to whom questionnaries were sent. Althought nearly half of the responders indicated a subspecialty component to their practice,73% indicated they spend more than half of their time in the delivery of parimary car; and additional 15% reported that primary care occupied from 20% to 50% of their professional time. There was agreement that more general internists are needed and that better geographic distribution of physicians would improve health care delivery."
1147729,"Two hundred one patients with essential hypertension, who had studies of their renin-aldosterone system performed between April 1967 and December 1972, were surveyed for myocardial infraction or cerebrovascular accident. Of the patients, 42% had low plasma renin activity. Myocardial infractions or cerebrovascular accidents were documented in 15% of those with low plasms renin activity and in 5% of those with normal plasma renin activity. When adjustments were made for differences in afe and blood pressure , a protective effect in low-renin hypertension was evident. When black patients were considered separately,there was no difference in diastolic blood pressure; however, vascular complications were not less frequent in low-renin hypertensives. The results suggest that low plasma renin activity does not protect against the development of vascular complications in essential hypertension."
1147730,"The designation ""pseudomyeloma'' is used to describe three patients who had a clinical picture that closely resembled multiple myeloma and was characterized by severe osteoporosis and a serum monoclonal paraprotein peak. The diagnosis of myeloma could not be made histologically, initally or after three, four, or ten years of observation. The protein abnormalities and the bone marrow picture remained stable. It is not known if this association has pathophysiologic importance or if it represents a chance phenomenon."
1147731,"After serum creatinine levels exceeded 10mg/100ml, median survival was 55 days (to death or dialysis) in a group of 112 patients with chronic renal disease. Renal failure was partially reversible in 29 patients, partially accounting for prolonged survival. Those with polycystic kidneys, pyelonephritis, or obstructive nephropathy survived longer,partially because of more frequent reversibility and a slower increase in serum creatinine concentration. Kiabetic nephropathy, myelomatous kidneys, and amyloidosis were associated with shorter survival, less frequent reversibility, and more rapid progression. Urinary infection and extracellular volume depletion often accounted for partially reversible renal failure and prolonged survival. Blood pressure and age were not prognostic variables, while coexistent heart failure shortened survival. Survival correlated significantly with sodium excretion."
1147732,"Twelve patients had undiagnosed articular disease associated with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Objective joint findings involved both large and small joints. Disease was bilateral but asymmetrical and oligoarticular. Synovitis was midly inflammatory and persistent rather than episodic in natrue, and disability was minimal. Serial slinical, laboratory, and radiographic assessment excluded other currently recognized forms of rheumatic disease. Joint radiographs demonstrated large metaphyseal and epiphyseal cysts in five patients. Synovioanalysis and synovial biopsy results are reported in two patients. These cases appear to constitute a clinically homogeneous group. The concurrence of a distinctive articular syndrome and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia suggests a possible causal relationship."
1147733,"In two patients, metabolic complications, previously unreported to our knowledge, of severe hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia in addition to hyperkalemia nad hyperuricemia were demonstrated after treatment with cyclophosphamide. In one patient, elevated blood and ascites lactate levels were measured. The levels decreased rapidly to normal following chemotherapy. The hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia may have been due to rapid tumor lysis and the hypocalcemia may have been caused by the hyperphosphatemia. The reduction in blood and aseties lactate levels may reflect the lysis of anaerobically metabolising tumor cells. Renal dialysis was required in the management of both cases. Because of the potential for cardiac arrythmias related to electrolyte imbalance, it is recommended that whenever possible reanl dialysis be available before treating cases of Burkitt lymphoma with large tumor burden."
1147734,"This report presents the clinical, laboratory, and light and electron microscopic observations on a patient with chronic active (aggressive) hepatitis caused by the administration of propylthiouracil. This is an addition to the list of drugs that must be considered in the evaluation of chronic liver disease."
1147735,"Lymphopenic IM is a real phenomenon. It is likely to appear as a more severe clinical illness and, in contrast to the benign course to typical IM, may have a poorer prognosis. The clinical spectrum of IM should be extended to included to include lymphopenic patients if their diagnosis is supported by appropriate heterophil and EBV antibody titers."
1147736,"Acromegaly, the clinical expression of chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone, develops insidiously and is too often not recognized until the disease is advanced. However, a useful screening procedure, the measurement of serum growth hormone after an oral glucose load, is available. Though evidence suggesting that acromegaly may be a disorder of defective hypothalamic regulation of pituitary growth hormone secretion has accumulated, the pathogenesis of the diease is not sufficiently understood to permit consistently effective medical therapy. Current therapy, therefore, is directed toward destruction of growth hormone producing pituitary tissue. Patients with major suprasellar extension and chiasmal compression usually require transfrontal surgery. Patients without major suprasellar extension can be treated with external irradiation or with transsphenoidal surgery. It is our current practice to limit the former to young patients withe relatively modest elevation of the serum growth hormone concentration."
1147739,"Cells of Nocardia corallina ATCC 4273 form multiply branched coenocytic mycelia and subsequent fragment to spherical cells when grown on solidified complex media. In liquid shake cultures using complex media the organisms grow into pleomorphic but seldomly branched rods, divide as rods and then the rods fragment to spheres as the stationary phase is reached. In a defined liquid medium with glucose as carbon source, the organisms divide entively as spheres at a doubling time of 44 hrs. The addition of L-tyrosine, some fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates or fructose to the glucose medium caused the cells to grow at considerably faster growth rates (2.8-8.5 hrs doubling times) and to undergo the shphre-rod-shpere growth cycle. Other amino acids, fatty acids or surgars added singly to the glucose medium did not produce the sphere to rod morphology change. Some amino acids when added to the medium in pairs effected sphere to rod morphopoiesis. None of these amino acids alone were effectors. Some of the culture grew as rods and the remainder as spheres when isoleucine and valine were added to the glucose medium. No other amino acid combination tested gave this result. The reason for the mixed growth response was traced to inhomogeneity of the parent culture. The life cycle of N. corallina is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of two slide cultures."
1147740,"Chlorella fusca, strain 211-15, cells degreened in a nitrogen-deficient mineral growth medium in the light for 4-6 weeks were regreened for up to 24 hrs in a nitrogen rich medium that leads to synchronous cell division at 24-26 hrs. Structural changes in the plastid membranes during the regreening period were observed by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Nitrogen-deficient plastids were found to have non-appressed lamellae, prolamellar body-like membrane aggregations, and only 2 types of freeze-fracture face. At this time no photosynthetic oxygen evolution could be demonstrated. After 6 hrs regreening the plastid lamellae had fused to form bands of appressed lamellae and the four types of freeze-fracture face, described previously, were visible. At this time photosynthetic oxygen evolution could be demonstrated. After 24 hrs regreening the plastids had an appearance typical of normally grown Chlorella and had commenced to divide. Supporting evidence for these developmental stages is presented from isolated chloroplast particle fractions. An unusual type of cell wall proliferation was observed in the nitrogen-deficient Chlorella cells that resulted in the laying down of several walls, each with a trilaminar component."
1147742,"Forty female mice during breast-feeding were infected intraperitoneally with coxackie B3 virus. Gross and microscopic examination of the hearts of the mice 7, 20, 44 and 120 days after infection revealed myocarditis typical of the acute stage of the disease, not reported previously, and gradually increasing intensity of immunologic changes in the chronic stage."
1147743,"Phagocytosis was studied in exudative microphages from white mice with alloxan diabetes and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Peritoneal exudates were induced to obtain exudative forms of microphages, which were used to phagocytize Staphylococcus aureus 209 P Oxford. Phagocytic indices were calculated by the method of Davies. The liver and pancreas were studied morphologically and histochemically, and serum glucose levels were assayed. The experiments showed that: 1) lowered phagocytic indices in animals with alloxan diabetes and insulin-induced hypoglycemia indicate lower phagocytic capability of exudative microphages; 2) normal phagocytosis depends on: a) normal blood levels of glucose as energetic material, and b) adequate concentration of insulin in tissues as enzymatic ""transporter"" of glucose."
1147744,"Activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase was determined by the method of Bodansky in blood serum, homogenates of liver, kidney, lung, brain, liver mitochondrial fraction of normal, methylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid, and Thyroideum-induced hyperthyroid rats. The following results were obtained: an increase in both enzymes in all studied materials in hyperthyroidism, and a decrease in most of the studied materials in hypothyroidism."
1147745,"White blood cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood with gelatin and with a combination of Ronpacon and Ficoll. Gelatin gave greater concentration of white blood cells, whereas Ronpacon plus Ficoll yielded less concentrated preparations but with significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes, as well as a larger proportion of viable cells in comparison with gelatin."
1147746,"A study of nerve conduction velocities in ulnar and peroneal nerves bilaterally in 27 hemiplegic patients revealed a statistically significant slowing in the affected limbs compared with the unaffected limbs, and a slowing of both compared with the standards for completely normal subjects. These results suggest that the upper motor lesion affects the function of the lower motor neuron. Proposed causes include a demonstrated lower skin temperature, a possible atrophic thinning of the fibers and other less plausible factors."
1147747,"A hand-grip dynamometer was used to test the maximal grip strength and endurance index of 15 male and 15 female physical therapy students. The results showed that there was no apparent correlation between maximal grip strength and endurance index in the male subjects, but there was a tendency for endurance index to decrease as maximal grip strength increases in the female subjects. Maximal grip strength and body weight were positively correlated in both the males and the females. There was no significant difference in endurance index between the males and the females."
1147748,"In a research study, the vocational status of 172 patients with multiple sclerosis who were from 20 to 50 years of age was evaluated. These patients constituted 35% of the total population having multiple sclerosis in Israel. Ninety-four are working and 78 are unemployed. In the unemployed group, 41 are severely disabled but 37 have working potential. No rational explanation could be found in the demographic, vocational or educational backgrounds for the unemployment of the 37 patients. It is suggested that a vocational rehabilitation program at the onset of the patient's disability may prevent eventual unemployment."
1147749,"The evaluation framework presented here defines a three-tier hierarchy of the functional goals of rehabilitation, using the tenodesis splint as an example of an orthosis designed to improve limb function. These goals are combined with five categories of evaluative criteria to create a matrix. Based upon the key validity assumptions underlying the goals, conjoint criteria are suggested. Directions of development and inquiry are indicated. The matrix illustrates the separation as well as the integration of goal levels and evaluative categories; it sets the stage for the proper context and relative importance of specific splinting. This framework will increase the validity of criteria for orthotics evaluation in the design of future clinical studies."
1147750,"Fourty-four men (average age, 61.5 years) who had undergone amputation of both lower extremities were studied at a Veterans Administration hospital. Vascular insufficiency was the most frequent reason for amputation. In 26 of the patients bilateral below-knee amputations had been performed. Although diabetes mellitus was present in 26 of the patients, it severely hampered rehabilitation in only four. Twenty-nine (nearly 65%) of the 44 patients became totally independent in daily functions. However, the average time required for maximum rehabilitation was almost 30 weeks."
1147754,"Of 24 cases of abnormal communication between gallbladder and main bile duct occurring in a service specializing in hepatobiliary surgery, jaundice was present in all, but variable in degree and persistence. No particular clinical picture suggested this complication of cholelithiasis, and preoperative diagnosis is rare. At operation, adhesions were strikingly dense, often first suggesting a diagnosis of cancer. The gallbladder, fused to the main bile duct, should not be dissected from it because of the risk of ductal injury. Under these conditions, the gallbladder should be opened peripherally, stones extracted, and a cholangiogram performed to assess the situation. Treatment consists of partial cholecystectomy and closure of a cuff of gallbladder wall over a T tube placed into the main bile duct through the fistula."
1147755,"Fifteen patients with radiation-induced brachial plexus paralysis were studied. Thirteen women had been treated for breast cancer. Two men developed symptoms and signs following radiation therapy for lung cancer. The brachial plexus paralysis initially was not static and progressed, but spontaneous arrest with permanent residual paralysis was seen in three patients. Three were noted to have intractable pain, but the major complaint of the remaining 12 was the inability to use their hand. The ten patients on whom an earlier operation directed at the brachial plexus had been performed were not relieved. Two of these were later considered excellent candidates for a tendon transfer in the hand. One did not desire surgery. The other underwent operation and showed marked improvement of her grasp and general hand function."
1147756,"A patient had an occlusion of the left subclavian artery just proximal to the takeoff of a previously placed subclavian-carotid graft. This caused reversal of flow in the graft and a symptomatic steal of blood via to the intracranial arteries. An axilloaxillary graft restored forward flow. In a second patient, a steal occurred from the right carotid and vertebral systems into the distal carotid system of the left side that has been isolated by a proximal carotide artery occlusion from arteriosclerosis. A saphenous vein, used as a bypass from the subclavian to the carotid artery, restored normal flow. Thus, the carotide system may be the low-pressure area responsible for the steal, although this is rarer than the subclavian."
1147757,"In 119 patients undergoing intra-abdominal arterial reconstructions, the small intestines were retained in plastic bags and the fluid that passed from the small intestine into the intestinal bag was cultured for bacteria to search for enteric organisms as a source of prosthesis infection. No enteric organisms were recovered from these 119 cultures. Three cultures did yield bacterial growth; in two cases Staphylococcus epidermidis was found and in one instance S aureus was cultured. Under the conditions of this study, which included intravenous administration of cephalothin sodium preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively, the small intestinal transudate did not harbor enteric bacteria."
1147758,"Late unilateral limb thrombosis was encountered in 45 of 601 patients discharged from the hospital with functioning aortic bifurcation grafts, an incidence of 7.5%. It was invariably associated with clinical manifestations of arterial insufficiency to the affected limb more serious than those of the extremity prior to the initial operation. Although the specific cause could not be determined, it was usually due to either progression of the disease distal to the reconstructed segment or to certain compromises at the time of the first operation or both. Among several procedures employed, unilateral reconstruction of the thrombosed limb is the procedure of choice. The reoperation was successful in 75% of the patients."
1147759,"A transduodenal endoscopic pancreatocholangiography dislodged a distal common duct stone. The conclusion that the stone was disimpacted by the manipulation was reached by (1) demonstration of a negative shadow representing a stone in the distal part of the common duct on roentgenograms following injection of contrast material after successful ampullary cannulation, (2) the clinical sequence of events that followed ampullary cannulation, and (3) the operative finding of a grossly dilated common duct without the presence of a stone and normal intraoperative and postoperative T-tube cholangiograms."
1147760,"Botulism occurring in patients with wounds has been thought of as a rare disease. A patient with a lacerating wound of his hand and wrist and an avulsion of his fourth finger developed diplopia, dizziness, and slurred speech one week later, followed by generalized weakness and difficulty in swallowing. Repetitive nerve stimulation studies showed signs of neuromuscular block consistent with the diagnosis of botulism. Results of bacteriologic and immunologic tests were not revealing, but the subsequent course of progressing, and retrogressing, bulbar signs and symptoms with eventual nearcomplete recovery confirmed the diagnosis. Increasing awareness and employment of electrophysiologic studies are uncovering increasing numbers of cases."
1147761,"The technique involves resecting a 1-cm section of rib posteriorly and then splitting the rib longitudinally with the Stryker saw or the neuroaerotome to the desired point anteriorly, where the rib is again divided. Blood loss on entering is minimized, reapproximation during closure is simpler and more secure than by other methods, and the patients experience little postoperative pain."
1147762,"Only two cases of trauma to the vermiform appendix are recorded in the English literature. This report adds two more cases: one due to a penetrating bullet wound of the abdomen where tangential laceration of the appendix was the only intra-abdominal injury, the other an avulsion of the appendix from the mesoappendix resulting from blunt abdominal trauma. Preoperative diagnosis of this specific lesion could not be made. Both patients were successfully managed by appendectomy."
1147778,"Concurrent and consecutive infection and immunisation with yellow fever virus and UGMP-359 virus was investigated in mice, using identical doses of both viruses. In double infection it was shown that both viruses could multiply independently of one another, when both were inoculated simultaneously by the intracerebral route. On the other hand, there was mutual exclusion between them when the inoculation of one antedated the other, by the same intracerebral route. Both viruses multiplied to similar titres, in single infection, in the target organ (brain). By the intraperitoneal route, the outcome was influenced byhe relative sensitivity of this route of inoculation to support and sustain the replication of either virus. Thus, because yellow fever virus replicated more than UGMP-359 after intraperitoneal inoculation, the latter is always excluded, even when the inoculation ofUGMP-359 preceded that of yellow fever. In the double immunization studies it was shown that comparative specific antibody titres to both viruses were obtained either when both viruses, as immunogens, were given simultaneously, or when the inoculation of one was alternated, at weekly intervals, with the other."
1147794,"The authors present a review of 21 cases with the diagnosis of type I amyloid neuropathy based on epidemiological data, clinical evolution and histopathological findings. They call attention to the possibility of cranial nerves involvement (hyposmia, diplopia, masseterian hypotrophy, peripheral facial paralysis, hypoacusis, dysphonia, laryngeal paralysis, dysphagia, and trapezium muscle hypotrophy), to the severeness of the digestive symptoms, to the precocity of the autonomic disorders, and to the rather high incidence (6 cases) of heart involvement. The electromyography showed anterior horn involvement in 3 cases. The electrocardiography showed repolarization disorders in 11 cases, left ventricular overload in 6 cases and atrioventricular block in 5 cases. The serum proteins electrophoresis showed frequent abnormalities, but no typical curve could be obtained. The barium-contrasted X-rays of the gastrointestinal tract showed no anatomical lesions, but functional abnormalities (hypo or hypermotility) were found in 14 examination. The Schilling test showed impairment of vitamin B12 absorption in 50% of the cases. However, with the concomitant administration of intrinsic factor (3 cases) there was improvement of it absorption. This proves that the gastric mucosa plays an important role in the disease malabsorption. The test with labeled-triolein showed slow absorption in 2 cases and steatorrhea in 3 (6 tests). For the confirmation of the amyloid deposits, the best histopathological procedure was nerve biopsy. In men, when the nerve biopsy was negative, testicular biopsy has shown to be a good option."
1147795,"A detailed electrophysiological study has been made of the extensor digitorum brevis, thenar, hypothenar and soleus muscles in one patient with myotubular or centronuclear myopathy. The main finding was a noticeable reduction in the population of active motor units in all the investigated muscles. The remainer units showed normal sizes. The experimental observations have been interpreted in terms of a neuropathic process."
1147803,"A specialized technique developed specifically for ophthalmic surgery has led surgeons at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital to perform most private cataract extractions-more than 1,000 per year-with patients under general anesthsia. Because this practice is followed by so few ophthalmic surgeons elsewhere, an evaluation of the relative safety and benefits of local vs. general anesthesia was undertaken. A retrospective study comparing 2,217 consecutive patients operated on under general anesthesia with 561 patients operated on under local analgesia leads us to believe that general anesthesia providess the surgeon with optimum operating conditions. General anaessthesia has proved to be a safe procedure, with a minimum of complications. The ophthalmic surgeon is assured of absolute patient immobility, with safety equilvalent to that seen with procedures performed with local analgesia, despite the advanced age and resulting physiological degeneration of the patient population."
1147804,"A previously unrecognized characteristic clinical entity, ""pseudoentrapment of ointment in the cornea"" may occur in corneal lesions that have (1) topical application of ointments to the corneal lesion, (2) application of a firm pressure dressing, and (3) stromal loss or distortion of its normal architecture that allows for ointment globules to lie below the corneal surface. The clinical picture is that of a cluster of large ointment globules lodged within the corneal defect. Experimental data suggest that the ointment globules are entrapped within the wound exudates and lodged below the plane of the corneal surface. No treatment is necessary since the globules are extruded within the next 24 to 48 hours even if the pressure dressing is continued. Pseudoentrapment of ointment inthe cornea is compared with and differentiated from corneal ointment entrapment and corneal spheroidal degeneration."
1147806,"A 16-year-old girl presented with progressive, painless proptosis of the left eye. X-ray studies revealed an extensive lesion involving the left orbit, antrum, and middle cranial fossa. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst, and the lesion was surgically excised. There has been no evidence of recurrence after three years. In a review of the literature, we were able to find only seven other cases of aneurysmal bone cyst involving the orbit."
1147807,"Experimental scleral buckling was obtained in rabbits by using expanded silicone rubber implants under scleral trap doors. Buckle heights ranged from 2.3 to 4mm after injection of 0.05 to 0.15 ml of fluid into the implants. Therate of decrease in buckle height followed up opthalmoscopically for five months, was found to be slow and continous and was caused mainly by loosening by the scleral flaps rather than by the diffusion of fluid from the implants. Implants expanded with chorampenicol solutions provided sustained release of the antibiotic in the area of the operation. This was confirmed in agar plantes by inhibition of the growth of Sarcina lutea around subimplant tissues and the expanded implants that were recovered post mortem. These implants provided an opportunity of modify the buckle height easily, either during the procedure or postoperatively."
1147808,"A method for making latex rubber casts of the ocular vasculature while maintaining physiologic vascular relations has been developed. A series of short-haired domestic ctas, Rhesus monkeys, and albino rabbits were anesthetized and cannulated in the common carotid arteries. The jugular veins were severed, and heparinized saline was infused into the carotid arterial circulation of the animals for complete exsanguination of the head. Throughout the infusion procedure, normal physiologic pressure was maintained. After exsanguination was complete, a solution of latex rubber in distilled water was infused bilaterally and continued until the flow from the jugular veins ceased. The eyes were enucleated and placed in a curing solution. After fixation, the eyes were selectively trimmed and placed into a solution of sodium hydroxide for digestion. The digested tissue was transferred to distilled water for dissection. After dissection, the cast was closely inspected for completeness of capillary filling. Casts such as these are intended for use in observations of ocular vascular anatomy."
1147809,"The biologically available concentration of gentamicine sulfate in eight ocular tissues of 140 rabbits and 96 humans was measured by a modified disc diffusion technique. If enough topically administered gentamicine was applied, this bioassay detected it in all ocular tissues tested except the lens nucleus. The decay of antibiotic activity was faster in some tissues, eg, aqueous, than in others. A higher level of antibiotic was found in corneas altered by sutures than in virgin tissue. The degree of inflammation, the frequency of application, and the interval between the drops are directly proportional to the  antibiotic level in the tissues. The antibiotic free vehicle of commercial 0.3 per cent gentamicin drops possesses an antibacterial potential."
1147810,The diagnosis of malignant glaucoma was entertained preoperatively in a patient with no previous history of glaucoma surgery or use of miotics. The marked asymmetry in the anterior chamber depth and angle configuration between the two eyes was the significant clue. The findings at operation confirmed the diagnosis. The closure of the angle appeared to be due to retrovitreal fluid displacing the vitreous and the iris-lens diaphram forward.
1147811,"A 57-year-old man with herpes zoster oticus developed a delayed fourth nerve palsy followed by transient intermittent sixth nerve weakness. Trochlear nerve lesions occur rarely with zoster, particularly in the absence of zoster ophthalmicus. A knowledge of the wide range of motor manifestations and the chronicity of meningitis with zoster will afford earlier diagnosis without resort to arteriography."
1147812,"A 43-year-old black woman showed ophthalmoscopic evidence of retinal arteriolitis two weeks after being treated for uniocular panuveitis. Angiographic examination suggested that these deposits were not intraluminal or endothelial atherosclerotic emboli or plaques, but were deposits in the outer walls of retinal arterioles. Sequential ophthalmoscopic and angiographic examinations at one-month intervals for 12 months showed no progression or change in location of these deposits. Results of clinical and laboratory investigations suggested the diagnosis of syphilis. We believe it is rare for syphilitic infection to be implicated in the diagnosis of isolated retinal arteriolitis without periphlebitis."
1147822,"This report describes a simplified suprathreshold tone decay test procedure (STAT).  The sustained test signal is presented for 60 seconds at 110 dB sound pressure level.  The patient is asked to respond as long as he hears the sound.  If the patient responds for the full 60-second test period, the result is negative.  If, however, he fails to respond for the full 60 seconds, the result is considered positive for eighth-nerve site.  Clinical experience with the new test procedure suggests that it minimizes false alarms without sacrificing accuracy of identification of eighth-nerve site."
1147823,"The extent of subglottic involvement and preoperative tracheostomy, appear to be the most important causative factors in peristomal carcinoma.  Our case histories have demonstrated tumor foci in a tracheopstomy tract and in pretracheal lymphatics.  Once established, the prognosis of the lesion is grave.  Radiation and chemotherapy offer only limited palliation, and extensive resection offers the best chance of cure at the present time.  Prophylactic measures such as avoiding a preliminary tracheostomy, meticulous paratracheal dissection, and microscopic control of the resected margins of the surgical specimen may reduce the incidence of peristomal carcinoma."
1147824,"With the advent of digital computer measurement techniques for nystagmus parameter determinations, the need has arisen for careful quality control of nystagmus recording methods.  For this study, electronic filter distortion of nystagmus waveforms was quantified, and the results were used to formulate guidelines for selection of appropiate band-widths depending on the user's requirements.  For minimum distortion, a lower time constant of at least three seconds and an upper frequency cutoff of at least 60 hertz are recommended."
1147825,"Electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve (vidian) to nasal mucosa induces a nasal secretion and a nasal vasodilation.  We have provided additional evidence that, in the dog and cat, the secretory mechanism can be blocked with low doses of atropine sulfate (0.01 mg/kg), but the dilation mechanism is not blocked by high doses (1 mg/kg) of atropine sulfate.  By some definitions therefore, the vasodilation is not a cholinergic effect.  There appears to be a basic difference in the composition of the vidian nerve in the dog and cat.  In the cat, the vidian appears to have a strong sympathetic component.  In the dog it does not.  The human vidian nerve, according to anatomists, is more like the dog's."
1147826,"This study reports on the histopathologic findings in the temporal bones and brain of a patient who died of head injury.  A common type of head injury in man was simulated in guinea pigs by shaking them.  A hearing loss was demonstrated with Preyer reflex audiometry although the cochlear potential thresholds remained normal.  Only minor pathologic changes were found in the membranous labyrinths.  Laceration and hemorrhage in and around the cerebrum, rhombencephalon, and eighth nerves were noted in most of the experimental animals.  Auditory manifestations following head injury may very frequently be due to damage to the central auditory pathways rather than to the end organ."
1147827,"In severe labyrinthine otosclerosis, spiral ligament changes occur predominantly adjacent to the stria vascularis, and consist of a decrease or loss of the capillary-perilymph system. It is suggested that this results in increased concentrations of metabolic products in the cochlear fluids that can no longer be absorbed effectively. If vascular shunts form they might represent collateral channels, with the flow of blood from the cochlea into the otosclerotic focus, bypassing the deficient capillary network in the spiral ligament. The zone of dense collagenization is described as a widening of the soft tissues endosteum of the cochlear capsule due to erosion of the bone, with the bone surface now set further back. This may result in greater mobility or loosening of the suspension mechanism of the basilar membrane."
1147828,"Two patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the middle ear displayed symptoms in the affected ear many years before their condition was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma.  Treatment included simple extirpation of the tumor, radical mastoidectomy with or without radiation.  A review of the literature shows 11 cases reported previously.  Follow-up of the patients for more than four years revealed four deaths in the reported cases-one from causes unrelated to the tumor and the others showing only local invasion without distant metastases.  These tumors grow slowly and have a low-grade of malignancy."
1147829,"Nonparathyroid humoral hypercalcemia is becoming an increasingly more common problem associated with carcinoma. Carcinomas of the head and neck may elaborate parathormone or parathormone-like humors that in the absence of bone metastases, renal disease, parathytoid tumors, or secondary hyperparathyroidism may produce hypercalcemia, which if unrecognized, complicates and prevents the appropriate management of the patient. This report deals with the production of parathyroid hormone and the first reported case, to our knowledge, of carcinoma of the larynx associated with nonparathyroid hypercalcemia."
1147830,Livers from 90 rabbits used in a factorial experiment relating cholesterol contents of various tissues to their serum cholesterol levels and duration of exposure were observed under light microscope. Livers from eight additional rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet for various periods up to 90 days were fixed in an aldehyde fixative containing 0.2% digitonin and observed under electron microscope. Digitonin-induced laminar and microtubular structures appeared five hours after cholesterol feeding. Fat vacuoles in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were first noted on the third day and increased in number and size to the 60th day but decreased on the 90th day. Adaptation of the liver to such excessive fat accumulation was evidenced by the gradual decrease of fat vacuoles and increase of binucleated cells.
1147831,"Evidence for the development of the cardiac myxoma from organizing thrombi has been presented previously. In this study, many of the features of the myxoma were observed in organizing thrombi in arteries and veins. Individual undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, cords of similar cells, vascular bud-like cellular aggregates, fibroblasts, well-formed vessels, and multiwalled vessels set within a loose, mucoid ground substance were present in the thrombi. These areas resembled the basilar layer of the cardiac myxoma. Cartilage-like cells, like those in the superficial zone of myxomas, were noted in some thrombi, and ossification had occurred rarely. These observations support a thrombogenic origin of the myxoma. Local physical factors may provide the stimulus for varying differentiation of mesenchymal cells in both the peripheral thrombi and the myxoma."
1147832,"Focal presence of the embryonic pattern of myoarchitecture and of a lacunary blood supply was found in the left ventricular wall of five infant hearts. Four of these hearts showed various malformations; one was a case of cardiac fibroma. The persisting intertrabecular spaces and sinusoids communicated with the ventricular lumen; there appeared to be some communication with the coronary branches. The intertrabecular spaces of the spongy myocardium were lined with a continuous layer of endothelial cells, thus resembling the microscopical appearance of myocardium of adult cold-blooded vertebrates rather than the embryonic phase of myocardial development of warm-blooded animals."
1147833,"The homozygous albino hairless mice at birth have hair bulbs and follicles the same as normal mice. Hairs develop and grow the same as in normal mice. However, about the sixth to eighth day hairs in the skin around the nose begin to disappear. This depletion of hairs continues over the  head, neck, back, and abdomen of all mice in the same pattern. Essentially every hair over the entire body is absent macroscopically by the 30th to 40th day except for the vibrissae. A progressive atrophy of the hair bulbs and follicles is the basis for the absence of hairs after the first pelage. Only a rare follicle with a hair is present histologically in the adult mice. There are a few cysts in the dermis resulting from dilated residual hair follicles."
1147838,"In order to identify a subclinical dystrophy, muscle biopsy specimens from 15 mothers of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied by electron microscopy. Genetic investigations and biochemical determinations were not conclusive for a diagnosis of the carrier state. The fine structural lesions were sufficient to vertify the diagnosis of a subclinical dystrophy, and our findings were in agreement with other investigators. However, original intranuclear filamentous formations were noted in one case."
1147839,"A 6-week-old infant had a teratoma that involved the entire spinal cord. No reports of another such extensive teratoma of the spinal cord can be found in the literature. We postulate that an embryonic rest was incorporated into the spinal canal and, when removed from its normal inducer tissue, grew haphazardly throughout the spinal cord."
1147840,"A simplified, semiautomated, quantitative method to evaluate platelet procoagulant activity was evaluated on plasma that contained widely divergent concentrations of platelets. When fewer than 100,000 platelets/cu mm were present, excellent correlation between platelet concentration and clotting time was noted, with correlation best in the range 30,000 to 100,000 platelets/cu mm. When platelets were present in concentrations greater than 100,000/cu mm, no alteration in clotting time as a function of platelet count was noted. These observations were consistent with clinical observations that patients with greater than 100,000 platelets rarely bleed and that those with fewer than 30,000 platelets bleed in an unpredictable fashion. The procedure appears to be of potential value in evaluation of patients for defects in platelet factor 3 release."
1147841,"Recoding of speech in order to improve discrimination for profoundly deaf people has been tried in various ways. One of these is frequency transposition of voiceless consonants. Some authors report positive and very promising results. Others, however, have not found any significant difference when using control groups with normal amplification. One reason might be a poor frequency discrimination. Is it possible to establish what minimum hearing capacity the listener must show for a successful use of frequency transposition? Using noise bands with different Q factors and varying the levels, the thresholds as minimum midfrequency shift have been measured. Great individual variations have been shown. There is a significant difference between (1) threshold values at different Q factors, (2) threshold values at different frequencies, and (3) threshold values for increasing and decreasing frequency, position of deltaf. There is a significant interaction between (1) frequency and position of deltaf, (2) Q factor and position of deltaf, and (3) between Q factor and frequency. There is also a significant triple interaction between Q factor, frequency, and position of deltaf."
1147842,"297 children aged 9-14 with normal hearing and intelligence level were examined by speech audiometry. Ten lists with monosyllabic meaningful and nonsense words were used. All the lists were phonemically and structurally balanced in the same way and were applied with an intensity level varying between 26 dB and 61 dB. The identification and discrimination scores for Polish speech sounds were calculated from written-response sheets. The identification scores were generally significantly lower for nonsense words, and up to a certain extent, increased with age. An examination of the discrimination scores showed that confusions were related to the distinctive features of the phonemes. The results represent the first stage of a project on speech sound identification in children and may have practical implications for the rehabilitation of children with hearing loss."
1147843,"The effect of instructional set upon most comfortable listening (MCL) was investigated among normal listeners. MCL level and range were determined (method of limits) in relation to listening for comfortable speech loudness versus comfortable speech intelligibility. The results indicate that instructional set does influence listener performance. the mean MCL level for comfortable speech intelligibility was significantly higher (4.96 dB) than the mean level for comfortable speech loudness; the mean MCL range for comfortable speech intelligibility was higher by 7.33 dB and wider by 7.10 dB than the mean range for speech loudness. Ascending stimulus presentation obtained comparable MCL levels for both listening conditions, whereas descending presentation obtained a mean MCL level almost 10 dB higher for comfortable speech intelligibility than for comfortable speech loudness. Males achieved slightly higher MCL levels than did females for both loudness (4.32 dB) and intelligibility (4.96 dB) criteria. It was concluded that the nature of the instructional set be taken into account when interpreting comfortable listening measures."
1147850,"In some patients with sensorineural hearing loss, masking extends over an abnormally wide range toward the higher frequencies. Most likely the main determinant is excessive harmonic distortion. Under this assumption, the masking measured with a probe tone at 2 kHz, due to a masker tone of 1 kHz, should be dependent upon the phase of the probe tone. This has been confirmed experimentally; it proved possible to derive the strength and phase of the equivalent second harmonic from the data. For normal ears, the strength was found to depend upon the SPL of the masker in the expected, quadratic manner. The phase was found to exhibit a startlingly rapid transition over nearly 360 degrees within one octave (500-1 000 Hz fundamental). Results of clinical measurements with the same method will be discussed."
1147844,"Speech detection thresholds (SDT) and speech reception thresholds (SRT) for spondee words were obtained on 20 normal hearing listeners while white or speech noise making was presented to the contralateral ear. Each masker was presented continously or pulsed simultaneously with the onset of each spondee word. Several masker sensation levels (SL) of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 dB were employed, and the amount of masking (threshold shift) was determined for each condition. Small but consistent SDT and SRT shifts were apparent at low masker SLs (30 dB). FOR 60-80 DB masker SLs, the shifts were about 3.5 dB for each 10-dB increase in the masker. The greater threshold shifts at the higher masker SLs may have resulted from transcranial conduction and/or activation of the acoustic reflex. The pulsed masker condition had more of an effected on the SDT than on the SRT; SDT shifts were consistently larger for each masker SL when the masker was pulsed compared to continuous presentation. Overall, the average threshold shifts ranged from about 1 to 11 dB as the masker SL was increased from 30 to 80 dB. These data suggest that central masking is operating for masker SLs below 60 dB; for higher masker SLs, the increased threshold shifts probably result from a combination of central masking, transcranial conduction, and acoustic stapedius reflex action. The clinical implications of central masking are also discussed."
1147845,"The threshold-duration function of the acoustic reflex was investigated in 5 male and 5 female adult, normal-hearing humans and in 3 adult male subjects with hearing loss of cochlear etiology. Reflex threshold was obtained at stimulus durations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 msec and at frequencies of 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, and 4 000 Hz. Three commercially available acoustic bridges were employed, the Madsen ZO-70 and Grason-Stadler 1720 electroacoustic bridges, and the Grason-Stadler-Zwislocki model 3 mechanical-acoustic bridge. A probe-tone frequency of 220 Hz was used in all measures. The reflex threshold-duration function for normal-hearing subjects was found to encompass a much greater range of intensity than the psychophysically assessed auditory threshold temporal integration function. A sex difference was found which may be explained by subclinical noise-induced cochlear pathology in the male subjects with subsequent truncation of the reflex threshold-duration function. The function was also found to be truncated in the 3 subjects with hearing loss diagnosed to be of cochlear etiology. The implications of these findings for control of stimulus duration in clinical reflex measurement was discussed."
1147847,"The results of this study, based on evoked responses and single-neuronal responses, reveal that there is a central involvement in auditory fatigue. In these experiments, cochlear potentials (microphonic and whole-nerve action potential) and inferior colliculus electrical responses were simultaneously obtained before and after excessive sound exposure. In general, sound exposure produced a greater reduction of the collicular evoked responses than of the cochlear microphonics and action potentials. Recordings from single neurons support the evoked-response findings."
1147853,"The thoracic duct of Wistar strain rats was cannulated during 5 days for studying the effect of selective lymphocyte depletion on the lymphoid tissue. A technique for the continuous infusion of cell-free lymph, whole lymph of Eagle's medium to the rat with the thoracic duct fistula is described in detail. The prolonged drainage of lymph from rats was followed by lymphopenia, sever atrophy of lymphoid tissues and the depletion of small lymphocytes in the thymus-dependent areas of spleen and lymph nodes. The infusion of cell-free lymph into the drained rat resulted in the recovery of the weight of lymphoid tissues and in the massive proliferation and accumulation of large cells with prominent nucleoli and intensely pyroninophilic cytoplasm in the lymphocyte depleted areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissues and thymic cortex. There was histological evidence that the large pyroninophilic cells developed well in the spleen and tended to localize preferentially around the periarteriolar region through the marginal zone bridging channels to the red pulp. The infusion of Eagle's medium was found ineffective in restoring the weight of the lymphoid tissues and in bringing about the proliferation of lymphoid cells. The rats infused with whole lymph showed almost similar findings biologically and histologically to those of sham-operated rats."
1147846,"Thirteen patients suffering from multiple sclerosis were analyzed by a Madsen ZO 70 electroacoustic bridge connected to an electronystagmograph through an impedance adaptor. Threshold, amplitude, decay and difference limen of intensity (DLI) of the stapedius reflex were examined for the frequencies 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz. The difference between standard audiometric results and stapedius reflex data stresses the value of reflex measurements in assessing brain stem pathology."
1147848,"A comparative study between the monobloc tympano-ossicular implant and the classical columellar technique is made. Although both give satisfactory audiometric results, the follow-up of the columellar restoration showed some post-operative disadvantages, namely: invagination and perforation of the tympanic membrane, slipping of the columella, and fixation of the columella to the tympanic ring (bony annulus) or to the promontory. In view of the normal tympano-malleal fixation, the normal static pressure accomodation in the incudo-malleal joint and the normal topological situation, monobloc implant obviates the disadvantages inherent in the columellar technique. Two aspects of the monobloc implant need further examination; these are the restoration of the correct rotation axes and the incudo-stapedial connection."
1147854,"Studies on the incorporation of DL-[1- 14-C] leucine into myosin, total myofibrillar protein and total sarcoplasmic protein have shown age-dependent alterations in the rate of synthesis of these protiens in red and white skeletal muscles of chicks. During the early phase of ex ovo development white muscle synthesizes significantly higher amounts of myofibrillar proteins, especially myosin, in comparison with red muscle. The rate of sarcoplasmic protein synthesis in red and white muscles one day after hatching is almost identical. The red muscle shows a markedly higher rate of sarcoplasmic protein synthesis from 10 days after hatching. The incorporation of amino acid into various protein fractions of both the muscle types decreases with advancing age. In adult chicks red muscle displays a higher ability to synthesize sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins."
1147855,"Experiments were carried out on foetal lambs in utero from 103 to 133 days' gestation, to measure the daily flow and solute composition of liquid from the foetal lung. The mean daily flow from foetuses with a tracheal fistula was 231 ml/day (9.6 ml/h), while the mean hourly flow in foetuses with a tracheal loop was 5.1 ml/h. The pattern of flow of lung liquid was intermittent and irregular, with short periods of rapid flow interspersed with longer periods of slow and no flow. The Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and urea concentrations showed no significant change with increasing gestational age, but the K+ concentration showed a significant rise. It is concluded that the lung of the foetal lamb behaves as an exocrine gland, secreting a substantial volume of liquid of a relatively constant composition."
1147856,"Three dipeptides (L-alanyl-L-alanine, beta-alanyl-L-histidine and L-prolylglycine), representative of distinctly different transport groups, and a dicarboxylic acid dipeptide (L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid) showed a quantitatively equivalent decrease of absorption (mean difference, 12% disappearance 15 min-1 5 cm-1) from jejunal loops in vivo in pyridoxine deficient rats, compared with pyridoxine-repleted controls. Analysis of results for seven dipeptides, including three studied previously, indicated that pyridoxine deficiency caused a general or non-specific reduction in dipeptide transport, similar for all dipeptides. Decrease in dipeptide transport in vitamin deficiency ran parallel to, but was significantly less than, the decrease in amino acid transport, suggesting in theory involvement of pyridoxine in a common cellular efflux mechanism or, less likely, in the energetics of active transport."
1147869,"Although vestibular nystagmus is known to be affected by variations in mental states, little information is available about the effects of drugs on vestibular responses when a) subjects are either alert or relaxed, and b) visual stimuli are available or denied. In this study, 30 men were assigned to d-amphetamine sulphage (10 mg), secobarbital sodium (100 mg), or placebo (no drug) groups. With subjects alert in darkness, the drugs had no differential effect on rotation-induced vestibular nystagmus; when subjects were relaxed there was significantly less nystagmus than in the alert condition, particularly for the seco-barbital group. With vision permitted, d-amphetamine had no statistically different effect on nystagmus from the placebo. However, subjects given secobarbital were unable to use visual fixation effectively to suppress vestibular eye movements and their visual-following ability as measured by optokinetic nystagmus was also suppressed. Control over the mental activity of subjects and assessment of oculomotor-related functions both with and without opportunities for visual fixation are both important in evaluating drug effects."
1147870,"The effects of a high-glucose meal on pulmonary function were observed in seven healthy males at medium (1,600 m) and high (4,300 m) altitude. Thirty minutes after the ingestion of 410 kcal (109.9 g cerelose) of glucose, peak serum glucose values were noted with a subsequent decrease over 3 h to below fasting levels at both elevations. At the same time, triglyceride levels continued to decline from 104.2 to 83.3 mg at 1,600 m and 103.7 to 80.5 mg/100 ml at 4,300 m, with differences being significant after 2 h. Both V-E and V-T increased in response to translocation to altitude; however, only V-T increased by 10.9% and 13.3% at 0.5 h for 1,600 m and 4,300 m, respectively. The V-o-2 increased during glucose elevation at 4300 m, while P-A-O2 remained essentially unchanged except for differences associated with translocation to altitude. A 13.9% increase was noted in D-L-CO followign glucose ingestion at 4,300 m along with a decreased triglyceride levels. The elevated D-L-CO values suggest an increase in gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary (A-c) level following the ingestion of a glucose meal for individuals transported to high altitude."
1147871,"Two separate studies are reported. The first attempted to determine a sonic boom level below which startle would not occurr. Subjects were exposed indoors to six simulated sonic booms having outside overpressures of 50, 30, and 16 N/m-2 (inside levels of 74, 71, and 65 dBA). Approximately 20% of the subjects gave small arm-hand responses to the two higher exposure levels, while none responded to the lowest level. In the second study, subjects were exposed indoors to a series of 12 simulated booms in order to assess habituation effects. Outside overpressures were 130 and 50 N/m-2 (indoor levels of 81 and 72 dBA). Significant, but not complete, habituation occurred to booms of both levels. Autonomic and eyeblink responses, as well as ratings of annoyance, were obtained in both studies. The final section summarizes the expected behavioral, autonomic, and subjective effects of exposure to various levels of sonic booms."
1147872,Thirty-two USAF pilots participated in a study to determine the effects of personal protective equipment upon arm-reach capability. The reach envelope of each pilot was measured under two experimental conditions: 1) shirt-sleeved with the inertial reel unlocked; and 2) wearing complete winter flying assembly with the inertial reel locked. Selected descriptive statistics are presented for each of five angular positions. Arm-reach envelopes for various percentile values obtained for the two experimental conditions at 10 knob distances from the deck are shown. The results indicate that there are singificant practical differences in arm-reach capability between the shirt-sleeved and the complete winter flying assembly conditions.
1147873,"The incidence of pilot disorientation in fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft has been previously investigated, but special orientation problems of naval helicopter pilots engaged in operations at sea and landing on moving platforms have not been previously investigated. A questionnaire concerning disorientations was answered anonymously and individually by 104 active naval helicopter pilots. Fifty-six percent indicated one or more espisodes of severe disorientation, and 8.6% indicated having experienced severe disorientation five or more times while piloting helicopters. A number of factors conducive to disorientation were identified. Some precipitating factors appear to be specific to operations over water or over a moving deck, although some of these may well have their counterparts in special operations over land. Other factors are common to fixed-wing as well as rotary-wing aircraft. A number of potential countermeasures for various precipitating factors are discussed."
1147874,"This paper reports the results of instrumented personal exercise performed in flight by the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 crewmen. These data include physiological responses to maximum aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer at the conclusion of an 84-d exposure to zero-G (Sklyab 4). The bioinstrumentation provided continuous vectorcardiograph heart rate and cycle ergometer work level; minute updates of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, VO-2, V-CO-2, and VE. All Skylab 4 crewmen had higher V-O-2-max (cc/kg/min) at completion of the 84-d earth orbital mission than they had 4 d before launch. Two of these Skylab 4 crewmen, the scientist pilot and pilot, showed high levels of aerobic fitness with V-O-2-max of 54 and 51 cc/kg/min respectively at a heart rate of 185 beats/min and a workload of 286 w."
1147875,"Ten normal healthy male subjects between 20-30 years of age were initially examined at Delhi (200 m) and thereafter air-lifted to an altitude of 3,500 m. Excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride in urine and their plasma level were determined at sea level (SL) and daily at high altitude (HA) for 4 d. At HA, four subjects developed high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), four remained normal, and two suffered from acute mountain sickness. The results on normals and HAPE are presented. There was increased excretion of potassium at HA in both groups resulting in reduction of plasma level. The sodium and chloride excretion was also increased in normals at HA irrespective of urine volume. In HAPE cases, the sodium and chloride excretion was related to urine output. With the retention of fluid, the excretion of these ions in urine was diminished without a parallel change in plasma levels."
1147876,"Left circumflex (LC) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary flows, coronary perfusion pressure (P-ca), and arterial O-2 content (Cao-2) were determined in five dogs, lightly anesthetized with chloralose, during exposures to +2.0 and +3.0 G-Z stress; and for three of these dogs at +3.5-G-Z. At +2.0 G-Z, except for one dog with the most marked decrease in P-ca, KC and LAD flows increased above control by 15 s and thereafter gradually returned toward control; coronary resistances were significantly below control at 15 and 30 s (p smaller then 0.05). At +3.0 G-Z, LC and LAD flows were significantly greater than control (p smaller 0.05) from 30 to 60 s, while resistances were below control (p smaller than 0.05). At +3.5 G-Z, LC flow was maintained above control by a much reduced resistance, with P-ca below control; LAD flow increased in one dog, remained unchanged in one, and decreased slightly in one, although resistance always decreased. Cao-2 did not change significantly at any +G-Z level, and myocardial O-2 transport paralleled the changes in coronary flow."
1147877,"Behavioral research has been significant contributions to the government's successful program for defense against hijackers. Today's boarding gate defenses have a leading role in that program, but they were rejected until creation of the behavioral profile made selective search feasible. Metal detectors now make search of all travelers practical but with increasing involvement of boarding gate employees, so a behavioral program is used to monitor their performance. Experience shows that some persons have penetrated boarding gate defenses, so another requirement was in-flight defenses. Flightpersonnel had defeated some past hijackers, so a behavioral analysis of past hijackings was used to identify tactics for in-flight defense. These were incorporated into training programs and distributed to all U.S. airlines, many government organizations, and foreign carriers. Research continues for updating these and developing new courses for special needs, such as defense against gangs."
1147878,"Four male subjects were exposed to infrasound ranging from 1 through 20 Hz for a period of 8 min up to levels of 144 dB re 20 micropascal. There was no objective evidence (including audiograms) of any detrimental effect due to infrasound; however all subjects experienced painless ""pressure build-up"" in the middle ear that was relieved by valsalva maneuver or by cessation of infrasound, and voice modulation and body vibration consistently occurred. It is concluded that infrasound exposures as high as 144 dB are safe for healthy subjects, at least for periods of 8 min, and it is predicted that longer exposures will also be safe."
1147879,"In the initial development, the primary purpose of the USAF aerospace nursing program was to prepare the nurse to function as an integral member of the aerospace medical team in support of bioastronautics, occupational health and aerospace medical research programs. The absence of an expanded manned space program has required the aerospace nurse to redirect her energies toward the immediate needs of the aerospace medicine program. Many of the aerospace nurse's more specific functions are dependent upon the mission objectives of the command and military base to which she is assigned. Aerospace nursing reflects a concern for the total health needs of the Air Force community and the application of a holistic approach. It includes all aspects of health and all environmental hazards which alter health. The development of aerospace nursing paves the way for this expanded view of nursing practice."
1147887,"The erythrocytes of 350 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were examined for electrophoretic variation of hemoglobin and 26 enzymes. Seven enzymes showed variation in more than 1% of individuals: phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase-1, soluble NADP-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase C, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, and acid phosphatase. Variation with lesser frequency was found in soluble glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, phosphoglycerate kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin. Only eight samples were tested for esterase D, and one of these had a variant phenotype. Enzymes with no clear variation were adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate mutase, phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase), phosphoglucomutase-3, and superoxide dismutase. There was father-to-son transmission of PGI, PGM-1, peptidase C, 6PGD, 2,3-DPGAM, NADP-ICD, and acid phosphatase variants, suggesting that these loci are autosomal as in man."
1147888,"A class of purine auxotrophs blocked early in the purine biosynthetic pathway was examined. The inability of these mutants to accumulate formylglycinamide ribotide (FGAR) in the presence of azaserine suggested that one or more of the first three enzymes of the pathway were either missing or defective. By direct enzyme assay, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase (E.C. 2.4.2.14) was found to be absent in extracts of mutant cells. Thus these cells were unable to convert PRPP to phosphoribosylamine (PRA). By reacting ribose 5-phosphate with ammonium ions, PRA was generated nonenzymatically in the incubation mixture, thus enabling us to test for the presence of the two enzymes required to convert PRA to FGAR. It was demonstrated that sufficient amounts of these enzymes, phosphoribosylglycineamide synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.3) and phosphoribosylglycineamide formyltransferase (E.C. 2.1.2.2), were present in mutant extracts to allow synthesis of FGAR to occur once PRA was so provided."
1147889,"Data are presented on a polymorphism for erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in a kangaroo species. Only one of the two alleles is expressed in any individual regardless of its sex. Population and breeding data are consistent with the hypothesis of X linkage of the locus, with the paternally derived X chromosome being inactive in erythroblasts of females."
1147891,"Erythrocyte HGPRT from a male donor was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by fractionation between 35 and 65% ethanol. Isoelectric focusing of the ethanol fraction resolved HGPRT activity into four components which were numbered I-IV beginning with the one nearest the cathode. A second isoelectric focusing of component II (the most active) resulted in 94% of the activity as a single component. When mixed, however, the four components could be separated again by isoelectric focusing. The appearance of these different molecular forms of the enzyme could be due to post-transcriptional alterations or to formation of enzyme complexes."
1147892,"1. The effect of phenobarbitone on the rate of protein synthesis and on the sedimentation patterns of various liver subcellular fractions containing ribosomes was studied in rats. 2. Phenobarbitone treatment increased the incorporation of [114C]leucine into protein by all preparations, provided they had not been subjected to preliminary treatment with Sephadex G-25. The phenobarbitone-induced effect on incorporation was associated with a gain in liver weight and a higher degree of polyribosomal aggregation. 3. Preparations that were treated with Sephadex G-25 incorporated more radioactivity into protein, but did not show the response to phenobarbitone treatment. 4. When the influence of starvation and phenobarbitone was studied separately on membrane-bound and membrane-free polyribosomes, it was shown that whereas both classes of polyribosomes were affected by starvation, apparently only the former class was susceptible to phenobarbitone stimulation of protein synthesis. 5. The decreased capacity for protein synthesis of polyribosomes from starved rats was independent of their association with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, but resulted from polyribosomal disaggregation, from an intrinsic defect of the polyribosomes themselves and from changes in composition of the cell cap. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of the control of protein biosynthesis and of the functional separation of membrane-bound and membrane-free polyribosomes."
1147894,"A system using hepatocyte suspensions in vitro was developed for studying the synthesis of albumin, fibrinogen and transferrin. Conditions for optimum survival of the hepatocyte and for synthesis of these plasma proteins were defined for this system. These conditions included the use of horse serum (17.5 percent, v/v, heat-inactivated), an enriched medium (Waymouth's MB 752/1), an O2 tension of between 18.7 times 10(3) and 26.7 times 10(3) Pa and constant stirring. Albumin, fibrinogen and transferrin synthesis rates were obtained of 0.32 p 0.094(10), 0.12 p 0.030(11) and 0.097 p 0.017(10) [mean p S.D. (n)]mg/h per g of hepatocytes respectively. These rates were maintained for the first 12h of study and synthesis continued at a diminished rate up to 48h. The synthesis of albumin was decreased in a medium containing less amino acids and glucose, but that of fibrinogen was substantially unaffected. ATP concentrations up to 12h and RNA/DNA ratios up to 24h were comparable with values in vivo. The ability to study cells up to 48h permitted us to find that the addition of a mixture of hormones consisting of glucagon, cortisol, tri-iodothyronine and growth hormone enhanced fibrinogen synthesis. Addition of insulin to the above mixture resulted in increased synthesis for albumin and transferrin but not for fibrinogen."
1147896,"1. A modified procedure for the isolation of etioplasts from dark-grown barley is described and the regeneration of phototransformable protchlorophyll(ide) was demonstrated in the isolated plastids. 2. On exposure of the etioplasts to a long-term flash illumination, chlorophyll(ide) synthesis from a precursor pool, which includes all the protochlorophyllide, was demonstrated. 3. Added delta-aminolaevulinic acid failed to be significantly incorporated into chlorophyll(ide) in the etioplasts despite its extensive incorporation into porphyrin precursors of chlorophyll and haem compounds. The findings are discussed in terms of the inability of etioplasts to carry out the metal-insertion step in chlorophyll synthesis. 4. An elevated chlorophyll(ide) concentration was attained in the etioplasts by increasing the size of the utilizable precursor pool by pre-feeding whole plants with delta-aminolaevulinic acid, isolating the etioplasts and subjecting them to the flash illumination."
1147895,"1. Two bacteria, a Bacillus sp. and a Nocardia sp. (strain Z1) were isolated from soil by enrichment with 0.1 percent (v/v) pyridine and grew rapidly on this compound as sole C, N and energy source. The monohydroxypyridines, tetrahydropyridine, piperidine and some other analogues were not utilized for growth or oxidized by washed suspensions of either bacterium. 2. Cell-free extracts were unable to metabolize pyridine even after supplementation with a variety of cofactors or protecting agents. Treatment of cells with toluene led to rapid loss of the ability to oxidize pyridine. 3. In the presence of 10mM-semicarbazide at pH 6.0, Nocardia Z1 accumulated a semialdehyde idenditied as its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone by chromatography, mixed melting point, mass spectrometry and isotope trapping from [2,6(-14)C]pyridine as glutarate semialdehyde. 4. Extracts of this bacterium prepared from cells grown with pyridine or exposed to the gratuitous inducer 2-picoline, contained high activities of a specific glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. 5. Cells grown with pyridine or glutarate also contained a glutaric dialdehyde dehydrogenase, an acyl-CoA synthetase and elevated amounts of isocitrate lyase but no glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. 6. Bacillus 4 accumulated in the presence of 10mM-semicarbazide several acidic carbonyl compounds from pyridine among which was succinate semialdehyde. Extracts of this bacillus after growth of the cells with pyridine contained an inducible succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in amounts at least 50-fold over those found in succinate-grown cells. 7. Two mutants of this bacillus, selected for their inability to grow on pyridine were deficient in succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. 8. In the presence of 0.2mM-KCN, washed suspensions of Bacillus 4 accumulated formate and possibly formamide from pyridine. The use of [14C]pyridine showed that formate was derived from C-2 of the pyridine ring. 9. The organism had a specific formamide amidohydrolase cleaving formamide quantitatively to formate and NH3. 10. Formate was further oxidized by the particle fraction. There was no soluble formate dehydrogenase in extracts."
1147897,"1. [2(-14)C]Mevalonic acid injected into the echinoderm Asterias rubens (Class Asteroidea) was effectively incorporated into the non-saponifiable lipid. 2. The most extensively labelled compounds were squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols with much lower incorporations into the 4alpha-monomethyl and 4-demethyl sterol fractions. 3. Labelled compounds identified were squalene, lanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol; these are all intermediates in sterol biosynthesis. 4. The major sterol in A. rubens, 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, was also labelled showing that this echinoderm is capable of sterol biosynthesis de novo. 5. No evidence was obtained for the incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the C28 and C29 components of the 4-demethyl sterols or 9beta,19-cyclopropane sterols found in A. rubens and it is assumed that these sterols are of dietary origin. 6. Another starfish Henricia sanguinolenta also incorporated [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into squalene and lanosterol. 7. Various isolated tissues of A. rubens were all capable of incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the nonsaponifiable lipid. With the body-wall and stomach tissues radioactivity accumulated in squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols, but with the gonads and pyloric caecae there was a more efficient incorporation of radioactivity into the 4-demethyl sterols, principally 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol."
1147898,"The synthesis of peptidoglycan by an autolysin-deficient beta-lactamase-negative mutant of Bacillus licheniformis was studied in vivo in the absence of protein synthesis. Benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine inhibited the formation of cross-bridges between newly synthesized peptidoglycan and the pre-existing cell wall. This inhibition, detected by measurement of the incorporation of N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine into the glycan fraction of the cell wall, was reversed by treatment with beta-lactamase and washing. Inhibition of D-alanine carboxypeptidase by benzylpenicillin was not reversed under similar conditions. Cells in which the initial penicillin inhibition of transpeptidation had been reversed showed an increased sensitivity to a subsequent addition of the antibiotic. Chemical analysis of peptidoglycan synthesized after reversal of penicillin inhibition revealed the presence of excess of alanine resulting from the continued inhibition of D-alanine carboxypeptidase. When the cell walls were digested to yield muropeptides so that the degree of cross-linking could be measured, the product after reversal of penicillin inhibition contained fewer cross-links than did the control preparation. Cultures treated with benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine continued to synthesize uncross-linked soluble peptidoglycan, which accumulated in the medium. This soluble material was all newly synthesized peptidoglycan and did not result from autolysis of the bacteria. The average chain lengths of the glycan synthesized in vivo and released as soluble peptidoglycan in the presence of both benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine were similar to those found previously in this organism."
1147899,"Intact cholera toxin and its purified subunit A both activate the adenylate cyclase of pigeon erythrocyte membranes, but subunit B does not. The activation by subunit A is unaffected by treatments that inhibit whole toxin by interfering with the binding of subunit B to cell membranes."
1147900,"Glucose uptake and L-lactate production were measured in cell, slice and intact tissue preparations of mammary glands from late-pregnant and lactating rats. The tissues showed extensive conversion of glucose into lactate in vitro, but not in vivo. Therefore aerobic lactate formation is not a normal feature of mammary tissue, but occurs in vitro as the result of some metabolic derangement."
1147901,"At concentrations of 2mM and above hydroxypyruvate produced no glucose with isolated rat liver cells, although it was rapidly utilized. At a lower concentration of hydroxypyruvate or in the presence of substrates which generate reducing equivalents (ethanol or butyrate), appreciable amounts of glucose were formed from hydroxypyruvate. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is discussed."
1147902,"Griseofulvin and isogriseofulvin cause, like 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, a fall in the activity of the hepatic enzyme porphyrin-metal chelatase and accumulation of protoporphyrin in the liver. Analogues of either griseofulvin or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine which do not decrease the chelatase activity are not porphyrogenic on their own, but can potentiate the porphyria caused by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. This suggests the existence of two basically different mechanisms by which drugs stimulate the pathway of porphyrin synthesis in the liver."
1147903,"1. The echinoderms Asterias rubens and Solaster papposus (Class Asteroidea) metabolize injected [4(-14)C]cholest-5-en-3beta-ol to produce labelled 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. 2. Conversion of 5alpha-[4(-14)C]cholestan-3beta-ol into 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol was demonstrated in A. Rubens. 3. Incubations of A. rubens with [4(-14)C]cholest-4-en-3-one resulted in the production of labelled 5alpha-cholestan-3-one, 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. 4. [4(-14)C]Sitosterol was metabolized by A. rubens to give 5alpha-stigmastan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-stigmast-7-en-3beta-ol. 5. The significance of these results in relation to the presence of alpha7 sterols in starfish is discussed."
1147904,"1. The effect of gamma-irradiation (4000rd) on the synthesis of ribosomal (pre-rRNA) and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (pre-mRNA) in normal and in regenerating rat liver was studied by using 40 min labelling with [6(-14)C]orotic acid. 2. Partial hepatectomy caused a sharp transient increase in the specific radioactivity of the endogenous low-molecular-weight RNA precursors in the livers of both normal and irradiated rats. Irradiation of intact animals did not affect the pool. 3. Irradiation enhanced the synthesis of pre-rRNA for at least 12h. The synthesis of pre-mRNA was also enhanced, but only in the first 3h after irradiation. 4. Partial hepatectomy strongly stimulated the synthesis of both pre-rRNA and pre-mRNA. 5. The synthesis of pre-rRNA was enhanced also in regenerating liver of animals irradiated before or after the operation. The conclusion can be drawn that the early increase in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA is a non-specific cellular response to different injuring factors. 6. The only case where irradiation caused an early inhibition of RNA synthesis was that of pre-mRNA in regenerating liver. This supports the hypothesis that ionizing radiation does not suppress the transcription per se but affects the mechanisms of activation of new genes (cellular programming)."
1147905,"The spectrophotometric determination of the catalase-H2O2 intermediate (Compound I) was extended to the liver in situ in anaesthetized rats. The rate of H2O2 production was determined for the liver in situ with endogenous substrates, and in the presence of excess of glycollate. Glycollate infusion doubled H2O2 production rate in the liver of air-breathing rats, and caused a fourfold increase when rats breathed O2 at 1 times 10(5) Pa. Hyperbaric O2 up to 6 times 10(5) Pa did not increase H2O2 generation supported by endogenous substrates, nor did it increase H2O2 production above that produced by 1 times 10(5) Pa O2 in glycollate-supplemented rats. The rates of ethanol oxidation via hepatic catalase and via alcohol dehydrogenase in the whole body were separately measured. The contribution of hepatic catalase to ethanol oxidation was found to be approx. 10 percent in endogenous conditions and increased to 30 percent or more of the total ethanol oxidation in rats supplemented with glycolate."
1147906,"1. The metabolism of xanthine and hypoxanthine in excised shoot tips of tea was studied with micromolar amounts of [2(-14)C]xanthine or [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine. Almost all of the radioactive compounds supplied were utilized by tea shoot tips by 30 h after their uptake. 2. The main products of [2(-14)C]xanthine and [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine metabolism in tea shoots were urea, allantoin and allantoic acid. There was also incorporation of the label into theobromine, caffeine and RNA purine nucleotides. 3. The results indicate that tea plants can catabolize purine bases by the same pathways as animals. It is also suggested that tea plants have the ability to snythesize purine nucleotides from glycine by the pathways of purine biosynthesis de novo and from hypoxanthine and xanthine by the pathway of purine salvage. 4. The results of incorporation of more radioactivity from [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine than from [2(-14)C]xanthine into RNA purine nucleotides and caffeine suggest that hypoxanthine is a more effective precursor of caffeine biosynthesis than xanthine. The formation of caffeine from hypoxanthine is a result of nucleotide synthesis via the pathway of purine salvage."
1147907,"1. Blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle mitochondria were allowed to oxidize pyruvate under a variety of experimental conditions, and determinations of the citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate and malate contents of both the mitochondria and the incubation medium were made. For each intermediate a substantial portion of the total was present within the mitochondria. 2. Activation of respiration by either ADP or uncoupling agent resulted in a decreased content of citrate and isocitrate and an increased content of 2-oxoglutarate and malate when the substrate was pyruvate, APT and HCO3 minus. Such a decrease in citrate content was obscured when the substrate was pyruvate and proline owing to a large rise in the total content of tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates in the presence of proline and ADP. 3. An experiment involving oligomycin and uncoupling agent demonstrated that the ATP/ADP ratio is the main determinant of flux through the tricarboxylate cycle, with the redox state of nicotinamide nucleotide being of lesser importance. 4. Addition of ADP and Ca-2+ to activate the oxidation of both glycerol 3-phosphate and pyruvate, simulating conditions on initiation of flight, gave a decrease in citrate and isocitrate and an increase in 2-oxoglutarate and malate content. 5. There was a good correlation between these results with isolated flight-muscle mitochondria and the changes found in fly thoraces after 30s and 2 mihorax. 6. It is concluded that NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) controls the rate of pyruvate oxidation in both resting fly flight muscle in vivo and isolated mitochondria in state 4 (nomenclature of Change & Williams, 1955)."
1147908,"1. The transfer of mannose from GDP-(U-14-C)mannose into endogenous acceptors of bovine adrenal medullla and rat parotid was studied. The rapidly labelled product, a glycolipid, was partially purified and characterized. 2. It was stable to mild alkaline hydrolysis but yielded (14-C)mannose on mild acid hydrolysis. It co-chromatographed with mannosyl phosphoryl dolichol in four t.l.c. systems and on DEAE-cellulose acetate. Addition of dolichol phosphate or a dolichol phosphate-enriched fraction prepared from pig liver stimulated mannolipid synthesis. 3. The formation of mammolipid appeared reversible, since addition of GDP to a system synthesizing the mannolipid caused a rapid loss of label from the mannolipid. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine did not inhibit mannolipid synthesis except at high concentrations (2 mM), even though in the absence of GDP-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine was incorporated into a lipid having the properties of a glycosylated polyprenyl phosphate. 4. Mannose from GDP-mannose was also incorporated into two other acceptors, (2y being insoluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) but soluble in choloroform-methanol-water (10:10:3, by vol.) and (ii) protein. These are formed much more slowly than the mannolipid. 5. Exogenous mannolipid served as a mannose donor for acceptors (i) and (ii), and it is suggested that transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose to mannosylated protein occurs via two intermediates, the mannolipid and acceptor (i)."
1147909,"Bovine, human and rat serum albumins were defatted and palmitic acid, oleic acid and lauric acid added in various molar ratios. The binding of L-tryptophan to these albumins was measured at 20 degrees C in a 0.138 M salt solution at pH 7.4, by using an ultrafiltration technique, and analysed in terms of n, the number of available tryptophan-binding sites per albumin molecule, with apparent association constant, k. 2. n and k were 0.90 and 2.3x10(-4)M(minus-1) respectively for defatted bovine serum albumin and 0.87 and 9.7x10(-3)M(-minus-1) for human albumin. Addition of palmitic acid did not decrease n until the molar ratio, fatty acid/bovine albumin, approached and exceeded 2. The decrease in k was small and progressive. In contrast, lauric caused a marked decrease in n and k at ratios as low as 0.5. A similar distinction between the effects on n of palmitic acid and oleic acid and those of lauric acid was seen for human albumin. k for human albumin was not significantly affected by fatty acids under the conditions studied. 3. It is concluded that primary long-chain fatty acid sites interact only weakly with the tryptophan site on albumin and that inhibition of tryptophan binding occurs when secondary long-chain sites are occupied. Primary medium-chain fatty acid sites are distinct from primary long-chain sites but may be grouped with secondary long-chain sites. 4. The relationship between free and bound tryptophan in samples of rat plasma (Stoner et al., 1975) is discussed in terms of a similar but limited study of rat albumin."
1147910,"The kinetics of sulphate uptake catalysed by the dicarboxylate carrier were measured. The Km value for sulphate is about 0.3 mM. A completely competitive relation exists between the influxes of sulphate and malonate, whereas the relation between sulphate and phosphate is of the mixed type. The inhibition of sulphate influx by mersalyl and bathophenanthroline is similar to that of malonate influx and different from the inhibition of phosphate influx. It is considered that sulphate and malonate probably bind to the same locus on the carrier, whereas phosphate occupies a different site. The possible implications of this conclusion are discussed."
1147911,"The function of plastid ribosomes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated by characterizing the products of protein synthesis in vitro in plastids isolated at different stages during the transition from etioplast to chloroplast. Etioplasts and plastids isolated after 24, 48 and 96h of greening in continuous white light, use added ATP to incorporate labelled amino acids into protein. Plastids isolated from greening leaves can also use light as the source of energy for protein synthesis. The labelled polypeptides synthesized in isolated plastids were analysed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate-ureapolyacrylamide gels. Six polypeptides are synthesized in etioplasts with ATP as energy source. Only one of these polypeptides is present in a 150 000g supernatant fraction. This polypeptide has been identified as the large subunit of Fraction I protein (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylyase EC 4.1.1.39) by comparing the tryptic 'map' of its L-(35S)methionine-labelled peptides with the tryptic 'map' of large subunit peptides from Fraction I labelled with L-(35S)methionine in vivo. The same gel pattern of six polypeptides is seen when plastids isolated from greening leaves are incubated with either added ATP or light as the energy source. However, the rates of synthesis of particular polypeptides are different in plastids isolated at different stages of the etioplast to chloroplast transition. The results support the idea that plastid ribosomes synthesize only a small number of proteins, and that the number and molecular weight of these proteins does not alter during the formation of chloroplasts from etioplasts."
1147912,Nuclei from liver of rats accustomed to eating during the first 8h of a daily 12h dark period demonstrate an increased capacity to synthesize RNA 6H after the beginning of the feeding period. 2. This increase is accompanied by a higher yield of extractable form-B DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. 3. The endogenous RNA polymerase activity associated with nuclear chromatin is also stimulated by food intake. Both purified and chromatin-associated form-B enzyme activities exhibit different ionic strength requirements after food intake. 4. The sensitivity of exogenous (added) form-B-enzyme to changes in ionic strength changes after feeding when chromatin is used as template. 5. Chromatin extracted from the liver of fed rats is a better template for form-B-enzyme than chromatin extracted from starved rats.
1147913,"Determinations of rectal temperature, blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids, liver acetyl-CoA and carcass fat of thiamin-deficient rats indicated that during the ensuing anorexia they metabolized their fat reserves more rapidly than did pair-fed normal controls. Their lower metabolic rate indicates that the reserves mobilized are utilized inefficiently."
1147914,"Galactosyltransferase and 5'-nucleotidase were assayed in the same reaction mixture, with ovalbumin as exogenous acceptor of (14-C)galactose and with (3-H)AMP as the substrate for the 5'-nucleotidase assay. The substrates and reaction products of either assay had no significant effect on the activity of the other enzyme."
1148027,"The term 'emergency' applies to unplanned events that have generated, or had the potential to generate, radioactive wastes that could not be handled locally. Reports of past emergencies form the basis for discussion of future trends in emergency situations, the factors that influence waste management, the technology of waste management and personnel requirements. The number of past emergencies has been small and these have not increased the volume of radioactive wastes significantly. The majority of future emergencies are likely to be associated with reactors as they have been in the past. Little change in the nature of the waste is expected, although the greater use of separated plutonium may create some new problems. The factors that influence emergency waste management fall into two categories, those that are concerned with the location of the emergency event, and those concerned with the characteristics of the wastes. As in the past, it can be expected that in most emergencies proven waste management techniques will be adapted to suit the local circumstances but there is a need for simpler and more economic methods. Trained personnel and comprehensive planning are cited as key factors in successful waste management operations."
1148029,"The effect of hyperlipidemic rat serum and its fractions on the synthetic functions of embryonic fibroblasts was studied. Moderately hypercholesterolemic sera (100-140 mg/100 ml) stimulated the synthesis of collagen, but not the synthesis of non-collagenous proteins nor the incorporation of glucosamine or cytidine. The stimulating principle was nondialyzable. It was not associated with the isolated total lipoproteins but was found in the infranatant fraction of sera centrifuged at a density of 1.220."
1148028,"Serum levels of LH and prolactin were measured in repeatedly-bred, arteriosclerotic female rats. Serum LH was abnormally decreased on the afternoon of proestrus and estrus. The extent of the depression of circulating LH levels parallels the severity of the arteriosclerosis. Serum prolactin was significantly increased above normal at proestrus, and the degree of prolactin increase was also correlated with the degree of severity of arteriosclerosis. It is suggested that frequent and repeated pregnancies affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis leading to hormonal and metabolic imbalance, which may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arteriosclerosis which appears in repeatedly-bred rats."
1148033,"The effect of iron deficiency anemia on the development of atherosclerosis was investigated in chicks. The control group of birds were fed a basal diet, the atherosclerosis group received 1% cholesterol. The lipid content of the aortas of the chicks in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia group also developed anemia of appreciable severity in 12 weeks. Hemoglobin and PCV were taken as the index of anemia, while the lipid constituents were determined in plasma and aortic tissue for atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia of almost equal severity occurred in both atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia groups. The abnormal rise of cholesterol and other lipid material in the aortas of the atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia groups of birds indicates that iron deficiency anemia did not markedly affect the development of atheroslcerosis; it did not offer any protection in chickens and, in fact, a slight potentiating effect was observed."
1148034,"A steam-distilled and an ether extract of onion have both been found to enhance blood fibrinolysis without depressing fibrinogen content in groups of human volunteers. Chemical analysis has shown which sulphur-containing compounds were in highest concentration and common to both and thus likely to carry this property, but their very intense and prolonged flavour precludes their clinical use. One sulphur containing but nearly odourless compound has been identified as having indirect fibrinolytic potential. A species difference in respect of fibrinolysis has been found between English and Spanish onion but is of little importance."
1148030,"We studied the effect of lysolecithin on the clearing of plasma cholesterol. The immediate and maximal conversion of plasma lecithin to lysolecithin was produced in rats by intravenous injection of phospholipase A. The changes which took place in the converted lysolecithin and of cholesterol were followed in rats which had previously received [32-P]phosphate and [14-C]cholesterol. We followed simultaneously the in vitro changes in blood removed immediately after the in vivo administration of phospholipase A. The experiments showed that a substantial part of the plasma lecithin was converted to lysolecithin within the first minute after intravenous administration of phospholipase A. In the course of 60 min of blood incubation, the ratio of plasmatic lysolecithin in the closed system continued to increase. At the same time the content of cholesterol also increased. In vivo, the converted lysolecithin was quickly released from the plasma, so that within 10 min the original lecithin content dropped to 15-5% depending on the dose of phospholipase A that had been administered. The content of sphingomyelin and lysolecithin, which increased only temporarily shortly after injection, did not alter during the experiment. The level of plasma cholesterol esters, however, dropped significantly, whereas the free cholesterol content increased. The molar ratio of the drop in lipid phosphorus and cholesterol esters in plasma after the administration of phospholipase A was similar. A significantly higher cholesterol content was found in the liver of animals treated with phospholipase A."
1148036,"The fasting concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and in very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins (LP) was determined 3 months after a myocardial infarction (MI) in 54 men, and the values obtained were compared to those in 61 healthy male control subjects. The mean triglyceride concentration in MI patients was significantly increased in serum, VLDL, LDL and HDL by 74%, 110%, 30% and 12% respectively, compared to controls. The mean cholesterol concentration was significantly raised by 16%, 120% and 14% in serum, VLDL and LDL but decreased by 22% in HDL. Hypertriglyceridaemia occurred in 58% of MI patients. Of these patients, two-fifths had hypertriglyceridaemia only and three-fifths had combined hyperlipidaemia. The hypertriglyceridaemia was caused by elevation of only VLDL triglycerides in 26%, only LDL triglycerides in 19%, VLDL and LDL triglycerides in 23% and by various other combinations of raised LP triglyceride levels in 25% of cases. Hypercholesterolaemia was found in 41% of MI subjects. Of these, one-sixth had elevation of cholesterol levels, while five-sixths had combined hyperlipidaemia. The LP abnormalities underlying hypercholesterolaemia were increased of only VLDL cholesterol levels in 36%, only LDL cholesterol in 14% and both VLDL and LDL cholesterol in 50% of cases. The low HDL cholesterol values in comparison to controls were related to higher VLDL triglyceride values in MI patients, since HDL cholesterol fell significantly with increasing VLDL triglyceride levels. When HDL cholesterol was related to similar VLDL triglyceride levels, there were no major differences between controls and MI."
1148032,"The plasma lipid and serum uric acid lowering effect of halofenate (MK-185, 1 g/day) was compared with the action of clofibrate (2 g/day) in a double-blind 1-yr study in 23 patients with Type 2, 3, 4, and 5 hyperlipoproteinemia. It could be demonstrated that clofibrate decreased the plasma cholesterol concentration significantly to 75% and the triglyceride concentration to 49% of the placebo period level. Halofenate produced no consistent effect on plasma cholesterol but ther was an average reduction of the plasma triglyceride concentration to 84%, which was, however, not significant. If only the Type 4 patients were taken into account, a mean significant decrease to 47% of the triglyceride concentration was observed during the second 24-week period of treatment. In contrast, halofenate lowered the serum uric acid concentration significatnly to 77% of the placebo period level, whereas the decreasing action of clofibrate was weaker (88%) and of lesser significance."
1148038,"The luminal surface of normal rabbit aorta was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after outlining endothelial cells by staining intercellular junctions with silver. When aortas were fixed in situ at physiological pressure before processing for SEM, a reliable assessment of the morphological integrity of the endothelium was possible. In contrast, when aortas were excised and placed in fixative, contraction of the sub-endothelial structures made interpretation of endothelial integrity difficult."
1148035,"Preparative ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic analysis of serum lipoproteins was performed in 30-70-year-old healthy, fasting males (N = 80) and females (N = 77), randomly selected from the Uppsala region, Sweden. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in total serum and in VLDL,LDL and HDL lipoprotein classes are reported. Total serum, VLDL and LDL triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations increased with age, while HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations did not vary with age. Overweight persons had higher total serum triglyceride, higher VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol levels. The upper 90% population limit values for non-overweight males/females were: total triglycerides (mmol/l) 2.5/2.0, total cholesterol (mg/100 ml) 298/300, VLDL triglyceride 1.80/1.05, VLDL-cholesterol 32/33, LDL triglyceride 0.69/0.69, LDL cholesterol 210/218, HDL triglyceride 0.32/0.34 and HDL-cholesterol 69/93. The 2 major differences between males and females were that females had lower VLDL but higher HDL concentrations. For VLDL there was a very strong and for LDL a moderately strong positive correlation between cholesterol and triglyceride contents. In HDL however, the mearsured amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides did not correlate at all. Sinking pre-beta lipoproteins was found in about 25% of cases and a second pre-beta band floating at d 1.006, late pre-beta, was found in 35% of male and 25% of female subjects. Subjects with sinking pre-beta lipoprotein did not differ from other subjects with regard to the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in the 3 lipoprotein classes. Males, but not females, with the late pre-beta (LPB), had an increased amount of cholesterol in VLDL and a raised cholesterol-triglyceride ratio in this lipoprotein class. Also the LDL triglyceride level was increased in males with the late pre-beta lipoprotein."
1148037,"In a series of male survivors of ischaemic heart disease there were fewer patients belonging to the risk-factor blood group (group A) before than after age 55 who were either non-infarction patients in light work or infarction patients in active or heavy work. Conversely, there were more A's before than after age 55 who were either non-infarction patients in active or heavy work or infarction patients in light work."
1148053,"Myocardial tissue from the left ventricle of two children with congenital atrioventricular block and recurrent Admas-Stokes attacks was obtained during the procedure of epicardial pacemaker implantation and studied with the electron microscope. One patient had a familial cardiomyopathy, the other had no clinical abnormality apart from the conduction defect. Proliferation of mitochondria was common in both cases. Focal interstitial fibrosis and pronounced proliferation of transverse tubules were found in the myocardial cells of the patient with familial cardiomyopathy. Deep invaginations of the sarcolemmma with formation of intracytoplasmic channels were present in the second case. The possibility that the numerous transverse tubules could serve as additional pathways for impulse conduction is discussed."
1148054,"Symptomatic bradycardia-independent atrioventricular block occurred in a patient with right bundle-branch block, left anterior hemiblock, and prolonged HV interval. The arrhythmia, triggered by a spontaneous or induced premature beats, appeared when the post-extrasystolic PP and HH intervals increased to a critical value. Reinitiation of atrioventricular conduction required the presence of ventricular escapes. Bradycardia-dependent atrioventricular block was related to either an enhanced or slightly rising slope of diastolic depolarization, or to a decrease in membrane responsiveness. The patient also, most probably, had tachycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. Both types of conduction disturbance occurred in the same part of the intraventricular conducting system, either in the low His bundle or left bundle-branch or its posteroinferior division. It is suggested that the electrophysiological study of cases with prolonged HV intervals should include procedures which can expose bradycardia-dependent atrioventricular block."
1148055,"The effects of the site used for atrial pacing on atrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction were assesed in 16 patients. In 13 patients, three atrial pacing sites were used: high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, and midcoronary sinus. Two recording sites were used: low septal right atrium, including His electrogram, and high right atrium. Stimulus (S) to high right atrium interval was longest with coronary sinus pacing (76 plus or minus 7 ms) (P less than 0.001), and shortes with high right atrial pacing (41 plus or minus 3 ms) (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in stimulus to low septal right atrium from all three pacing sites. Atrial functional and effective refractory periods were not significantly different. Mean low septal right atrium to His was significantly shorter from the coronary sinus (93 plus or minus 8 ms) (P less than 0.001), as compared to high right atrium (139 plus or minus 16 ms), and low lateral right atrium (129 plus or minus 13 ms) pacing. AV nodal functional and effective refractory periods, and the paced rate producing AV nodal Wenckebach were not significantly different when comparing the three sites. Left atrial appendage and high right atrium were similarly compared in three additional patients, and no significant differences were found in conduction times and refractory periods."
1148056,"Eighty patients with clinical indications for cardiac pacing had atrioventricular conduction analysed by His bundle study. The indications for cardiac pacing included high grade atrioventricular block, sick sinus node syndrome without tachycardia, bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, unstable bilateral bundle-branch block, and uncontrolled ventricular irritability. Complete heart block, Wenckeback block (Mobitz I), and 2:1 block were noted proximal and distal to the His bundle. Mobitz II block only occurred distal to the His bundle. Of special interest were the high incidence of distal conduction abnormalities by His bundle analysis (40/80, 50%), the re-establishment of normal atrioventricular conduction in acutely ill patients with recent evidence of heart block, and the high incidence of intraventricular conduction disturbances on standard electrocardiogram (48/80, 60%)."
1148057,"A 3-year follow-up with regard to survival was made of 475 initial survivors of an acute myocardial infarction originally treated in a coronary care unit. Previous diseases, complications during the hospital stay, as well as findings recorded on discharge from hospital, were used to construct a prognostic stratification. By multivariate analyses maximum respiratory rate during the coronary care unit stay, left bundle-branch block, and age proved prognostically most important. Using only these factors, patient groups with a 3-year monthly mortality up to 74 per cent were characterized."
1148058,"The relation of angiographically recognized coronary occlusion to regional myocardial blood flow has not been studied adequately in spite of its clinical significance. This is particularly important, as revascularization procedures, based on angiographic studies, are being performed with increasing frequency. To compare the severity of reduction in flow to the severity of coronary occlusion, regional myocardial blood flow (85-Kr washout) was measured in 34 patients. Selective coronary anteriograms were obtained using the Sones technique, and occlusions were graded as a percentage of luminal diameter. Of 26 right coronary arteries for which satisfactory arteriograms and coronary blood flow measurements were obtained, 16 were normal and 10 had significant stenosis (greater than 50%). Dominant right coronary arteries appeared to have high flows (67 plus or minus 6 ml min-minus1 per 100 g muscle) and a greater incidence of occlusion (10 of 20) than nondominant arteries, which had less flow (41 plus or minus 2 ml min-minus1 per 100 g muscle) and a lower incidence of occlusion (1 of 8). Coronary blood flow in 16 normal left coronary arteries was 84 plus or minus 5 ml min-minus1 per 100 g muscle and in 15 with 50 per cent or greater occlusion, 68 plus or minus 3 ml min-minus1 per 100 g muscle. Though coronary blood flow appeared reduced when lesions of both the right and left coronary arteries were present, a critical reduction was seen only when occlusion was greater than 90 per cent."
1148059,Serum digoxin estimations were done in 98 patients receiving digoxin for heart failure of varied aetiology. Digoxin toxicity or the lack of it was determined on the basin of established electrocardiographic criteria. Fifty-two patients were classified as 'toxic' and 46 as 'non-toxic'. The difference is the mean digoxin levels between the two groups was highly significant (P less than 0.001). The mean serum digoxin level in 'non-toxic' patients was slightly higher than that found by other investigators. Fairly good correlations have been noted between different dosage schedules and various rhythm disturbances. Death was attributed to digoxin toxicity in only 2 patients who showed electrocardiographic evidence of intoxication at the time of death.
1148060,"The haemodynamic effects of intravenous propranolol at low dosage (1 and 2 mg) have been evaluated on 14 patients in the acute stage of myocardial infarction. The first 1 mg propranolol was not followed by any significant variation in the variables measured. After the second 1 mg propranolol, the heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke index decreased significantly but moderately. Changes in pulmonary wedge pressure were not significant. It is concluded that intravenous propranolol in the small dosage of 1 or 2 mg, at which antiarrhythmic effect is still produced, has only a negligible depressant myocardial effect."
1148061,"The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine were studied in 14 patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure. Heart rate, central venous, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary wedge, and aortic pressures, aortic dp/dt, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances were measured or derived. Dose-response curves were obtained by recording all measurements before and after intravenous infusion of dobutamine at rates of 2.5, 5, and 10 mug/kg per min for periods of 30 minutes each. Significant increases in mean values were observed for cardiac output from 3.7 to 6.4 l/min (82%), for stroke volume from 44 to 64 ml (39%), and aortic dp/dt from 692 to 1414 mmHg/s (92.0 to 188.1 kPa/s (76%). Heart rate increased only moderately from 86 to 101 per minute (31%). Significant reduction occurred in pulmonary wedge and central venous pressures. Mean aortic and pulmonary pressures did not change significantly, as a measure of decreased vascular resistances. The drug was uniformly well tolerated. The predominant inotropic effects of dobutamine without tachycardia or arrhythmias may be valuable in severe heart failure."
1148062,"In 6 cases with sinus rhythm and one with atrial fibrillation, the bipolar surface electrocardiograms were taken through band pass filters simultaneously with the intracavitary His bundle electrogram, and averaged using a signal processer. By these relatively simplified procedures 'blips' considered to be derived from His bundle potentials between PR segments could be recorded. It was found that 'blips' originating from the His bundle were recorded most distinctly when a cathode was applied to the posterior mid-line and an anode to the sternum, both at the level of the fourth intercostal space. In some instances it was possible to record 'blips' probably derived from the bundle-branches. To identify the onset of ventricular potentials it was necessary to refer to the surface electrocardiograms taken with a usual time constant. The interval from the onset of 'blip' to the onset of ventricular activity (BV) agreed perfectly with the directly recorded His bundle to ventricle conduction time (HV) in 6 out of 7 cases investigated, and in the remaining case this interval was found to be only 1 ms longer than the HV."
1148063,"In 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction associated with signs of left ventricular dysfunction, phentolamine was infused intravenously in a dose of 10 mg per hour. This therapy induced a substantial reduction in mean right atrial pressure from 10 to 7 mmHg (1.3 to 0.9 kPa) (P) less than 0.001), and in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 20 to 13 mmHg (2.7 to 1.7 kPa) (P less than 0.001). The cardiac index increased from 2.5 to 3.0 1/min per m-minus 2 (P less than 0.001) accompanied by a fall in both the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances (P less than 0.001). On the other hand, the mean stroke work index did not change significantly after phentolamine, because of tar resistance. With the dose used the mean arterial pressure decreased from 112 to 99 mmHg (14.9 to 13.2 kPa) (P less than 0.001). No adverse effects attributable to the drug treatment were noted. Benefits of this treatment are probably related to reduction in the impedance of left ventricular ejection and possibly to its relaxant effect on the venous tone. The drug may also improve subendocardial perfusion by decreasing left diastolic ventricular pressure. This could possibly limit extension of necrosis. Thus vasodilator therapy appears to be of particular interest in left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction, where inotropic agents may be contraindicated."
1148064,"The myocardial clearance of rubidium may be obtained by praecordial counting after intravenous injection of Rb-minus 86 Cl. Eight patients with recent myocardial infarction had this determination performed before and after the infusion of 10 mg phentolamine at a rate of 0.3 mg/minute. The average predrug myocardial clearance of Rb was 89.3 plus or minus 29.9 ml/min per 100 g myocardium. After phentolamine, the average myocardial clearance rose to 117.3 plus or minus 33.3 ml/min per 100 g myocardium (P LESS THAN 0.01). An explanation for this findings is presented as well as its possible clinical applications."
1148065,"Right atrial laceration is described as a complication of external cardiac massage in two patients. In each there was a pre-existent cause of weakness of the atrial wall. There was pronounced right atrial dilation with attenuation of the wall in one case, and in the other there was a granulomatous myocarditis involving the atrial wall. The significance of atrial laceration as a complication of traumatic injuries to the heart is discussed."
1148066,"Sixty-nine patients over age 35 with severe valvular aortic stenosis were investigated for concomitant coronary artery disease. Forty (57.9%) had clinical angina pectoris. Sixteen (23.2%) had significant coronary occlusive disease by arteriography. Of those with angina, 13 patients (32.5) had significant coronary arterial obstruction, while in the pain-free group only (10.3%) had occlusive coronary disease. It is concluded that patients with severe aortic stenosis who are free of angina have only a small, but definite, chance of having significant coronary disease."
1148067,"The echocardiographic manifestations of segmental supravalvular aortic stenosis are described in 2 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization in both and at operation in 1. A systematic echocardiographic approach to such patients is described. The characteristic finding in these patients was the narrowing of the diameter of the aortic lumen at the stenotic area just distal to the aortic valve. As the transducer sweeps further cephalad the aortic lumen widens to a normal diameter. In one patient treated surgically, postoperative echogram demonstrated the narrowing to be reduced."
1148068,This report presents a serious adverse reaction to the anticonvulsant compound carbamazepine. A woman was admitted to hospital for recurrent attacks of syncope. She suffered from atrioventricular block of the Mobitz type II. Carbamazepine suppressed the conduction in her already defective Purkinje fibres and induced ventricular stand-still with subsequent Adams-Stokes attacks.
1148069,"A case initially diagnosed as tricuspid insufficiency in which critical review of the clinical findings pointed to a diagnosis of pulmonary outflow obstruction is described. At necropsy a myocardial rhabdomyosarcoma was found with associated thromboembolism. The cardinal features were the rapid development of a loud systolic murmur, clinical evidence of right ventricular enlargement and failure with large jugular presystolic 'a' waves, and a reduction in the intensity of the pulmonary component of the second sound, a shift in the QRS axis to the right, and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio."
1148070,"Procaine has been advocated in the treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia, whereas lignocaine has been shown to worsen the condition. Using muscle from patients susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia in vitro, it has been demonstrated that muscle contracture can occur with procaine on its own, and in one patient the halothane-induced contracture was potentiated by procaine. In other patients the concentration of procaine required to abolish the halothane-induced contracture was markedly above the clinical dose range. In a study of lignociane and procaine on a caffeinated rat muscle (a suggested model for malignant hyperpyrexia) no significant difference was found in the ability of these local anaesthetics to alter resting tension of halothane-treated muscle; with both drugs the resting tension rose in a dose-related manner. The use of procaine as the drug of first choice in patients with malignant hyperpyrexia is challenged."
1148071,"Seven Alsatian dogs were anaesthetized with thiopentone, paralysed with pancuronium, and ventilated with 1% halothane in a mixture of air and oxygen in such a way as to maintain Paco2 at 40 mm Hg and Pao2 at 150 mm Hg. From various respiratory and circulatory measurementts the following variables were determined: physiologicaldeadspace, cardiac output, venous admixture, respiratory compliance and resistance, and oxygen and carbondioxide exchcnage. After a controlseries of measurements at a ventilator frequency of was doubled to 50/min and adjustments to tidal volume and inspired oxygen concentration made to maintain constancy of blood gas tensions. The same procedure was followed again at 25/min, l/min and finally at 25/min. At each frequency the I:E ratio was kept at 1/2, the shape of the inspiratory flow waveform was kept constant (a rapid increase followed by a steady decline to zero) and expiration was passive to atmosphere. Mean results showed that physiological deadspace changed relatively little with frequency so that the deadspace:tidal volume ratio increased significantly on changing to 50/min (by 24%) and decreased significantly on changing to 6/min (by 46%). Changes of cardiac output and venous admixture were either not significant or on the borderline of significance and the 95% confidence limits of these changes were within +14%, --12% for cardiac outpur and within plus or minus1.4% of cardiac output for venous admixture. Tt is concluded that, provided Paco2 and Pa02 and mean air way pressure are kept constant, the frequency of ventilation is not important, even over a wide range of values."
1148072,"A method of gas analysis is described for estimating carbon dioxide in the presence of nitrous oxide, using a modified Lloyd-Haldane apparatus. Some of the sample, after scrubbing with soda-lime, bubbles through the potash and this eliminates the solubility effect of nitrous oxide by equilibrating the standard potash solution with nitrous oxide at the tension of the sample analysed and eliminating absorption of nitrous oxide from the burette. The results show close agreement with another apparatus and method based on different principles. The method is absolute, requiring neither empirical nor theoretical correction."
1148073,The incidence of deaths associated with anaesthesia at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital for the period 1963-72 inclusive was 1:502. An analysis of the 408 deaths showed that more than half of them occurred in association with major cardiovascular and neurosurgical procedures. The number of deaths attributable to anaesthesia alone was 15 (3.7%). This was a marked reduction by comparison with the number in the previous decade (20.9%).
1148074,"Profiles on the progress of spinal extradural anaesthesia were made in 246 patients using various concentrations of lignocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine. The advance of analgesia through the different dermatomes showed a consistent and orderly spread on the upper lumbar and thoracic segments. This spread was irregular through the lower lumbar and upper sacral segments. The first sacral segment was especially difficult to block with an overall failure rate of 17.53% with presently available concentrations of various local anaesthetics. This failure was abolished with the use of etidocaine 1.5%. The presence of a delay or failure at the level of L5-S2 is probably related to the larger diameter of these nerve roots as ascertained from measurements in 11 cadavers."
1148075,"The feasibility of providing postoperative analgesia using thoracic extradural blockade following thoracotomy has been assessed. Extradural block was produced by intermittent injections of 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline 1:200,000 or a continuous infusion of 0.25% or 0.125% bupivacaine. The only toxic symptom was drowsiness which was most frequent after a continuous infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine and with arterial plasma bupivacaine concentrations above 1.5 mug/ml. Arterial hypotension was a troublesome complication with all techniques although stability of arterial pressure was more easily achieved with a continuous infusion technique. However, this produced a high incidence of urinary retention. Practical aspects and effectiveness of providing extradural analgesia in patients following thoracotomy are discussed."
1148076,Experiments are described which demonstrate that dantrolene sodium effectively terminates the syndrome of malignant hyperpyrexia induced in susceptible swine by exposure to halothane. Dantrolene is also shown to block initiation of the syndrome of malignant hyperpyrexia by halothane in MHS swine. Therapeutic use of this drug in patients with anaesthetic-induced malignant hyperpyrexia appears to be indicated.
1148077,Pancuronium bromide was used safely as the muscle relaxant for neonatal anaesthesia. No untoward effects were seen and the neuromuscular block was successfully reversed in all patients. The potency ratio of pancuronium as compared with tubocurarine ranged from 9:1 at birth to 6:1 at one month of age.
1148084,"Total calcium content of both human and porcine MHS skeletal muscle is significantly less than normal. This data is consistent with the concept that some organelle (probably the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrion or even the sarcolemma) within the MHS muscle stores less than normal amounts of calcium. The large variability between muscle specimens rules out measurement of total calcium content of skeletal muscle as a routine diagnostic test for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility."
1148086,"Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was induced in anaesthetized dogs by the infusion of a fibrinolytic inhibitor followed by thrombin. The occurrence of DIC was confirmed by haematological and histological examinations. After the thrombin infusion there was a progressive reduction in cardiac index and systemic arterial pressure, only four of the 14 dogs surviving for 4 hr. Pulmonary artery pressure increased after the thrombin infusion, but decreased subsequently in seven animals allowed to breathe spontaneously. In these animals, there was an increase in respiratory rate, minute volume and deadspace/tidal volume ratio, but there were no changes in the arterial-to-alveolar PCO2 difference. Arterial PCO2 and PO2 decreased, but there were no significant changes in total venous admixture. In seven dogs submitted to controlled ventilation, arterial PO2 decreased to the same extent, but there were no significant changes in arterial PCO2, deadspace/tidal volume ratio or venous admixture."
1148087,"Nine patients were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen using a closed-circle circuit with a Benedict-Roth spirometer substituted for the reservoir bag. The movements of the spirometer were recorded to enable the oxygen consumption and respiratory pattern to be measured continuously before surgery commenced. Increasing concentrations of halothane produced progressive decreases in oxygen uptake and in the tidal and minute volumes, but an increase in the respiratory rate."
1148089,"Plasma growth hormone (plasma GH) and blood-glucose concentrations were measured in 23 patients undergoing open heart surgery with moderate hypothermia. A significant increase in blood-glucose concentration occurred with sternotomy and increased during bypass, partly as a result of the exogenous glucose load from the perfusate. Following bypass, the blood-glucose remained above the pre-anaesthetic concentration, and this elevation persisted into the period following surgery. Plasma GH also increased with surgery and remained elevated during perfusion. The highest concentrations occurred following bypass when normal temperature had been regained ."
1148088,"Ten intact anaesthetized dogs breathing room air spontaneously (Group A) were compared with ten artificially ventilated dogs (Group B). All were given a bolus of ketamine 2 mg/kg followed by a 20-min infusion of ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/min. In Group A, coronary sinus blood flow, measured with a thermodilution flowmeter, increased by 90% while coronary vascular resistance decreased by 28% and coronary sinus oxygen content decreased by 27%. Heart rate increased by 47%, and arterial pressure by 9%. Cardiac output, calculated by the dye dilution method, increased by 29%, while the left ventricular work index decreased by 50%. Minute ventilation rate decreased by 55%. The Group B dogs were studied as described above, except that they were artificially ventilated. The haemodynamic ahanges were less in Group B, possibly because of improved arterial oxygenation. Heart rate increased by 24%, cardiac output by 21% and arterial pressure by 2%. The coronary sinus blood flow increased by 12% while coronary vascular resistance decreased by 11%. Coronary sinus oxygen concentration decreased by 15%. Five unanaesthetized dogs with electromagnetic flowmeter probes chronically implanted on the aorta and circumflex coronary artery, and an indwelling arterial catheter were studied before, during and after the intravenous administration of ketamine 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg. A dose of 8 mg/kg produced increases in cardiac output, heart rate and arterial pressure of 21%, 44% and 24%, respectively, while coronary blood flow increased 47%. We conclude that, in healthy dogs, ketamine produces an increase in heart rate and cardiac work. A significant increase in coronary blood flow appears to be insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, as the coronary sinus oxygen content decreased."
1148090,"A technique of induction of anaesthesia using propanidid, lignocaine and suxamethonium is described, and the muscle fasciculations that follow it are shown to be significantly less than those accompanying induction with methohexitone and suxamethonium."
1148091,"The use, during operation, of intercostal nerve blocks with lignocaine and bupivacaine for the relief of pain following thoracotomy was assessed in 138 patients. Irrespective of the method used to evaluate efficacy, it was not possible to demonstrate a lasting effect of clinical significance favouring either local anaesthetic agent. This form of treatment, although free from serious side effects, had no beneficial effects on lung function and is not recommended for the relief of pain following surgery."
1148095,"There is evidence that peripheral nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, have different membrane properties correlated with their size. Smaller fibres have a lower conduction velocity, and longer action potential time course, than would be expected if their membrane properties were identical with those of larger size. There are several possible explanantions of this result; it is suggested that at least part of the difference is due to a systematic variation in the size of the conductances (per unit area of membrane) responsible for generating the action potential."
1148096,Compounds with local anaesthetic properties may be classified according to their action upon the nerve membrane. Four classes of agent are recognized: A. Compounds acting at the exterior of the sodium channels; B. Compounds acting at the axoplasmic part of the sodium channels; C. Compounds acting through a physicochemical mechanism; BC. Compounds acting by a combination of B and C mechanisms. The chemical basis for these different mechanisms is discussed.
1148097,Information derived from measurements of blood concentrations of local anaesthetics can be extended by the application of pharmacokinetic anaylsis. A better understanding of quantitative aspects of the disposition and absorption of these drugs should assist the anaesthetist in deciding the optimal agent and dosage for regional block techniques.
1148098,"Forearm blood flow after regional i.v. anaesthesia in volunteers was compared with the predicted blood flow after arterial occlusion alone, using venous occlusion plethysmography. After arterial occlusion alone for 20 min, marked hyperaemia occured after cuff release. Flows returned to normal within 5 min. Both prilocaine and bupivacaine reduced the hyperaemic response to arterial occlusion. Forearm muscle paralysis using gallamine triethiodide was also associated with a statistically significant but smaller reduction in the hyperaemic response."
1148099,"Based upon a series of clinico-physiological investigations, the usefulness of regional anaesthetic techniques such as extradural, intercostal and splanchnic blocks are stressed. Main emphasis is put on the relief of postoperative pain after some common types of operations such as prostatectomies, total hip replacements and cholecystectomies. Compared with parenteral analgesics, regional anaesthetic techniques offer several advantages such as a more favourable situation of oxygen transport and a more effective treatment of pain without depressing the sensorium."
1148101,"A review of some policies of clinical practice, adopted in the light of experience, is presented. These include the inadvisability of attempting to obtain a precise segmental block during the first stage of labour; the urgent need to avoid compression of the inferior vena cava by the uterus during labour and at the time of delivery; a preference for the routine use of bupivacaine in concentration of 0.375%, and for the plain solution irrespective of the concentration employed; and the advocacy of providing lumbar extradural analgesia in cases of breech presentation and multiple pregnancy. The list of contraindications has been considerably reduced during the past few years."
1148102,"The effects of continuous extradural block in the postoperative period on arterial hypoxaemia are discussed. Comparing two matched groups of patients following upper abdominal surgery, one receiving continuous extradural analgesia and one narcotic analgesia, there were small but statistically insignificant improvements in PaO2 in the former group. It was concluded that abdominal muscle spasm is not an important cause of postoperative arterial hypoxaemia."
1148103,"From 1948 to 1973, intercostal nerve block was used 10,941 times or a total of approximately 100,000 individual nerves were blocked. Junior staff (residents) performed 95% of the blocks. The local anaesthetic solution of choice used 0.25 or 0.5% bupivacaine (Marcaine) with adrenaline. Total milligram doses of bupivacaine as high as 400 mg were employed. The duration of the blocks was 9-18 hr. No severe systemic toxic reactions occurred, e.g. disorientation, convulsions, etc. The incidence of pneumothorax was 0.073%."
1148104,The precise evaluation of local anaesthetic drugs in clinical practice has many difficulties. The factors which may modify the clinical profile of these drugs are: (1) procedural in nature; (2) patient related; (3) drug related; and (4) investigator related. All these factors are discussed in relation to the proper design of clinical trials.
1148106,"Brachial plexus block (axillary approach) has been compared with ulnar nerve block for the evaluation of local anaesthetic drugs. Duration of analgesia is the same in both techniques with the same drugs. Following axillary nerve block the median, ulnar and radial nerves are blocked for a different time. The onset of motor block is faster following axillary nerve block, according to muscle power, but not according to action potentials in the e.m.g. Once all the nerves are blocked, no differences exist for the duration of muscle paralysis. The rate of techinical failure is higher with brachial plexus blocks compared with single nerve blocks. Larger amounts of local anaesthetic solutions are necessary for plexus blockade and this may cause toxic effects. The volunteer's comfort is less after plexus block because of more widespread paralysis. Therefore, ulnar nerve block and extradural block are in many respects the most suitable techniques for evaluation of new local anaesthetic agents."
1148108,"The selection of a local anaesthetic agent for use in obstetrics must be based upon a more critical examination of its characteristics than is necessary in non-obstetrical cases. A short latency and great effectiveness in establishing sensory anaesthesia are of utmost importance in view of the high incidence of obstetric emergencies. Motor blockade is unnecessary for vaginal deliveries, except in premature childbirth when perineal relaxation becomes desirable. Systemic toxicity of local anaesthetics has a direct bearing on the clinical condition of the neonate especially after paracervical or prolonged extradural anaesthesia. The foetus appears very sensitive to only moderately elevated plasma concentrations of local anaesthetic. Addition of adrenaline to solutions of local anaesthetic agents with a pronounced vasodilating effect prolongs the anaesthesia, may reduce drug concentrations in the plasma, and negatively affects the strength and frequency of uterine contractions."
1148109,"The clinical tolerance to local anaesthetic drugs can be assessed from a knowledge of their pharmacokinetic behaviour, their absorption properties and the effects produced by controlled i.v. infusions. Pharmacokinetic behavior can be calculated from the plasma concentrations of the drugs injected i.v. in non-toxic doses. Absorption properties can likewise be determined from plasma concentrations following injection at various sites. Acute toxicity can be assessed by i.v. infusion of toxic doses into volunteers. The dosage required to produce symptoms can be compared with other drugs. Such dosage is considerably affected by the rate of injection. The venous plasma concentrations at the height of toxicity are unreliable guides to toxicity. Experiences using the new local anaesthetic etidocaine are reported."
1148110,"A 5 h, semi-occlusive human patch test repeated daily for 5 days, was modified for use in the rabbit Using this method, the relative irritancy of three cosmetic samples of known human irritancy was determined in the rabbit. In addition, attention was paid to assessment methods and a detailed histological scoring system is described as well as two methods of visual assessment. In order to compare the effectiveness of these methods, the reaction to a series of concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate was examined. All three assessment methods gave similar results and the merits of combining histological and visual assessment are discussed."
1148111,"The photochemistry of 3,5,3',4'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide has been studied in solution under carefully controlled conditions. When irradiated in a buffered solution of pH 7.4 (physiological pH), three atoms of chlorine are liberated from the molecule instead of one as suggested by earlier photochemical work. From this observation a mechanism is proposed to explain the long-term photobiological effect of this compound in skin i.e. that of the persistent light reactor."
1148112,In those photodermatoses in which the action spectrum involves wavelengths outside the short ultraviolet (i.e. is greater than 320 nm) little protection can be obtained against long UV (is greater than 320 nm) by the application of chemical light screening agents. An action spectrum involving wavelengths is greater than 320 nm is a common occurrence and may necessitate the additional provision of protection from a physical light screening agent. Such a physical agent is titanium dioxide and in a study of its use in a variety of formulations using in vitro techniques it was shown to be effective throughout the wavelengths 400-700 nm. It was also shown to have a satisfactory protective capacity in those photodermatoses in which the action spectrum involves wavelength peaks 365 nm (335-395 nm) and 400 nm (370-430 nm). It also has a reasonable cosmetic acceptability provided care is taken to incorporate in the formulations colouring agents which can be varied to suit the individual patient.
1148114,"Post-inflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa (Marshall, Heyl & Weber, 1966) is a skin disease in African infants which appears to be comparatively common in at least two countries. Destruction of elastic tissue and atrophy are preceded by urticarial or by annular erythematous-popular lesions and result in severe disfigurement. The clinical features are intermediate between anetoderma (macular atrophy) and acquired cutis laxa, but sufficiently typical and characteristic to constitute a distinctive syndrome, which might represent an abnormal reaction to the bite of an arthropod."
1148116,"Bland topical applications, containing no pharmacologically active ingredients, were found to have an antimitotic effect on the epidermis of the stripped dorsal skin of hairless mice. White soft paraffin, cetomacrogol cream A (B.P.), starch paste, and emulsifying ointment (B.P.) were applied for 24 h periods under occlusive dressing to the backs of mice. The antimitotic effect was present at the time of removal of the dressings and up to 72 h after removal. White soft paraffin had the maximal antimitotic activity and epidermis of mice treated with it showed only 23% of the number of mitoses of control animals having no such treatment. Emulsifying ointment had the least activity and in some circumstances actually seemed stimulatory to mitotic activity."
1148123,Growth and survival of cutaneous neoplasms are dependent on the development of a nutrient-supplying vascular lifeline. A subcutaneous lymphoma is described which mimicked a vascular neoplasm because of the extensive telangiectasia overlying the tumour. Fragments of the lymphoma inserted in direct apposition to the hamster cheek pouch membrane or separated from the membrane by a microporous filter both induced dramatic neovascularization. Control materials failed to induce significant vascular changes. A diffusable Tumour Angiogenic Factor may play a vital role in tumour survival and portends a therapeutic potential.
1148124,Castrated male rats were washed with a solution of sodium lauryl sulphate and warm water using a standard technique. Examination of samples of hair clipped from one flank showed that about 50% of the total ether-extractable hair fat was removed. The rate of restitution of hair fat was then measured by clipping a further sample from the opposite flank of each rat after an interval. The plateau level was restored in about 8 days. There was no significant correlation with body weight either of the plateau level in unwashed rats or of the rate of build-up of lipid in washed rats. This result provides no justification for correcting levels of hair lipid for body weight.
1148125,Sebum production of rats was assessed by measuring the levels of fat extractable by diethyl ether from samples of hair clipped immediately after shampooing with sodium lauryl sulphate and 2 days later. By the use of matched litter mates in was unequivocally demonstrated that the response of the sebaceous glands to testosterone is virtually abolished by hypophysectomy and that it can be completely restored by pure bovine growth hormone.
1148126,"A female patient aged 25 years developed abdominal and neurological symptoms followed by a photosensitive eruption during pregnancy. She was found to have variegate porphyria on investigation. Investigation of the family revealed on member having latent porphyria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of variegate porphytia from India."
1148127,"A case of idiopathic cirucumscribed panniculitis of the legs, with features consistent with that of the Rothmann-Makai syndrome, is reported. The response to a 10-week course of oral tetracycline therapy was impressive. It is suggested that the anti-lipase activity of tetracycline could account for this response."
1148128,"A simple method is described for providing feedback to students from multiple choice question examinations. A mask with holes punched at positions corresponding to the correct answers and labelled with the subject of the questions is superimposed on the student's answer sheet. Correct answers appear as black circles and a photocopy may be taken as a permanent record. The method is inexpensive, not dependent upon computers, and is economical in staff time. It is appropriate in a wide variety of situations where MCQs are used."
1148129,"The application of MCQ examination techniques, in the context of a new medical school in tropical Africa, is described. The pitfalls are noted, the composition of papers discussed, and a simple method of marking is described. Some examples of questions are given, and their individual values are simply assessed. From our experience, there is no doubt that objective testing has a real place in a young medical school, where it can actually save time, as well as reducing variation in standards of examination."
1148131,"A survey was carried out of the career experience of the doctors who graduated from Scottish medical schools in 1962. Few of those in general practice in the UK had undergone the minimum period of vocational training now considered necessary for new entrants to practice. Of those in the hospital and specialist services, 53% were consultants. There was a tendency for early career decisions to be made, leading to an increasing number of doctors obtaining postgraduate training almost exclusively in one specialty. Many married women doctors were underemployed. A quarter of the doctors were living overseas, including those of the nonBritish nationals who had returned to their country of origin."
1148133,"This study evaluates a ""mid period"" follow-up evaluation of the outcomes of selection of medical students by customary committee review procedures versus actuarial selection. One-third of a freshman class was selected solely on the basis of a predictor index which was a previously validated, optimally weighted combination of scores on the Medical College Aptitude Test and the premedical grade-point average. The remaining two-thirds were selected by committee decision based on review of the total application file which, in addition to the aptitude test scores and academic record, included basic demographic data, information on extracurricular activities, avocational interests, work experience, letters of recommendation, personality test profiles, and interview impressions. In a previous study, it was reported that the two groups of students were undifferentiated with respect to their academic standing at the close of their sophomore year. In the present study, the actuarially selected and committee selected students were compared on class rank at the end of the junior year, total and subtest scores on part II of the National Board Examinations administered toward the close of their senior year, and type and location of internship, and practice or training status one year after graduation. The two groups were not reliably differentiated on any of these variables. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to reliability, efficiency, and economy in the selection process and the function of the admissions committees with respect to borderline cases and issues of school policy and philosophy."
1148134,"The implications of recent studies of the selection process for entry to medical school are discussed. It is argued that there are two types of factors that need to be considered in selection; first, those that are essentially concerned with policy decisions in relation to entry, e.g. sex or nationality; and, second, those that are to do with individual characteristics. In relation to this second group, once minimal criteria are satisfied, random choice seems as fair as any method of selection, as a means of choosing among applicants: none appears to be sufficiently predictive of performance to be suitable as a means for selection in themselves."
1148135,"A performance rating scale was developed and tested on a class of junior medical students who rated themselves and four to ten of their peers. When 928 ratings were factor analysed, two strong factors, knowledge and relationship, emerged. Test-retest reliabilities were good. Validity was measured by correlation of ratings with grades, and though both sources of ratings correlated significantly with grades given by faculty, peer ratings were more highly related to grades than were self ratings. Students tended to rate themselves lower than they were rated by their peers. Grades are probably not the best estimate of performance, but are currently one of the most reliable. Use of the scale to judge performance of physicians in practice has not been tested. The question of how such evaluation of peer and self would relate to other measures of quality of care is raised."
1148136,"A microsurgical technique for anastomosis of the oviduct is described using the rabbit as an animal model.  A control group of five previously sterilized rabbits had both oviducts rejoined and all became pregnant.  Another three groups of animals had a reanastomosis immediately after division of both oviducts.  One oviduct was later removed for histological study and the animals were subsequently mated.  Twenty-three out of 25 (92 per cent) conceived and delivered a normal litter after repair of the oviduct with very fine nylon sutures without postoperative splinting; only seven out of 15 (46.7 per cent) delivered after catgut sutures had been used without splinting and only 9 out of 20 (45 per cent) delivered when nylon sutures and prolonged splinting were associated with increased fibrosis, adhesion formation and poor healing of the anastomosis."
1148137,Estimations of karyopyknotic index and amniotic fluid oestrogen concentration were made on 107 specimens of amniotic fluid obtained between the 25th and 42nd weeks of pregnancy.  The karyopyknotic index was shown to fall with advancing gestation as the amniotic fluid oestrogen concentration increased.  The negative correlation between karyopyknotic index and amniotic fluid oestrogen concentration was highly significant when the fetus was female but was not significant when the fetus was male.  Intermediate cells from the gential tract of the female fetus can account for the cytological difference between amniotic fluid from male and female fetuses.  The fall in amniotic fluid karyaryopyknotic index towards term which suggests that the fetal vagina responds in the same way as the maternal vaginal epithelium to the circulating hormones and not to the oestrogens in the amniotic fluid.
1148138,"The results have been compared of 37 McIndoe-Read operations and 39 Williams' operations carried out at the Chelsea Hospital for Women.  The McIndoe-Read procedures comprised 28 primary operations for congentital absence of the vagina, five repeat procedures and four operations for other conditions; the Williams' procedures comprised 27 primary operations, four operations following the previous vaginoplasty and eight operations following other procedures.  The results favoured the Williams' vulvovaginoplasty.  Special mention must be made of the dangers of repeating the McIndoe-Read procedure and of the fact that the vagina constructed by the Williams' technique showed no tendency to contract if intercourse did not occur."
1148139,"In an effort to determine the influence of hypothyroidism on the hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen and progesterone were measured daily for 10 to 14 consecutive days in five women with hypothyroidism.  In all subjects investigated the levels of all the hormones measured were low in comparison with the values in euthyroid women.  FSH/LH ratios were, however, higher in hypothyroid women than in both phases of the menstrual cycle in euthyroid controls.  It is postulated that changes in the FSH/LH ratio may be related to the low levels of oestrogen and probably to failure of ovulation in hypothyroid women."
1148140,"The concentration of glucose and insulin was estimated in 854 samples of umbilical cord blood plasma and 503 concurrently collected maternal blood samples. The mean cord insulin concentration, excluding all infants born to known diabetic mothers, was 7 muU./ml., but the distribution was skewed with 10 per cent of infants having a value of 12 muU./ml. or more. The giving of intravenous sugar-coating fluids to the mother during labor tended to exaggerate the skewness rather than move the whole distribution to the right. Babies born by vaginal route, whatever the presentation of method of delivery, had slightly lower mean insulin values than those born by Caesarean section. It thus seems unlikely that ""stress"" is a factor causing high cord insulin values at birth. Other data concerning maternal-fetal glucose and insulin relations are discussed."
1148141,"Serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium were determined in 282 Nigerian women comprising 213 pregnant women, 37 non-pregnant controls, and 32 postpartum women.  There was very little change in the serum calcium levels throughout pregnancy; the slight reduction which occurred during the 8th and 9th months was not statistically significant.  There was a significant reduction in the serum concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and magnesium during the 8th and 9th months of gestation; the levels of both minerals rose to non-pregnant levels at term."
1148142,"Two theories related to uterine action have been brought together to see whether the site of placental implantation influences the onset of labour: (1) that uterine contractions begin asymmetrically from a ""pacemaker"" in one uterine horn, and (2) that progesterone from the placenta blocks myometrial contractility primarily at the site of implantation.  Case records were examined of 182 patients who had placental locations performed and who had a spontaneous onset of labour.  Where the placenta was implanted in the right upper quadrant of the uterus labour occurred on average four days sooner than when it was implanted in the left upper quandrant: the difference was statistically significant."
1148147,"1. Hereford steers, housed in concreted yards and given demineralized water, were offered ad lib. a low-sodium (0.07 g Na and 4.5 g potassium/kg) basal diet of sorghum grain, urea and minerals, to which 0, 15 or 30 g K as KHCO3/KG diet had been added. Mean daily intakes of K were 26, 107 and 168 g/steer respectively. 2. The steers were given daily supplements of 0, 3.25 or 6.50 g Na as NAHCO3/steer, added to the food; mean daily intakes of Na (food plus supplemental NaHCO3 minus residues) were 0.41, 3.06 and 6.26 g/steer respectively. 3. Rate of gain of body-weight was positively related to the rate of Na supplementation and negatively related to the K content of the diet, but there was no interaction between Na and K contents of the diet. 4. the Na:K ratios for the parotid saliva from steers not given Na supplements was 0.3, whereas steers ingesting either 3.1 or 6.3 g Na/d had Na:K ratios of about 12. Increasing the amount of K in the diet had no consistent effect on the saliva Na:K ratio. The Na:K ratios for rumen fluid reflected changes in the saliva Na:K ratio in response to Na supplements and were inversely related to the amount of K in the diet. 5. The width of the adrenal zona glomerulosa from steers receiving the basal diet, without Na supplements, was significantly greater than that from steers given the Na supplements, but it was not affected by the amount of K in the diet. 6. Both Na supplements and the diet containing 30 g added K/kg significantly increased the Na:K ratio of the plasma. 7. The addition of 200 mg DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/steer per d to the diet had no significant effects on the growth rate of the steers. 8. It was concluded that the Na requirement of steers for growth was not signficantly affected by the amount of K in the diet up to 168 g/d."
1148148,"1. Male chickens, I week old, were fed alternately for 6 or 12 h periods with diets complementary in their amino acid composition. The isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were based on fish meal or sunflower meal as the sole source of protein, or fish meal-sunflower (40:60, w/w); each diet contained 120 g crude protein/kg. Other groups of chickens were given these diets ad lib. 2. Net protein utilization (NPU) values obtained after a I-week experimental period indicated  that sequential feeding for bot 6 and 12 h resulted in significantly improved responses compared with chickens given the same diets ad lib. These results suggested that the two protein sources, although provided at separate times, could complement each other. 3. In certain treatments there was a 6 or 12 h fasting period between feeding periods to reduce the effect of nutrients from the previous period. 4. For alternate feeding and fasting periods of 6 h with the combined diet, food intake and gain in body-weight were both significantly reduced compared with the corresponding values for the combined diet fed ad lib. The NPU value was virtually the same for both treatments. For 12 h periods of alternate feeding and fasting the gain in body-weight was only just significantly lower than that for the control group (combined diet fed ad lib.), but the NPU value was highly significantly better than that for the control group. 5. For the treatments which included 6 and 12 h fasting periods between the two single-protein diets, the food intake and gain in body-weight were significantly lower compared with the treatment groups given alternate feeding thd fasting periods of either 6 or 12 h with the combined diet. The NPU values for the two groups given 12 h alternate feeding and fasting periods differed significantly, whereas the NPU values for the two groups given 6 h feeding and fasting periods were the same."
1148149,"1. Two groups of adult rats were placed in a metal-free environment and pair-fed with selenium-supplemented and Se-deficient diets. 2. After 5 months the animals were killed and skeletal muscle concentrations of creatine, creating phosphate, ATP, protein and Se were determined. 3. Se deficiency was indicated by the low Se content of the skeletal muscle from the deficient animals, but no changes were found in the amounts of the other components. 4. These results suggest that Se may not be involved in creatine metabolism and that Se deficiency may not be concerned independently in the development of nutritional dystrophy, where changes are found in the levels of protein, creatine, creatine phosphate and ATP."
1148150,"1. Measurements were made of portal blood flow, heat production and oxygen consumption in the digestive tract of sheep either fasted or given the following diets: chopped, dried grass, pelleted, dried grass; chopped, dried lucerne; pelleted, dried lucerne, or a pelleted barley diet. 2. For sheep that had been fasted for 48 h, portal blood flow was 1.84 l/min, total visceral heat production was 62.3 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per 24 h and aerobic heat production, estimated from oxygen consumption, was 62.1 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per 24 h. 3. Portal blood flow was markedly influenced by food intake, increasing from 1.8 l/min for starved sheep to 2.4 and 4 l/min for sheep feed at maintenance and 2.5 times maintenance levels of intake respectively. Variations in the quality and physical form of the diets had no apparent effect on portal blood flow. 4. There was a curvilinear relationship between total heat production in the gut and metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The increase obtained for levels of intake below maintenance was greatest with lucerne diets, and least with pelleted, dried grass or pelleted barley diets. Above maintenance levels of intake the rate of increase in heat production, with all diets, was about 150 kJ/MJ ME intake. 5. The heat of fermentation, estimated from the difference between total visceral metabolism and the aerobic metabolism of the tissues of the gut wall, was 76, 60 and 22 kJ/MJ digestible energy intake for the dried grass, lucerne and barley diets respectively. 6. The contribution of fermentation heat and the aerobic metabolism of the gut to the total heat increment of feeding in sheep was assessed. It was concluded that about half the heat increment must be derived from tissues outside the digestive tract."
1148151,"1. The feasibility of improving iron nutrition by fortifying cane sugar with Fe and ascorbic acid was studied. 2. It was found to be possible to add a number of Fe salts together with ascorbic acid to sugar without affecting its appearance or storage properties. 3. The absorption of Fe from fortified sugar eaten with maize-meal porridge or made into jam or biscuits was measured in ninety-four volunteer multiparous Indian women using the 59-Fe erythrocyte utlization method. 4. The absorption of Fe from sugar fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous sulphate and eaten with maize-meal porridge was increased about twofold in the ratio, ascorbic acid:Fe was 10:1 by weight. If the ratio was increased to 20:2, Fe absorption was increased a further threefold. 5. Sugar fortified with soluble Fe salts, including FeSO4.7H2O, discoloured both tea and coffee; sugar fortified with ferric orthophosphate did not have this effect. 6. Fe from FePO4.H2O was poorly absorbed when added with sugar to maize-meal porridge, and also when added with adequate quantities of ascorbic acid. This form of Fe was absorbed much less well than was the intrinsic Fe present in the maize. 7. When sugar fortified with FePO4.H2O and ascorbic acid was added to maize-meal porridge before cooling or was made into jam there was a several-fold increase in the amount of Fe absorbed."
1148152,"1. An experiment was done with rats (body-weight 160 g) to study the effects on fat metabolism and body composition of low (10 g/kg)- or high (140 g/kg)- fat diets fed as one meal for one 4 h period/d (meal-feeders) or as six spaced meals/d (nibblers). The daily energy intake/unit metabolic body-weight (body-weight 0.73) was the same for all four groups, and this level of intake was about 80% of that consumed by rats allowed unrestricted access to the low-fat diet. The experimental period was 76 d. 2. Rats given the high-fat diet deposited more body fat/d and, as a result, grew faster and were energetically more efficient than rats given the low-fat diet depressed de novo lipogenesis from glucose in epididymal and perirenal fat pads, whose fatty acid composition resembled that of the diet. 3. For both diets meal-feeders had greater stomach plus small intestine weights than nibblers and had higher plasma free fatty acid levels, when they were killed 15 h after their last meal. 4. Meal-feeders given the low-fat diet had the greatest rate of lipogenesis for fat pads. 5. Meal-feeders given the high-fat deposited less of the main dietary fatty acids in their fat pads. 6. There was no evidence that meal-feeders eating a high-fat diet adapt their metabolism completely that they become more efficient utlizers than those nibbling this diet. Meal-feeders eating the low-fat diet became no fatter than nibblers of this diet, possibly because they were eating less than their daily ad lib. intake."
1148153,"1. The effects of feeding with a purified magnesium-deficient diet (--Mg, 7-8 mg Mg/kg) on horse foal blood serum and tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus were studied, and the results compared with histopathological findings. 2. Serum concentrations of Ca and P were unaffected by feeding with the --Mg diet, whereas serum Mg concentrations decreased from a mean initial (day o) concentration of 0.78 mmol/l to 0.53 mmol/l 7 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet, and then continued to decrease at a slower rate. 3. Aorta concentrations of Ca and P, but not Mg, were positively correlated with the period of time foals were given the -Mg diet, verifying histopathological findings. Results for both aorta Ca and P analyses and histopathological studies indicated that mineralization of the aorta began approximately 30-35 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet. 4. Feeding with the -Mg diet had no significant, analytically detectable effect on brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, skeletal or cardiac muscle concentrations of Ca, P or Mg, although microscopic evidence of mineralization was seen in some of these tissues from foals given the Mg diet for 71-180 d. 5. A significant negative correlation was found between bone ash concentrations of Mg (rib, metacarpus and metatarsus) and the length of time foals were fed on the Mg diet. Bone ash concentrations of Ca and P were, however, unchanged. 6. Low serum Mg values and negative correlations between the bone ash concentration of Mg and the period of time foals were fed on the -Mg diet supplemented with 390 mg. Mg as MgO/kg were interpreted as suggesting that either this level of Mg supplementation is marginal for the growing foal, or that the Mg in MgO is not readily available to the growing foal."
1148154,"1. Energy exchanges and other physiological functions associated with eating and rumination were determined in four experiments. Sheep were given chopped, dried grass (DGC), pelleted, dried grass (DGP) or fresh grass (FGC). 2. In Expt I a preliminary study was made using all three diets. The dry matter (DM) of DGP was eaten significantly faster than that of chopped diets. Sheep salivated most during eating and ruminated longest when given DGC. Rates of contraction for the reticulo-rumen did not differ significantly between diets during idling and rumination, but were significantly faster during eating with DGP. The apparent energy costs of eating were 17, 109 and 176 kJ/kg DM eaten for DGP, DGC and FGC respectively, but these probably underestimated the true energy cost. 3. Expt 2 compared DGP and DGC at two levels of intake. The mean energy costs of eating DGP and DGC were 23.5 and 267 kI/kg DM respectively. The mean energy costs of eating between the energy cost of eating and the duration of the meal. The proportion of time the sheep spent ruminating DGC was about 23% but less than 1% for DGP. There was no significant relationship between heat production and the time spent ruminating. 4. In Expt 3 four sheep were offered fresh grass and, later, an equivalent DM intake after the material had been dried. The sheep ate the dried meal significantly faster. The mean energy costs of eating were 208 and 346 kJ/kg DM for DGC and FGC respectively. In this experiment the sheep ruminated significantly longer when given FGC, and the energy cost of rumination was 0.11 kJ/min. 5. Increases in heat production during and after fistula-feeding only 2-8% of those obtained during eating, indicating that nearly all the increase in heat production during eating could be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se. 6. The contribution of the energy costs of eating and rumination to the heat increment of feeding and the energy requirement for maintenance of sheep are discussed."
1148155,"1. Sheep fitted with a rumen fistula and either a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum or a re-entrant cannula at the terminal ileum were given twice daily 480-520 g dry matter as fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover. Flows of digesta were corrected to 100% recovery of chronic oxide. 2. The quantities (g/24 h) of zince and cobalt leaving the stomach were significantly greater than those in the food. No significant change was found in the quantities of copper and manganese. Significantly smaller quantities of Co (all three diets) and Zn (all diets except red clover) left the small intestine than those which entered this region. No significant differences in the quantities of Cu and Mn entering and leaving the small intestine were found. Significantly smaller quantities of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn were excreted in the faeces than entered the large intestine. 3. From the flow results it was determined that there was a significant net secretion of Zn and Co in the stomach, and a significant net absorption of Zn (except with the red-clover diet) and Co from the small intestine, and of Zp Co Cu and Mn from the large intestine."
1148156,"1. Studies were done of the possible development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl of various ages as a result of feeding with diets composed mainly of wheat, and meat-and-bone meal. The degree of deficiency was estimated from physical symptoms, liver and kidney composition and hepatic enzyme activities. 2. Only a mild biotin deficiency developed in 3-week-old chickens and no adverse metabolic effect were found for chickens reared to 7 or 15 weeks of age or maintained for 9 months in lay on these diets, which were suspected of producing fatty liver and kidney disease in young chickens. At 3 weeks of age the deficiency was more severe the heavier the strain of chicken and the greater the rate of body-weight gain. 3. The present results question the supposition that biotin deficiency is the sole factor responsible for the development of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in young chickens."
1148157,"The sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, and chicken has been examined by DNA-DNA hybridization. mtDNAs, isolated as closed circular molecules by propidium iodide-CsCl centrifugation, were labeled in vitro by use of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, and renatured (Tm-35 degrees) in the presence of a 2500-fold excess of heterologous mtDNA. Single-stranded and duples DNA were separated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. The thermal stability of heteroduplexes was compared to the homoduplex by thermal elution chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Heteroduplex fromation between the tritiated myDNAs and a 2500-fole excess of rar mtDNA were 70, 59, 37, and 22%, respectively, for mouse, guinea pig, monkey, and chicken. Similar results were obrained in reciprocal hybridizations where one of the other mtDNAs was present in excess. Considerable mismatching of sequences in all the heterohybrids was indicated by a 18-24 degrees depression in the te50 of the heteroduplexes compared with the homoduplex. There was no apparent change in heteroduplex formation when the concentration ratio of driving DNA in excess to [3H]mtDNA was varied between 1250 and 7500. Furthermore, a second renaturation with excess driving DNA after completion of the first reaction resulted in no detectable augmenting of heteroduplex formation. Similar sequences appear to be conserved preferentially in different organisms, since the presence of two of fouf different heterologous mtDNAs in excess resulted in only moderate and nonadditive increases in heteroduplex formation. Evolutionary divergence of mtDNA sequences appears to have occurred at rates similar to that for unique sequences nuclear DNA."
1148158,"A lambda DNA supercoil system has been developed to study the effects of colicin E2 on DNA in vivo. Colicin E2, a protein antibiotic synthesized by strains of coliform bacteria that carry the Col E2 plasmid, had as its most conspicious effect damage to the DNA of sensitive strains. Colicine E2 attacks the supercoiled molecul formed by labeled lambda DNA in superinfected cells as well as it attacks the bacterial DNA. The rate and extent of acid solubilization of the lambda supercoils and of host bacterial DNA induced by E2 treatment are nearly identical. Treatment of superinfected cells with colicin E2 results in the progressive conversion of lambda DNA supercoils to open circles and/or linear full lenght molecules, and subsequently to fragments less than full lambda in size. The first endonucleolytic reactions are single-strand and or double-strand breaks. The rate of supercoil breakdown as well as the final percent supercoils remaining unconverted, the size of the final lambda fragments, and the extent of solubilization are dependent on the multiplicity of colicin used. Additions of trypsin to E2-treated superinfected cells results in a cessation of further breakdown of the lambda molecules, presumably as a result of digestion of accessible colicin molecules. Energy is essential for an early event in colicin E2 action. The host enzymes, endonuclease I and Rec BC, may be instrumental in the nucleolytic process caused by colicin E2: endonuclease I in reaction preceding cell killing and Rec BC in a secondary degradation of the bacterial DNA."
1148159,"The Cys30-Cus34 bridge present in all long neutotoxins (71-74 amino acids, 5 disulfide bridges), but not in short toxins (60-63 amino acids, 4 disulfide bridges), is exposed at the surface since it can be reduced rapidly and selectively by sodium borohydride. Reduction and alkylation of the Cys30-Cys34 bridge of Naja haje neurotoxin III hardly alter the conformational properties of this model long toxin. Although alkylation by iodoacetic acid of th -SH groups liberated by reduction abolishes the toxicity, alkylation by iodoacetamide or ethylenimine does not affect the curarizing efficacy of the toxin. The Cys30-Cys34 bridge is not very important for the toxic activity of long neurotoxins. Reduction of the Cys30-Cys34 bridge followed by alkylation with radioactive iodoacetamide gave a labeled and active toxin which is a convenient derivative for binding experiments to the toxin receptor in membranes of the Torpedo electric organ. The binding capacity of these membrane is 1200 pmol of toxin/mg of membrane protein. The dissociation constant of the modified toxin-receptor complex at pH 7.4, 20 degrees is 10 minus 8m. Reduction with carbroxamidomethylation of the Cys30-Cys34 bridge decreases the affinity of the native Naja haje toxin only by a factor of 15. Carboxymethylation after reduction prevents binding to the membrane receptor. The binding properties of the derivative obtained by reduction and aminoethylation of Cys30-Cys34 are very similar to those of native neurotoxin III; the affinity is decreased only by a factor of 5. Binding properties to Toredo membrane of long neurotoxins (Naja haje neurotoxin III) and short neurotoxins (Naje haje toxin I and Naja mossambica toxin I) have been compared. Dissociation constants of receptor-long neurotoxin and receptor-short neurotoxin complexes are very similar (5.7 minus 8.2 times 10(-10) M at pH 7.4, 20degrees. However, the kinetics of complex formation and complex dissociation are quite different. Short neurotoxins associate 6-7 times faster with the toxin receptor and dissociate about 5-9 times faster that long neurotoxins. Acetylation and dansylation of Lys53 and Lys 27 decrease the affinity of long and short toxins for their receptor by a factor of about 200 at pH 7.4, 20 degrees, mainly because of the slower rate of association with the receptor."
1148160,Acetylcholine receptors have been purified from junctional regions of normal rat diaphragm muscle and from extrajunctional regions of denervated diaphragm. The reaction of purified receptors with [122I]-alpha-bungarotoxin has been investigated by kinetic methods. The toxin-receptor complexes dissociated in a biphasic manner at 35 degrees with a rapidly dissociating component (t1/2 = 4 hr) and a slowly dissociating component (t1/2 is greater than or equal to 100 hr). The association reaction between toxin and receptor did not obey simple second-order kinetics but could be analyzed in terms of two classes of binding sites corresponding to the two rates of dissociation. This treatment of the data allowed derivation of association rate constants for the two sites. Value obtained for the dissociation constants were 3.7 times 10(-10) and less than or equal to 0.4 times 10(-10) M for the junctional receptor and 1.7 times 10(-10) and is less than or equal to 0.2 times 10(-10) M for the extrajunctional receptor. In each case it is the more tightly binding component that associates and dissociates more slowly. Receptors present in crude preparations were comparable to purified receptors in their reaction with [125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. The validity of the two site model is discussed in relation to the kinetic studies.
1148161,"Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors have been purified separately from normal rat diaphragm muscle (junctional receptors) and from extrajunctional regions of denervated diaphragm (extrajunctional receptors) in order to compare their properties. The toxin-receptor complexes of the two receptors were indistinguishable by gel filtration and by zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients, and showed identical precipitation curves with rabbit antiserum to the eel ACh receptor. Both toxin-receptor complexes bind concanavalin A and are therefore probably glycoproteins. Low concentrations of d-tubocuratine (dTC) were more effective in decreasing the rate of toxin binding to junctional than to extrajunctional receptors. The apparent dissociation constant for dTC binding to the junctional receptor was 4.5 X 10 minus 8 M, whereas the value for the extrajunctional receptor was 5.5 X 10 minus 7 M. When the complexes were analyzed by isoelectric focusing, the junctional complex focused at approximately 0.15 pH unit lower than the extrajunctional complex. This result was also found with crude preparations of receptor. We conclude that junctional and extrajunctional receptors are similar but distinct molecules. The properties of receptors present in neonatal diaphragm muscle were also examined and found to be similar to those of receptors in denervated muscle, as shown by dTC inhibition and isoelectric focusing."
1148162,Glycolipids with blood group A activity isolated from human and dog small intestine have been characterized by mass spectrometry of intact lipid in methylated and in methylated and reduced (LiAiH4) form. Without degradative studies the glycolipids were conclusively shown to be hexaglycosyleramides with phytosphingosine as the major long-chain base and hydroxypalmitic acid as the major fatty acid. The exact sugar ratio was hexose-hexosamine-deoxyhexose 3:2:1 and the sequence established as hexosamine-[deoxyhexose-]hexose-hexosamine-hexose-hexose-ceramide. Evidence is presented that mass spectrometry can differential between type ) and type 2 saccharide chains.
1148163,"The polarized single-crystal absorption spectra of the oxidized and semiquinone forms of flavodoxin from Clostridium MP have been measured with a double beam recording microspectrophotometer. The spectra establish that the radical species in the crystal is the neutral (blue) falvine semiquinone. Combination of the spectra reported here with polarization data from previous fluorescence and stretched-film studies provides transition moment directions for the first two phi-phi transitions of the oxidized form. Predictions of molecular orbital theory are in good agreement with these experimental directions. The crystal spectra of the semiquinone indicate that the two lowest frequency transitions have the same detailed orbital origin as the corresponding transitions of the oxidized form; in the semiquinone these transitions appear at lower frequency, are closer together, and, as predicted from detailed considerations of transition probabilities, exhibit approximately half the absorption intensity. Our hypothesis of a common orbital origin suggests that semiquinone formation takes place by the addition of an electron to the lowest empty phi orbital of the oxidized form without any gross electronic rearrangement."
1148164,"Dialysis equilibrium measurements at 25 degrees indicate that, at pH 6.8 and at a concentration of 1.0 times 10(-10) 3 M MnC12 or CoC12, phosvitin binds 113 Mn2+ and 120 Co2+. The binding is cooperative at low cation concentrations. The number of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ bound is not affected by temperatures of up to 60 degrees; however, the cooperactivity is enhanced. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism studies indicate that a conformational change occurs on binding of Mn2+ and Co2+ which parallels the one produced by Ca2+ and reported elsewhere [Grizzuti, K., and Perlmann, G.E. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 4399]. The conformational changes induced by Mg2+ and Mn2+ follow different paths. Upon binding of Mn2+ and Co2+ the intrinsic viscosity, [eta], of phosvitin decreases from about 0.5 to 0.03 dl/g, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ decrease [eta] to 0.048 dl/g. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of phosvitin is altered upon binding of Ca2+, Mn2+, and Co2+, but not upon binding of Mg2+; an increase of the temperature to 60% has no further effect on the spectra."
1148165,"Circular dichroism methods were used to study the structure of rat ligandin and the binding of organic anions to the protein. Ligandin has a highly ordered secondary structure with about 40%alpha helix, 15% beta structure, and 45% random coil. Bilirubin binding occurred primarily at a single high affinity site on the protein. The binding constant for bilirubin (5 X 10-7 Mminus 1) was the highest among the ligands studied. The bilirubin-ligandin complex exhibited a well-defined circular dichroic spectrum with two major overlapping ellipticity bands of opposite sign in the bilirubin absorption region. This spectrum was virtually a mirror image of that of human or rat serum albumin-bilirubin complexes. Studies on the direct transfer of bilirubin from ligandin to rat serum albumin showed that sasociation constants of bilirubin-ligandin complexes were approximately tenfold less than those of the bilirubin-albumin system. Ligandin exhibited a broad specificity with respect to the typeof ligand bond. A series of organic anions inclucing dyes used clinically for liver function tests, fatty acids, hormones, heme derivatives, bile acids, and other ligands that were considered likely to interact with ligandin, were examined. Most induced ellipticity changes consistent with competitive displacement of bilirubin from ligandin and relative affinities of these compounds for ligandin were determined based on their effectiveness in desplacing the bilirubin. Some substances such as glutathione, conjugated sulfobromophthaleins and lithocholic acid bound to ligandin but induced anomalous spectral shifts, when added to ligandin-bilirubin complexes. Other compounds, including some that act as substrates for the glutathione transferase activity exhibited by ligandin, revealed no apparent competitive effects with respect to the bilitubin binding site."
1148166,"The requirement of muscle phosphorylase for branched polysaccharide substrates was investigated by kinetic studies on semisynthetic branched saccharides. One series of saccharides was prepared from maltoheptose by oxidizing the reducing group to a carboxyl group and coupling this with an amino group of ethylenediamine. The resulting aminooligosaccharide was coupled with p-nitrophenyl esters of mono-, di-, tetra-, and polycarboxylic aicds to produce saccharides containing one, two, four, and approximately 52 maltodextrin chains per molecule. A similar series of saccharides was prepared from a heterogeneous maltodextrin of average chain length 11.7. Kinetic constants were determined for the reaction with phoshorylase a in the direction of chain elongation. Michaelis constants are equilibrium constants for dissociation of saccharide from the enzyme-AMP-glucose-1P-saccharide complex. The Michaelis constants, expressed in terms of the concentration of nonreducing end groups, are independent of maltodextrin chain length but decrease considerably as the number of chains per molecule increases. Maximum velocities do not differ greatly from that for glycogen. Among the synthetic saccharides, only the polymer behaves similarly to glycogen in exhiiting a decreasing reaction rate as the chains are elongated. The kinetic constants are quantitatively consistent with a model in which two chain termini from the same saccharide molecule bind to the phosphorylase molecule simultaniously, Differences in binding between saccharides having different numbers of equally accessible chains are caused solely by statistical factors in the equilibrium. Highly branched substrates bind better because of their greater multiplicity of two end-group pairs."
1148167,"Melilotate has been synthesized from melilotate by iodiantion followed by reductive deiodination in the presence of deuterated hydrazine. The deuterated melilotate has been employed in investigations of the reaction mechanism of melilotate hydroxylase. Stopped-flow spectrophotometry has revealed no isotope effect in the formation or decay of the oxygenated intermediate which is observed when reduced melilotate hydroxylase reacts with molecular oxygen. Steady-state analysis has corroborated this result, and in addition shows that there is no isotope effect in the reductive cycle of the enzyme mechanism. This analysis does reveal a reproducible 8% decrease in Vmax for the enzyme when using deuterated melilotate. These observations are compatible with the thesis that the above intermediate is an oxygenated form of the reduced flavine prosthetic group and that the last step of the proposed mechanism is rapid and involves a primary isotope effect. The existence of the NIH shift mechanism has been studied using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No evidence could be obtained for intramolecular migration of deuterium during the hydroxylation reaction. However, the small amount of migration expected when phenols are hydroxylated precludes elimination of the NIH shift as a possibility."
1148168,"Tissues of fetal and adult chickens were examined for pyruvate kinase activity. Two electrophoretically distinguishable and noninterconvertible isozymes were found. One of these, designated as type K (for kidney), is the sole pyruvate kinase in the early fetus and is found in appreciable quantities in all adult tissues except striated muscle. The second isozyme, type M, appears shortly before hatching in striated muscle and brain. These two isozymes correspond in their developmental pattern, tissue distribution, electrophoretic, immunological, and kinetic propertiesto similarly designated mammalian pyruvate kinases. However, no kinetic, immunological, or electrophoretic evidence could be found for a chicken isozyme corresponding to the mammalian type L pyruvate kinase. As the latter isozyme seems to be limited in its distribution mostly to highly differentiated gluconeogenic tissues (notable liver, kidney, and small intestine), our results support the proposition that the mammalian type L pyruvate kinase is a specilized isozyme that is present in mammals but not in birds."
1148169,"Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) was isolated and purified from chicken and turkey breast muscle with a purification procedure very similar to that used for the bovine skeletal muscle isozyme (Cardenas, J., Dyson, R., and strandholm, J. (1973), J. Biol. Chem. 248,6931). A study of the chemical and physical properties of the chicken enzyme revealed that it is a tetramer of four apparently identical subunits, closely resembling in this and most other respects the mamalian type 7 isozyme. The properties of these two enzymes are similar enough to permit subunits of chicken type M pyruvate kinase to combine with subunits of mammalian type L (one of the three mammalian isozymes) to form interspecies tetrameric hybrid isozymes in relative quantities that do not differ makedly from those formed when both the M and L isozymes are of mammalian origin. The similarity between the mammalian and avian type M pyruvates kinases suggests a close evolutionary relationship. Further comparisons among the three mammalian and two avian isozymes of pyruvate kinase are consistent with a common evolutionary origin, perhaps from an ancestral form of the type K isozyme, which is the only pyruvate kinase identified in mammalian and avian embryos."
1148170,"L-alpha-Hydroxy acid oxidase (listed as EC 1.4.3.2, L-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase) has been purified 100-fold from rat kidney to apparent homogeneity by gel electrophoresis. A subunit molecular weight of 47,500 was found by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, but in contrast to previous reports, the enzyme has been found to have a molecular weight of ca. 200,000 by Sephadex gel filtration and by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the enzyme cross-linked with dimethyl suberimidate. A somewhat higher value was found by sedimentation equilibrium, but a tetrameric structure for the active enzyme is definitely established. The enzyme was found to contain the FMN coenzyme at a concentration of one FMN/102,000 daltons or one flavine/two subunits, a highly unusual finding. This ratio was determined from spectroscopic analysis of the FMN in lyophilized samples of the enzyme and by titration of the coenzyme with the flavine specific enzyme inactivator 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate. The enzyme has the same specific activity as a crystalline sample of the enzyme reported to have twice as much flavine/milligram."
1148171,"Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase was purified about 2100-fold from the cytosol of rat liver using 30% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% (w/v) glycerol as stabilizers. Throughout the purification, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase, the second and third enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis, were copurified with the synthetase. These three enzymes sedimented as a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 27 S in sucrose gradients containing the stabilizers, indicating their existence as a multienzyme complex. The aggregation states of the complex were analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation under conditions approximating those used for enzymatic assay and correlated with the kinetic properties of the synthetase. In the presence of 10% glycerol and 10 mM MgATP(2-) at 18 degrees, the synthetase showed high activity and the three enzymes sedimented as a single peak with a coefficient of 25 S. The three enzymes also existed as a complex with the same coefficient when 50 muM PP-ribose-P was added in place of MgATP(2-), the sedimentation coefficient of the complex shifted to 28 S, indicating alteration in its molecular shape, rather than size. With 10% glycerol alone, the complex partially dissociated and the synthetase activity appeared in three peaks with coefficients of 26, 19, and 9 S (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases (CPSase) a, b, and c, respectively). CPSases a, b, and c, thus obtained, were all sensitive to regulation by UTP and PP-ribose-P, but they differed MgATP(2-) (5.1, 4.8, AND 1.7 mM for CPSases a and b, and the enzyme within the original complex, respectively) and in their sensitivities to effectors. These results suggest that the aggregation may modify the catalytic and regulatory properties of the synthetase; Attempts to reassociate the components were unsuccessful."
1148172,"Although optical resolution of alpha-methylphenylalanine (alpha-Me-Phe) has been achieved by the action of carboxypeptidase A on the N-trifluoroacetyl derivative of the amino acid (TFA-alpha-Me-Phe), it is improbable that an alpha-methyl substrate could bind in the same orientation as glycyl-L-tyrosine, due to steric interaction of the alpha-methyl group with an atom in the imidazole ring of zinc ligand His-196. The kinetic parameters for TFA-alpha-Me-Phe and for an ester substrate bearing an alpha-methyl group (beta-hippuryl-alpha-methylphenyllactic acid, HMPL) have been determined and compared to those for the appropriate nonmethylated control substrates. Both TFA-alpha-Me-Phe and HMPL appear to be bound nearly as well as are their respective controls, and HMPL is hydrolyzed nearly as rapidly as its control. TFA-alpha-Me-Phe, however, is hydrolyzed only about one-fiftieth as rapidly as is the nonmethylated substrate. These findings are consistent with the possibilities that: (1) the proposed substrate-induced conformational shift of Tyr-248 is hindered when the methylated substrates are bound; (2) the orientation in which alpha-methyl substrates are bound precludes optimal positioning of Tyr-248 and the scissile bond even after the rotation of Tyr-248 has occurred; (3) amides and esters are bound in different orientations, and in the amide orientation an alpha-methyl group is so directed as to interfere with the approach of Glu-270 to the scissile bond."
1148174,"A primary objective, realized in this study, was the preparation from avian erythroid cells of chromatin free of contaminating membrane, as a prerequisiste to the study of chromatin acidic proteins from cells throughout the maturation pathway. Cells are lysed in saponin (S), washed in Nonidet-P40 (N), and plasma membrane removed by high-speed rotating knives (K). Purified SNK nuclear bodies are recovered free of membrane after centrifugation through 2.35 M sucrose. The chromatin acidic proteins from such preparations of the three major avian erythroid cell types were studied. Reticulocyte SNK chromatin was compared with reticulocyte chromatin derived from saponin lysis of cells and subsequent dispersion in EDTA solutions (Harlow et al. (1972), Cell Differ. 2, 341). The dispersed preparation has a lower acidic protein/DNA ratio, but the pattern of these proteins is more complex, presumably due to the contaminating membrane. In examining SNK acidic proteins throughout the maturation pathway it is clear that there are quantitative and qualitative differences. In the dividing erythroblast, the pattern of proteins is complex and the amount relative to DNA is 1.25:1.0. For nondividing, but transcriptionally active reticulocytes and also for transcriptionally inactive erythrocytes, the pattern is very much simpler, being dominated by three bands visible on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The ratios of chromatin acidic proteins in these preparations relative to DNA are 0.69:1.0 and 0.36:1.0, respectively. These results, obtained with purified populations of cells from a single cell line, indicate a strong positive correlation between the transcriptional activity of the cell and both the amount and complexity of non-histone proteins associated with chromatin. The correlation does not indicate whether the proteins are the cause or result of increased transcription."
1148175,"The subunits of the two molecular forms (A and B) of the Dolichos biflorus lectin were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in 8.0 M urea. Subunits IA and IIA which comprise the predominant molecular form A of the lectin were found to have molecular weights of 27,700 and 27,300, respectively, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies in 8.0 M urea. These subunits have similar amino acid compositions and each have alanine at their amino-terminal ends. Comparison of the IA and IIA subunits by immunodiffusion against antisera to the seed extract as well as to subunits IA and IIA showed no antigenic differences between the two subunits. Carboxyl terminal analyses of subunits IA and IIA with carboxypeptidase A produced an essentially simultaneous release of both leucine and valine residues from subunit IA; no detectable amino acids were released from subunit IIA under identical conditions. The data suggest that the molecular form A of the lectin (molecular weight 113,000, Carter and Etzler, 1975) consists of four subunits with a possible stoichiometry of IA2IIA2. Other possible arrangements of the subunits are discussed."
1148176,Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used as a probe of the structure of ligands at the active site of hemerythrin. Molecularly revealing insights have been obtained with oxyhemerythrin and with metazidohemerythrin. This spectroscopic technique has also facilitated a comparison of oxygen carrier within erythrocytes with that in solution. The electronic state of the bound O2 is the same in the natural environment as in the artificial one.
1148177,"Fresh frozen bovine parathyroid glands were defatted in acetone, when extracted with phenol. Following trichloroacetic acid precipitation, the resultant peptides were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100. Parathyroid hormone (BPTH) characteristically elutes in the fourth peak. However, we also observed significant hormonal activity, both biological and immunological, in the fifth elution peak. The peak V material had potent hypercalcemic activity in the rat and chick, and stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the rat renal cortex bioassay. This material was further purified by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose in 8 M urea. The biological activity of the purified peptide (3700 MRC units/mg) was equivalent to that of the native hormone on a molar basis. Amino acid analysis, carboxypeptidase digestion, and partial Edman sequence analysis identified this material as BPTH 1-65, a hormonal fragment lacking the C-terminal 19 residues of the 84 residue hormone molecule. Several immunoassays using different anti-PTH antisera had variable reactivity toward the BPTH 1-65 fragment, showing that it may be useful for further characterizing antibody recognition sites. The presence of a lysine residue at position 65 suggests a tryptic-like cleavage may be responsible for the genesis of this hormonal fragment. Further investigation will be necessary to determine if this peptide has physiological significance."
1148178,"The 7S nerve growth factor (7S NGF) is an oligomeric protein consisting of three distinct classes of subunits, alpha,beta, and gamma (A. P. Smith, S. Varon, and E. M. Shooter (1968), Biochemistry 7, 3259). The beta subunit contains the growth promoting activity while gamma is a potent esteropeptidase. The proteolytic activity of gamma is virtually completely inhibited in the 7S NGF aggregate (L. A. Greene, E. M. Shooter, and S. Varon (1969), Biochemistry 8, 3735). In this paper, we report that divalent metal ion chelating agents effect a seven- to tenfold increase in the esteropeptidase activity of 7S NGF at pH 7.40. Plots of esteropeptidase activity vs. chelator concentration give saturation curves which are either sigmoidal (EDTA) or hyperbolic (o-phenanthroline) depending on the chemical structure of the chelator. A survey of common divalent metal ions shows that only zinc ion (Ki = 8 times 10(7) M) and, to a lesser extent, cadmium ion are effective, reversible inhibitors of both 7S NGF and the gamma subunit esteropeptidase activities. We have found that during isolation of 7S NGF, Zn2+ is selectively associated with the oligomer in a ratio of approximately 1-2 g-atoms of zinc/mol of 7S NGF with an apparent affinity which is orders of magnitude tighter than is indicated by the Ki value for the gamma subunit. Dialysis to pH 4.0 where 7S NGF is known to undergo a reversible dissociation (A. P. Smith, S. Varon, and E. M. Shooter (1968), Biochemistry 7, 3259) brings about a tenfold reduction in the zinc ion content of the protein. This reduction is reversed on dialysis back to pH 7.4. In contrast, the isolated subunits contain only trace amounts of zinc ion at pH 7.4. Preliminary metal ion exchange experiments indicate that, of the common metal ions known to substitute for zinc in other zinc-metalloproteins, only cadmium ion is effective in substituting for zinc ion in 7S NGF. The fact that zinc ion is specifically bound to native 7S NGF, and that the zinc ion content of the system is critically dependent on the subunit aggregation state strongly suggests that zinc ion is an integral structural component of native 7S NGF."
1148179,"Purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein was used to exchange phosphatidylcholine between homogeneous single-walled phosphatidylcholine vesicles and human erythrocyte ghosts. When excess ghosts were present, it was found that only 70% of the vesicle phosphatidylcholine was available for exchange. This fraction corresponds closely to the amount of phosphatidycholine in the outer monolayer of these vesicles, indicating that only the outer surface of the vesicle is accessible to the exchange protein. Also, it was found that all phosphatidylcholine introduced into vesicles by the exchange protein was available for subsequent exchange. Using the exchange protein, asymmetrical vesicles were prepared in which the outer monolayer was either enriched or depleted in radioactive phosphatidylcholine as compared to the inner monolayer. Re-equilibration of the radioactivity between the two surfaces of the vesicle (flip-flop) could not be detected, even after 5 days at 37degrees. It is estimated that the half-time for flip-flop is in excess of 11 days at 37degrees. These results indicate that the properties of the exchange protein can be expolited to measure phosphatidylcholine flip-flop rates and possible phosphatidylcholine asymmetry in biological and model membranes, without altering the structure of the membrane."
1148180,"The complete amino acid sequence of a small, basic protein with cardiotoxic activity is described. This toxin, designated Naja naja F8, was isolated from the venom of Naja naja, of Cambodian origin, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 followed by gradient ion exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. The cardiotoxin F8, molecular weight 6727 from amino acid composition, consists of 60 amino acids in a single peptide chain cross-linked by four disulfide bridges and is devoid of histidine, tryptophan, and glutamic acid. The chymotryptic and tryptic peptides from the performic acid oxidized toxin were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and zone electrophoresis in columns of cellulose powder. The sequence was established by Edman degradation, using the direct phenylthiohydantoin method, and with the aid of carboxypetidase A, and is similar to the consequences reported for other cardiotoxins, cytotoxins, and/or lytic factors from cobra venoms, all of which show considerable homology with the functionally distinct neurotoxins."
1148181,"The complete covalent structure of a small, basic protein with cardiotoxic activity is described. This has been isolated from the venom of Naja nigricollis by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and gradient ion exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. The cardiotoxin, molecular weight 6806 from amino acid composition, consists of 60 amino acids, cross-linked by four disulfide bridges, connecting 3-21, 14-38, 42-53, and 54-59. The protein contains one residue of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid, two residues of arginine and tyrosine, four residues of methionine, and nine residues of lysine. Histidine is absent. The chymotryptic peptides of the oxidized and S-carboxymethylated protein were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and zone electrophoresis on a cellulose column. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation, using the (manual) direct phenylthiohydantoin method and with the use of carboxypeptidase A. Disulfide pairing was determined on thermolysin cleaved peptides from the native protein. The sequence is shown to be homologous to other cardiotoxins and a lytic factor from snake venoms and also shows homology, both in sequence and disulfide pairing to neurotoxins. A partial reduction experiment in the absence of denaturing agent using 14-C-labeled iodoacetic acid as S-carboxymethylating agent shows that disulfide bonds 14-38 and 42-53 were reduced fastest followed marginally by 54-59, and then bond 3-21."
1148182,"Casein mRNA was isolated and partially purified from RNA extracts of rat lactating mammary glands and translated in a teterologous cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. Casein mRNA activity was assayed by immunoprecipitation using a specific antiserum prepared against a mixture of the purified rat caseins. Properties of rat casein mRNA were examined using a variety of sizing techniques, including chromatography on Sepharose 4B, sedimentation on sucrose gradients after heat denaturation, and electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gels in 6 M urea. Casein mRNA activity was found in an 8-16S region after gradient centrifugation with the peak occurring at 10.5 S. In addition, the binding of rat casein mRNA to dT-cellulose was examined. Only 40% of the total casein mRNA activity was selectively retained. A partial purification of casein mRNA was accomplished by a combination of these sizing and affinity chromatography techniques. In the purified preparations casein mRNA activity comprises approximately 90% of the total mRNA activity. Characterization of this material by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed two main bands of RNA at approximately 12 and 16 S, both containing casein mRNA activity. These mRNAs were of the correct size to code for two of the principal rat caseins of approximately 25,000 and 42,000 molecular weights. Casein mRNA and total mRNA activities were then compared in total RNA extracts at various stages of normal mammary gland development in the rat, i.e. during pregnancy, lactation, and involution following weaning. A selective induction of casein mRNA activity compared to total mRNA activity was found to occur during pregnancy and lactation. Moreover, a selective loss of activity was also observed during mammary gland involution. A surprisingly high level of casein mRNA activity was found in RNA extracts from early and midpregnant mammary glands."
1148183,"The ability of complex formation of poly-(formycin phosphate), poly(F), and poly(laurusin phosphate), poly(L), with the polymers of natural polynucleotides was examined mainly by mixing experiments in 0.1 M NaCl-0.05 M sodium cascodylate buffer (pH 7.0) at 2 degrees. Poly(F) formed complexes with poly(U) and poly(I) in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, respectively. Poly(L) formed complexes with poly(A) in 2:1 ration and poly(C) in 1:2 and 2:1 ratios in addition to a self-complex. Poly(F) and poly(L) also formed a 1:2 complex between them. Some of these complexes were assumed to contain novel types of base pairings using the 7-NH group. Thus it was concluded that poly(L) could form complexes with both, the oligomer of cycloadenylic acid (øcn-120 degrees) and polymers of natural nucleotides (øcn0degrees), showing flexibility of the torsion angle of the laurusin residue."
1148184,"We have followed the kinetics of staphylococcal nuclease digestion of duck reticulocyte nuclei and chromatin from early stages to the digestion limit. We confirm that partial digestion of nuclei produces discrete DNA bands which are multiples of a monomer, 185 base pairs in length. The multimers are shown to be precursors of the monomer, which is next digested to a homogeneous, 140 base pair fragment. This fragment in turn gives rise to an array of nuclear limit digest DNA bands, which is almost identical with the limit digest pattern of isolated chromatin. As in the case of chromatin, half the DNA of nuclei is acid soluble at this limit. While the DNA limit digest patterns of nuclei and chromatin are similar, the large multimeric structures present as intermediates in nuclear digestion are absent in chromatin digestion. Alternate methods of chromatin gel preparation appear to leave more of the higher order structure intact, as measured by the production of these multimeric bands. Our results are consistent with the ""beads on a string"" model of chromatin proposed by others."
1148185,"Treatment of either rat liver chromatin or intact nuclei with the enzyme staphylococcal nuclease results in the conversion of about half of the DNA to acid-soluble oligonucleotides. As previously described, mild digestion of nuclei results in the liberation of a series of nucleoprotein particles containing DNA fragments which are all integral multiples of a unit length DNA 185 base pairs in length. Analysis of the kinetics of appearance of these fragments suggests that at least 85% of the nuclear DNA is involved in the formation of the repeating subunit profile. More extensive digestion of nuclei however results in the generation of a series of eight unique DNA fragments containing 160 to 50 base pairs. The series of smaller molecular weight DNA is virtually identical with the profile obtained upon limit digestion of isolated chromatin. By velocity centrifugation we have obtained highly purified preparations of the monomeric nucleoprotein particle. Digestion of this monomeric subunit results in the solubilization of 46% of the DNA and analysis of the resistant DNA again reveals the set of eight lower molecular weight fragments. These data suggest that the initial site of nuclease cleavage in chromatin resides within the DNA bridging the repeating monomeric subunits. Further attack results in cleavage at a set of sites within the monomer liberating a pattern of smaller DNA fragments which probably represents the points of intimate contact between the histones and DNA."
1148186,"Binding to the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase induces extrinsic Cotton effects in the substrates indole (IND), indoleglycerol phosphate (IGP), and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P (D-GAP) and in the inhibitor indolepropanol phosphate (IPP). These effects disappear when the enzyme is denatured in guanidinium chloride. The induced circular dichroism (CD) was used to determine the dissociation constant and the number of binding sites for IPP. The dissociation constant so determined is equal to 48 muM and is in good agreement with the value of 48 muM obtained by equilibrium dialysis. From the temperature dependence of the dissociation constant, a value of -2.8 kcal/mol for the binding enthalpy was obtained. The determination of dissociation constants by means of extrinsic Cotton effects is shown to be quite feasible. CD competition experiments with glycerol phosphate (GP) suggest that IPP binds bifunctionally to the enzyme: via its indole part and its phosphate group. Indolepropanol, which lacks the phosphate group, does not show an extrinsic Cotton effect. Since the induced CD is strongly dependent on the binding geometry, the close similarity between the induced spectra in IPP and IGP is additional evidence that IPP is a good substrate analog. Binding to the enzyme results in a blue shift of the IPP fluorescence emission maximum. The dissociation constant determined by fluorescence titration equals 46 muM and agrees well with the values determined by the other two methods. Previous biochemical and fast kinetic studies suggested the existence of multiple conformational states for the enzyme and of ligand-induced conformational changes. No evidence was found in the far-uv CD spectra for conformational changes upon binding of IND and D-GAP. For IPP a very small effect was observed."
1148187,"A study of the equilibrium binding of ADP, 1,N6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate, adenylyl imidodiphosphate, and 1,N6-ethenoadenylyl imidodiphosphate to solubilized spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) has been carried out. All four nucleotides were found to bind to two apparently identical ""tight"" sites, with characteristic dissociation contants generally less than 10 muM. The binding to these ""tight"" sites is similar in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, is stronger in 0.1 M NaC1 than in 20 mM Tris-C1, and is only slightly altered by heat activation. The slow rate of association of ADP and 1,N6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate at these sites rules out the possibility that they are catalytic sites for ATPase activity on the solubilized enzyme. A third tight site for adenylyl imidodiphosphate was found on the heat-activated enzyme. The dissociation constant for this interaction (7.6 muM) is similar to the adenylyl imidodiphosphate competitive inhibition constant for ATPase activity (4 muM). ADP, which inhibits ATPase activity but is not a strong competitive inhibitor, binds only weakly at a third site (dissociation constant greater than 70 muM). One mole of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole reacted per mole of CF1 prevents ADP and adenylyl imidodiphosphate binding at the ""catalytic"" site and abolishes the ATPase activity. A model is proposed in which the ""tight"" nucleotide binding sites act as allosteric conformational switches for the ATPase activity of solubilizedCF1."
1148188,"The method of fluorescence energy transfer is used to measure the distance from the tight nucleotide binding sites to the 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole reactive sites on solubilized spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). The fluorescent adenine nucleotide analogs 1,N-6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate and 1,N-6-ethenoadenylyl imidodiphosphate were used as donors and 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole bound to a tyrosine group and to an amino group were used as acceptors of energy transfer. Using three different donor-acceptor pairs, the distance measured varied from 38 to 43 A assuming both donor sites are equidistant from the acceptor site. A model is proposed for the location of the tight nucleotide binding sites and the active site on the alpha and beta subunits of CF1."
1148189,"Purified splenic and thymic lymphocytes from the ACI and F344 strains of inbred rats were disrupted by controlled hypotonic treatment, and their plasma membranes were prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The plasma membrane preparations were highly purified as judged by the structural appearance of the smooth membrane vesicles, by the 10- to 15-fold enrichment of 5'-nucleotidase, which cytochemically localized exclusively in the plasma membranes of intact lymphocytes, by the high cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio (0.7-1.0), and by the very low specific activities of the enzymes associated predominantly with mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The protein and the lipid contents of the membranes were 48-55 and 37-48%, respectively. The total lipid content of plasma membranes was characteristically higher in thymic than splenic lymphocytes from both ACI and F344 strains. The specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase was similar in splenic lymphocyte membranes of the ACI strain, and in both the thymic and splenic lymphocyte membranes of the F344 strain. In contrast, the thymic lymphocyte membranes in the ACI strain showed half as much 5'-nucleotidase specific activity. Cytochemical results indicated that the 5'-nucleotidase is located on the outside surface of the lymphocyte plasma membranes."
1148190,"In an effort to extend automated Edman degradation to nanomole quantities of protein, the method of sequenator analysis described by Edman and Begg (Edman, P., and Begg, G. (1967), Eur. J. Biochem. 1, 80) was modified to permit long degradations in the absence of carrier proteins. By using an aqueous 0.1 M Quadrol program with limited, combined benezene-ethyl acetate solvent extractions, as well as a change in the delivery system for heptafluorobutyric acid, it was possible to recover and identify the first 30 amino acid residues from a sequenator run on 7 nmol of myoglobin. For 3 nmol of myoglobin, 20 steps could be identified. PTH-amino acids were identified by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets. Without using a carrier protein the cup to prevent mechanical losses (Niall, H. D., Jacobs, J. W., Van Rietshoten, J., and Tregear, G. W. (1974), FEBS Lett. 41, 62), the repetitive yield using this program was 93-96%. The same program has been applied successfully to peptides of 14 or more residues with or without modification by Braunitzer's reagent and to a number of larger peptides and proteins including a 216 residue segment of rabbit antibody heavy chain in which a sequence of 35 steps was accomplished on 25 nmol."
1148191,"8-Hydroxy and 2,8-dihydroxy derivatives of the cytokinins, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)purine and N-6-(increment -2-isopentenyl)adenine, have been biosynthesized by xanthine oxidase oxidation. 8-Hydroxy derivatives have been shown to be the major intermdeiates. These compounds were tested for cytokinin activity in the tobacco bioassay. The results suggest that substitution of the 8 position with a hydroxyl group causes less decrease of cytokinin activity than substitution of both the 2 and 8 positions with hydroxyl groups."
1148192,"Isolated chicken erythrocyte nuclei dispersed in urea solutions (0-5.0 M) have been examined in terms of their low-angle X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic properties. At high urea concentrations, the characteristic low-angle X-ray reflections of chromatin are absent, and the spheroid chromatin particles (v bodies) are markedly perturbed. This lability of chromatin periodic structure to high concentrations of urea is consistent with previous hydrodynamic and spectroscopic studies."
1148193,"Tracer experiments indicate a polyketide origin for the production of flaviolin (2,5,7-trihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) by Aspergillus niger and 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) by Streptomyces no. 12396. With the Streptomycete, a ""solid state fermentation"" technology was used for the incorporation studies. Radioactivity from shikimic acid was effectively incorporated into flaviolin; this conversion, however, proceeded by way of acetic acid. The latter stages of biosynthesis of 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin by the Streptomycete were shown to be as follows: flaviolin leads to mompain leads to 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin."
1148194,"The naturally occurring modified nucleoside, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)-N-methylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine (mt6A), and the corresponding glycine analog mg6A were synthesized from N6-methyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and the appropriately blocked isocyanates derived from threonine and glycine. The natural mt6A isolated from Escherichia coli tRNA (F. Kimura-Harada et al. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 3910), from wheat embryo tRNA (R. Cunningham and M. W. Gray (1974), Biochemistry 13, 543), and from rat liver tRNA (Rogg et al. (1975), Eur. J. Biochem. 53, 115) was found to be identical with the synthetic mt6A in paper and thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. Several analogs of the parent 6-ureidopurine ribonucleoside, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-thronine (t6A), were also prepared. Starting from 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetylguanosine and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetylcytidine and the above isocyanates, the t6A analogs, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6-oxo-1H-purin-2-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t2G) and N-[(1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2-oxypyrimidin-4-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t4C), were prepared. Also synthesized were the corresponding glycine analogs, g2G and g4C, from guanosine and cytidine, respectively. The 2'-deoxyribosyl analog, N-[(9-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (2'-deoxy-t6A), and the arabinosyl derivative, N-[(9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t6AraA), were synthesized from the appropriate urethane and the requisite amino acid. The ureido group in mt6A could not be hydrolyzed by the enzymes urease, peptidase, and protease. Various chemical and biological properties of the naturally occurring mt6A and the related analogs are discussed."
1148195,"A number of synthetic methods for the preparation of the 2-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl) derivatives of the 5-diphosphates of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine have been studied in order to provide nucleotide substrates that can be applied to the synthesis of specific oligoribonucleotides using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The reaction of nucleoside 5-diphosphates with methyl vinyl ether for a limited time produces low yields of the corresponding 2-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl) derivatives because the rate of methoxyethylation of the 3-hydroxyl groups. A study of the rates of acidic hydrolysis of alpha-methoxyethyl groups in the 2 and 3 positions of nucleosides and nucleotides has been made, and the results obtained form the basis of a more efficient method for the synthesis of the blocked nucleoside diphosphates. The method involves the reaction of nucleoside 5-diphosphates with methyl vinyl ether to give the corresponding 2,3-di-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl)nucleoside 5-diphosphates, and exploits the fact that, in the acidic hydrolysis of these derivatives, the rate of removal of the 3-methoxyethyl group is about twice that of the group in the 2 position. Alternative syntheses were based on the phosphorylation of methoxyethylated nucleosides and nucleotides. The derivatives, 2-O- and 2,3-di-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl)uridine, were prepared by the methoxyethylation of 3,5-di-O-acetyluridine and 5-O-acetyluridine followed by removal of the acetyl groups. The corresponding guanosine derivatives were made by the synthetic routes: (i) guanosine leads to O-2,O-3,O-5,N-2-tetrabenzoylguanosine leads to 2-N-benzoylguanosine leads to O3-acetyl-N-2,O5-dibenzoylguanosine leads to 2-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl)guanosine, and (ii) 2,3-O-isopropylideneguanosine leads to N-2,O5-diacetyl-2,3-O-isopropylideneguanosine leads to N-2,O-5-diacetylguanosine leads to 2,3-di-O-(alpha-methoxyethyl)guanosine. These methoxyethylated nucleosides were converted to the corresponding 5-phosphates by reaction with cyanoethyl phosphate and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and then to the corresponding 5-diphosphates by subsequent reaction with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole and inorganic phosphate."
1148196,"The binding of oligonucleotides to synthetic polynucleotides has been studied as a control for investigations of the binding of oligonucleotides to natural RNA molecules. Only combinations that involved A-U, G-C, and G-G pairs were found to be significantly stable under the experimental conditions used here. The stability of the oligomerpolymer pairing increased with the length of the region paired and with its G + C content. Further, some different sequence isomers of the same G + C content exhibited quite different binding constants. This variability is consistent with certain sequence differences in the double-strand stacking interactions stabilizing the oligomer-polymer association. Oligomer binding was also shown to depend upon the identity of the polymer residues neighboring the binding site, indicating the effect upon oligomer binding of small changes in the single-strand conformation of the binding site. These observations validate the criteria that allow one to decide if an observed association constant of an oligomer to an RNA molecule reflects a complete complementarity between the two or not. This improves the basis for using oligonucleotide binding constants to RNA of known sequences to map secondary structure."
1148197,"Some photochemical reactions of horseradish peroxidase compounds I and II (HRP-I and HRP-II, respectively) have been studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy over the temperature range 297 degrees K-10 degrees K. In glassy matrices below 80 degrees K HRP-I is rapidly converted to hrp-ii when irradiated with low power white light. The native enzyme and HRP-II are not photochemically active at these temperatures with low power irradiation. At room temperature the spontaneous decay of both HRP-I and HRP-II is catalyzed by irradiation with white light. It is shown that the photolysis is dependent upon light in the region 450-320 nm. It is concluded that the HRP-I and HRP-II conformations are closely related with only a low transition energy in the presence of electrons generated by the light. The conversion of HRP-II to HRP is accompanied by large conformational changes and so is inhibited at low temperatures."
1148198,"The following active site directed inactivators for the pressor enzyme renin were synthesized: L-alpha-bromo-isocaproyl(BIC)-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH, L-BIC-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH, L-BIC-Leu-Val-OCH3, L-BIC-Leu-Val-OH, L-BIC-Val-Tyr-NH2, L-BIC-Val-Tyr-OCH3, L-BIC-Val-Tyr-OH, L-BIC-Leu-OCH3, L-BIC-Val-OCH3, and L-BIC-OCH3. The rate of inactivation of mouse submaxillary gland renin by these reagents was studied under a variety of conditions. L-alpha-Bromoisocaproyl-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH and L-alpha-bromoisocaproyl-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH and L-alpha-bromoisocaproyl-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH were the most efficient inactivators followed by L-alpha-bromoisocaproyl-Val-Tyr-NH2. The rates of inactivation by the first two peptides were strongly dependent on pH, being most efficient at low pH, least efficient at pH near 5.6, and becoming efficient again at neutral pH. The rate of the inactivation by L-alpha-bromoisocaproyl-Val-Tyr-NH2, in which the C-terminal carboxyl group is blocked, was only slightly dependent on pH. Complete inactivation was achieved by these three reagents. The inactivation was accompanied by incorporation of a stoichiometric quantity of the radiolabeled reagents. Based on these findings it was concluded that the inactivators reacted with a carboxyl group(s) in the active site of the renin molecule to form an esteric linkage. These data also suggest that a carcoxyl group(s) may constitute part of the catalytically essential functional groups in renin action. D-alpha-Bromoisocaproyl derivatives of the various peptides mentioned above were also prepared. These compounds were much less active than the L isomers indicating that the inactivation by the L-alpha-bromoisocaproyl peptides was a specific reaction."
1148199,"Preassay-incubation of the highly purified human erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) (AMP pyrophosphorylase) with one of its substrates, 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRibPP), changes the apparent V max value of the enzyme reaction. The extent of inhibition by preassay-incubation with an inhibitor, fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), or a destabilizer, hypoxanthine (Hx), is found not to be proportional to the amount of the inhibitor present. The maximum inhibition achieved by preassay-incubation was about 40%. The PRibPP, FDP, and Hx induced changes in AMP pyrophosphorylase do not require the presence of divalent ions. The inhibtion of AMP pyrophosphorylase produced by preincubation with Hx was prevented when PRibPP was added to the preassay-incubation system. However, the preassay-incubation effect of FDP was only partially diminished under the same conditions. Contrary to the PRibPP-bound AMP pyrophosphorylase, the adenine-bound enzyme was found to be more heat labile than the unbound enzyme. Similar thermal instability was also observed with FDP- and Hx-bound enzyme. Our experimental results indicate that a conformational change of AMP pyrophosphorylase induced by the binding of metabolites is a slow process as compared to the overall catalytic reaction. This hysteretic characteristic of AMP pyrophosphorylase may be one of the regulatory mechanisms in purine intermediary metabolism."
1148200,"Human liver alanine aminopeptidase is inhibited by L-amino acids having hydrophobic side chains such as Phe, Tyr, Trp, Met, and Leu. Blocking of the amino group or the carboxyl group greatly reduces the inhibitory capacity of the amino acid. Kinetic studies demonstrate that inhibition of hydrolysis of the substrate L-Ala-beta-naphthylamide is of the noncompetitive type. Inhibition of the substrate L-Leu-L-Leu is of the mixed type. Inhibition of the substrate L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala is of the competitive type. These changes in the mechanism of inhibition are thought to be the result of the binding of the amino acid to the third residue binding site on the enzyme. This is the part of the active center to which the third residue from the amino end of a peptide substrate is normally bound. The inhibitor constants of several alanine oligopeptides are shown to decrease with increasing length through L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala, demonstrating that alanine aminopeptidase is a multisited enzyme with three and possibly four residue sites per active center. The inhibitor constant for Gly-Gly--Phe suggesting that indeed the third residue site preferentially binds large hydrophobic residues."
1148202,"A special class of non-histone protein (""tight protein"") is identified in purified HeLa cell chromatin on the basis of its failure to dissociate from the DNA at very high ionic strength (2.5 M NaCl-5.0 M urea), where over 92% of the total chromatin protein is released. The tight proteins are insoluble in 0.4 N H2SO4 and lack histones as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They have molecular weights between 14,000 and 85,000 with over 70% of the polypeptide chains between 14,000 and 30,000 mol wt. This is the same size range as the non-histone proteins which others have found to display species-specific DNA binding in vitro. There is approximately one molecule of tight protein per 275 DNA base pairs. The tight proteins are characterized by much higher rates of labeling with amino acids than the histones and non-histone chromatin proteins that are dissociated from the DNA by high ionic strength, but they have the lowest phosphorylation levels. Chromatin fractionation experiments were performed to investigate the distribution of tight proteins between template-active and template-inactive regions. Under specific conditions, spleen DNase (DNase II) selectively shears those portions of HeLa cell chromatin that contain nascent RNA transcripts. This nascent RNA-enriched chromatin fraction also contains a high level of the proteins known to be complexed with heterogeneous nuclear RNA in ribonucleoprotein particles and contains over 70% of the RNA polymerase activity of total chromatin. When this method was employed to investigate the distribution of tight proteins, they were found to be almost entirely confined to the template-inactive fraction. Although these experiments do not elucidate the precise function of these proteins, they identify, for the first time, a particular subclass of non-histone chromosomal protein which is distributed asymmetrically between transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin regions."
1148203,"Three mucleotides, ATP, ADP, and an unsplit-table analog of ATP (adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMPPNP)), were bound to monomeric actin, and their effects on the rate and extent of the actin polymerization were studied. The kinetics of polymerization, assayed by the change in OD232, followed a simple exponential curve. The rates of polymerization were equal for bound ATP and AMPPNP; both of which were three to five times faster than the rate for ADP. The concentration of actin monomers in apparent equilibrium with the polymer, G(180 degrees longitude), was determined. Values of G(180 degrees longitude) in 100 mM KCl were found for different nucleotides to be: G-ATP(180 degrees longitude) = 0.7 mu-M, G-AMPPNP(180 degrees longitude) = 0.8 MU-M, and G-ADP(180 degrees longitude) = 3.4 mu-M. The equilibrium constant of the polymerization is given by K = [G(180 degrees longitude)]-minus 1 when no nucleotide is split. The polymerization of actin-ATP is more complex due to the splitting of the nucleotide and our data require that this polymerization involves more than one step. The kinetic parameters for the polymerization of actin-ATP can be explained by a simple scheme in which the nucleotide dephosphorylation occurs in a step following the polymerization step. The conclusions are: (1) the binding of ATP to actin monomer promotes polymerization slightly more than the binding of ADP, (2) actin bound ATP provides less than 4 kJ/mol of free energy to promote polymerization, and (3) the dephosphorylation of the nucleotide is not coupled to polymerization."
1148204,"Both stereoisomers of 24-hydroxyvitamin D3, i.e. 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24(R)-hydroxyvitamin D3, stimulate intestinal calcium transport almost equally well in the rat. The duration of effect is somewhat shorter for the 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 than for the 24(R)-hydroxyvitamin D3. However, the 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 has little or no activity in the mobilization of calcium from bone, in the growth of rats on a low calcium diet, in the elevation of serum phosphorus of rachitic rats, or in the calcification of bone. On the other hand, the 24(R)-hydroxyvitamin D3 is almost as active as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in all of these systems, although its activity is not always of equal duration to that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The selectivity of these systems for only one of the 24-hydroxy stereoisomers supports the idea that in vivo 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D compounds is of functional importance."
1148205,"Formaldehyde (HCHO) fixation of chicken erythrocyte chromatin produces a marked decrease in its positive circular dichroism (CD), above 260 nm, and the appearance of s small negative ellipticity around 295 nm. The ultraviolet spectrum of chromatin is unaffected, nor does HCHO produce any changes in the uv or CD spectra of chicken erythrocyte DNA. The extent of the circular dichroism transition from the native chromatin to the suppressed spectrum is dependent on the concentration of HCHO and salt concentration. The kinetics of the reactions are complex, implicating at least two reactive species. Studies of the reaction of HCHO with chromatin in ethylene glycol and CD measurements of aqueous chromatin solution with added glutaraldehyde preclude simple dehydration and general cross-linking effects as causes of the CD changes observed. The results are interpreted as indicating a conformational change of the DNA in chromatin caused by histone-DNA or histone-histone cross-linking."
1148206,"Fucolipids with human blood group H activity were isolated from several dog small intestines. On the basis of mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation, enzyme degradation, methylation, and immunologic studies the following structure is proposed: Fucalpha(1 yields2)Galbeta(1 yields 4)Glc-NAcbeta(1 yields 3)Galbeta(1 yields 4)Glc-ceramide. The ceramide was shown by mass spectrometry to contain hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and phytosphingosine as major consitutuents."
1148207,"The photodynamic action of bilirubin on isolated human erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) has been studied. When incorporated into ghosts (pH 8.0,10 degrees) the bile pigment photosensitizes in blue light the peroxidation of unsaturated lipids, as evidenced by a positive color reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid. Accompanying lipid peroxidation was the disappearance of most of the major membrane proteins (Coomassie Blue staining in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and appearance of polypeptide photoproducts of greater size (mol wt greater than 250,000). The association of membrane proteins (presumably by cross-linking) was insignificant when bilirubin-ghost suspensions were kept in the dark, or when ghosts were irradiated in the absence of bilirubin. Electrophoretic bands 1 and 2 (Fairbanks, G., Steck, T.L., and Wallach, D. F.H (1971), Biochemistry 10, 2606) diminished rapidly during the photoreaction, whereas band 3 and the three sialoglycoproteins disappeared at a much slower rate. Dispersal of membrane consituents by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate prior to irradiation resulted in relatively little peroxidation and no noticeable formation of high molecular weight polypeptide complexes. The possibility that malonaldehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is involved in cross-linking during irradiation was studied by incubating ghosts with exogenous malonaldehyde. Although the reagent did cross-link membrane proteins (electrophoretic bands 1, 2, 2.1 2.2, and 4.1 diminished most rapidly and high molecular weight bands appeared), the reaction could only be demonstrated with malonaldehyde concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those detected in irradiation experiments. If malonaldehyde cross-linking occurs, it does not appeare to be the predominant mechanism of polypeptide association during irradiation of bilirubin-containing ghosts."
1148208,"The nuclear magnetic quadrupole relaxation enhancement of 35Cl-, 81Br-, and 12I- anions on binding to human serum albumin has been studied under conditions of variable protein and anion concentration and also in the presence of simple inorganic, amphiphilic, and complex anions which compete with the halide ions for the protein anion binding sites. Two classes of anion binding sites with greatly different binding constans were identified. Experiments at variable halide ion concentration were employed to determin the Cl- and I- binding constants. By means of 35 Cl nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) the relative affinity for different anions was determined by competition experiments for both the strong and the weak anion binding sites. Anion binding follows the sequence SO42- smaller than F- smaller than CH3COO- smaller than Ci- smaller Br- smaller than NO3- smaller than I- smaller than ClO4- smaller than SCN- smaller than Pt(CN)42- smaller than Au(CN)2- smaller than CH3(CH2)11OSO3- for the high affinity sites, and the sequence SO42- congruent to F- congruent to Cl- smaller CH3COO- smaller than NO3- smaller than Br- smaller than I- smaller than ClO4- smaller than SCN- for the low affinity sites. These series are nearly identical with the well-known lyotropic series. Consequently, those effects of anions on proteins described by the lyotropic series can be correlated with the affinities of the anions for binding to the protein. The data suggest that the physical nature of the interaction is the same for both types of biding sites, and that the differences in affinity between different binding sites must be explained in terms of tertiary structure. Analogous experiments performed using 127I- quadrupole relaxation gave results very similar to those obtained with 35Cl-. A comparison between the Cl-, Br- and I- ions revealed that, as a result of the increasing affinity for the weak anion binding sites in the series Cl- smaller than Br- smaller than I-, Cl- is much more useful as a probe for the specific anion binding sites than the other two halide ions. The findings with human serum albumin in this and other respects are probably of general relevance in studies of protein-anion interactions. In addition to competition experiments, the magnitude of the relaxation rate is also discussed. Line broadening not related to anion binding to the protein is found to be small. A comparison of transverse and longitudinal 35Cl relaxation rates gives a value for the quadrupole coupling constant of the high affinity sites in good agreement with a calculated coupling constant assuming anion binding to arginine."
1148209,"A major toxin was isolated from the venom of the sea snake Pelamis platurus (yellow-bellied sea snake) by Sephadex G-50 and carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography. The LD50 of the pure toxin (Pelamis toxin a) was 0.044 mug/g in mice representing a tenfold increase in toxicity after purification. The toxin was homogeneous in acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and eluted as a single peak after isoelectric focusing in a sucrose density gradient column. The isoelectric point was 9.69; thus it is a highly basic protein. The toxin contained 55 amino acid residues with four disulfide linkages. When all disulfide linkages were reduced and alkylated, the toxic action of the pure toxin disappeared leading to the conclusion that the disulfide bonds of the neurotoxin were essential for toxic action."
1148210,"Limited digestion of polysomal RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease releases a structure consisting of poly(A) associated with other polyribonucleotide sequences. This complex can be purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Heating for formamide treatment causes the dissociation of fragments free of poly(A) from the poly(A)-containing components. The two types of fragments tend to reassociate under annealing conditions, and this association is prevented by poly(U). Control experiments indicate that this structure is not an artifact generated during the manipulations. The same structure can be obtained by limited RNase digestion of polyribosomes, followed by deproteinization. The results suggest that the mRNA in polyribosomes may have a defined configuration caused by the interaction of the poly(A) sequence with another segment of the RNA."
1148211,"The falvoenzyme L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase from rat kidney [T.H Cromartie and C.T. Walsh (1975), Biochemistry 14, 2588] fails to catalyze the elimination of HCl form D,L-beta-chlorolactate, although this compound is a substrate for oxidation by the enzyme. Deuterium isotope effects demonstrate that proton removal from the alpha carbon of alpha-hydroxy acids is fully rate limiting, a finding in agreement with observations on L-lactate dehydrogenase from yeast [F. Lederer (1974), Eur. J. Biochem. 46, 393] which also does not promote elimination from D,L-beta-chlorolactate. Both D-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase were found to be rapidly and irreversibly inactivated by the acetylenic substrate 1-hydroxy-3-butynoate. The partially purified dehydrogenase was observed to be inactivated within 10 min by 6.8 times 10(-8) M hydroxybutynoate. For the more extensively studied oxidase, inactivation was found to occur after 25 catalytic events, inactivation occurring by covalent addition of the inactivator to the coenzyme. A stoichimometry of one molecule of hydroxybutynoate per flavine was found, and the time course of inactivation was unaffected by the presence of thiols. The oxidase could also be inactivated by prolonged incubation of the enzyme with 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate, and inactivation which could be completely prevented by the presence of thiolds. Since the inactivation with hydroxybutenoate also left the flavine coenzyme unaltered, the inactivation was attributed to Michael addition of nucleophiles on the enzyme of the ketobutenoate product. Several 4-alkyl-substitued 2-hydroxy-3-butynoates were also observed to inactivate the oxidase by both coenzyme modification and random addition to the apoenzyme. It is proposed that the inactivation may occur by nucleophilic addition of a C4 allenic carbanion to the oxidized flavine coenzyme."
1148212,"L-beta-Aspartyl-L-lysine and L-gamma-glutamyl-L-ornithine were isolated from pooled normal human urine and each peptide was shown to be identical with the authentic peptides. The concentrations of these dipeptides in the urine of individual subjects were determined directly by using a new buffer sequence on a standard ion exchange chromatographic amino acid analyzer with a sensitivity of 10(-10) mol. In urine from normal subjects ranging in age from 12 to 64 years, mean values of 1.47 mumol/g of creatinine of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-ornithine and 8,24 mumol/g of creatinine of L-beta-aspartyl-L-lysine were found. The urine of children under 10 years of age contained, relative to creatinine excretion, more L-beta-aspartyl-L-lysine and L-gamma-glutamyl-L-ornithine than that of older children and adults. All urines contained substantially larger concentrations of L-beta-aspartyl-L-lysine than of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-ornithine. Both peptides were found in urine collected after 21 hr of fasting in lower concentrations than found in urine from nonfasting subjects. The urinary concentrations of both peptides did not appear to be influenced by race or sex."
1148213,"1. Product inhibition studies and transphosphorylation to methanol using two different substrates indicate that acid phosphatase from bovine brain forms a phosphoryl enzyme and that the phosphorylation step can not be rate limiting. 2. Acid phosphatase from bovine brain is inhibited by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid); this inhibition can be counteracted by inorganic phosphate. Incubation of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl phosphate in the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate leads, initially, to a higher degree of inhibition than that found with the same concentration of inhibitor in the absence of substrate. Both the titration by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate are consistant with the presence of 2 SH groups per mol of enzyme."
1148214,"A new method for obtaining highly purified hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.25) in high yield is described. Bull seminal plasma was fractionated with (NH4)2 SO4 and the 30 to 65% saturation fractions  were applied to a DEAE-cellulose column. The first protein peak contained hyaluronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase. The latter two enzymes were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The hyaluronidase was further purified by a Concanavalin-A Sepharose 4B affinity column. By gradient elution with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside a fraction which had a specific activity of 1998 units/mg protein (57 942 National Formulary Standard units/mg protein) was obtained. The highly purified enzyme showed one major protein band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3. The purified hyaluronidase did not show any beta-glucuronidase or beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities. The percent yield of purified hyaluronidase calculated on the basis of total activity was ten times higher than by any pervious method [Yang, C.H. and Srivastava, P.N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 79-83]."
1148215,"The purification of an aminoacylproline hydrolase from guinea-pig intestinal mucosa is described. The enzyme, which is an aminopeptidase has a molecular weight of 112 000 and is activated by manganese and inhibited by zinc. Unlike other aminoacylproline hydrolases this enzyme displayed a broad substrate specificity. However, it was preferentially active against dipeptides containing proline in the C-terminal position."
1148216,"The inducible tryptophanase (L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating) EC 4.1.99.1) was crystallized in holoenzyme from the cell extract of Proteus rettgeri. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment at 60 degrees C, DEAE-Sephadex and hydroxylapatite column chromatographies. Crystallization was performed by the addition of ammonium sulfate to the purified enzyme solution containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.1 mM pyridoxal phosphate and 10 mM mercaptoethanol. The crystallized enzyme was yellow and showed absorption maxima at 340 and 420 nm. The crystalline holotryptophanase preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugation and disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated as approx. 222 000. The amount of pyridoxal phosphate bound to the enzyme was determined to be 4 mol per mol of the enzyme. The enzyme is composed of four subunits of identical molecular size (mol. wt 55 000) and irreversibly dissociates into these subunits in the presence of a high concentration of sodium dodecylsulfate or guanidine hydrochloride. The NH2-terminal amino acid of the enzyme was identified as alanine."
1148217,"Some molecular properties of the elastase II preparation, homogenous in ultracentrifugation, have been determined. The molecular weight is 25 000, the sedimentation coefficient and the diffusion coefficient are 3.69-10(-13) s(-1) and 12.09-10(-7) cm2/s, respectively. The partial specific volume was 0.716 g/cm3, and the axial ratio is 1.95. Elastase II exhibited a considerably lower content of arginine, tyrosine, and valine, and a higher content of proline, serine and conjugated carbohydrates than elastase I. The N-terminal amino acid of the enzyme is leucine, and its isoelectric point was 10.7."
1148218,"Infrared absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the effect of organic solvents on the conformation of myoglobin, apomyoglobin, hemoglobin, lysozyme and ribonuclease. Beta structure can easily be induced by specific solvent effects. Films prepared from a 50% (v/v) mixture of alcohol, acetone, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylsulfoxide/water mixtures show a high proportion of beta structure. The degree of induction of beta structure depends on the hydrocarbon content of the alcohol in the order methanol greater than ethanol greater than butanol. No beta structure was observed in films prepared from aqueous octanol solutions. Lyophilization tends to decrease secondary structure. The conformation of the proteins depends on the particular solvent system and the solvent composition. Solution studies of myoglobin in pure dimethylsulfoxide show that the conformation is a mixture of random and beta forms while in dimethylsulfoxide/2H2O mixtures the conformation is a mixture of alpha-helical and beta forms."
1148219,"Repeat hexapeptides of elastin have been synthesized and studied with nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The deuterium substituted hexapeptide HCO-Ala1-Pro2-(2H2) Gly3-Val4-Gly5-Val6-OMe allowed completion of the proton assignments and specifically the definitive assignments of the Gly3 and Gly5 resonances. Solvent titrations followed by carbon-13 magnetic resonances are reported which delineate the Ala1 C-O and Gly5 C-O as intramolecularly hydrogen bonded. This coupled with the proton magnetic resonance data which delineated the Gly3 NH and VAL4 NH as candidates for intramolecular hydrogen bonding lead to the proposal of two hydrogen bonds, one between the Ala1 C-O and the Val4NH and the second between the Gly5C-O and the Gly3NH. The probability, or mol fraction, of occurrence of these secondary structural features is demonstrated to be high."
1148220,"Two hemoglobin variants with substitutions at beta 79 and beta 80 were found to have an increased oxygen affinity, but a normal response to organic phosphates. These observations are interpreted in terms of salt bridges which are affected by the substitutions."
1148221,"Hemoglobin-A2-Coburg or alpha2delta2-116 Arg leads to His (G18) has been found in members of a family of Sicilian origin. The propositus is heterozygous for hemoglobin-A2-Coburg as well as for beta-thalassemia, and family data indicate that the gene for the delta-Coburg chain is in trans of the beta-thalassemia determinant."
1148222,"On aligning the tryptic peptides of the myoglobin from a gorilla with the homologous human peptides, one amino acid difference was found. By dansyl-Edman degradation this was shown to be at position 22, i.e. at a position other than those where man, chimpanzee and gibbon differ from one another."
1148223,"The quantitative relationships were determined between the structural crosslinks, dihydroxylysinonorleucine (Lys(OH)2-Nle) and hydroxylysinonorleucine (Lys (OH) -Nle) in NaB 3H4-reduced diaphyseal bone collagen from 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-week-old chicks fed either a vitamin D-deficient diet, a normal-vitamin D diet or a high-, but non toxic, vitamin D diet from time of hatching. Chicks fed the normal diet showed a progressive decrease in the ratio of Lys(OH)2-Nle/Lys(OH)-Nle with age. This decrease was accelerated in chicks receiving the High-vitamin D diet. In the vitamin D-deficient group, the ratio was higher than controls at 1 and 2 weeks and increased further at 3 and 4 weeks. Similar changes in Lys(OH)2-Nle/Lys(OH)-Nle ratio did not occur in skin collagen. Compared to Control-vitamin D animals, the increased crosslink ratios in the vitamin D-deficient bone collagen occurred prior to changes in growth rate and could not be correlated with lysine hydroxylation or the hypocalcemia seen in this group. These results suggest that the type of crosslink analysis used in this study provides one of the earliest and most sensitive indications of a bone disturbance due to vitamin D deficiency and that vitamin D specifically acts to increase the rate of maturation of bone collagen."
1148224,"The complexes of synthetic polymer ligands, i.e. poly-L-lysine, poly-4-vinyl-pyridine, poly-N-vinyl-2-methylimidazole and the higher branched polyethyleneimine, with ferri- or ferro-protoporphyrin IX were studied from the standpoint of polymer ligand effects by comparison with those of their monomeric model ligand complexes and poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate containing an imidazole nucleus at the chain end. The coordination numbers and formation constants were determined optically and their structures were also estimated. The coordination number of a poly-L-lysine complex was two, but those of other polymer ligand complexes were one. One of the polymer effects, which was indicated by the large formation constants of the polymer complexes, was caused by the increment of the local ligand concentration around the polymer chain. Another was caused by the conformational effect of an alpha-helical structure in the poly-L-lysine complexes. The interaction of a poly-L-lysine-heme complex with molecular oxygen was also studied. An observed pseudo-allosteric phenomenon may be due to the specific structure of a poly-L-lysine complex which is different from those of other polymer ligand complexes."
1148225,"The complete amino acid sequence of 87 residues of cyanogen bromide fragment CB1 (Asp), the N-terminal fragment of human plasma albumine molecule, has been established. The sequence was determined from the characterization of all tryptic peptides and of chymotryptic arginine-containing peptides in the fragment digested. Overlaps were obtained by tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage of the maleylated S-sulfo derivative of fragment CB1(Asp). Residue 34 is the only cysteine residue in the albumin molecule and it was determined in the form of S-carboxymethyl-cysteine. Edman and dansyl-Edman degradation were used for the sequential analysis."
1148226,"Two basic proteins, denoted P1 and P2 protein, were purified from human sciatic nerve. The isolation was achieved by the following steps: delipidation with chloroform/methanol mixtures, dry acetone and dry ether; acid extraction at pH 2; ion exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex A-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. P1, P2 proteins and the basic protein of the central nervous system have been shown to have different electrophoretic mobility, and each of the two peripheral basic proteins was shown to be homogeneous by disc electrophoresis. The molecular weight of P1 protein is around 14 100 and that of P2 protein is around 12 200, as determined by ultracentrifugal analysis. There was some difference in the amino acid composition of human P1 and P2 protein, and a marked difference between their composition and the composition of central basic protein and bovine peripheral P1 and P2 proteins which were described previously. When injected to animals, P1 protein induced only experimental allergic neuritis while P2 protein induced both mild experimental allergic neuritis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Thus, the human P1 protein is similar to the bovine P1 protein and human P2 protein is similar to bovine P2 protein, concerning their electrophoretic mobilities, molecular weights and biological properties."
1148227,"A crystalline protein-proteinase inhibitor has been isolated from seeds of Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cultvar. Pinto). It has an average molecular weight of 19 000 as estimated by gel filtration. This crystalline inhibitor is highly active against both bovine pancreatic trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. Complexes of both trypsin-inhibitor and alpha-chymotrypsin-inhibitor have been isolated. The inhibitor which was derived from the dissociated trypsin-inhibitor complex was only 62% as effective as the original compound against either enzyme. In contrast, the inhibitor obtained from alpha-chymotrypsin-inhibitor complex retained its full original inhibitory activity for trypsin, but only 25% of its original activity against alpha-chymotrypsin. The dissociated inhibitor from alpha-chymotrypsin-inhibitor compex, despite its full inhibitory activity, had been modified to such an extent that it could no longer form any precipitable complex with trypsin. The crystalline protein-proteinase inhibitor is not homogeneous and has been resolved into two distinct inhibitors in terms of their physical and chemical properties. These two inhibitors are designated as Pinto bean proteinase inhibitor I and II and their respective minimum molecular weights are 9100 and 10 000. They differ most strikingly in their amino acid composition in that inhibitor II is void of both valine and methionine."
1148229,"A theory of transport via a ""carrier"" based on Wyman's theory on multiple equilibria is presented. By taking into account the detailed balance principle, it is possible to simplify the flux expressions and their coupling coefficients. In this way, Onsager's rules are derived. An experimental approach to the model is proposed."
1148230,"The effect of the local anesthetic dibucaine on the solid to liquid-crystalline phase transition in phospholipid vesicles was studied by calorimetry and fluorescence polarization. The partition coefficient (greater than 3000) of dibucaine in the membranes of vesicles prepared from acidic phospholipids was more than 20 times higher than in neutral phospholipid membranes under the same conditions. Calorimetric measurements on vesicles prepared form acidic phospholipids (bovine brain phosphatidylserine; dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol) showed that dibucaine (1 with 10(-4) M) produced a significant reduction in the gel-liquid crystalline transition temperature (Tc). This fluidizing effect of dibucaine on acidic phospholipid membranes was even more marked in the presence of Ca2+. In contrast, dibucaine at the same concentration did not alter the Tc of neutral phospholipids (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine). Significant increase in the fluidity of neutral phospholipid membranes occurred only at higher dibucaine concentrations (2 with 10(-3) M). Measurements of the fluorescence polarization and lifetime of the probe, 1,6-diphenylhexatriene, in acidic phospholipid vesicles revealed that dibucaine (1 with 10(-4) M) caused an increase in the probe rotation rate indicating an increase in the fluidity of the phospholipid membranes. A good correlation was obtained between fluorescence polarization data on dibucaine-induced changes in membrane fluidity and calorimetric measurements on vesicles of the same type."
1148231,"Freeze-etch electron microscopy has been utilized to localize the binding sites for the Ricinus communis, Agaricus bisporus and wheat germ lectins on human erythrocyte membranes and to determine the relation of these different glycoprotein receptors to the intramembranous particles. A. bisporus lectin, which could be visualized directly on the surface of erythrocyte membranes, and ferritin conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin showed a distribution that correlates exactly with the intramembranous particles at all lectin concentrations tested. The binding sites for both of these lectins are located on the major sialoglycoprotein of the membrane. The R. communis agglutinin-ferritin conjugate which binds to receptors on membrane glycoproteins that are distinct from the major sialoglycoprotein showed a close correlation with the intramembranous particles at low lectin concentrations and a poor correlation at high lectin concentrations. High concentrations resulted in virtually complete coating of the surface of trypsinized ghosts which displayed marked aggregation of the intramembranous particles. We conclude that the intramembranous particles of erythrocyte membranes contain at least two glycoproteins and that some membrane lectin receptors are not associated with the intramembranous particles."
1148232,"The outer-most layer (""exo-layer"") of the wall was isolated from cell walls of Epidermophyton floccosum. The pure cell walls, obtained by disruption in a Ribi cell fractionator, sonication and centrifugation, were digested with snail enzyme for 12 h. Thereafter, the exo-layer preparation was obtained as the fraction resistant to the snail enzyme. Electron microscopy showed that the exo-layer is a thin, stranded network structure 10-20 nm thick. Chemical analysis of the exo-layer showed that the main components are protein (63 percent), mannose (10 percent) and glucosamine (17 percent). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed that the main band is a glycoprotein containing mannose."
1148233,"Quantitative evaluation of the diffusion process of sodium fluorescein and dansylated amino acids in the salivary gland of the larvae of Drosophila hydei reveals that the differences in specific permeability between the junctional and nonjunctional membranes, as found for small ions, do not apply to the fluorescent probes. There are no significant differences between the permeability properties for the different dansylated amino acids tested, and the same properties are found for sodium fluorescein."
1148234,"1. Plasma membranes from rabbit thymocytes have been analyzed by laser-Raman spectroscopy over the 800-3000 cm-1 region and the spectra compared with those of endoplasmic reticulum, as well as relevant liposome systems. 2. Evaluation of the Amide I and Amide III regions indicates that thymocyte plasma membranes, but not endoplasmic reticulum, contain appreciable beta-structure peptide. This conclusion is supported by infrared spectroscopy. 3. Evaluation of the 2890 cm-1: 2850 cm-1 intensity ratio of plasma membranes as a function of temperature, using an integration technique, demonstrates a thermotropic lipid transition centered near 23 degrees C. This transition is less sharp than one observed with egg lecithin in this temperature range. 4. The significance of the thermotropic transition is evaluated in view of the lack of thermotropic lipid-protein segregation detectable by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (Wunderlich, F., Wallach, D.F.H., Speth, V. and Fischer, H. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 373, 34-43)."
1148235,"5-Methylcytosine has been found in all pyrimidine isopliths isolated from the DNA of cotton plants, but it localizes predominantly in tri- (about 52%) and dipyrimidine (about 22%) clusters. The 5-methylcytosine distribution by pyrimidine isopliths in DNA of cotton plants is specific and quite different from that in other plant and animal DNA studied. The total 5-methylcytosine content in DNA from wilt-infected cotton plants (2.3 mol %) is less than half that found in DNA from non-infected cotton plants (4.9 mol %). No other visible differences (G+C content, Tm, deltaT, s20,w, frequencies of pyrimidine clusters and others) in these DNA have been found. This suggests that in wilt-infected plants, no essential alteration in DNA sequence or molecular population takes place. As a result of wilt infection 5-methylcytosine completely disappears from dipyrimidine oligonucleotides of cotton plant DNA; its content decreases markedly in long pyrimidine clusters (heptaoligonucleotides and longer) and in C3, C2 T, CT2 fragments. Thus, DNA in wilt-infected plant cells is specifically undermethylated (demethylated). The induced alteration in DNA methylation may be considered one of the possible mechanisms for the specific distortion of gene activity of host cells and primary fungal pathogenic action on plants."
1148236,"Precise recording of polyphasic optical melting curves was carried out for three kinds of bacteriophage lambda DNA differing in length (lambdac1857s7, lambdacIb2 and lambdacIb2b5). Each of denaturation steps in melting profiles was characterized by two parameters, the melting temperature and the relative size. Any difference in fine structures in melting profiles was not recognized between the intact lambdacI857s7DNA and the DNA fragmented into halves. The change in fine structures in melting profiles caused by the deletions of the b2 and b5 region agreed qualitatively well with the prediction based on the physical and the genetical maps of phage lambda chromosome. The combined results indicate that, first, the well-known linear relationship between melting temperature and G+C content may apply also to each of denaturation steps in polyphasic melting curves due to heterogeneity of nucleotide distribution in a single DNA species, and, second, the effect of molecular ends on melting fine structures can be neglected at moderate salt concentration (0.01 M less than or equal to Na+ less than or equal to 0.2 M) for such a high molecular weight DNA. The heterogeneous distribution of nucleotides was derived for lambdaDNA and for its b2 and b5 regions."
1148237,"The distribution of nuclear DNAs of nine species of the genus Brassica in CsCl density gradients was investigated. The amount of satellite DNA with buoyant density of 1.704 g - cm-minus3 varies widely between the species. The satellite component is completely absent in B. oleracea; in B. nigra its amount reaches 37%, and in the other species it occupies an intermediate position. The absence of satellite DNA in B. oleracea was demonstrated by equilibrium centrifugation using a Cs2SO4 density gradient, containing Hg2+."
1148238,"In detached Vicia embryos, the incorporation of [3-H] thymidine into DNA starts at about 25 h after the beginning of imbibition and reaches maximum at about 33 h. The DNA synthesized during the first replication phase was extracted. Alkaline sucrose density-gradient analyses of the DNA indicated the occurrence of several short pieces of rapidly labeled DNA having sedimentation values of approx. 10 S and 14 S, after a pulse for 5 to 10 min. Prolonged labeling and chase incubation led to a shift of the shorter fragments to longer ones of 19 S and 22 S or more, thus indicating the nature of intermediates during DNA replication of these short fragments."
1148239,"The minor bases present in the family of Drosophila tRNAs recognising codons of the type NAA or NAG have been studied. Under standard aminoacylating conditions, the acceptor activities of BrCN-treated tRNA-Lys-5 tRNA-Glu-4 and tRNA-G1n-4 were completely eliminated, suggesting the presence of 2-thiouridine derivatives. The two major lysine tRNA species (tRNA-Lys-2 and tRNA-Lys-5) were purified and their nucleoside content determined both directly and by the tritium derivative technique. Both tRNAs contain 1-methyladenosine, N-2-dimethylguanosine, 7-methylguanosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine and dihydrouridine, and tRNA-Lys-5 contains 1-methylguanosine. Neither species contain ribothymidine, although both may contain 2'-O-methyl ribothymidine. A nucleoside with ultraviolet spectral properties similar to N-4-acetylcytidine was found in tRNA-Lys-5 and a nucleoside with chromatographic properties the same as N-[9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-purin-6-yl-carbamoyl] threonine was found in tRNA-Lys-2. A 2-thiouridine derivative was not found in tRNA-Lys-5 using these chromatographic techniques."
1148240,"Rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases exist in two functional states, one of which is active towards the endogenous chromatin template (engaged enzyme), while the other is inactive (free enzyme) (Yu, F.L. (1974) Nature 251, 344-346). This paper reports the direct separation of these two populations of RNA polymerases from isolated rat liver nuclei by a simple extraction procedure. It is estimated that as much as 50% of the total nuclear RNA polymerase activity in normal rat liver may exist in the form of the free enzyme. Evidence is also presented to indicate that the free enzyme activity is easily lost when the nuclear isolation procedure involves the use of an isotonic buffer medium, or when the isolated nuclei are subjected to sonication as is required for the solubilization of the nuclear RNA polymerases by the conventional method. Based on these new findings, it is proposed that nuclei be isolated directly in hypertonic sucrose and that the free enzyme be extracted before the nuclei are subjected to sonication to solubilize the engaged enzyme. This method circumvents the loss of the free RNA polymerase population and, as a result, the total yield of the nuclear RNA polymerases is greatly increased. The possible functional role of the free RNA polymerase in gene expression is discussed."
1148241,"The purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (EC 2.7.7.6) from plant cell cultures of Petroselinum (parsley) is described. The procedure during which enzyme I is eliminated includes initial precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, an ultracentrifugation step, gel filtration on Sepharose 4B, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DNA-agarose and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme purified almost to homogeneity exhibits maximal activity with denatured DNA, and is activated preferentially by Mn2+; alpha-amanitin acts as a strong inhibitor. Electrophoresis of the enzyme in the presence of dodecylsulphate indicates that it is composed of seven subunits with mol. wts of 200 000, 180 000, 140 000, 43 000, 26 000, 25 000 and 16 000. The results of molecular weight and molar ratio determinations suggest that Petroselinum RNA polymerase II may exist in two active forms differing only in the composition of their high molecular weight subunits."
1148242,"The association of ribosomal subparticles induced by several associating agents has been studied under different conditions. The following observations were made: 1. Spermidine was able to produce the association of subunits, and the concentration and temperature curves of this reaction were similar to those obtained with association factor. The product formed in the latter case was more stable. 2. The association at low Mg2+ concentration was higher with association factor than with polyamines. 3. The temperature-dependent binding of spermidine to 30-S subunits formed an active complex, which was converted into the 30S-50S couples by the addition of 50-S subparticles at low temperature. A similar behaviour has been previously shown for the complete association factor and its low molecular weight fraction. 4. The same unstable form of 30S-50S couples has been obtained either with spermidine or with the low molecular weight component (AFII) of the association factor. In both cases the protein fraction AFI was able to complete the reaction by stabilizing the subunit couple. 5. After glutaraldehyde fixation the products of the reactions with spermidine or association factor behaved in a similar way when they were submitted to long sucrose-gradient centrifugations. 6. The analysis of association factor preparations has shown that they contain spermidine as well as spermine. The polyamine levels in association factor could account for part of the total associating activity."
1148243,"The proteins bound to HeLa cell polyribosomal messenger RNA were isolated by subjecting salt-washed, puromycin-disassembled polyribosomes to a limited digestion with pancreatic ribonuclease (ref. 1, Auerbach, S. and Pederson, T. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 149-153). Label-chase experiments with radioactive amino acids revealed that the in vivo decay kinetics of the messenger RNA-associated proteins were approximately first-order, with t1/2 equal 13-15 h. The results suggest that HeLa messenger RNA and its specific set of associated proteins do not behave as single units metabolically."
1148244,"Haploid wild-type and mutant cells of Saccharomyces carrying one of the single genes rad2-20 or rad9-4 and the double mutant rad2-20rad9-4 were tested for their response to a treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light using immediate and delayed plating techniques. The mutant defective in the excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers (rad2-20) as well as that presumably deficient in a recombinational repair system (rad9-4) are more sensitive than wild type cells. The double mutant (rad2-20rad9-4) demonstrates a higher sensitivity than each of the single mutants, indicating that at least two pathways are involved in the repair of the 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm induced damages. In all cases survival curves have shoulders. The survival of wild type and rad9-4 cells is increased after dark holding whereas it remains constant for the rad2-20 mutant and for the double mutant. These results show that the induced damages are reparable. Respiratory deficient mutant (p-) were compared to the corresponding respiratory competent cells. It is shown that the respiratory function is required for the expression of the excision repair activity. The 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm ligh treatment appears to be less effective than ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) in the induction of the cytoplasmic 'petite' mutation at the same survival levels."
1148245,"When a negatively twisted covalently closed DNA is annealed with single-stranded fragments of the same DNA, under proper conditions a loop (or loops) may form by the disruption of a segment (or segments) of base pairs between the complementary strands of the covalently closed DNA, and the formation of base pairs between the strands of the covalently closed DNA and the single-stranded fragments. Since such a process involves essentially no net gain or loss of the number of base pairs, it is driven by the free energy favoring the reduction of the number of superhelical turns. If the fragments are sufficiently long or are present at a sufficiently hig concentration during annealing, the most stable product between a covalently closed DNA and the DNA fragments (under conditions favoring the formation of double-stranded DNA) is a looped molecule devoid of superhelical turns. The size of the looped region or regions, which can be measured by electron microscopy, provides a way to determine the degree of superhelicity of the covalently closed DNA in the absence of the fragments. When this is compared with the degree of superhelicity of the covalently closed DNA determined by titration with the intercalative dye ethidium, the unwinding angle of the DNA double helix due to the intercalation of an ethidium can be calculated. Such measurements were done on two samples of phage PM2 DNA with different extents of supercoiling. The results are in agreement with the value 26 degree obtained recently by alkaline titration of covalently closed PM2 DNA samples in CsC1 density gradients (Wange, J.C., (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 89, 783-801)."
1148246,"Nuclei were isolated from synchronized HeLa cells in the S-phase by a modification of the non-aqueous method described by Kirsch et al. (Science (1970) 168, 1592-1595). The method involved lyophilization of the cells, homogenization in non-aqueous glycerol and centrifugation in a gradient of 0-35% (w/w) 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in glycerol. Such nucleic incorporated deoxyribonucleotides into DNA when incubated in an aqueous buffer containing Mg2+, ATP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP. The product was sensitive to DNAase and banded with bulk DNA in isopycnic centrifugation. Sedimentation of the product in alkaline sucrose gradients after labelling of the nuclei for 2 min revealed labelled material in the 5 S peak and in the 18 S area. The material in the 5 S peak moved into the 12 S area after a 13 min chase."
1148247,"1. Cell-free systems prepared from Krebs II ascites cells incubated at 45 degrees C have a much lower endogenous activity than those from cells incubated at 37 degrees C. The endogenous activity is mainly due to completion of polypeptide chains initiated in the intact cell. The low activity of the 45 degrees C system is due to a lesion in initiation in cells incubated at 45 degrees C. 2. Cell-free systems from cells incubated at 45 degrees C can translate efficiently poly (U) at 8 mM Mg2+. However, they initiate poorly on globin mRNA, indicating that these systems reflect the situation in the intact cell. 3. The lesion in globin mRNA translation in 45 degrees C systems can be overcome by addition of reticulocyte initiation factors. At saturation concentrations of factors, the response of a 45 degrees C system is restored to almost normal. 4. 45 degrees C systems from 40-S initiation complexes with methionyl tRNAfmet almost as efficiently as normal, but their ability for form 80-S complexes with globin mRNA is impaired, unless they are supplied with exogenous initiation factors."
1148248,"9 S RNA from avian immature red blood cells was isolated from polysome-released ribonucleoprotein particles by sucrose-gradient techniques. Translation of this RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system and product analysis revealed that globin mRNA was contaminated by f2c-histone mRNA. When 9 S RNA was applied to oligo(dT)-cellulose columns a partial separation could be achieved. Poly (A)-containing globin mRNA did not contain f2c-histon mRNA, whereas the RNA which was not absorbed to oligo(dT)-cellulose contained all the f2c-histone mRNA besides substantial amounts of globin mRNA."
1148249,"The cellular DNAs of Acanthamoeba castellanii have been characterized by their behaviour in CsC1 density gradients, by their thermal denaturation and by their renaturation kinetics. Whole-cell DNA exhibits, on CsC1 density gradients, a major peak with a density of 1.717 g/cm3 (major component) and a minor peak with a density of 1.692 g/cm3 (minor component). The major component is nuclear and the minor component is of cytoplasmic origin. The latter contains mitochondrial DNA as well as an extramitochondrial DNA fraction. Reiterated sequences make up approximately 14% of the total and are mainly cytoplasmic. They are characterized by three families of nucleotide sequences. The mitochondrial DNA exhibits a complex renaturation pattern. The fast renaturing component has a calculated complexity of 4.107 daltons. The slower renaturing component has a kinetic complexity tentatively estimated as 1.1010 daltons. The melting profile of mitochondrial DNA suggests heterogeneity in base composition."
1148250,"Reaction of isolated bovine rod outer segment membrane with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide, both in the presence and absence of 1% dodecyl sulfate followed by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, shows that six sulfhydryl groups (96% of total sulfhydryl in this membrane) are located on the rhodopsin molecule. On the basis of their reactivity towards rho-chloromercuribenzoate and rho-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate in suspensions of outer segment membranes, the sulfhydryl groups of rhodopsin can be divided into three pairs. One pair is rapidly modified, both in light and darkness. This modification does not impair the recombination capacity of opsin with 11-cis retinaldehyde under regeneration of rhodopsin. A second pair is modified upon prolonged interaction with the rho-chloromercuriderivatives in darkness. Modification of this pair leaves the typical rhodopsin absorbance at 500 nm intact, but a proportional loss of recombination capacity does occur. The third pair is only modified after illumination and isprobably located in the vicinity of the chromophoric center. The differences between these results and those obtained by modification with dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or N-ethylmaleimide in suspension, where even upon prolonged exposure to light as well as in darkness only two sulfhydryl groups of rhodopsin are modified, is explained by the detergent-like character of the rho-chloromercuri-derivatives."
1148251,"1. Male, 8-week old rats were fed Purina Rat Chow for semisynthetic diets containing 20% by weight of rapeseed oil or corn oil for 3 days. 2. The hearts from the animals fed the three diets were analyzed for total lipid, phospholipid, free fatty acids, cholesterol esters, tri-, di- and monoacylglyerols. There was a seven-fold increase in the levels of triacylglycerols in the hearts of rats fed rapeseed oil diet compared to the levels in the hearts of animals fed the other two diets. Smaller increases in the content of other neutral lipid fractions were also observed. 3. Heart mitochondria from the three groups of animals were isolated under controlled conditions in the presence or absence of heparin. The rats of oxidation of different substrates and of ATP synthesis by these mitochondria were compared. 4. Mitochondria isolated in the absence of heparin from rapeseed oil-fed rats had much lower rates of oxidation and ATP synthesis than mitochondria isolated similarly from rats fed the other two diets. 5. With mitochondria freshly isolated in the presence of heparin, no significant differences in rates of oxidation or ATP synthesis were found among the three groups of animals. 6. It is concluded that, when properly isolated, mitochondria from rapeseed oil-fed rats are functionally intact with respect to oxidation and energy-coupling capacity."
1148252,"1. Addition of KCN to aerobic, rotenone-inhibited rat liver mitochondria with out addition of substrate caused reduction of cytochromes b-562 (having an alpha-band at 562 nm at room temperature), c + c1, and a + a3. The effect of KCN on cytochrome b-562 was reversed by pentachlorophenol, though the effect of KCN on cytochromes c+c1 and a+a3 was not reversed by this uncoupler.2. Addition of ATP to aerobic, rat liver mitochondria inhibited with 500 muM KCN under conditions were cytochromes b-562, c+c1 and a+a3 were reduced, caused reduction of cytochrome b-566. The absorbance spectrum of cytochrome b-566 had an alpha-band at 565.5 nm, a beta-band at 538 nm and a gamma-band at 431 nm, but no shoulder around 558 nm at room temperature. 3. Addition of succinate to rotenone-KCN-inhibited and ATP-treated rat liver mitochondria under conditions where cytochromes b-566, b-562, c+c1 and a+a3 were already fully reduced, caused reduction of cytochrome b-558 (having an alpha-band at 558 nm, a beta-band at 527 nm and a gamma-band at 426 nm at room temperature) after exhaustion of molecular oxygen in the reaction medium, without any contribution from a long-wavelength species (cytochrome b-566). 4. It was concluded that the 558-nm band is not a short-wavelength shoulder of cytochrome b-566, but is due to a different species from cytochrome b-566."
1148253,"A model for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis is presented which accounts for the fluorescence properties of Photosystem II and Photosystem I as well as energy transfer between the two photosystems. The model was tested by measuring at - 196 degrees C fluorescence induction curves at 690 and 730 nm in the absence and presence of 5mMMgCl2 which presumably changes the distrubution of excitation energy between the two photosystems. The equations describing the fluorescence properties involve terms for the distribution of absorbed quanta, alpha, being the fraction distributed to Photosystem I, and beta, the fraction to Photosystem II to Photosystem I, KT(II yields I). The data, analyzed within the context of the model, permit a direct comparison of alpha and kt(II yields I) in the absence (minus) and presence (+) of Mg-2+ :alpha minus/alpha-+ equals 1.2 and k-minus t)II yields I)/K-+T(II yields I) equal to 1.9. If the criterion that alpha + beta equal to 1 is applied absolute values can be calculated: in the presence of Mg-2+, alpha-+ equal to 0.27 and the yield of energy transfer, phi-+ t(II yields I) varied the presence of Mg-2+, alpha-+ equal to 0.27 and the yield of energy transfer, phi-+ t(II yields I) varied from 0.065 when the Photosystem II reaction centers were all open to 0.23 when they were closed. In the absence of Mg-2+, alpha-minus equal to 0.32 and phi t(II yields I) varied from 0.12 to 0.28. The data were also analyzed assuming that two types of energy transfer could be distinguished; a transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll of Photosystem II to Photosystem I, kt(II yields I), and a transfer from the reaction centers of Photosystem II to Photosystem I, kt(II yields I). In that case alpha-minus/alpha+ equal to 1.3, k-minus t(II yields I)/k+ t(II yields I)equal to 1.3 and k-minus t(II yields I) equal to 3.0. It was concluded, however, that both of these types of energy transfer are different manifestations of a single energy transfer process."
1148254,"The concentration-dependent depolarization, concentration-dependent quenching, absorption and fluorescence spectra in solutions of chlorophyll beta-containing detergent micelles with Triton X-100 were studied in a concentration range of c equal to 0.4 muM-0.6mM chlorophyll beta and cd equal to 0.4-7.0 mM Triton X-100. The concentration-dependent depolarization obeys Förster's theory of depolarization of fluorescence with a transfer distance parameter R0 equal to 43 plus or minus 2 A. The concentration-dependent quenching  is described by an empirical formula for the relative fluorescence yield n/n0 equal to 1/[1+(c/c1/2)-2] given by Kelly and Porter (Kelly A. R. and Porter, G. (1970) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. 315, 149-161). With increasing chlorophyll beta concentration the red absorption band at 650 nm is shifted toward a longer wavelength and its width increases by 10nm, the intensity of the long wave fluorescence band increases about 720 nm. The results analysed in terms of these findings lead to the conclusions that chlorophyll beta molecules are (a) locally concentrated in the micelles up to the concentration range of in vivo conditions, (b) partly in an aggregated state capable for fluorescence, (c) the chlorophyll beta yields chlorophyll beta homotransfer may be about 3-26% of the homotransfer chlorophyll alpha yields chlorophyll-alpha depending on the ratio of their concentrations."
1148255,"Hexokinase (ATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.2) and pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-0-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.40) were co-immobilized within semipermeable collodion microcapsules. The resulting microcapsules displayed excellent hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, with the measured pyruvate kinase activity considerably greater than that measured for hexokinase. The co-immobilized enzymes, when used sequentially were capable of recycling both ATP and ADP when exposed to the appropriate conditions. Furthermore, when exposed to limiting amounts of coenzyme, the cycles were capable of reusing the total amount of coenzyme supplied at least three times in 90 min. The use of microencapsulation to produce partially ""self sufficient"" enzyme systems is discussed."
1148256,"Using 1-4C-labeled AMP and IMP as substrates, 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) activity was detected at the external surface of frog skeletal muscle with the active site facing toward the extracellular space. The enzyme was firmly bound to the muscle membrane. Its activity was dependent on Ca2+ or Mg2+ and was inhibited by non-radioactive ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates, or theophylline, while adenosine 3'-monophosphate and p-nitrophenylphosphate had little or no effect. 5'-Nucleotidase with similar properties was also found in the isolated plasma membrane fraction of the muscle."
1148257,"1. Arthrobacter ureafaciens inulinase II which converts inulin to di-D-fructofuranose 1,2' : 2,3' dianhydride (difructose anhydride III) leaving a small amount of oligosaccharides, was investigated in order to characterize its mode of action. 2. After the enzymatic reaction on the glucose-terminated inulin molecules had been completed, the oligosaccharides left in the enzyme digest were isolated, and identified to be the fructose-glucose oligosaccharides; O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 leads to 1)-O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (1-kestose), O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-[(2 leads to 1)-O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl]2 alpha-D-glucopyranoside and O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-[(2 leads to 1)-O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl]3 alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The difructose anhydride formation from the three fructose-glucose oligosaccharides in the separate reaction system with an increased substrate concentration was observed only with the latter two substrates, but not with the first one. 3. The difructose anhydride formation with several (2 leads to 1)-beta-linked fructose oligosaccharides and bacterial (2 leads to 6)-beta-fructans was examined. The (2 leads to 1)-beta-linked fructose oligosaccharides were effective as substrates for the enzyme with the exception of inulobiose, but the (2 leads to 6)-beta-fructans remained unaffected. 4. It was concluded that the enzyme attacks (2 leads to 1)-beta-linked fructan molecules from the nonreducing fructose ends and requires the presence of at least two adjacent (2 leads to 1)-beta-fructofuranosyl linkages."
1148258,"1. The kinetic mechanism of beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. has been studied in the presence of competing glucosyl acceptors. 2. Glycerol, fructose, sucrose, cellobiose and to a much lesser extent, maltose can act as glucosyl acceptors, apart from water. 3. Evidence confirming and supporting the kinetic mechanism previously postulated (Umezurike, G.M. (1971) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 250, 182-191) is presented. 4. A theoretical kinetic analysis of the behaviour of the enzyme in the presence of two alternative glucosyl acceptors in addition to water is found to be consistent with experimental observation, suggesting a system in which both donor and acceptors bind to the enzyme in a random fashion to form ternary complexes. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of group-transfer reactions."
1148259,"Treatment by urea of purified rat liver cystathionase (L-Cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1) provoked a similar alteration of two activities of the enzyme, namely cysteine desulfhydration and homoserine deamination. Since the decreases of the two activities were also comparable as a result of chymotrypsin digestion of the enzyme, these observations suggest that the two sites responsible for the one and the other activites are in close proximity. Studies of the effect of derivatives of substrates (S-carboxymethylcyste-ine, S-carboxyethylcysteine, S-carboxymethylhomocysteine and S-carboxyethylhomocysteine) on both activities were performed. All of them inhibited cysteine desulfhydration and homoserine deamination; in several cases, the type of inhibition was also determined. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that each of the two sites of the active center has, at least, three binding points which ""recognise"" groupings of substrates or of inhibitors, and this led us to propose a model for the active center. Each site has an -NH-2 binding point, hence the active center has two -NH-2 binding points; therefore, as cystathionase consists of four subunits and contains four molecules of pyriodoxal phosphate, it might be of interest to determine whether the smallest active molecule is the dimer."
1148260,"The subcellular localization of adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphatelyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) in bovine corpus luteum was studied using isotonic and hypotonic homogenization and fractionation conditions. All fractions prepared were assayed for adenylate cyclase, marker enzymes and DNA. Only plasma membrane marker enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase paralleled the distribution of adenylate cyclase under both isotonic and hypotonic conditions (conditionsoth isotonic and hypotonic conditions (coefficient of correlation = 0.95). Two main fractions prepared under hypotonic conditions were subfractionated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The highest amount of adenylate cyclase was found in a fraction having a density approximately equal to 1.13 g/cm3. The specific activity of this fraction was 4--6 times higher than that of the homogenate. The electron microscopic study of this fraction revealed the presence of a single type of particulate material consisting of small vesicles exhibiting a typical unit membrane structure. It is concluded that this adenylate cyclase is primarily localized in the plasma membranes. Basal adenylate cyclase activity of plasma membranes was stimulated 2--3 times by luteinizing hormone (10 mug/ml), 3--4 times by prostaglandin E2 (10 mug/ml), 4--6 times by NaF (0.01 M) and two times by methanol (0.2%)."
1148262,"Lysine-rich and arginine-rich histones were examined as substrates for lysyl hydroxylase. Both proteins are known to be rich in lysyl residues, and lysine-rich histone also contains -X-Lys-Gly-sequences, whereas no such sequences are found in the arginine-rich histone. Both histones were found to be hydroxylated by lysyl hydroxylase, and the time courses of the hydroxylation reactions with these substrates were linear for at least 60 min. The Km values observed where 3 - 10(-6)M for heat-denatured lysine-rich histone and 6 - 10(-6)M for heat-denatured arginine-rich histone. Heat-denatured lysine-rich histone was hydroxylated at a higher rate than non-denatured both at 37 and 25 degrees C. No such phenomenon was found, however, when arginine-rich histone was examined as a substrate. Furthermore, at 37 degrees C lysine-rich histone was a better substrate for lysyl hydroxylase then arginine-rich histone, but this relationship was reversed at 25 degrees C. The synthesis of hydroxylysine observed with arginine-rich histone indicates that the lysyl hydroxylase preparation used in these experiments catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxylysine not only in the sequence -X-Lys-Gly-, but also in some other sequences. Certain collagen polypeptide chains are known to contain one hydroxlysyl residue in a sequence other than -X-Lys-Gly-, and the present results may explain this finding."
1148263,"1. The properties and distribution of the NAD-linked unspecific aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (aldehyde: NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.2.1.3) has been studied in isolated cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of rat liver. The various types of aldehyde dehydrogenase were separated by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. 2. The cytoplasmic fraction contained 10-15, the mitochondrial fraction 45-50 and the microsomal fraction 35-40% of the total aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, when assayed with 6.0 mM propionaldehyde as substrate. 3. The cytoplasmic fraction contained two separable unspecific aldehyde dehydrogenases, one with high Km for aldehydes (in the millimolar range) and the other with low Km for aldehydes (in the micromolar range). The latter can, however, be due to leakage from mitochondria. The high-Km enzyme fraction contained also all D-glucuronolactone dehydrogenase activity of the cytoplasmic fraction. The specific formaldehyde and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases present in the cytoplasmic fraction could be separated from the unspecific activities. 4. In the mitochondrial fraction there was one enzyme with a low Km for aldehydes and another with high Km for aldehydes, which was different from the cytoplasmic enzyme. 5. The microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase had a high Km for aldehydes and had similar properties as the mitochondrial high-Km enzyme. Both enzymes have very little activity with formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde in contrast to the other aldehyde dehydrogenases. They are apparently membranebound."
1148264,"In human fibroblasts two oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, but not cholesterol itself, are potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase (mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (Co-enzyme A acylating), (EC 1.1.1.34), the rate-limiting enzyme in sterol biosynthesis. In addition, these derivatives of cholesterol are effective regulators in cells from homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic individuals. The differences in the inhibitory potencies of the sterols cannot be explained in terms of the amount of uptake into the cell."
1148265,"1. The phospholipid composition of Fasciola hepatica, the common liver fluke, was compared to that of the liver of the host animals (rats and cattle). Considerable differences were found:monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, hardly detectable in the liver, was found in significant amounts in the parasite. On the other hand, sphingomyelin, a normal constituent in the liver, appears to be absent in the liver fluke. Fasciola hepatica isolated from rat and cow liver had a strikingly similar phospholipid composition. 2. Qualitative and quantitative differences were also found between the fatty acyl constituents of the phospholipids of the parasite and the liver. The major difference was the presence of eicosaenoic and eicosadienoic acids in the parasite, whereas these acids were not detected in the liver. 3. In vitro incubations of Fasciola hepatica in the presence of (32P)phosphate and (2-3H)glycerol resulted in the labelling of all phospholipids of the parasite, except that the 3H label did not incorporate into ethanolamine plasmalogen. This is in agreement with the concept that in animals, glycerol is introduced into plasmalogens via dihydroxyacetonephosphate. 4. Homogenates of liver flukes were found to catalyze the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols and CDPcholine. 5. These results strongly suggest that Fasciola hepatica is capable of synthesizing at least part of its fatty acids and phospholipids."
1148266,"Fatty acids C12-C22 are components of acylated steryl glucosides in Calendula officinalis. Various particulate fractions from 14-day-old seedlings catalyze the esterification of the steryl glucosides with utilization of endogenous acyl donors. The activity seems to be associated mainly with the membranous structures being fragments of Golgi complex, as it has previously been suggested for UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase. Succesive treatment of the particulate enzyme fraction with Triton X-100 and acetone affords a soluble acyltransferase preparation partly depleted of endogenous lipids. As a source of acyl groups for the synthesis of steryl acylglucosides this preparation utilizes various phospholipids obtained from the same plant in the following sequence: phosphatidylinositol greater than phosphatidylethanolamine greater than phosphatidylcholine. It does not utilize triacylglycerols and monogalactosyldiacylglycerols."
1148267,"1. Cholesterol exchanges between isolated rat liver microsomes and mitochondria and between erythrocytes and microsomes or mitochondria during incubation in vitro. The exchange process is temperature dependent and is no accompanied by a net movement of sterol. 2. cholesterol exchange between the membranes was enhanced by the addition of 105 000 x g supernatant fraction (S105) from rat liver. The degree to which sterol exchange was enhanced was dependent on the amount of this supernatant fraction present in the incubation. 3. enhancement of sterol exchange was not observed with heated S105 fraction, but activity was retained after dialysis or aging at 10 degrees C; these results suggest the presence of a cholesterol-exchange protein in the cytosol from rat liver."
1148269,"An attempt has been made to correlate the rapid effect of luteinizing hormone on testicular steroid production in vivo with testicular steroid concentrations and in vitro steroid production rates in testis tissue preparations. Within 20 min after intravenous administration of 25 mug luteinizing hormone, increases were observed in testosterone concentrations in testicular venous plasma and in whole testis tissue and in pregnenlone concentrations isolated testis mitochondrial fractions. Testosterone production by whole testis homogenates and pregnenolone production by isolated mitochondrial fractions were significantly increased within 5 min after in vivo administration of luteinizing hormone. Injection of cycloheximide 10 min prior to luteinizing hormone prevented the stimulating effect of luteinizing hormone to steroid levels in testicular venous plasma and testis tissue and on steroid production rates by preparations of rat testis tissue. Cycloheximide treatment of control animals did not significantly alter testosterone concentrations and testosterone production rates vitro, although mitochondrial pregnenolone concentrations and production rates were decreased. Testosterone production by whole testis homogenates as well as the pregnenolone production by isolated mitochondrial fractions obtained from luteinizing hormone treated testes and control glands showed a biphasic time curve A period (5-10 min) of high steroid production was followed by a period lower steroid production. Addition of 25 mug luteinizing hormone or 10(-8)--10(-5) M adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to the incubation medium had no effect pregnenolone production by isolated mitochondrial fractions. Administration of leuteinizing hormone in vivo markedly enhance the stimulating effect of Ca2+ on testosterone production by whole testis homogenates and on pregnenolone production by isolated mitochondrial fractions."
1148270,"A polar fucose-containing glycosphingolipid fraction isolated from dog small intestine has been characterized by mass spectrometry of intact methylated, and methylated and reduced (LiAlH4) glycolipid. The native fraction, which was homogenous on thin-layer chromatography, was shown after methylation to be a mixture of two compounds. One was identified as a hexaglycoslyceramide with the following composition and sequence: fucose-hexose(fucose)-hexosamine-hexose-hexose-ceramide, with a terminal saccharide structure similar to blood group Leb determinants. The second compound was a novel heptaglycosyceramide with the sequence: hexosamine(fucose)-hexose-tfucose)-hexosamine-hexose-hexose-ceramide. This glycolipid was also detected in human small intestine and pancreas. The dog intestinal fraction had phytosphingosine as its major base and contained almost exclusively 2-hydroxy fatty acids (16 : 0--24 : 0). The fraction of human pancreas differed in having spingosine as its major base and normal fatty acids (16 : 0--24 :0) as major acids."
1148271,"The role of biliary or dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) in the process of lipid absorption was studied in bile fistual rats. Jejunal lipid-reesterifying enzyme activities were determined in experimental rats given diet, bile salts and phosphatidylethanolamine and results compared to controls given diet alone. Lipid absorption was also studied in vivo with radioactive techniques. Two groups of bile tistula rats were used. Both received diet and bile salts. In addition, one group was given phosphatidylethanolamine and the other received lecithin. Enzyme activities were moderately but significantly reduced in bile tistula rats receiving phosphatidylethanolamine. This was associated with an abnormal phospholipid composition of the microsomal membrane. Despite the changes in mucosal enzyme activity, however, no abnormality of lipid absorption was noted in bile fistula rats that received phosphatidylethanalamine. Results in this group were similar to controls and to the other bile fistula group given lecithin. In all groups, significant amounts of lecithin were recovered from the lumen of the small bowel. It is concluded that if lecithin is required for lipid absorption, it does not have to be supplied to the small bowel via the diet or in bile."
1148272,1. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the sialic acid N-acetyl neuraminic acid was measured and completely assigned. The coupling constants for interactions between protons are obtained and the assignments checked by calculating the observed line intensities. 2. It was verified that the pyranose ring exists in the 1C (1-C4) conformation as the alph-D anomer and no mutarotation was detectable. Coupling constants for the glycerol side chain were interpreted to yield its most likely conformation.
1148273,"A method is reported for the measurement of the diffusion coefficients in water of some sparingly soluble gases. The results obtained for the diffusion coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen gas through water at 25 degrees C are 2.12. 10-5 and 2.61 . 10-5 cm-2 . s-1, respectively. A check on the accuracy of the teachnique using tritiated water as the diffusing substance gave a value of 2.15 . 10-5 cm-2 . s-1 which agrees within 3% with recent values from the literature. The method was applied to the measurement of oxygen, nitrogen, and tritiated water diffusion coefficients through agarose gels and through agarose gels containing hyluronate. The results indicate that the hyaluronate had only a small effect as a barrier to the diffusion of such low molecular weight substance."
1148274,"The tensile properties of the outermost layer of skin of neonatal rats, the stratum corneum, were investigated at a constant strain rate as a function of moisture content and ambient test temperature. The results show that the mechnical behavior of this membrane, whose primary constituent is the fibrous protein keratin, can be significantly altered by variations in both the sorbed water content and ambient temperature. In particular, a brittle to ductile transition was observed at 25 degrees C once the hydration level exceeded 70% relative humidity. Similarly, an identical phenomenon was detected at temperatures beyond 40 degrees C for specimens whose equilibrium moisture concentrations were maintained at 10 g H2 O/100 g dry protein. Differential scanning calrimetry measurements showed the presence of a molecular relaxation process which migrated from 42 degrees C at 40% relative humidity to --18 degrees C at 95% relative humidity. It is postulated that this relaxation process, possibly corresponding to the glass transition of the fibrous protein component of stratum corneum, is primarily responsible for the observed behavior."
1148275,"Careful experiments on the measurement of the intensity of the deuterium NMR signal for 2-H2 O in muscle and in its distillate were performed, and they showed that all 2-H2 O muscle is ""NMR visible"". The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the water protons in the muscle and liver of mice and in egg white has been studied at six frequencies ranging from 4.5 to 6.0 MHz over the temperature range of +37 to --70 degrees C. T1 values of deuterons in 2H2 O of gastrocnemius muscle and liver of mice have been measured at three frequencies (4.5, 9.21 and 15.35 MHz) over the temperature range of +37 to --20 degrees C. Calculations on T1 for both proton and deuteron have been made and compared with the experimental data. It is suggested that the reduction of the T1 values compared to pure water and the frequency dependence of T1 are due to water molecules in the hydration layer of the macromolecules, and that the bulk of water molecules in the biological tissues and egg white undergoes relaxation like ordinary liquid water."
1148276,"During the interaction of cloacin DF13 and sensitive cells the cloacin molecules display different functions which can be distinguished on the basis of their heat-sensitivity. Binding to cell envelope receptors, binding of immunity protein and in vitro inactivation of ribosomes are heat-stable functions in contrast with the entire killing action in vivo. Cloacin DF13-immunity protein appears to be a heat-stable inhibitor of the fibosome inactivation caused by cloacin DF13."
1148277,"Pronounced changes in enzymatic patterns occur in petunia tissues when calluses are subcultured on media containing different growth substances. As judged by variations of enzymes related to primary metabolism (6-phosphogluconate and malate dehydrogenases) there are individual responses for each metabolic pathway. Concerning the enzymes of aromatic metabolism: (a) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate and p-coumarate hydroxylases and the enzyme(s) activating phenylpropanoid units vary in the same manner. (b) Chalcone-flavanone isomerase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of flavonoids, and coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase, which leads to the monomers of lignins, have, on the other hand, an independent behaviour. These responses show that the enzymes involved in the synthesis and activation of phenylpropanoid units seem to act coordinately in plants. Moreover, the data suggest that the common pathway leading to the activated cinnamic acids and the specific metabolic steps of lignin and flavonoid synthesis are regulated in a different way."
1148278,"Edeine-synthesizing polyenzymes, associated with a complex of sytoplasmic membrane and DNA, were obtained from gently lysed cells of Bacillus brevis Vm4. The polyenzymes-membrane-DNA complex, isolated from dells intensively synthesizing edeines (18--20 h culture) contained edeine B. Edeine B was found to be bound covalently t o the edeine synthetase. The amount of edeine bound to polyenzymes was 0.1--0.3 mumol/mg protein, depending on the age of cells. Detachment of deeine synthetase with a covalently bound edeine B from the membrane-DNA complex was accomplished by a treatment with (NH4)2-SO4 at 45--55% saturation or by DEAE-cellulose column fractionation. In contrast to other components of the complex, the edeine-polyenzymes fragment was not adsorbed to the DEAE-cellulose. Sephadex G-200 column chromatography separated the edeine-polyenzymes complex into 3 fractions. Edeine-polyenzymes complex, obtained from lysozyme-Brij-58-DNAase treated cells, contained edeine B bound to two protein fractions of mol. wt 210 000 and 160 000. Edeine-polyenzymes complex detached from the complex with the membrane and DNA contained  edeine B, bound only to protein fraction of mol. wt 210 000. Edeine A was not found in the edeine-polyenzymes complex. No accumulation of free antibiotics within 16--22 h old cells of B. brevis Vm4 was detected. The edeine-polyenzymes complex associated with the DNA-membrane complex has shown no antimicrobial activity. By treating of above with alkali, edeine B of specific activity: 80 units/mjmol was released. The complex of DNA-membrane associated with edeine-polyenzymes complex was able to synthesize DNA, under the conditions described for synthesis, directed by a DNA-membrane complex. Edeine when associated with this complex did not effect the DNA-synthesizing activity."
1148279,"When the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine was supplied to de-rooted radish seedings, the principal metabolites formed were the 7- and 9-glucosides. However the cytokinin activity of these glucosides was much less than that of a minor metabolite. This metabolite was purified (yield 550 mug from 40 600 seedings), identified as 6-benzylamino-3beta-D-glucopyranosylpurine and synthesized. It is the first compound with a glycosidic linkage at position 3 of a purine ring to be isolated from a plant tissue."
1148280,"Allophanate lyase can be induced by urea or acetamide 20-40-fold within 4 h in NH4 + -deprived cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. In light-synchronized cultures, allophanate lyase induction appeared to be limited to the light phase of the cell cycle, provided that culture samples were induced under ongoing illumination conditions (i.e. light induction of light phase cells and dark induction of dark phase cells). However, when culture samples were induced under constant light conditions this cell cycle pattern was abolished. Light was found to be required for allophanate lyase induction and this was shown to be due, in part, to the light requirement for inducer uptake. The relationship between allophanate lyase induction and gametogenesis is discussed."
1148281,"The effect of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on biliary bile acids has been investigated. The ratio of cholate to chenodeoxycholate was diminished by the estrogen in cholestyramine-treated rats. With low doses, this effect was due to increased excretion of chenodeoxycholate. With the highest dose, the decreased ratio was due to a reduction in the levels of cholic acid. In the intermediate dosage range, both factors contributed to the decreased ratio. Prolonged treatment with 500 mug daily of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol produced a reduction in the excretory rate of both bile acids in animals treated or not treated with cholestyramine."
1148282,"To determine the effects of glucocorticoids on sugar uptake, xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle of bilaterally adrenalectomized animals was studied. The results indicate that in vitro addition of 10-4 M hydrocortisone, dexamethasone or hydrocortisone sodium succinate had no inhibitory effect on basal xylose uptake. In the presence of both low and high medium insulin, the above steroids failed to inhibit insulin-stimulated uptake. When the concentration of hydrocortisone sodium succinate was increased to 10-2 M, insulinstimulated uptake was decreased. The results thus indicate that glucocorticoids at concentrations observed under physiological or pathological conditions do not inhibit basal or insulin-stimulated sugar uptake."
1148283,"Dinitrophenylated reconstituted or natural actomyosin effected changes in the Ca2+ sensitivity which were dependent upon the ionic strength of the reaction medium. Dinitrophenylation of reconstituted actomyosin in 0.6 M KCl led to the incorporation of 2-6 mol of the reagent per 5-10(5) g of protein and it possessed considerable Ca2+ sensitivity. Dinitrophenylated natural actomyosin under the same conditions lost most of its Ca2+ sensitivity when 1.3-5.4 mol of the dinitrophenyl group were bound. The myosin from these modified actomyosins did not lose Ca2+ sensitivity and the myosin was labeled only with 0.4-1.7 mol of the dinitrophenyl group. Dinitrophenylation of both kinds of actomyosin in 0.06 M KCl abolished the Ca2+ sensitivity; the myosin from the modified actomyosins also lost Ca2+ sensitivity. Myosin alone was more susceptible to a loss of Ca2+ sensitivity than myosin in actomyosin. Actin protected the ability of myosin to sense Ca2+ regulated actin in modified actomyosin at 0.6 M KCl but not at 0.06 M KCl. Actomyosin dinitrophenylated in the presence of ATP lost Ca2+ sensitivity. However, the myosin from this actomyosin possessed Ca2+ sensitivity. Thiolysis of the dinitrophenylated actomyosin by 2-mercaptoethanol at low ionic strength did not restore the Ca2+ sensitivity of this actomyosin or its myosin although there was a significant loss of the dinitrophenyl group."
1148284,"The relationship between histones F 2al and F 2a2 becomes much more apparent if the alignment is not made between the total sequences but between the ancestral A peptide, reconstructed earlier for histone F 2al (IV) and F 2a2. 46.5% of the latter's sequence can thus be clearly connected with F 2al through this ancestral dodecapeptide. A parallel development of histones F 2al, F 2a2 and F 3 from the A peptide is proposed."
1148285,"The absorption of [3H]oestradiol-17beta from its aqueous solutions has been measured in the range 0-10mug/ml. It is found that the first adsorbed molecules are parallel to the interface and occupy 100 A2. Those adsorbed in the range 6-10 mug/ml occupy 21 A2. They are presumably associated. When the adsorption occurs in the presence of a synthetic lecithin monolayer, the molecular area is equal to 16 A2. Surface tension measurements of the solutions of oestradiol-17beta and a parallel study of their fluorescence have been performed. No association of the hormone molecules has been observed in bulk. It is concluded that surfaces and liquid monolayers may favour molecular association of the oestradiol-17beta."
1148286,"The Michaelis-Menten kinetics of blood-brain barrier transport of fourteen amino acids was investigated with a tissue-sampling, single-injection technique in the anesthetized rat. Tracer quantities of 14C-labelled amino acids and 3H2O, used as a freely diffusible internal reference, were mixed in 0.2 ml of buffered Ringer's solution and injected rapidly into a common carotid artery. Circulation was terminated by decapitation at 15s following injection. A brain uptake index (Ib) was determined from the ratio of 14C dpm in the brain tissue and the injection mixture divided by the same ratio for the 3H2O reference. Brain clearance of tracer concentration of amino acid was saturable when various concentrations of unlabeled amino acid were added to the injection solution. Double reciprocal plots of the saturation data yielded Km (mM) values that ranged from a low of 0.09 mM for arginine to a high of 0.75 mM for cycloleucine. Transport V values were determined from the relationship P = V/Km where P is the blood-brain barrier permeability constant (ml/g per min): P was calculated from the Ib for each amino acid based on a cerebral blood flow of 0.56 ml/g per min and a fractional extraction of 0.75 for the 3H2O reference 15s following carotid injection. The V values ranged from a low of 6.2 nmol/g per min for lysine to a high of 64 nmol/g per min for l-DOPA. Efflux of the tracer amino acid during the 15-s period after injection was assumed to be slow, since the rate constant of cycloleucine from brain to blood was low, 0.11 min-1."
1148287,"Passive electrical characteristics of perfused squid axon membrane are investigated. In a previous publication, we reported that the capacitance of intact squid axon membrane is partly frequency dependent. We extended the same measurement to perfused axons. We found that the electrical characteristics of perfused axon membrane are essentially the same as those of intact axons. In this work, we investigated the effects of phospholipase A and pronase on the membrane capacitance. Phospholipase A is known to block the sodium activation and pronase to eliminate the sodium inactivation. Phospholipase A is found to increase the frequency dependent as well as the frequency independent capacitances. Our tentative conclusion is that this enzyme perturbs the lipid structure and decreases its thickness. Pronase is found to increase the frequency dependent capacitance slightly while the capacitance  of the lipid layer remains unaltered. Although voltage clamp data indicate that the pronase disrupts the excitatory mechanism extensively, this enzyme has relatively little effect on the overall membrane capacitance."
1148288,"1. Intestinal brush border enzymes have heterogeneous rates of turnover, the largest proteins having the fastest turnover. Since the membrane faces the intestinal lumen, the effects of pancreatic factors were examined in mediating this turnover. Surgical subtotal pancreatectomy was used as an experimental model to study the turnover of brush border proteins in the absence of most pancreatic secretions. 2. Subtotal (95%) pancreatectomy of rats was found to cause elevations by about 50% of total activity and specific activities of certain brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase), but not of others (alkaline phosphatase, trehalase). Rats were judged to be functionally deficient in pancreatic proteolytic enzymes (a) by demonstration of vitamin B-12 malabsorption, which was corrected by trypsin, and (b) by the finding of only about 20% of proteolytic activity appearing in the lumen after a test meal when compared to control. 3. To measure protein turnover in vivo the method of double labelling was used, where [3H]- and [14C]valine were administered intraduodenally in sequence 10 h apart. With this technique, a high 3H/14C ratio is correlated with rapid turnover. Proteins with apparent molecular weights of about 200 000-270 000 were found to turn over more rapidly than smaller proteins. 3H/14C ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 in animals without pancreatic insufficiency. In the face of decreased pancreatic proteolysis, the 3H/14C ratio was 2.3-3.1, similar to that of proteins with a slow half life. 4. Estimates of relative synthetic rates of large brush border proteins were lower than normal in pancreatectomized animals, but were constant over the period of the labelling experiment. The high enzyme levels in the face of lower synthetic rates confirms that, at the new steady rate, degradation rates must be slower for large brush border proteins in pancreatic insufficiency. 5. In vitro, using purified brush borders, unfractionated pancreatic enzymes were found to remove sucrase, maltase and lactase, but not alkaline phosphatase and trehalase. The enzyme most potent in this respect was the pancreatic protease, elastase. Non-proteolytic enzymes (amylase, lipase, phospholipase A) were inactive in removing enzyme from the brush border. The addition of elastase to pancreatectomized animals in vivo restored the rapid turnover rate of large brush border proteins. 6. A model is thus proposed for the normal catabolism of some large intestinal brush border proteins. It is suggested that the surface of intestinal absorptive cells is being constantly remodelled, and that certain surface enzymes are in part removed from the membrane by the action of pancreatic proteases. A possible special role for elastase is suggested."
1148289,"By means of the Kedem-Katchalsky thermodynamic description of active transport, a relationship has been derived between the apparent reflection coefficient and the Staverman reflection coefficient for passive transport of a solute which is both actively and passively transported. The relationship between volumetric flow and its driving forces, containing the Staverman reflection coefficient, was tested for sodium chloride in rabbit gall bladder and the reflection coefficient was evaluated."
1148316,"Carbonyl stretching frequencies of acyl groups conjugated with porphyrin rings are useful probes of the effective electronegativities of corrdinated iron atoms in iron porphyrins. Acetyl carbonyl stretching frequencies for 2,4-diacetyldeuteroporphyrin IX dimethyl ester derivatives exhibit both metal oxidation state and axial ligand effects. Infrared spectra of chloroform and pyridine solutions, corrected for solvation, showed the sequences of acetyl carbonyl stretching frequencies: dipyridine iron(II) less than mu-oxo bisiron(III) less than bromo iron(III) approximately equal to chloro iron(III) and dipyridine nickel(II) less than nickel(II). Applications of the probe to the study of hemeproteins are indicated."
1148321,"Lipase has been isolated from sheep pancreas. The lipoprotein complex formed in pancreas homogenates by the enzyme and endogenous lipids is split by treatment with acetone. Lipase is further purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight and the amino-acid composition of ovine lipase are very similar to that of the porcine and bovine enzymes. As previously found in bovine lipase, no carbohydrate is covalently bound to the polypeptide chain which has a N-terminal residue of lysine. The study of the catalytic properties of ovine pancreatic lipase indicates that the enzyme is fully activated by colipase from various species in the presence of conjugated bile salt micellar solutions."
1148322,"Hemoglobin chain synthesis during leukemic processes has been studied on patients having fetal hemoglobin. All cases showed the following abnormalities : (1) a relatively increased synthesis of the beta chain ; (2) an important increase of the free dimeric precursors pool, with, most of the time, a predominance of alpha chain. If the first point suggests an alpha-thalassemia feature, the presence of free alpha chains shows evidence for a more complex mechanism not only due to a decrease of messenger RNA. The hypothesis of a clonal disorder could neither be demonstrated nor ruled out. The observed abnormalities could be due to a defect in a alpha chain depending regulation mechanism."
1148325,"1. In vivo this investigation was carried out in order to compare the incorporation into rat lipids of free [1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine and CMP-[1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine which is the precursor in phosphonolipid biosynthesis. 2. The incorporation of the radioactivity from CMP-[1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine took place more rapidly than that from free [1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine in both liver and kidney. The amount of radioactivity from the CMP-[1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine incorporated into total liver lipids was about 5 times higher than that incorporated into total liver lipids of rat two hrs after injecting free-[1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine. 3. The amount of [1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine incorporated into total liver lipids was 15 and 21 times higher than that incorporated into total kidney lipids of rat two and four hrs after injecting free [1,2-minus 14C]-ciliatine. 4. If the main pathway for the phosphonolipid biosynthesis is via CMP-ciliatine, the rate of phosphonolipid formation from CMP-ciliatine must therefore be higher than that from free-ciliatine. The results obtained here indicate therefore that the main pathway for phosphonolipid biosynthesis is a pathway involving CMP-ciliatine. 5. An unknow compound was detected in the water soluble fraction of the acid hydrolyzate of liver phosphonolipids. This material migrated with the N-trimethyl-derivative of ciliatine on the thin-layer chromatogram. The result shows that there is therefore a possibility of methylation of exogenous ciliatine to the phosphonate analogue of choline in the mammalian body."
1148326,"The kinetics of compound II formation, obtained upon mixing a highly purified horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide, was spectrophotometrically studied at three wavelengths in the absence of an added reducing agent. Our experiments confirm George's finding that more than one mole of compound II is formed per mole of hydrogen peroxide added. The new mechanism that we propose, contrary to the mechanism of George, is only valid when compound II is obtained in the absence of an added donor. Moreover, it is not inconsistent with the classical Chance mechanism of oxidation of an added donor by the system peroxidase -- hydrogen peroxide. According to this new mechanism, in the absence of an added donor, compound II formation involved two pathways. The first pathway is the monomolecular reduction of compound I by the endogenous donor, and the second pathway is the formation of two moles of compound II through the oxidoreduction reaction between one mole of peroxidase and one mole of compound I."
1148327,"Liver ribosomes and subunits were reacted with increasing concentrations of 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone. At low reagent concentrations (0.3 mM), the molar uptake by 60S subunits was more efficient than the uptake by 40S subunits, and the amount of reagent bound to 80S ribosomes was less than that bound to both free subunits considered together. At higher reagent concentrations, the molar uptake of both subunits was equivalent. Subunits and ribosomes remained fully active when reacted with up to 0.3 mM and 1 mM of the reagent, respectively. With 2 mM of the reagent, both subunits were half inactivated, although their sedimentation characteristics were unaltered. The reactivity of each ribosomal protein was assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantitative measurement of the unmodified proteins. From these results, considered together with the uptake characteristics and the inactivation curves, a number of tentative conclusions about ribosome topography can be drawn. The over-all sensitivity of the 60S subunits to the reagent is higher than that of the 40S subunits. Both subunits undergo a conformational change when they combine to form 80S ribosomes. Proteins S18, S20, S28 and L5, L9, L11, L15, L16, L25, L29, L30, L31, L34, L37 have NH2 groups exposed in native subunits. These groups are not essential for subunit function."
1148328,"The increase above normal in the rate of synthesis of human fetal hemoglobin in incubated cells from adults, as observed previously, is only relative. The addition of serum to the incubation medium tends to reestablish the normal ratio of rates. In the absence of serum the decrease in rates of synthesis affects most strongly the hemoglobin component, whichever it be, that is synthesized more intensively at the cell stage under consideration. This is brought out by the comparison of the effects of different media on fetal and adult cells. The data lead to the definition of the concept of stenogenic and eurygenic states of differentiation."
1148333,"The temperature jump relaxation technique is a convenient and general means of studying rapid reversible reactions of biological macromolecules. Recent advances in automatic data acquisition and the introduction of different optical detection systems will soon allow us to exploit the full potential of kinetic measurements near equilibrium. On the other hand, the kinetic approach can be quite limited if not accompanied by detailed structural and thermodynamic studies. Finally, we must accept the fact that one can rarely demonstrate a reaction mechanism to the exclusion of all plausible alternative models."
1148335,"The active sites of enzymes can be studied in great detail using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The determination of pKa values of active site histidine residues in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease and the characterization of the binding of peptide hormones to carrier proteins are two such examples. The study of the active site of staphylococcal nuclease is another example and is presented in detail in this paper. The structure of 3'5'-thymidine diphosphate bound in the active site of staphylococcal nuclease has been studied by measuring the relaxation rate enhancement of substrate analog nuclei by a paramagnetic metal ion. The lanthanide ion, Gd(III), was substituted for Ca(II) in the formation of the ternary complex of nuclease: Gd(III) : 3'5'-thymidine diphosphate. Measurements were made of the transverse relaxation rates of protons and the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the phosphorus nuclei of bound nucleotide. Internuclear distances between the metal ion and atoms of the 3'5'-thymidine diphosphate nucleotide were determined from these data by using the Solomon-Bloembergen equation. In general, these distances corresponded closely to those determined by previous X-ray crystallography of the thymidine diphosphate complex. These internuclear distances were also used with a computer program and graphics display to solve for metal : nucleotide geometries which were consistent with the experimental data. A geometry similar to the structure of the metal : nucleotide complex bound to nuclease determined by X-ray analysis was one of the solutions to this computer modeling process. For staphylococcal nuclease the NMR and X-ray methods yield compatible high resolution information about the structure of the active site."
1148338,"Increased concentrations  of phenylalanine were found in blood specimens from pregnant women who were heterozygous for phenylketonuria, but the concentration differences between normal controls, nonpregnant heterozygous, and pregnant heterozygous, and pregnant heterozygous women were small. Phenylalanine concentrations in cord blood were in the same range as in maternal blood at time of delivery. Phenylalanie concentrations in the carrier do not rise sufficiently during pregnancy to harm the infant in utero."
1148339,"Investigations have been made into the activity of the lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme in the formation of the cholesteryl esters in the plasma of the newborn lamb. Although LCAT activity is present in the plasma immediately after birth, within 24 h a large increase in the activity of the LCAT system occurs. This increase in LCAT activity during the first 24 h after birth is associated with increased concentrations of lipid substrates in the plasma. However, evidence is provided to show that severe inhibition occurs in the relative efficiency with which the LCAT mechanism operates in the plasma of the lamb immediately after birth."
1148340,"Normal standards were defined in term and preterm infants on precise days of the neonatal period for the following serum enzymes: creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), diphosphofructoaldolase (ALD), glutamic-oxalacetic (SGOT) transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), CPK values have reached adult standards at 10 days of life. This permits early diagnosis of muscular dystropy, especially the Duchenne form. LDH and ALD are still high at the 10th day of life. Low SGOT and SGPT levels encountered in premature infants is probably due to immaturity of enzyme synthesis in this group of children."
1148341,"30 serum samples from premature and newborn infants with non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia were analyzed to prove the accuracy of determination of albumin binding capacity for bilirubin. The salicylate method of Odell was used to determine the saturation index of albumin indicated by a decrease in optical density through displaced bilirubin. Bilirubin is stoichometrically displaced from albumin by the addition of salicylate. The values of the sautration index correspond to free binding sites. Analysis of our data demonstrated that there is no direct correlation between the saturation index (SI) and total serum bilirubin/albumin concentration quotient. Methodical errors, problems in statistics and other theoretical concepts are discussed. The salicylate method is not suitable for accurate determination of albumin binding capacity for bilirubin."
1148342,"7,773 placentae of newborns were analyzed in order to test a hypothesis of specific immunological concepto-maternal interactions due to maleness and occurring during normal pregnancy. An association between placental weight of newborn male and the sex of conceptuses of previous pregnancies was found which supports the hypothesis. No such an association was found for female newborn. The confirmation of these results could open new avenues in the study of sex-differential survival of the conceptus throughout gestation."
1148343,"U- -14-C-L-lactate injected into the fetal rat in utero during the last period of pregnancy (3 days before birth) could be detected in the maternal circulation. The label in the blood sampled from the uterine vein was present in L-lactate for 90% or more. Determination of the fetal lactate pool, estimation of the total amount of labeled L-lactate transported to the mother animal and the assumption that during the time course of label transport the ratio of integrated amount of 14-C-lactate sampled over the total amount of transported labeled lactate was constant, permitted calculation of the rate of lactate transport. Values of about 275 nmoles/min/g fetal tissue were found. In case of 40 g fetal tissue (10 fetuses 1 day before birth) about 11 mumoles lactate/min must be taken up by the mother. Reoxidation of cytoplasmic NAD+ in fetal rat cells is mainly effectuated by reduction of pyruvate into L-lactate."
1148344,"Changes in steady state minute ventilation, tidal volume and frequency were determined in unanesthetized lambs before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy while breathing 3, 6, and 9% CO2 in 20% O2 balance N2. The slope of delta VE/delta PaCO2 fell from 0.068 to 0.033 while frequency response depended on intact vagi. Electrical stimulation of the cut proximal vagus (after bilateral vagotomy) restored CO2 responsiveness to control values. From these observations, it may be concluded that the afferent vagus is involved in the control of ventilation during hypercapnia and helps to modulate ventilatory frequency by inhibiting tidal volume."
1148345,"The ability of newborn and adult rats to eliminate p-aminohippuric acid and inulin from plasma was determined. The pattern of development is similar to that observed in vitro using renal cortical slices. The fact that function increases to a peak and then declines over the developmental period while organ weight and histology mature progressively suggests a divergence of functional and antomical maturation. Inulin elimination, unlike PAH, increased over the ages tested, and is apparently more closely related to organ growth."
1148346,"GAP activity was studied in 40 newborns, from the first to the sixth day of life after normal pregnancy and labor. Evaluation of GAP activity was performed in stained blood smears by the method of Kaplow. The results of this study indicate, that GAP activity on the first day of life was higher (121.0 +/- 16.7 GAP score) than on the sixth day (68.6 +/- 12.0 GAP score). The authors, discussing the possible cause of the increased alkaline phosphatase activity in granulocytes during the first day of life, cannot exclude the possibility that the GAP activity is influenced by estrogens of maternal origin."
1148347,"The electrophoretic mobilities of fetal and adult red blood cells have been examined. The mean mobility values for intact fetal and adult erythrocytes were the same, and there was no difference in mobility between the fetal and adult red blood cells treated with neuraminidase. However, a significant difference was observed after trypsin digestion. This may be due to a difference in composition between the fetal and adult red cell membranes."
1148348,Evidence  is presented that fetal red cell membranes differ from membranes of their dams in isoantigenic and lectin reactivities. Evidence for nonsimultaneous development of 'adult' antigenic factors is extended. It is proposed that 'adult' phenogroups develop from replacement or displacement of factors in 'fetal' phenogroups.
1148349,"Fetal rabbits were obtained by Caesarian section from 28-day pregnant does which had been fasted for 48 h (days 26-28). Organ weights, fat contents and blood metabolite levels were compared with a group obtained in a similar manner from non-fasted does. Similar data were obtained for term fetuses (31 days) born by natural delivery. In 28-day pregnant, fasted does, blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol were doubled compared with non-fasted controls. Fetal levels showed a similar increase. Both groups of fetuses from fasted does had increased fat stores both in the liver and adipose tissue. The overall increase in fat stores was 80-100%. It is suggested that during maternal fasting increased amounts of maternal FFA cross the placenta into the fetal circulation and are incorporated into the fetal fat stores."
1148350,The ratio of valine/glycine was measured in the umbilical cord blood of 213 newborn infants of singleton pregnancies. The results obtained in small-for-data and preterm infants are compared with those in normal-term infants. A parallel assessment was made of the valine/glycine ratio in venous blood of the mothers of all these infants. An abnormally high rate was found in a small number of infants and also in a few mothers. There did not appear to be any association between these abnormal results and intra-uterine growth retardation.
1148351,"Twenty exchange transfusions for hyperbilirubinaemia were performed via the umbilical vein or artery in 17 term and pre-term infants. Blood preserved with acid citrate and dextrose was used and the effect of the route of transfusion on plasma glucose, free fatty acid, insulin and growth hormone (GH) concentrations was measured during the transfusion and for 3 h afterwards. Infants transfused via the umbilical vein secreted more insulin than those transfused via the artery although both groups had similar rises in plasma glucose. After transfusion, glucose disappearance was faster and minimum plasma glucose levels were lower in infants transfused via the vein. This group had a smaller fall in plasma free fatty acids during transfusion, but otherwise plasma free fatty acid levels were similar in both groups. More GH was secreted by infants transfused via the artery resulting in higher plasma levels during and after transfusion."
1148352,"(1) Fetal rabbits of different gestational ages (20-29 days) were obtained by Caesarian section and term rabbits (31 days) by natural delivery. After dissection, organ weights were obtained and growth curves drawn. Brown adipose tissue was first visible at 22 days gestation and increased relatively more quickly than the body weight till day 26 after which it formed a constant percentage of the body weight. Growth of white adipose tissue followed a similar pattern, except that it was not visible until day 24. (2) The percentage triglyceride content of both types of adipose tissue increased throughout the latter part of gestation. (3) Fetuses of low birth weight had depressed fat stores in brown adipose tissue. (4) Some, but not all, of the high birth weight fetuses had relatively enlarged fat stores. (5) It is suggested that the conditions which produce fetuses of unusually low or high birth weight tend to have a greater corresponding effect on the fetal fat stores."
1148353,"After administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG; 500 IU/kg intramuscularly), the blood concentration of free fatty acids increases within 30 min in 1-day-old full-term, premature and small-for-data newborns. This effect does not appear in 1-day-old newborns of diabetic mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes, in 7-day-old newborns nor in adults. Glucose concentration rises in all groups of newborns, and no effect is observed in adults. In the in vitro study, HCG increases lipolysis in newborns' adipose tissue. This effect was not observed in adults."
1148354,"The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in human adipose tissue (AT) of newborns aged 0-2 and 2-48 h, of 3- to 5-month-old infants and of adults. AT was sampled by means of a special needle from the gluteal region without anesthesia. We observed significantly higher activity of the two pentose phosphate shunt enzymes when calculated on protein content and wet weight basis in newborns as compared to infants and adults. There were no differences for PK and LDH between newborns and adults when the values were calculated for the soluble protein. The protein concentration of the AT decreased significantly during the development."
1148355,"Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity was studied in 50 women at delivery and in the newborn after delivery. The following findings were observed: (1) the LAP activity of newborns is lower than that of the mothers; (2) significant decrease in the LAP activity has been observed in newborns on the 4th day after delivery; (3) there are no significant differences between newborns from normal and prolonged labor; (4) immediately after delivery the LAP scores of male newborns are lower than those of females, but 4 days later these scores were reversed, and (5) 4 days after delivery, the LAP scores do correlate to the weight of the newborn."
1148356,"A technique of on-line identification of linear system characteristics from sensory systems with spike train or analog voltage outputs was developed and applied to the semicircular canal. A pseudorandom binary white noise input was cross-correlated with the system's output to produce estimates of linear system unit impulse responses (UIRs), which were then corrected for response errors of the input transducers. The effects of variability in the system response characteristics and sensitivity were studied by employing the technique with known linear analog circuits. First-order unit afferent responses from the guitarfish horizontal semicircular canal were cross-correlated with white noise rotational acceleration inputs to produce non-parametric UIR models. In addition, the UIRs were fitted by nonlinear regression to truncated exponential series to produce parametric models in the form of low-order linear system equations. The experimental responses to the white noise input were then compared with those predicted from the UIR models linear convolution, and the differences were expressed as a percent mean-square-error (%MSE). The average difference found from a population of 62 semicircular canal afferents was relatively low mean and standard deviation of 10.2 +/- 5.9 SD%MSE, respectively. This suggests that relatively accurate inferences can be made concerning the physiology of the semicircular canal from the linear characteristics of afferent responses."
1148357,"The nonelectrolyte (Js) and volume (Jv) flux across a membrane is usually described in terms of two equations derived from the theory of irreversible thermodynamics: (see article) where delta c and delta P are the concentration and pressure difference; omega and Lp are the diffuse and hydraulic permeability; and sigma s and sigma v are the reflection coefficients. If Onsager's reciprocity postulate is assumed, it can be shown that signa s and sigma v are equal. This is an important assumption because it allows one to apply the continuum theory relationship between sigma s and the pore radius to experimental measurements of sigma v. In this paper, general continuum expressions for both the Jv (a new result) and Js equation will be derived and the equality of sigma s and sigma v proved. The proof uses only general hydrodynamic results and does not require explicit solutions for the drag coefficients or, for example, the assumption that the solute is in the center of the pore. The proof applys to arbitrarily shaped solutes and any pore whose shape is independent of axial position (uniform). In addition, new expressions for the functional dependence of omega and sigma on the pore radius are derived (including the effect of the particle lying off the pore axis). These expressions differ slightly from earlier results and are probably more accurate."
1148358,"A general continuum derivation of the nonelectrolyte (Js) and volume (Jv) flux through a pore whose cross section is a function of axial position (nonuniform) is given. In general, the flux equations cannot be reduced to the same form as for a uniform pore and it is not possible to characterize the pore kinetics by three constants as in the uniform pore case. However, it is shown that under certain conditions, the nonuniform pore equations can be approximated by the uniform pore form and can be characterized by three constants (omega, sigma, Lp). The only condition needed to reduce the Jv equation to the uniform form is that the solution be dilute. The deviation of the Js equation from the uniform form is characterized by an asymmetrical function of Jv whose maximum value is estimated. It is shown that the maximum posible fractional deviation of the Js equation from the uniform form is given by the parameter: 0:5sigmaJv/omegaRT. Since this parameter is less then 0.15 for most membrane studies, the nonuniform Js equation can usually be approximated by the uniform pore form. The general results are illustrated by explicit calculations on several models of nonuniform pores. It is shown, for example, that the ""equivalent pore radius"" defined in the usual way is a function of the experimental parameter that is measured and is not unique."
1148359,"Interferometric measurements of bovine bone and tendon show that the values of the piezoelectric strain constant d14 decrease with hydration from the dry values of 0.2 X 10(-14) and 2.0 X 10(-14) m/V, respectively. The decrease of piezoelectricity in tendon is exponential with a characteristic hydration of 7% by weight from which an upper limit of the average molecular weight of the responsible electric dipole moments is deduced. The piezoelectricity in bone decreases relatively slowly with hydration indicating that the electric dipoles in bone collagen are subject to a different cancelling mechanism."
1148360,"In this paper we explore the properties of a mathematical model for the passive sodium permeability system of excitable membranes. This model is distinguished by the explicit inclusion of a rate constant which depends not on instantaneous voltage, but on rate of voltage change. Actually, the model is a rather modest modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley model, but displays some behaviors which the H-H model does not. Among these behaviors are a pronounced inactivation shift (for certain parameter values), a difference between inactivation time constant as measured by turning off a sodium current under sustained depolarization and as measured by double pulse experiments, skip runs under sustained current stimulation, and accommodation to slowing rising currents."
1148361,"Frictional models for membrane transport are tested experimentally and theoretically for the simple case of a solution consisting of a mixture of two perfect gases and a membrane consisting of a porous graphite septum. Serious disagreement is found, which is traced to a missing viscous term. Kinetic theory is then used as a guide in formulating a corrected set of transport equations, and in giving a physical interpretation to the frictional coefficients. Sieving effects are found to be attributable to entrance effects rather than to true frictional effects within the body of the membrane. The results are shown to be compatible with nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Some correlations and predictions are made of the behavior of various transport coefficients for general solutions."
1148364,"Tetraphenylborate-induced current transients were studied in lipid bilayers formed from bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine in decane. This ion movement was essentially confined to the membrane in terior during the current transients. Charge movement through the interior of the membrane during the current transients was studied as a function of the applied potential. The transferred charge approached an upper limit with increasing potential, which is interpreted to be the amount of charge due to tetraphenylborate ions absorbed into the boundary regions of the bilayer. A further analysis of the charge transfer as a function of potential indicates that the movement of tetraphenylborate ions is only influenced by a certain farction of the applied potential. For bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers the effective potential is 77 +/- 4% of the applied potential. The initial conductance and the time constant of the current transients were studied as a function of the applied potential using a Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion regime. It was found that an image-force potential energy barrier gave a good prediction of the observed behavior, provided that the effective potential was used in the calculations. We could not get a satisfactory prediction of the observed behavior with an Eyring rate theory model or a trapezoidal potential energy barrier."
1148368,"A simple theoretical model for a class of oscillating chemical reactions is investigated, which is inspired by Degn's analysis of the mechanism of Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions. Although the model involves only one auto-catalytic path, as distinct from models presented hitherto, a limit-cycle behaviour is found for the concentrations, corresponding to a definite region in the space of controllable parameters. Characteristics of the coherent oscillations are investigated together with the behaviour in the induction period. The critical slowing-down around the onset of instability is shown to behave very much like that found in the equilibrium phase transition. The existence of an ""anti-Curie"" point is found as well as the Curie point, corresponding to the fact that the domain for sustained oscillation is closed in certain directions. Possible extensions of the model and ways of improving the theory are discussed."
1148369,"We measured the fluorescence decay under polarized light, of ethidium bromide bound to the poly d(A-T) isolated from Cancer Pagurus. The decay of the whole fluorescence is a single exponential function revealing a good homogeneity of the binding sites. The anisotropy decay due to energy transfers between the ethidium bromide molecules bound to a same poly d(A-T) molecule has been analysed, with a Monte Carlo calculation. We found the dye unwinds the poly d(A-T) duplex by an angle of 17 degrees plus or minus 2 degrees. This result is in agreement with the value previously found in the case of calf thymus DNA-ethidium bromide complex, although the base compositions of the two nucleic acids are different."
1148370,"It is demonstrated that a reasonably general model for single-file passage of solvent through an ultra-narrow pore implies the equality of tracer diffusion and osmotic flow. This result is not trival, but follows from the exactly compensating effects of solvent-solvent interaction on the paritioning of bulk solvent into the pore and on the diffusion rate within the pore. A previous calculation of Longuet-Higgins and Austin is seen to be valid only in the absence of interactions among solvent molecules in the pore."
1148371,"A novel procedure to evaluate equilibrium constants from sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium data of analytical ultracentrifuge runs is proposed. It is shown that, by comparison of a reacting mixture at chemical equilibrium with a non-reacting but equally composed one, the sum of the mean concentrations of the reaction products can immediately be taken from optical absorption or from interferometric measurements. In most but not in all cases the use of stacked double-sector centerpieces is required."
1148372,A series solution is given for the differential equation describing the transport of a reversibly reacting substance in an infinite rectangular cell. The concentration dependence of the constituent transport coefficients has been approximated by polynomials. The solution converges for short time (t is less than 1 h). Several features of the leading and trailing boundary of monomer-trimer and monomer-dimer-trimer systems are discussed.
1148373,"Theory is presented in relation to sedimentation equilibrium results obtained with polymerizing systems, which permits evaluation of the activity of the monomer as a function of total weight concentration. In contrast to established methods, the suggested procedure does not involve the solution of simultaneous equations which are sums of exponentials or the determination of weight-average molecular weights. A major advantage of the method is that it avoids errors inherent in differentiation and integration steps. An extrapolation to infinite filution is involved, but this is to a defined limit and is uncomplicated by the existence of critical points in the relevant plot. The method is capable of detecting possible volume changes inherent on polymer formation, of treating systems where activity coefficients of solute species are functions of total concentration and of describing the system in terms of relevant equilibrium constants. These points and comparisons with existing methods of analysis are illustrated with numerical examples and with results obtained with lysozyme at pH 6.7. The lysozyme results are interpretable in terms of either a non-ideal monomer-dimer system or a monomer-dimer-trimer system."
1148375,Deficiency of red cell and lymphocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) was found in children suffering from congenital combined immunologic deficiency. The parents had ADA levels intermediate between patients and controls. Complete lack of ADA activity was not found in normal subjects or in patients with a variety of other immunologic deficiency diseases.
1148376,"The recently discovered association of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency and combined immune deficiency (CID) has emphasized the critical role of purine salvage in the function of lymphoid tissue. Known enzymatic properties of ADA are presented. In addition, known phenotypic data and possible genetic mechanisms for the occurrence of ADA deficiency in CID are discussed. A hypothesis based on considerations of known metabolic pathways in human erythrocytes is proposed to account for the selectivity of ADA deficiency for lymphoid tissue. Finally, some inhibitors of ADA are discussed as well as some immunosuppressive agents."
1148379,"Studies of IgE deficiency and IgE levels in selective IgA deficiency and ataxia-telangiectasia are reviewed. Isolated IgE deficiency and combined IgE-IgA deficiency do not predispose individuals to recurrent respiratory tract disease. In contrast, IgA-deficient patients with normal or elevated levels of IgE frequently have recurrent respiratory infections. Although IgE deficiency and combined IgE-IgA deficiency occur frequently in ataxia-telangiectasia, these deficiences do not appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of sinopulmonary disease in these patients. These observations are discussed in relation to recent evidence concerning the regulation of the IgE-antibody response."
1148381,"Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is frequently encountered in patients with defective defense mechanisms. The incidence of GI disease and the structure and function of the GI tract have been studied systematically in 41 patients with immunodeficiency syndromes (IDS) and in 9 patients with chronic granulomatous diesase (CGD). Giardia lamblia was a major cause of GI disease in patients with IDS. Eradication of the parasite resulted in disappearance of symptoms and malabsorption, and normalization of the villus architecture. Six of 9 patients with CGD had either GI symptoms or malabsorption or both. Typical histologic changes were found in the small intestinal and rectal mucosa of all patients biopsied."
1148382,"Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is a disease characterized by villous atrophy related to the ingestion of wheat protein, gluten. In the present series of studies it was shown that gluten ingestion in affected patients is promptly followed by a local immune reaction involving the production of antigluten antibodies. An in vitro model of gluten enteropathy involving the organ culture of biopsy tissue has been developed which has led to the conclusion that gluten is not directly toxic to the gastrointestional mucosa but, instead, brings about tissue damage through the activation of an endogenous mechanism, presumably the immune system. An additional insight into the pathogenesis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy is afforded by the fact that some 90% of patients carry the HL-A8 histocompatibility type. This may be a marker for the presence of an abnormal immune response gene or may determine the presence of abnormal gluten-protein receptor sites on epithelial cells. Either of these abnormalities could result in a propensity to respond immunologically to gluten, with destructive consequences."
1148383,"The immunodeficiency in Hodgkin disease is characterized by a defect in cell-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reported that delayed hypersensitivity responses (DHR) are normal in untreated patients with early disease. The present study evaluated the DHR of 218 untreated patients using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and a battery of intradermal antigens. The results confirm an immune deficiency in early stages which is not an all-or-none phenomenon and may be unmasked by using lower concentrations of antigens."
1148385,"A standard antigen to assess humoral responses is needed for the immunodeficiency syndromes. Bacteriophage phiChi 174 is the best available antigen. Large, standardized batches can be prepared, stored and distributed; samples for assay can be transported by mail. We have systematically studied the immune response to this antigen in over 200 persons, including 49 immunodeficiency patients. Phage provides consistent delineation of humoral responses in primary immunodeficiency diseases."
1148386,"An infant with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was found to have no evidence of thymus by radiologic examinations, including pneumomediastinum. Immunoglobulin concentrations were normal but there was clear evidence of inadequate cellular immunity including gradually developing lymphopenia. The infant suffered recurrent diarrhea and pneumonia, chronic rhinorrhea and moniliasis. At age 7 months fetal thymic tissue was implanted in the rectus abdominis muscle. There was immediate increase in lymphocyte counts which have remained normal on most determinations. Other aspects of immunologic function were restored and remain intact. The child, now 6 years of age, although mentally retarded, has no unusual infections. Immunologic reconstitution was thus achieved by transplant of fetal thymus."
1148389,"Mice homozygous for the autosomal mutation nude suffer from thymic dysgenesis, hairlessness and abnormal development of gonads and salivary glands. Their immunologic and reproductive defects can be overcome by grafts of whole thymus or thymic epithelium. Thymic replacement does not prevent or reverse the lack of hair growth. Skin from nude mice grafted to histocompatible or immune-suppressed phenotypically normal mice does not grow hair. Conversely, normal skin, successfully grafted to nude mice, maintains hair growth. Thus, the hairlessness of the nude mouse is not a secondary result of thymic dysgenesis; rather, it appears that thymus and skin have a single common defect."
1148390,"The role of the several pathways of complement activation in mediating a number of the biologic activities of complement has been examined in an animal model, the C4-deficient guinea pig. It has been shown that the presence of an intact classic pathway (C1, 4, 2) is requisite for damage of antibody-sensitized mammalian cell membranes and for the development of thrombocytopenia and the hypercoagulable state following in vivo endotoxin administration. Both the classic and alternate pathways participate in defense against the lethal effects of endotoxin, in opsonization and lysis of bacteria and in mediation of the events of inflammation."
1148391,Several little-emphasized manifestations of familial chronic granulomatous disease are considered: destructive chorioretinal lesions may be as constant as the pigmented histiocytosis seen in reticuloendothelial organs and could be related to a defect in the phagocytic activity of the retinal pigment epithelium; pigmented histiocytes with the staining characteristics of sea-blue histiocytes may be present in the bone marrow; patients may present with lesions resembling eosinophilic granuloma. Also discussed are some observations related to the sequestration of bacteria within phagocytic cells and the use of continuous antimicrobial therapy.
1148392,"Cation permeability and lipid composition have been studied in the red cells of five patients with various features of the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome. Hemolysis was compensated in four patients, and only one patient was anemic. Cell NA+ was increased an average of 3 mueq per ml cells and cell K+ decreased 14 mueq per ml cells. Both active and passive fluxes of Na+ and K+ were increased by two to six times normal. Tritiated ouabain binding was increased an average of 2.5-fold, suggesting a proportionally greater number of cation pumps per cell. The coupling ratio of active Na+:K+ fluxes was normal (3:2). Calcium permeability was increased compatible with the degree of reticulocytosis, and cell Ca2+ content was normal. The lowered sum of Na+ plus K+ was associated with a high MCHC and low cell water. When examined in wet preparations, red cells assumed either a bowl-shaped or an irregular contour, and they appeared as target cells on dry smears. Only when cell water was increased in hypotonic media were stomatocytes seen on smear. The total lipid content of red cells was increased in four patients, although it was normal in one. The mole ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was always normal; however, phospholipid analysis showed an increased proportion of phosphatidyl choline. The abnormal cells were osmotically resistant due to both an increased membrane surface area and a low total cation content. These patients show two hallmarks of hereditary stomatocytosis: bowlshaped red cells observed on wet preparations and a marked increase in Na+ and K+ permeability. The heterogeneity of this syndrome in our patients and in others reported with hereditary stomatocytosis appears to result from (1) variability in the increase in surface area which results from an excess of membrane lipid content, particularly phosphatidylcholine, and (2) a variability in cell water content which may be either decreased or increased as a result of changes in the sum of Na+ plus K+ ions."
1148393,"In view of the clinical association of aplastic anemia (AA) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), the complement-dependent lysis of the youngest red cells of AA patients was studied. A complement-sensitive population of young red cells was found in five of six patients with AA. These cells were rapidly cleared from the circulation and were undetectable in the oldest cell fraction. Such cells were not found in normal controls or in a variety of hematologic disorders, with the exception of PNH. This study suggests that in most patients with AA, even without any clinical manifestations of PNH, there is a population of dyserythropoietic, short-lived complement-sensitive cells."
1148394,"The first reported case of hemoglobin S and C Harlem in an individual is described. The patient, a 35-yr-old female, had numerous crises during adolescence and early adulthood, but these occurred more infrequently as she grew older. Chemical evidence is presented for the characterization of both variant hemoglobins. The clinical course of this individual with Hb S in combination with Hb C Harlem appears to be similar to that for persons with sickle cell anemia."
1148395,"Size-frequency distribution curves of erythrocytes were generated with the Coulter Counter in 73 normal subjects and patients. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) determined by routine calculation and MCV determined by size-frequency distribution were similar in all normal subjects and in patients with a single population of erythrocytes. Some patients with iron-deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, and vitamin B12 deficiency had two discrete erythrocyte populations. Some patients with microcytic anemia were shown to have a population of normocytes in addition to the predominant microcytic population. Reticulocytes and normocytes were identified in two patients recovering from macrocytic anemia. Transfused blood was identified as a separate population in a patient with microcytic anemia. In cases with two erythrocyte populations, the MCV of the principal population, as determined from size-distribution curves, differed from the MCV of the entire erythrocyte pool, as was determined by routine methods. Analysis of sequential erythrocyte size distributions in patients under treatment demonstrated the dynamics of erythrocyte subpopulations. Anisocytosis was quantified and shown to be associated frequently with hospitalized patients."
1148400,"A comparison is made of the effects of certain enzyme-inactivating agents on the acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) of young and old human erythrocytes. Normal red cells and ACHE-deficient red cells are separated in accordance with their density and then exposed to trypsin, cephalothin and tannic acid. The ACHE activity of young and old cells is affected to the same extent, indicating that inactivation is independent of cullular age and the initial enzyme activity."
1148404,"Different DNA labelling procedures for the proliferating granulocyte precursor compartments of rat bone marrow were evaluated by studying the appearance of labelled granulocytes in the blood stream by means of autoradiography. 3-H-thymidine was administered by single injection and continuous infusion. 125-I-Iododeoxyuridine, a DNA precursor showing a neglegible extent of reutilization, was studied in comparison. Labelling patterns of blood neurtrophils were identical after single injection and continuous infusion of 3-H-thymidine, while a different pattern was observed after use of a single injection of 125-I-Iododeoxyuridine. The results provide evidence that reutilization of label is an important event to be considered when kinetics of granulocytopoiesis are studied after application of 3-H-thymidine and indicate that reutilization occurs at the level of thymidinemonophosphate in this cell system."
1148405,"The toxicities of Zectran, Dylox, Volaton, Guthion, pyrethrum extract, and the synthetic pyrethroids SBP-1382, and RU-11679 were determined individually and in paired mixtures against rainbow trout. The carbamate Zectran was the least toxic, and the synthetic pyrethroids were the most toxic. Nine of the mixtures produced less than additive toxicity (antagonism), nine produced additive toxicity, and two produced greater than additive toxicity (synergism). None of the mixture toxicities deviated markedly from additive,and only two pairs of mixtures would pose a greater toxicological hazard to fish than the respective individual chemicals."
1148406,"The new research reported herein was motivated by variations in distribution-persistence patterns of fumigant residues (BERCK, 1974). The current developmental program is still underway. In the meantime, measurement of picoliter amounts of SF6 in air by GC equipped with a Ni63 EC detector has been proven useful over an airflow range of 10(-4) to 50 mph, representing a factor of 500,000 in differences in air velocity. Diverse applications have been outlined herein. This is the first case on record where measurement of unassisted airflow in the interstitial air of stored grain has been successfully executed, and which enabled determination of airflow speeds in the range of 0.5 to 7.5  times 10(-4) mph (=3 to 45 inches per hour)."
1148410,"Mallard ducks were fed a control diet or a diet containing 0.5 or 3 ppm mercury (as methylmercury dicyandiamide) based on the dry feed. These mercury diets are approximately equivalent to 0.1 and 0.6 ppm mercury in a natural succulent diet. I measured for the ducklings the approach behavior in response to a tape-recorded maternal call and the avoidance of a frightening stimulus. There were no significant differences among controls and ducklings from mercury-treated parents in the percentage of ducklings that approached the tape-recorded call. Control ducklings, however, moved back and forth toward the call more than ducklings from mercury-treated parents and also spent more time in the end of the runway near the loudspeaker than ducklings whose parents were fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury. Compared to control ducklings, ducklings from parents fed a diet containing 0.5 or 3 ppm mercruy were hyper-responsive in the test of avoidance of a frightening stimulus. Mallard eggs collected in the wild have been found to contain levels of mercury exceeding the 1 ppm (wet-weight) found in the eggs of hens fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm, but there are no reports of mallard eggs collected in the wild that were found to contain as much mercury (6 to 9 ppm) as eggs from hens fed a diet containing 3 ppm mercury. On a dry-weight basis, the concentration of mercury in the eggs was about 6 times as great as that in the feed for ducks fed the 0.5 ppm mercury diet and about 6 to 9 times as great for ducks fed the 3 ppm mercury diet."
1148411,"Field samples of freshwater algae were examined to determine the effect of the insecticide Zectran on photosynthesis rate. Concentrations of Zectran between 10 and 10(3) parts per billion (ppb) affected neither O2 production nor NaH14CO3 uptake in any of the seven genera tested. However, Zectran at a concentration of 10(4) ppb after 1 hour effected a reduction in photosynthesis of Chroococcus, Oedogonium and in a mixed sample composed of Zygnema,Mougeotia and Spirogyra. Mougeotia, Spirogyra and Schizogonium were not affected by exposure to 10(4) ppb Zectran after 1 hour, but O2 production was significantly reduced after 24 hours of exposure to this same concentration."
1148414,"The alga, Ankistrodesmus spiralis, becomes saturated with photodieldrin in 8 hours. The Daphnia whether contaminated by feeding on the algae saturated with photodieldrin or by directly absorbing this insecticide eliminate about 50 per cent of the absorbed photodieldrin in 4 days which increases up to 70 per cent in 7 days. However, continuous exposure of daphnids to photodieldrin results in increased absorption and accumulation of this insecticide. Transfer of the goldfish contaminated with photodieldrin to clean water results in initial elimination in 24 hours whose rate in is then is then subsequently reduced. These two organisms are thus capable of eliminating their body residues of photodieldrin, the ""terminal residue: of dieldrin, if their environment is decontaminated."
1148432,"A simple, inexpensive method is described for the bio-assay of herbicides using micro-algae growing on agar plates. A result is obtainable in 2 days and the method is suitable for biodetection of herbicide residues, or toxicity studies on soil or aquatic pollutants."
1148439,"A case presenting with headaches, organic dysfunction with visual hallucinations, and incontinence of urine, all of two days' duration is described here.  EEG obtained on the fourth hospital day showed right-sided PLEDS and on the fifth hospital day a generalized seizure occurred.  The other clinical and laboratory data led to a diagnosis of bilateral subdural hematomas.  The patient recovered following surgical treatment.  No etiologic factor other than the subdural hematomas was found to explain the PLEDS.  Possible mechanisms of pathophysiology are discussed."
1148440,"Priorities are given for five major categories of regional medical library activities, with further ordering of some fifty specific activities, as determined through discussion with, and a questionnaire survey of, the advisory committee of the Midcontinental Regional Medical Library. These activity priorities are considered a working tool for formulation of objectives and development of plans, and do not include a consideration of methodologies for implementation. User and librarian responses are noted and some interpretive comments are made."
1148441,"The Information Dissemination Service at the Health Sciences Library, State University of New York at Buffalo, was established June 1970 through a three-year grant from the Lakes Area Regional Medical Program, Inc. Analysis of two samples of user request forms yielded results which significantly substantiate findings in prior biomedical literature utilization studies. The findings demonstrate comparable utilization patterns by user group, age of material, journal titles, language, time to process request, source of reference, and size of institution."
1148442,"After ten years of experimentation in computer-assisted cataloging, the Washington University School of Medicine Library has decided to join the Ohio College Library Center network. The history of the library's work preceding this decision is reviewed. The data processing equipment and computers that have permitted librarians to explore different ways of presenting cataloging information are discussed. Certain cataloging processes are facilitated by computer manipulation and printouts, but the intellectual cataloging processes such as descriptive and subject cataloging are not. Networks and shared bibliographic data bases show promise of eliminating the intellectual cataloging for one book by more than one cataloger. It is in this area that future developments can be expected."
1148443,"The computer-assisted procedures developed in the UCLA Biomedical Library Cataloging Division have been in effect for approximately three years. The system utilizes a Delta Data System cathode ray tube terminal and cassette attachment for on or off-line input of data. Products of the system include catalog card sets arranged in filing order, a monthly Recent Acquisitions List, and computer-generated book catalogs. Planning, personnel, and equipment requirements are discussed, and preliminary cost figures for various parts of the system are given. Potential applications of the automated system on a regional level and in terms of the library's future automation plans are considered."
1148444,"An overabundance of duplicate journals without an efficient and economical method of distribution caused one library's staff to reassess traditional methods of dispersal. A simplified form for listing duplicates was devised. In conjunction with the Regional Medical Library Program and the extension program, lists of duplicates were distributed to hospital and clinical libraries. These libraries selected materials to strengthen their ability to fill information needs at the local level and to conserve RMLP support for esoteric and expensive materials. In a two-year period, 86,000 individual pieces were distributed. Some lessening of interlibrary loan requests from heavy users was documented. In an evaluation survey users expressed satisfaction with the program. The successful use of the duplicate program will lead to a further experiment--the library will attempt to fill interlibrary loan requests for common journals with hard copy rather than photocopy in a cost and time reduction effort."
1148445,"The health-related sciences programs of Mayo Foundation, including those related to librarianship, are conducted in an internationally known center for medical education, clinical practice, and medical research. Students have access to all the educational resources of Mayo Clinic. Appointees to the programs enjoy the benefits of more than half a century of experience in medical education that includes the training of residents, research fellows, interns, and medical students. The health-related sciences programs, like the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine and the Mayo Medical School, are part of the Division of Education of the Mayo Foundation, a nonprofit charitable corporation responsible for the support and conduct of education and research as an integral part of medical and health care."
1148450,"Diarrheic processes pose a grave health threat in much of Latin America, especially for small children. One reason for this is the close connection between diarrhea and lack of proper nutrition. The present article seeks to explore this connection by examining two of its main components: the protection against diarrhea resulting from breast-feeding and the increased vulnerability to diarrhea created by malnutrition. Breast-feeding helps prevent enteric infections in several ways. For one thing, the mother's colostrum and milk contain antibodies against some enterobacterial antigens. For another, the so-called ""bifid factor"" in human milk helps discourage growth of pathogenic enterobacteria in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, children living in unhealthy surroundings become heavily exposed to common bacteria when breast-feeding stops, a circumstance deemed largely responsible for ""weaning diarrhea."" Proper nutrition in general is also important, since diarrhea tends to be more common and severe among malnourished children. Several processes that could contribute to this problem have been suggested. These include morphological alterations of the intestinal mucosa in malnourished children, poor intestinal absorption of fats and other nutrients, irritation caused by increased concentrations of free bile acids, and changes in the composition of the intestinal flora. Though not all these processes are well understood, it is clear that malnutrition favors development of diarrhea, while diarrhea in its turn precipitates and aggravates malnutrition. The sad plight of millions of children in the Americas is the result of this combined interaction. Many of those who experience it die, and the survivors fail to achieve their full potential growth and development. The control of diarrheic infections alone would greatly improve these children's nutritional status. Likewise breast-feeding in the early months of life, duly supplemented later and followed by a sound diet after weaning, would considerably reduce the danger and damage caused by diarrheic infections."
1148470,"It is almost impossible to estimate the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin on the basis of the P50 values without calculation, because of the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve. For this reason, we prepared two tables : one indicating the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the venous blood as influenced by venous Po2 and P50 (Table I) and the other, the oxygen release from the arterial blood as influenced by venous Po2 and P50 (Table II). Both tables are based o- the Hill's equation and normal entry data. Values of P50 vary from 20 to 45 torr, while the range for venous Po2 is 5-50 torr. The discussion on possible use of the tables follows."
1148480,"1 The intravenous infusion of isoprenaline and salbutamol into the greyhound increased heart rate and levels of free fatty acids, lactic acid and glucose. 2 On terminating the infusions of isoprenaline the changes produced declined rapidly but the effects produced by salbutamol were more persistent. When high doses of salbutamol had been infused, glucose and lactic acid levels in fact increased during the 20 min following the infusions. 3 These results support suggestions that, in the dog, lipolysis is mediated by beta1-adrenoceptors and liver glycogenolysis by beta2-adrenoceptors. The beta-adrenoceptors mediating muscle glycogenolysis could not be assigned inequivocally to either subtype. 4 The differences in the behaviour of isoprenaline and salbutamol in the period following the infusions are considered to be due partly to slower removal of salbutamol. Increases in lactic acid levels after infusion of large amounts of salbutamol may be secondary to the persistence of high glucose levels."
1148481,"1 Adult fowls (Gallus domesticus) with cannulae chronically implanted in the IIIrd cerebral ventricle and various other sites of the brain, received infusions or injections of tryptamines and catecholamines into the brain; effects of and interactions between these substances on behaviour, electrocortical activity and body temperature were studied. Reserpine-induced arousal, was investigated in young and adult fowls. 2 Tryptamine and alpha-methyltryptamine, given intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus of intact fowls evoked behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal, postural changes, elevation of body temperature and tachypnoea; behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal were obtained with infusions into the mesencephalon. Ipsilateral electrocortical arousal only, resulted from infusion of alpha-methyltryptamine into the hypothalamus or mesencephalon of fowl encephale isole preparations. The above effects in intact fowls were reduced or replaced by sleep following administration of noradrenaline or alpha-methylnoradrenaline into the IIIrd ventricle or hypothalamus. Pretreatment of intact fowls with an amine oxidase inhibitor surprisingly attenuated or reversed the excitant effects of intraventricular tryptamine. 3 5-Hydroxytryptamine (hydrogen maleinate, creatinine sulphate or oxalate) given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus, elevated body temperature; tachypnoea and postural changes developed at some stage during the elevation of body temperature. Sleep also was induced, although with the oxalate this was succeeded by marked arousal. 4 Behavioural and electrocortical sleep induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine infused into the hypothalamus were replaced by arousal on infusing tryptamine into the hypothalamus, and vice versa. 5 Dexamphetamine infused into the hypothalamus induced drowsiness or sleep which even reversed arousal elicited by systemically administered dexamphetamine. 6 Reserpine-induced arousal was achieved in young and adult fowls pretreated with mebanazine; this arousal was attenuated or replaced by sleep following intraventricular noradrenaline or dopamine but not by 5-hydroxytryptamine nor by noradrenaline or dopamine applied to the hypothalamus. Prenylamine also induced arousal following pretreatment of chicks with mebanazine."
1148482,"1 The accelerated regression of the corpora lutea normally produced by glass beads inserted unilaterally into the uterus of the guinea-pig early in the oestrous cycle was prevented when the beads were filled with indomethacin or ketoprofen. 2 Luteal regression was enhanced by the placement of beads in both horns of the uterus. When empty beads were placed in one horn of the uterus and drug-filled beads in the other, indomethacin blocked regression in both ovaries whereas ketoprofen was ineffective. 3 Indomethacin probably blocks luteal regression by inhibition of prostaglandin syntheses in the uterus."
1148483,"1 Four radioactive akllikreins were isolated from rat kidney slices incubated with (3H)-L-leucine. 2 The kallikreins were purified by procedures previously used for the isolation of rat urinary kallikreins (Nustad & Pierce, 1974), and by affinity chromatography on a column of insolubilized anti-rat urinary kallikrein. 3 The kidney kallikreins resembled the urinary kallikreins in their relative amounts, isoelectric points and electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide disc gels. 4 The data indicate that the kidney synthesizes four kallikreins which are released into urine. The kallikreins are not changed by passage through the lower urinary tract."
1148484,1 The tissue solubilizer Soluene-100 provides an efficient and easy means of preparing small amounts of rat tissue for cation analysis. 2 Administration of lithium ions to rats for two days to 42 days by the addition of lithium chloride to the diet at a concentration of 30 mmol/kg dry weight results in (a) the uniform distribution of lithium throughout the brain at a concentration comparable to that found in plasma; (b) decrease in the brain sodium concentration: (c) a decrease in brain magnesium concentration and an increase in plasma magnesium concentration; (d)no change in brain water content. 3 The inclusion of LiCl in the diet at a concentration of 30 mmol/kg dry food gives consistent and predictable plasma and brain levels of lithium in the rat without the occurrence of serious side effects over periods of up to 42 days.
1148485,"1 The effects of cocaine and sodium on bretylium uptake into sympathetic nerve terminals were investigated in the reserpine-treated guinea-pig left atrium. The ability of bretylium pretreatment to increase the retention of noradrenaline was used as an index of bretylium uptake. Such increased retention has been assessed both by direct measurement and by the ability of tyramine to produce an inotropic response. 2 The restoration of the response to tyramine after incubation with noradrenaline was abolished when the atrium was pretreated with bretylium in the presence of cocaine. When bretylium was added before cocaine, or when alpha-methyl-noradrenaline (not a substrate for monoamine oxidase) was used for incubation, the responses to tyramine were restored in the normal way. 3 Bretylium greatly enhanced the retention of [3-H]-noradrenaline; when bretylium was added in the presence of cocaine, [3-H]-noradrenaline retention was severely impaired. 4 Pretreatment with bretylium in a low-sodium (25 mM) or sodium-free medium significantly decreased the retention of [3-H]-noradrenaline, as compared with the control. 5 Potassium deprivation did not modify the enhanced retention of [3-H]-noradrenaline induced by bretylium pretreatment. 6 Bretylium was released from the nerve terminals by exposure of the preparation to a sodium-free medium or to a solution containing calcium 50 mM, leading to a considerable decrease in [3-H]-noradrenaline retention. 7 The results are consistent with the view that both cocaine and sodium deprivation block the uptake of bretylium by the adrenergic nerve terminals, and that bretylium is probably taken up by a mechanism similar to or identical with the uptake system for noradrenaline and other amines."
1148486,"1 The accumulation of various radioactive monoamines by isolated membranes of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules was measured by equilibrium dialysis. 2 Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of Mg++ stimulated the uptake of all the amines tested, but the accumulation of dopamine, (-)-noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (plus or minus)-adrenaline and (plus or minus)-octopamine was greater than that of tyramine, (plus or minus)-metaraminol, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine and histamine. 3 At the higher concentration levels of the amines in the medium the ATP-dependent accumulation of dopamine, NA, adrenaline and 5-HT in the membranes reached a saturation level, whereas in the absence of the nucleotide no saturation level was attained. 4 Octopamine and 5-HT competitively inhibited the ATP-dependent uptake of NA, 5 Decrease in the incubation temperature or the presence of N-ethylameimide greatly reduced the ATP-stimulated amine accumulation. Ouabain had no effect on uptake. 6 Reserpine virtually abolished the ATP-dependent uptake of dopamine, NA and 5-HT, caused a partial inhibition of the metaraminol, octopamine and tyramine accumulation, but did not interfere with the uptake of tryptamine. 7 The content of endogenous catecholamines of the membranes was changed very little by incubation of NA and 5-HT in the presence of ATP. However, the membranes lost over 80% of their endogenous amines if incubated for 30 min without ATP. 8 The ATP content of the medium progressively decreased during the incubation of granular membranes. 9 It is concluded that the membrane of adrenal chromaffin granules discriminates between the various monoamines with regard to the magnitude of their uptake and that two mechanisms of ATP-stimulated uptake, one responsive and the other resistant to reserpine, exist at the level of this membrane. The ATP-stimulated transport at the granular membrane level may be an important factor in determining the intraneuronal storage of a physiological or false neurotransmitter."
1148487,"1 The role of the uptake and release of agonist from extraneuronal sites in the termination of responses of rabbit aortic strips to amines was studied. 2 Strips were contracted with adrenaline or noradrenaline and after response plateau was reached, the muscle chambers were washed free of agonist and the relaxation in Krebs solution recorded. After inhibition of catechol-O-methyl-transferase, monoamine oxidase and neuronal uptake the relaxation rate was greatly prolonged. Evidence is provided that this very slow relaxation resulted from the accumulation of intact amine at extraneuronal sites during exposure to the agonist and its subsequent release past receptors due to a reversal of the concentration gradient after washout. 3 Pretreatment with the haloalkylamine, GD-131 (N-cyclohexylmethyl-N-ethyl-beta-chloroethylamine), an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake, returned the slow relaxation rate after enzyme inhibition towards that of control strips. By blocking the extraneuronal transport of amines their accumulation at intracellular loci after enzyme inhibition was prevented. 4 The effects of GD-131 and 17beta-oestradiol on the relaxation rate of untreated strips contracted by adrenaline and noradrenaline confirmed that extraneuronal uptake to sites of enzymatic activity is the major mechanism terminating their action. 5 Inactivation of extraneuronal transport sites by GD-131 was prevented by protecting them with 17beta-oestradiol or normetanephrine during exposure to the haloalkylamine, pointing to a common site of action of these agents on a specific carrier system for amines. 6 Evidence is presented that the relaxation from contractions induced by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine also involves extraneuronal accumulation and release, probably by an uptake process which is identical to the one for catecholamines."
1148488,"1. The rabbit aortic strip, guinea-pig ileum and rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations were used to determine at which sites and in what manner 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) interferes with Ca2+ availability in smooth and skeletal muscles. 2. TMB-8 (50 muM) significantly inhibited equivalent responses of the rabbit aortic strip to KCl and noradrenaline. 3. TMB-8 (65 muM) produced no significant alteration in the extracellular space of the guinea-pig ileum as measured with [3H]-sorbitol. 4. The resting cellular Ca2+ influx as well as the resting 45Ca2+ efflux in the guinea-pig ileum preparation were significantly inhibited by TMB-8 (65 muM). 5. TMB-8 (5 muM and 50 muM) had no significant effect on the uptake of 45Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation of skeletal muscle; however, TMB-8 (5 muM) did significantly inhibit the caffeine (20 mM)-induced release of 45Ca2+ from this preparation. 6. It is concluded that TMB-8 reduces Ca2+ availability in smooth and skeletal muscles by stabilizing Ca2+ binding to cellular Ca2+ stores and thereby inhibits the release of this Ca2+ by contractile stimuli."
1148489,"1 Liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity is low in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and is not induced by hydrocortisone (5 mg/kg). In contrast, there is measurable activity in the rat liver and this is induced by hydrocortisone. In vivo measurements confirmed the absence of induction in gerbils but suggested that they were able to metabolize tryptophan. However no detectable pyrrolase activity was found in any other tissues either before or after hydrocortisone. 2 In agreement with previous observations hydrocortisone decreased rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) 6 h after administration. Brain tryptophan concentrations were also decreased at this time. In contrast, hydrocortisone did not alter gerbil brain 5-HT, 5-HIAA or trytophan. alpha-Methyltryptophan activated hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase and decreased brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA in both animals. 3 Results suggest that the decrease in rat brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA following hydrocortisone may be associated with the rise in liver tryptophan pyrrolase and that the brain amine changes are mediated through the decrease in brain tryptophan concentration."
1148490,"By implanting a Teflon chamber subcutaneously into a sheep a mild aseptic inflammatory lesion was produced from which wound fluid could be sampled daily. The prostaglandin content of this wound fluid was examined. Prostaglandin E2 activity was found in all samples, and a peak was apparent on the fourth or fifth day after producing the lesion. The amount of prostaglandin activity appeared to be unrelated to the total number of polymorphs in the fluid or to the volume of this exudate."
1148492,"1 Thermoregulatory responses have been recorded from Welsh Mountain sheep exposed to warm, neutral or cold environments while injections of cholinomimetic drugs and/or their antagonists have been given into a lateral cerebral ventricle. 2. Carbachol and physostigmine inhibited panting of animals at high ambient temperature (ta), caused vasoconstriction and initiated shivering at neutral ta, and accentuated shivering at low ta. Rectal temperature (tre) invariably increased. Oxotremorine had apparently identical effects. 3. Nicotine and another ganglionic stimulant, the quaternary methyl derivative of dopamine, had no effects on thermoregulation. 4. Atropine given 10 min before injections of carbachol, physostigmine or oxotremorine completely inhibited their hyperthermic effects, but pretreatment with the ganglion-blocking drug, pempidine, caused no inhibition. The cholinergic synapses that respond to cholinomimetic drugs injected into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep are therefore muscarinic and not nicotinic. 5. When atropine was given to sheep exposed to cold, no detectable reduction of shivering occurred and tre decreased only slightly, even with doses of atropine far greater than needed to inhibit shivering induced by physostigmine. This may be because shivering is controlled by neural pathways unaffected by drugs administered intracerebroventricularly or because the cholinergic synapses activated by physostigmine do not carry the input from cold sensors."
1148493,"1. Electrical field stimulation of either the cat isolated nictitating membrane or the guinea-pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation caused the release of noradrenaline into the bathing medium. 2. In the cat nictitating membrane, the output per pulse of noradrenaline was constant at frequencies of stimulation from 0.5 to 15 Hz. In the guinea-pig myenteric plexus preparation the output per pulse of noradrenaline increased as the frequency of stimulation was increased from 2 to 16 Hz. 3. Phenoxybenzamine (29.3 muM) caused a marked increase in the noradrenaline output from both the cat nictitating membrane and guinea-pig myenteric plexus preparations. 4. Morphine (0.13-8 muM) inhibited the contractions of the cat nictitating membrane caused by electrical stimulation. This effect was greater at low (1Hz) than at high (15Hz) frequencies of stimulat The site of action is at the nerve-smooth muscle junction. 5. The action of narcotic analgesic drugs on the cat nictitating membrane showed stereospecificity. Naloxone (0.1 muM) reversed the inhibition caused by normorphine (3.2 muM). 6. Morphine (3 muM) reduced the noradrenaline output from the cat nictitating membrane stimulated at 1 Hz but not at 15 Hz. At 1 Hz, the inhibition of noradrenaline output by normorphine (muM) was reversed by naloxone (0.25 muM). 7. Morphine (1.5 muM) did not alter the noradrenaline output from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus preparation stimulated at 2 or 16 Hz."
1148494,"1. In pithed cats, the spinal sympathetic outflow was stimulated preganglionically at segments C7 and T1 and heart rate responses and nictitating membrane tone were measured in parallel. 2. Clonidine and a related drug, BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide hydrochloride), caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the stimulation-induced tachycardia but did not inhibit responses of the nictitating membrane. The inhibition of heart rate was antagonized by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug, phentolamine. 3. In isolated hearts of rabbits, noradrenaline release in response to adrenergic nerve stimulation was reduced by clonidine and BS 100-141 and the effect was antagonized by phentolamine. 4. The results support the view that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors are involved in the regulation of transmitter release from adrenergic nerves. Cardiac adrenergic nerves appear more sensitive to alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of inpulse transmission than the sympathetic nerves to the nictitating membrane."
1148495,"1. Burimamide (34-1080 muM) caused a concentration-dependent increase in the force and frequency of contraction of kitten isolated atria. 2. Metiamide (467 muM) had no stimulant action on kitten atria and did not modify the effects of burimamide. 3. The atrial stimulation produced by burimamide was reduced by (-)propranolol (34-68 nM) and by cocaine (3 muM). 4. The atrial stimulant effect of burimamide was prevented by pretreatment of kittens with reserpine (1 mg/kg, 24 h before the experiment). 5. It is concluded that burimamide causes atrial stimulation by releasing catecholamines."
1148496,"1. Isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs were given graded doses of isoprenaline, salbutamol and aminophylline, both before and during acetylcholine infusion. 2. The three agonists produced increases in contractile force, heart rate and ventricular glycogen phosphorylase activity. 3. Acetylcholine, in the concentration used, had no effect on any of the measured variables but did antagonize the effects of the three agonists on contractility and phosphorylase activity. The positive chronotropic responses were unaltered by acetylcholine infusion. 4. The ratio of the dose required for a standard heart rate response to the dose producing a standard contractile force response was different for each agonist. 5. The selective antagonism of the contractile response to isoprenaline, salbutamol and aminophylline suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the initiation of positive inotropic and chronotropic responses."
1148497,"1. Prostaglandin E1 is chemotactic at concentrations down to 10 ng/ml for rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha have little or no chemotactic effect at concentrations up to 10 mug/ml. 2. Washed PMN leucocytes produced a chemotactic agent during phagocytosis, but not in the presence of indomethacin (28 muM). 3. Phagocytosing PMN leucocytes produce up to ten times as much prostaglandin as do resting cells. Some of this is prostaglandin E1 as judged by thin layer chromatography and differential bioassay. This prostaglandin production by PMN leucocytes is abolished by indomethacin (28 muM). 4. Ultrasonicated suspensions of PMN leucocytes produced prostaglandin from arachidonic aicd. This synthesis is inhibited by indomethacin. 5. Homogenates of PMN leucocytes which have been pre-incubated withe bacteria for 30 min show more prostaglandin synthetase activity than homogenates from PMN leucocytes which have not been exposed to bacteria. 6. It is concluded that in some forms of inflammation, prostaglandin E1 may play a controlling role in cellular migration. 7. PMN leucocytes may contribute to the generation of prostaglandins found in some inflammatory lesions."
1148498,"1. The inactivation of prostaglandin E2 by the rabbit lung was estimated in vivo by comparing its depressor potency following intravenous and intra-aortic injections, and in vitro by measuring the rate of disappearance of smooth muscle stimulating activity when the prostaglandin was incubated with high speed supernatant fractions from lung homogenates. 2. The ability of the lung to inactivate prostaglandin E2 in vivo increased gradually throughout pregnancy, and then decreased rapidly during the three days post-partum. 3. An increased lung inactivation was also seen in pseudopregnant (day 12) rabbits, and in non-pregnant rabbits treated with progesterone for 12 days. A further increase occurred when progesterone treatment was prolonged to 26 days. 4. Treatment with oestradiol monobenzoate or cortisol for 12 days, and deprivation of ovarian hormones for 14-17 days by ovariectomy, were without effect on the lung inactivation of prostaglandin E2. 5. The in vitro experiments revealed a striking increased in the activity of lung prostaglandin metabolizing enzymes during pregnancy. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy, and it is suggested than an enhanced lung inactivation of prostaglandins might have an important protective function at this time."
1148499,"1. (+)-Flenfluramine reduces the central stores of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by a poorly understood mechanism. 2. Rat blood platelets have been used in this study as a simple model for serotoninergic nerve endings. 3. (+)-Fenfluramine shows a dual effect: it inhibits the uptake of (14C)-5-HT by platelets and it releases newly absorbed (14C)-5-HT from platelets. 4. The inhibition of (14C)-5-HT uptake induced by (+)-fenfluramine appears very rapidly, is concentration-dependent and seems not to be competitive. (+)-Fenfluramine is ten times less effective than chloroimipramine but tem times more effective than (+)-amphetamine; (+)-fenfluramine is more active than its (-)isomer or its metabolite norfenfluramine ((+)- or (-)-form). 5. The release of (14C)-5-HT from platelets induced by (+)-fenfluramine is concentration-dependent but increases wtih increased incubation time. Both chloroimipramine and (+)-amphetamine are in comparison very poor release inducers; (+)-fenfluramine is more active than its (-)-isomer or its metabolites. 6. The effect on (14C)-5-HT uptake exerted by (+)-fenfluramine and chloroimipramine in vitro could not be observed in vivo. 7. The observed effect on fenfluramine on the uptake and release of 5-HT may explain the lowering action of fenfluramine on the brain 5-HT level, an effect considered of importance for the anoretic effect on this drug."
1148500,"1. 2-2' Pyridylisatogen tosylate (PIT) (greater than 2.5 muM) relaxed the guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci by an unknown mechanism. 2. With higher concentrations of PIT (greater than 12.5 muM) subsequent applications of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) (2-600 muM) revealed a blockade of the ATP receptors. The antagonism was characterized by a delayed onset of action (greater than 10 min incubation with 50 muM PIT) and eventually became irreversible (greater than 50 muM PIT for greater than 30 minutes). The antagonism was specific for ATP, was not competitive, and was not dependent upon the relaxant effect. 3. The presence of either acetylcholine (0.05-1.0 muM) or carbachol (0.05-1.0 muM) increased the antagonistic effect of PIT (50 muM) approximately five-fold. 4. Following prolonged exposure, PIT (50 muM for 90 min) did not block the inhibitory effects of fiedl stimulation (2 Hz, 10 s) of the taenia caeci in the presence of hyoscine (0.33 muM). These results do not support the purinergic nerve hypothesis."
1148501,"Fluphenazine caused a small decrease in the noradrenaline (NA) concentrations of the rat brain, possibly by impairing granular amine storage. The drug diminished the rise in brain and heart NA concentrations induced by pargyline, suggesting that it might posses inhibitory properties on neuronal uptake mechanisms and/or NA synthesis. Fluphenazine abolished conditioned avoidance responses in rats, an effect which was maintained after the concomitant administration of pargyline, when NA concentrations remained high. This suggests that the fluphenazine-induced sedation is not mediated via its effect on brain NA content, but is possibly due to the effect of the drug on NA turnover rates in the brain."
1148502,The response of the rabbit isolated portal vein to electrical stimulation was potentiated by indomethacin (10 mug/ml). This potentiation was dependent upon frequency but independent of the number of pulses in a train. It is concluded that these results add further support for the idea that indomethacin increases the release of newly synthesized noradrenaline as a result of inhibition of prostaglanding synthesis.
1148503,"The effect of tetramethylenedisulphotetramine (TETS) on the increase in membrane conductance produced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the hermit crab neuromuscular junction was investigated. TETS produced a dose-dependent antagonism of GABA, which was characterized by a non-parallel shift of the log dose-conductance curve for GABA with a reduced maximal conductance change."
1148504,"1 Noradrenaline infused into the internal carotid artery of the dog (0.01-1 mug kg(-1) min(-1)) constricts the blood vessels of the cortex. This constriction is mediated by the action of noradrenaline on alpha-adrenoceptors of the cerebral arteries.2 Intravenous (1 mug kg(-1) min(-1)) or intra common carotid arterial (0.01-1 mug kg(-1) min(-1)) infusions of noradrenaline cause an increase in cortical blood flow that can be dissociated from changes in blood pressure.3 The effect of intravenous noradrenaline on the cortical blood vessels and metabolism is blocked by high PaCO(2) levels, or by the prior administration of (+/-)-propranolol. (+)-Propranolol is without such effect.4 Following section of both vagi and both sinus nerves, intravenous noradrenaline fails to cause an increase in cortical blood flow.5 In another series of animals the area of the carotid bifurcation was vascularly isolated and perfused with blood from a second dog. Chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity was shown to be intact.6 Administration of 5% CO(2) to the donor dog caused an increase in cerebral blood flow in the recipient dog.7 Administration of intravenous noradrenaline (1.0 mug kg(-1) min(-1)) to the donor animal caused an increase in cerebral blood flow, cerebral O(2) and glucose utilization of the recipient.8 Administration of 5% CO(2) and intravenous (-)-noradrenaline (1.0 mug kg(-1) min(-1)) caused a further increase in flow and metabolism.9 This evidence suggests that the cerebrovasodilatation observed following intravenous noradrenaline is reflex and is triggered by chemoreceptor activity.10 The evidence also suggests that the antagonism of the cortical dilatory effects of intravenous noradrenaline by raised PaCO(2) in the intact animal must be at a site different from the peripheral chemoreceptors."
1148505,"1 Peruvoside, (a glycoside obtained from the plant, Thevetia neriifolia Juss) and ouabain produce emesis in cats. Vomiting is not produced by these drugs in animals pretreated with catecholamine depleting drugs like reserpine, tetrabenazine or syrosingopine. Chloropromazine hydrochloride, mepyramine maleate, or BOL-148 administered intravenously or intracerebro-ventricularly do not afford protection.2 Phenoxybenzamine produces partial protection against peruvoside-induced emesis.3 Haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.v.) prevents vomiting induced by peruvoside or ouabain. Intracerebroventricularly administered haloperidol is ineffective.4 Cats pretreated with SKF-525-A, are not protected by haloperidol. Animals pretreated with phenobarbitone in a dose of 25 mg/kg for a week were protected by haloperidol, 250 mug/kg i.e. one quarter of the effective antiemetic dose in normal cats.5 It is postulated that catecholamines are involved in the mechanism of vomiting induced by cardiac gycosides. Further, a metabolite of haloperidol seems to be responsible for its effective antiemetic action."
1148506,"1 The effects on blood glucose of four substances with analgesic properties (apomorphine, pethidine, codeine and etorphine) and of prostaglandin E(1) were examined in unanaesthetized cats. They were applied by the intraventricular route being either injected into a lateral ventricle or infused into the fourth ventricle through implanted Collison cannulae.2 Apomorphine gave rise to pronounced hyperglycaemia in a dose of 0.75 mg which produced scarcely any hyperglycaemia on intravenous injection. It was more effective on infusion into the fourth ventricle than on injection into a lateral ventricle and was approximately half as potent as morphine in provoking hyperglycaemia.3 Codeine produced no hyperglycaemia in doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg.4 Pethidine had a weak hyperglycaemic action in doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg, but the effect was not regularly obtained. Potency of the drug was at most only a third to a sixth that of morphine.5 Etorphine produced strong hyperglycaemia on infusion into the fourth ventricle in a dose of 10 mug. Unlike apomorphine or morphine it was more potent on injection into a lateral ventricle when it produced a strong hyperglycaemic response in doses of 5 or 1 mug, which were subthreshold on infusion into the fourth ventricle. However, this response may have been brought about indirectly as a result of severe asphyxia and of convulsions associated with the injections. On infusion into the fourth ventricle, etorphine was about 75 times as potent as morphine in producing hyperglycaemia.6 Prostaglandin E(1) had no hyperglycaemic action when infused into the fourth ventricle in a dose of 400 ng."
1148507,"1 It is suggested that analgesia could be produced by drug action at the spinal level through (a) interference with neurotransmission at primary afferent terminals; (b) enhancement of the ;gate control' of the sensory input to the spinal cord mediated through descending spinal tracts; or (c) increased presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents by a direct action.2 Baclofen (9.4-70.3 mumol/kg, i.p.), which may mimic spinal presynaptic inhibition, produced a dose-dependent increase in the response times of mice in a hot-plate test, but high doses also impaired motor function.3 Morphine hydrochloride (5.3-40 mumol/kg, i.p.) increased the response time of mice in the hot-plate test and had little effect on motor function.4 Combination of baclofen (9.4 or 23.4 mumol/kg) with morphine (13.3 mumol/kg) produced greater increases in response time than either drug administered alone but with little concurrent effect on motor function.5 The possibility that baclofen may have some analgesic action and a potentiating effect on other analgesics is discussed."
1148508,"1 Pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus were used to study the molecular dimensions of a receptor for inhibitory amino acids in the central nervous system. The inhibitory potencies of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), beta-alanine and glycine were compared by standard microiontophoretic techniques. Subsequently, rigid cyclopentane and cyclohexane amino acid analogues were applied by iontophoresis and their relative efficacies were compared with those of the naturally occurring amino acids.2 GABA was the most effective of the small aliphatic amino acids in producing inhibition of the firing of hippocampal pyramidal neurones. beta-Alanine was less effective and glycine was the least effective. GABA-induced inhibition was antagonized by concurrent iontophoresis of picrotoxin or bicuculline, whereas strychnine did not antagonize GABA inhibition.3 The ability of the series of substituted aminocyclopentane and aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids to produce inhibition of pyramidal cells was a direct function of the separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups. In both series of the cyclic amino acids the most potent inhibition was demonstrated when the spatial separation was similar to that of the extended GABA molecule (4.74 A). Additionally, the inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells by (+/--cis-3-amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, like that produced by GABA, could be blocked by simultaneous application of picrotoxin or bicuculline, but not by strychnine.4 The present results suggest that the physiologically active conformation of GABA is the fully extended molecule, and additionally indicate that one dimension of the postsynaptic receptor site is within the range of 4.2 to 4.8 ångströms."
1148509,"1 Prostaglandins F(1alpha) and F(2alpha) caused contraction of the longitudinal muscle of both guinea-pig isolated ileum and colon, apparently by acting directly on the muscle and on cholinergic nerves. They had little effect on ileal circular muscle.2 Prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) caused contraction of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig isolated colon, apparently by acting directly on the muscle and on excitatory nerves which are non-cholinergic. Prostaglandin E(1) seems more effective than E(2) in stimulating these nerves.3 It seems likely that prostaglandin release in vitro maintains the tone of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig colon, whereas release of a prostaglandin E compound inhibits circular muscle tone."
1148510,"1 The responses of the smooth muscle of the capsule and blood vessels of the isolated, blood-perfused spleen of the dog to angiotensin, oxytocin and vasopressin have been investigated and compared to the actions of the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline.2 Increasing doses of each of the three polypeptides cause graded increases in splenic vascular resistance and reductions in spleen volume.3 Doses of the polypeptides which evoked increases in splenic vascular resistance not significantly different from increases produced by chosen doses of each catecholamine caused significantly smaller reductions in spleen volume.4 The time-course of action of the polypeptides on the splenic vascular smooth muscle is different since the time to 50% recovery from vasopressin is highly significantly longer than that for equieffective doses of either angiotensin or oxytocin.5 Phenoxybenzamine, in a dose which almost blocked the actions of the catecholamines, increased the responses of the vascular and capsular smooth muscle to oxytocin, vasopressin and angiotensin. This increase was not observed with another alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, phentolamine.6 The significant species variation in the responses of the smooth muscle of the spleen to polypeptides and catecholamines are discussed and the results are considered in the context of the possible physiological roles of the polypeptides in haemorrhage."
1148563,"This paper presents an analysis of the factors which influence coroners in their decision to classify some deaths as suicides and others as accidental or ""open"". The most important influence on coroners' behaviour was seen to be the manner by which the person died. Those who died by cutting, hanging, drugs or gas were significantly more likely to receive a suicide verdict than those whose deaths were due to drowning, jumping, shooting or poisoning. If the deceased left any intimation of a suicidal intent, this increased the likelihood that a suicide verdict would be returned. Finally, persons aged under 40 were significantly more likely to be returned as suicides than older victims, especially those aged over 70. All of these results show that coroners operate by observing the law as it defines suicide, that is, by looking for evidence of intent of self-inflicted death. Our findings concerning the factors associated with the suicide verdict help to clarify the meaning of the official data on suicides in Ireland, and illuminate the reasons why, using clinical rather than legal criteria, a much higher rate is obtained."
1148565,"1. The incidence of non-fatal deliberate self-harm throughout the City of Bristol during 1972 and 1973 was assessed by means of a survey of patients presenting to Accident and Emergency Departments of hospitals in the area. Fatal or repeated acts of self-harm were not included in the survey. 2. The rates for females exceeded those for males at all ages, with peak incidence of 645 per 100,000 females (age group 15-29 years) and 334 per 100,000 males (age group 25-29 years). Ninety-three per cent had taken a drug overdose of some kind. 3. The problem was found in all electoral wards of tE CITY, THOUGH ITS DISTRIBUTION WAS MARKEDLY CENTRIPETAL, WITH A CENTRAL AREA HAVING MORBIDITY RATES UP TO 2-8 TIMES THAT FOR THE CITY AS A WHOLE. 4. The socio-economic correlates of deliberate self-harm were examined by reference both to a series of 368 patients interviewed soon after the event and to the pattern of its distribution throughout the city. A significant positive association was found with areas of overcrowding, lack of exclusive domestic amenities and high proportion of foreign born residents, but there was no correlation with the proportion of persons living alone nor with the type of accommodation. 5. The central high rate area was found to be heterogeneous in socio-economic terms, ranging from a student and young professionals' bed-sitter area to one with a high proportion of unskilled manual labourers and New Commonwealth immigrants. 6. The aetiological implications of the ecological findings for deliberate self-harm throughout the city are discussed."
1148566,"Mental and psychomotor speed scores were obtained for three affectively ill groups of bipolar depression, unipolar depression and bipolar mania, and three corresponding recovered groups. Comparisons were made among ill groups, among recovered groups, and between ill and recovered groups for each illness type. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Though manic patients solve problems quicker than those of either depressed group, they do not differ much from normals. 2. With stress to work faster, the pateints in the two depressed groups can quicken their speed of work and bring it up to the level of the manic patients, even thought the latter also increase their speed. 3. On a psychomotor speed task, the bipolar dipressives are significantly slower than the manics and the unipolar depressives, who do not differ. 'Internal distraction' causes a slight  increase in speed in all three groups, with no significant difference, but 'external distraction' speeds up the bipolar groups and slows down the unipolar depressives resulting in significant differences between the bipolars on the one hand and the unipolars on the othbr. 4. All recovered groups perform at the same level on all measures. 5. Comparison between ill and recovered groups seems to indicate that a manic illness does not affect mental ro psychomotor speed significantly when tested objectively. Unipolar depression also does not seem to affect speed functions very significantly. Thus only bipolar depressive patients seem to show true retardation, and manic patients do not show the opposite of retardation."
1148572,"1. The clinical functioning of the Young People's Unit, Edinburgh is described. This involves a relatively permissive, democratic ""milieu"". Psychotherapeutic efforts are devoted to the resolution of family psychopathology and the achievement of maturational progress for the adolescent. 2. Data on the first seventy admittions to the Unit were examined. Two-thirds of the patients were diagnosed ""developmental crisis""; the majority of these also had a personality disorder. 3. Assessments of family functioning showed high levels of disturbance and psychiatric morbidity among the parents. The adolescents had mutually good, positive relationships with their opposite-sexed parents, but markedly negative ones with the same-sexed parents. This was not in accordance with the usual findings in ""normal"" families. Delinquent and impulsive patients showed uniformly negative family attitudes. 4. A simple estimation of treatment outcome at discharge gave results comparable to those of other units, with 70 per cent of patients rated as improved. Neurotic and psychotic patients had a relatively better outcome. Tension-discharge personality disorder and a history of very disruptive or antisocial behaviour were associated with poor outcome. 5. The poor response of very disturbed, impulsive adolescents to this type of therapeutic regime is discussed. These individuals do not appear to have sufficient personality resources and organization to benefit from this type of treatment. Emerging from this is a suggestion for an increased provision of specialized units offering containment and intensive care to the very disturbed adolescent."
1148574,"The condition of the periphery of the retinal field of the human eye is of considerable significance, it is suggested, to those participating in various sporting activities.  Its boundaries shrink and expand depending upon the physiological conditions imposed both upon the eye and upon the organism as a whole.  Consequently its message to the brain may be impaired under stress with resulting danger owing to delayed response."
1148579,"Two groups of middle-aged male subjects (both N=11), one active (mean age 44.6 years) and one sedentary (mean age 43.7 years), undertook a graded exercise stress test on a bicycle ergometer in the post-absorptive state.  Blood serum corticosteroid levels were measured at the following stages of metabolism; at rest, under conditions of submaximal and ""maximal' exercise and during recovery.  The active group showed no significant change in mean serum corticosteroid levels from resting values, during exercise and recovery.  However the sedentary group displayed a significant increase in mean serum corticosteroid levels from a resting value of 5.81 plus or minus 0.41 mub-g/100 ml. (mean plus or minus S.E.) to 7.83 plus or minus 0.71 mug/100 ml. during ""maximal' exercise (p smaller than 0.05), which was maintained throughout recovery 7.82 plus or minus 0.70 ug/100 ml (p smaller than 0.05).  Futhermore the active group demonstrated significantly lower mean serum corticosteroid levels compared with the sedentary group under conditions of submaximal (p smaller than 0.05) and ""maximal' (p smaller than 0.01) exercise and during recovery (p smaller than 0.01).  It was concluded that the variability in the response patterns of serum corticosteroids during exercise stress in active and sedentary middle-aged males, reflected the physiological differences observed between the two groups of subjects."
1148585,"More than 12,000 women have been examined thermographically in the Breast Unit of the Royal Marsden Hospital, London. Of these women 1,464 had biopsy and histology; 363(25 per cent) were found to have carcinoma and of these 68 per cent had abnormal thermograms, 13 per cent has some thermal asymmetry of doubtful significance and 19 per cent had normal thermal patterns. Fifty-seven per cent and 62 per cent of patients with Stage I and Stage II cancer, respectively, had abnormal thermograms whereas 83 per cent of patients with Stage III cancer had abnormal thermograms. Of 1,101 women who had benign lesions, 63 per cent had normal thermal patterns, 15 per cent had thermal asymmetry of doubtful significance and 22 per cent had abnormal thermograms. The subsequent histories of 172 cancer patients examined thermographically have been analysed and three-year survival rates have been correlated with thermography report, the clinical stage of the disease and the histotogical grade (Bloom, 1950) of the excised tumour. The mean three-year survival rates for patients with Stage II or Stage III cancer are 84 per cent for those with normal and 61 per cent for those with abnormal thermograms."
1148586,"Previous experimenttal work in animals has shown that the hpatic excretion of iodipamide and ioglycamide is subject to a transport maximum (TM). Doses in excess of this TM are largely excreted in the urine. In the present study the TM for man was estimated in three subjects with indwelling T-tubes: figures of 19-23 mg/minute for ioglycamide were obtained. It was thought that prolonged administration of contrast at levels slightly above the TM might have advantages in patients with impaired liver function. In obstruction the gradual excretion of contrast could improve the chances of filling the ducts completely, while in hepato-cellular disease the gall bladder might have time to concentrate the contrast. Ioglycamide was therefore given by slow overnight infusion, equivalent to 35 mg/minute, to patients in whom standard cholangiography had been unsuccessful. The overall success rate was 75 per cent with similar improvement in obstructive and hepatocellular disease."
1148587,"We have drawn upon the work of numerous investigators to formulate a model describing the principles governing the acute response of the intestinal epithelium to cytotoxic agents. Tolerance (exposure required to kill 50 per cent of the animals) to abdomen-only irradiation was measured experimentally in the mouse using a total of 17 time/dose fractionation schedules. The principle determinants of intestinal response to fractionated radiation therapy were magnitude of each fraction and the introduction of regular recovery intervals during the course of treatment. The roles of exposure per week, exposures per day, and radiation days per week were also examined. The log-log plots of endpoint v. either number of fractions or overall treatment time yielded straight lines with slopes of 0 with 54 and 0 with 59 and y intercepts of 1,270 and 812 rets respectively. The single dose for 50 per cent acute intestinallethality (LD50/6 days) was 1,610 R. It would appear that the acute intestinal tolerance to fractionated irradiation is, in the mouse, extremely dependent upon fraction number and overall treatment time. The biological basis for intestinal tolerance to cytotoxic agents is discussed in light of the results of these studies and the model initially described."
1148588,"Multicell spheroids of Chinese hamster V79-171 cells grown in suspension culture display many of the characteristics of solid tumours in vivo, and can be used as an in vitro tumour model. Two populations of spheroids differing in age and radiosensitivity were exposed to single doses of gamma-radiation and their response assayed by several techniques: (1) spheroids were reduced to single cells by trypsinization at various times post-irradiation, and viability of the single cells determined by colony formation; (2) entire spheroids were placed in petri dishes and observed for cellular outgrowth; (3)spheroid volume and cell content were monitored as a function of time after irradiation. It was found that spheroid volume changes could not be correlated with either the amount of radiation given or with the relative radiosensitivity. In contrast, the number of cells per spheroid, or cellularity, decreased exponentially with exposure dose at sufficiently long times after irradiation. Radiosensitivity was then quantified by calculating the per cent decrease of cellularity per rad. ""Cure"" of spheroids as defined by lack of outgrowth when entire spheroids were placed in petri dishes, correlated well with single cell survival, and was achieved 50 per cent of the time after 2,630 rads for the smaller spheroids and 3,750 rads for the larger ones. Since these spheroids contained an average of similar 7,600 and similar 30,700 cells respectively, comparison of cure data with single cell survival data showed that cures were achieved only when every cell was killed. This result may have significant therapeutic implications, since cells of the most radioresistant population of the spheroid, the chronically hypoxic internal cells, were capable of proliferation even when the spheroid was not reduced to single cells after irradiation."
1148591,"In previous experiments the highest proportions of tumours controlled for 150 days at a particular level of skin reaction were obtained with five or nine fractions of X rays in nine or ten days respectively. Poor results were obtained for the same numbers of fractions given in 4 or 18 days respectively. The present work reports results of three ""non-standard"" fractionation schedules: two with equal doses given at 12-hour intervals over four or nine days and one with eight decreasing doses given at decreasing intervals over 11 days. The two 12-hour interval schedules gave results which were equal to the best obtained by any other schedule tested. The 8F/11d non-uniform schedule, however, gave mediocre results in spite of being close to the previously optimum overall time. When these results are compared with previously published results from the same tumour system two, phases of optimum fractionation are demonstrated. At short overall times, up to four days, the situation is finely balanced, so that fraction size and interval matter greatly and results of the schedules vary from good to bad. At longer overall times, of nine days or more in these tumours, the response is no longer so variable. Eighteen days (two to three times the average volume doubling time) is too long for any successful treatment with this system, presumably because of proliferation in the tumour."
1148592,"The value of non-invasive spleen scanning with 51Cr-chromate heat damaged red cells has been assessed in 68 patients with histologically proved Hodgkin's disease in whom pre-treatment laparotomy with splenectomy was performed. The scans were reported independently by two observers. Following this, the uptake pattern of the radioactive tracer and size of organ on the scan were compared with the post-operative weight and pathology of the spleen. From these results it is concluded that this method of spleen scanning is an unreliable technique in staging Hodgkin's disease."
1148590,"The pinhole camera technique has been compared with resolution and other methods for measuring the focal spot dimensions fo diagnostic X-ray tubes. These comparisons show that the resolution method offers an accurate estimation of the focal spot dimensions without the difficulties normally encountered in pinhole camera techniques. Accuracy and reproducibility of the ""star-test"" resolution method is examined. The current standard specifications for pinhole camera measurements are also discussed, and in the light of results obtained, changes in these specifications are suggested, particulary with regard to correction factors for non-uniformity of the intensity distribution and manufacturing tolerances."
1148593,A new technique for the determination of absolute bone density is described. The procedure is based on the measurement of both transmitted and scattered photons emitted from a 650 mCi radioisotope source of 170Tm in a narrow beam geometry. The method takes into consideration the change in the effective Z/A as a function of bone density which is due to the changing of the elementary composition of bone when bone material is resorbed. The experimental results show that the density of homogeneous materials can be measured with a reproducibility of 2 per cent. The bone density values for the 24 bone specimens measured by the new method show a good correlation (r=0 with 94) with results obtained by application of Archimedes' principle.
1148594,"The life cycle of shistosomes in their human host contributes to protean pathologic changes in many organs. One of these, pre-sinusoidal hepatic fibrosis in the case of S. Japonicum, was studied by an umbilical portogram during the work-up before haemofiltration. Intrahepatic portal block, with rapid tapering and marked tortuosity of portal branches as well as a very inhomogeneous and variable parenchymal pahse with poorly marginated underperfused areas and reversal of extrahepatic portal flow, was demonstrated."
1148609,"A study of the observer error built in to contact preoperative radiography for renal stones shows that particles less than 2 mm in diameter are likely to be missed. The radiographic follow-up of 100 patients from whom 120 large staghorn calculi have been removed over a period of up to 10 years shows that new calculi may form in kidneys which have been completely cleared, and that residual stones do not always grow, but equally often pass spontaneously, or remain unchanged."
1148610,"Out of a group of 979 patients with urinary calculi, 175 had passed their stone(s). Comparison of data for stones which had been passed with data for the whole group shows many significant differences. Calculi composed entirely of calcium oxalate are more likely to be expelled than any other composition variety. The chance of this happening is 1 in 3 and it is even higher when the person is under 50 years of age. The probability of calculi composed of calcium oxalate+calcium phosphate being expelled is 1 in 5 and this also increases for younger patients. Infection stones consisting of calcium phosphate+struvite have only 1 in 19 chance of being passed. Many of the stones passed (130) are under 0.10 g in weight. However, there is a similar relationshp between composition and weight among both the stones that were passed and the whole group. In both groups, pure oxalate stones are the lightest, infection stones are the heaviest and stones composed of calcium phosphate and calcium phosphate+calcium oxalate are of intermediate weight."
1148613,"A 9-year-old girl suffered severe multiple injuries in a road traffic accident. Following a period of anuria an intravenous pyelogram was performed indicating bilateral pelvi-ureteric rupture. Continuity was eventually achieved on both sides following two attempts at ureteral anastomosis. One year after the accident the child is well and the kidneys and ureters are functionally normal. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential in order to achieve a good functional result. This is aided by an awareness of the condition and is confirmed by intravenous and retrograde pyelography. The anastomosis is performed over a polythene splint, supported by a defunctioning nephrostomy for several weeks. The aetiology remains obscure, although there have been many suggestions regarding the mechanics of pelvi-ureteric avulsion."
1148615,A series of 17 children with congenital refluxing megaureters underwent ureteric tailoring and reimplantation. The results obtained suggest that such surgery should be restricted to those cases in which an obstructive element is introduced as a result of the reflux or in which ascending infection is further damaging the already prenatally defective kidney parenchyma.
1148617,A method of the urodynamic investigation of paraplegic and quadriplegie patients is described. Serial measurements of the urethral pressure profile in patients with developing reflex micturition demonstrate a rising pressure at the external urethral sphincter with time following spinal trauma. Patterns of micturition with detrusor-sphincteric imbalance are described in patients with both early and well-established reflex micturition.
1148619,"The gonadal effects produced by injection of cadmium in the rats are well known. The effects of direct injection into the prostate are less well understood. The present experiments indicated the retention of cadmium by the various lobes of the rat prostate following direct injection of radioactive cadmium into the organ. The cells of the prostate are capable of retaining cadmium in measurable amounts up to at least 6 weeks following the injection. The subcellular fractions were measured with respect to cadmium activity and these are indicated. In addition measurements were made in organs which are known to be affected by cadmium, that is, kidney and the testicle. The affinity of the kidney for cadmium is confirmed. The areas of the prostate gland with a high zinc content appear to retain less cadmium than areas of the gland which are known to have a low zinc content. This suggests a possible zinc protective mechanism."
1148621,"The adrenergic and cholinergic receptors of the human prostatic capsule, prostatic ""adenoma"", and bladder neck, were investigated by the in-vitro isometric technique. The prostatic capsule was found to be very rich in both alpha-adrenergic receptors and cholinergic receptors. The prostatic adenoma was moderately rich in alpha-adrenergic receptors, but cholinergic receptors were absent. Beta-adrenergic receptors were absent in the prostatic adenoma, and there was an equivocal response in less than half the specimens of the prostatic capsule. An attempt was made to distinguish between the trigonal component at the posterior bladder neck, and the true bladder neck muscle both posteriorly and antero-laterally. The results indicat that the ""posterior bladder neck"" seen at operation is predominantly trigonal muscle, and is poor in cholinergic receptors. The adrenergic response is variable in the true bladder neck muscle, but is present and strong in the trigonal muscle. This response is characteristically gradual in its development. In view of the findings in this investigation, it is suggested that certain instances of acute retention of urine in prostatic patients are due to over-stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors, particularly those in the prostatic capsule. Similarly, the accepted clinical contraindication to the use of cholinergic drugs for retention in the prostatic patient is supported by the distribution of the cholinergic receptors in the tissues examined."
1148643,Partial hepatectomy was performed in dogs either as the only procedure or following a period of ischaemia of liver remnant produced by inflow occlusion for periods of 30-60 minutes before partial hepatectomy. Temporary portal decompression was maintained through the portion of liver subsequently excised. 1. Survival in dogs subjected to partial hepatectomy and ischaemia to the liver remnant was similar to that in animals after partial hepatectomy alone. 2. Metabolic changes were similar in both groups but dogs submitted to partial hepatectomy and ischaemia to the remnant had higher serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine amino-transferase levels with increased bromsulphthalein in the fourth to sixth post-operative weeks. 3. Replacement of liver mass proceeded rapidly in all groups of animals. It is concluded that ischaemia of the liver remnant for up to 60 minutes preceding partial hepatectomy in the dog is consistent with survival and produced little change in postoperative liver function or in the rate of restoration of liver mass.
1148644,"One hundred and sixteen patients with early corrosive burns of the oesophagus treated by the author are reviewed. It is emphasized that the all important aspect of management of these patients is prophylactic treatment to avoid stricture of the oesophagus. Early treatment consists of intravenous fluid therapy, broad spectrum antibiotics, sedation, parenteral hydrocortisone and more importantly maintaining the patency of the oesophagus followed by dilatation. The importance of early barium meal studies and oesophagoscopy is stressed."
1148645,"Eighty-three adult patients with peptic oesophageal stricture are reviewed with regard to diagnosis and treatment. Sliding hiatus hernia was present in 94 per cent of cases. The strictures were graded according to the degree of stenosis encountered at initial oesophagoscopy, but several other factors influenced the management of each case. Bouginage should always be attempted before proceeding to surgery. Thirty-eight patients were treated by bouginage alone, with 21 (55 per cent) good results and 3 deaths. Forty-five patients came to surgery, with 32 (71 per cent) good results and 3 deaths. Six patients sustained instrumental perforation of the oesophagus with 1 fatality. There was in addition 1 case of silent perforation following self-bouginage, which is believed to be unique. Hiatal herniorrhaphy combined with simple bouginage is recommended where reflux oesophagitis dominates the clinical picture. Local plastic repair (oesophagoplasty) has proved a simple and effective method of treating low annular strictures. Oesophagogastrostomy was carried out in 12 patients without operative loss and with good results in 8 cases; the addition of a pyloroplasty is believed to lessen postoperative reflux."
1148646,"The rates of transport of potassium, sodium and water across the intestinal mucosa of Thiry-Vella fistulas of colon and ileum, were studied in dogs in two experimental situations; (1) following intravenous infusion of potassium (15 mEg) over 30 minutes and (2) during variations in the intraluminal concentration of potassium in the range 0.8-16.0 mEg/l. Following intravenous infusion of potassium the rates of potassium secretion into the colon were usually increased; the rates of sodium and water absorption were either unchanged or decreased. The unidirectional rate of movement of potassium into the lumen increased as the concentration difference across the mucosa increased; the movement of potassium in the opposite direction remained relatively constant. The undirectional movement of sodium and water into the lumen of the colon also increased but to a lesser extent. The effect on potassium transport in the ileum was not so marked. With increase in the intraluminal concentration of potassium there was a decrease in the rate of net potassium secretion in both colon and ileum. The rates of net absorption of sodium and water were not significantly altered. Unidirectional potassium movement into the body increased in all the ileal fistulas."
1148649,"General anaesthesia in the early stages of pregnancy may carry an increased risk of embryotoxicity. One hundred and six women scheduled for non-emerency surgery were interviewed preoperatively and their menstrual history taken. Forty-three (41 per cent) were considered to be using adequate contraceptive therapy. Thirty-one (29 per cent) of the patients could have been in the early stages of pregnancy, and of these women, 19 (61 per cent) were undergoing surgery of a minor nature. Simple history taking identified the women 'at risk' and it is suggested that surgery could have been delayed without detriment in many cases."
1148650,The injuries in 90 patients caused by rubber bullets are described. There was 1 death and 17 people in the series had permanent disabilities or deformities. In 41 patients the injuries necessitated admission to hospital. One fatality outside this series is known. Injuries to the head and neck were frequent and severe.
1148651,"Incidental appendicectomy was performed in 83 of 206 patients undergoing laparotomy for abdominal trauma. No organs were injured in 42 per cent of the appendicectomy patients and in 17 per cent of the non-appendicetomy patients, thus making comparison between the groups unreliable. While the incidence of intestinal perforation was 21 per cent in the appendicectomy patients, the rate of wound infection was only 7 per cent. One complication (pelvic abscess) was possibly attributable to incidental appendicetomy. Since males below the age of 50 face a significant risk of future appendicitis and represent the majority of patients with abdominal trauma, it may be advisable to perform incidental appendicectomy with laparotomy for trauma in such patients. Specific indications for incidental appendicectomy during laparotomy for trauma are suggested."
1148652,A retrospective study is reported of 38 patients with breast carcinoma treated by radical mastectomy and a short course of nitrogen mustard. They were followed up for an average of 10 years. There were no serious untoward reactions to the drug. The 5- and 10-year correct survival rates were 71 and 71 per cent respectively. There would appear to be a renewal of interest in adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with breast carcinoma.
1148660,"The immune status of children with malignant disease in remission was assessed usingvarious immune function tests.  Children with infections had significantlymore neutropenia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, and impaired cell-mediated immune responses than those without.  These two groups combined had much more absolute lymphopenia and impairment of both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-producing capacity thancontrol children with non-malignant conditions.  Regular immunological evaluation isrecommended for children with malignant disease when new intensive treatment schedules are under trial and for individual patients particularly prone to develop infections during treatment."
1148661,"The neutrophil counts of seven women, three tkaing oral contraceptives and four nottaking them, showed cyclical variations during the menstrual cycle, most consistentlya fall in the neutrophil count at menstuation.  The neutrophil count in women not taking oral contraceptives rose to a peak twice during each cycle.  One womennot taking oral contraceptives was studied in detail over eight consecutive menstrualcycles.  She showed two neutrophil peaks per cycle and a similiar variation in themonocyte count.  The eosinophil count showed a reciprocal relation with the neutrophil count and the basophil count fell in mid-cycle.  The changes in her neutrophil count seemed to follow changes in oestrogen level with a delay of one to two days.  Oestrogen probably promotes release of neutrophils from the bone marrow rather than from the marginated pool."
1148666,"To evaluate the relative importance of the medical history, the physical examination, and laboratory investigations in the diagnosis and management of medical outpatients some physicians recorded their diagnosis and a prediction of the method of managementafter reading the patient's referral letter, again after taking the history, and againafter performing the physical examination.  These diagnoses and predictions were compared with the diagnosis and method of management which had been adopted two months after the patient's initial attendance.  A diagnosis that agreed with the one finally accepted was made after reading the referral letter and taking the history in 66 out of 80 new patients; the physical examination was useful in only seven patients, and the laboratory investigations in a further seven.  In only one of six patients in whom the physician was unable to make any diagnosis after taking the history and examining the patient did laboratory investigations lead to a positive diagnosis."
1148667,"A series of 130 consecutive outpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were screened at the oral medicine department, Glasgow Dental Hospital, for deficienciesin vitamin b12, folic acid, and iron.  In 23 patients (17.7%) such deficiencies werefound; five were deficient in vitamin B12, seven in folic acid, and 15 in iron.  Four had more than one deficiency.  Out of 130 controls matched for age and sex 11 (8.5%) were found to have deficiencies.  The 23 deficient patients with recurrent aphthaewere treated with specific replacement therapy, and all 130 patients were followed up for at least one year.  Of the 23 patients on replacement therapy 15 showed complete remission of ulceration and eight definite improvement.  Of the 107 patientswith no deficiency receiving local symptomatic treatment only 33 had a remission or wereimproved.  This difference was significant (P less than 0.001).  Most patients withproved vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency improved rapidly on replacement therapy;those with iron deficiency showed a less dramatic response.  The 23 deficient patientswere further investigated to determine the cause of their deficiencies and detect the presence of any associated conditions.  Four were found to have Addisonian perniciousanaemia.  Seven had a malabsorption syndrome, which in five proved to be a gluten-induced enteropathy.  In addition, there were single patients with idiopathic proctocolitis, diverticular disease of the colon, regional enterocolitis, and adenocarcinoma of thecaecum.  We suggest that the high incidence of deficiencies found in this series andthe good response to replacement therapy shows the need for haematological screening of such patients."
1148695,Ten male patients who shared a similar behaviour disorder have been seen. Their behaviour was characterized by extreme hostility towards close members of the family without aggressiveness towards others. The first manifestations of an increase in hostility may be acts aimed to injure of denigrate the spouse or close members of the family. The dynamics of Capgras's syndrome may be similar. This behaviour disorder must be recognized as one of many causes of conjugal conflict.
1148699,"The labour stencil representing the expected cervimetric progress of normal labour was used in 741 consecutive spontaneous labours to identify high-risk labours which needed oxytocic stimulation. Uterine contractions were stimulated if progress extended two hours past the nomogram, which resulted in shorter labours, fewer instrumental deliveries and caesarean sections, and babies with higher Apgar scores than in those dysfunctional labours which were not stimulated. According to the protocol used 36% of primigravid and 13% of multigravid labours needed acceleration. The remaining patients did not need any oxytocic interference during the first stage. This selection of patients is important to prevent a major obstetric advance being abused and discredited at a time when the profession and public are questioning the safety of active labour."
1148730,"The occurrence of ischaemic changes, arterial occlusion, and other complications which may follow percutaneous arterial cannulation was assessed in a survey of 155 patients. No patient complained of or had signs of ischaemic damage though signs of arterial occlusion were found in 33 patients (22%). These signs were significantly more common after periods of cannulation greater than six hours (43%) than after less than six hours cannulation (17%). During recovery from occlusion all patients had palpable pulsation over the artery even though blood flow seemed to be absent. By the end of follow-up blood flow had returned in 19 of the 33 occluded arteries."
1148731,"To determine the source of pyococci causing attacks of sepsis in infantile eczema 20 patients with continuing eczema were followed up for one year, regular swabs being taken from the skin, nose, throat, and family contacts. The staphylococci were phage typed and the streptococci serologically typed. Staphylococci of the same phage type in most cases remained in reservoir sites on the skin and coincidently in the nose. Staphylococci causing attacks of clinical sepsis arose from these persistently colonized sites. Staphylococci of the same phage type were also common in family contacts. Streptococci of the same group in most cases did not remain on the skin. Streptococci causing attacks of clinical sepsis arose as new infections from external sources, sometimes from throat infections in the patient or family contacts. Strains of streptococci which are known to be associated with glomerulonephritis were isolated. It has been confirmed that staphylococci resistant to neomycin and sodium fusidate quickly emerge after the topical use of these antibiotics. Streptococci are highly resistant to neomycin and gentamicin, and moderately resistant to sodium fusidate, so the use of these antibiotics in topical steroid preparations will have little effect in preventing further attacks of clinical sepsis in these patients."
1148738,The use of psychiatric services by patients with a suicidal history was examined to see if they placed a greater long-term burden on these services than other types of patient. Suicidal patients spent significantly more days in hospital and made more outpatient attendances; suicide attemptors in particular not only needed more emergency consultations but also spent more days in hospital. A more economical yet more effective treatment policy for the suicidal patient is needed.
1148772,"Patterns of management for head injury in the acute and late stages are reviewed in respect of both mild and severe injuries. Because so many disciplines are involved, continuity of care if often difficult to achieve; and no one discipline is concerned with planning for the care of head injuries in a strategic way. The needs of head-injured patients are defined and suggestions made for improving care by the reorganization of existing facilities. What is most needed is to concentrate on patients with head injuries, both in the acute and in the late stages. Only then can medical, nursing, and paramedical personnel become skilled in dealing with the many problems which such patients present."
1148773,Analysis of the first six months of intensive dietary management of 57 maturity onset diabetics showed that a large proportion of such patients could be satisfactorily controlled without the need of either oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin. A dietitian's assessment of the patient's adherence to the prescribed diet allowed groups of good and poor dieters to be selected. Among the poor dieters the plasma insulin and triglyceride levels were significantly increased though plasma glucose levels were not significantly higher. Dietary adherence may thus be an prognostic risk factor in this group of diabetic patients.
1148779,"The use of a total joint replacement surgery has been growing in a manner which is poorly understood. This growth is more likely to be limited by saturation of the available medical services than by a limit to the number of people who could benefit from the treatment. Present indications are that services will be saturated in 1974 or 1975, after which 4600 extra people a year will go on to the waiting lists if demand continues as at present. Stability can then be achieved by either raising the clinical criteria for surgical treatment or making about 300 extra orthopaedic beds available each year, buffered from the demands of acute trauma admissions."
1148814,"Twenty-two out of 235 patients with undoubted or suspected MS, treated at the Neurological Clinic, Uppsala, during the eight-year period, 1966-1973, had paroxysmal symptoms during the course of their disease. Paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia (7 cases), and tonic seizures (5 cases) were the most common types of attacks. Some types of attacks (paroxysmal hemiataxia and crossed paraesthesiae, paroxysmal itching, diplopia as the single, paroxysmal symptom) do not seem to have been described previously. A patient with tonic seizures caused by a localized, traumatic lesion of the cervical spinal cord is also described. It is suggested that the paroxysmal phenomena in MS are caused by a transversely spreading ephaptic activation of axons within a partially demyelinated lesion in fibre tracts somewhere in the central nervous system. The different paroxysmal phenomena are discussed in the light of this hypothesis."
1148816,"Because it has been proposed that the reduction of the striatal biogenic amines in Parkinson's disease leads to an imbalance between the actions of acetylcholine and dopamine, we have studied the effects of these substances, liberated from multibarrelled micropipettes, on the firing of single neurons in the feline caudate nucleus depleted of biogenic amines by long-standing nigrostriatal lesions. Compared with neurons in intact cats, those in cats with lesions were more easily excited by acetylcholine and less easily supressed by dopamine. These results suggest that the depletion of the striatal amines decreases the neuronal susceptibility to dopamine and increases that to acetylocholine, possibly by changing the sensitivity or the number of the neuronal receptors of these agents."
1148817,"A case of alexia with agraphia in a Japanese patient is presented. Reading difficulty was severe in words composed of phonograms (Kana), while reading of words composed of Ideograms (Kanji) was better preserved. Writing was severely impaired in both types of characters. Occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery was demonstrated by carotid arteriography and was considered responsible for the symptoms. Two additional cases of alexia with agraphia from the Japanese literature are reviewed. Their linguistic features were similar to the present case. A hypothesis of a functional disconnexion between visual and auditory-oral systems is proposed to explain why Kana processing was more severly affected than Kanji processing."
1148818,"An attempt has been made to elucidate in the rhesus monkey the role of intrahemispheric cortico-cortical connexions in visual guidance of relatively independent hand and finger movements which are governed mainly from the precentral motor cortex. These movements were tested by requiring the animals to retrieve with their fingers small food pellets from a special test board in which the pellets were easily visible but were more difficult to palpate. Unilateral occipital lobectomy combined with a commissurotomy impaired the performance of the contralateral hand. The same was true for the parietal leucotomy of Myers et al. (1962) which transects the bulk of the intrahemispheric occipitofrontal cortical fibres. Tests of the visual discrimination of the leucotomized hemispheric showed that the motor impairment after this leucotomy did not represent a visual defect. In control animals no impairment was found after ablation of the cortex on the surface of the postcentral gyrus and the superior parietal lobule. A mild impairment occurred, however, when the lesion either involved also the inferior parietal lobule or was accompanied by a white matter infarct deep under the postcentral gyrus. The findings make it likely that the intrahemispheric cortical fibres to the frontal lobe play a role in visual guidance of relatively independent hand and finger movements. This conclusion is also supported by some preliminary findings after frontal lobe lesions, but further experiments are necessary to establish it firmly."
1148819,"Averaged visual evoked responses to pattern reversal stimuli have been recorded in 54 control subjects, 51 patients with multiple sclerosis, and 55 patients with other neurological diseases which might involve the visual apparatus. The latency to the peak of the major positive potential in normal subjects under the age of 60 was 104 msec or less (mean 90-5 msec+3 SD). The latency of the VER was prolonged above this value in one or both eyes in 67 per cent of the patients with multiple sclerosis (in 84 per cent of those with definite multiple sclerosis, in 83 per cent of those with probable multiple sclerosis, and in 21 per cent of those with possible multiple sclerosis). The latency of the VER was also prolonged in 25 percent of those with an acute spinal cord lesion of unknown cause; in 46  per cent of those with an isolated brain-stem lesion unknown cause; and in 49 per cent of patients presenting with a progressive spastic paraparesis. The extra delay in latency varied from a few msec to as much as a 100 msec. In patients with multiple sclerosis, a delayed VER was found in the affected eye in all with a previous history of optic neuritis, and in 47 per cent of those with no such history...."
1148820,"(1) Pulfrich's pendulum has been developed as a method for detecting abnormal delay in the visual pathway of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis. (2) Forty-one normal subjects gave a mean interocular latency difference of 2-4 +/- 1-8 msec on Pulfrich's pendulum. This mean +2 SD (6 msec) was taken as the limit of normal interocular latency difference by this method. (3) The test was assessed on 58 patients. Eighteen of these had definite multiple sclerosis, 9 had probable multiple sclerosis, and 8 had possible multiple sclerosis, according to clinical criteria. The remaining 23 patients did not conform with clinical criteria for multiple sclerosis, and served as neurological controls. Thirteen of these 23 patients had abnormal signs in the visual system. All the 58 patients also had visual evoked responses (VERs) recorded. (4) Interocular latency difference was outside the normal range in 9/18 with definite multiple sclerosis, in 3/9 with probably multiple sclerosis and in 2/8 with possible multiple sclerosis. (5) Interocular latency difference was outside the normal range in 2/23 patients with other neurological disorders. (6) There was a strong correlation between abnormality on the Pulfrich pendulum and on the VER for the multiple sclerosis group. (7) Individual results are compared with those from the VER. There was no significant correlation of the size and direction of the interocular latency difference obtained from the Pulfrich pendulum with that obtained from the VER, for any group. Possible reasons for this are discussed. (8) It is concluded that Pulfrich's pendulum is an easily performed and potentially useful subjective test for detecting abnormal dealy in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis."
1148821,Abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus are described in a patient with pathologically proven bilateral infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territories. There were no other central nervous system lesions. These abnormalities of eye movement are interpreted as indicating an inhibitory effect of the frontal eye fields upon the occipital lobes.
1148822,"A kindred with a unique autosomal dominantly inherited ataxia of late onset is described. Manifestations of the condition include defective optokinetic nystagmus and absent or abnormal oculo-vestibular responses, in association with normal cochlear function. It is possible that these latter features may serve as ""markers"" to indicate the presence of the disease in presymptomatic young adults, thereby facilitating important genetic counseling."
1148823,"Simple reaction time is significantly increased in patients with unilateral lesions of either cerebral hemisphere responding with the hand ipsilateral to the lesion, but the effect is much greater when the lesion is in the non-dominant hemisphere. This difference cannot be attributed to asymmetries in the size or type of lesion. It applies over the complete distribution of reaction times as well as to the means, and is not diminished by practice. Neither the classical conduction model of reaction time nor the mass-action hypothesis proposed by De Renzi and Faglioni (1965) can account for the findings. Although the increase of about 100 ms observed with lesions of the dominant hemisphere probably represents a non-specific effect of brain disease, the much larger increases resulting from lesions of the non-dominant hemisphere appear to be of focal origin. The critical areas cannot yet be specified with certainty, but maps of the brain scans for patients with the highest reaction times suggest that structures in or near the basal ganglia and the posterior parietal region of the non-dominant hemisphere are involved, and other studies show that the focal effect is not found when patients with contralateral motor involvement are excluded."
1148824,"The discharge of neurons in cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebral motor cortex was recorded on alternate days in each of 3 monkeys in association with prompt arm movement in response to a light signal. The time of change of the discharge of each neuron in relation to arm movement was computed. The distributions of the time of change for cerebellum and cerebrum overlapped, but the cerebellar distribution was shifted slightly earlier."
1148825,"The effects of bilateral removal of the superior colliculus or visual cortex on visually guided locomotor movements in rats performing a brightness discrimination task were investigated directly with the use of cine film. Rats with collicular lesions showed patterns of locomotion comparable to or more efficient than those of normal animals when approaching one of 5 small doors located at one end of a large open area. In contrast, animals with large but incomplete lesions of visual cortex were distinctly impaired in their visual control of approach responses to the same stimuli. On the other hand, rats with collicular damage showed no orienting reflex or evidence of distraction in the same task when novel visual or auditory stimuli were presented. However, both normal and visual-decorticate rats showed various components of the orienting reflex and disturbance in task performance when the same novel stimuli were presented. These results suggest that although the superior colliculus does not appear to be essential to the visual control of locomotor orientation, this midbrain structure might participate in the mediation of shifts in visual fixation and attention. Visual cortex, while contributing to visuospatial guidance of locomotor movements, might not play a significant role in the control and integration of the orienting reflex."
1148826,"In rats immobilized by D-tubocurarine the spontaneous activity in pairs of mesencephalic reticular neurons was recorded by means of one microelectrode and differentiated by amplitude discriminators. Spontaneous activity of neuronal pairs and activity evoked by electrical polarization of cells (5-235 nA) through the recording microelectrode was evaluated in the curarized state and after cumulative doses of 15 mg/kg pentobarbital. No correlation between mean interspike interval duration in pairs of adjacent neurons was found in the unanesthetized state. After pentobarbital a slight dependence was observed between the values. Furthermore, it is probable that adjacent neurons will both cease firing at the same dose of pentobarbital. Cross-correlation of the spike trains of two adjacent neurons was found in the range of minus 10 msec to plus 10 msec (which is probably an expression of direct interaction or of a common input) in 6 of 50 pairs analyzed in the unanesthetized state. This dependence fully disappeared after 15-30 mg/kg of pentobarbital. After 15 mg/kg of pentobarbital in 17 recorded pairs (out of 50 analyzed) peaks in the cross-correlograms appeared in a range of about 100 msec and at a distance of 150-300 msec. Such a relationship was already present in 4 pairs of neurons in the unanesthetized state. The similarity of autocorrelation and cross-correlation histograms in this case favors the hypothesis that spontaneous activity of many mesencephalic reticular neurons is synchronized after pentobarbital administration. In many reticular neurons the firing may be evoked by direct cell polarization through the recording microelectrode even at cumulative doses of pentobarbital much higher than those sufficient to block spontaneous activity."
1148827,"This investigation was carried out to test the hypothesis that the brain contains a substance that functions as an endogenous mediator at central morphine receptor sites. The extraction and purification of a low molecular weight substance are described. This substance inhibits neurally evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens and guinea pig myenteric plexus. The inhibitory action of this substance was antagonized by the 3 narcotic antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and MR 1302 at nanomolar concentrations. The narcotic antagonists alone had no effect on the assay tissues. The purified substance had no effect on the guinea pig or rabbit vas deferens, tissues which do not possess morphine receptor sites. The pharmacological activity of the substance is destroyed by carboxypeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase, it is hydrophilic and behaves as an ampholyte in ion exchange systems. These observations and the production of ninhydrin positive products on acid hydrolysis indicate the presence of a small molecular weight (less than 700) peptide. The morphine-like substance was unevenly distributed in the brain, the highest concentrations occurring in the striatum, midbrain, pons and medulla. No activity could be detected in extracts of cerebellum, liver or lung. It is suggested that the compound isolated in this investigation forms part of a central pain suppressive system and may also have a wider neurochemical role in the brain."
1148828,"Endplate free areas of the emebrane of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat, covered fpor 3 days by a piece of nerve from the brachial region, become locally sensitive to ACh applied iontophoretically. Mean ACh sensitivity is increased at this site in the extensor muscle from 0 in areas not covered by the nerve to 6.27 mV/nanocoulombs (nC) +/- 1.28 (S.E.), in the area under the nerve and in soleus from 0.12 mV/nC +/- 0.05 (S.E.) to 24.2 mV/nC +/- 4.6 (S.E.). Increase in sensitivity is accompained by a decrease of resting membrane potential. Mean values are (unaffected areas) 75.0 mV +/- 0.55 (S.E.) to (affected area) 65.0 mV +/- 0.56 (S.E.) in soleus and (unaffected areas) 76.3 mV +/- 0.61 (S.E.) to (affected area) 67.0 mV +/- 0.55 (S.E.) in extensor digitorum longus. These changes are local in individual fibres. Changes in ACh sensitivity and resting membrane potential in the area covered by the nerve are temporary, and after 6 days no sign of increase in sensitivity and drop in membrane potential were observed. The piece of nerve loses its potential to induce AHh sensitivity when it is heated to 98 degrees C for 5 min or soaked for 2 h in distilled water."
1148840,"Following lesions of the pyramidal tract in hamsters, retrograde changes were studied in the sensorimotor cortex and in the pyramidal tract axons proximal to the lesion, at survival times ranging from 2 weeks to 14 months. Severe cell shrinkage occurred in layer 5 pyramidal neurons as early as 2 weeks, but there was no cell loss among these neurons even with long survival times. Use of the Fink-Heimer method for degenerating axons revealed that the pyramidal tract proximal to the lesion had undergone a retrograde axon degeneration which, in some respects, resembled anterograde degeneration. The retrograde axon degeneration began at the lesion site and advanced slowly rostralwards with time involving increasingly greater numbers of fibers. However, even at the longest survival times the degeneration fell off markedly at pontine levels. The results indicate that this process represents a true retrograde fiber degeneration (as opposed to an indirect Wallerian degeneration) which appears to reach a point of equilibrium such that a partially shrunken pyramidal cell is maintaining a partially degenerated axon."
1148844,"Morphological changes in the intralaminar nuclei centralis medialis, paracentralis and centralis lateralis of the thalamus of adult cats after cortical excisions have been determined by means of a quantitative method. The number and size of the remaining neurons on the operated side have been compared with those of the normal side. The differences between the normal and the operated side have been compared to those found between the two sides in the control animals. The most important result is the demonstration that after cortical ablations the intralaminar nuclei show not only chromatolytic or atrophic changes of their cells but also a true cell loss. These reactions are qualitatively similar to those observed in the specific nuclei of the thalamus, the only difference being a quantitative one. As a consequence it can be suggested that some intralaminar nuclei project to certain areas of the cerebral cortex which also receive projections from one or other specific thalamic nucleus. A large essential connection of the intralaminar nuclei, in particular the nucleus centralis medialis, with subcortical structures is confirmed."
1148845,"Cryostat sections of the central nervous system of adrenalectomized male rats injected with [3H]corticosterone were examined by radioautography. One hour after the injection, radioactivity was found to be selectively concentrated in specific neurons of the septum, the hippocampal complex (precommissural hippocampus, cornu Ammonis, gyrus dentatus, subiculum), the indusium griseum, the amygdala and in certain areas of the cortex. In the hippocampus, the pyramidal neurons in fields CA1 and CA2 of the cornu Ammonis and the granule neurons of the gyrus dentatus contained more radioactivity than did other regions of the brain. Most of the silver grains were localized in the nuclei of labeled cells. The topographic distribution of corticosterone-concentrating neurons shows that the hormonal target sites in the central nervous system are mainly extrahypothalamic."
1148846,"Rats between 5 and 45 days of age were sacrificed and their sciatic nerves dissected. Myelin was prepared from these sciatic nerves by a procedure involving purification on discontinuous sucrose gradients. The proteins of whole sciatic nerves at different ages and the proteins derived from the myelin isolated from these sciatic nerves were examined by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Over half of the proteins of sciatic nerve myelin migrated in a single band on the gel (P0). There were only minor changes in the protein distribution of sciatic nerve mylein during development. In contrast, the polyacrylamide gel patterns of whole sciatic nerve homogenate changed markedly during development between 5 and 15 days of age. The amount of P0 protein as a proportion of the total sciatic nerve protein increased from 3% at 5 days of age to 13% at 15 days of age after which it remained constant. Several other proteins which were also characteristic of the isolated myelin increased in relative importance during this time period. Parallel experiments dealing with a metabolic parameter of myelinogenesis, incorporation of intraperitoneally injected [35S]sulfate into sulfatide, were conducted. The maximum synthesis of sulfatide occurred between 6 and 16 days of age, coincident with the marked accumulation of myelin proteins in sciatic nerve."
1148848,"The levels of the free amino acids of the mouse brain were studied after convulsions induced by Metrazol; a decrease of level of taurine and a significant increase of level of alanine, phenylalanine and isoleucine were found. The net uptake of L-histidine by the mouse brain in vivo was similar under normal conditions and after Metrazol-induced generalized convulsions; that of L-methionine was much higher after convulsions and there was no uptake of L-aspartic acid, either under physiological conditions or after convulsions. The net uptake of L-histidine by various regions of the rabbit brain in vivo after convulsions was significantly higher than control values in the cortical areas, while that of L-methionine was significantly higher in the subcortical ones; there was no uptake of L-aspartic acid by the rabbit brain in normal condition, whereas after convulsions a small entry seemed to occur in the subcortical areas. These results indicate that cerebral permeability processes of amino acids are somewhat altered during convulsive phenomena, as already described elsewhere for ions andproteins."
1148849,"Two estradiol antagonists, Parke-Davis CI 628 and CI 680, were studied for their inhibitory potency against labeled estradiol uptake within the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, pituitary and uterus of the ovariectomized rat. Both drugs, tested from 15 min to 24 h prior to estradiol, induced a fast and long-lasting decrease of the hormone uptake. Three degrees of inhibition were observed depending on the tissue studied: (a) the most important inhibition concerned uterus and pituitary, where the estradiol uptake was prevented by up to 90% by the largest doses of antagonists used (6.3 and 6.1 mg, respectively, for CI 268 and CI 680); (b) in the hypothalamus, the estradiol uptake was counteracted to a lower degree; the inhibition being 39% for anterior hypothalamus and 22% for medial posterior hypothalamus; (c) cerebral cortex uptake was completely unaffected by pretreatments with the antagonists. After subcellular fractionation it was observed that the nuclear uptake of estradiol was completely abolished in both hypophyseal and hypothalamic tissues if the hormonal injection was preceded by the administration of 6.3 mg of CI 628."
1148850,"Sodium and potassium currents in the node of Ranvier decrease exponentially with time during long lasting voltage clamp experiments. This decline is strongly dependent on temperature (Q10 approximately 3). Thiamine and, particularly, its diand triphosphoric acid esters are shown to prevent this exponential decline of the ionic currents. Thiamine acts from the outside and from the inside of the nodal membrane, but more potently from the inside. Thiamine diphosphate prevents the exponential decline of the ionic currents only when applied internally. Thiamine triphosphate, the most effective thiamine derivative was tested form the inside only. Bacterial thiaminases applied externally were not effective, presumably because they do not permeate the nodal membrane. Tetrodotoxin, that has been shown by other investigators to induce a release of thiamine from nerve membranes, does not alter the action of thiamine on the exponential decline of current and vice versa. It is concluded that: (1) thiamine diphosphate or thiamine triphosphate are the active thiamine compounds in nerve membranes; (2) the site of action is located at the internal suface of the membrane; (3) the reduction of the thiamine concentration in the membrane or in the axoplasm could cause the exponetial decline of currents; (4) the release of thiamine from nerve membranes induced by tetrodotoxin is interpreted as a side effect not even related to the mechanism by which tetrodotoxin blocks the sodium channels; (5) thiamine polyphosphates appear to stabilise the intrinsic electric field strength of the nodal membrane in the resing state. Threfore, as a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the thiamine derivatives control the number of functioning ionic channels by stabilising the density of negative surface charges at the inner side of the nerve membrane."
1148851,"Lesions were produced in the median (n = 8), dorsal (n = 7) or both (n = 7) midbrain raphe nuclei and their effects on behavior (days 16-54 postoperatively) compared to that of controls (n = 9). In addition, forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration were determined. Only the median and combined lesion groups showed increased running wheel and open field activity, as well as enhanced reactivity to novel stimuli and environmental change. None of the lesion groups, however, showed changes in home cage activity on postoperative day 21. Although all lesion groups were deficient in the acquisition and retention of one-way avoidance, the deficits were of a greater magnitude in the median and combined lesion groups. The latter two groups, furthermore, were impaired in forced extinction of the one-way avoidance response, but only the combined lesion group evidenced facilitation of two-way avoidance acquistion. Thus, in contrast to the effects of median or combined raphe lesions, lesions in the dorsal raphe nucleus affected few of the behavioral parameters studied. These results suggest that the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a different behavioral role than the median raphe nucleus. The median nucleus appears to be involved in the regulation of activity level, the reaction to novelty and environmental change, and the response to aversive stimuli. Possible mechanisms for the observed behavioral changes are discussed, as well as their apparent similarity to the effects of other mesencephalic and limbic lesions. Lastly, the median, dorsal and combined raphe lesions lowered forebraine 5-HT but 26, 65, and 77%, respectively, versus controls. These reductions differed significantly from each other, and with previously reported data indicate that the dorsal raphe nucleus in the principal origin of forebrain 5-HT. It is suggested, furthermore, that the behavioral effects of midbrain raphe lesions are not due primarily to their associated reduction in forebrain 5-HT."
1148858,"The synaptic organization of the red nucleus in the cat was investigated using the electron microscope and the axosomatic synapses were analyzed quantitatively using serial sections. The bouton covering ratios were found to be 61.5, 16.6 and 6.1% in large, medium-sized and small neurons, respectively. In a vast majority of axosomatic terminals, the synaptic apposition length ranged from 1.2 to 1.4 mum. There were 15-17 axon terminals on each 100 sq. mum of perikaryal surface of a magnocellular neuron. Seventy-four per cent of axosomatic terminals on the magnocellular neuron were filled with spherical vesicles and 22% had flattened vesicles. No clear correlation appears to exist between the shape of synaptic vesicles and the type of the postsynaptic differentiation. Somatic thorns were observed rather frequently on the magnocellular neurons. Axo-dendrodendritic serial synapses were occasionally observed to be present in the red nucleus. All postsynaptic components of these serial synapses contained pleomorphic vesicles. The possible existence of the Golgi type II cells in the red nucleus is discussed in relation to the components consituting the serial synapses."
1148859,"In fed rats, in vitro oxygen consumption of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was found to be reliably higher than that of the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and this differential effect was abolished by prior food deprivation. Neither body weight (236-569 g) nor age (50-180 days old) was important in determining the magnitude of differential respiration of these hypothalamic subareas. VMH respiration was found to be especially responsive to intragastric administration of glucose-oxygen consumption increasing 94% above baseline levels in VMH, with only a 28% increment occurring in the LHA. Using various delays between loading of glucose and testing, the VMH-LHA ratio in oxygen consumption was found to be inversely related to food intake. Implications of these findings to the nature of hypothalamic control of feeding are discussed."
1148860,"We have applied a technique involving multi-channel linear filtering to the problem of sorting and identifying singly unit neuronal activity in records containing several simultaneously active units. The technique is effective even when the waveforms of two or more nerve impulses are superimposed. We have applied it successfully to data involving up to 6 units, and in theory it is applicable to substantially more. Current limitations are that the waveform of the impulse from each unit must first be determined by identifying and averaging several isolated examples, and that the number of recording electrodes must approximate the number of units present."
1148866,"Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were examined in 3 forebrain regions following unilateral lesions either in the ventral medial tegmental area (VMT) or in the substantia nigra. The dopamine and norepinephrine content of the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and corpus striatum were assayed ipsilaterally and contralaterally in unilaterally lesioned rats sacrificed 2, 5, 10, and 20 days after the placement of the lesions. In the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle ipsilateral dopamine levels were significantly reduced below the contralateral levels at 2 days, and were decreased by 56% and 65%, respectively, 10 days after the lesion. A 30% reduction of dopamine levels occurred in corpus striatum as well, following lesions in the VMT. Lesions in the substantia nigra decreased ipsilateral dopamine levels by 68% in the corpus striatum, without affecting dopamine levels in the olfactory tubercle or nucleus accumbens. Norepinephrine levels on the side ipsilateral to the lesion did not significantly differ from contralateral levels in any of the 3 regions following lesions either in the VMT or in the substantia nigra. These results demonstrate the specificity of projection in the mesolimbic dopamine system as suggested by the original histofluorescence studies."
1148867,"In the rat, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) decreased the striatal and retinal content of homovanillic acid. LSD did not change the level of dopamine (DA), but delayed the a-methyl-p-tyrosine-induced disappearance of this amine in the teldiencephalon. In the cat, LSD diminished the DA output into the perfusate of the caudate nucleus. Furthermore, LSD increased the activity of adenylate cyclase in striatal homogenates of rat. These and other findings indicate that in the central nervous system LSD stimulates DA receptors which may be involved in LSD-induced phychosis."
1148868,"The brain distribution and metabolism of progesterone were studied in female, rhesus monkeys. Adult monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine and were given a constant infusion of [3H]- or [14C] progesterone. Blood samples were obtained from cannulae inserted into the carotid artery, the jugular vein and lateral (transverse) sinus. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone was 295 +/- 49 (S.E.) 1/day. The head extraction of progesterone was 30.4 +/- 8.3% (S.E.) and the brain extraction 26.0 +/- 9.18% (S.E.). The peripheral conversion ratios of progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20alpha-OHP) and 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione (5alpha-DHP) were 10.0 +/- 1.3% (S.E.) and 2.4 +/- 0.3% (S.E.), respectively. These same conversion ratios for across the head were 4.8 +/- 1.0% (S.E.) and 1.5 +/- 0.6% (S.E.) and for across the brain 5.0 +/- 0.7% (S.E.) and 2.2 +/- 0.6% (S.E.). The concentration of radioactive progesterone was 2-5 times higher in brain tissues compared to the carotid arterial blood. The tissue concentrations of radioactive progesterone compared to a cerebrum 'control' sample: was lower in the central gray (P less than 0.05); were the same for the amygdala, hippocampus, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, and anterior pituitary; and were higher in the cervical spinal cord, optic chiasm, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and pons (P less than 0.1). The distribution pattern of 20alpha-OHP formed from progesterone was similar to that of progesterone. 5alpha-DHP formed from progesterone had a different distribution than progesterone, being highest in the central gray area. High concentrations of 5alpha-DHP were also observed in the mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and hypothalamus and low values in the anterior pituitary. Infusions of [3H]20alpha-OHP and [3H]5alpha-DHP were used to evaluate the in vivo metabolism of progesterone by different brain areas. [3H]Estradiol infused into one monkey had its highest concentration in the anterior pituitary which was 20 times higher than in the carotid arterial blood."
1148869,"Submicroscopic changes of neurons, synapses, glial cells and some elements of capillaries were established by studying chronic mirror foci which appeared in the rat cerebral cortex after implantation of cobalt-gelatinous rods into the contralateral hemisphere. The results were compared with normal control cortex and with changes after thermocoagulation of the symmetrical contralateral cortex. It is shown that epileptogenic lesions produce a significant reduction of RNA-components, edema and vacuolization of neuronal cytoplasm, hypertrophy and proliferation of glial cells. The revealed pathological changes of the synapses were manifested by dilatation of some vesicles and the appearance of heterogenic inclusions. The characteristic features of Wallerian degeneration of callosal synapses and the reversible retrograde changes of the neurons which send their axons into the traumatized zone of the contralateral hemisphere were observed to be similar after both experimental lesions."
1148870,Sustained seizure activity can be induced in rabbit olfactory bulb by application of brief low-level current via chronically implanted micro-electrodes.  Sensitivity to such stimulation is markedly augmented by prior surgical isolation of the ipsilateral or contralateral bulb.  The isolated rabbit olfactory bulb apparently possesses an intrinsic system sufficient to acquire and retain altered neuronal excitability of an epileptiform kind.  The preparation described here offers promise as a model for further studies of electrophysiological plasticity in a simple cortical system.
1148871,"Spontaneous and hypothalamically induced theta activity was studied in rabbits lightly anaesthetized with urethane or urethane-chloralose.  Well-developed theta activity was found over a large area of the dorsal part of the hippocampal formation, roughly corresponding to the CA1 field.  Cross-correlation analysis between a stationary and a moving electrode showed that a large sheet of tissue oscillated in remarkable synchrony.  This region was at least 8 mm along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus and 6 mm in a plane transverse to this axis, thus comprising the whole of the rostro-caudal extension of the CA1 region.  For technical reasons the temporal half was not explored.  Depth recordings showed two foci of theta activity, one in the basal part of CA1 (stratum oriens) and a second, separate region with considerably larger amplitudes in the dentate region, having its maximum in the molecular layer.  Due to the folded nature of the dentate fascia, an electrode often recorded two maxima corresponding to its upper and lower blades.  Wave form analysis showed that the dentrate and CA1 rhythmic activity was roughly 180 degrees out of phase.  The dentate theta activity remained in conditions where the CA1 theta activity was absent, either spontaneously or due to experimental interference.  Systematic micro-electrode tracking showed absence of theta activity in the CA3 region.  Nor was convincing theta activity found in the subiculum, parasubiculum, presubiculum or entohinal areas."
1148872,"Nerve growth factor (NGF) induced a marked increase in the adrenergic nerve terminal networks of several peripheral organs in intact adult and young adult mice.  The animals were investigated at 3 days and at 2 months after 6 daily subcutaneous injections of the 7S species of NGF (1 mug/g body weight each dose).  At 3 days after the end of the treatment an increased fluorescence intensity, as well as an increased density of the adrenergic terminal plexuses was observed by fluorescence histochemical techniques in iris, salivary glands, heart, intestine, spleen and pancreas.  These changes were paralleled by significant increases (up to 55%) in the endogenous NA levels.  Increased NA levels were also detected in the brain of the NGF-treated animals.  At 2 months after treatment the effects had almost totally disappeared, demonstrating that the NGF-induced overgrowth of the sympathetic axons was only temporary.  The increased adrenergic innervation probably resulted from a stimulatory effect of NGF on collateral sprouting from the intact adrenergic axons.  In line with the idea that the terminals of peripheral axons are continuously renewed, it is suggested that endogenous NGF could play a regulatory role in such a continuous growth process of the fully developed, adult sympathetic nervous system, directed at the maintenance of an adequate adrenergic terminal network."
1148873,"The uptake of [3H]choline was investigated in nuclei-free homogenates or crude synaptosomal fractions (P2) from rat brain under various stages of development.  A comparable sensitivity of uptake to treatment by hyposmotic shock suggested the involvement of synaptosomal populations in choline uptake in immature as well as in adult brains.  However, significant changes in the ""apparent"" Km for the high affinity transport system and quantitative differences in the Na ion requirement for maximal uptake at 0.43 muM choline concentration were found during development; facts which suggested a greater contribution of the low affinity system in the more immature brains.  Assuming that the uptake with high and low sensitivity to Na+ reduction reflected that via the high and low affinity system reslectively, we have attempted to obtain real Km values for the high affinity system.  These Km values changed less than those measured directly, suggesting that the affinity constant for the high affinity system does not change during development.  On these assumptions, the developmental changes of cholinergic synaptogenesis were examined in 5 distinct regions of the brain.  It was found that the synaptogenesis begins several days earlier than the increase of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) level in the frontal cortex, the hippocampus, the superior colliculus and the cerebellum.  These regions may be included among the terminal-rich regions according to available evidence related to cholinergic systems.  On the other hand, synaptogenesis accompanied the concomitant ChAc increase in the striatum, where the cholinergic interneurons are present.  It is concluded that the increase of ChAc in the terminal-rich regions is delayed by the axoplasmic flow; therefore, the earlier index of cholinergic synaptogenesis in these regions is the high affinity uptake activity rather than the enzyme activity."
1148874,"Two groups of 10 hooded rats were trained on a pattern discrimination between horizontal and vertical striped stimuli which were equated for contour-length and total luminous flux, and in which consistent local luminous flux cues were eliminated.  In one group of rats, visual cortex removals were performed in two stages with training between the operations.  Nine out of the 10 rats were able to relearn the pattern discrimination (median of 344 trials) after the completed bilateral visual cortex lesions in one stage.  In agreement with previous studies, none of these animals were able to relearn the discrimination after more than 10 times (550 trial limit) the trials required for original learning.  However, several rats with total one-stage lesions could relearn the pattern discrimination if very extended periods of training were given."
1148875,"The temporal neocortex was removed in 4 monkeys, and 5 received amygdala destruction.  Four control animals received skin and muscle incisions.  The monkeys were compared on a visual pattern discrimination task, a food-non-food discrimination, and a rating scale that measured agonistic and approach behavior.  Only the cortical lesion disrupted retention of the visual pattern task and neither lesion disrupted performance of the food-non-food task.  Both lesions produced oral behavior, increased reaction to stimuli and decreased emotionality.  Thus, the major symptoms of the Klüver-Bucy syndrome are produced by destroying either the temporal neocortex or the amygdala."
1148881,"Long bones and mandibles from neonatal rats were studied to characterize the mechanisms regulating their growth and to describe the patterns of bone mineral acquisition. Mineral uptake was determined by measuring the rates of incorporation of radioactive calcium (45Ca) into three metabolic pools within, or intimately surrounding, the bone. The incorporation into the pool of protein-bound calcium was low throughout the neonatal period, accounting for no more than 1% of the total calcium uptake during this period. The ionized calcium concentration, which was low throughout, increased at the time when formation of the mineral phase was found to be high. The largest fraction of the mineral, the complexed calcium, showed a gradually increasing rate of incorporation, lasting approximately until the age of weaning. The two bony tissues differed somewhat in the slopes at which the incorporation rates changed. From these studies of bone growth, it appears that the process of bone mineralization starts around the time of birth, gradually gains intensity and is maximal between approximately 10 and 18 days. It is speculated that the ionized calcium fraction may be the precursor of mineral formation."
1148882,"Hypocalcemia previously reported in rats and dogs following oral administration of ethanol may have been caused by a movement of calcium from blood to bone. This present study was undertaken to determine whether ethanol also causes hypocalcemia in chicks and to investigate the direct effects of ethanol on mineral accretion, glucose metabolism and growth of embryonic chick tibiae in an organ culture system. A high dose of ethanol (6 g/kg body wt) produced hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia and an elevated hematocrit in chicks. Results in vitro were as follows: 1) 5 to 30 mul ethanol/ml medium produced dose-related increases in bone mineral from 58-440%; 2) lactate production was inhibited at all ethanol levels; 3) increased mineral accretion did not occur in ethanol-treated tibiae when iodoacetate was in the medium, but did occur in mechanically disrupted bones exposed to ethanol; and 4) the ethanol response in bone was directly related to the medium phosphate concentration. The results lead to the following conclusions: 1) ethanol has a direct stimulatory effect on bone mineral accretion and an inhibitory effect on bone glucose metabolism in vitro; 2) viable bone cells and an adequate phosphate supply are necessary for the ethanol response, but tissue integrity is not; and 3) the hypocalcemic effect of ethanol in vivo may at least partially result from ethanol-stimulated bone mineral deposition."
1148883,"The effects of various concentrations of fluoride on the mineralization of embryonic chich tibiae were studied in vitro. After 4 days incubation in medium with a physiological Ca x PO4 product (1.8 mM2), fluoride promoted a highly significant dose-related enhancement of bone mineralization. In experiments  where the medium Ca x PO4 product was varied by changing either Ca or PO4 while keeping the other constant at 1.8 mM, fluoried at 7.5 muM or at 100 muM affected bone mineralization differbntly at low and high products. At medium Ca x PO4 products below 3 mM2, fluoride significantly enhanced bone mineral deposition compared to paired control bones, while at products above 5 mM2, fluoride significantly inhibited bone mineralization. This dual effect of fluoride was observed in both live bones and bones metabolically inhibited by 1 mM iodoacetic acid. Comparison of the effects of fluoride on the mineralization of live and dead bones suggested that the effects are dependent on the cellular control of Ca x PO4 product in the bone extracellular fluid. These findings support the hypothesis that fluoride may play an important role in governing the rate of mineralization in growing bones."
1148884,The uptake of calcium and phosphorus from a serum calcification medium by coacervated alpha-elastin was studied by electron probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. Calcium and phosphorus were bound by the coacervate in ratios similar to that of hydroxyapatite. A significant difference was observed in the secondary electron image of the coacercules from the serum during calcification of the coacervate.
1148885,"Elastin was isolated from human aortic tissues by extraction with formic acid. The aortas came from individuals of both sexes with ages ranging from 18 to 67 years. The elastin was treated to remove pre-existing nuclei for hydroxyapatite and mineralized in vitro by incubation in a solution metastable to hydroxyapatite. The results showed an increased rate of mineralization in vitro as the age of the individual from whom the aorta was obtained increased. The lag period in mineral formation seen with elastin samples obtained from individuals below the age 40, disappeared with older elastin. Amino-acid analysis of the elastin samples confirmed earlier results by indicating an increase in the more polar amino acids in the older elastin samples. Exposure of the extracted elastin samples to several proteolytic enzymes including elastase confirmed the identity of the material as elastin."
1148886,"Labeled mannitol and polyethylene glycol (mol. wt. 4000), PEG, were used as space markers to estimate the fluid compartmentalization of calvaria taken from 3-5-day-old chicks. The mannitol results indicated that about 80% of the water in these bones is extracellular. Only a small fraction of this extracellular space was available to the diffusion of polyehtylene glycol. Adsorption studies in vitro and prior incubation of the tissues with hydrolytic enzymes indicated that the phenomenon of exclusion of PEG was primarily physical in nature. The polyethylene polymer is excluded from the water of hydration of the mineral phase. Apparently much of the extracellular water (two-thirds) of bone is in the form of crystal hydration."
1148887,Thyroxine (T4) injected subcutaneously into 3-week-old chicks (30 mug/kg body weight daily for 8 days) reduced the absorption of calcium from in vivo ligated loops of duodenum and the duodenal calcium binding protein (CaBP) activity measured by the Chelex ion exchange method. Chicks fed either a commercial diet or an artificial diet containing 0.5% or 1.0% calcium showed similar response to treatment with T4. A significant effect of T4 on either calcium absorption of CaBP activity could not be demonstrated in chicks fed a high calcium diet (2.0%). The possible mechanisms of action of T4 on calcium absorption are discussed.
1148888,"Predentine obtained from bovine teeth by microdissection was extracted with EDTA and tris-NaCl solutions. The insoluble residue consisted mainly of collagen and resembled dentine collagen in overall amino acid composition. The residue differed in containing no detectable phosphoprotein, a much larger amount of collagen hexose and more non-collagenous glycoprotein, the neutral sugar composition of which was determined. Differences were also observed in the contents of reducible collagen cross-links. Half of the total phosphorus found in the predentine could not be accounted for solely by hydroxyapatite. The remainder was partly soluble and dialysable."
1148889,"The developing enamel of rat incisors was dissected into a series of samples extending from the newly-formed partially-mineralised matrix to the mature.enamel.  Chemical analysis showed that, on a dry weight basis, the tissue achieved the composition of mature enamel well before the completion of mineral uptake.  The enamel at this stage was porous and relatively soft.  As more mineral was acquired, its hardness increased.  Throughout the developing region, the Ca:P ratio remained fairly constant, but the CO2:P and Mg:P ratios both decreased due, apparently, to dilution by an influx of relatively C02- and Mg-free mineral."
1148890,"Analysis of partial cross sections of 101 human tibiae indicated that osteon remodeling in the outer cortex is affected by age.  The frequency of resorption spaces remained constant throughout life suggesting no loss of osteoclast function with age.  However, the frequency of both forming osteons and osteons which were structurally complete but not completely mineralized increased with age.  This suggests that protein matrix synthesis by osteoblasts slows with age and that initial mineralization, possibly mediated by osteroblasts, and final mineralization, possibly mediated by osteocytes, becomes increasingly deficient with increasing age.  The frequency of osteons which have dense (sclerotic) inner lamellae decreases with age.  This supports a hypothesis that such lamellae are functional, perhaps representing a specialized, labile, mineral phase and that osteons having this feature become less frequent as part of the general degenerative changes associated with aging."
1148891,"Long term, low dose administration of adriamycin (ADR) to young growing rabbits resulted in significant alterations in bone structure and chemistry. Morphologic changes were most pronounced at epiphyseal and metaphyseal areas of long bones. Epiphyseal cartilage plates were thin and there was derangement of growth zones. Areas of primary and secondary spongiosa were deficient in trabeculae, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Analysis of femora, humeri and lumbar vertebrae from ADR-treated rabbits revealed increased water and fat content and significant decreases in bone density compared to age-matched controls. Cortices of long bones were roentgenographically thin and contained large irregular spaces evident microscopically. Evaluation of bone ash from ADR treated rabbits revealed significant increases in the percentage of calcium and phosphorus, although Ca/P ratios were not different from controls. Results of in vitro studies indicate that ADR binds readily to nondemineralized, but not demineralized, fresh cortical bone powder. The findings of decreased bone density, histopathologic alterations, and a paucity of osteogenic cells in ADR treated rabbits are interpreted as retardation of bone maturation. It is suggested that ADR affects adversely both the organic and inorganic fractions of bone. Due to its unique characteristics of cytostatic action, binding to metal cations and orange-red fluorescence, ADR is a novel chemical agent that may be useful in experimental bone studies."
1148892,"The HPO2-4 and CO2-3 content was determined in sound enamel and in material collected from artificially produced carious lesions.  The method described shows that the HPO2-4 content can be determined from the 875 cm(-1) infrared absorption band if correction for the CO2-3 contribution are made.  The I.R. spectra show that the HPO2-4 content in sound human or bovine enamel is about 5% by weight.  In artificially produced carious lesions (pH=4.0), the HPO2-4 content is in the order of 15 wt%.  Most likely, the HPO2-4 ions in sound and carious enamel have a different enviroment."
1148893,"Localized electrical stimulation of the immobilized hind limb of young rabbits resulted in dramatically more bone in the tuber calcis (heel bone) compared to the severe loss of bone (osteoporosis) seen in unstimulated, immobilized controls. Detailed histological evaluation using microradiography and fluorescence and polarization microscopy showed that the increase was probably due to an overall inhibition of surface cortical bone loss )endosteal resorption) and an increase in the quantity of the new immature bone. There was also evidence of increased osteonal resorption in the stimulated animals."
1148894,"Rats raised on laboratory diet and given 20% ethanol in water as a sole source of fluid for 12 days were given 0.2 mug of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 24 h before measuring duodenal calcium transport by an in vitro everted gut sac technique. This vitamin D metabolite did not reverse the ethanol-induced inhibitiom of transport capacity. Ultrastructural studies of intestinal epithelial cells from animals ingesting ethanol demonstrated changes in mitochondria and other subcellular organelles as well as accumulation of electron-dense, calcium-containing granules in microvilli and a paucity of granules in mitochondria. The results suggest that the inhibition is mediated at the intestinal level, affecting mechanisms which are probably independent of Vitamin D, and in part by an interference in transport of calcium from microvilli to other intracellular sites."
1148895,"A quantitative method for the application of compressive forces to long bones in culture is described. Using this method it was found that a physiological pressure of 80g/cm sq. applied to tibiae of 16-day-old chick embryos reduced glucose consumption to 50% of controls. Twenty four hours after the release of pressure glucose utilization again increased, approaching control levels. A pressure of 80 g/cm sq. also stimulated thymidine incorporation into DNA. The same pressure decreased the size of the extracellular fluid pool by 8%, but had no effect on the rate of equilibration of this pool with 22Na."
1148896,"The oral administration of an aqueous extract of 2.5 g of the dried leaves of Solanum malacoxylon (DLSM) produced a rapid hyperphosphataemia, which becomes apparent 4 to 8 h after treatment, in the rabbit. This effect was not accompanied by any significant change in plasma calcium, mangesium, total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine concentration. The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate was markedly increased 24 and 48 h after treatment with the extract and was not accompanied by any significant change in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. The hyperphosphataemic effect of the DLSM extract was inhibited by Actinomycin D. It appeared that DLSM does not cause bone resorption in normal rabbits maintained on a diet containing adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus. The increased urinary excretion of calcium magnesium and inorganic phosphate after treatment with DLSM extract appeared to be due to increased intestinal absorption. The absence of any significant change in plasma urea and creatinine concentration after treatment with DLSM extract, and the inhibition of the hyperphosphataemic effect by Actinomycin D, indicated that this was a characteristic response of the rabbit to the active principle, and that it was not due to renal damage. The inhibition of the hyperphosphataemic effect of DLSM by Actinomyein D showed that its action involves the transcription of DNA to RNA and protein synthesis."
1148897,"The new technique of colour television image analysis has been used to produce seven-colour contour maps of the radiodensity of micro-radiographs of enamel caries. This method permits the detailed measurement of the mineral content of enamel carious lesions to a sensitivity of +/-3% of the level of complete mineralisation. By selection of appropriate aluminium step-wedges, exposed simultaneously with the tooth section, the whole range of mineral content can be assessed."
1148898,"Spheroidal, granular, and fibrillar particles were observed in human aortic valve calcifications. Spheroids were similar to amorphous calcium phosphate shown previously in syn thetic preparations and in bone. The frequent coexistence of needle shaped hydroxyapatite crystals with granular and fibrillar particles suggests that the latter are also amorphous calcium phosphate and may be precursors of hydroxyapatite. All three types of particles had a tendency to form laminated and spherular secondary and failed to give a crystalline pattern by electron diffraction."
1148899,"Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was transformed at 25 degrees to hydroxyapatite (HA) in horse and bovine serum; solutions of serum-protein fractions in tris-HC1 buffer (pH 7.4), and pH 7.4 buffers containing from 0.1 to 10 times physiological CO3(2-) concentration. The ACP-to-HA transformation was slower in whole serum and serum fractions than in control buffer solution. The observed adsorption of serum proteins on ACP and HA probably inhibits both the dissolution of the ACP particles and the growth of HA crystals. After 72 h all transformations were complete as determined by X-ray diffraction. The HA crystal dimensions decreased with increasing C03(2-) but the shape, as shown by X-ray linewidths, was relatively constant up to about 4% CO3(2-). At 15% CO3(2-) the crystals were more equiaxial and less needle-like in habit. The radial distribution function (RDF) of HA with 3.7% CO3(2-) is less well resolved than the RDF of HA with ambient CO3(2-) (1.1%). The peaks are less sharp and their amplitude falls more rapidly with increasing atomic separation than for low CO3(2-)-HA. These effects show that CO3(2-) decreases the regularity of the atomic arrangement when incorporated in HA. The rapid decrease, with increasing CO3(2-) content, of the IR splitting of the P-O bending mode of CO3(2-)-HA is attributed to reduced crystal size and possibly to a perturbation of the crystal field due to CO3(2-)-induced lattice distortion. Finally, for bone mineral, it is probable that the poor resolution of the X-ray and IR patterns is due, in large part, to small crystal size and internal disorder caused by CO3(2-)."
1148900,"Rats were maintained on drinking water containing different amounts of fluoride (0, 9, 23 45, 68, and 113 ppm) for 70 days. Physico-chemical properties of the incisor enamel were examined after fluoride administration, using contact microradiography, histochemistry, and microhardness tests. The tooth enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification. Much of organic substance in the enamel seemed to have been retained. In addition, the microhardness of enamel showed a marked decrease. These changes were most prominent in the outer region of enamel and were proportional to the concentration of fluoride administered. Such changes following fluoride administration indicated inhibition of enamel maturation, i.e., an inhibition of the progressive depposition of minerals and/or in inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal by ameloblasts. Enamel seemed more affected by fluoride than dentine."
1148901,At variable times after anterior segment surgery spontaneous bleeding may occur into the anterior chamber from a gap in the scleral wound. The patient complains of blurred vision in the morning and examination reveals blood in the anterior chamber. Gonioscopy reveals a bleeding point in the scleral would. In the majority of patients the condition is benign and does not require special treatment.
1148903,"Four families with nine members affected with autosomal recessive macular dystrophy (Stargardt's Disease) and one family with six members affected with autosomal dominant macular dystrophy have been examined. Age of onset, rate of visual deterioration, fundus appearance, electroretinography and dark adaptometry have been compared in the various families. Some differences, particularly in the rate of visual deterioration and in the fundus appearance were noted between the recessive and dominant forms. Despite these differences in the clinical and related features, the genetic implications are of greater importance to the affected individuals. Genetic counselling which provides recurrence risks of the disorder in the affected individuals' siblings and children should be included in the assessment of patients with these forms of hereditary ocular disease."
1148908,"Visual fields were assessed in 320 eyes of 169 patients, using the Friedmann Visual Field Analyzer (F.V.F.A.) and the Oculus perimeter. The F.V.F.A. was found to be a rapid indicator of both the presence, the location and the density of scotomata. Because some defects were missed by the F.V.F.A. it should be used in combination with some other technique to search for early defects, particularly in the Bjerrum region. Since the F.V.F.A. can be used easily by a technician, the physician's efforts can be utilized to best advantage in exploring those regions likely to contain abnormalities."
1148909,"Protection of the eyes by safety type spectacle, sunglass and goggle lenses has received considerable attention in recent years. Such protection can be enhanced by design of the frame. We report from 476 lenses mounted in 238 frames and subjected to 9,397 impacts. Maximum blows were delivered by a one inch diameter steel ball falling from a height of 122 inches. Results indicated that the force required to fracture lenses in plastic frame mountings was more than twice that required for fracture of identical strength lenses in wire rims. Minus cylindrical lenses were the most frangible. The lowest fracture and posterior dislocation rates were found in industrial plastic frames with a retaining lip. Greater energy attenuation can be induced in a heat tempered glass lens by even edge compression. Good lens and frame design, when properly correlated, should provide impact  attenuation distinctly exceeding conventional standards."
1148910,"Six owl monkeys were exposed intravitreally for 6 to 28 months to Dow Corning Medical Fluid 350 in a morphologic study of silicone retinopathy. Fellow eyes of each silicone-injected animal and six eyes from three normal untreated monkeys served as controls. In addition, two eyes were treated post-mortem with silicone oil to insure that no artefact redistribution occurred. Each case was studied histochemically in frozen sections, with electron microscopy of Epon-embedded materials. All silicone-injected eyes showed numerous empty spaces in the inner segment of the retina adjacent to the vitreoretinal interface, corresponding to the intercellular spaces between Müller's filbers. These spaces contained numerous spherical bodies encircled by a homogeneous electron-opaque material, suggesting a silicone-phospholipid complex. Marked degeneration of small ganglion cells was seen. Müller's fibers appeared to be shrivelled. The lack of phospholipids in the inner segment of the visual receptors was marked, although no significant morphologic lesions were detectable. Abnormally high ATPase activity was found in both plexiform layers. There were no such lesions in the untreated control eyes, nor any detectable artefactual redistribution of silicone oil in the eyes treated post-mortem with Medical Fluid 350."
1148911,"We wished to know if excision of artificially produced intravitreal vessels would cause bleeding and if the hemorrhage could be controlled by increasing the intraocular pressure. In 17 rabbit eyes, the distal end of several intravitreal blood vessels was excised and removed by the Peyman vitrophage. No significant bleeding occurred from the vessels in 13 eyes, and in the remaining four bleeding stopped after 30 seconds or less of increased intraocular pressure. In one month of observation after surgery, there was no evidence of delayed hemorrhage. Electron microscopy of several transected intravitreal vessels revealed that vessel constriction, platelets and fibrin strands contributed to the prevention of immediate and delayed hemorrhage."
1148914,"We propose a technique using the Peyman vitrophage, a vitrectomy instrument, for the surgical repair of acute and chronic injuries to the anterior segment, such as perforating corneal injuries and complications of cataract extractions. A pars plana approach allows insertion of the vitrophage into the eye with minimal surgical manipulation. All lens, iris, and vitreous remnants are completely removed. We have achieved excellent results in cases of severe eye injuries."
1148915,A small posterior subcapsular cataract developed almost a year after a moderately severe alkali burn of the eye. The cornea recovered completely. Cataract and glaucoma following alkali burns are discussed. The development of delayed cataract should be kept in mind in compensation cases before a final disability report is made. Topical steroids may potentiate the detrimental effect of alkali on the eye.
1148916,"An unusual case of expulsive choroidal hemorrhage is described. The hemorrhage developed sixteen days after an uneventful cataract extraction and after the removal of corneoscleral sutures. The different types of expulsive hemorrhage, their pathogenesis and management are discussed. Eye surgeons are urged to handle this condition with determination and optimism."
1148918,"Recently surgical implantation of devices to stimulate the auditory nerve in man makes it apparent that sensory and neural pathologies of deafness need to be differentiated from each other. In this paper 10 exemplary cases are presented. In addition, an attempt is made to compile the information now available about sensory and neural pathologies in the various diseases that cause deafness. Superficially, it would appear that most such entities are sensory in nature and thus theoretically might be amenable to auditory nerve stimulation. However, loss of supporting cells seems to be associated with cochlear nerve fibre degeneration. Many individuals may, therefore, eventually develop combined pathology. The paucity of knowledge of pathology of the auditory pathways and their radiations in deaf persons is recognized as a limiting factor in attempts to predict which patients might benefit from auditory nerve stimulation. It is not within the scope of this paper to delineate the possible deleterious effects that cochlear implants might have on the auditory nerve."
1148920,"A knowledge of the mechanical properties of valve tissue is a necessary prerequisite for a better understanding of valvular behavior and design of prosthetic heart valves. Elastic response of chordae tendineae under strain rates of 0.05 cm min(-1)(6.25% min(-1)) to 12.7 cm min(-1)(1600% min(-1)) were obtained by the application of an uniaxial tensile stress using an Instron machine. The chordae exhibited viscoelastic properties in that extensibility decreased with increasing strain rates. The approximate maximum physiological strain rate of the chordae was estimated from echocardiographic traces at the instant of valve closure, and a high value of 29 (S.D. equals 9) cm s(-1) (2000% s(-1)) was found. The breaking strain and stress were found to have values of 21.4 plus or minus 0.5% and 3.1 plus or minus 0.1 times 10(8) dyn cm(-2) respectively, and were independent of strain rates (1 dyn equals 10(-5) N). These values are typical of collagen fibers. The final modulus, before the proportional limit, was found to be about 10(9) dyn cm(-2), which is again typical of collagen fibers. In addition, smaller chordae exhibited less extensibility than the larger chordae. This behavior could be due to structural and functional differences and allows the more centrally inserted chordae to maintain an even valve surface during valve closure."
1148921,"Unilateral stimulation of carotid baroreceptors in unanesthetized rats treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate caused highly significant decreases in solute content and osmolar concentration in the inner renal medulla. There was also a corresponding decrease in urine osmolality and a large increase in the excretion of sodium. In rats subjected to water diuresis, the changes in medullary tissue composition were similar but sodium excretion was very low, indicating that the natriuretic response was not a result of medullary ""washout"" per se. Renal denervation had no significant effect on medullary tissue composition and did not prevent the dissipation of the cortico-medullary concentration gradient following carotid baroreceptor stimulation. It is concluded that the changes in inner medullary composition are mediated by a humoral agent."
1148922,"The cerebal metabolic effects of 60 min exposure to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% carbon monoxide (CO) and 60 min exposure to 1.0% CO were studied in lightly anesthetized rats by measurement of brain tissue contents of glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as tissue energy phosphates. The results indicate that cerebral energy homeostasis is maintained until advanced levels of CO intoxication (2.0%) are reached. Animals exposed to 2.0% CO developed significant decreases in systemic blood pressure, with attendent decreases in cerebral ATP, increases in ADP and AMP, plus early depletions of tissue citrate and alpha-oxyglutarate. The similarity of this pattern to that previously documented for various cerebral oligemic states suggests a possible modifying role for altered cerebral production in its production. A correlation between conscious behavior and cerebral energy state was suggested by the observation that unanesthetized animals exposed to 1.0% CO for 30 and 60 min retained consciousness, whereas animals  exposed to 2.0% CO for 30 min became unresponsive late on in the exposure. A comparison of CO induced changes in intermediary metabolites, energy phosphates, intracellular pH, and cytoplasmic redox state with those seen in hypoxemia indicate no basic qualitative or quantiative differences in the metabolic response of brain tissue to the two conditions."
1148923,"The levels of serum orosomucoid, haptoglobin, and seromucoid were evaluated as possible quantitative criteria for the estimation of drug efficiency in adjuvant arthritis and nephrotoxic serum nephritis. In adjuvant arthritis, haptoglobin, seromucoid, and chiefly orosomucoid serum levels were generally very sensitive to anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone and pyridinol carbamate, and to immunosuppressive agents such as L-asparaginase. There was a significant correlation between the serum levels of these glycoproteins and the arthritis scores. In nephrotoxic serum nephritis, seromucoid levels were correlated with the proteinuria of the autologous phase and were found to be a good complementary criterion for the analysis of the efficiency of pyridinol carbamate, colchicine, iysine acetylsalicylate, and L-asparaginase."
1148924,"Experiments were performed to investigate whether the fluid transported across the small intestine is isoosmotic with the mucosal solution when the active transport of glucose is partially inhibited. Everted hamster mid small intestine was incubated in one of the following four mucosal solutions: (1) Isotonic control, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing 10 mM glucose (KRBSG), (2) Isotonic with phlorizin, KRBSG + 5X10-5 M phlorizin, (3) Hypertonic control, KRBSG + 50 mM mannitol, (4) Hypertonic with phlorizin, KRBSG + 50 MM mannitol + 5x10-5 M phlorizin. The serosal surface of the intestine was not bathed. Results indicate that the transported fluid was always isoosmotic with any of the mucosal solutions used. When the mucosal solution was made hypertonic with mannitol, the concentration of glucose and electrolytes in the absorbate increased, and as a result, the absorbate became hypertonic and isoosmotic with the mucosal solution. The presence of phlorizin either in the isotonic or in the hypertonic mucosal solution decreased the glucose concentration of the absorbate, but the transported fluid became isoosmotic with the mucosal solution due to a higher concentration of Na, K, and their associated anions. Phlorizin caused a decrease in the transmural potential difference. In spite of this, the presence of this glucoside in the mucosal solution increased the transport of sodium in relation to glucose transport. It is suggested that, at the concentrations used, phlorizin inhibits sodium movement through the electrogenic pathway, but increases the transport of this ion through the non-electrogenic route. This increase in neutral sodium transport seems to compensate for the low concentration of glucose in the absorbate, so that the absorbate becomes isoosmotic with the mucosal solution whether the latter is isotonic or hypertonic. It is suggested further that isoosmotic transport of fluid is an inherent property of the small intestine and that there may be an osmoregulatory mechanism in the gut which controls this process."
1148925,"The C-terminal group of angiotensin II (ATii)  , 1-Sar-ATii, and 1-beta-Asp-ATii was esterified to reduce degradation of the peptides and carboxypeptidases. Biological activity of esterified angiotensins was measured in vivo (rat blood pressure) and in vitro (rabbit aorta strip). Degradation in vitro by purified carboxypeptidase was estimated from the intensity of the phenylalanine spot on paper chromatography. Disposition of esterified angiotensins by rabbit aorta strips was studied with the oil immersion technique of Kalsner and Nickerson, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46, 719-7308 (1968a). The results indicate that esterification of C-terminal group of ATii: (a) reduces the potency in vivo and to greater extent the affinity in vitro, (b) delays the onset of the contraction in vitro, (c) does not affect the intrinsic activity, (d) prolongs the time of relaxation of rabbit aorta strips in oil, (e) prevents the degradation by purified carboxypeptidase. It is proposed that C-terminal group of ATii contributes to affinity but not to instrinsic activity and facilitates the diffusion of the peptide to receptor sites. Esterification of this group prevents the degradation of the peptide by carboxypeptidases; accordingly, the duration of action in vivo is prolonged and the rate of relaxation of aortic strips in oil is reduced. When esterification of the C-terminal is combined with the replacement of Asp by beta-Asp in position 1, no relaxation of aortic strips occurs after oil immersion. This suggests that carboxypeptidases, and to a minor extent aminopeptidases, are responsible for the inactivation of angiotensin by rabbit aorta."
1148926,"1-Chlorobiphenyl was administered retrocarotidly in a saline oil emulsion to anesthetized pigs. The urine obtained from the pigs 2 h after injection of the 4-chlorobiphenyl was analyzed for metabolites. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated the presence of a monohydroxylated species (M+ 204) and a dihydroxylated compound (M+ 220) and these were identified as 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol and 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol, respectively. Examination of the urine extracts from pigs 0.5, 1, and 2 h after administration of the 4-chlorobiphenyl indicated an increase in both urinary metabolites with time, however, neither compound was detected in the bile. Blood and organ samples were examined also for metabolites and the results clearly showed the presence of 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol in the blood, kidney, and liver and absence in the lung, brain, and heart. The diol was not observed in any of these samples."
1148927,"Acetazolamide was injected into chick embryos on the 14th or 15th day of incubation. Doses ranging between 5 and 10 mg per egg produced a retardation in the growth of long bones. The affected bones contained a normal proportion of mineral as determined by ashing and presented a normal histological picture. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the alterations were not due to a specific direct effect of the drug on bones. The incorporation of 131-I by the thyroid glands of acetazolamide-injected embryos was analyzed radioautographically and quantitated on the same 6 mu-paraffin sections, with a thin window Geiger counter. The incorporation appeared notably reduced 3 h after the injection of acetazolamide and the reduction persisted for a least 24 h.the electron microscopical observation of thyroid follicular cells from similarly treated embryos showed that the cytological characteristics indicating an active protein synthesis were unmodified with respect to those found in control embryos. These results may indicate that acetazolamide inhibits the iodination of the throid hormone without interfering with the synthesis of the globulin. It is suggested that the growth retardation observed in the embryos treated with acetazolamide may be secondary to the action of the drug on the thyroid gland, although this action appears to be a transitory one."
1148928,"Adult male rats were pair-fed liquid diets, providing 37% of calories as ethanol or sucrose, for 1 month. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the cytosol fractions of liver homogenates from the two groups did not differ with respect to total activity per 100 g body weight, Km for ethanol, or Ki for pyrazole. Other rats, fed in the same way, were fasted for 18-24 H, then given an intraperitoneal injection of pyrazole followed 1 h later by an injection of ethanol, 3g/kg. Blood alcohol curves showed an unexplained slower rise to maximum level in the chronic alcohol group. Both groups showed a period of several hours in which the blood alcohol stayed at the respective maximum concentrations, which were higher in the control group. After 7-8h the alcohol concentration began to fall in both groups, significantly more rapidly in the chronic alcohol-fed animals. A kinetic analysis shows that the results are adequately explained by the known effects of pyrazole on the ADH-mitochondrial system. The results are interpreted as evidence against the function of any microsomal ethanol oxidizing system in vivo."
1148929,"When applied by microiontophoresis, substance P (sP) had a strong, but slow and prolonged excitatory action on nearly half the neurones tested in the lumbar spinal cord of cats. Motoneuronal antidromic field potentials only occasionally showed a significant effect of sP. Cerebral cortical neurones in cats and rats were much less readily excited than spinal interneurones. Some unresponsive units showed evidence of a depressant effect of sP. Although sP may have a significant function in central afferent pathways, it is not likely to be a quickly-acting synaptic transmitter."
1148930,"Experiments were done for indentification and localization of certain structural changes at different levels of jejunal villus of the hamster during positive and negative water transport across the intestine in vivo and in vitro. Positive transport occurred when the mucosal surface of the intestine was bathed (in vitro experiments) or perfused (in vivo experiments) with isotonic Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing 10 mM glucose, and negative water transport was achieved by rendering this solution hypertonic with 150 mM mannitol. Results indicate that during positive net water transport the intestine in vivo transported more fluid and exhibited a more conspicuous dilatation of the lateral intercellular spaces (L.I.S.) than did the in vitro preparation. Dilatation of the L.I.S. in both preparations was present only in the apical part of the villus, suggesting that this is the principal site of water absorption. When the mucosal solution was made hypertonic with mannitol, the L.I.S. in the in vivo intestine totally collapsed, whereas in the in vitro intestine these spaces remained open very slightly. These morphological changes correspond well with our finding that in the presence of the hypertonic mucosal solution there was a greater net negative water transport in vivo than in vitro. Incubation of the intestine in the isotonic mucosal solution produced subnuclear swelling of the mid-villus epithelial cells, and this morphological change was associated with an increase in the water content of the tissue. Perfusion of the in vivo intestine with the isotonic solution produced neither the swellings nor the increase in water content of the tissue. In the presence of hypertonic mucosal solution there was a water loss from the tissue both in vivo and in vitro, and these swellings were not observed. These results are discussed in relation to intestinal sugar transport and to the maturity of the epithelial cells, and it is concluded that transport studies on in vitro preparations may provide valid information on a qualitative basis, if not on a strictly quantitative basis."
1148931,"Pregangliaaonic stimulation of the cat's superior cervical ganglion in the presence of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) produced the expected depletion of acetylcholine (ACh) stores, but failed to cause a corresponding reduction in the choline content. These results suggest that either HC-3 possesses an intracellular site of action or that in lower doses it selectively inhibits a specialized choline transport system in cholinergic nerves. At a dose of 2 mg/kg, HC-3 probably blocked ACh synthesis completely in ganglia stimulated at 20 Hz. Under these conditions, there was a rapid depletion of ACh to about 50% of control levels during the first 5 min of stimulation and thereafter the rate of decline in ACh levels proceeded at a much slower pace. Since the 2 mg/kg dose of HC-3 did not raise plasma choline concentrations, it may be assumed that non-specialized choline transport systems in other tissues were not significantly inhibited by this dose of HC-3. However, when the dose of HC-3 was increased to 4 mg/kg, plasma choline levels increased by 58%."
1148932,"The present study was undertaken to determine whether the use of pentobarbital as an anesthetic reduces the biliary excretion of acidic drugs in rats. The drug chosen for the experiment was succinylsulfathiazole, a compound excreted unmetabolized in the bile. Animals anesthetized with urethane excreted 22.1% of the dose in the bile as compared to only 8.4% for the same time period in pentobarbital anesthetized animals. The choice of anesthetic did not affec the bile flow but did influence the bile/liver concentration gradient of succinylsulfathiazole, with the pentobarbital treated rats demonstrating a significantly lower value. Despite the higher biliary excretion of succinylsulfathiazole in the urethane treated rats, the total amount in the bile plus urine was 60% of the dose in the urethane anesthetized animals as compared with 62% in the pentobarbital treated rats. These results suggest that pentobarbital reduced the hepatic transport of succiylsulfathiazole into the bile. The question whether urethane is a preferred anesthetic for biliary excretion studies warrants further investigation."
1148933,"The relative ability of isolates of Achlya bisexualis and A. ambisexualis and isolates of Pythium and Phytophthora to take up and metabolize sitosterol and cholesterol was studied. Species of Pythium and Phytophthora took up cholesterol and sitosterol efficiently, whereas Achlya species took up booth sterols inefficiently. Species of Pythium and Phytophthora produced a polar metabolite and esters from sitosterol as they did from cholesterol. Achlya species did not produce the polar metabolite from either sterol. In these experiments Achlya species produced esters only from cholesterol; however, their failure to produce esters from sitosterol may have been due to the higher sitosterol than cholesterol concentration."
1148934,"A study of the influence of various concentrations of NaC1 on 21 species of dermatophytes and other keratolytic fungi was made. Based on the sensitivity of the species to various concentrations of NaC1, it was possible to divide them into five groups. Microsporum ferrugineum and Trichophyton concentricum and T. tonsurans were the most sensitive to NaC1 and were inhibited by 5%. The greatest number of species were inhibited by 12% NaC1. The fungi most tolerant to NaC1 were M. cookei and M. nanum, and T. mentagrophytes, T. schoenleinii, and T. terrestre. These species were inhibited by 15%. NaC1 prevented any variant change in Epidermophyton floccosum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, but promoted a change in phenotype in M. audouinii and M. cookei, and T. gallinae. It is suggested that the word ""pleomorphism"" be replaced by the term sterile albinism. This term refers to that kind of cultural change when there is no evidence of sporulation and the white fluffy mycelium consists of fine sterile hyphae. Sterile albino strains of E. floccosum were induced to form a macroconidia on Sabouraud cycloheximide chloramphenicol gentamicin agar (SCCGA) containing 3-5% NaC1. Also, M. audouinii formed microconidia and macroconidia in velvety growth cultured on SCCGA containing NaC1."
1148935,"The heat inactivation of the obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium Ant-300 was investigated in terms of glucose uptake, the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and permeability control. At 13C, the maximum temperature for growth, and at slightly higher temperatures, CO2 evolution decreased with time during the oxidation of exogenously supplied glucose. The decrease in CO2 evolution appeared to be a result of heat-induced restrictions on glucose uptake. Leakage of intracellular metabolites apparently contributed to the cells decreased ability to take up glucose at elevated temperatures. A consequence of these heat-induced changes seemed to be the acceleration of cell starvation."
1148936,"Aeromonas proteolytica, a halophilic bacterium originally isolated from the intestine of a marine isopod, was compared with 93 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and representative strains of five similar genera in a computer and serological analysis. Aeromonas proteolytica was peritrichate and non-reactive with six A. hydrohila antisera, and possessed a percentage guanine + cytosine ratio (49.5) outside the range for other aeromonads (55-62%). Moreover, in the computer analysis it shared a lower level of similarity with other aeromonads than with both strains of Vibrio anguillarum tested."
1148937,"Resistance to low (5 mug/ml) concentrations of streptomycin in agar media was not inherited by all of the surviving population. Outgrowth of cultures in liquid media supplemented with the antibiotic depended upon inoculum size. Antibiotic titers in the supplemented cultures decreased during incubation, and an inactive radioactive product was detected when [14C] streptomycin was used. This low-level resistance is, therefore, attributed to enzymic inactivation of the antibiotic. Growth 10 mug/ml or higher concentrations of streptomycin on agar media was due to selection of resistant variants present in the parent strain. A range of such variants existed, decreasing in frequency as their degree of resistance increased. Examination of one that was resistant to moderate concentrations of streptomycin, (25 mug/ml) and a second that was resistant to high (100 mug/ml) concentrations of streptomycin suggested that both possed ribosomes which had lower affinity for the antibiotic than those of the parent strain, and that tolerance to high levels of streptomycin was due to a resistant ribosomal system for protein biosynthesis."
1148938,"Cell size, measured electronically, was correlated to changes in cellular composition, number, and morphology of Azotobacter vinelandii OP during batch growth. The effect of a changing abiotic environment on these features of the cell is discussed. For this organism exponential growth was unbalanced growth and cell-size change was a sensitive indicator of this growth pattern. Cell-size measurements have the potential to give a rapid assessment of intracellular compositional changes."
1148939,"A gas chromatographic method to determine fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations close to the limit of their solubility in water was used to identify several species of pseudomonads able to degrade fluoranthene and benzol[a]pyrene.  Degradation occurs most rapidly in cultures in the stationary phase, is heat sensitive, requires oxygen, and is enhanced in the presence of cyanide."
1148940,A quantitative and qualitative survey of the indigenous Endogone population in wheat field soil and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in wheat roots as influenced by season and by the stage of development of the wheat plant was made.  The number of Endogone spores in wheat field soil remained relatively unchanged in winter until January during the period of maximum root growth.  The extent of formation of arbuscules was influenced by the stage of development of the wheat plants.
1148941,"The adhesion of washed cells of a marine Chlorella vulgaris to solid surfaces was enhanced by non-diffusible material recovered from Chlorella exudate, marine bacterial cultures, natural seawater, and fouled marine surfaces.  Materials isolated from certain bacterial cultures and from particulate materials filtered from seawater were three orders of magnitude more active than Chlorella exudate per unit weight.  Active polymer materials from several sources were chromatographed on DEAE cellulose.  The major fraction eluted with dilute base contained both protein and carbohydrate and enhanced adhesion more than the unchromatographed material."
1148942,"Broth culture media were examined for their ability to support growth and recombination between compatible strains of Nocardia erythropolis. Nutrient(Nut) and peptone-yeast-extract (PY) broths supported the production of recombinants after 36 h of incubation with a maximum recovery of about 6.0 times 10(-7) CFU/ml. Cells mated in trypticase broth (TB) yielded the highest incidence of recombinants (1.0 times 10(-2) CFU/ml) in the absence of parental cell growth. From a chemically defined mating broth (CD), supplemented with limited amounts of the parental-growth requirements, recombinant recovery reached about 1.0 times 10(-4) after 120 h of incubation. The recombinant class types obtained from Nut- or PT-mated strains were predominantly auxotrophic while TB-mated strains produced stable proteotrophs. The high incidence of recombinant types from TB-mated strains was due to growth of selected prototrophic classes. Studies with strains mated in PY broth indicated that the mating event occurs at very low frequencies between older, stationary-phase cells rather than between actively growing, log-phase cells."
1148943,"Sporogenesis in two species of Micromonospora M. globosa and M. fusca (Actinomycetes) was quite similar.  As in fungi, spore formation began as a blowing-out of a hyphal tip with the subsequent centripetal invagination of the plasma membrane.  Septal wall material was deposited in a typical three-layered pattern, i.e., two electron-opaque layers separated by an electron-transparent layer.  A second electron-opaque wall layer was later formed within the spore and finally a third, less electron-opaque wall was produced.  Spore dihiscence was facilitated by the fragmentation of the first-formed wall surrounding the spore.  Sporogenesis in Micromonospora is blastic in nature producing terminal, thick-walled spores.  In M. fusca, a sporulation process was observed which closely resembled sporangial formation.  The process appeared similar to that described for the genus Actinoplanes.  Swollen, multiseptate structures were also present.  Also in M. fusca, perforate septa with flared pore margins were observed. These septa were similar in appearance to the dolipore septa of Basidiomycetes although they lack a parenthesome and pore plug.  Although an extensive membrane system (mesosome) was associated with the finishing septum, its function in the process of septum formation was not determined."
1148944,"Cells of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona harvested from a chemically defined medium were resuspended in 0.01 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.3.  Electron microscopy showed that 90 min of exposure effectively ruptured the outer envelope, freeing it from the cells as small flakes.  Both zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and centrifugation in isopycnic KBr and CsCl gradients could be used to separate the outer envelope from the axial filaments and protoplasmic cylinders.  The latter method resulting in higher yields of purified envelope with the particular protocols used.  Thin sections of isolated outer envelope showed the same trilaminar structure seen in sections of intact cells.  The outer layers were 1.5 nm thick and appeared as single layers of electron-dense particles.  The central electron-transparent layer was 2.0-2.5 nm thick and appeared structureless.  The gross  chemical composition of the purified outer envelope was 47% protein, 27% carbohydrate, and 23% lipid.  Colorimetric carbohydrate determinations revealed hexose, pentose, and 6-deoxyhexose; hexosamine was identified during amino acid analysis.  Muramic acid, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were not detected.  Thin-layer chromatography revealed only polar lipids, about 98% phosphatidylethanolamine and 2% lysophosphatidylethanolamine.  Fatty acids identified by gas-liquid chromatography were octadecanoic, octadecenoic, hexadecanoic, and hexadecenoic.  Amino acid analysis revealed 17 amino acids, histidine and glutamic acid being most abundant.  The outer envelope was interpreted to be comparable with the outer double-track layer found in the cell covering of gram-negative eubacteria."
1148945,"The reserve glucans of C. pasteurianum, previously assumed to be a single polysaccharide, have been fractionated into two polysaccharides which resemble amylopectin and dextran.  Both polysaccharides are produced when cells are grown with sucrose, D-glucose, or D-fructose as carbon sources."
1148946,"The internalization of virulent Chlamydia psittaci 6BC particles by wandering mononuclear phagocytes in the peritoneal cavity of intraperitoneally inoculated mice occurred asynchronously, i.e., fragile reticulate bodies (RB) appeared to be more readily phagocytized than the rigid elementary bodies (EB).  Early damage of mononuclear phagocytes occurred after internalization of chlamydiae.  This was followed by a decreased uptake of particles, and may explain the relatively long persistence (up to 6 h after inoculation) of free, extracellular, ""swollen"", and RB-like particles.  Internalized particles within phagolysosomes showed varying degrees of disintegration.  The subsequent influx of polymorphonuclear phagocytes and monocytes into the inflammed peritoneal cavity may explain the rapid disappearance of chlamydiae and their antigens from the peritoneal fluid.  The alteration in ultrastructure of peritoneal cells and chlamydial parasites during the inflammatory process are discussed."
1148947,"A survey (1964-1973) was conducted on naturally occurring western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus infections of Richardson's ground squirrels (RGS) in agricultural areas of Saskatchewan.  The survey included both serology and virus isolation attempts on live-trapped wild squirrels.  Throughout the study, seropostive squirrels were found in the known enzootic regions of the province each summer.  The infections rate was high (11.6% of 250) in the epidemic year of 1965 and low (less than 2% of 681) in the subsequent non-epidemic years.  The maximal seasonal prevalence of seropositive RGS coincided with the time when the squirrel population and aedine mosquito abundance reached their seasonal peaks.  Five virus isolations were obtained from the blood and brains of naturally infected squirrels.  All isolations were from squirrels collected in June.  The early seasonal infections in squirrels could provide a source of virus for Culex tarsalis, the epidemic vector.  In view of their abundance in the enzootic agricultural areas and the high annual population turnover, the RGS may play an important role in the natural history of WEE virus in the Canadian prairies."
1148948,"The dinitrogen fixing enzyme nitrogenase (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase)(EC 1.7.99.2) is monitored by its ability to reduce acetylene to ethylene. Low, non-inhibitory concentrations of acetylene (approximately 10(-7)mol/litre) are mixed with the gas flow aerating microbiol cultures, and acetylene and ethylene in the effluent gas are determined by gas chromatography. The procedure is safe, simple and carried out in situ without disturbing the growing culture. Transient changes in nitrogenase activity are easily detected. The technique may be automated."
1148949,"Azotobacter vinelandii OP was synchronized by the continuous phased culture technique.  The nitrogenase (nitrogen:(acceptor)oxidoreductase)(EC 1.7.99.2) activity of the culture was determined continuously within the fermentor by acetylene reduction.  Addition of NH4+ in excess of 5 x 10(-3)M to the culture lowered nitrogenase activity immediately.  Other sources of fixed nitrogen had no immediate effect on nitrogenase activity, but nitrogenase synthesis decreased in the cell cycle following the one in which the fixed nitrogen was added."
1148950,Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were examined by scanning electron microscopy.  The morphology and spatial distribution of endophytic structures are illustrated.  The use of stereoscopic techniques in conjunction with removal of host cytoplasm permits detection of subtle morphological alterations and progressive deterioration of the fungal component.
1148951,"The study of 3H leucine incorporation into skeletal muscle of mouse muscular dystrophy (129 ReJ/dy Bar Harbour strain) shows the uptake of isotope into myofibrils. The techniques employed were light and EM autoradiography before and after glycerination (Szent-Gyorgyi 1947). The results indicate a marked drop in uptake of the 3H-Leucine into myofibrils in the dystrophic animals, supporting the contention of Nihei et al (1971) that reduced myosin synthesis occurs in mouse muscular dystrophy."
1148952,The aim of this experiment was to investigate the reaction of peripheral nerve tissue to a synthetic absorbable suture material. Polyglycolic acid suture material was investigated by means of electron photomicrographs. It was concluded that placement of polyglycolic acid into the peculiar environment of endoneurial tissues results in minimal scarring and in minimal disturbance of the surrounding nerve fibers. The material was progressively absorbed with minimal disturbance of intrafascicular structures.
1148953,"Thirty-nine patients with a variety of diseases, including essential tremor, Parkinson's Disease, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, ataxia telangiectasia, and cervical cord injury with action tremor, were evaluated for the effect of one ounce of absolute alcohol ingestion. Tremor significantly subsided in 61.9% of E.T.; 46.6% of P.D.; one patient with A.T.; and one patient with C6 lesion. The tremor became worse in one patient with O.P.C.D. Twenty of these patients were treated with propranolol, an average dose of 92 mgm. per day, and re-evaluated three to six months later. All those who improved on alcohol improved on propranolol and the one whose tremor accentuated with alcohol had a similar response to propranolol. It is concluded that the tremorilytic effect of alcohol is neither specific for, nor limited to, essential tremor and is of no value in differentiating various neurological disorders which manifest as action tremor. It is recommended that one ounce of absolute alcohol by mouth be used as an office procedure to predict the response of patients' tremor to propranolol."
1148954,"Ten patients have been described showing inability to stop breathing on command, spontaneous respiration and voluntary respiratory stimulation being unaffected. This abnormality not previously described in the literature, we feel should be named respiratory inhibitory apraxia (R.I.A.). The anatomical organization of respiration is briefly reviewed. R.I.A. is often associated with other forms of apraxia or motor impersistence. It is thought that the urinary and bowel incontinence present in some of these cases might also represent a form of inhibitory apraxia. Information is presented which supports the view that respiratory inhibitory apraxia is due to a minor hemisphere lesion, usually deepseated. Our one autopsied case showed a lesion in the descending motor pathways in the internal capsule, in middle cerebral artery branch territory, disconnecting the voluntary respiratory inhibitory center in the cortex in anterior and middle cerebral cortical branch territories."
1148955,The field potentials recorded simultaneously at various depth of the rabbit's visual cortex and superior colliculus were analysed following light ON and light OFF. The collicular ON and OFF potentials exhibited three slow components superimposed by fast rhythmic oscillations. Only the first slow component reversed its polarity with penetration from surface negative to positive in depth. The cortical ON and OFF responses similarly contained three slow waves which all reversed their polarity with electrode penetration: from surface positive to negative in deeper layers. The most striking difference between ON and OFF cortical responses is the absence of fast rhythmic oscillations in the cortical ON response.
1148956,"Skin punch biopsies and buffy coats of white blood cells were examined electron microscopically in patients suffering from a variety of storage diseases. No specific abnormalities could be detected in Gaucher's disease and adreno-leucodystrophy. While characteristic deposits were found in cutaneous nerves in globoid and metachromatic leucodystrophy, this method was deemed inferior to sural nerve biopsy. In gangliosidoses, on the other hand, pathognomonic membranous cytoplasmic bodies were common in axons of cutaneous nerves, and in generalized gangliosidoses marked vacuolation of many other cells was prominent. Specific deposits were found in various cells in skin punch biopsies and in lymphocytes of children suffering from ceroid lipofuscinoses, and in lymphocytes of their parents. This constitutes the easiest diagnostic laboratory procedure in such cases."
1148958,"The lower esophageal sphincter of 26 patients has been studied by infusion manometry before and after a modified Nissen fundoplication. Of these patients, 24 have remained asymptomatic (mean follow-up, 21 months). The mean time for a positive acid infusion test increased from 267 seconds before, to 617 seconds after operation. The common cavity test was positive in 22 of the 26 patients before operation but positive in only the 2 symptomatic patients after operation. Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure (cm H20) increased from 12.6 +/- 2.0 to 16.5 +/- to 1.5 (x +/- SEM). However, in only 15 of the 26 patients was an increase in lower esophageal sphincter pressure demonstrated and in 7 a decrease in pressure was noted. One patient's symptoms recurred at 3 months in spite of an increase in lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure of 8 cm H20. The other symptomatic patient demonstrated a rise in lower esophageal sphincter pressure at 3 months of 8 cm H20, though this decreased to preoperative levels at 26 months, the time of symptom recurrence. Intraluminal pressure of the human cadaver esophagus after removal from the body was studied by means of an infusion manometric technique. Narrowing the esophageal lumen with extrinsic weight of as little as 50 g resulted in a zone of elevated pressure. The amplitude of the elevated pressure zone was directly related to the infusion rate. Elevations in lower esophageal pressure following fundoplication are probably secondary to extrinsic compression and are not necessary for a good clinical result."
1148959,"Trauma to multiple organs damages the body but it also disrupts the orderly process of history taking, physical examination, laboratory work, calm deliberation and treatment. The need for a rehearsed resuscitation protocol is important, as is a systematic scheme that emphasizes the skilful use of eight specific cannulas and the treatment of priority problems first."
1148960,"Perianal infection in a 40-year-old man resulted in extensive necrotizing fasciitis of the retroperitoneal space and septic shock. Despite the fact that radiography revealed linear streaking in the belly of the psoas muscle due to gas formation, the nature of the infection was necrotizing fasciitis and not myonecrosis. This contradicts Brightmore's contention that such a finding always indicates clostridial myonecrosis. Despite the absence of Clostridium welchii, necrotizing fascitis is none the less extremely serious, usually occurring in the limbs or abdominal wall superficial to muscle layers. The case reported is unusual in that infection affected the fascia deep to abdominal muscles in the retroperitoneal space, where surgical exposure is difficult. An appropriate surgical approach afforded adequate treatment."
1148962,"Spontaneous perforation of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the colon, diagnosed radiologically, resulted in spontaneous cure. Disappearance of a previously palpable abdominal mass suggested perforation of the cyst into the stomach or colon. Surgical treatment was not required. Such an occurrence has not been reported previously; it opens to doubt dicta regarding treatment of this rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst by immediate colostomy."
1148963,"A 10-year-old boy was treated for a chondromyxoid fibroma of the left femur by curettage, and 2 months later complete healing was demonstrated radiographically. Three years after operation, radiographs revealed replacement of the ilium, ischium and upper femur, and destruction of the left hip by a soft-tissue and bony mass; a left hemipelvectomy was performed for what was shown to be a chondrosarcoma. Follow-up 10 years after the initial operation and 7 years after the hemipelvectomy has confirmed uneventful recovery in this rare case of malignant degeneration of a proven chondromyxoid fibroma of bone."
1148964,"The incidence of postoperative wound infection was studied in relation to 146 surgical wounds in patients who received cephaloridine as prophylactic antibacterial therapy, and in relation to 120 wounds in another group of patients who did not receive cephaloridine. In the first group, 5 of 146 (3.4%) of wounds became infected; in the second, 25 of 120 (20.8%) of wounds became infected. The difference between the two groups is significant. Use of cephaloridine in this series of patients therefore decreased the incidence of postoperative wound infection."
1148970,"The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was completed by 101 patients 16 to 18 months after a proved myocardial infarction. The data suggested a bimodal distribution of patients. One class of patients had a relatively ""normal"" personality score apart from a tendency to hypomania. The second class had severe depression, with associated hysteria, hypochondriasis and psychasthenia. The severely depressed patients were older, with a greater tendency to hypertension and angina, and a tendency to smaller gains in aerobic power despite an equal intensity of endurance training. The distinction between ""normal"" and ""depressed"" postinfarction patients seems of some clinical importance, for the two classes of patients require opposite supportive techniques--restraint and encouragement, respectively."
1148971,"All drug effects can be explained as results of complex interactions between the drug, the patient and his condition, and additional extrinsic factors. On the basis of these three ""determinants"", a practical classification of untoward drug effects (UDE) is suggested. UDE lists using this classification would fulfill the physician's informational needs better than the material with which he is presently provided."
1148981,"Acute hemiplegia of obscure cause occurred in 28 children: 13 had had prolonged seizures and a high temperature (considered to have been the direct cause of the brain damage); 5 had had brief seizures, a lower temperature and a depressed level of consciousness; and 10 had a nonfebrile onset of hemiplegia and were found to have vascular abnormalities.  Most of the first group were retarded and epileptic at long-term follow-up, as were about half of the second group, whereas children in the third group were of normal intelligence and epilepsy was uncommon  among them.  Hemiplegia persisted at follow-up in most of the children in each group, the proportion being at least in the third group; if cerebral angiography had demonstrated carotid stenosis or occlusion there was usually poor recovery from the hemiplegia.  Bilateral changes on plain skull films or pneumoencephalograms were associated with mental retardation.  Failure to control prolonged seizures accompanied by a high temperature predisposes to brain damage; therefore, early and vigorous management is essential."
1148985,"This is a retrospective analysis of 302 patients with histologically confirmed primary carcinoma of the cervix on whom a dilatation and curettage was performed during the initial workup. The prognostic significance of endometrial extension of the tumor was investigated. Four different types of specimen were identified: 1) endometrial extension of cervical carcinoma; 2) cervical carcinoma in the currettings only; 3) a mixture of normal endometrium and and epidermoid carcinoma in the curettings; 4) no cervical carcinoma noted (negative D&C). The patients were staged according to the FIGO classification. Patients with Stage I carcinoma and positive D&Cs showed significantly lower 3-5 year survival rates (50-60 percent), as opposed to those with D&C."
1148986,"Between 1956 and 1971, a total of 74 cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix was treatedin the Division of Radiation Therapy of the University of Maryland Hospital.  Radical radiation therapy was followed by routine surgery early in the study;after 1967, surgery was used only for radiation failure.  The likelihood of local control and 5-year survival was not improved by the routine addition of surgery to radical radiation, although the incidence of serious complications was markedly elevated.  The results of treatment of adenocarcinoma of the cervix by radiation therapy alone are not significantly different from those achieved with squamous cell carcinoma.  Surgery should be used as a salvage procedure in case of failure, rather than on a routine basis."
1148987,A retrospective evaluation was made of 260 patients with squamous carcinoma of various head and neck sites in order to determine the relative value of continuous vs. split-course irradiation techniques.  There was no obvious difference in local control or survival in early-stage cases.  The continuous technique resulted in a better local control and survival rate in moderately advanced and advanced stages.  Complications were less severe in the split-course cases.
1148988,"The response of a model brain tumor system in the rat to single doses of x irradiation has been studied.  Solid tumors were exposed in situ, removed, dissociated into single cells, and grown in tissue culture.  The fraciton of surviving clonogenic cells wasdetermined as a function of x-ray dose level for tumors irradiated in anesthetized, air-breathing rats, and for tumors irradiated in rats killed 5 minutes prior to irradiation bynitrogen gas asphyxiation.  The parameters of the survival curve for tumors irradiatedin air-breathing rats were: DO= 295 rads; DQ= 350 rads; and n= 3.0.  Similarly, thesurvival parameters for tumors irradiated in nitrogen gas asphyxiated rats were: DO=625 rads; DQ=675 rads; and n= 3.0. The survival curve of these tumor cells when assayed in in vitro tissue culture only has parameters of: DO= 225 rads; DQ= 350 rads; andn= 4.7.  Data form the in vivo to in vivo tumor cell survival curves suggest that there is no significant hypoxic fraction in this brain tumor."
1148989,"One hundred forty-seven patients with astrocytoma were treated between 1942 and 1967. There were 25 postoperative deaths.  The 14 patients in whom the tumor was thought tohave been completely removed were not irradiated and all survived 5 years or longer.  Seventy-one of the 108 patients with imcompletely excised lesions received radiation therapy.  The 5-year survival rate for those with imcomplete resection alone was 19%, compared to 46% when irradiation was given.  Based on observations up to 20 years, after incomplete removal postoperative irradiation significally prolonged useful life and may have lead to permanent control in some.  There was no evidence of radiation damage.  Most of these tumors were fibrillary astrocytomas, and the results apply particularly to this histologic type.  Only 1 of 11 patients with gemistocytic astrocytoma survivied 5 years. The survival rate for Grade i tumors was appreciably greater than for Grade iilesions; in both grades, it was improved by irradiation."
1148990,"A series of nine cases of radiation myelopathy seen at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is reviewed, and their treatment data converted into nominal single doses (NSD) and equivalent single doses (ED).  The 1% incidence level of myelopathy in the thoracic cord is 1015 rets (ED), and the 50% incidence level is 1476rets (ED).  Caution should be used when utilizing a rapid fractionation schedule; it appears that 2000 rads in 5 fractions and 3000 rads in 10 fractions is a safe regimen for the thoracic spinal cord."
1148991,"Intracranial ependymomas, treated with postoperative irradiation, have a 50% 5-year survival.  Although this rate is good, the issue remains whether the quantity and qualityof survival can be improved by the proper selection of treatment factors, i.e. field size and dose-time relationship.  Factors influencing survival and the effect of doseand field selection are considered in 28 intracranial ependymomas.  Nineteen spinal primaries are also presented for comparison.  Only 10% of the patients treated with dosesbelow 1350 rets are alive, vs. 56% of the patients treated with higher doses.  Only21% of the patients treated with partial brain irradiation survived, vs. 57% of those treated with whole brain irradiation.  Although an apparent 5-year survival difference was found for the low-grade (63%) vs. high grade (13%) tumors, high-dose whole brain irradiation had a significant effect only on the survival of thehigh-grade tumors.  Local recurrences accounted for the majority of theraputic failures.  Ten consecutive patients were treated with elctive craniospinal irradiation and exhibited a 3-year survival of 70%, vs. 35% in those treated conventionally to the brain only.  Elective craniospinal irradiation, advocated for the high-grade, particularly infratentorial, ependymomas, has currently yieldedhigher survival, lower recurrences, good tolerance, no complications, and excellent quality of survival.  Further documentation of this treatment approach is suggested."
1148992,"The clinical courses of 418 patients with breast carcinoma who received postradical-mastectomy radiation therapy to the internal mammary and supraclavicular are were revied in order to determine the normal tissue tolerance with various time-dose fractionation radiation regimens.  Four different dose fractionation schedules wereemplyed during the period 1958-1968 at Memorial Hospital: 4900 rads/10f/32d; 4410 rads/9f/30d; 5000 rads/13f/18d; and 4600 rads/20f/28d.  There was no difference in the acute reaction or local recurrence rate of the tumor in the irradiated area among the four fractionation schemes, but the late effects were quite different.  Patients who received 4900 rads in 10 fractions in 32 days had a 33% incidence of subcutaneous fibrosis.A similiar dose in 13 fractions in 21/2-3 weeks resulted in about 17% subcutaneous fibrosis.  No significance of these clinical findings is discussed in relation to the various formulae currently being used to express time-dose equivalence."
1148993,"In 1964 the Veterans Administration Surgical Adjuvant Group (VASAG) initiated a large-scale, controlled, randomized protocol to study the role of low-dose preoperative irradiation (2000-2500 rads/10fractions/12 days) in patients with operable adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum.  This report analyzes the data in 700 patients, all at 5-year risk.  There appears to be a definate benefit to irradiated patients who undergo abdominoperineal resections, when compared with the controls.  This advantage is reflected in improvement of 5-year survival, and reduction in lymph node invasion, local recurrence, and distant metastases.  A second protocol has been initiated in 30 VA hospitals employing a higher dose (3150 rads) to extended portals (toL2) to male patients who require abdominoperineal resections."
1148994,"Delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB and the inflammatory response to croton oil wereevaluated in 144 and 121 patients respectively, prior ro and 3 to 6 months following curative radiotherapy.  Eighty-one patients had in vitri lymphocyte transformation by PHA;59 (41%) were nonreactors to DNCB and 27 (22%) to croton oil; 29 of 59 (49%) initiallyreactive became anergic.  Similiar improvement of the inflammatory response was obtained.  Patients who became DNCB-reactive following radiotherapy had the same favorable prognosis as those who were initially reactive.  Radiotherapy did not adversely affect either delayed hypersensitivity or the inflammatory response.  There was a 50% decrease in PHA stimulation and lymphocyte count after treatment.  No correlation was found between DNCB reactivity and lymphocyte transfermation prior to or following radiotherapy. The evaluation of the effect of radiotherapy on cell-mediated immunity depends on the tests used."
1148995,"Fourteen patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CCL) who received a total of 23 courses of splenic irradiation (SI)for various combinations of painful splenomegaly, progressive leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and anemia are reviewed.  Splenic midplane doses ranged from 200-1750 rads (3-14 days), while the most typicalregimen was 300-450 rads in two to three fractions of 150 rads given over 3-8 days.  Response to SI was rated according to a scoring system which evaluated the splenic and hematologic response, as well as the response of disease-related symptons.  According to this scoring system, most patients demonstrated a significant relief of painful splenomegaly, along with improvement of hemogram and bone marrow parameters.  While those patients judged as failures to prior chemotherapy or total body irradiation showed improvement following SI, those who had received minimal therapy prior to SI showed a superior response.  SI, in those showing a satisfactory response, was repeated successfully in several patients (up to six times in one instance).  The onset and duration of response to SI, dose-reponse data, survival, clinical and hemotologic responses, and the possible mechanism of action of SI are discussed with reference to the available literature."
1148996,"Fourty-one patients with primary invasive carcinomas of the ureter were seen at Memorial Hospital from 1947 to 1972.  Overall survuval patterns were similiar in 19 patients with and 22 patients without prior or concomitant urothelial cancers elsewhere in the urinary tract, with 5-year survival rates, as estimated by the product-limit methos, of41% for both groups.  Prognosis was determined primarily by anatomical stage of ureteral cancer.  In 11 Stage A (submucosal) patients, 7 Stage B (muscular), 12 Stage C (periureteric fat), and 9Stage D (extraureteral), the similarly estimated 5-year survival rates were 91%, 43%, 23%, and nil, respectively.  None of Stage A cases had metastases for periods ranging from 5 to 11 years after surgery alone.  Seventy-eight percent of patients with more advanced stages died within 3 years of treatment, withmetastases mainly in pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes."
1148997,"Small intestine injury causes long-term suffering and high mortality.  Five of 187of our patients had developed serious small intestine injury.  Four patients had corrective surgery.  Three patients died.  All were women.  Subsequently, all patients who received definitive pelvic irradiation had small intestine roentgenograms to determine itslocation and mobility. Female patients, thin patients, and elderly patients had larger amounts of small intestine in the whole pelvis, a deeper cul de sac, and a greater incidence of relatively immobile small intestine.  Patients with relativelyimmobile small intestine in the treatment field may be predisposed to injury.  There wasno relationship of the incidence of relatively immobile small intestine to prior pelvicsurgery. We used the findings from the small intestine roentgenograms to modify indiviually the radiotherapy regimen so as to minimize the risk for small intestine injury.  Patients were placed in the prone position to displace the small intestineout of the treatment fields used for booster dose irradiation.  The treatment field wasmodified to exclude the small intestine.  The total tumor dose delivered was determinedby expectations for curve vs. complications.  To date, none of the patients in this study group has developed small intestine injury.  Cadaver studies showed the feasibility of elective shortening of the pelvic cul de sac.  The small intestine can be displacedaway from the bladder, prostate, or cervix."
1148998,"A review of second malignant tumors (S.M.T.s.) following therapeutic irradiation formalignant neoplasm in man is presented.  Twenty-one new cases are added to the literature, 3 of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium following treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, 3 of adenocarcinoma of the large bowel following treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, 9 S.M.T.s in irradiated oropharyngeal or oral mucosa, and 6 single cases of S.M.T.s following radiotherapy of cancers in other sites. It is suggested that there is relatively low incidence of S.M.T.s among patients formalignancy, but the risk remains to be established by an appropriate study of controland test populations."
1148999,"The in-field long-term progressive response of bone marrow to localized fractionatedradiation to the thoracic spine was observed in weanling and adult rats.  Total dose levels were 1800,3600 and 5400 rads given in daily fractions of 180 rads for 900 rads perweek, to simulate the clinical setting.  Animals were sacrificed at 4 1/2, 6, 8, and 10months after irradiation, and bone marrow from within the treated area was ezamined.  The juvenile marrow repopulated to higher levels of cellularity and after higher doses of radiation than the adult.  The degree of marrow depletion, time of repopulation, and ultimate level of repopulation after cessation of irradiation were all dependent on the total dose.  Some of the suggested clinical implications include re-evaluation of the lower doses given to children."
1149000,"A 42-year-old man was admitted to the Cancer Division of the American MedicalCenter in February, 1956.  He had been treated for erythrocytosis beginning 6 months previously, with reduction of his hemoglobin to relatively normal values.  On admission, a huge tumor of the left kidney was palable.  Roentgenograms of the  chest demonstrated small bilateral pulmonary metastases.  A left nephrectomy was per formed, followed by wedge resection of a total of 16 metastatic nodules, 12 of which showed metasticrenal carcinoma.  It is now 18 years since the last thoracotomy and the patient is well, leading a normal life, and free of any demonstrable malignant disease and any evidenceof erythrocytosis."
1149001,"A 23-year-old man presented witha firm plague-like penile mass with pain and deviationon erection, suggesting Peyronie's disease.  Biopsy was erroneously interpreted asconformatory.  Irradiation was the one mode of therapy which gave temporary subjective relief.  Extension of the mass and focal gangrene led to rebiopsy 6 years later.  Epithelioid sarcoma was present microscopically, and was also found on re-examination of theoriginal biopsy.  Partial penectomy was performed, but pulmonary metastasis had alreadyoccurred.  He was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and is now alive with disease 2 years later.  The diagnosis of possible penile sarcoma, although rare, must be considered in patients with symptons suggesting Peyronie's disease, especially if the lesion continues to enlarge."
1149006,"The Gompertz function has been found to mathematically describe several types of biologic growth, including the growth of transplantable animal tumors. If it is assumed that treatment (chemotherapy, surgery, x-irradiation) of tumors causes cell death in a relatively short interval and that the surviving cells begin to repopulate immediately, producing tumor growth according to the Gompertz function before treatment, then the displacement in time between the two growth curves may be quantitatively related to tumor cell kill. This theory is developed and compared to bioassay values. It is also shown that tumor cell kill may be determined graphically without the necessity of computer-generated estimates of the Gompertz parameters."
1149007,"The diaquo species of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) reacts with pyrimidines and substituted pyrimidines to form very soluble, deep blue complexes. These are believed to consist of mainly monomeric species containing one pyrimidine moiety liganded to each platinum. The structures of the complexes are largely uncertain at this time. We describe the methods of synthesis and characterization of approximately 70 such complexes, with a suggested classification scheme, incluse complexes show superior activity against the ascites Sarcoma 180 tumor in Swiss mice when compared to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Initial screening test results and dose schedule-dependency results indicate we can achieve 100% cures in this tumor-host system. Activity is also shown against the Rauscher leukemia, Ehrlich ascites, and ADJ/PC6A tumors. Microscopic histopathologic studies of resulting kidney lesions show that the ""platinum-uracil blue"" complex causes only minor focal damage to the proximal convoluted tubules at a therapeutic dose level, rather than the generalized degenerative changes so prominent and dose limiting noted with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)."
1149008,"Resistance to a new daunorubicin derivative, rubidazone, was developed in a strain of Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo by treatment with the drug during 11 weekly passages of the tumor. In this tumor reciprocal cross resistance was found between rubidazone, daunorubicin, adriamycin, vincristine, and vinblastine. There was no change in sensitivity of the tumor to methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, BCNU, cytosine arabinoside, or actinomycin D. The resistance was stable for at least 71 weeks when treatment was continued and for at least 18 weeks when treatment was discontinued. Rubidazone given intraperitoneally was significantly less toxic than daunorubicin and adriamycin; unlike the findings with daunorubicin and adriamycin, late toxic death (after 30 days) often occurred. In the wild-type tumor the growth inhibition with rubidazone was less than with daunorubicin and adriamycin on an equal weight basis. The LD10 of rubidazone inhibited the growth to nearly the same extent as did the LD10 of daunorubicin and adriamycin."
1149014,"1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-(di-2-chloroethyl)amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose is active against L1210 leukemia, giving over 100% increased life-span at optimal dose. Against P388 leukemia, it gives 200% increased life-span with long-term survivors. The compound is most active when given i.p., but shows some activity when given s.c. than p.o., and is more potent (therapeutic and toxic effect) than mechlorethamine on both a molar and a mg basis. Of importance, the schedule dependency for the administration of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-(di-2-chloroethyl)amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose in L1210 leukemia differs from most alkylating agents in that it is best given by multiple daily injections rather than as a single large injection on Day 1. This characteristic can be attributed to the amino-glucose moiety."
1149009,"Concanavalin A administered to mice kills KHT fibrosarcoma tumor cells and, less markedly, AKR lymphoma cells at doses where it has no effect on numbers of normal hematopoietic colony-forming cells. Concanavalin A in vitro agglutinates suspensions of cells prepared from murine and human tumors but does not agglutinate suspensions prepared from most normal mouse tissues. In spite of its selective action against tumor cells at the cellular level, the possibilities for using concanavalin A therapeutically are limited by its unusual toxicity, a generalized vasculitis that is seen in the mouse, monkey, and pig at approximately the same dose level."
1149015,"Inhibition or enhancement of Friend leukemia virus disease could be produced by treatment of mice with the immunopotentiator, pyran copolymer. The result depended on the route of inoculation of the drug. Prophylactic administration of the drug i.p. retarded splenomegaly, reduced splenic foci, and increased survival time of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus. Conversely, when the same dose and regimen of pyran was administered i.v., splenomegaly was enhanced, splenic foci were increased, and survival time was decreased. Histopathological examination of the spleens of mice revealed that i.p. pyran administration caused a marked increase in the splenic marginal zone with some increase in erythropoiesis in the red pulp, while i.v. pyran administration did not markedly change the splenic marginal zone but caused an early and sustained increase in erythropoiesis in the red pulp."
1149016,"Levan was shown to inhibit lymphoma development in AKR mice. Growth of tumor was inhibited at the site of injection and in metastases. Levan caused a decrease in the incidence of tumors, and it reduced pleomorphism, mitoses, and invasiveness of tumors in comparison to nonlevanized mice. Evidence of tumor cell destruction was observed in levanized mice. The effect of levan on tumor development was dose dependent."
1149017,"Lymphocytes from control donors and from cancer patients have been tested for antitumor, cell-mediated immunity against various melanoma and breast cancer target cell cultures with a microcytotoxicity assay. Control lymphocytes inhibited growth of target cells with high frequency, particularly with cell line, as opposed to short-term, cultures. Inhibition was not found for all target cells tested at a given time with a single preparation of lymphocytes. Sequential studies over a 2-year period with lymphocytes from the same control donors showed fluctuations of inhibition against the same target cells. With serial passage, the target cells also changed in their susceptibility to destruction by control lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from melanoma patients were more inhibitory than control lymphocytes for one melanoma target cell culture but not for two other melanoma cultures. Significant inhibition by lymphocytes from melanoma patients was not seen against two cultures derived from breast cancer patients. Lymphocytes from breast cancer patients were more inhibitory than control lymphocytes for 4 of 5 breast cancer cultures and they did not inhibit two melanoma cultures. Significantly specific inhibition was seen with short-term, but not cell line, breast cultures. The over-all data show specificity for target cells of the appropriate histological type. However, the high and inconstant reactivity of control lymphocytes in this assay suggests that nonspecific inhibition of tumor target cells by patient lymphocytes is found in many experiments. It is concluded that the microcytotoxicity assay is not suitable for clinical studies, since sequential data obtained in individual patients are difficult to interpret."
1149018,"N-Nitroso-N-butylurea was injected once at dosage levels of 150 or 75 mg/kg into 3- or 6-week-old male C57BL/L mice. Intestinal tumors occurred in 100% of the mice that survived more than 15 weeks after injection with a high dose of N-nitroso-N-butylurea at 6 weeks of age, and in 35 to 70% of the mice in other treatment groups. These intestinal tumors were seen primarily at the junction of the pylorus and duodenum and in the anterior portion of the small intestine, with a few in the cecum, colon, and rectum. The tumors at the junction were not very invasive tumors and frequently appeared as polypoid growths. Tumors not at this location were adenocarcinomas that invaded all the layers of the gut wall but which did not metastasize. Colorectal tumors were adenomas and adenocarcinomas. N-Nitroso-N-butylurea also induced tumors of the stomach, hematopoietic system, lung, and liver."
1149019,"Eight sublines of the radiation-induced lymphoma S-1033 of C57BL/10 (hereafter called B10) origin were established by exposing the cells in vivo to eight antineoplastic agents for a number of transplant generations. The parental and drug-treated sublines were tested for immunogenic properties, i.e., the ability to elicit allograft reactions in the host of origin and in congenic-resistant mice differing for the S-D or K-I-S regions of the H-2 complex. Lymphoma S-1033 and all drug-treated sublines except one were found to be essentially nonimmunogenic for B10 mice. The S-DIC subline, when exposed for 8 to 12 transplant generations to dimethyltriazenoimidazolecarboxamide, became immunogenic for syngeneic B10 mice, as judged from prolongation of survival time. Large i.v. inocula (10(7) cells) of S-1033 and of the drug-treated sublines, with the possible exception of the cyclophosphamide-treated and dimethyltriazenoimideazolecarboxamide-treated lymphomas, were more effectively rejected by K-I-S- than by S-D-incompatible mice. Dilution escape (i.e., tumor rejection after challenge with large inocula, and lethal tumor growth after injection of small inocula of lymphoma cells in allogeneic recipients) occurred in K-I-S-incompatible mice that were inoculated with S-1033 and three drug-treated (5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and pyrazocarboxamideamino) sublines. No dilution escape occurred with dimethyltriazenoimidazolecarboxamide or bischloroethylnitrosourea sublines. These data favor the hypothesis that various types of immunogenic changes of neoplastic cells may occur in tumor-bearing hosts following treatment with antineoplastic agents in vivo."
1149020,"Radiolysis of N2O-saturated solutions of transfer RNA (tRNA) and the arylacethydroxamic acids, N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-N-4-acetylaminobiphenyl; their corresponding acetamides, 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-acetylaminofluorene; or the O-glucuronide of N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in adduct formation of the nucleic acid with these carcinogenic arylamine derivatives. The yield of adducts on irradiation of the arylacethdroxamic acids with tRNA was greater than that for their corresponding acetamides or the O-glucuronide. The fluorenylacethydroxamic acid and acetamide were also more reactive than the biphenyl analogs. Adduct formation resulting from radiolysis of tRNA and the arylacethydroxamic acids or the O-glucuronide proceeded with retention of both the aromatic nucleus and the N-acetyl group. The yields of adducts were much greater for irradiated mixtures than for irradiation of either component alone followed by mixing. Evaluation of the data shows that initial modification of the tRNA or the carcinogen can lead to adduct formation. In the case of primary radical attack of the nucleic acid, it has been shown that short-lived reactive RNA intermediates are responsible for a major fraction of the observed yield of adducts in the irradiated mixtures. Comparative studies showed that irradiation under conditions that favor reaction of oxidizing radicals enhanced formation of the adducts. Oxygen was shown to protect RNA from irradiation-induced binding of the arylacethydroxamine acids due to competition of O2 with the carcinogen for the reactive RNA intermediates."
1149021,"Friend murine leukemia virus induces splenic enlargement and an increase in RNA polymerase activity of spleen nuclei. Actinomycin D, administered at 60 mug/kg body weight/day prevents the development os splenomegaly and the elevation of polymerase activity following infection, but it has only a slight effect on the production of virus in spleen tissue. Thus, the alteration of RNA synthesis is not a result of virus proliferation, but instead may be a manifestation of leukemic erythropoiesis. Normal erythropoiesis, stimulated by erythropoietin administration, produces a similar but transient increase in RNA polymerase activity in spleen nuclei. Erythropoietin administered before, but not after, Friend virus infection results in an enhancement of RNA polymerase activity, as measured 9 days after inoculation. This effect is most simply explained by assuming that there is a common target cell pool for both erythropoietin and Friend virus, and that this pool becomes refractory to the influence of the hormone as a result of the leukemic process."
1149022,"Isolated rat liver cells catalyze the metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) with the resulting formation of phenols, dihydrodiols, and conjugates. The rate of the primary oxidative step in the process was similar to that catalyzed by isolated rat liver microsomes in the presence of a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system and responded similarly to various inhibitors, including 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate, metyrapone, alpha-naphthoflavone, and hexobarbital. The level of cytoplasmic, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was not rate limiting in liver cells isolated from either fed or fasted animals. The conjugates and dihydrodiols formed were readily excreted, whereas low concentrations of phenols accumulated intracellularly. The pattern of metabolites of BP was the same in isolated rat liver cells and in the isolated perfused rat liver. 3-Methylcholanthrene treatment of the rats caused a marked increase in cellular BP metabolism as well as in cytochrome P-450 concentration. The induced hemoprotein revealed characteristics similar to those previously established with isolated liver microsomes, i.e., increase in high-spin form, enhanced affinity for BP as revealed by a lower Michaelis constant, and sensitivity to the inhibitory action of alpha-naphthoflavone. After 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, phenols and dehydrodiols constituted a larger percentage of the total metabolites, indicating a more pronounced stimulation of the oxidative than of the conjugative step of BP metabolism by induction, and the dihydrodiols now tended to accumulate intracellularly."
1149023,"Carbohydrate compositions of the membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of human normal and cancerous colonic mucosa were compared in patients with blood groups O and B. The total sugar content in both fractions was reduced in the cancer tissues to about one-third of that in the normal colonic mucosa. The sugars that are associated with mucinous glycoproteins such as fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine were reduced significantly, while sugars that are primarily associated with ""serum-type"" glycoproteins were relatively unchanged or reduced to a lesser extent. The activities of glycoprotein:glycosyltransferases were variable, some showing so significant change, others beinb significnatly reduced in cancerous tissues. A polypeptidyl:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the first sugar to hydroxyamino acids of the protein core of mucinous glycoproteins), a sialyltransferase (involved in the addition of sialic acid to mucinous glycoproteins), and a galactoxyltransferase (thought to be responsible for blood group B antigenicity) were reduced in the cancerous colonic tissue. In contrast, the activities of these glycosyltransferases were unchanged in the colonic mucosa of patients with granulomatosis or ulcerative colitis. Glycosidase activities in the normal, cancerous, and inflammatory tissues were the same. These results suggest that in colonic cancer tissues the synthesis of one type of oligosaccharide chain may be greatly affected, while another family of oligosaccharides may remain relatively unaffected."
1149024,"Admixed spleen cells from normal animals or from animals given injections of Syrian hamster type C virus significantly potentiated the growth of the transplanted D9 lymphoma of random-bred hamsters. Potentiation was measured by an increase in incidence of tumors, a shortened latent period, and a decreased 50% tumor-producing dose of tumor cells. Intermediate doses of spleen cells (10 to 100 spleen cells per tumor cell) produced the greatest potentiation. Preincubation of admixed spleen and tumor cell suspensions in vitro was unnecessary. Immunization to isoantigens was not responsible for potentiation, since growth of a transplantable carcinoma of inbred hamsters was also facilitated by normal spleen cells. In addition, normal kidney or liver cells increased the incidence of tumors transplanted by a small number of tumor cells. Potentiation did not occur when spleen cells were injected at a site remote from the tumor cells. Since the potentiating cells might act eigher as a physical barrier to host response, or by blocking normal macrophage function, we injected charcoal with tumor cells. Simultaneous treatment with charcoal facilitated the growth of the lymphoma but not that of the carcinoma. Treatment with some doses of charcoal was also effective at distant sites. Although potentiation of tumor growth by cells or charcoal may operate through different mechanisms, these phenomena should be explored in regard to outgrowth of primary tumors, tumor immunity, or enhancement of tumor growth."
1149025,"Rats were partially hepactectomized at various intervals after receiving a single injection of the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate. In treated rats, there was a delay and a reduction in the peak response of hepatic DNA synthesis. At 48 hr after partial hepatectomy, following completion of the first mitoses, almost all hepatocytes were enlarged (megalocytes) and many contained enlarged nuclei. Although at 7 days after the hepatectomy many megalocytes could still be found in centrilobular zones, the majority of the hepatocytes were of normal size or smaller. Abnormal anaphase and telophase figures containing chromosomal bridges and acentric fragments were found during the period of regeneration. In addition, discrete nests of small cells with increased cytoplasmic basophilia were evident. Megalocytes also appeared when rats were partially hepatectomized as late as 26 weeks after injection of the carcinogen. These results show that a single dose of methylazoxymethanol acetate can affect almost all hepatocytes and that latent effects persist for long periods of time."
1149026,"Nitrosomorpholine was given to rats in drinking water at the rate of 4 mg/week for 30 weeks. Tumors of the liver were induced in 53% of treated animals and were of both hepatocellular and Kupffer cell origin. One-half of the treated animals were alive 75 weeks after the beginning of treatment, but only 2 survived to 104 weeks. 2,6-Dimethylnitrosomopholine was given to rats at the same molar concentration in drinking water for 30 weeks (5 mg/week). All of these animals died with tumors within 34 weeks after the beginning of treatment; these tumors were mainly in the esophagus and nasal turbinates, and only 1 liver tumor was seen. This greatly changed tumorigenicity of the dimethyl compound might be due to steric factors or to enhanced reactivity at the positions alpha to the nitroso function induced by the methyl groups at the beta position."
1149027,"An antiserum to human melanoma has been produced in a chimpanzee by hyperimmunization with melanoma cells from a single donor. After absorption with the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the tumor donor, this antiserum is specifically cytotoxic to melanoma cells from 14 tissue culture cell lines and to cells from 8 fetal fibroblast cell lines. Peripheral blood lymphocytes-absorbed antiserum is negative when tested against a large panel of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts and against eight non-melanoma neoplastic tissue culture cell lines. Subsequent absorption with melanoma cells from any of seven sources removes all antimelonoma and all antifetal reactivity of the antiserum. Similar absorption with fetal cells removes all antifetal activity but does not completely remove the antimelanoma activity. The immunoglobulin G fraction of the antiserum is shown to possess the cytotoxic activity."
1149028,"Administration of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to rats inhibits liver nuclear RNA synthesis. This effect is reflected in an in vitro inhibition of RNA synthesis by isolated whole nuclei. The decreased RNA synthesis can be accounted for entirely by an inhibition of the RNA polymerase activities quantitatively solubilized and partially purified from these nuclei. Both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic polymerases are affected. A similar inhibition of the polymerases was demonstrated in intact nuclei by inactivating the endogenous template with actinomycin D and assaying the polymerases with an added exogenous template, poly(deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate). Chromatin was prepared from similar nuclear preparations by two methods, differing in the extent to which they remove endogenous polymerase activity. Each chromatin preparation was transcribed with added Escherichia coli or partially purified rat liver nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase respectively. With either polymerase and either chromatin preparation, no inhibition of the template activity of chromatin isolated from N-OH-AAF-treated animals could be detected. It is concluded that N-OH-AAF is a potent inhibitor of rat liver nuclear RNA synthesis and that the mechanism of this inhibition is inactivation of the RNA polymerases. At the same time, N-OH-AAF leaves the chromatin template, at least quantitatively, intact for the synthesis of RNA. The implications of such an effect of N-OH-AAF on RNA synthesis are discussed."
1149029,"Events preceeding the cortisol inhibition of uridine utilization by corticoid-sensitive P1798 lymphocytes have been investigated. When tumor cells were incubated with 1 muM cortisol for 15 min and then washed free of steroid and reincubated in the absence of hormone, the expected decrease of uridine uptake failed to appear 1.5 hr later. In contrast, the removal of cortisol after 30 or 60 min did not prevent subsequent development of the steroid effect. Addition of actinomycin D with cortisol, or 15 min after hormone treatment was started, blocked steroid action. However, when actinomycin D was added 30 or 60 min after the initial exposure to cortisol, hormone-induced depression of uridine uptake was no longer prevented. To study the role of protein synthesis, cycloheximide was added to the tumor cell suspensions at various times after cortisol treatment was started. Cortisol suppression of uridine utilization was blocked when cycloheximide was added with the hormone or 30 min after the start of hormone treatment. Cycloheximide added together with cortisol and washed out with the steroid after 30 min did not prevent subsequent appearance of decreased nucleoside uptake. Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, did not prevent cortisol action, even when present throughout a 2 hr exposure to the steroid. Hormone removal or actinomycin D addition after 1.5 to 2 hr (when uridine uptake was already inhibited about 25%) did not prevent intensification of the steroid effect during a subsequent 1.5- to 2-hr incubation period, while addition of cycloheximide at this time completely prevented its progression. These results suggest aht: (a) cortisol inhibition of uridine uptake by P1798 lymphocytes involves an early irreversible step and appears to require continuing RNA but not protein synthesis during the first 15 to 30 min of hormone action; (b) protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis is required between 30 and 60 min; and (c) continuing protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis or hormone presence is necessary for the preestablished cortisol effect to progress."
1149030,"Aspects of the metabolism of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in mouse skin were investigated. Phorbolol myristate acetate (PHMA), a potential metabolite of PMA in mouse skin, was prepared from PMA by NaBH4 reduction of the C-5 carbonyl group of PMA to a secondary alcohol. The structure of PHMA was assigned on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. PHMA had an inflammatory effect in mouse skin equal to or slightly less than PMA, on the basis of the dermal infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils and interfollicular epidermal hyperplasia. Application of PHMA and PMA to mouse skin resulted in equal increases in numbers of interfollicular epidermal basal layer mitotic cells after 28 hr. PHMA was found to be nearly as effective as PMA in increasing the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into interfollicular epidermal basal layer cells after 28 hr. When tritiated PMA was applied to mouse skin, PHMA was identified as a metabolite. PHMA was present in about 1.7% of the amount of PMA. When tritiated PHMA was applied to mouse skin, PMA was not detected as a metabolite in the mouse skin extracts."
1149031,"The influence of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and its 5'-triphosphate derivative on programmed synthesis was tested with an intact cell system as well as with isolated enzyme systems. The effect of ara-A was tested in mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y). The compound reduces cell proliferation in low concentration by cytostasis; under high ara-A concentration of radioactive precursors into DNA, RNA, and protein showed that ara-A selectively inhibits DNA synthesis. Formation of a polysome complex is not affected by ara-A. [3H]ara-A is incorporated into DNA in an intact cell system; 1 molecule of ara-A is incorporated per 8000 molecules of deoxyadenosine. Most of the ara-A molecules appeared to be in internucleotide linkages. Incorporation of ara-A into RNA could not be detected. 9-BETA-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate (ara-ATP) does not reduce the incorporation rate of the following enzymes, isolated from quail oviducts: DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II, polyadenylic acid polymerase, and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase. The compound was found to inhibit DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases isolated from quail oviducts and from oncogenic RNA viruses (Rous sarcoma viruses). All the enzymes tested were inhibited by ara-ATP in a competitive way with respect to deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate. The highest affinity of ara-ATP, i.e., the highest inhibitory potency of the drug, was found in the assays with the eukaryotic low-molecular DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The influence on the eukaryotic high-molecular DNA-dependent Dna polymerase was a litte less. Compared to the eukaryotic DNA polymerases, the viral enzymes (RNA-directed DNA polymerase and DNA-directed DNA polymerase) are affected to a smaller extent by ara-ATP. No effects of ara-A and ara-ATP are observed in a protein-synthesizing, cell-free system isolated from L5178Y cells."
1149032,"In the microassay for cell-mediated immunity, detachment of adherent target cells from the wells occurs to an even greater extent when tested with granulocytes than when tested with lymphocytes. Intact cells are not necessary since the sonic extract from granulocytes causes the same effect. The reaction by granulocytes appears to be mediated by enzymes, and is inhibited by the presence in the wells of hyaluronic acid. Moreover, it is limited to the detachment of adherent target cells, since neither intact nor sonically disrupted granulocytes exhibit cytotoxic activity in the chromium release assay. The detachment of target cells is also inhibited by heparin which may be used to specifically mullify the effect of granulocytes contaminating lymphocyte suspensions."
1149033,"Delayed drug-related mortality in rats treated with a single high dose (75 mg/kg) of cyclophosphamide complicated experiments using this drug treatment. We observed that this delayed mortality was due to dental abnormalities including broken teeth, absent teeth, extra long teeth, and/or supernumerary teeth. These dental abnormalities developed about 140 days after treatment and, if left untreated, interfered with eating. Eventually, the untreated rats starved. Clipping their long teeth and feeding the rats powdered chow eliminated the deaths. Researchers should be aware that high doses of cyclophosphamide may result in dental abnormalities several months after the treatment."
1149035,"Weekly s.c. injections of equitoxic doses of 2-hydroxy-propyl-n-propylnitrosamine, 2-oxopropyl-n-propylnitrosamine, and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine, assumed metabolites of di-n-propylnitrosamine by beta oxidation, induced low incidences of pancreatic duct adenomas in Syrian golden hamsters. Di-n-propylnitrosamine did not. Application of 2,2'-dihydroxydi-n-propylnitrosamine, another postulated intermediate of di-n-propylnitrosamine, led to development of various types of pancreatic duct adenomas and ductal carcinomas in high percentages of hamsters. In addition, a few acinar-cell carcinomas were found. The morphology of these neoplasms, their latencies, and their distribution in the different segments of the pancreas are described."
1149036,"Long-term studies of the carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in inbred guinea pigs were undertaken to develop an animal model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MNU, freshly, dissolved in 0.015 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 6.0, was administered by gavage once weekly at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to inbred strain 13 guinea pigs. By 27 weeks, 54% of guinea pigs given MNU weekly died, mostly due to severe atrophy and fatty metamorphosis of the exocrine acinar cells of the pancreas. Of 34 guinea pigs that survived more than 27 weeks of MNU administration, 10 (29%) developed pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 28 and 44 weeks. Other tumors included adenocarcinoma of the stomach (two animals) and of colon (one animal), lymphoma of mesenteric nodes (three animals), and a hepatoma (one animal). Atypical changes involving acinar cells were observed in certain pancreatic lobules and included ductular or pseudoductular transformation, acinar ectasia, increased mitotic activity, and periacinar fibrosis. These changes are suggestive of acinar cell dedifferentiation, and their role, if any, in the histogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains to be elucidated. These studies suggest the feasibility of using inbred guinea pigs for developing a satisfactory model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Additional studies are necessary to minimize the high mortality rate during the first 6 months and to enhance the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma."
1149037,"Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 500 ppm of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA). After 2 weeks, mitotic activity and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were significantly increased in pancreatic acinar cells. Continued feeding of the diet for 4 and 8 weeks led to decreasing mitotic activity which was still significantly increased over that of control animals. Focal necrosis of acinar cells was histologically apparent after 8 weeks of CPFA ingestion. Ultrastructural evidence of focal cytoplasmic injury was detected in acinar epithelial cells as early as 2 weeks after feeding of the CPFA diet was begun. A difference in dose response to CPFA appears to exist between Sprague-Dawley and Fischer F344 rats in that the latter, a dose of CPFA (5 mg/100 g body weight), did not evoke a mitogenic response."
1149038,"Pancreatic explants from perinatal or 1-week-old rat circumfusion organ cultured with an insulin-free variant of Trowell's Medium T8 survive functionally, as judged from tissue amylase content, for about 3 days. When hydrocortisone 21-sodium succinate, 1.0 mg/liter, is added to the chemically defined medium, high levels of anylase persist for longer periods. Explants from 7-day-old animals, circumfusion cultured with hydrocortisone-supplemented medium, maintain tissue amylase levels equal to or greater than those of uncultured control pancreas for at least 5 days of culture, and over this period they release amylase into culture medium at a stable rate. Methods for maintaining functional pancreatic acinar tissue in culture provide a new biological model for in vitro analysis of the early defects of potential chemical carcinogens on this target organ."
1149039,"A technique is described for the isolation and maintenance in culture of pancreatic epithelial cells from human embryos or neonatal guinea pigs. Dissociated cells from human material were essentially uncharacterized. Those obtained from guinea pig pancreas were subjected to centrifugal fractionation, and the resulting populations consisted of up to 95% exocrine cells. Suspensions of dissociated cells were incubated with gyration for 16 to 18 hr, and cell aggregated that formed were placed in stationary culture. Two-dimensional colonial aggregates developed on the plastic substratum. Cells comprising such colonies formed junctional complexes and could be maintained for 20 to 40 days in vitro. This system may provide a useful model for studies on pancreatic exocrine cell physiology and carcinogenesis."
1149042,"Human blood lymphocytes released DNA in vitro in the absence of any stimulation. Once purified from the complex appearing in the supernatant, this DNA exhibited typical characteristics as shown by its UV absorption curve, its deoxyribose coloration, and its sensitivity to DNase. Elution patterns on hydroxyapatite columns indicated that the excreted DNA is double stranded. The released DNA was smaller than the cellular DNA; its molecular weight ranged from 3.5 x 10(5) to 3.7 x 10(6) daltons. The DNA appearing in the supernatant does not seem to be due to dead or dying cells since: (a) the same amount of DNA was found in the medium whether the incubation lasted 2 hr or as long as 16 hr; (b) cell death rate had no effect on the amount of extracellular DNA; (c) when the lymphocytes were centrifuged and placed in a new medium several times in a row, a similar amount of extracellular DNA was isolated from each of the successive supernatants, whereas if, after centrifugation, the lymphocytes were put back in their original medium, no increase in the amount of extracellular DNA was observed, suggesting an active regulatory mechanism independent of a mechanical effect; (d) it took more than 1 hr for extracellular DNA to reach its maximum concentration, a fact that also argues against a mechanical effect; (e) the specific activity of the released DNA was different from that of the cellular DNA, depending on the time of labeling; and (f) the cells that had excreted DNA kept their functional integrity, as shown by their fully maintained capacity to increase DNA synthesis after stimulation. The extracellular DNA hybridized specifically with cellular DNA. The hybridization curves indicate that the DNA excreted is highly complex, and they suggest that it is composed of part of the newly synthesized DNA. The higher specific activity of the released DNA, compared with that of the cellular DNA after a long labeling period, can be explained only by a preferential release of the newly synthesized DNA."
1149043,"The potent antileukemic chemotherapeutic drug, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), was observed to transform malignantly secondary hamster fetal cells as well as established rat cells in vitro. Results indicated that: (a) hamster cells altered by treatment with ara-C are morphologically indistinguishable from cells transformed with benzo(a)pyrene; (b) the ara-C-induced transformation can be observed under conditions of little or no inhibition of DNA synthesis and little or no cytotoxicity; (c) the transformation can occur with only a 6-hr exposure to ara-C; and (d) the transformation of hamster cells seems to require cellular DNA synthesis for cells in S phase are much more sensitive to ara-C-induced transformation than are G1-arrested cells. Representative transformed colonies of hamster and rat cells produced rapidly growing fibrosarcomas in inoculated newborn hamsters and rats, respectively. Control cells remained nontumorigenic."
1149044,"Single doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea caused transient suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in bone marrow and gastrointestinal mucosa and more prolonged inhibition of such incorporation in B16 melanoma. A single dose of 1-(2-chloroethyl) -3- (trans-4-methylcyclohexyl) -1-nitro-sourea, 16 mg/kg, doubled the mean life-span after treatment of C57BL times DBA/2F1 male mice bearing 12-day-old B16 melanomas. Subsequent doses timed to minimize toxicity and maximize antitumor effect, however, produced no further prolongation of survival, and studies with B16 melanoma previously expsed to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea demonstrated that the suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was no longer prolonged beyond that seen with normal host tissues. The loss of clinical efficacy was accompanied by a loss of differential suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA between the tumor and host tissues."
1149045,"In an effort to establish an animal colon tumor model suitable for biological and chemotherapy studies, 82 colon tumors were induced and transplanted in four different inbred strains of mice. Four colon tumors survived the first transplant and are now in serial passage. All are suitable for chemotherapy trials. Two tumors are highly metastatic, and at least one of these is known to be suitable for surgery-chemotherapy adjuvant studies. The effective colon carcinogens contained a (see article) molecular similarity."
1149046,"[2-14C]-2,2'-Anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine ([14C]AAFC) was given to 7 patients i.v. and to 3 patients p.o. at doses of 2 or 20 mg/kg. After i.v. administration of [14C]AAFC, 20 mg/kg, maximum plasma levels of up to 42.5 mug [14C]AAFC equivalents per ml of plasma occurred. A rapid exponential decrease of the radioactivity resulted in an initial half-line of 0.5 to 1.5 hr for the first part and a half-line of 8 to 24 hr for the second part of the curve. Most of the radioactivity was unchanged starting material. In plasma, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine was found for only a short time and at low levels after i.v. injection. Its deamination product, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil (AFU), too, showed up in minor quantities. A small amount of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil was also detected. Administration p.o. of the 14C-labeled drug (2 mg/kg) resulted in the slow appearance of radioactivity in plasma. It peaked at 6 to 18 hr and slowly disappeared with a half-life of 12 to 18 hr. In a fasting patient, [14C]AAFC, 20 mg/kg, administered p.o. resulted in its rapid absorption into the bloodstream and in elevated levels in plasma for 48 hr. The unchanged drug and AFU were the predominant substances identified in plasms. Radioactivity after i.v. injection was found primarily in urine; only small amounts were recovered in expired air (to 2.4%) and traces were found in feces. The predominant urinary excretions product was the unchanged drug (average, 79%). The rest was AFU (average, 12.4%), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (average, 3.9%), and 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil (average, 1.9%). After p.o. administration of the labeled drug, the calculated absorption was 32%. Urine contained about 50% unchanged drug and 40% AFU; the remainder was composed of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine and the deaminated anhydro compound, 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil. The rate of excretion in the urine was slow. In general after both i.v. and p.o. administration, spinal fluid contained considerably less radioactivity than plasma at shor intervals after the administration. At longer intervals after i.v. and p.o. administration, spinal fluid contained comparable or even considerably higher levels of radioactivity when compared to the levels in plasma. Autopsies performed 6 to 25 days after i.v. or p.o. drug administration revealed that radioactivity remained in kidney, spleen, small intestine, liver, and lung."
1149047,"Tumor cell survival characteristics were assessed following 60Co gamma-irradiation of the Lewis lung carcinoma as 500-cu mm s.c. tumors or as 0.5-cu mm (1 mm in diameter) pulmonary metastases. Cells in the small pulmonary tumors were markedly more radiosensitive (D0 = 106 rads; hypoxic fraction less than 0.005) than were those in large s.c. tumors (final D0, 315 rads; hypoxic fraction, 0.36). When pulmonary metastases were excised and irradiated intact under well-oxygenated conditions in vitro, the hypoxic fraction rose to 0.30. This implies that, under normal in situ conditions, these nodules contain a microvascular system that achieves adequate oxygen supply to the great majority of tumor cells. Thus, the tumor cells within these small metastatic implants were more sensitive to irradiation, largely due to better oxygenation, and may be more sensitive to chemotherapy, due to better drug availability."
1149048,"The effect of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene on the ultrastructure and synthesis of hepatic neclear membranes was evaluated in partially hepatectomized rats. The incorporation of L-[4,5-3H]leucine into two nuclear membrane fractions increased within 2 hr after hepatic resection and reached a peak at 20 hr. After partial hepatectomy, the decay of radioactivity in nuclear membrane proteins labeled with L-[4,5-3H]leucine revealed similar half-lives for the two membrane fractions when compared to those obtained from sham-operated animals. The protein concentration of the nuclear membrane fraction of higher density decreased sharply within 2 hr after partial hepatectomy and remained low throughout a 20-hr postoperative period. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both nuclear membrane fractions showed a similar composition. Nine proteins were resolved, varying from 21,000 to 190,000 daltons. The two major protein bands were in the range of 50,000 and 70,000 daltons, respectively. Treatment of partially hepatectomized animals with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene showed marked dilation of the nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum in situ upon electron microscopic examination. Vacuolization and evagination of the perinuclear membranes were also noticeable in isolated nuclei obtained from carcinogen-treated rats. Inhibition by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene of the incorporation of L-[4,5-3H]leucine into the nuclear membranes was dose-dependent and remained depressed throughout a 60-min labeling period. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects on RNA and protein synthesis previously shown to be produced by this arylhydroxylamine hepatocarcinogen may lead to disruption of the morphology and synthesis of the nuclear envelope."
1149049,"HeLa cells, which were selected for resistance to actinomycin D on the basis of decreaded penetration of the antibiotic into the cells, were treated with nontoxic concentrations of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. In the presence of amphotericin B, the cells became sensitive to the effects of actinomycin D, as demonstrated by loss of cell viability, typical morphological changes, and effects on the pattern of RNA synthesis. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that amphotericin B increased the amount of (3H)actinomycin D incorporated into HeLa cells as determined by both radioactive counts and radioautography. Amphotericin B might be useful in overcoming the resistance is based on decreased entry of the agents into cells."
1149050,"Four bifunctional and one trifunctional alpha-chloro ethers were tested for carcinogenicity. These compounds were bis-1,2-(chloromethoxy)ethane (Compound I), bis-1,4-(chloromethoxy)butane (Compound II), bis-1,6-(chloromethoxy) hexane (Compound III), bis-1,4-(chloromethoxy)-p-xylene (Compound IV), and tris-1,2,3-(chloromethoxy)propane (Compound V). trans-1,4-Dichlorobutene-2 (Compound VI) was tested along with the five alpha-chloro ethers. All six compounds were tested in female ICR/Ha Swiss mice for 502 to 569 days, depending on survival, by skin application or s.c. and i.p. injection. There were 30 or 50 mice/group. The i.p. and s.c. injections were given once weekly at 0.1 or 0.3 mg of compound dissolved in 0.05 ml tricaprylin for Compounds I to V and 0.05 mg/0.05 ml tricaprylin for Compound VI for the duration of the tests. The skin applications, three times weekly, were at doses of 0.3 or 1.0 mg/0.1 ml cyclohexane for the alpha-chloro ethers and 1.0 mg/0.1 ml acetone for Compound VI. Vehicle and no treatment controls were carried out together with the test compounds. Significance values (p) were calculated for all the compounds tested. Three compounds, I, IV and V, gave notable tumor incidences by all three routes of administration. Compounds II, III, and VI were either inactive by one or more routes of administration or gave low tumor yields."
1149051,Malignant tumors take up and retain hematoporphyrin to a much greater extent than do normal tissues. Porphyrins are photodynamic agents that sensitize cells so that they are damaged by exposure to light. Treatment with hematoporphyrin followed by irradiation with light can destroy glioma cells in culture in less than 8 min and gliomas growing s.c. in rats in about 40 min. Photochemotherapy may become useful in the management of malignant tumors that are resistant to current methods of treatment.
1149052,"A number of human tumor cell lines of both neural and nonneural origin have been assayed for the expression of an interspecies brain antigen (mouse brain antigen 2), detected by naturally occurring antibodies in normal mouse sera. These experiments indicate that mouse brain antigen 2 is present on four human neuroblastoma cell lines but not on other human tumor cell lines tested, including four glial cell lines and a retinoblastoma. These findings demonstrate the value of naturally occurring antibodies in normal mouse sera for the detection and serological classification of human tumor antigens and indicate that considerable caution should be used in attempts to distinguish tumor-specific and tissue-specific antigen expression on human neuroblastoma cells."
1149053,"The circular dichroism spectra of a number of N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives in aqueous solution were studied.  For all compounds, the Cotton effects were found to be in the spectral range of the acetamido and carboxyl chromophores.  The c.d. curves of the methy, ethyl, and allyl alpha-D-ketosides are characterized by a broad, positive band centered at lambda similar to 195 nm with a slight skew towards the higher wavelengths and weak bands between lambda 225 and 255 nm, whereas the methyl beta-D-ketoside and the corresponding methyl ester show only an intense positive band with a broad shoulder in the same spectral range.  5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-nonulopyranose, its methyl beta-D-ketoside, and 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonamide containing only the acetamido chromophore showed one single positive Cotton effect centered at lambda similar to 192 nm.  The c.d. spectrum of 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonic acid confirms the beta-D configuration of the free acid in aqueous solution, whereas the shape of the c.d. curve of O-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-neuraminopyranosyl)-(2yields3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 yields 4)-D-glucopyranose resembles that of the methyl, ethyl, and allyl alpha-D-ketosides 2-4."
1149054,"4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-alpha-D-sorbose (6) was prepared in crystalline form by the action of potassium hydrogen fluoride on 3,4-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-psicopyranose (3) followed by deacetonation.  Under identical conditions, 3,4-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-tagatopyranose (7) underwent epoxide migration to give 4,5-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose (12), which after deacetonation yielded 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-tagatose (15) and 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-alpha-L-sorbopyranose (16), the latter as the crystalline, free sugar.  The action of glycol-cleavage reagents on the isopropylidene acetals of the deoxyfluoro sugars was consistent with the assigned structures.  The structures were established by 13-C n.m.r. studies of the free deoxyfluoro sugars 6 and 16 and of the isopropylidene acetal 13, and by 1-H n.m.r. studies on the acetylated isopropylidene acetals 5 diacetate, 13 diacetate, and 14 diacetate.  5-Deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose (16) was biologically active, producing in mice effects characteristic of deoxyfluorotrioses and of fluoroacetate.  4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-D-tagatose (15) and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-sorbose (6) produced no apparent effects in mice up to a dose of 500mg/kg.  The implications of these findings with respect to transport, phosphorylation, and the action of aldolase on ketohexoses are discussed."
1149063,"The acute ischemic leg may be an important clue to the diagnosis of a dissecting aneurysm. Seventeen of 65 patients with dissecting aneurysms presented with this picture. The ischemic leg was often the dominant feature and obscured the correct diagnosis. The possibility of aortic dissection should be considered in any patient with an acutely ischemic leg, especially if there is any accompanying chest, neck, or back discomfort. The presence of an ischemic limb is not necessarily an indication for surgical repair of the dissection itself. Of seven patients treated medically, five survived with limbs intact, and in all five the pulses returned within one month."
1149065,"Although unusual, coronary artery disease does occur in young women. It may be present to a severe degree between ages 20 and 30, but a typical history of angina pectoris by no means assures the presence of significant coronary artery disease. Proof that oral contraceptives predispose to coronary artery disease is lacking. It seems wise not to recommend them to young women with other known risk factors. Significant risk factors in a group of 1000 women under age 50 studied by cinecoronary arteriography for the evaluation of chest pain included cigarette smoking, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, and glucose intolerance. Combinations of factors increased the risk. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in themselves did not seem to increase the risk of coronary artery disease, but did seem to enhance it in combination with other factors. Electrocardiographic evidence of transmural myocardial infarction without significant coronary artery disease was more common in young women than in young men. Cinecoronary arteriography may possibly be performed after resolution of more severe lesions related to lysis of emboli or thrombi. Special conditions may temporarily increase myocardial oxygen requirements. Angia-like chest pain has been described in patients without significant coronary artery disease. Many have normal electrocardiograms and no known risk factors. Spasm has been mentioned among many possible causes, but is very difficult to tell whether or not underlying atherosclerotic lesions may be present. Whatever the cause, the prognosis for patients with angina-like chest pain and normal coronary arteriography seems excellent; early death is a rarity and improvement is common."
1149067,"Experiences with 265 consecutive patients 65 years of age and older who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery have been presented. With proper patient selection, expeditious surgery, and good postoperative management, good surgical results can be obtained that are comparable to any good risk group of patients. This study suggests that age alone is not a contraindication to aggressive surgical treatment of coronary artery disease."
1149073,"Superficial Ehrlich tumours in mice were used to assess how much information on cell kinetics could be obtained from only the simplest techniques of autoradiography, and in situ monitoring of 125I-iodo-deozyuridine. These techniques were selected as being readily applicable to clinical situations. Intradermal tumours were studied from the earliest stages of rapid growth to large slow growing tumours with necrotic cores, as well as tumours undergoing regression. For comparison, intramuscular tumours were studied with systemic injections of radioactive DNA precursors. It was found that extensive information on cell production and loss rates was obtained from a single injection of tritiated thymidine followed by a single biopsy, or alternatively in vitro labelling of one minute biopsy specimen, and measurements of only the labelling index, together with a knowledge of the tumour's growth characteristics. Following a single localized injection of 125I-iodo-deoxyuridine, the loss rate of radioactivity measured in situ for a period of about 1 week provided an index of cell loss rate from the tumours."
1149074,"Cell kinetics in the jejunal crypt of the male Wistar rat were studied using autoradiographic techniques with tritiated thymidine and a stathmokinetic technique with vincristine. The migration rate measured by following the movement of the 50% peak on the labelling index distribution curve with time after injection of tritiated thymidine gave a value of 1-43 +/- 0-14 (SE) cell positions per hour, compared with a value from a cumulative birth rate of 1-78 cell positions per hour. Tht crypt column length was 32-9 +/- 0-2 cells and the column count was 22-3 +/- 0-2. This measurement gave a total crypt population of 734 cells, compared with an estimate of 650 +/- l from direct observation of squashed, microdissected crypts. In each crypt 22-5 +/- 0-5 mitoses were present, and the crypt cell production rate was 32 cells per crypt per hour; this latter value was confirmed using two independent techniques. The crypt growth fraction calculated from the durations of phases of the cell cycle and the labelling index was 0-62. A value of 0-61 was found from the labelling index distribution curve. As assessed from crypt squashes, there were 403 proliferating cells per crypt."
1149068,"By selecting variants of Chinese hamster cells that were resistant to 6TG at 39 degrees C, but which would continue to grow in HAT medium at 33 degrees C, we have isolated cell lines with thermosensitive phenotypes for HGPRT controlled properties. THE HGPRT produced by those clones is temperature sensitive. These results indicate that the selected clones carry missense mutations in the structural gene for the enzyme."
1149075,"The role of nonproliferating cells in tumor regeneration has been studied after subcurative doses of low L.E.T. irradiation. Radiation was applied in a single dose at three different levels; 0-47, 0-94 and 1-88 krad. Studies included estimation of the absolute number of cells per tumor, differential cell counts, and autoradiographic determination of kinetic variables, employing transplantable mouse mammary adenocarcinoma DBAH. Quantitative changes of morphologically defined proliferating and nonproliferating cell pools were followed at different time intervals after irradiation. Irradiation resulted in reduction of the number of cells in both pools, with apparent sparing of nonproliferating cells. The regenerative period started with a gradual increase in the number of cells in the proliferating pool, whereas the number of cells in the nonproliferating pool continued to fall in tumors irradiated with 0-94 and 1-88 krad. In the late phase of tumor regrowth, the increasing number of cells in the non proliferating pool corresponded to its replenishment by cell transition from the proliferating pool. In an effort to clarify whether cell transition from the nonproliferating to the proliferating pool may take place during the regrowth of radiation perturbed tumors, cell loss rates from both pools were estimated using experimental data. In addition to cell loses from the tumor as a whole, the 'net loss rate' of the nonproliferating pool reflects the rate of cell transition from the nonproliferating to the proliferating pool, minus the rate of transition in the opposite direction. A similar definition applies to cell loss rates from the proliferating pool. The results showed: (1) high losses in both pools, with excess losses in the proliferating during the early phase after irradiation; (2) in the early stage of regrowth after irradiation, the cell net loss rate f-or the nonproliferating pool increased, in contrast to the behavior of cell loss rate for the proliferating pool and the average cell loss rate for the tumor as a whole; (3) in the late stage of regrowth a decrease in net loss rate for the nonproliferating pool reflects the excess production of nonproliferating cells over control tumors. These results suggest that cell transition from the nonproliferating to the proliferating pool takes place at the beginning of tumor regrowth after subcurative single-dose irradiation."
1149077,"The external layer of the median eminence (ELME) and the arculate nucleus of male rats were studied with the Falck-Hillarp technique and electron microscopy of aldehyde-OsO4 or KMnO4 fixed after various types of hypothalamic deafferentation experiments with the Halász knife. Special reference was paid to the monoamine systems and the results can be summarized as follows. 1. The main monoaminergic input to the ELME comes from the arcuate nucleus-periventricular area via a dorsal approach. A horizontal transection through the arcuate nucleus decreases the percentage of monoamine boutons i.e. boutons with small granular vesicles, from 31.6% in the controls to 4.4% in the lesion group, whereas only a small effect is seen after anterior (or complete) deafferentations. 2. A major input to the ELME enters the basal hypothalamus at the anterior-lateral aspects (see Réthelyi and Halász, 1970). The fibers cut after anterior deafferentations in all probability mainly come from cell bodies localized in the anterior hypothalamus or even further rostrally but some may represent NA axons ascending from the lower brain stem. 3. The degeneration course of nerve endings in the ELME both after anterior deafferentations as well as after lesions in the arcuate nucleus is rapid (within 2-3 days) and morphologically characterized by an initial aggregation of large dense cored vesicles seemingly to electron dense bodies within the boutons and probably also to a closer spacing of the small electron lucent synaptic vesicles (see Raisman, 1972). This type of degeneration seems to take place both in monoamine and non-monoamine neurons. 4. Degenerating boutons are found in the arcuate nucleus after anterior and complete deafferentations. Thus, the anterior hypothalamus may exert an ""indirect"" control of the pituitary gland via synapses on arcuate neurons although quantitatively the ""direct"" influence through the projection to the ELME is of more importance. 5. After anterior deafferentations enlarged axons containing large amounts of large dense cored vesicles and other organelles are found caudally of the cut indicating the existence of rostral projections from the medial hypothalamus."
1149078,"Pieces of tissue taken from three human lacrimal glands were examined electron microscopically. Secretory cells varied according to the electron density and structure of their secretion granules. Secretory cells were arbitrarily categorized as light, medium or dark based on their granule content. Acini were composed of two or all three categories of cells together with myoepithelial cells and lymphocytes. A minority ogic, sympathetic terminals. The appearance of most interstitial and all parenchymal fibres was consistent with that of cholinergic, parasympathetic terminals. Parenchymal terminals were confined to ducts, terminal tubule areas and to serous (dark) cells. A large proportion of parenchymal terminals lay adjacent to myoepithelial cells in the ducts and terminal tubule regions but terminals observed among serous cells were rarely in contact with myoepithelial cells. A possible parasympathetic control of serous secretion, granule production and duct contraction and the autonomy of mucous cells is discussed."
1149079,"The external layer of the median eminence (ELME) and the arcuate nucleus of male rats were studied with the Falck-Hillarp technique and electron microscopy of aldehyde-OsO4 or KMnO4 fixed material after various types of hypothalamic deafferentation experiments with the Haláz knife. Special reference was paid to the monoamine systems and the results can be summarized as follows. 1. The main monoaminergic input to the ELME comes from the arcuate nucleus-periventricular area via a dorsal approach. A horizontal transection through the arcuate nucleus decreases the percentage of monoamine boutons i.e. boutons with small granular vesicles, from 31.6% in the controls to 4.4% in the lesion group, whereas only a small effect is seen after anterior (or complete) deafferentations. 2. A major input to the ELME enters the basal hypothalamus at the anterior-lateral aspects (see Réthelyi and Halsáz, 1970). The fibers cut after anterior deafferentations in all probability mainly come from cell bodies localized in the anterior hypothalamus or even further rostrally but some may represent Na axons ascending from the lower brain stem. 3. The degeneration course of nerve endings in the ELME both after anterior deafferentations as well as after lesions in the arcuate nucleus is rapid (within 2-3 days) and morphologically characterized by an initial aggregation of large dence cored vesicles seemingly to electron dense bodies within the boutons and probably also to a closer spacing of the small electron lucent synaptic vesicles (see Raisman, 1972). This type of degeneration seems to take place both in monoamine and non-monoamine neurons. 4. Degenerating boutons are found in the arcuate nucleus after anterior and complete deafferentations. Thus, the anterior hypothalamus may exert an ""indirect"" control of the pituitary gland via synapses on arcuate neurons although quantitavely the direct influence through the projection to the ELME is of more importance. 5. After anterior deafferentations enlarged axons containing large amounts of large dense cored vesicles and other organelles are found caudally of the cut indicating the existence of rostral projections from the medial hypothalamus."
1149080,"A pressure device has been used to obtain information about the forces involved in the maintenance of the aggregated state of melanophores of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare. Single aggregated melanophores of isolated scales were submitted to mechanical compression with forces ranging from 50-320 mup. As a function of the gradually increasing force melanophores disperse their pigment, the degree of dispersion being proportional to the intensity of the force. When microtubules are destroyed by treatment with 0.3 mM vinblastine in KCl solution, pigment dispersion in response to the external force is similar to that observed in KCl alone. After changing the medium to NaCl solution, melanin granules remain concentrated in the cell center; the force-induced melanosome dispersion, however, is significantly enhanced. Distinctly lower forces are required to produce an expansion equivalent to that observed in KCl solution. When the medium is changed to vinblastine-KCl again, the dispersion in response to the external force resembles that obtained before NaCl treatment. Removal of Ca++ and Mg++ ions by treatment with 2 mM EDTA or EGTA in Ringer's solution containing 0.1 mM adrenalin produces a remarkable enhancement of melanosome dispersion in response to increasing external force. This effect of EDTA or EGTA is completely reversible. When the medium is changed to normal Ca++-Ringer's, the force/dispersion curve resembles that obtained before EDTA or EGTA treatment. It is concluded that a state of equilibrium exists between the external force and an opposing force produced by the melanophore. The differences in the opposing force under different experimental conditions may be due to a ""contractile component"". This component seems to be independent of microtubules, as indicated by vinblastine experiments. It ""contracts"" under aggregating stimulus and ""relaxes"" under dispersing stimulus. From the data presented in this paper, the order of magnitude of the pressure developed by the contractile component in the completely aggregated state was calculated as between 5-7 p/cm2 in the relaxed state and about 20 p/cm2 during contraction. These values are comparable to those observed in other nonmuscular cells."
1149081,"On the basis of Golgi preparations the neuronal elements of the lamina ganglionaris (first synaptic region of the visual system) of the firefly. Phausis splendidula L., are described. Of the set of 8 retinula fibres that originate from each ommatidium of the compound eye, at least 6 terminate in the esternal plexiform layer. At least one, probably two, retinula fibres per ommatidium penetrate this layer to end in the medulla, via the first optic chiasma. Five types (m1-m5) of monopolar cells can be distinguished. Only two of these, m1 and m3 have dendritic fields limited to one column of the lamina mosaic; all other monopolar cells have larger fields of up to 45 mum diameter. m2 and m4 have various field spreads in different strata of the external plexiform layer. m5 has process in only one stratum of the external plexiform layer. Medulla-to-lamina cells with arborisations associated with only a single column of the lamina mosaic were not observed; medulla-to-lamina cells whose fields coincide with the various strata of the external plexiform layer were found, however. The present observations are briefly compared with those made on another beetle, Hoplia farinosa L. Comparisons with other species of insects, and the relationship between structure of the eye and structure of the lamina are also discussed."
1149082,"Pineal glands of male hamsters 8 weeks after removal of both eyes or both superior cervical ganglia and those of untreated animals were studied by electron microscopy.  In the blinded hamsters the reproductive organs were remarkably involuted, whereas the pinealocytes enlarged and were characterized by a tremendous hypertrophy of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, in the mesh of which some dense cored vesicles were distributed.  In constrast the pinealocytes of ganglionectomized hamsters atrophied and were noted by a large number of lysosomes and sparsity of the agranular reticulum, the testes being significantly larger than the controls.  The findings were interpreted to be compatible with the view that the pineal capability of producing antigonadal substance is augmented by blinding and is suppressed by cervical ganglionectomy due to the impairment of normal functioning of the pineal by denervation.  It is assumed that the degree of development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the pinealocyte is parallel to, and reflects that of the pineal activity.  Probably the membranous organelle is involved in the elaboration of the pineal antigonadal substance."
1149083,"When tissues of spirochete-infected brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were examined by electron microscopy, tubular structures were often seen closely associated with intracytoplasmic spirochete profiles.  These tubules were never observed in association with spirochetes found in the haemocoeal or other extracellular spaces.  Since the trilaminar layer comprising the wall of the tubules was identical in ultrastructure to the outer envelope of the spirochete, these structures were interpreted to be finger-like extensions of the spirochete outer envelope."
1149084,"Rat carotid bodies were studied electron microscopically after short-term severe hypovolaemia, which is known to induce a marked chemoreceptor activation in the carotid body.  Altogether 84 nerve-endings in the hypovolaemic rats' carotid bodies and 91 nerve-endings in the control carotid bodies were investigated.  An increased accumulation of the glomus cell granular vesicles near the synaptic specializations of the nerve-endings was observed after hypovolaemia.  Moreover, a statistically significant increase in the contacts between the nerve-ending synaptic specializations and the glomus cell granular vesicles was observed after hypovolaemia.  A suggestion was made that the glomus cells might act as modulating, probably inhibitory, interneurones, whose catecholamines are responsible for the inhibition."
1149085,"The integumental melanophores of Australina lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, were examined by light and electron microscopy and found to possess essentially the same structural characteristics observed in other vertebrates. The epidermal melanophores are located in the intermediate epidermis and possess round perikarya and slender dendrites extending into nearby intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores are found immediately below the basement membrane as well as in the deeper dermis. These cells possess flattened nuclei and dendrites running parallel to the basement membrane. Each melanophore contains numerous oval or elliptical, intensely electron-dense melanosomes, relatively large mitochondria, systems of vacuolar endoplasmic reticulum, groups of free RNP particles, and some microfilaments. Only a few, short microtubules could be demonstrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm of the dermal melanophore, while a relatively large number of late premelanosomes are found both in perikarya and dendritic processes of epidermal melanophores. These premelanosomes exhibit a particulate internal structure in cross section. Both melanosomes and premelanosomes occur singly in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells, thereby confirming the existence of the epidermal melanin unit in the lowest vertebrates thus far examined electron microscopically."
1149086,"The integumental melanophores of two genera of lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa and Protopterus sp. were examined by light and electron microscopy.  Both species possess both epidermal and dermal melanophores with fine structural characteristics basically similar to those of other vertebrates.  The epidermal melanophores of both species are located in the intermediate epidermis, and possess thin perikarya containing round nuclei, and slender dendrites extending into the nearby  intercellular spaces.  The dermal melanophores occur immediately beneath the basement membrane, and possess flat perikarya and dendrites running horizontally between the collagen fibers of the dermis.  The integument of both species does not possess an epidermal melanin unit or a dermal chromatophore unit.  As in other vertebrates, each melanophore contains numerous oval, electron-opaque melanosomes, relatively large mitochondria, vacuolar endoplasmic reticula, and groups of RNP particles.  Although micro filaments running randomly between other organelles occur regularly, microtubules were not demonstrated.  Premelanosomes at various stages of differentiation were best illustrated in the dermal melanophores of Protopterus, and it is concluded from the observation of their fine structure that the morphological development of lungfish melanosomes closely parallels that of higher vertebrates.  On the basis of melanophore morphology, Lepidosiren and Protopterus appear to be more closely related to each other than to Neoceratodus."
1149087,"In the brain of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa the distribution of acetylcholinesterase has been studied in serial cryostat sections. High activity was found in the motor column of the brain stem, in the pars ventralis thalami and in the primordium hippocampi. In the hemispheres and the olfactory bulb the ACHE-content is low."
1149088,"Most of the sensory cells found in the chemoreceptor of the ommatophore of Helix pomatia are typical bipolar cells. The chemoreceptor is deveded by a furrow into two parts; within the ventral subdivision the layer of sensory cell bodiesis thicker than in the dorsal part. According to the differentiations of the apical surface of the dendrites, it is possible to distinguish six different classes: a) dendrites with one cilium and 75 nm thick cytofila (sometimes dendrites of identical appearance posses more than one cilium); b)dendrites with several cilial and 150 nm thick cytofila; c) dendrites with several cilia, 50 nm thick cytofila, and long, striated rootlets; d) dendrites with several cilia bur without cytofila; e) dendrites with 130 nm thick cytofila but without cilia; and f) dendrites with 65 nm thick cytofila but without cilia; dendrites of this class are the only ones with a cytoplasm more electron dense than that of the surrounding supporting cells. All these dendrites are connected to the surrounding supporting cells by terminal bars, each consisting of zonula adhaerens, aonula intermedia and zonula septata. The perikarya of the sensory cells measure approximately 15 mum by 8 mum and enclose 10 mum by 6 mum large nuclei. Axons, originating from these perikarya, extend to the branches of the digital ganglion. In the distal part of this gangloin the axons come into synaptic contact with interneurons, but in our electron micrography it was not possible to coordinate processes and synapses with the corresponding neurons."
1149089,"An ocellus of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, has been serially sectioned for light and electron microscopy, its sensory cells have been indexed, and the interconnections of a third of these traced. The ocellus contains 155 retinula cells and 26 arhabdomeric cells, which are secondary sensory neurons. Of these, 55 retinula cells constitute 7 quasi-ommatidial assemblages, each innervated by at least one and a total of 9 arhabdomeric cells. When known electrotonic coupling patterns are compared with gap-junctional connections, retinula cells sensitive to visible or ultraviolet light can be tentatively identified. Retinula cell axons contribute collaterals to a synaptic plexus, in which the arhabdomeric cells apparently do not participate."
1149090,"To further evaluate the role of autonomic ganglia in the regulation of pelvic visceral activity, the neural elements in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat have been studied with histochemixal and electron microscopic techniques. The principal findings are that the ganglion is composed of cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells as well as small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Polarity in the ganglion is indicated by clustering of small ganglion cells which stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the pelvic nerve while larger cells, with weak to moderate AChE activity, collect near small branches of the hypogatrric nerve. Some cholinergic ganglion cells are enclosed by a plexus of adrenergic terminals. SIF cells appear to be in contact with both cholinergic and adrenergic cells, although many of the fluorescent beads around adrenergic neurons may be short dendrites of ganglion cells, rather than processes of SIF cells. Two types of SIF cells may be distingiosjed on the basis of size and morphology of their granulated vesicles. Afferent synapses of the cholinergic type were common on SIF cells of the large granule and small granule type. Portions of SIF cells with large granules occur within the capsule of ganglion cells. Contacts seen here were interpreted as efferent synapses from SIF cells to the dendrites of ganglion cells."
1149091,"The liver of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, consists of several incompletely separated lobes of parenchymal tissue each of which is covered by a perihepatic subcapsular region (SSR) of the myeloid tissue. This tissue contains neutrophils and eosinophils in various stages of differentiation. As neutrophils developfrom myeloblasts to late neutrophilic myelocytes, two types of granules appear. The primary granules (type of granules formed first) are more electron dense and smaller than the secondary granules (type of granules formed later). The primary granules first appear at the stage designated early neutrophilic myelocyte, and the secondary granules appear at the stage of the maturing neutrophilic myelocyte. The eosinophils present are characterized by much larger granules than those observed in neutrophils. Cells in the PSR which superficially resemble small lymphocytes are primitive stem cells that give rise to neutrophils and eosinophils. The liver PSR is invested by a visceral peritoneum of simple squamous mesothelial cells some of which are ciliated."
1149092,"Bone was removed from the calvaria of anaesthetized 70 g rats or freshly killed young monkeys and the fibrous periosteum dissected off the inner, formative surface under 0.15 M cacodylate buffer. The bone and undisturbed osteoblasts were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in the same buffer for 24 to 48 hours, critical point dried and coated with evaporated carbon and gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fields of osteoblasts were photographed and chosen cells dissected off the osteoid using a tungsten needle. The control of the dissection was made possible by the use of a system of real-time stereo tv-speed SEM. The fields were rephotographed and the orientations of the osteoblasts were compared with that of the underlying collagen fibres. 62% of all osteoblasts lay with their long axes within 15 degrees of the collagen fiber orientation below and 80% within 30 degrees. Montages of large areas of osteoblasts were also made, and then compared with ones of the same area after the cells had been stripped off on adhesive tape. In general, the orientation of the collagen tended to be the same as the cell that formed it. Collagen fibers below cells at the periphery of a domain sometimes had the orientation of the cells in the adjacent patch. It is not possible to determine whether the cells controlled the orientation of the collagen, or vice versa, from this experiment, but other SEM evidence suggests that the collagen orientation in hard tissue matrices depends on the freedom of cells to move with respect to matrix surface."
1149093,"Midgut epithelial cells of female Aedes aegypti deriving from 2 different mosquito strains were compared morphometrically. One of the 2 strains was recently isolated from nature (East Africa). The other strain is an old laboratory strain, reared under laboratory conditions for about 30 years. The quantitative morphological comparison demonstrates, that the ultrastructural composition of the midqut epithelial cells corresponds generally in both strains. It can be shown, however, that in the old strain, compared to the new strain, the organelle amount of midgut epithelial cells is significantly reduced during the first 53 days of the mosquito's life. Parallel to decreased relative volumes of organelles and reduced surface densities of membrane systems an increase in lysosome-like structures is observed. These observations are interpreted as deterioration processes, possibly due to the long rearing in the laboratory. Therefore, care should be taken in the selection of an A.aegypti strain for any quantitative morphological or physiological investigation."
1149094,"Morphological and secretory effects of stimulating autonomic nerves have been studied in parotid glands of rats. Sympathetic stimulation evoked a slow flow of saliva which had a high concentration of amylase. After long term sympathetic stimulation secretory granules were heavily depleted from the parotid acinar cells. Parasympathetic stimulation evoked a copious flow of saliva with a low concentration of amylase. However, at high frequency stimulation the total amount of amylase secreted on parasympathetic stimulation was as great or even greater than on symphatetic stimulation, nevertheless, any loss of secretory granules from the acinar cells was very small. It is concluded that secretion of parotid acinar granules in the rat is prinicipally a sympathetic function. Secretion of fluid is more effectively produced by parasympathetic stimulation and much of the amylase in such saliva appears to have arisen from sources other than the secretory granules."
1149095,"Neurons which initially lie in the basal region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) were investigated in 20 rabbit fetuses from day 15 to 30 of gestation, and in eight neonatal, 4 and 8 day old rabbits. These SCO-associated neurons, first observed on day 17 of gestation, develop into (1) a rostral mesodiencephalic nerve cell group situated in an area dorsal to the rostral-most part of the SCO and (2) a more caudal layer of single neurons extending throughout the length of the SCO. The present findings are discussed in relation to recent histochemical studies that demonstrated AChE-positive neurons in the pineal complex and subcommissural area of frogs and to recent fluorescence microscopic studies in fetal and adult rats in which a 5-HT system is known to extend from the nucleus raphe dorsalis (B7) along the SCO to the pineal stalk and habenular region. The term ""SCO-associated neurons"" is a purely morphological way of describing the neurons in question as the neural interconnections of these neurons are still a matter of speculation."
1149096,"Electron microscopy of fresh air dried spreads of unstained posterior lobe tissue from mouse pituitary disclosed neurosecretory granules. Each granule showed a seemingly homogeneous dense core surrounded by a halo and a bounding membrane. The area between granules in the cytoplasm was relatively well preserved. The energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed peaks for sulfur, chlorine and potassium in two granules. The third granule displayed peaks for phosphorus and chlorine. These elements probably contribute to the high electron density of the granules. There was no peak for calcium, in contrast to the dense bodies of human blood platelets."
1149097,"A scanning electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the surface structure of dentinogenically active odontoblasts. Thin pieces of rat incisors were fixed, rapidly frozen, freezedried at minus 70 degrees C and fractured to expose new surfaces prior to examination in the SEM. Differences in the appearance of odontoblastic cell surfaces were seen, with the most extensive ridge formations at the distal part of the sides of the odontoblasts. The predentine area displayed a spongy structure which contrasted to the compact appearance of dentine. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies at the light microscopic and transmission electron miscroscopic levels."
1149098,"The ultrastructure of neuromuscular connections on developing dorsolongitudinal flight muscles were studied in the moth Antheraea polyphemus. Undifferentiated membrane contacts between axon terminals and muscle-fiber anlagen are present in the diapause pupa. They persist during the period of nerve outgrowth, which probably provides a pathway of contact guidance. By the 4th day of adult development some of these contact areas have differentiated into structures similar to neuromuscular junctions although differentiation of muscle structure does not start earlier than the eighth day. Dense-cored vesicles are abundant in many axon terminals at the beginning of development. They later decrease in number quite rapidly. The significance of the above-mentioned early junctions, their possible mode of action and the role of the dense-cored vesicles are discussed. It is proposed that they exercise a stimulating (trophic) influence on the growth of the undifferentiated muscular tissue. The imaginal neuromuscular junctions are formed during the second half of adult development. Clusters of vesicles and electron-dense depositions along the inner face of the axo- and lemma seem to initiate junction formation. Glial processes then grow between the axo- and sarcolemma and divide the large contact area into several small segments. Mutual invaginations and protrusions of the sarcolemma and the glial cell membrane subsequently form an extensive ""rete synapticum."" Six days before eclosion the glial and sarcoplasmic parts of the rete synapticum are similar in size. Up to eclosion, all glial processes shrink and increase in electron density. Most of the observations are discussed also in relation to findings in vertebrates."
1149099,The protein-synthesizing activity of oligodendroglial cells in the rat hippocampus as well as the migration of the newly synthesized proteins within these cells were examined by means of light and microscopic autoradiography when injecting 3H-leucine into the lateral ventricle. The autoradiographs of oligodendroglial cells were compared with the autoradiographs on hippocampal pyramidal cells of the same area. According to the quantitative evaluation of the autoradiographs the protein-synthesizing activity of the oligodendrocytes equals or may even exceed that of the pyramidal cells. In oligodendroglial cells most of the newly synthesized proteins migrate very rapidly from the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus and disappear continuously. The proteins disappear from the Golgi apparatus simultaneously with the decrease in the radioactive concentration of the perikaryon.
1149100,"With the use of tissue prepared by freeze-substitution and the unlabelled antibody enzyme technique, neurophysin and vasopressin were localized at the ultrastructural level in the pofterior pituitary and median eminence of the guinea pig. In the posterior pituitary neurophysin was found in the large neurosecretory granules (1300-1500 A) of axons, Herring bodies, and nerve terminals. In some of these axons immunoreactive neurophysin was found outside of granules in the axoplasm. By light microscopy neurophysin was found in both the zona interna and zona externa of the median eminence; this was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the zona interna as in the posterior pituitary, neurophysin was localized both inside and outside the large neurosecretory granules. In the zona externa, immunoreactive deposit was primarily located in granules with a diameter of 900-1100 A in nerve terminals abutting on the primary portal plexus. The distribution of vasopressin paralleled that of neurophysin except that the hormone was rarely extragranular. These results demonstrate for the first time that both neurophysin and vasopressin are present in granules of axons that are in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature."
1149101,"The thread cells in the slime gland of Japanese hagfishes, Paramyxine atami and Eptatretus burgeri were studied by light and electron microscopy. The mature thread cells are large elements (180 times 80 mu) filled with an intricately coiled thread, approximately 2 mu in diameter. The protein nature of the thread has been confirmed by histochemical examination. In the initial stage of growth, the thread consists of a bundle of distinctly parallel filaments approximately 90-120 A in diameter and a centrally located tubular component approximately 230-260 A in diameter which occurs singly or occasionally as a double and triple structure. The developing thread displays thin filaments, approximately 30-60 A in diameter. The thin filaments are composed of fine fibrous structures, subfilaments, approximately 10-30 A in diameter. On the outer surface of the thread a coating is apparent, giving it a fluffy appearance. Polysomal clusters consisting of five or six ribosomes are predominant. Fine fibrous structures are also found among the threads; they seem to have a spatial relationship with the polysomes and resemble the subfilament constituents of the thin filaments. From these results, it may be suggested that the fine fibrous structures synthesized by polysomes, twist together and coalesce into a thread. The problem of the polysome size and the molecular weight of the fibrous protein synthesized is discussed."
1149102,"The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Munida tenuimana G. O. Sars are described. The sarcolemma invaginates at the Z level, forming tubules. Narrow tubules branch off in a longitudinal direction from these transverse and radially arranged tubules, forming a narrow transverse collar at the H level where dyadic and triadic junctions are formed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum."
1149103,"The ultrastructure of normal and glycerol treated fibers of the closer muscle of the ghost crab, Ocypode cursor, was studiedmthe muscle is composed of presumably phasic (short sarcomeres) and tonic (long sarcomeres) fibers, the latter greatly predominating. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as an extracellular tracer to delineate the tubular system (TS), and to determine to what extent this system becomes detached from the extracellular space as a result of glycerol treatment. Sarcolemmal clefts invade deeply into the muscle at Z-lines and I-bands; tubules invaginate into the muscle from the clefts and from the surface sarcolemma at the Z-lines, A-I overlaps and A-bands. A tubules are in frequent diadic or tetradic contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), whereas Z tubules appear to be randomly associated with SR, terminal cisterns (TC) and Z-line fibrils. When HRP was administered to normal muscle, black reaction product was found adjacent to the outer surface of the sarcolemma, within the clefts and within profiles of the TS throughout the tissue. In glycerol treated muscle peripheral vacuolation frequently occurred; black reaction product penetrated only as far as the vacuoles and into dilated Z-line tubules, but was virtually absent from the rest of the TS. This lack of continuity between the extracellular space and the A tubules indicated disruption or constriction of the A tubules as a result of glycerol treatment, although Z tubule contact with the extracellular space appeared unimpaired. These findings provide ultrastructural correlates of the electrophysiological changes produced by glycerol treatment of the closer muscle of the ghost crab (Papir, 1973), namely, interference with excitation-contraction (e-c) coupling. The random association of the Z tubules with SR and TC, and their resistance to disruption by glycerol treatment, tend to endorse the claims that the Z tubules in crustacean muscle are not directly involved in e-c coupling (Brandt et al., 1965; Peachey, 1967; Selverston, 1967)."
1149104,The distal aspect of the housefly ommatidium was surveyed by the scanning electron microscope. Attention was directed to the somal eminence of the superior central cell and the lens to large pigment cell junction. The underside of each lens facet exhibits six hexagonally arranged incisures. Into each of these indentations are fitted several large pigment cells. This hexagonal indentation appears to be a tenacious anchorage. Two corneal pigment cells laterally encircle the pseudocone and at their proximal extension they enclose the Semper cells and neck of the retinula. The somal eminence of the superior central cell is about 10 mum from the base of the corneal pigment cell enclosure. Micrographs were used to construct a diagram of the ommatidium above the basement membrane. Suggestions are made as to the functional correlates of the observed ommatidial structures.
1149105,Rhabdopleura has an overwintering stage that consists of two layers of cells surrounding a central yolk mass. This cellular part is surrounded by a thick electron dense capsule which is secreted by the bud itself. The capsule is probably impervious and protective to its contents. Blood vessels join the buds to the zooids of the colony. They form the probable route of transfer of yolk from the zooids to the dormant bud. The capsule of the dormant bud has some structural features in common with the black stolon of the adult zooids. The black stolon is probably formed in a manner similar to that which made the fusellar fabric of the periderm of fossil graptolities.
1149106,"Two species of Porcellidium have been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: P. viride from Banyuls-sur-mer, Mediterranian Sea and P. fimbriatum from Roscoff, English Channel. Both species live on green Algae of the genus Ulva. We confirmed previous descriptions of the cuticular ultrastructure in the main groups of Copepods. Four new characteristics however were shown to occur in the backcuticle of Porcellidium: 1. The presence of a system of highly differentiated external microvilli showing electron dense basal portions and less electron dense tips, from which thin filaments project towards a large population of Bacteria associated with the Copepod. 2. The surface of the cuticle resembles a lunar landscape with craters. The sheet of microvilli closely follows the contour of the cuticle. 3. The presence of branched cytoplasmic canals with swollen extremities (beneath the epicuticle) extending from the epidermal cells. 4. Systems of vesicles lying between the bases of the microvilli and the expansions (ampullae) at the tip of the cytoplasmic canals. The association of Bacteria with the cuticle is constant and many of these are apparently undergoing cytolysis; The system of microvilli and of cytoplasmic canals are apparently related to the presence of the bacterial microflora."
1149107,"Osteoblasts in the diaphysis of the tibia during endochondral ossification in young rats are attached to one another by nexus, by ""adhaerens"" junctions, and by simple appositions. ""Adhaerens"" junctions and nexus also occur between preosteoblasts and osteoblasts. Furthermore, to osteoblasts exhibit a network of microfilament bundles in the cell periphery overlying the osteoid. From this network bundles extend into the cell processes which protrude into the unmineralized matrix. The mean diameter of individual microfilaments is 5.9 +/- 0.06 nm. A possible role of nexus and microfilaments in controlled bone growth and differentiation is discussed."
1149108,"Study of the digestive organs of the slug Arion empiricorum with the electron microscopy has revealed cytoplasmic structures that we call intracisternal polycylinders (ICPC). They consist of cylinders of cytoplasm (about 550 A in diameter) arranged in sheafs within cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum. They appear in different cell types, being most common in the digestive epithelium of the midgut. Their morphology and apparent association with other cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, multivesicular and residual bodies suggests that the ICPC might be involved in exchange, transport and oxidation processes, contributing to the excretory function at a subcellular level."
1149109,"At the beginning of the late cap phase of the normal differentiation of human spermatids, a unique structure, the ""spindle shaped body"", occupies part of the future middle-piece. This spindle-shaped body was followed throughout its development, and its functional relationahip to the formation of the fibrous sheath is discussed. The spindle-shaped body disappears when the fibrous sheath is completed and the annulus moves down, giving rise to the middle-piece."
1149110,"Neural lobes of rats subjected to dehydration by drinking 2% saline for four days were examined electron microscopically and compared to untreated controls. The ultrastructure of the blood vessels and the tissues surrounding them were examined and it was found that, although few exocytotic figures could be seen in either group of animals, a significantly larger (P smaller than 0.01) number os small vesicles were found in nerve endings adjacent to the perivascular space in the saline treated group when compared to nerve endings not closely associated with blood vessels. No differences were found in the control group of animals, which supports the suggestion that the vesicles could arise from a membrane recapture process."
1149111,The fine structures of the development and maturation of intestinal chief cells from the duodenal crypts of the fowl has been described in detail. Three areas within the crypt can be recognised: 1) the crypt base where cell division is frequent but cell development is minimal; (2) the mid-crypt region where rapid growth and development of the cells takes place; and (3) the zone of differentiation where final developments and functional maturation occurs. The structure of the fowl's intestinal crypt is very similar to that described for the mammals. The results are discussed in relation to previous histochemical studies.
1149112,"The labrum of Schedorhiontermes minor soldier was examined to determine the distribution, types and structures of sense organs present with both light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three types of sensilla were recognized: companiform sensillae and two types of sensillae trichodea, the short bristles and the long bristles. The companiform sensillae are singly-innervated receptors distributed in large numbers on the anterolateral margins of the labrum. The short and long bristles are multi-innervated; the former are found all over the surface, the latter are much more scarce and are found only at the front of the labrum. Both are at the same time chemo- and mechanoreceptors. The labrum is strewn with many glandular pits and exhibits at its apex a brush of cuticular not innervated spines. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence and of what we know of the defense mechanisms of the soldier, a functional interpretation is attempted."
1149113,"The arcuate nucleus of normal cats and of cats treated with 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) was investigated by electron microscopy. The neurons of the arcuate nucleus were classified into three types, clear, intermediate and dark, according to their fine structure. The clear type contained numerous dense-cored vesicles and well developed cell organelles. All three types were frequently seen to be partially surrounded by glial processes. Many axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses mostly small in diameter were also observed around the neurons. Synaptic contacts were demonstrated between axon endings and axonal processes which contained elementary granules. After administration of 5-OHDA small and large dense-cored vesicles appeared in the nerve endings surrounding the neurons. The relationship between the dense-cored vesicles in the perikarya and dopamine was briefly discussed."
1149114,"The transition from ovarian granulosa to lutein cell during the estrus cycle of 60 pregnant and non-pregnant beagle bitches was analyzed by light and electron microscopy (both 100 and 1000 KV). Early proestrus was characterized by a gradual rise in serum estrogen levels, hyperplasia of the granulosa cells, the accumulation of follicular fluid, and the development of tortuous intercellular channels. During the second half of proestrus, serum estrogen levels continued to rise, but growth, division, and differentiation of the granulosa cells was minimal. Estrus was marked by the first acceptance of the male and a well-defined LH peak In the subsequent 24 hour period, the granulosa-lutein cells hypertrophy rapidly and develop a large Golgi apparatus, small profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous microfilaments, and large gap junctions between the cells. Mitochondria also proliferate, enlarge, and elongate, but retain lamelliform cristae. Luteinization of the cells and progesterone secretion begin just after ovulation which in turn occurs about 24 hours after the LH peak. On the third and fourth day of estrus, numerous small vesicles of agranular endoplasmic reticulum fill the extoplasm and the mitochondria swell up and round off. The vesicles rapidly fuse into whorled and flattened cisternae or anastomosing tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, while the mitochondria develop tubulovesicular cristae. These structures gradually become organized with respect to the basal lamina. The Golgi apparatus is centered over the pole of the nucleus that faces the pericapillary space. Stacked and whorled cisternae of agranular ER develop in the lateral margins and avascular end of the cell while mitochondria and tubular elements of agranular ER predominate in the central medial and most basal portions of the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are ubiquitous and appear to be instrumental in this orientation process. The cell surface develops three distinct regional specializations that coincide with the underlying cellular compartments: interconnecting pleomorphic folds fill the pericapillary space; long tenous microvilli project from the lateral cell surface and form tortuous intercellular channels and canaliculi; and large gap junctions form along the margins of the cell furthest removed from the basal lamina. By the sixth day of estrus, the granulosa-luteal cell transition is nearly complete and serum progesterone levels are on the rise."
1149115,"Glomeruli isolated from rat and human kidneys were studied using the freeze-fracture technique. Discontinuous zonulae occludentes and gap junctions were found in the replicas of the split plasma membrane of the endothelial cells. A diaphragm across the endothelial pores was not demonstrated. The central layer of the basement membrane, corresponding to the lamina densa described in thin sections, revealed a coarse substructure. A slit membrane between the pedicles of the podocytes was not detectable; however, its position was indicated by the different texture of the replica, which abruptly changed at the transition of the basement membrane to the primary urinary space. Furthermore, at the level of the slit membrane arrays of particles were present within the cleaved membrane of the pedicles, probably representing the attachment points of the slit membrane. Isolated strands of a zonula occludens as well as gap junctions were seen on the split plasma membrane of the podocytes. The mesangial cells could be identified by their contiguity to the endothelial cells and by their numerous gap junctions."
1149116,"Intercellular junctions between human kidney tubular cells were studied by the freeze-fracture technique. The number of strands of the zonulae occludentes increased gradually from the proximal segment to the collecting tubule. Only one strand was visible in the proximal segment (in contrast to 2-4 strands of the neighbouring Bowman's capsule). In the thin segment 2-4 strands were revealed. In the distal segment 1-5 strands were present in the pars recta, 4-6 in the pars convoluta. The most extensive and complex zonulae occludentes were found in the collecting tubule. Gap junctions were seen only between proximal tubular cells. The extent of the zonulae occludentes along the tubules in human kidneys is very similar to that observed in the kidney tubules of other mammals. The findings accord well with electrophysiological measurements and with the results of tracer studies on experimental animals."
1149117,"In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 100n. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70-75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data."
1149118,"The kidney of the fresh-water catfish, Parasilurus asotus, was examined by electron microscopy. A special type of cell, very similar in appearance to the chloride cell of the teleostean gill filaments, is found in the kidney and is referred to as a renal chloride cell. This cell is characterized by an extensive tubular membrane system with a rather constant diameter of approximately 600 A. A number of mitochondria are closely associated with this system. Application of ruthenium red as an extra-cellular space marker revealed that the tubular system is a highly organized derivative of the cell membrane, infolded from the basal and lateral surfaces of the cell. The fine structural resemblance to other types of cells known to possess active transport of electrolytes suggests that these cells are involved in intrarenal osmoregulation."
1149120,"1. Early oocytes of Platynereis dumerilii are found in clusters floating in the coelom. The oocytes of a cluster form a syncytium which is enveloped by several sheath cells. 2. At stage 2, only a single sheath cell per cluster remains, and it penetrates the group of rounded oocytes, enveloping each one of them. At stage 4, this cell contains a reticular basket made up of bundles of filaments and is inferred to be degenerating, from the presence of vacuoles, clumps of pigment-like material, and atypical mitochondria. 3. Synaptonemal complexes are typical of the nuclei of stage 2 oocytes. Oocytes of stage 4 (early vitellogenesis) contain stacks of endoplasmic reticulum in a distinctive arrangement, with interspersed electron-dense masses. Similar masses accumulate in the cytoplasm close to the nucleus and adjacent to the nuclear pores. 4. From the present observations, a physical supporting rather than a nutritive function is attributed to the sheath cell, which ensures cohesion among the oocytes connected with each other throughout the cluster phase by cytoplasmic bridges. This finding is discussed with respect to conclusions drawn from oocyte transplantation experiments."
1149121,"The failure of denervated muscle to undergo effective regeneration, despite reported increases in the number of muscle satellite cells, warranted an investigation of the viability and myoblastic capacity of these cells present in denervated muscle. Four types of satellite cells present in muscle denervated for three weeks are described, based on their ultrastructure and relationship to their principal fiber. The increased number of ribosomes, including helically arranged polysomes; the number of Golgi complexes; the presence of microtubules; the branching subsarcolemmal tubular system; and the appearance of regularly arranged 96 A microfilaments with diffuse electron dense areas are structural features of satellite cells that are similar to those of developing myoblasts in growing and regenerating muscle. The electron microscopic observations suggest that ""activated"" satellite cells do have myoblastic potential. Possible explanations for the ultimate failure of denervated muscle to regenerate include: 1) the inability of the muscle to produce satellite cells rapidly enough to keep pace with muscle degeneration; 2) a cytotoxic effect produced by the degenerating muscle fiber on the satellite cell; and 3) the inability of satellite cells to form stable, mature multinucleated fibers in the absence of the trophic effect of the nerve."
1149122,"The dorsal hemal vessel in Parastichopus consists of three distinct layers: An outer flagellated epithelium, an intermediate circular muscle layer and an inner connective tissue layer which nearly fills the lumen. Between the outer and intermediate layer runs strands of nerve fibers. Each coelomic epithelial cell has one flagellum and some microvilli. It contains a number of different vacuoles and a few bundles of tonofilaments. One special type of vacuole which contains well organized myofilaments is described. Each muscle cell contains one myofibril of a non-striated type consisting of thick and thin filaments and no dense bodies. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, but peripheral coupling are frequently found. The muscle cells in the dorsal hemal vessel of Parastichopus are compared with other muscles in echinoderms and muscle types described in other phyla."
1149123,"1. The distribution and morphology of chromaffin cells in the para-aortic region and in the ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain was studied with fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. 2. Four types of chromaffin cell were distinguished largely on the basis of their vesicular content: Type I cells contain large, electron-dense vesicles (600-7000 A) and are comparable to noradrenaline-containing cells in the adrenal gland, Type II cells contain large, vesicles (600-7000 A) that are filled with a less electron-dense material than that in Type I cells and are comparable to adrenaline-containing cells in the adrenal gland, Type III cells contain smaller vesicles (1000-3000 A) that are incompletely filled with an electron-dense material and may represent cells that have been depleted of their catecholamines by stimulation, Type IV cells are clearly different from the other three cell types with respect to the size and appearance of the vesicles (1000-1500 A), nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulum and may represent immature sympathetic neurons. 3. Nerve profiles, identified as cholinergic, were found in close apposition with all four cell types. No examples of a close association between processes of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons were found."
1149124,"The prothoracic glands of the last instar of Galleria mellonella undergo characteristic alterations of their cellular fine structure closely related to cellular activity. During progressive secretory activity of the gland cells there are extensive plasmalemmal infoldings and formation of a pronounced lacunar system. Mitochondria of the active cell phase are characterized by a specific increase in size and paler colour of the matrix. In contrast to the alterations, nuclei, ER and Golgi cisterns do not undergo any submicroscopic changes during the different phases of cellular activity. The relationship between the substructural phenomena and the specific phases of cellular activity are discussed."
1149125,"Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the rat soleus muscle by sectioning the tendon of the ipsilateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle. Seven days after tenotomy of synergistic muscles, when soleus hypertrophy attains about 40%, the number of satellite cells (expressed as percentage of all muscle nuclei found in the same cross-sections) as revealed by electron microscopy, was increased from 5.8+/-0.06% in the normal soleus muscle to 16.6+/-1.26%. After four days' denervation of the soleus muscle the percentage of satellite cells was increased to 7.2+/-0.62%. In experiments where hypertrophy of the soleus muscle was combined with denervation three days after tenotomy of synergists, and examined after another four days (during which time it loses, as has previously been shown, over 40% of its predenervation weight), the number of satellite cells was greatly increased to 29.9+/-3.42%. This increase is apparently due to two independent processes which take place during the first postoperative period: a) mitotic division of satellite cells during the early stages of compensatory hypertrophy and b) pinching off of muscle nuclei from rapidly atrophying muscle fibres due to subsequent denervation. Activation of satellite cells was mainly manifested by expansion of smooth and especially of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a rich Golgi complex, high pinocytotic activity, increased number of ribosomes and by nuclear changes. Concomitantly with the increased number of satellite cells, proliferation of fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells could be observed."
1149126,"Utilizing the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, we investigated the distribution of hypothalamic elements immunoreactive with antibodies to growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH). Immunostained elements, resembling neural processes, are distributed along a pathway corresponding to a portion of the tuberoinfundibular tract. However, GH-RIH fibers are caudal, dorsal and medial to LH-RH fibers detected by the same technique. Similar topographic arrangements are noted in coronal and sagittal sections. Comparable results were obtained with two different preparations of antisera to GH-RIH. No cell bodies specifically stained by anti-GH-RIH were detected. Our data agree with those of other investigators using immunohistochemical techniques."
1149127,"Thinly and richly myelinated nerve fibers in the rat kidney are demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. They run within the peripheral nerves in the periadventitia of the arteria rencularis and arteria arcuata and seem to end in the innermost renal cortex at the boundary to the renal medulla. Sporadically, a single myelinated fiber is found in this region, running near tubuli or in the neighbourhood of a glomerulus. No ganglion cells were seen within the renal parenchyma. The intrarenal medullated nerve fibers are assumed to be afferent. They sometimes showed reactive and degenerative changes in pathologically altered kidneys."
1149128,The accumulation of noradrenaline proximal to a constriction applied to cat hypogastric nerves in vitro has been studied in preparations treated with tetrabenazine. The accumulation of amine was almost completely abolished by the drug. Evidence is presented which suggests that tetrabenazine exerts a direct noradrenaline-depleting effect on the intraneuronal storage vesicles. Recovery of noradrenaline levels after the removal of the drug was rapid and was effected by the biosynthesis of new noradrenaline within the axon.
1149129,"The compound eye of Munida irrasa differs in several respects from the typical decapod eye. The proximal pigment is found only in retinula cells. The eccentric cell is extremely large and expanded to fill the interstices of the crystalline tract area; thus, a typical ""clear-zone"" is absent. Six retinula cells course distally to screen two sides of the crystalline cone. There are approximately 12,500 ommatidia in each compound eye. There are several similarities to the typical decapod eye. Each ommatidium is composed of a typical cornea, corneagenous cells, crystalline cone cells, crystalline cone, crystalline cone tract and eight retinula cells. Distal pigment cells are present and surround the crystalline cone. The distal processes of the retinula cells also contain pigment. The retinula cell processes penetrate the basement membrane as fascicles composed of processes from adjacent retinulae."
1149130,"The distribution and structure of the ureteric nerves in a small series of mammals was compared with that previously demonstrated in the rat. There was marked interspecies variation in the extent to which the nerves penetrated the wall of the ureter and in the degree of development of the deep submucous plexus. In animals with a highly developed deep submucous plexus, terminal arterioles frequently passed through the muscle coat before breaking up into capillaries. These vessels were surrounded by a fine periarteriolar plexus and were accompanied in their course through the muscle coat by one or more branches of the adventitial nerves. Intramuscular nerves not related to arterioles contained few axons with terminals classifiable as either adrenergic or cholinergic, and in animals in which the muscle cells were arranged in fascicles rather than in sheets, the nerves were typically interfascicular in position. As in the rat, only the periarteriolar plexuses contained large numbers of adrenergic axons. Cholinergic axons were generally few, but were not uncommon in the deep submucous plexus when this was well-developed. The majority of the terminals encountered in the intramural nerves contained variable and usually small numbers of both clear and large dense-cored vesicles. The relationship between these terminals and those defined in the submucous nerves of the rat ureter was discussed and it was suggested that the marked variations in the diameter of the axons in the terminal areas and in the number of vesicles in the terminals were related to the effects of the mechanical and other derangements which occur during processing."
1149131,"Multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae were found in the parenchymatous cells of the endocrine pancreas of the adult rat (alpha, beta, D and intermediary cells) and were especially developed in beta cells. They are considered to be normal constituents of the parenchymatous cells of the endocrine pancreas. Their close proximity to Golgi dictyosomes and the accumulation of secretory material sometimes seen at the extremities of such cisternae, suggest that they may have a role in the secretory activity of these endocrine cells."
1149132,"The ascending colon of the guinea pig was cut serially and stained with the periodic-acid-Schiff-hematoxylin method. Maps of transversely sectioned crypts were prepared using a microscopic eye-piece projector. The number and angular positions of goblet cells were mapped around the circumference of transverse sections of the crypt. A method of the ""statistics of the circumference"" was introduced in order to assess the pattern of distribution of goblet cells. This distribution was found to be significantly nonrandom. The nonrandomness is such that the goblet cells tend to occupy positions of the crypt circumference in maximal distances from each other."
1149133,"The taste bud of the human fungiform papilla was examined by electron microscopy. Typical type I, type II, and type III cells were found along with contact sites with nerve endings. Vesicles in nerve fibers contacting type I and type II cells suggest that these cells may receive efferent impulses, whereas vesicles and granules in type III cells adjacent to (afferent) nerve fibers support the view that type III cells are sensory receptors. All of these features are virtually indistinguishable from those previously reported in fungiform taste buds of other mammals."
1149134,"Two methods are described for measuring the mitochondrion-vesicle association seen by electron-microscopy in thin sections of the guinea-pig taenia coli. Both methods are based on comparisons of the observed distributions with predicted random distributions. It was found in control muscles that mitochondria were consistently nearer to vesicles than corresponding random points. 1 mM ouabain treatment reduced the mitochondrion-vesicle association for mitochondria which were closer to the membrane surface than 130 nm. Quantitative investigation of the freeze-etch structure of the membrane fracture faces is also reported, confirming the observation that membrane particles are more numerous in vesiculated membrane regions of smooth muscle."
1149135,The distribution of monoamine fluorescence was studied in the hypothalamohypophysial region of the lamprey. Groups of intensely fluorescent cells were observed in the lateral walls of the caudal part of the third ventricle. The anterior part of the neurohypophysis which is situated over the pars distalis showed weak fluorescence. The posterior part of the neurohypophysis which is contiguous to the pars intermedia contained highly fluorescent material in its rostral part. The distribution of monoamines in the lamprey neurohypophysis is compared with that in the higher vertebrates and their functional significance is discussed.
1149136,The pericapillary palisade of the rat neurohypophysis was examined by means of thin-section and freeze-etch electron-microscopy. Special attention was given to pituicyte processes intermingled with neurosecretory terminals. These processes are identified by the presence of lipid droplets and ribosomes. Extracellular spaces are conspicuously enlarged in circumscribed regions between fingerlike protrusions of pituicyte processes. Neurosecretory axons seem to have free access to these enlarged spaces. Zonulae occludentes often combined with small gap junctions are found at the border of these sinusoid spaces. Gap junctions and occasionally intermediate junctions are seen between pituicyte processes. The topographic relationship and the functional significance of these structural features remain to be further elucidated.
1149137,"The acrosomal vesicle of Sabella penicillum spermatids consists of an electrondense core and a more transparent surrounding zone. During subsequent differentiation the vesicle membrane forms several invaginations in the juxtanuclear area. These invaginations later establish contact with the core. In the mature spermatozoon the spaces between the invaginations appear as electron-dense ""tubules""; this is probably due to a shift of material from core to periphery. The ultrastructure of the centriolar complex is described in detail."
1149138,"Electron microscopic studies of the testis were performed on 12 human embryos and fetuses between 9 and 30 weeks post conceptionem. According to their ultrastructural features, the fetal germ cells could be divided into the following three stages of differentiation: 1) gonocytes, 2) intermediate cells, and 3) fetal spermatogonia. Sertoli cells were present among the germ cells in all the testes studied. The gonocytes showed the highest nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Their round nucleus contained a centrally located, prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm displayed a well developed Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets and parallel arrays of short cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER). Microfilaments were numerous, particularly just beneath the cell membrane. The intermediate cells were found to extend several cytoplasmic processes and to contain a moderate number of long, branched and/or widened rER cisterna which were frequently connected to the perinuclear cisterna. Intermediate cells were often connected to one another by intercellular cytoplasmic bridges. The fetal spermatogonia also displayed cytoplasmic bridges. These cells showed the lowest nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and more condensed nuclear chromatin. The mitochondria were situated close to the nucleus. Many of them were connected by a cementing substance. Lipid droplets and rER cisternae were rare in these cells. Infoldings of the inner nuclear membrane were often present in the gonocytes and in the intermediate cells, but were rarely observed in the fetal spermatogonia. Glycogen particles, polyribosomes, and chromatoid bodies (""nuage"") were present in all the three germ cell types. With the maturation of the fetus, the number of gonocytes was found to decrease, whereas the number of fetal spermatogonia increased. The Sertoli cells also changed their ultrastructure, showing an increase in the number of rER cisternae, as well as of microfilaments, lipid droplets, and secondary lysosomes."
1149139,"Striated ducts in cats after 24 hours starvation normally contained glycogen, especially in the basal regions. They also contained neutral mucin and tryptophan in apical parts of ""light"" cells and small irregular ""secretory"" granules were found in a similar distribution by electron microscopy.--Parasympathetic nerve stimulation caused a loss of glycogen but no apparent change in the apical secretory material, despite a copious secretion.--Sympathetic stimulation caused a loss of glycogen and an extensive depletion of apical secretory material, although the salivary flow was small.--Parasympathetic denervation caused progressive atrophy of striated ducts and oedematous degeneration of some cells occurred. Persisting ""light"" cells tended to contain few basal infoldings, few mitochondria and little apical secretory material.--Sympathetic denervation caused a loss of apical secretory material between 2-4 days, which may have been due to ""degeneration activation"". Thereafter little change was evident but some ductal atrophy had occurred by 32 days.--These changes in ductal secretory material correspond more closely than acinar changes to the alterations in glandular and salivary kallikrein resulting from similar experiments by other workers. It therefore seems likely that submandibular salivary kallikrein in the cat is present in the secretory material of striated ducts."
1149140,"The fine structure of Heterophrys marina (Centrohelidia, Heliozoa) is described with special reference to centroplast structure, morphogenesis and ""behavior"" of kinetocysts (= axopodial granules which perform saltatory movement), and formation of organic spicules in a new type of organelle located in the plasma membrane. A low calcium pretreatment and fixation was used to improve preservation of highly labile axopodia which near their distal end contain a single microtubule (MT) only. Two varieties of H. marina with a respective maximum of 6 and 12 MTs per axopodium, and 2 hitherto undescribed species, H. elati and H. multipoda, were found among 9 stocks collected in Europe and North America. In all species only the central 6 MTs of each axoneme originate from a scaffolding layer of electron dense material which surrounds the central granule. Evidence is presented which indicates that in Heterophrys self-linkage is not the only principle of MT pattern generation but that instead precisely localized MT nucleation and specific linkage of MTs within the cortex of the centroplast lead to the MT patterns observed. Prekinetocysts originate from vesicles found in the neighborhood of the dictyosomes. After maturation the kinetocysts become attached to the plasma membrane which seems to play an important role both in selection of particles transported in the axopodia and particle movement as well."
1149170,"The reaction characteristics of chlorothalonil with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), from yeast, (EC 1.2.1.12) were studied in vitro. Enzyme inhibition was related to the amount of [14C]chlorothalonil bound to the protein. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition was non-competitive for the substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (Ki = 0.42 muM). Reversal of enzyme inhibition could not be demonstrated with the low molecular thiol dithiothreitol (DDT), although the thiol did protect the protein against the toxic action of the fungicide. Because 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) reduced the binding of 14C-labeled fungicide by approximately 90% it is postulated that chlorothalonil affects catalytic activity by reacting with the 4 sulfhydryl sites (cysteine-149) responsible for the binding of GAP. Certain reaction characteristics of the trichloromethyl fulfenyl fungicides with GPDH were found to be similar to those of chlorothalonil. However, chlorothalonil differed from those fungicides in that it did not react with non-thiol groups of either GPDH or alpha-chymotrypsin (alphaCT) and had a slower reaction rate with the GPDH. It is suggested that the differences in reaction rates of the fungicides are due to the molecular size and the chemical nature of the reactive toxiphores."
1149171,"After the DNA of newborn female rats had been labelled by repeated injections of [14C]orotate (totalling 36 mu Ci) during the first 3 weeks of life, approximately 1,000,000 dpm were found in the DNA of the liver, lungs, kidneys, gut, brain, heart and spleen of 8-week-old rats. Methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) (80 mg/kg) and di-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN2) (5 mg/kg) injection increased the amount of 14C-labelled DNA pyrimidine nucleosides excreted in the urine to 5000 dpm from 350 dpm before injection. The effect on RNA products was much less marked."
1149172,"Female 6-8-week-old (57B1 mice were injected i.p. with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUS) (14C or 3H-methyl-labelled) in saline (80 mg/kg) and DNA was isolated from bone marrow, small bowel, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen and thymus at various times thereafter up to 18 h. Methylation of DNA was found in all organs examined, and by analyses using column or paper chromatography of DNA hydrolysates, the extent of methylation of DNA purines was determined. Methylated guanine residues (at N-3, N-7 and 0-6 positions) were stable in DNA up to 18 h, but methylated adenines (at N-3 or N-7) were removed from DNA of all organs examined; the overall half-life of methyladenines was about 3 h, but removal appeared to occur in a biphasic manner, with a proportion of methyladenine remaining relatively stable. This relative stability was somewhat more marked in bone marrow than in other organs."
1149173,"(1) The isolated mixtures of ribosomal proteins can be substituted by [14C]-iodoacetamide up to an average of about 2 equivalents per 20,000 dalton. The extent of substitution of single proteins measured after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that all proteins are reactive. (2) Also in the subunits, all proteins are accessible to substitution. Compared with isolated proteins, however, the reactivity is decreased and the amount of labelling for most proteins ranges as low as 5 to 20%. (3) Reassociation of ribosomal subunits decreases the reactivity of 12 proteins of the small subunit and that of 20 proteins of the large subunit. (4) The presence of messenger inhibits the substitution of 10 proteins of the small subunit and of 6 proteins of the large one. (5) Seven proteins of the small subunit and 3 proteins of the large one are influenced both by the other subunit and by messenger-RNA."
1149180,"In 26 Wistar rats with surface glomeruli, the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration and peritubular capillary uptake of proximal reabsorbate were studied before and during intravenous infusions of norepinephrine or angiotensin II. Regardless of whether renal perfusion pressure (AP) was permitted to increase, both hormones produced elevations in single nephron filtration fraction due to declines in glomerular plasma flow with little change in nephron glomerular filtration rate. The resulting large increases in the efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure, piE, were accompanied by equivalent increases in the mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference, deltaP. Equality of piE and deltaP, denoting filtration pressure equilibrium, obtained before and during infusion of either hormone. Por both hormones, when elevations in AP were allowed, marked and roughly proportional increases in the resistance to blood flow through single afferent and efferent arterioles occurred, whereas when increases in AP were prevented by partial aortic constriction increases in resistance were confined primarily to the efferent arteriole. Tespite the marked increases in piE, absolute rates of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption, on the average, were unchanged by these hormones due to the opposing effects of marked decreases in efferent arteriolar plasma flow rate and, to a lesser extent, increases in peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure."
1149182,"Regenerative discharge of action potentials is induced in mammalian papillary muscles by passage of small depolarizing currents. In this paper, the effects of various extracellular calcium and sodium concentrations and of tetrodotoxin on this phenomenon were studied in guinea pig papillary muscles in a sucrose gap chamber. Phase 4 diastolic depolarization was found to be associated with an increase in membrane resistance. The slope of phase 4 depolarization was decreased by reductions in extracellular calcium or sodium concentration. The range of maximum diastolic potentials and the thresholds from which regenerative potentials arose were reduced, especially at the positive limit of potentials, by a reduction in either ion. It was concluded that both calcium and sodium influence diastolic depolarization and participate in the regenerative action potentials of depolarization-induced ventricular automaticity."
1149183,"The effect of sympathetic denervation on the uptake of 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) into the ear artery of a growing rabbit was studied in vitro and in vivo. Uptake into the right artery was compared with that into the left 2 and 3 weeks after left superior cervical ganglionectomy in 4-week-old rabbits. Denervation was confirmed by the absence of catecholamine fluorescence. The total uptake of 3H--Tdr was determined by scintillation spectrometry, and its distribution in the artery wall was studied by light microscope autoradiography. The denervated ear artery took up significantly less DNA precursor and exhibited fewer labeled vascular smooth muscle cell nuclie in the tunica media than did the control artery. These findings suggest that sympathetic innervation influences the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle in growing rabbits."
1149184,"We studied the effects of quinidine and lidocaine on the steady-state relationship between membrane potential and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential, (dV/dt)max, and on the recovery kinetics of (dV/dt)max in guinea pig papillary muscles. The steady-state relationships were determined in fibers stimulated at 0.2/sec and depolarized with KCl. Recovery kinetics were determined at various resting membrane potentials by assessing (dV/dt)max in progressively earlier premature action potentials. Lidocaine caused a dose-dependent decrease in (dV/dt)max, shifted the curve defining the steady-state relationship along the voltage axis in the direction of more negative potentials, and slowed the recovery kinetics of (dV/dt)max. Quinidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in (dV/dt)max but did not alter the shape of the curves defining either the steady-state relationship or the recovery kinetics of (dV/dt)max. Both drugs depressed membrane responsiveness as determined in premature action potentials originating from incompletely repolarized fibers. Our study indicates that the mechanisms whereby quinidine and lidocaine influence (dV/dt)max are different. It is possible that this difference may underlie some of the differences in the clinical effects of these two drugs."
1149185,"The relative effects of des-a-Asp-angiotensin 3I and angiotensin II on renal function, including renin secretion, were investigated in normal and sodium-depleted dogs. Intrarenal arterial infusion of the heptapeptide fragment into normal dogs at a rate which was calculated to increase blood levels by only 7 ng/100 ml decreased renal blood flow from 254 +/- 9 ml/min to 220 +/- 12 and 219 +/- 12 ml/min (P less than 0.01 for both values) after 10 and 30 minutes of infusion, respectively; renin secretion decreased from 502 +/- 214 ng/min to 253 +/- 109 and 180 +/- 53 ng/min (P less than 0.05 for both values). Infusion of angiotensin II at the same rate decreased renal blood flow from 251 +/- 26 ml/min to 224 +/- 22 and 220 +/- 16 ml/min (P less than 0.01 and 0.025, respectively) and decreased renin secretion from 374 +/- 25 ng/min to 166 +/- 76 and 131 +/- 37 ng/min (P less than 0.025 for both values). Neither peptide significantly changed mean arterial blood pressure, creatinine clearance, or excreted sodium in these dogs. Infusion of des-1-Asp-angiotensin II into sodium-depleted dogs decreased renin secretion from 1094 +/- 211 ng/min to 768 +/- 132 and 499 +/- 31 ng/min (P less than 0.025 for both values) after 10 and 30 minutes of infusion. Angiotensin II infusion decreased renin secretion from 1102 +/- 134 to 495 +/- 235 and 502 +/- 129 ng/min in these dogs (P less than 0.05 and 0.025, respectively). Neither peptide significantly altered renal blood flow, arterial blood pressure, creatinine clearance, or excreted sodium in the sodium-depleted dogs. The data demonstrated that these two peptides have similar effects on the renin secretory mechanism and the vascular receptor at the level of the renal arterioles."
1149186,"To develop a thrombus localizing tracer which has characteristics superior to labeled fibrinogen for external detection, we evaluated radioiodinated soluble fibrin. Labeled soluble fibrin was prepared by clotting and dissolving radioiodinated (131I) canine fibrinogen under specified conditions. Biological clearance studies revealed rapid clearance of the labeled soluble fibrin from the blood with a half-life of 5 hours. The accumulation of labeled soluble fibrin and fibrinogen in induced venous thrombi, coronary artery thrombi, and the myocardium was compared in dogs. In venous thrombi, soluble fibrin and fibrinogen exhibited maximum thrombus-blood ratios when they were injected 4 hours after thrombus induction; the thrombus-blood ratio was greater for soluble fibrin than it was for fibrinogen when these agents were injected 4, 8, or 24 hours after thrombosis induction. In induced coronary artery thrombi, soluble fibrin and fibrinogen accumulated to the same extent. Since the blood clearance of soluble fibrin is faster than that of fibrinogen, a higher thrombus-blood ratio was obtained with soluble fibrin in coronary artery thrombi. The thrombus-infarcted myocardium, thrombus-normal myocardium, and infarcted myocardium-normal myocardium ratios obtained with soluble fibrin were slightly higher than those obtained with fibrinogen. Thus, soluble fibrin offers some advantages when it is compared with fibrinogen as a thrombus detecting agent."
1149187,"Reflex bradycardia was elicited in rabbits via repetitive electrical stimulation of the central end of the sectioned left aortic nerve. Supramaximal stimulation produced a 16.9 plus or minus 1.3% (SE) increase in the R-R interval when vagal and sympathetic efferent pathways were intact. Reducing the stimulation voltage allowed selective stimulation of the myelinated (A) fibers, and polarizing electrodes placed central to the stimulus site permitted A fiber blockade and selective stimulation of the unmyelinated (C) fibers. When afferent A fibers were selectively stimulated, 64% of the maximum response was obtained; selective C fiber activation elicited 63% of the maximum observed response. Selective stimulation of A or C fibers after either vagotomy or stellectomy indicated that A fiber afferents elicit heart rate responses via both vagal and sympathetic efferents, whereas C fiber afferent information is mediated predominantly via vagal efferents. This afferent-efferent specificity of the aortic baroreceptor pathways suggests baroreceptor mechanisms normally used to modulate heart rate. Small increments in blood pressure would activate low-threshold A fibers and result in reciprocal changes in vagal and sympathetic efferent activity. More substantial increases in blood pressure would activate afferent C fibers and produce additional heart rate effects via vagal efferents."
1149190,"The relationship of P-wave polarity and morphology in leads II, III, and aVF to the sequence of atrial activation was studied in the canine heart when the atria were paced from the region of the sinus node or the posterior-inferior left atrium and when retrograde activation of the atria occurred with right ventricular epicardial pacing. Deeply negative P waves in leads II, III, and aVF which occurred when the posterior-inferior left atrium was paced were associated with true retrograde activation of the atria. Positive P waves recorded in leads II, III, and aVF during retrograde atrial capture with right ventricular pacing were associated with rapid retrograde spread of the impulse in the interatrial septum to the region of Bachmann's bundle from which site the impulse spread to depolarize significant portions of both atria in a manner similar to that demonstrated during pacing from the region of the sinus node. When the atria were paced from a site just anterior to the coronary sinus ostium, positive P waves recorded in leads II, III, and aVF were associated with early activation in the vicinity of Bachmann's bundle and later activation of the posterior-inferior left atrium. When the atria were paced from a site just posterior to the coronary sinus ostium, negative P waves in leads II, III, and aVF were associated with early activation of the posterior-inferior left atrium and later activation in the vicinity of Bachmann's bundle. It was concluded that the time of arrival of the impulse at Bachmann's bundle relative to that at the posterior left atrium and the direction of spread of the impulse from and within Bachmann's bundle are critical in determining P-wave polarity and morphology."
1149191,"Veratrum alkaloids injected into the coronary circulation stimulate myocardial receptors to produce reflex bradycardia and arterial hypotension (the Bezold-Jarisch reflex). This study investigated the hypothesis that parasympathetic coronary vasodilation occurs as part of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Blood flow in the circumflex coronary artery was measured in chloralose-anesthetized, closed-chest dogs with a newly developed cannula-tip flow transducer. Alpha-receptor blockade with Dibozane (2 mg/kg) was used to prevent peripheral vasodilation, and beta-receptor blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg) was used to prevent adrenergic cardiac effects. Electrical pacing was used to maintain a constant heart rate. Under these conditions, veratridine injected into the anterior descending coronary artery but not into the circumflex coronary artery produced a 63% increase in circumflex coronary blood flow and an 88% increase in diastolic coronary conductance. The effect was abolished when the reflex arc was interrupted by either vagotomy or atropine administration. It is concluded that a cardiocoronary reflex parasympathetic coronary vasodilation can be elicited by stimulating cardiac receptors with veratridine."
1149192,"Vessel dimensions and characteristic responses to norepinephrine were measured in various arteries and veins of the rabbit made hypertensive by partial constriction of the upper abdominal aorta. The ear, radial, and basilar arteries taken from the circulation proximal to the ligature (the hypertensive arteries) were thickened in proportion to the rise is arterial blood pressure. The water, sodium, and potassium contents of these and all other vessels were not significantly changed in the hypertensive rabbits. The maximum response to norepinephrine in the ear artery, a representative vessel from the hypertensive part of the rabbit, was increased, whhereas the sensitivity of this vessel to norepinephrine expressed as the ED50 did not alter with changes in the arterial blood pressure. In contrast, the thickness and the maximum response to norepinephrine of the saphenous artery, representative of vessels distal to the ligature (normotensive vessels) and of the saphenous and cephalic veins were unaltered. The sensitivity as indicated by the norepinephrine ED50 of the veins, but not of the saphenous artery, increased with a rise in carotid artery blood pressure. These results suggest that the increased responsiveness to norepinephrine of arteries proximal to the ligature is due to changes in muscle mass and that the increased responsiveness of the veins is due to increased sensitivity to norepinephrine."
1149193,"To determine whether significant regional differences in shortening exist in the canine left ventricle, the shortening characteristics of small segments of the circumferentially oriented hoop axis fibers and the more longitudinally oriented fibers near the epicardium were examined using pairs of ultrasound crystals placed at three levels of the left ventricular free wall in the open-chest dog. Mean control shortening of the hoop axis fibers near the apex of the left ventricle averaged 20% of the end-diastolic length, significantly greater than shortening at the midventricular (13%) or basal (14%) levels. During transient periods of aortic constriction, end-diastolic length increased significantly and the extent of shortening was maintained for the hoop axis fibers at the apical and midventricular levels; end-diastolic length did not change and shortening decreased at the basal level. The epicardial fibers shortened an average of 5.6% of their end-diastolic length during control conditions at all three sites and showed small, parallel changes in shortening and end-diastolic length during aortic constriction. We conclude that significantly greater hoop axis shortening occurs near the apex of the left ventricle and that at this level a uniformly contracting model is inappropriate. In addition, the response of the hoop axis fibers to increased aortic impedance is not homogeneous, with a significant reduction in shortening occurring only at the base of the left ventricle where end-diastolic length does not increase."
1149194,"Reflex control of hind-limb and renal resistance vessels by cardiac and pulmonary receptors was studied by interrupting afferent vagal nerve traffic when only the heart or only the lungs were in situ in anesthetized dogs with sinoaortic denervation. During normocapnia, interruption of cardiac and of pulmonary vagal traffic decreased hind-limb blood flow (constant-pressure perfusion) by 23% and 21%, respectively. Corresponding decreases in renal blood flow were 23% and 33%. Hypercapnia augmented the decreases in renal blood flow due to the vagal block. Thus, the inhibitions exerted by the heart and lung receptores on these two beds were similar during normocapnia but were greater on the renal vessels during hypercapnia. In closed-chest dogs with their aortic nerves sectioned and their carotid sinus pressure controlled, combined withdrawal of carotid and cardiopulmonary inhibition decreased hind-limb and renal blood flow by about 80% and 40%, respectively, during both normovolemia and hypervolemia. Interruption of cardiopulmonary inhibition was responsible for 17% and 31% of the decrease in hind-limb blood flow at normal and increased blood volumes, respectively; values for the decreases in renal blood flow were 50% and 65%. Thus, cardiopulmonary receptors oppose the vasoconstriction due to carotid hypotension more effectively in the kidney than they do in the hind limb."
1149195,"The organization within the descending sympathetic pathways on the surface of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Changes in heart rate and carotid, renal, and femoral resistances were calculated during electrical stimulation of the descending spinal sympathetic pathways; the location within the pathway of the maximum change in each of these parameters was then determined. Blood pressure increased at each stimulation point with the maximum increase at 3-3.5 mm ventrolateral to the dorsolateral sulcus (DLS). The maximum increases in carotid, renal, and femoral resistances occurred with stimulation at 0.5-1.5, 2, and 3 mm ventrolateral to the DLS, respectively. Maximum heart rate responses were elicited by stimulation 2 mm ventrolateral to the sulcus. These data demonstrate that the pathway is organized in a dorsal-to-ventral manner, with the most rostral parts of the body being represented most dorsally and the more caudal parts being represented more ventrally."
1149196,"RO 2-2985 produced a marked positive inotropic effect in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented dogs, measured as an increase in left ventricular dP/ dt and an increase in maximum velocity of myocardial fiber shortening. Similar changes produced in dogs in hemorrhagic shock lasted for 2-3 hours. RO 2-2985 increased peripheral blood flow and caused marked increases in both coronary and renal blood flows. The drug altered the response of the renal vascular bed to subsequent norepinephrine administration. After administration of a single dose of RO 2-2985, norepinephrine produced sustained increases in renal blood flow, and this altered responsiveness to norepinephrine persisted for periods ranging from 1 to 3 weeks."
1149197,"Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the anterior hypothalamus in unrestrained rats resulted in the development, within 2 hours, of arterial hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and increased locomotor activity, often leading to pulmonary edema and death. Similar lesions in paralyzed, artificially ventilated rats produced comparable changes in arterial blood pressure and body temperature with a similar time course. The arterial hypertension was a consequence of an increase in total peripheral resistance to 15% of control with a reduction in cardiac output to 49% of control. Arterial hypertension, elevated peripheral resistance, and diminished cardiac output were reversed toward normal by alpha-receptor blockade with phentolamine (1 mg/kg, iv). Bilateral adrenalectomy, adrenal demedullation, or adrenal denervation performed prior to lesion placement prevented the development of arterial hypertension and pulmonary edema as well as the changes in peripheral resistance, cardiac output, and body temperature. We conclude that arterial hypertension following lesions of the anterior hypothalamus is due to a neurally mediated increase in peripheral resistance initiated by the release of adrenal medullary catecholamines and that pulmonary edema is due to myocardial failure secondary to the ensuing ventricular overload. Structures originating in or passing through the anterior hypothalamus may exert selective control over the adrenal medulla independent of vasomotor neurons."
1149198,"The Bainbridge reflex, i.e., the effect of rapid saline infusion (1.1 +/- 0.1 liters) on heart rate and arterial and atrial blood pressures, was examined in 12 intact conscious dogs; mean arterial blood pressure rose by 33 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg, mean atrial pressure by 14 +/- 1 mm Hg, and heart rate by 75 +/- 9 beats/min. After beta-receptor blockade, heart rate rose slightly less (+49 +/- 5 beats/min, P = 0.05). Cholinergic blockade, combined cholinergic and beta-receptor, or beta-receptor blockade after vagotomy blocked the heart rate response to the infusion. The rise in heart rate in the face of an increase in arterial blood pressure with volume loading suggested that the arterial baroreceptor reflex was not responding appropriately to the increase in arterial blood pressure. In conscious dogs after denervation of the arterial baroreceptors, the increase in heart rate with volume loading was no greater than that in those dogs with their arterial baroreceptors intact, suggesting that the baroreceptor reflex was not restraining heart rate in the normal response to volume loading. The relationship between the pulse interval (PI) and the systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) following an intravenous injection of methoxamine was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex in intact conscious dogs. After a mild amount of volume loading, when atrial pressure was 8 +/- 2 mm Hg, the PI/SAP slope was significantly depressed from normal. When atrial pressure was elevated further to 28 +/- 1 mm Hg by volume loading, the slope was further depressed. Thus, arterial baroreflex sensitivity is reduced progressively as atrial pressure is raised by volume loading, an observation that explains how heart rate can rise strikingly in the face of an elevated arterial blood pressure."
1149199,"Ventricular intramural and epicardial potential distributions were measured during normal excitation and repolarization in intact dogs. Potential distributions were chosen because they can be unambiguously measured, are useful in understanding the shapes of wave forms at many specific sites, and provide a direct measure of repolarization. Unipolar wave forms were recorded from intramural and epicardial electrodes and converted into potential distributions. Well-known shapes of wave forms recorded at the inner and outer layers of the ventricles as well as peak-to-peak voltages were shown by the potential distributions to be determined primarily by superposition effects of distant excitation waves. These effects were most prominent before epicardial breakthrough and then receded during the last half of the QRS complex. However, the potential distributions became more complex as excitation waves merged, collided, and terminated. During terminal depolarization, there were scattered positive repolarization potentials intramurally. Normal repolarization was characterized by positive potentials over the ventricular epicardium while there were changes intramurally and on the atrium. Throughout the T wave, there was a predominant transmural unidirectional gradient with the inner wall being more negative than the outer wall. This finding confirms that the sequence of repolarization is from the epicardium to the endocardium with the middle layers having an intermediate time."
1149201,"A cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex was studied in 38 anesthetized and three unanesthetized dogs. Serotonin (100 mug/ml) injected into either the left atrium or small brancehes of the proximal left coronary artery produced a maximal response, with 96 +/- 18 mm Hg increment in mean aortic pressure within 6 +/- 2 seconds, lasting about 1 min; a later phase of the same hypertension lasted 9 +/- 5 minutes more and could partially be produced with serotonin injected into the thoracic aorta. Injections into the distal left coronary artery produced only the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Concomitant with the immediate hypertension there were vagal and sympathetic efferent effects in both the sinus node and the atrioventricular (A-V) junction. Either of these effects could be selectively eliminated and the other augmented by direct local perfusion with an appropriate cholinergic (atropine 10 mug/ml) or adrenergic beta-receptor (propranolol 10 mug/ml) blocking agent. Bilateral vagotomy markedly attenuated but did not eliminate the acute hypertension, but it abolished both chronotropic and dromotropic effects. Phentolamine (2 mg/min i.v.) markedly diminished the hypertensive response. Guanethidine or reserpine pretreatment markedly diminished the hypertensive response; reserpine eliminated the electrophsiologic effects but guanethidine did not. Infiltration of  serotonin around the main left coronary partially reproduced the reflex, but similar infiltration of xylocaine hydrochloride blocked the reflex. Serial section histologic studies of the region around the main left coronary atery in seven dog hearts and nine human hearts demonstrated the presence of a small structure resembling a chemoreceptor; its blood supply originated from the left coronary artery. Some possible clinical implications are discussed."
1149202,"An unusual patient with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is presented. Ventricular pre-excitation related to conduction over both a right posterior Kent bundle and Mahaim fibers coursing from the atrioventricular node to the right ventricle. Two types of supraventricular tachycardia were demonstrable. These were due to re-entry involving antegrade conduction over either the normal or Mahaim paths, and retrograde retrograde conduction via the Kent bundle. Surgical division of the Kent bundle has abolished the clinically debilitating arrhythmias."
1149203,"Electrophysiological studies utilizing His bundle recordings and atrial extra-stimulus technique were performed in 17 patients (pts) with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) before and after 0.01 mg/kg, i.v., ouabain. Before ouabaine, echozones(EZ) were demonstrated in 11 patients. After ouabain, EZ were abolished in two, decreased in five, unchanged in three, and increased in one. In one patient, EZ was demonstrated only after ouabain. Eleven patients could sustain PSVT before ouabain; after ouabain, only six patients could sustain PSVT. Analysis of A1-A2, H1-H2 curves revealed 11 patients with discontinous (dual pathway) and six patients with smooth conduction curves. In dual pathway patients, both the fast and slow pathway curves were shifted rightward and upward after ouabain. The changes in EZ were dependent upon the relative rightward shifts of the two pathways. In patients with smooth curves, EZ tended to shift rightward with a critical A-H being achieved at longer A1-A2 intervals after ouabain. In conclusion, the effects of ouabain on PSVT were variable. Beneficial effects included abolition or decrease of EZ and loss of the ability to sustain PSVT. Potentially deleterious effects included widening or new de-elopment of EZ."
1149204,"The course and prognosis of 16 infants and children with sick sinus syndrome associated with cardiac surgery is reviewed. The dysrhythmia was observed most ofter after extensive atrial reconstructive surgery in patients with transposition of the great arteries and with atrial septal defect. In 12 (75%) of the patients, sick sinus syndrome was detected in the immediate postoperative period. Tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias were presnet in 12 and isolated bradyarrhythmias in four. Temporary pacing was used in two and permanent pacing was required in five. Death in two non-paced patients was attributable to arrhythmias. Postmortem examination in one patient revealed a suture in the sinoatrial node. Careful attention to the anatomy of the sinoatrial node, its artery and the internodal tracts during surgery may prevent the development of sick sinus syndrome. In patients with dysrhythmia, a careful search should be undertaken to document the abnormal rhythm with the use of Holter monitoring. The insertion of a pacemaker is indicated in patients with tachyarrhythmias requiring cardioversion or antiarrhythmic drug therapy and those without adequate lower escape mechanisms."
1149205,"Twenty-three children underwent electrophysiological studies during routine postoperative catheterization two months to five years after complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The aim of the study was to investigate the whole conduction system, including sinus node function, suing His bundle recordings and atrial pacing. H-V intervals were normal at rest and with pacing in twenty-two patients, including four patients with evidence of bifascicular block on the surface ECG. One patient with cardiomegaly and evidence of diffuse myocardial damage had a prolonged H-V interval but did not develop a block at this level during pacing A-H interval was slightly prolonged in four patients and normal in all others. The threshold of pacing-induced atrioventricular block ranged from 75 to 240/min and was somewhat age dependent (r = -0.55). Two patients fell below the 95% confidence limit of this regression and are considered abnormal. One returned to normal after intravenous injectionof atropine. Corrected sinus node recovery time ranged from 60 to 2000 msec. Three patients had values above 500 msec which are considered abnormal. These patients had other minor signs of sinus node dysfunction, i.e., episodes of sino-atrial block at rest or intermittent sinus bradycardia. Thus, while the His Purkinje system performed satisfactorily in all patients, sinus node dysfunctional and A-V node dysfunction were demonstrated in a few patients after correction of tetralogy of Fallot."
1149206,"Among 95 patients with angina pectoris and angiographically documented coronary artery disease (CAD), prolapse of the scallops of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve (PLMV) was noted in 30 patients. Left ventriculograms in the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection revealed isolated prolapse of the posteromedial commissural scallop (PMCS) in 12 patients and the anterolateral commissural scallop (ALCS) in two patients. Seven patients had prolapse of both PMCS and ALCS, three had prolapse of the PMCS and middle scallop (MS), and six had prolapse of all three scallops of the PLMV. Left ventricular dilatation with increase trabeculations was observed in 19 patients. Contractility determined in a quantitative fashion by segmental motion analysis was markedly impaired in 29 patients. None of the patients had angiographic evidence of mitral insufficiency. Left ventricular dysfunction was documented in 28 patients by either elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), low cardiac index (CI) or decreased ejection fraction (EF). In two patients in whom left ventricular contractility improved after aortocoronary by pass, previously prolapsed scallops could not be identified in the postoperative ventriculogram. Prolapsed PLMV is a frequent angiographic finding in patients with angiographically observed CAD. Impaired contractility of the ventricular myocardium and papillary muscles, left ventricular dilatation, and hypertrophy appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this abnormality through distortion of the directional axis of the papillary muscles, asynergic contraction of the related free wall of the left ventricle, and changes in the normal spatial alignment necessary for mitral valve closure. The syndrome of papillary muscle dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease represents a wider clinical spectrom than previously described."
1149207,"The distribution of coronary flow to small segments of the entire left ventricle (96 per dog; average weight = 0.78 g) was studied in 28 open-chested dogs utilizing 7-10 mu labeled microspheres. Although the flow to large areas of the ventricle was nearly evenly distributed, there was considerable heterogeneity of flow to small adjacent segments of myocardium (average standard deviation of the flow distributions was 17.3 +/- 3.2% of mean lfow). Approximately one-half of the measured heterogeneity of flow could be attributed to various extraneous factors, and one-half appears to be due to inherent heterogeneity of flow in the left ventricular myocardium. In ten of 28 dogs, the mid-circumglex coronary was suddenly occluded, and five minutes thereafter the distribution of left ventricular flow was determined with microspheres labeled with a different isotope. The ischemic regments were separated into three groups: severely ischemic, moderately ischemic, and borderline ischemic. The three dimmensional geometry of the acutely ischemic myocardium was analyzed, and four general conclusions were reached. 1) The percent distribution of severely ischemic segments, moderately ischemic segments, and borderline ischemic segments within an ischemic region varies from animal to animal. 2) Subendocardial segments were more frequently and more severely affected than neighboring mid-wall or epicardial segments. 3) No evidence of an ""hyperperfused zone"" of myocardium surrounding the ischemic area was found. 4) The flows to segments immediately adjacent to the severely ischemic segments were heterogeneous. Therefore, the concept of a geometrically defined ""buffer zone"" of moderately ischemic myocardium surrounding and separating severely ischemic from normally perfused myocardium no longer seems realistic."
1149208,"To determine the extent of cardiac involvement until a diminished ejection fraction (EF) is present, zonal mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) was measured from the left ventriculogram in 36 patients. The longitudinal axis (apex to mid-point of the aortic valve plane) in right anterior oblique view was divided into four equal parts by three perpeendicular chords. Zonal Vct and percent shortening along the proximal, middle and distal chords were measured. The results of this study indicate that a normal EF is frequently associated with a reduced Vct in one or even two zones. A reduced EF is generally accompanied by a diminished Vct in all three zones of the heart. In addition, a close correlation was found between zonal Vct and percent shortening. Hence the latter, which is much simpler to measure, can be instead of Vct Ejection fraction as a measure of myocardial performance is not as sensitive as Vct, especially in hearts with asynchrony of contraction."
1149209,"The relationship of depressed sinus node function to coronary artery disease (CAD) was evaluated. The sinus node artery (SNA) was easily identified in all of 80 unselected normal coronary arteriograms. Angiographic disease of, or significant obstruction proximal to, the SNA was seen in 21% of 80 unselected CAD patients. Heart rate and sinoatrial recovery times (SART) were obtained in 50 consecutive unmedicated patients prior to arteriography. There was no difference between the SART of 23 CAD patients free of SNA involvement (1092 msec +/- 55 sem) and 18 normals (1070 +/- 40 msec). Nine patients with SNA involvement had shorter SART (941 +/- 52 MSEC) than normals (P less than 0.05) or other CAD patients (NS). Similar results were obtained for heart rate. No patient with SNA involvement had a prolonged SART or sick sinus syndrom (SSS). six of the 50 patients studied were symptomatic with SSS. Five of these SSS patients had CAD but none had angiographic evidence of SNA involvement. Obstructions involving the SNA were common in CAD but were not associated with altered heart rate or SART. Patients with SSS exhibited no angiographic evidence of SNA involvement. Therefore, it is unlikely that SSS is related to CAD of the SNA."
1149210,"The dominance of the coronary arterial system was determined angiographically in 75 adult patients with isolated aortic stenosis with or without insufficiency, 25 adult patients with pure aortic insufficiency, 51 adult patients with combined aortic stenosis and mitral valve disease, and 44 children with bicuspid aortic valves. There was an unusually high incidence of left dominance in adults with isolated aortic stenosis (36%) and in children with bicuspid aortic valves (56.8%). These findings suggest the existence of a variant developmental complex consisting of a bicuspid aortic valve and reversal of dominance of the coronary arterial system. Furthermore, it adds support to the concept that progressive stenosis of a bicuspid aortic valve is frequently the etiology of isolated aortic stenosis in adults."
1149211,"Left ventricular structure, function, and the coronary circulation were studied in a subset of patients with mitral valve leaflet prolapse. This group of 26 patients (21 females, five males, with mean age of 46 years), had the syndrome identified as idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (IMVP), which was characterized by a systolic click-murmur, clinical symptoms that were highly variable in duration and intensity, angiographically-documented mitral prolapse, and no obvious associated systemic or cardiovascular disease. Mitral regurgitation was of moderate degree in four, mild in 14, and absent in eight. The left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index was elevated in ten of 25 (40%), the LV mass index was elevated in six of 17 (35%), but the LV anterior wall thickness was increase in only one of 17. Three major patterns of ventricular contraction were identified: 1) normal in seven; 2) abnormal, usually an inferior deformity and/or anterior asynergy, in eight; and 3) hyperkinetic in 11. Normal resting left ventricular function, assessed as an ejection fraction greater than 55%, was present in 17 of 25 (68%). Selective coronary arteriography was essentially normal in all 25 patients studied. An ischemic ECG response was detected during only one of 12 maximal treadmill exercise tests and in none of ten atrial pacing stress tests (AP). Myocardial lactate extraction did not change significantly during AP in six patients. We conclude that cardiomyopathy does not appear to be a primary cause or an important associated component of the IMVP syndrome. Abnormalities of the coronary circulation or of myocardial metabolism were not demonstrated by available methods. A proposed pathophysiological mechanism to explain the clinical and angiographic findings in IMVP is discussed."
1149212,"The variability of plasma propranolol concentrations has been determined in a large group of patients being treated with the drug. Although the average patient achieved a therapeutic plasma level with 160 mg/day, there was marked interpatient variation. This was found to be primarily the result of differences in effective absorption of the drug, which averaged 46% of the oral dose but ranged from 20 to 80%. Propranolol disappeared from plasma with a half-life of 4.7 hours and its removal appeared to follow dose independent kinetics with no evidence of saturation of hepatic metabolism. The derived pharmacokinetic values of volume of distribution and clearance rate have been used to provide guidelines for initiating propranolol therapy intravenously, and the schedule of 8 mg as a loading dose and 0.02 mg/min as a sustaining dose has been suggested."
1149218,"The sub-totally nephrectomized chronically uremic rat has been found to have significantly increased hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and increased lipogenesis and glycoportein synthesis. Increased conversion of 14-C-D-glucose to 14-CO2, and increased plasma free fatty acid levels were also observed. The metabolic significance of these findings has been discussed, particularly with respect to the importance of the pentose shunt in this model. The influence of reduced diet intake, resulting from uremic anorexia, has been considered in light of changes observed. It is concluded that decreased food intake alone is unlikely to be responsible for the altered glucose utilization evident in this model."
1149219,"1. The use of Evans Blue dye to facilitate endpoint determination the elimination of 4 degrees, assay conditions are technical improvements in the euglobulin clot lysis test. 2. Plasma samples have limited stability at 30 degrees or 4 degrees, but are stable for prolonged periods at minus 20 degrees. Samples with accelerated clot lysis are much less stable than normal samples at 30 degrees. 3. The normal range is determined as greater than 70 minutes for citrated plasma and greater than 50 minutes for oxalated plasma. There is no sex difference in the normal range."
1149220,"The serum argino-succinate lyase (ASAL) activity was measured in preoperative and post-operative serum samples, from approximately 500 patients submitted to elective surgery. The results were compared with the determinations of 6 other enzyme activities on the same serum specimens. Serum ASAL elevations correlated highly with increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and were nearly twice as great. They also correlated well with serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), but were approximately 2.7 times greater. It is confirmed that the serum ASAL activity is a sensitive and specific test for liver cell damage, suitable use in special conditions where high sensitivity is required."
1149222,"This report discusses characteristics of a custom-designed vidicon spectrometer and evaluates its applicability to several clinical analysis problems. Data show that the vidicon detector response is linear with intensity over about four orders of magnitude and that the uncertainty in absorbance measurements can approach 0.001 absorbance units in the range from 0 to 2 absorbance units. Applications include the enzymatic determination of glucose, the determination of lactate dehydrogenase, and determinations of barbital, chlordiazepoxide, and glutethimide. Capabilities of the instrument system for first-derivative spectroscopy are also discussed. The discussion included a critical evaluation of the potential advantages and limitations of the concept."
1149223,"In aperture counters, particles in fluid suspension flow through a small orifice or aperture, causing a change in the electrical resistance of the aperture. This change is sensed by an external electronic circuit and translated into a voltage pulse, the signal height of which is proportional to the volume of the particle in the aperture. These signal pulses are collated into a spectrum of pulse heights by a multichannel pulse-height analyzer. The channel number (voltage increment) spectrum is proportional to the volume distribution of the particles sensed. A problem is that pulse height not only depends on cell volume, but also on the orientation and shape of the particle sensed and the current density along the path taken by the particle through the aperture. Uneven current density exists, primarily at the aperture entrance and exit, close to the wall. Orientation and shape of particles are altered near the wall by the unbalanced shear forces there. Toward the center of the aperture, the shear forces act so as not to induce continuous change in the orientation of the particles sensed. Thus introduction into the pulse-height spectrum of pulses that do not show a good proportionality to volume is primarily caused by particles that are traveling near the aperture wall. Residence time in the aperture for a particle traveling near the wall will be longer than that for a particle traveling down the center of the aperture, because of the smaller fluid velocity near the wall. Duration of the signal pulse created by a particle traveling near the wall will be correspondingly greater. We discuss an electronic filter to remove from the pulse-height spectrum those pulses that appear to result from particles traveling near the wall and the effect  of the filter on the measured signal height and hence the volume distribution of erythrocytes. Use of this technique to characterize erythrocytes by volume distribution is described."
1149224,"Radioactivity in the effluents from high-speed liquid chromatographic analyzers was continuously measured by use of a new sample segmentation system. To achieve highest counting efficiency, the column effluents were mixed with scintillation fluid carrying small segments of semisolid, resillient spacer. After passing through a mixer, the mixture was passed through a hollow-tube flow cell mounted in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Because the added spacer acts like a continuous series of pistons, it unifies flow rate at center and walls of the conduit and so decreases sample carryover. This system was applied to measurement of radioactivity in the effluent of a high-speed amino acid analyzer, in which some amino acids emerge at 30-s intervals. The resulting profiles were as well resolved as were the ninhydrin-color profiles. Counting efficiencies for tritium and carbon- 14 were comparable to those obtained by static counting in vials."
1149225,"An elution electrophoresis system in which a porous packed bed is used for separation and a flow photometer or colorimeter for continuous monitoring of the eluate may be capable of rapid, high-resolution analysis of serum proteins and other protein mixtures with very little manual labor. In a prototype of such a system we used a cooled separations column, 3 mm in diameter and 40 cm long, containing polyacrylamide beads. Samples are introduced, via a microsyringe, through a septum at the column midpoint. Typical analyses for serum proteins or serum isoenzymes require an electrophoresis time of about 30 min at 1200 V."
1149226,"We present an approach to the computer enhancement of the ""SMA 12/60"" (Technicon Instruments Corp.). Practical and theoretical considerations led to a plug-compatible system, which did not require changes in the hydraulics or methodology of the SMA. Results obtained from eight channels of the SMA using the system as described show that a sample analysis rate of 120 per hour is feasible. A desirable consequence of the increased analysis rate is a 60% decrease in the required sample volume. Before the system can be used in a clinical environment, further development will be necessary, including detection algorithms for hydraulic malfunction."
1149227,"A Centrifugal Fast Analyzer is basically a sophisticated photometric measuring device containing a multicuvet rotor as its major component. Several reactions are simultaneously initiated in the rotor, which is then rotated through a stationary optical monitor and the resulting signals acquired and processed by an on-line data system. ?With the miniature version of this analyzer, one has the option of directing the incident optical beam, via a fiber optical bundle, into the cuvets of the spinning rotor in either a 90 degrees or a 180 degrees orientation relative to the analyzer's photodetector. tthe combination of newly designed rotors and a flexible optical system having multiple configurations has provided a versatile system in which one can measure the transmittance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or light-scattering (either turbidimetrically or nephelometrically) properties of the ensuing reaction species, all with a single analyzer. This flexibility in choosing the optical mode in which a particular set of reactions is to be monitored provides the analyst with a powerful and versatile analytical tool for developing new methods for use in various clinical laboratory applications, including chemistry, toxicology, immunology, and hematology."
1149228,"We have designed and constructed a stable isotope ratiometer-multiple ion detector unit, which can drive existing chromatograph-quadrupole or magnetic sector mass gas spectrometers to monitor up to six ions in turn. Each of the three pairs of ions can be selected for quantitation; thus three different or successive components can be analyzed in a single gas-chromatographic run. A background subtraction option permits the ion intensity in the absence of sample to be subtracted automatically during sample measurement. Displays of accumulated counts and isotope ratio are updated twice per second during the measurement and can be printed out at is conclusion. All six ions can be monitored in the analog mode by parallel outputs to a multipen recorder. Experience gained in the construction of this prototype indicates that such units could be commercially available for $10 000, or about a third to a sixth of the cost of even an inexpensive computer system."
1149229,"Kinetic enzymatic methods for analysis of substrates can be made optimum for a sensitive photometric analyzer by adjusting the activity of the triggering (catalyzing) enzyme so that the reaction rate is maximum at the time of measurement. tat this optimum activity, the exponential time constant for exhaustion of substrate equals the time between triggering and rate measurement. The scale factor (defined as measured activity divided by sample concentration in the reaction mixture) is the same for all tests. Sensitivity to substrate concentration is predictable from instrumental absorbance uncertainty and molar absorptivity of the absorbing species. These predictions from Michaelis theory were verified experimentally for pyruvate and lactate triggered with lactate dehydrogenase, for glucose triggered with hexokinase, and for triglycerides triggered with glycerol kinase, the reaction rate being measured 30 s after triggering. Sensitivities of 1.5 times 10(-7) mol/liter were achieved. Serum diluted 1000-fold and analyzed for glucose gave a repeatability of 25 mg/liter with linearity to 4.0 g/liter. Samples diluted 300-fold and analyzed for triglycerides gave 30 mg/liter repeatability, with linearity to concentrations exceeding 3.0 g/liter."
1149230,"A new computer-interfaced system of general applicability in the clinical laboratory has been built. The system is constructed around a new type multicuvette. Quantitation is currently by spectrophotometry and is on-line, with use of a mini-computer with output going to an electrostatic printer/plotter. The system can be used for single-substance batch analyses, for group analyses, and for the estimation of profiles of compounds after preliminary high-resolution liquid chromatography tailored to interface with the multicuvette."
1149231,"Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes can be distinguished kinetically by the fact that isoenzyme H is strongly inhibited a few seconds after the reaction is started if high concentrations of pyruvate are present, in contrast to the M isoenzyme. A new instrument that exploits this fact can measure both the total activity and the proportion of H isoenzyme in serum or plasma in 8 to 10 s. The instrument consists of a simplified stopped-flow apparatus in which the plasma is assayed for lactate dehydrogenase activity, and an electronic device that measures the rate of the reaction at two pre-set time intervals. The first rate is taken between 0.2 and 0.4 s after the reaction is started, a time at which both isoenzymes are fully active, and at which the rate obtained thus reflects total lactate dehydrogenase activity in the plasma sample. The second rate is measured 4 to 6 s after the start of the reaction, at which time the H isoenzyme has become inhibited and the observed rate compared to the initial rate is therefore proportional to the percentage of H isoenzyme activity in the serum. These two rates are electronically displayed on two three-digit voltmeters, the first display being the total activity, the second a number proportional to the inhibited slope. The percentage of M isoenzyme can then be calculated from the initial and final rate. A total of five to six repeat assays may be done within a minute on 1 ml of plasma or serum. This instrument may be of significant value in following the progress of myocardial infarctions and other diseases."
1149233,"Use of a miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer for the parallel photometric monitoring of the coagulation process is shown to have a number of advantages. These include a choice of optical modes, virtually simultaneous initiation and observation of the coagulation process for a number of patient-plasma samples and an on-board control sample, small sample and reagent volume requirements, and automatic determination of a number of diagnostically useful variables (including relative fibrinogen content) from the data recorded in a single run. Also, the system is shown to give results that correlate well with those obtained by conventional techniques for determination of prothrombin time."
1149232,"Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer systems can be used to quantify a wide variety of compounds of clinical interest. A quadrupole instrument operated in the chemical ionization (Cl) mode was used in these studies. Because of the sensitivity and specificity of selective ion detection, it is possible to make measurements routinely in the nanogram to picogram range, with 0.1-1.0 ml samples of plasma and 1-5 ml samples or urine. Internal standards, preferably stable-isotope-labeled compounds, were added to the biological samples before isolation was begun. We describe clinical applications of these procedures to problems in toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and perinatal pharmacology."
1149234,"We studied the aliphatic alcohols in 100 urines from 25 patients with diabetes mellitus under treatment with insulin, oral antidiabetic medication, or special diet. The procedure involves adsorption of the low-molecular-weight urinary metabolites on a porous polymer of 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide (Tenax GC), gas-chromatographic separation, mass spectrometric identification, and mass fragmentographic representation of the primary alcohols by a computer. The concentrations of ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, and isopentanol are increased as compared with urine from normal persons."
1149235,"A flow-system cell-analysis instrument is described in which cells from a heterogeneous population are characterized by their light-scatter patterns alone. As the cells pass at high speed through a focused helium/neon laser beam, the scatter pattern from each cell is sampled simultaneously at up to 32 angles between 0 degrees and 30 degrees with respect to the laser beam axis, and the scatter pattern for each cell is transferred to a computer. A mathematical clustering algorithm is used to determine the number of classes into which the cells can be divided, and a linear separation algorithm is used to find the boundaries between the classes. Preliminary results on exfoliated cells from gynecological specimens are presented. This technique may be useful for automated prescreening of gynecological specimens."
1149236,"We describe a sensitive, reproducible procedure of analysis for the six neutral carbohydrates in glycoproteins, by high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography. As many as 16 neutral carbohydrates can be separated by elution with a concentration gradient of boric acid (pH 7, 67 to 672 mmol/liter). The carbohydrates are detected with a cerate oxidimetric detector system, which monitors the fluorescence of Ce3+ produced by the reaction of the eluted constituents with Ce4+. Sensitivity to 1 nmol of fucose is demonstrated. Analytical methods and results are presented for mannose, fucose, and galactose in serum glycoproteins for both normal women and those with metastatic breast cancer. We briefly discuss the possibility of separating and analyzing for the three neutral carbohydrates in serum glycoproteins in 4 h by isocratic (constant eluent concentration) elution from a chromatographic column."
1149237,"We describe a method for comparing plasma samples from healthy subjects and from chronic uremic patients before and after dialysis. It was used to determine the nature of those metabolites that appear to characterize the uremic state. Preliminary fractionation of the metabolites by gel chromatography was followed by removal of the aqueous effluent by lyophilization and preparation of volatile trimethylsilyl derivatives, which were then examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize and identify individual metabolites. Gas-liquid chromatographic patterns of plasma from healthy and uremic subjects differ markedly, more so than do individual plasma samples within the same class of subjects. Concentrations of many metabolites are increased in uremia, but after dialysis of the patient's blood, the concentrations become about the same as those in healthy plasma. We have observed some 150-200 metabolites in each category of plasma. We have tentatively identified about a tenth of the compounds that appear to be specific to or increased in uremia, including lactic acid, glycerol, erythritol, erythronic acid, 2-deoxy erythro pentonic acid, arabinitolarabinonic acid, inositol, and lactose. Some of these are present in concentrations greater than 20 mg/liter and have not been previously reported as occurring in the uremic state."
1149246,"A rapid method for quantitating individual free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma has been developed. An internal standard is added to plasma, the FFA are extracted into an organic solvent, concentrated and injected into a gas chromatograph. For routine estimations, extraction and assay of a single sample takes about 30 min and up to 30 samples can be assayed in a day. Seven FFA (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids), are routinely quantitated. This method can be used to monitor individual FFA levels, to determine the percentage composition of individual FFA in plasma or to investigate metabolic disorders involving fatty acids, for example Refsum's disease."
1149248,A survey was made to determine the linearity and accuracy of ultraviolet and visible wavelength photometers used by laboratories in New York State. Two solutions each of high-purity potassium dichromate and cobalt ammonium sulfate were submitted for photometric performance studies. The majority of the participant spectrophotometer results showed good correlation with reference data. Broad half-band width (greater than 10 nm) photometers showed little deviation from linearity. Coefficients of variation for the models surveyed were 5-10%.
1149249,"Kidney and urinary alkaline phosphatases have been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Kidney extracts have shown individual variations and the patterns obtained with cortex and medulla have been clearly different. There are in urine and kidney extracts, phosphatases which share similar properties with regard to electrophoretic mobility, non-susceptibility to treatment with neuraminidase and inhibition by L-phenylalanine."
1149250,"A method is described for the determination of the percentage of liver alkaline phosphatase in serum samples in which measurements of residual activity are made after incubating the samples for 15 and 25 min at 56 degrees C. This method has the advantage of taking into account quantitative variations in the heat stability characteristics of liver alkaline phosphatase from one sample to another, in contrast to methods in which only a single period of exposure to 56 degrees C is employed."
1149252,"Some catecholamine metabolites and related compounds have been identified in amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy, including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcetic acid, p-hydroxypheny lacetic acid, p-hydroxphenyllactic acid and N-benzoylglycine (hippuric acid). Analysis was by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two of these compounds were determined quantitatively, free 4-hydroxy-3-methoxphenylglycol and p-hydroxyphenllactic acid: the concentration of the former increased with advancing pregnancy and that of the latter tended to decrease. Conjugated 4-hydoxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol could not be determined with accuracy as appreciable amounts of the unconjugated compound were found in the snail extract used for enzymatic hydrolysis. Assay of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol in amniotic fluid is likely to be of diagnostic importance in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital neuroblastoma. Although 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol, 3, 4-dihydroxymandelic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were specifically looked for in amniotic fluid, they could not be detected."
1149253,"The existence of a parietal elastase and its physiological role in the pathology of the arterial wall remain unknown: it is probably difficult to demonstrate its specific activity because of existing tissular inhibitors, homologus to seric inhibitors. The change of seric inhibitor power when elastase is injected to animals with or without a cholesterol diet is discussed. Moreover, an aortic inhibiting power against elastase is shown. Our results emphasize some new aspects of elastase in its role in arterial wall pathology."
1149254,A new radioimmunological system for demonstrating the antibody to hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBS-Ag) based on the immunoadsorption principle is described. The optimal conditions for the test are given. False-negative and false-positive results could be excluded by specificity tests on sera from 100 voluntary blood donors. The sensitivity of the system is comparable to that of other more expensive radioimmunological methods.
1149255,"The relative influence of some endogenous corticosteroids and of synthetic prednisolone on competitive protein-binding radioassay was compared with that of cortisol, using as a source of transcortin pooled plasmas from various species and at different dilutions. Human (different clinical situations), cow, dog, sheep, hog, rabbit and chicken plasma were examined. The ability of corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol and prednisolone to displace [1,2-3-H] cortisol from corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) was measured: (1) by assessing the amounts (ng/tube) which produce a displacement equal to 10 ng/tube of cortisol, and (2) by calculating the integrated areas of displacement defined by the binding curves and by expressing them as a percentage of the cortisol curve area. While corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and prednisolone have a binding potency not very different from that of cortisol in almost the entire set of competitive protein-binding assays tested, the binding ability of cortisone was found to be particularly dependent upon the species of diluted plasma. Differences in the relative specificity of binding are apparent also within the human species, depending on the source of diluted plasma, whereas the concentration of endogenous steroids does not seem to significantly affect binding curves under the conditions examined. It is suggested that binding proteins in various conditions differ from those of healthy adults not only quantitatively but also qualitatively."
1149257,"A simple semi-automated procedure for assay of catecholamines in plasma and urine is described. Each step is examined and the end product is the culmination of these investigations. Use is made of batch alumina adsorption and elution, after comparison with column methods had shown no real advantage. Urine estimations included a preliminary ion-exchange column step. The estimation is such that 40 to 50 specimens of plasma or 60 to 70 specimens of urine can be assayed in a day by a trained laboratory technician. The method is both specific and reproducible, and the sensitivity is increased over previously reported methods. Interference by other catecholamines and compounds is examined and discussed, as are alternative stabilising agents and reactions for the rearrangement and stabilisation of the fluorescent compounds in strong alkali."
1149258,"A radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I has been applied to the measurement of plasma renin activity. Angiotensin I was generated in plasma samples by 3 h incubation at 37 degrees C and pH 5.6 after addition of EDTA and Dowex. The generated amount of angiotensin I was measured by radioimmunoassay in the eluate of the Dowex column. With this method a negligible amount of angiotensin I was measured after incubation at 4 degrees C (0.8 ng/ml per 3 h). Eluate of blank plasma had no measurable effect on the standard curve. The mean recovery of angiotensin I was 87%. The limit of detection of the assay was 0.5 ng/ml per 3 h. The results obtained using different antisera were equal. A marked variation was found in immunological properties of different standard preparations of angiotensin I tested. The mean value of angiotensin I generation per Goldblatt Unit (G.U.) renin was 3.9 with 10-4 ng/h. In normotensive control subjects, the plasma renin concentration, whileon unrestricted diet and after 3 h of ambulation, was on average 0.39 with 10-minus 4 G.U./ml, range 0.12 with 10-minus 4-0.91 with 10-minus 4. With the use of the same plasma extracts for radioimmunoassay and bioassay, a perfect correlation was found between the plasma renin activities measured with both assays. The differences found between the results of both assays could be fully explained by the different biological activities of the standards used (Angiotensin I, Schwarz Mann, and Angiotensin II, Ciba-Geigy). With a direct radioimmunoassay, angiotensin I was generated in plasma by 3 h incubation at 37 degrees C and pH 5.6 after addition of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (dimercaprol). The generated amount of angiotensin I was measured by the above mentioned radioimmunoassay. A fairish correlation was found between the generated amounts of angiotensin I measured in the Dowex eluate and those found in the incubated plasma. Especially in the lowest range, lower values were obtained by the latter assay. However, the generated amounts of angiotensin I measured in non-incubated plasma samples (3 h at 4 degrees C) was on average 6.4 ng/ml per 3 h and accounted for 748% of the amounts found after incubation at 37 degrees C."
1149259,"The distribution of calcium, copper, magnesium and zinc in five anatomical regions of both hemispheres of the human brain were investigated. No asymmetry was observed with the exception of the distribution of copper in the white matter. The concentrations of these elements in the substantia nigra from both sides of the midbrain were also measured."
1149260,Phenylpyruvic acid is converted at least partially to phenylacetic acid during the normal extraction procedure used to obtain urinary organic acid profiles of phenylketonuric children by gas chromatography. This decarboxylation reaction can be reduced or completely eliminated by forming oxime derivatives prior to extraction.
1149265,"Significant elevations of plasma triglyceride and free fatty acids levels were shown in 107 gouty patients, but no significant difference was found in plasma cholesterol and phospholipid levels as compared with control subjects. A positive correlation was found between plasma triglyceride and free fatty acids levels (r = 0.249, P less than 0.05) in gouty patients. The heavy drinkers with gout (15.9% of the patients) had significantly higher plasma triglyceride, free fatty acids and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels than the moderate or non-drinking gouty subjects. These results suggested that excessive intake of alcohol may play an important role in inducing hyperlipidaemia in gout."
1149266,"The effect of oral calcium (2 g/day) was studied in four normolipidemic subjects. Calcium caused a significant lowering of plasma cholesterol and a considerable fall in the glycine-/taurine-conjugated bile acid ratio in the intestinal aspirate of one subject, while fecal bile acid excretion rose appreciably in another during treatment. These parameters showed no consistent trend in the other three subjects. None of the subjects showed any significant change in plasma triglycerides and serum calcium and phosphorus during treatment. One subject showed a consistent decrease in every parameter studied throughout the experiment, a trend which was probably due to a concomitant loss in body weight."
1149267,"Glycine conjugates of aliphatic carboxylic acids of clinical interest, and a series of structurally related compounds, were synthesized. The gas chromatographic elution behavior of trimethylsilyl derivatives of these N-acylglycines was examined on columns of 5% OV-1. A single peak for each compound was observed on the chromatograms after derivatization with a reagent containing N,9-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide in pyridine (1 : 1, v/v) for 20 min at 60 degrees C. The methylene unit values of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of these N-acylglycines are reported."
1149268,"Methods for plasma fibrinogen based on thrombin time are technically simple, rapid, and sensitive, although ""false low"" results may occur due to heparin interference. The present modification incorporates Polybrene into buffer to eliminate this heparin interference. The proposed method shown excellent agreement with a reference procedure based on clottable protein, and excellent day-to-day precision (C.V.3.5%). The present method is easily adaptable to semi-automated measurements."
1149269,"Palmitic acid concentrations and L/S ratios have been estimated in amniotic fluid specimens with and without centrifugation and cold acetone precipitation. Although the number of cases was small, both of these measurements in uncentrifuged fluid seemed to reflect only indirectly on lung maturation in normal pregnancy while with centrifuged fluid the L/S value predicted RDS in one infant more reliably than palmitic acid concentration."
1149270,"Fasting serum samples from 53 patients with an acute myocardial infarction were investigated for their vitamin C content during the first week of their illness. The vitamin C levels found were generally within the accepted normal limits. However, there were highly significant lower levels on the second to the fifth post-infarction days, as compared with those found on days six to eight."
1149271,"A procedure for the recovery of toluene, and the fluors 2,5-diphenyloxazole, and 1,4-bis-2-(5 phenyloxazolyl)-benzene from used scintillation fluid is described. Toluene is recovered by distillation, and the accumulated residue containing the fluors is dried, and subjected to vacuum distillation and recrystallization. The recovery of the two fluors is 75 and 70%, respectively. The method is relatively simple and could be used in many endocrine laboratories for economy and to reduce volumes of radioactive waste."
1149279,"1. A procedure for the purification of factor V from bovine plasma with a good yield and in a high state of purity is described. The isolation procedure involves BaSO4, adsorption, chromatography of the absorbed plasma on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, activation with thrombin of the A-50 eluate, chromatography on Amberlite CG-50 and precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. Factor V is obtained with a 160% yield and 5000-fold purification. 2. Some of the physico-chemical properties of Ac-globulin have been measured. The molecular weight was determined by electrophoresis is SDS-polyacrylamide gel and found to be 30 000. The studies employing disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis suggest the existence of several active isoforms of factor V."
1149281,"Glycylprolyl beta-naphthylamidase activities in sera from 40 normal subjects (18-81 years) were: 22.6 +/- 0.9 (S.E.) (11.8-38.2) I.U./1 serum at 37 degrees C. The enzyme activities did not differ significantly with age between the younger group under 40-years-old and the older group over 40-years-old. Males, especially under 40-years-old, had slight but significantly higher activities than females. The levels were decreased in patients with gastric cancer. The levels were elevated in patients with hepatobiliary diseases, and had significant correlations with the results of the serum tests in hepatic diseases such as glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, but had no correlation with serum lactate dehydrogenase. In cellulose acetate electrophoresis, normal sera had a single peak at the beta-globulin region, but the sera in hepatitis or liver cirrhosis showed not only an increase in the normal peak at the beta-globulin region but also the appearance of the other one or two new peaks in the alpha1 and alpha2-globulin regions."
1149282,"The effects of feeding Mo at concentrations of 17 mug/g to sheep and 100 mug/g to guinea pigs in the presence of adequate dietary Cu, on the distribution of Cu within plasma have been studied. The creation of a fraction of plasma Cu which is insoluble in trichloroacetic acid has been confirmed and it has been shown that this fraction also contains Mo. Complete removal of Cu and Mo from this protein cannot be achieved under acid conditions without at least partial hydrolysis of the protein. The estimated atomic ratio of Cu:Mo in the fraction was 1.7. It is suggested that the formation of such a stable Cu-Mo-protein compound may explain the observed low tissue uptake of Cu in the presence of high plasma total and ""direct-reacting"" Cu concentrations."
1149283,"Venous stasis augments the apparent concentrations of serum proteins. A theoretical mathematical model for the correction of serum protein-bound constituents is propounded and an easy procedure for such corrections described. It is suggested that the effect of venous stasis can also be utilized for in vivo estimation of the average protein binding. The hypotheses were tested in 19 epileptic patients. The results obtained by serum determinations of sodium, magnesium, calcium and phenytoin indicate the validity of the theories."
1149286,"We report studies designed to establish optimal conditions for the assay of amniotic cell galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase (Gal-PUT) for early prenatal diagnosis of galactosaemia. Methods based on linkage of the reaction to cause of non-specific reactions occurring even in the absence of Gal-1-P. In the final method, sonicates of confluent cultures are incubated with (14-C) Gal-1-P is degraded by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Gal-PUT specific activities of both control and galactosaemic amniotic cells are higher in non-confluent that confluent cultures."
1149287,"An attempt has been made to establish the origin of the elevated serum creatine kinase which occurs in most patients with myxoedema. Parallel determinations of a number of other serum enzymes were made but the incidence of elevated values was appreciably less than in the case of creatine kinase. Rather surprisingly, the serum amylase activity was found to be increased in more than 50% of the patients studied. Creatine kinase isoenzymes were separated by starch-gel electrophoresis of the sera of 26 patients with myxoedema. In 25 the MM isoenzyme only could be identified while the remaining serum also contained a trace of the MB fraction. Similar isoenzyme studies were made with the sera of normal and thyroidectomized rats, all of which are shown to contain all three isoenzymes. (MM, MB and BB) irrespective of thyroid functional status. No consistent difference was apparent between the patterns exhibited by the thyroidectomized and control groups, and it was concluded that thyroidectomized rats cannot be regarded as a suitable experimental model for the study of this aspect of human hypothyroidism. It is suggested that enzyme release in myxoedema is a non-specific effect, possibly die to diminution in the ATP content of tissues generally. The greater incidence of creatine kinase elevation is probably due to the relatively high concentrations of this enzyme in skeletal muscle, the mass of which is much greater than that of any other tissue."
1149288,"Normal subjects were given, on separate occasions, equivalent amounts of glucose, surcrose (""""sugar''), and carbohydrates in the form of bread and starch. Neither the glucose, nor the insulin values showed any significant difference in these persons after they had been loaded with the various carbohydrates. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that neither the insulin demand nor the secretion rate of insulin are influenced by the type of carbohydrate given. The rate-limiting step, therefore, is the rate of uptake through the intestinal wall, rather than the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate."
1149289,"Six commercially available kits for radioimmunoassay of digoxin were compared. When serum from patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance digoxin therapy was analysed, important discrepancies in the results obtained with the 6 kits were found in some of these patients. However, recovery of digoxin added to serum of a healthy volunteer, was within acceptable limits and comparable for the 6 kits. In patients with renal failure not taking digoxin but several other medications, digoxin estimations gave results close to zero. The affinity of the antibodies for some metabolites of digoxin was also assessed: important differences between the kits were found."
1149290,"An assessment of the Gilford Automatic Enzyme Analyser was conducted over a period of one year. The optics of the instrument were satisfactory with regard to accuracy of wavelength selection and linearity of absorbance response. Excellent precision was obtained for both absorbance readings and operation of the dispenser pump. Carry-over within the microflow-cell was low. The method of operation recommended by the manufacturers for enzyme determinations failed to take account of endogenous blank reactions which could lead to significant error. When revised methods utilising a pre-incubation stage and initiation with a single substrate were employed, the results correlated well with those obtained with standard automatic (LKB 8600) and manual (Pye Unicam SP 800) kinetic systems for aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and the precision at all activity levels was satisfactory. Acceptable precision could not be obtained over the clinical range for enzyme assays requiring a blank determination on each sample (5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase) and those with very low normal serum activities (isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase). These limitations appeared to be due to relative insensitivity of the transducer response and liability to optical disturbance. This apart, the instrument has many advantages over alternative equipment."
1149291,"Protoporphyrin causes a photodynamic damage of the red blood cell membrane. After illumination of red blood cells in the presence of protoporphyrin three effects can be observed: 1. Red blood cell membranes show particle aggregation on the outer and inner fracture face, as seen in freeze-etch electron microscopy. 2. Electrophorograms of membrane proteins show an increasing protein association, not disrupted by sodium dodecyl sulfate. 3. The immunological response of A+ red cells to anti A serum is progressively retarded. It seems likely that these effects are interrelated consquences of the protoporphyrin-induced photodynamic membrane damage."
1149292,"Increased plasma and urine levels of pyroglutamic acid were found in 4 patients being fed the low-lactose food Nutramigen. Pyroglutamic acid was detected and estimated by a variety of methods, and the merits of the techniques used and their application in a screening programme are discussed."
1149293,Phenytoin and magnesium levels were measured in eighty epileptics and seventy-one control subjects in an investigation into possible effects of phenytoin on serum magnesium levels. Phenytoin levels were measured using GLC and magnesium levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The study showed no significant effect of phenytoin on serum mangesium concentration.
1149294,"A simple gas chromatographic method for the measurement of low molecular weight urinary monoamines has been developed without use of a prior isolation procedure. The primary and secondary monamines in urine were directly converted into their 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives with 2,4-dinitrobenzensulfonate in aqueous alkaline solution, which after extraction with benzene and concentration, were submitted to gas chromatography. The application of this method to the determination of methylamine and dimethylamine in urine from normal subjects and hepatic patients is described."
1149295,"A method is described for determination of oxalate in urine. Prior to the determination the oxalate is first precipitated from the urine as calcium oxalate. Correction for incomplete precipitation can be made by applying one simple correction formula. The extent of this correction has been established by determination of the recovery of added [14-C] oxalate. The determination of the precipitated oxalate was carried out by an automated version of the colorimetric reaction of oxalate with uranium and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol as originally described by Neas, R.E. and Guyon, J.C. in 1972 (Anal. Chem. 44, 799-805)."
1149296,"The effect of age, sex, birth weight and area of birth on blood phenylalanine has been studied in a group of 41 795 infants. The mean phenylalanine level in low birth weight infants was higher than in those of normal birth weight from six to over 43 days of age. There was a trend of increasing blood phenylalanine with age in both birth weight groups. No  consistent difference was observed between the sexes. In several of the age and birth weight groups, infants living in urban areas had significantly higher blood phenylalanine levels than those in rural areas."
1149298,A rapid and convenient column radioassay for the quantification of vitamin B-12 in clinical specimens has been developed. A mixture of the specimen and radiolabeled B-12 was applied to a column containing immobilized intrinsic factor and allowed to incubate for two hours. A buffer wash then separated bound and free B-12. The average intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation over the range of interest was about 30 pg/ml in the sample and recovery and parallelism studies gave satisfactory results. The values obtained for clinical specimens by the column procedure correlated well with those obtained by reference method.
1149299,"The polyamines, spermidine and spermine, have been measured in whole blood extracts from control volunteers, patients with cystic fibrosis, and obligate cystic fibrosis heterozygotes. Male homo- and heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis exhibit a consistent and significant decrease in blood spermine resulting in an elevated spermidine/spermine ratio when compared to control males. In contrast, control females exhibited reduced spermidine and spermine levels as compared to control males. Blood from female cystic fibrosis homo- and heterozygotes showed similar results. The sex difference is probably due to fluctiations of blood polyamines during the menstrual cycle. Abnormal polyamine levels are the first observation of an alteration of a low molecular weight metabolite characteristic of both male homo- and heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis."
1149301,"The concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol as measured by a double isotope derivative method in fluid from Graafian follicles at different phases of the menstrual cycle were compared to the corresponding concentrations in ovarian and peripheral venous plasma collected simultaneously. In follicular fluid the concentration of oestradiol was much greater than that of oestrone. The concentrations of oestrogens were similar in fluid collected from small follicles at all phases of the cycle. The concentration of oestradiol in large follicles (greater than 1 cm diameter) was much higher in the mid-late follicular phase of the cycle (mean = 5390 plus or minus 1330 nmol/l) than in large or small follicles at other phases of the cycle. In the mid-late follicular phase of the cycle large follicles were invariably associated with high concentrations of oestradiol in venous plasma draining the corresponding ovary (mean 49 plus or minus 12 nmol/l). The mean ratio of oestradiol/oestrone in fluid from large follicles in which the concentration of oestradiol was greater than 1400 nmol/l (18.0 plus or minus 1.0, n = 10) was significantly higher than the ratio in corresponding samples of ovarian venous plasma (10.7 plus or minus 1.4, n = 11). These findings suggest that when the concentration of oestradiol in a Graafian follicle exceeds 3500 nmol/l it is likely to be functionally active."
1149302,"The oestrogen feedback and gonadotrophin release in ten amenorrhoeic women were investigated, using intramuscular injection of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate. Serial estimations of serum oestradiol and gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) were made over a period of 72 h following the injection. Five patients demonstrated positive feedback release of LH to the oestrogen stimulus with elevated levels of LH significantly above baseline (P less than 0.001), which occurred between 48 and 72 h after the injection. Two of the five patients also demonstrated elevated FSH levels accompanying these LH peaks, The hypothalamic-pituitary axis was postulated to be intact in these five patients, and all ovulated on clomiphene. None of the remaining five subjects showed any increase in serum gonadotrophin levels in response to oestradiol and none ovulated on clomiphene when given a dose of up to 200 mg daily x5 days. This 'oestrogen provocation test"" seems to be a useful means of evaluating the functional capacity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis for gonadotrophin release and has proved useful in predicting responsiveness to clomiphene in amenorrhoeic women."
1149303,"Apomorphine hydrochloride (0.75 mg s.c.) has been compared with L-dopa (500 mg p.o.) in their effects on growth hormone secretion in a double blind cross-over study involving nine healthy men. Apomorphine increased serum GH levels above 10 ng/ml in all nine subjects 30-60 min after injection. In contrast, only six of these subjects showed a similar elevation with L-DOPA and in only three had the level increased above 6 ng/ml by 60 min. One subject failed to respond to L-dopa and in two others the peak was less than 6 ng/ml. GH levels were significantly higher at 30, 45 and 60 min following apomorphine than following L-dopa. Apomorphine-induced GH release was not related to changes in serum cortisol or blood sugar. Benztropine mesylate (1 mg i.m.) had no effect on apomorphine-induced GH release. These results suggest: (a) apomorphine may have advantages over L-dopa as a provocative agent to assess GH secretory capacity; (b) a dopaminergic mechanism subserves GH secretion; (c) cholinergic mechanisms do not antagonize dopaminergic-related GH release."
1149304,Seventeen patients with solitary autonomous nodules of the thyroid were studied. Eight had clinical features of hyperthyroidism though in some the clinical manifestations were mild. The serum T3 concentration was elevated in all patients with hyperthyroidism but the serum T4 and free thyroxine index were within the normal range in five. All patients with hyperthyroidism subsequently responded to treatment. These findings suggest a high incidence of preferential T3 hypersecretion in hyperthyoidism associated with solitary autonomous thyroid nodule. A further nine patients with single autonomous nodules were clinically euthyroid with normal serum T3 and T4 concentrations and remained euthyroid from 6 to 24 months on serial review.
1149305,A patient with an intrathoracic fibrosarcoma in whom disabling hypoglycaemic episodes occurred is reported. No further hypoglycaemic episodes occurred following removal of the tumour. The mechanism of the hypoglycaemia associated with non-pancreatic tumours is discussed. It seems that inadequate hepatic glucose output was an important factor in contributing to the hypoglycaemia in this patient.
1149306,"LH and FSH were assayed in serum samples from children ranging from newborn to 13 years. In boys, LH was found in most samples up to 4 months of age, in many up to 10 months, but in only 38 percent between 1 and 8 years. In girls, it was found in only 29 percent of the samples under 1 year and the frequency and concentration changed little thereafter until 8-10 years. FSH was detected in all samples from boys up to 4 months and in most of those from girls up to 2 years. After these ages the frequency declined in each sex and there was little further change until 8-10 years. Between 1 and 8 years the proportion of samples containing either FSH or LH was similar for the two sexes, but whereas in boys high LH tended to be associated with high FSH, and vice versa, there was no such correlation in girls. The results are discussed in relation to gonadal development and steroid synthesis."
1149307,"Two cases of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are described, together with the autopsy findings. In both cases, the typical appearance and visceral malformations were present. Hypoplasia of the frontal lobes and corpus callosum, and aplasia of the splenium constitute abnormalities of the brain which may be useful in the diagnosis of this disorder at autopsy. The autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of this syndrome was confirmed."
1149309,Six cases of chromosomal mosaicism detected in amniotic fluid cultures are described. In five of these there was no evidence of fetal mosaicism. In one case fetal mosaicism was demonstrated but only by the study of fibroblasts since blood cultures showed only normal cells. The implications of amniotic fluid mosaicism are discussed and it is concluded that this usually does not indicate fetal mosaicism. The value of repeated amniocentesis in the diagnosis of fetal mosaicism was demonstrated by findings in three of the cases. It is recommended that amniotic fluid cultures be harvested in situ for chromosome studies and that cytogenetic results be expressed as number of colonies karyotyped rather than as number of cells analyzed.
1149308,"Two new cases of phenotypic males with 46,XX karyotype are presented. Fluorescence, autoradiographic and centromeric heterochromatin studies in several lines, including testicular cells, failed to demonstrate the existence of the Y chromosome or the existence of distal Yq material translocated to another chromosome in the two patients. The Xg study in one of the patients and his family provided direct evidence of transmission of an X chromosome from father to son. We present indirect evidence favoring the mutation theory to explain the XX male phenotype."
1149310,"During an investigation of cousin marriages in Iceland, five brothers and sisters were found to be homozygous for the ""silent"" allele of plasma cholinesterase. Clinical information on two family members is presented and discussed, and the possibility of the presence of a ""nearly silent"" plasma esterase allele, in one of the family units investigated, is suggested."
1149316,"A patient with the clinical stigmata of gonadal dysgenesis is presented. Cytogenetic investigations revealed two distinct structural chromosome rearrangements. One of these, an isochromosome for the long arm of the X, proved to be a dicentric element following C-banding. The second abnormality, an inherited familial marker, was a pericentric inversion of No. 2 [(inv 2) (p15q21)]."
1149311,"A brief overview of the clinicopathologic findings in the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger (ZS) is presented. In order to understand more clearly the many diverse features of the ZS condition, a guideline is suggested for evaluation of a ZS infant in terms of physical features, family history, clinical pathophysiologic parameters, biopsy specimens, and postmortem procedures. The references provide rationale pertinent to the subject of discussion and/or furnish comments upon technical aspects for performance of analytical procedures."
1149317,A micromethod enabling the making of chromosome preparations from fibroblasts and amniotic cells cultured on surface-treated Microtest II plates is presented. Preparations from each well contain sufficient metaphases to perform a reliable diagnosis. The potential for the use of this method in early prenatal diagnosis is discussed.
1149312,The recently described thin ribs seen in a neonate suffering from myotonic dystrophy represents a valuable sign for early detection of this condition. Thin ribs were found on chest radiographs of two siblings a short time after birth. This led in retrospect to the diagnosis of neonatal myotonic dystrophy. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and electromyographic data of myotonic dystrophy in the mother who was not previously known to have the disease. Both children died at the age of 2 days from respiratory distress. All children of affected mothers should have a chest radiograph soon after birth in order to help in diagnosis and to establish the frequency of this sign.
1149318,"Three cases of cleidocranial dysostosis from two unrelated consanguineous families are reported. The family setting, the distribution of the affected members, plus the severity of involvement suggest that there is also an autosomal recessive form of this disorder."
1149313,"In the search for a simple screening test for prenatal diagnosis of amino acid metabolic disorders, we compared the free amino acid contents in the extract of cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals with that from patients with 10 metabolic disorders: maple-syrup urine disease; homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency; homocystinuria due to N5, 10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency; citrullinemia; argininosuccinic acidemia: propionic acidemia; hyperprolinemia Type II; non-ketotic hyperglycinemia; hydroxyprolinemia; and hyperonithinemia. An accumulation of abnormal metabolites was not found in any of the disorders except argininosuccinic aciduria. Argininosuccinic acid anhydrides were detected in cell extracts from all four patients only after the extract was boiled at acid pH for 2 1/2 h. Thus, it is concluded that the measurement of free amino acids in extracts from cultured fibroblasts is not a useful screening technique in the diagnosis of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism."
1149319,"A large kindred is reported in which 21 members are balanced t(14q22q) carriers. The components of the translocation were identified by autoradiography and G-banding. With the exception of the index case, who was retarded, all of the carriers were phenotypically normal. The segregation pattern of the translocation chromosome was determined in two complete generations. All eight of the progeny in one generation were balanced carriers, and the carrier father of this generation may have been homozygous for the t(14q22q) chromosome. Segregation in the next generation was closer to the expected 1:1 ratio of carrier to non-carrier, the ratio being 11:13."
1149320,"436 index patients with major congenital urinary tract malformations, 385 with upper and 51 with lower urinary tract anomalies, were studied. A significant male sex predominance was noted in each group. No apparent correlation was found between parental age, birth order, birth weight and incidence of these malformations. The association with abnormalities outside the urinary tract was more frequent in the upper urinary tract group. In this group, the mean consanguinity index was 283-10(-5) and, among those patients where a family study was made, 16.6% had positive family histories. The incidence of urinary tract malformations was 4.0% for the first degree relatives, and 1.1% for second degree relatives (grandparents only). In this group, the concordance rate was 50% in four monozygotic, and 0% (nil) in three dizygotic, twin pairs. The findings, in agreement with studies of other congenital malformations, suggest at least in part, a multifactorial etiology, particularly in the case of upper urinary tract malformations, depending upon genetic predisposition and environmental factors."
1149314,"An ataxia-hypogonadism syndrome is reported in at least four of 15 family members (two brothers and two sisters). Consanguinity could be proven by genealogical studies; parents were second cousins. The onset of cerebellar ataxia in three sibs was at about 12-20 years, in the proposita at 33-38 years; progression was very slow. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was reflected in failure of maturation of secondary sexual characteristics, eunuchoidism, absence of libido and infertility. The concurrence of hereditary ataxia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is discussed and explained as pleiotropic effects caused by the homozygous state of a rare autosomal recessive gene. A review of the literature suggests that this is a previously undescribed disorder."
1149321,"Metacarpal cortical thickness has been measured in a sample of 47,XXY men and two control samples of 46,XY men and 46,XX women in the age range 20-70. The results suggest that in this age range cortical thickness in 47,XXY men is more similar to that of normal women than normal men."
1149322,"Two brothers, the only children of healthy, unrelated parents with normal karyotypes, had 47,XXY-Klinefelter's syndrome and bilateral testicular teratomas. The oldest XXY-boy had, in addition, congenital hydrocephalus caused by congenital stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius."
1149323,"A new congenital ichthyotic syndrome inherited as an autosomal recessive is described in three propositi of an Iranian family. The main clinical features are non-bullous congenital ichthyosis, mental retardation, dwarfism, and renal impairment. The nephropathy which previously has not been associated with congenital ichthyosis was manifested by raised blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, and a reduced creatinine clearance. The clinical and genetic features of this syndrome are discussed in relationship to the other congenital ichthyotic syndromes."
1149324,"Family data from 6,559 diabetic propositi were analyzed using the method of complex segregation analysis in an attempt to discriminate the two models of two-allele single-locus inheritance and multifactorial inheritance for early, middle, and late onset diabetes. The three parameters in the single locus model were: degree of dominance, penetrance, and proportion of phenocopies. In early onset diabetes, the heritability estimated from the multifactorial model was so high as to inidcate major gene action. In middle and late onset diabetes, best fitting single-locus models were found to explain the data as well as the multifactorial model."
1149325,"Family studies have been done to determine if the phenotypes described for the cystic fibrosis (CF) cultured cell reliably detected the CF gene. Two culture phenotypes were studied in culture derived from consecutive generations in four CF families: (1) cystic fibrosis factor (CFF) in the medium of short-term white blood cell cultures assayed by a modified oyster ciliary test and (2) the three characteristics of cultured skin fibroblasts (metachromasia without alcianophilia at 0.3 M MgCl2, CFF in the culture medium and metabolic cooperation with normal fibroblasts). As CF is an autosomal recessive disorder, the family offered a test unit for determining the specificity of these cell phenotypes for the CF gene. On the basis of detecting the CF culture phenotypes in the homozygote and obligatory heterozygotes, the parents, and their segregation in consecutive generations, detection of the CF gene was not possible in the white blood cell cultures, but was possible in the skin fibroblast cultures."
1149326,"1. Fifteen, previously untreated, hypertensive patients were given 20 mg of pindolol, orally. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell significantly in 1 h; the effect was maximal 4 h after pindolol, and persisted for at least 8 h. 2. After oral administration of 20 mg of pindolol, its concentration in the plasma reached a peak in 2-3 h. At the end of 8 h, pindolol was not detectable in the plasma. 3. There was a significant relationship between the peak concentration of pindolol in plasma and the maximal change in blood pressure in fifteen previously untreated hypertensive patients. In a separate study of nine-nine hypertensive outpatients taking 15-80 mg of pindolol daily, the blood pressure responses corresponded generally to the concentration of pindolol in plasma 2-3 h after the morning dose. 4. There were no significant changes in plasma renin activity, plasma renin concentration or plasma noradrenaline concentration in the previously untreated patients taking 20 mg of pindolol. There was no relationship between initial plasma renin or noradrenaline levels and blood pressure responses to pindolol. Nor was there any significant relationship between the changes in plasma renin or noradrenaline levels and the changes in blood pressure."
1149327,"1. The effects of infusions of frusemide at low (0.05-0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1) and high (0.5-2.0 mg.kg-1.min-1) rates were studied on renin secretion and urinary outputs of sodium and potassium in anaesthetized dogs in which one kidney was removed and the remaining kidney was either innervated or denervated. 2. When the kidney was innervated, low rates of infusion of frusemide did not significantly affect renin secretion if urinary volume and sodium losses were replaced. Without replacement of urinary losses, renin secretion increased at sodium deficits of 0.7-0.9 mmol.kg-1 in the presence of elevated rates of sodium and potassium excretion. 3. High rates of infusion of frusemide caused an immediate increase in renin secretion from innervated kidneys which was not related to urinary losses. 4. Denervation of the kidney increased the urinary outputs of sodium and potassium while it decreased the rate of renin secretion to one-tenth of the resting value. 5. Denervation of the kidney abolished the renin-releasing action of frusemide at both low and high infusion rates even when the sodium deficit amounted to 4.3 mmol.kg-1. 6. Constriction of the aorta producing a fall of 10-30 mmHg in perfusion pressure raised the rate of renin secretion from denervated kidneys to control levels and partially restored the renin-releasing action of frusemide at high infusion rates. 7. The findings indicate that frusemide has a site of action apart from the macula densa in mediating renin release."
1149328,"1. Respiratory and circulatory functions of minimally clad human subjects were studied before and during acute exposure to ambient temperatures of 4.5-6.5 degrees C. 2. After 1 h of cold exposure, subjects showed increases of ventilation, O2 UPTAKE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT. Rectal temperatures fell. 3. During exercise in the cold conditions, oxygen uptake and cardiac output were greater than during the same exercise at normal temperature. 4. The increased cardiac output during cold exposure was achieved by an increase of stroke volume rather than heart rate; this finding is in contrast to changes during bicycle exercise and isometric exercise at normal ambient temperatures. 5. We conclude that the cardiorespiratory effects of cold exposure are not superseded by the response to moderate exercise. The difference between heart rate and stroke volume at increased levels of cardiac output during exercise at normal temperatures and during rest and exercise in cold conditions may be explained by changes of arterial baroreceptor input and of blood catecholamine levels."
1149329,"1. Isolated rat hearts accumulated 102 pmol/g wet wt/min of isoprenaline when perfused for 5 min with 0-6 muM (+/-)-3H-isoprenaline. 2. The 3-methoxy derivative of isoprenaline ('methoxy isoprenaline') (10 muM) significantly inhibited this uptake by 57%, metanephrine (10 muM) by 29% and normetanephrine (10 muM) by 21%. 3. (+/-)-Isoprenaline (0-6 muM) infused into isolated perfused rat hearts for 5 min activated glycogen phosphorylase 2-4-fold. Normetanephrine (10 muM) or metanephrine (10 muM included in the perfusate significantly potentiated this activation, but 3-0-methyl isoprenaline (10 muM significantly reduced it. However, 3-0-methyl isoprenaline potentiated the ability of 4-8 muM isoprenaline to stimulate phosphorylase. 4. Neither metanephrine (10 muM) nor normetanephrine (10 muM) altered peak inotropic responses to injections of (+/-)-isoprenaline into the solution perfusing isolated rat hearts. 3-0-methyl isoprenaline (10 muM) shifted the isoprenaline dose-response curve to the right, but did not affect the inotropic responses to CaCl2, confirming that 3-0-methyl isoprenaline possess beta-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. 5. Inotropic responses to isoprenaline were significantly prolonged by both 3-0-methyl isoprenaline and normetanephrine (10 muM). 6. These results indicate that blockade of extraneuronal accumulation of catecholamines causes potentiation of both metabolic and mechanical beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses of the heart to isoprenaline. It is suggested that Uptake2 and the cardiac beta-adrenoceptor are separate entities, and that the beta-adrenoceptor is localized in the sarcolemma. The physiological function of Uptake2 may be to help clear the sympathetic synaptic gap of liberated neurotransmitter."
1149330,"1. Electrolytic lesions were made in various brain regions of the rat, and the effects of these lesions on nociceptive threshold and the antinociceptive actions of morphine were tested using a shock titration technique. 2. Lesions in the medial thalamus, the periaqueductal grey area, or the caudate nucleus, had no effect on the nociceptive threshold; whereas, lesions in the posterior hypothalamus resulted in a small but statistically significant increase in this threshold. 3. Morphine administered intraperitoneally to rats having histologically verified lesions in the posterior hypothalamus, the caudate nucleus or the periaqueductal grey area resulted in a 15-30% increase in the nociceptive threshold. This increase was similar to that observed in unoperated control rats. On the other hand, injections of morphine into animals having greater than 50% of the medial thalamus destroyed produced a highly significant increase of 95% in the threshold. This potentiation of the antinociceptive action of morphine was not observed in rats having less than 50% destruction of the medial thalamus."
1149331,"1. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) and blood pressure were studied sequentially, 24 h to 42 days post-operatively, in rats subjected to unilateral renal artery constriction without contralateral nephrectomy. 2. The PRC of rats failing to develop hypertension remained normal, whereas the mean PRC of twenty-two rats that became hypertensive was five times normal on day 14 of the study when the hypertension was becoming established. 3. In eleven of the twenty-two rats that became hypertensive, PRC did not exceed the upper limit of normal. In the remaining hypertensive rats, the increase in PRC was not always temporally related to the increase in blood pressure. A significant correlation between PRC and blood pressure did not emerge until day 35 of the study. 4. Despite these anomalies, linear regression analysis of 169 pairs of PRC and blood pressure measurements during the 42 day period of development of hypertension in twenty-two rats revealed a highly significant correlation between log PRC and blood pressure (P smaller than 0.001). 5. It is concluded that factors other than the plasma concentration of renin are involved in the early stages of development of hypertension induced by renal artery constriction. Nevertheless, PRC and blood pressure are intricately related."
1149332,"1. The cardiovascular effects of prazosin, a new antihypertensive drug, were studied in normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats. 2. Prazosin, infused intra-arterially, lowered vascular resistance in the blood-perfused rat hind limb. This effect was dependent on the presence of intact sympathetic innervation to the limb; no direct vasodilatation was demonstrated. In this preparation prazosin infusion reduced vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline. 3. In the saline-perfused rat mesenteric artery preparation prazosin reduced responses to noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation but not those to serotonin and vasopressin. Prazosin was more potent than phentolamine, on a molar basis, in reducing the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline. 4. A comparison of the effects of prazosin injected intravenously and into a lateral cerebral ventricle failed to show any central action of the drug on blood pressure. Experiments using the donor blood-perfused, vascularly isolated rat hind limb preparation confirmed that the sympatholytic effect of prazosin occurred within the limb itself."
1149336,"The clearance of non-radioactive meglumine Iothalamate (Conray 60), assayed by fluorescent excitation analysis, has been shown to be a good indicator of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Investigations in rats by the constant infusion technique showed a good correlation with insulin clearance. In a group of ten children and one adult, we obtained excellent agreement between GFR determinations by clearance of Conray 60 and I-125 sodium Iothalamate, using the single injection technique, and taking samples from 10 min to 4 hr after injection. The decay curve was resolved into two exponential components. We have also shown that the 3 and 4 hr samples, fitted to a single exponential function, yield good agreement with GFR determinations using a double exponential model. The GFR determination method presented here is accurate, simple, cost effective, and involves no radiation exposure to the patient."
1149338,"A 12 year-old boy was referred because of general weakness, enuresis and pallor which had been present for at least six months. Previously, the child had been hospitalized at the age of five, because of mental retardation and hepatosplenomegaly, for which no cause could be found. He had severe renal insufficiency, with all the hallmarks of nephronophthisis. In addition his vision was very poor and fundoscopy revealed tapetoretinal degeneration. The liver and spleen were grossly enlarged. Liver function was almost completely normal, but histology showed diffuse periportal febrosis with profiferation of the bile ducts. This observation seems to confirm the existence of a new syndrome, associating nephronophthisis and liver fibrosis as described by Boichis and coworkers (1973)."
1149333,"1. The acute malignant phase of hypertension in rats with an untouched contralateral kidney is characterized by salt and fluid loss, increased fluid intake, decrease in body-weight gain, and reduced food consumption. Plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium were reduced, and plasma angiotensin II rose to about four times normal. 2. To investigate the significance of an untouched contralateral kidney for the development of the acute malignant phase in renal hypertensive rats, comparative studies were undertaken in unilaterally nephrectomized rats with stenosis of the remaining renal artery and in rats with bilateral renal artery stenosis. In addition, the effect of declamping one renal artery in rats with bilateral stenosis was studied. 3. In unilaterally nephrectomized rats, no signs of sodium and fluid loss were demonstrable, despite marked increase in blood pressure. Similarly, rats with bilateral renal artery stenosis had no acute malignant phase of hypertension. 4. In hypertensive rats with bilateral stenosis, removal of the clip from one renal artery was followed by an immediate fall in blood pressure and a subsequent gradual increase. Eleven of sixteen rats lost salt and fluid and developed an acute malignant phase. Plasma angiotensin II was high and serum urea elevated. 5. Consumption of 2% saline in addition to water as drinking fluid had a beneficial effect, since only five of fourteen rats showed signs of the acute malignant phase, which were milder than in rats on water only. 6. It is concluded that the untouched contralateral kidney is responsible for the negative salt and water balance and its consequences, which are characteristic of the acute malignant phase of experimental renal hypertension."
1149337,"In chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (CMPGN) the activation of the complement system through the properdin pathway plays an important role. The clearance of complement components and of the C3-proactivator (C3-PA) have been determined in 18 patients. Hemolytically active C5, C6, C7 and C3-PA were detected in the urine for the first time. The clearances of the complement components  did not correlate with the clearances of other serum proteins with similar molecular weights. The specificities of the single complement components in the urine were tested by specific complement inhibitors such as hydrazine, KSCN, and the C4-inactivating factor."
1149334,1. Driven left atrial preparations were used to study inotropic responses to isoprenaline and tolbutamide. 2. Decreasing the external calcium concentration from 2.2 to 1.1 and 0.55 mM decreased resting force of contraction but increased the maximal inotropic responses to isoprenaline. There was an associated increase in EC50 values. 3. Decreasing the external calcium concentration from 2.2 to 1.1 mM also increased the maximal inotropic responses to tolbutamide. These responses were 23- and 44-fold less than those to isoprenaline at equivalent calcium concentrations. 4. Preparations maintained in 1.1 mM calcium were used to compare inotropic responses to isoprenaline and tolbutamide at different frequencies of stimulation. 5. Decreasing the frequency of stimulation from 4 to 2 or 1 Hz decreased the resting force of contraction and increased the maximal inotropic responses to isoprenaline. There was an associated increase in EC50 values. 6. No significant inotropic responses to tolbutamide were observed at 4 Hz. Positive inotropic responses of similar magnitude occurred at 2 and 1 Hz. The maximal inotropic responses at these frequencies were 43- and 127-fold less than those to isoprenaline. 7. It is concluded that tolbutamide is a very weak inotropic agent.
1149340,"Normal anduremic subjects were studied on different protein intakes. The uremic patients were also given minimal amounts of nitrogen in the form of 8 essential amino acids, with or without the addition of histidine. It was noticed that as little as 416 mg of essential amino acid nitrogen was sufficient to cover body needs if enough non-essential nitrogen was present. It was also demonstrated that on low-nitrogen intakes, the ratio of urinary urea to total urinary nitrogen varied with nitrogen balance."
1149335,"1. The rate of clearance of 125I-labelled porcine neurophysins I and II from the circulation of the rat has an initial fast component followed by a slower component. 2. In the initial phase of clearance the half-life of neurophysin I was 1.50 min (s.e.m. = 0.03) and for neurophysin II was 1.74 min (s.e.m. = 0.05). In the slower phase of clearance the half-life of neurophysin I was 22.6 min (s.e.m. = 2.2) and for neurophysin II was 27.3 min (s.e.m. = 5.8). 3. The first component had a volume of distribution similar to the blood volume and the second component had a volume of distribution similar to the volume of extracellular fuid of the rat. 4. The metabolic clearance rates per 200 g of body weight were 1.94 ml/min (s.e.m. = 0.12) for neurophysin I and 1.29 ml/min (s.e.m. = 0.15) for neurophysin II. 5. Using whole-body autoradiography, the kidney was shown to be the major site of uptake of radioactivity in both virgin female and lactating mice."
1149341,15 N-ammonium chloride was given orally to 17 individuals in 20 studies. Retention of 15N by those with normal renal function was inversely proportional to the protein intake; enrichment of albumin with 15N increased during protein restriction. Protein restriction appeared to be a more potent stimulus to the synthetic use of ammonia than a large pool of urea nitrogen. Both retention of isotope and enrichment of albumin decreased when a high protein diet was given. Enrichment of albumin with 15N in response to 10 or 20 mg of growth hormone daily was similar to that in healthy individuals on a 20 g protein diet for 3 weeks. The relevance of these findings to the nutritional potential of recycled urea nitrogen is discussed.
1149342,"Essential amino acid supplementation (EAA) was compared with supplementation by a mixture (KA) of keto-analogues of valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine, plus the four remaining essential amino acids in stable chronic uremics. When KA were given after EAA, urea appearance fell and N balance improved (9 studies). When EAA were given after KA (5 studies), urea appearance and N balance did not worsen significantly during the 4-9 days of observation. Seven patients, including one on chronic dialysis prior to therapy, were given KA for 3-9 months as outpatients. In three, renal function clearly improved. Five became asymptomatic for intervals of 3-8 months."
1149343,"Twenty-six nitrogen balance studies were performed in 15 patients with severe uremia (Ccr mean value 5.1, range 2.3-8.5 ml/min) treated with an unselected protein-poor (16-20 g protein/day corresponding to 2.6-3.2 g N/day) diet and oral supply of the essential amino acids including histidine (2.6 g N/day). The general condition improved and the concentration of serum urea nitrogen decreased. The nitrogen balance, corrected for changes in total urea pool, was negative on the diet alone,-1.46 plus or minus 1.15 g N/day (mean plus or minus SD), but was positive when the essential amino acids were supplied, plus 0.84 plus or minus 0.68 g N/day. In four patients studied after 3 to 26 months of diet and amino acid therapy, during which time a further deterioriation of the renal function had occurred, the nitrogen balance was around zero in three and negative in one patient (-1.2 g N/day). The results show that it is possible with our new regimen to attain positive nitrogen balance or nitrogen equilibrium in severely uremic patients without excessive accumulation of urea in the body fluids."
1149344,"Twenty-six uremic patients - serum urea nitrogen (SUN) 110 MG/100 ml plus or minus 22.8 (mean plus or minus SD), serum cretinine (S-Creat) 13.2 mg/100 ml plus or minus 2.27, ratio SUN/S-Creat 8.6 plus or minus 2.26, and endogenous creatinine clearance (Ccr) 3.86 plus or minus 1.41 ml/min - were treated for three months or longer with an unselected protein-poor (16-20 g protein/day) diet with oral supply of the essential amino acids including histidine in high doses as coated tablets. The amino acids were instituted after an initial diet only period (mean 0.4 months). The average treatment time was 8.4 months (range 2.7-33.6). An improvement of the general condition was obtained, persisting for several months. SUN and SUN/S-Creat decreased on the diet alone, continued to decrease after one month, and increased slightly again after three months of treatment, but did not reach the initial levels for several months in spite of an almost doubled nitrogen intake. S-Creat increased after six months indicating a further deterioration of the renal function. In patients with initially low serum total protein (smaller than 6.5 g/100 ml, 9 patients), albumin (smaller than 3.5 g/100 ml, 10 patients), and total iron-binding capacity (smaller than 260 mug/100 ml, 11 patients) the values increased after one month on amino acids and were thereafter stable. No signs of bleeding tendency, progressive muscle atrophy, or progressive peripheral neuropathy were observed. - Five patients died due to cardiovascular maladies. A further 13 patients were withdrawn for medical reasons (overhydration, 4 patients; hypertension, 1 patient; nausea and vomiting, 7 patients; and pericarditis, 1 patient). - The renal function improved in one patient. Four patients received home dialysis training, three a kidney transplant. - The results indicate that it is possible to keep severely uremic patients free from uremic symptoms, counteract protein depletion, and even improve the nutritional status during long-term treatment with an unselected protein-poor diet supplementd with essential amino acids."
1149353,"Most of the children who fail in school come from educationally high-risk groups which are identifiable in the preschool years. Early recognition allows for constructive planning and in some cases the interposition of specific therapy (Table 1). Aall physicians should be aware of the relationships between these high-rish categories and future educational failure. The physician needs to accept responsibility for properly ensuring that the child will experience a wholesome, enriching experience in the school years. If the above measures were applied widely, a substantial reduction in the incidence of school failure among American children would be realized."
1149355,"We have previously shown that oral diethylstilbestrol (DES) lowers the high serum enzyme levels characteristic of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). The present studies were undertaken to assess the effect of DES on the efflux of enzymes from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. Thirty-four male mice were used. Half received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 mug diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-DP) in saline for up to 3 wk and half daily saline injections. Left gastrocnemii were isolated from control and treated mice, and placed in separate incubation media at 37 degrees C. The efflux of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from each was compared over a 4- to 5-hr period. In 15 of 18 there was a reduction in efflux of both enzymes from muscles isolated from DES-DP-treated mice. The greatest effect was noted during the second hour, when the mean efflux of each enzyme was reduced about 30%. Minor differences in muscle weight, water content, and enzyme activities did not explain the reduced efflux. These results suggest that DES has either reduced the permeability of the sarcolemma or enhanced the intracytoplasmic stability of these enzymes. This is the first drug reported to reduce the spontaneous enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal muscle. It remains to be established that a similar effect accounts for the reduction in serum enzyme levels when DES is administered to persons with DMD."
1149358,"The effects of glucagon (5, 10, and 40 mug/ml) on the amplitude and dueation of action potential, effective refractory period, dv/dt of phase 0 of action potential, membrane responsiveness, and contraction in human papillary muscles obtained from patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery were investigated. Glucagon, in none of the concentrations, produced any significant change in the amplitude and dueation of action potential, or in force of contraction. Shortening of the effective refractory period was not significant. Glucagon enhanced the conduction and the membrane responsiveness by increasing the dv/dt of phase 0 of action potential and a shift of curve to the left. It is suggested that the latter properties of glucagon would abolish the ""re-entrant"" type of cardiac arrhythmias produced by cardiac glycosides or other drugs that initiate and perpetuate arrhythmias dur to altered conduction."
1149359,"Changes in hemodynamic variables and renin release, induced with both alpha and beta adrenergic agonists, were studied in 5 normal men. Saline (0.9% NaCl), methoxamine (1.6 and 5.9 mug/kg/min), and isoproterenol (0.015 and 0.026 mug/kg/min) were infused individually in a random order for 30 min. Methoxamine and isoproterenol caused the predicted directionally opposite cardiovascular changes but caused nearly equal and dose-related increases in plasma renin activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay. Saline infusion had no effect. Propranolol (0.125 mg/kg) caused decreases in systolic pressure and heart rate, and a significant decrease in plasma renin activity. Propranolol prevented the renin-releasing effects of isoproterenol and methoxamine, but only the cardiovascular effects of isoproterenol. It appears that alpha or beta agonists stimulate renin release equally in man and that at least one step in renin is propranolol-sensitive. Such sensitivity may be independent of its beta receptor blocking activity."
1149360,"Twelve patients with essential hypertension were treated aggressively with oral minoxidil in order to achieve blood pressure control as expeditiously as possible. Pretreatment blood pressure ranged from 159/109 to 238/161 mm Hg. Following an initial dose of 5 mg, subsequent dosage increments were administered every 6 hr until a fall in blood pressure was observed. The size of additional doses was determined by the magnitude of, and response to, the lowest effective dose and the therapeutic objective. Over a time interval of 24 to 42 hr, the blood pressure was reduced to normal or near normal in each case. Untoward hypotension was uniformly avoided. Analysis of the relationship between blood pressure response and cumulative dose indicates that at suboptimal blood pressure responses, it is safe and efficacious to give half the antecedent cumulative dose as a single dose in arriving at the therapeutic objective. The use of such a regimen should be considered as an alternative to parenteral drug administration in severe hypertension when immediate control of blood pressure is not required."
1149361,"A one-compartment model designed to predict alterations in persistence of drugs in uremic patients was constructed using information obtained from normal subjects. Data obtained from the literature in which the fraction of absorbed drug eliminated unchanged in the urine and the apparent elimination rate constants were compared in both normal control subjects and in severely uremic patients. Twenty-two drugs were examined. Despite changes in apparent volume of distribution and metabolism reported in uremia, the model was able to predict overall elimination rate constants in severe uremia with an error under 10% for 12 and under 20% for 7 additional drugs. The method appears to be most informative for drugs that tend to be retained in the presence of renal failure. Great error was observed with doxycycline and erythromycin. Studies with erythromycin lactobionate and a cupplate assay reduced the error for this drug from 56% for the glucoheptonate to 18%. Doxycycline is known to have a complex enterohepatic circulation. The model is offered as a useful approach to predict dosage adjustment in uremic patients with drugs for which data are not available."
1149362,"The effect of uremia on the binding of diazoxide to plasma proteins was studied. An equilibrium dialysis technique, using diazoxide-minus14C at approximately 30 and 300 mug/ml in the plasma phase, was used to measure diazoxide binding to plasma. Serum albumin concentration (Alb) and serum creatinine (Cr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were negatively correlated. By single regression analysis, per cent free diazoxide (%FD) correlated negatively with Alb and positively with Cr or BUN. When %FD was regressed simultaneously against Alb and Cr or BUN, Alb emerged as the sole determinant of %FD (p less than 0.001), indicating that creatinine or BUN correlated with %FD by their inverse correlation to Alb rather than by an effect on drug protein binding. At the levels of Alb studied, %FD varied over a 2-fold range. In a retrospective study of the influence of uremia on diazoxide effect in hypertensive patients, a relatively low correlation (r, 0.59) was found between BUN and hypotensive effect. Prospective studies involving correlations of drug effect with renal function and %FD are required to assess the clinical importance of decreased binding of diazoxide to uremic plasma."
1149363,"The kinetics of distribution and elimination of lidocaine and two of its metabolites, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and glycinexylidide (GX), were studied in 4 uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis. Each patient received a loading dose of 75 mg of lidocaine, followed by a 30 mug/kh/min lidocaine infusion. No toxic side effects from lidocaine were seen during the study. Average values for lidocaine steady-state plasma levels (2.3 mug/ml) clearance (12.3 ml/min/kg), terminal half-life (148 min), and total volume of distribution (1.9 L/kg) were found, and are similar to those values reported for normal subjects MFGX and after lidocaine infusion averaged 1/5-2/3 of the corresponding lidocaine level, as in nonuremic subjects, and plateaued by 6-8 hr. GX levels did not reach plateau by 12 hr and remained relatively unchanged after infusion. It is concluded that lidocaine infusion in uremic patients is safe, with no abnormal cumulation of lidocaine or MEGX. GX levels, however, may increase progressively, even after 12 hr."
1149364,"Removal of phenytoin by hemodialysis was determined in a uremic patient. The rate of appearance of the drug in dialysate, the plasma concentration with time, and the plasma clearance by dialysis were measured. Plasma protein binding of phenytoin was also determined. In spite of greatly reduced plasma protein binding in the uremic patient, removal rate was observed to be less than 10% of the rate of presentation of the dialyzer. During the 6-hr period of dialysis, the plasma concentration showed little change. The amount collected in the dialyase, 43.6 mg, was only a small fraction of drug in the body. These results indicate that replacement of phenytoin based on the amount of drug removed by dialysis is unnecessary in chronically dialyzed uremic patients. In addition, the utility of hemodialysis in phenytoin overdose is questioned."
1149365,"Approximately 10% to 20% of isoniazid recipients manifest biochemical evidence of liver injury. A smaller number of patients develop clinically overt hepatitis. Isoniazid is metabolized in man at extremely variable rates, and the rate is under genetic control. Two separate clinical studies have noted a possible relation between susceptibility of patients to isoniazid liver injury and rapid metabolism (acetylation) of the drug. For this reason, 21 patients who had recovered from probable isoniazid hepatitis and 5 patients who previously had manifested biochemical evidence of mild isoniazid liver injury were genetically phenotyped as rapid or slow isoniazid acetylators by the sulfamethazine method. The rapid phenotype was found in 86% of patients with probable hepatitis and in 60% of the possible ones, whereas the expected frequency was 45%. Eximination of isoniazid metabolites revealed that rapid acetylators hydrolze much more isoniazid to isonic otinic hydrazine moiety than do slow acetylators. The hydrazine moiety liberated from isoniazed is primarily acetylhydrazine, and studies in animals show this metabolite to be converted to a potent acylating agent that produces liver necrosis. We suggest that release of the hepatotoxic hydrazino moiety of isoniazid in man is responsible for isoniazid liver injury."
1149366,Radioimmunoassayed serum concentration and urinary excretion data for digoxin from azotemic patients were characterized using a 2-compartment open model. Urinary excretion rates of digoxin as well as serum concentration data are needed to accurately characterize the disposition of the drug. Seven patients with renal failure showed highly variable steady-state volumes of distribution (V-ss-D equals 195 to 489 liters/1.73 m-minus2) and t1/2beta values (1.5 to 5.2 days). This variability is a major limiting factor in the use of dosage regimen nomograms that assume a constant V-ss-D and a rigorous relationship between t1/2beta and creatinine clearance (Cl-CR). Body clearance (Cl-B) is a parameter that is affected by both elimination and distribution of drugs. A linear relationship between Cl-B and renal clearance of digoxin or Cl-CR was found and was used to develop a model-independent approach to calculation of maintenance doses of digoxin. Several methods for calculating steady-state serum concentrations of digoxin (C-ss-p) were compared with actual measurements obtained in 16 chronically medicated patients. Optimum computation of C-ss-p is obtained by use of digoxin renal and body clearances. Variability in the digoxin:creatinine renal clearance ratio is the major limiting factor in prediction of digoxin dosage regimens.
1149367,"Prescriptions of major drug classes were surveyed for one year in five teaching and five nonteaching general hospitals. Their overall rates varied over a two- to three-fold range in medicine, surgery, and pediatrics, but were uniform throughout the hospitals. Parenteral fluids and antibiotics represented over one half of the pharmacotherapy used in every specialty except medicine, where tranquilizers were the most frequently prescribed drugs. Prescribing patterns lacked consistency in obstetrics and newborn services, and generally with steroids, vasopressors, and anticoagulants. Significant variations also involved the use of fluids in pediatrics, diuretics in surgery, and vasodilators in medicine. These variations were too unpredictable and large to be attributed to specific differences among patient populations. Only two discrepancies were noted between teaching and nonteaching hospitals: tranquilizers were prescribed more often in the former, and vasopressors in the latter."
1149368,"The biologic disposition of methadone in acute and during chronic administration was studied in 12 human volunteers. In the acute study a biexponential methadone plasma level decay was observed. The acute primary half-life (t1/2) of 14.3 hr in combination with the acute secondary t1/2 of 54.8 hr were longer than the single exponential chronic t1/2 of 22.2 hr determined in the same subjects. The urinary and fecal excretion of methadone and its mono-N-demethylated metabolite increased from 22.2% in the acute to 62.0% in the chronic phase of the study. The urinary metabolite 1 to methadone ratio tripled from the acute to the chronic phase. The pupillary effects of methadone monitored throughout 24 hr were nearly the same in magnitude in the acute and the chronic studies, whereas the plasma levels increased 3- to 8-fold following chronic methadone administration. These findings suggest that both dispositional and pharmacologic tolerance are involved in the development of tolerance following chronic administration of methadone."
1149369,"A 2-drug combination chemotherapy regimen of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) was used in 23 patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The drugs were administered as a mixture by daily continuous infusion for 5 days at 4-wk intervals. Dosages for each drug were: FU, 1.1 gm/m2/day and ara-C, 50 mg/m2/day. The incidence of leukopenia (WBC, less than 3,500/mm3) was 36% and of thrombocytopenia (platelets, less than 125,000/mm3), 18% during 33 courses administered at full doses. No clinical antitumor effects were observed in 18 patients evaluable for therapeutic response. The addition of ara-C to a nonmyelosuppressive dose schedule of FU results in potentiated marrow suppression, and the antitumor effect for the combination is less than would have been predicted for either drug alone."
1149375,"Dental arch deformities develop in the embryo and fetus and are severe at birth. The clinician's responsibility to the patient is to guide the natural mechanisms of growth and compensation so that many aspects of the deformities will be alleviated. Scar tissue is an undesirable sequela to surgery, and should ideally not be adjacent to actively growing areas of the maxilla. There are three methods of managing arch deformities: by prevention, by interception, and by correction. The plastic surgeon modifies the deformity and thereby establishes the framework within which the orthodontist and prosthodontist may accomplish fairly minor alterations."
1149376,Significant mammary asymmetry is not uncommon although accurate statistics are not available.  Modern techniques of mammary augmentation and breast reduction have resulted in effective methods of treatment of most such deformities.  The management of this problem was discussed.
1149379,"Three hundred and nine cases of Hodgkin's disease have been investigated by laparotomy, splenectomy and biopsy of liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The findings are recorded and the value of and indications for the procedure discussed. Intra-abdominal involvement has been found in 86 out of 184 cases (47 percent) where other diagnostic methods, including lymphography, had not revealed disease below the diaphragm. as no clinical or histological parameter appeared reliably to indicate the likehood of intra-abdominal disease,  it is suggested that logically either laparotomy should be carried out in all Stage I and II cases, or that treatment policy should be governed by the high probability of intra-abdominal disease."
1149380,"CCNU, a nitrosourea compound, has been found effective in the management of both primary and secondary tumours of the brain. It is proposed to carry out an investigation comparing radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy and CCNU combined, in cerebral gliomata."
1149381,Strontium 87m bone scanning was used in the assessment of 162 patients with breast cancer. Seventy-two patients had abnormal bone scans and in 63 (87 percent) these findings were subsequently confirmed. More metastases were detected by scanning and radiology than by radiology alone. There was a false positive rate of 7 percent. Of the 90 negative scans 23 showed evidence of metastasis either radiologically or at autopsy. This represented a false negative rate of 26 percent. The reasons for the false results are discussed particularly in relation to the problems of imaging the dorsal spine.
1149382,"A combined radiological and autopsy study of pulmonary oedema enables recognition of oedema lines other than Kerley 'A', 'B' and C lines. These have been designated 'D' lines. At least three varieties have been noted: (i) thick, long often angular lines seen mainly anteriorly overlying the heart shadow on the lateral film. These may also appear as horizontal or vertical band shadows, on the frontal view. (ii) Short and straight lines, occurring basally and often slightly thicker at the pleural surface, which on autopsy lung radiographs are associated with puckering of the pleura. They have also been recognised on lateral films where they resemble the pleural end of a fissure but have been seen in positions where fissures do not mormally occur, or in addition to the normal fissure. (iii) A subpleural reticular pattern surrounding spaces 1-2 cm in diameter. This has been noted only on autopsy-inflated lungs and not detected on in vivo chest radiographs. The long 'D' lines or D(i) lines occur in areas where 'B' lines are inconspicuous or absent and vice versa. Whereas 'B' lines are most prominent in areas of macroscopic alveolar pulmonary oedema, D(i) lines occur where macroscopic alveolar pulmonary oedema is often inconspicuous. The recognition that lines other than 'A', B and 'C' occur in case of pulmonary oedema greatly assists in the interpretation and diagnosis of the shadows on chest radiographs associated with pulmonary oedema."
1149383,"Thirty cases of chyluria seen in Rangoon during the years 1968-1973 have been investigated. Blood micro-filaria was positive in only a small number of cases. Renal function was not disturbed and blood eosinophil count was normal. The duration of symptoms varied from 3 months to 10 years. Males and females were equally affected and the disease was much more commonly seen in the 20 and 40 age group. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated pyelolymphatic reflux. Lymphangiograms showed numerous lymphatics  in the region of the calves and contrast was often seen in the calyceal system. The thoracic duct was patent in all the cases. Renal lymphatics were opacified in three patients who were investigated by intravenous urography. Para-renal cysts, pressure on the renal pelvis by an enlarged lymph node and dilated lymphatic vessels were associated features."
1149384,"Normally, in the sagittal projection, the descending duodenum is situated to the right of the spine. There is a great range of variation in its position, so that a slight medial displacement by an enlarged liver or a mass adjacent to the latter cannot be diagnosed unless either an extrinsic pressure effect is demonstrated or a previous study is available for comparison. On a single study, displacement of the duodenum by an enlarged liver is suspected whenever the descending duodenum overlies the spine. This position is more indicative of displacement in sthenic than in asthenic individuals."
1149385,"The weight of renal substance was measured in normal kidneys obtained at necropsy after removal of fat from the renal sinuses. This fat fo-med an average of 5 percent of the total renal weight, increasing only slightly with age. The weight of renal substance was correlated with measurements of length, width, depth and area obtained from radiographs. The best estimate of renal weight was made by using length alone. The effect of rotation of the kidney on its radiographic dimensions was also assessed. At the angles at which kidneys lie in the body, the longitudinal dimensions are less affected by small changes in rotation than the transverse dimensions. However, rotation within the range of arc normally found in the body may cause apparent diminution length of 1 cm or more."
1149386,"The characteristic angiographic findings in renal hamartoma consist of: a large dilated feeding vessel passing through the mass, multiple multisacculated aneurvsmal dilatations (bunch of grapes), a delicate discrete discrete neovascularity without A-V shunting, and 'onion peeling' on the venous phase. In addition radiolucent areas within the renal mass indicate a high fat content. When these findings are present renal hamartoma can be diagnosed confidently. Racial nephrectomy and needless sacrifice of a whole kidney for a benign lesion can be avoided. Heminephrectomy may be sufficient, thus saving the patient valuable renal tissue. Four cases of renal hamartoma are presented. Plain film and angiographic studies are shown. All four showed the characteristic angiographic findings of renal hamartoma and were diagnosed pre-operatively."
1149387,Giant aneurysms within the carotico-basilar system usually differ in their symptomatology from the more common forms of intracranial aneurysms. By virtue of their size they may act as space occupying lesions and compress neighbouring structures. Diagnosis of these aneurysms as well as determination of position and size cnanot be carried out by clinical examination alone. Radiology with its special procedures is essential in confirming this diagnosis.
1149389,"Most bone abnormalieis seen in serial films of the feet in leprosy were static being the end result of old disease. Changes over a period of time were observed in serial fims of 214 feet and these changes were due to a combination of infection, neuropathic changes and avascular necrosis occurring in anaesthetic feet. The bone abnormalities seen were absorption of toes and metatarsals; bone destruction; a neuropathic arthropathy of toes and metatarsals and various patterns of tarsal disintegration."
1149390,To date television has not been used very much in teaching diagnostic radiology. The authors describe their method of producing educational videotape recordings suitable for teaching purposes. The adults point out that the procedure is relatively cheap in a department that possesses a videotape recorder and emphasise its value for specialised radiological teaching.
1149391,"1. A technique is described for the measurement of potassium and water spaces in less than 1 mul of packed cells.  2. The total potassium content of cell pellets is measured in a perchloric and nitric acid extract by flame spectrophotometry.  The potassium in trapped medium is estimated from the distribution space of hydroxy[-14C]methylinulin and subtracted from the total potassium content to give intracellular potassium content.  Corticosterone output was measured by radioimmunoassay.  3. The simultaneous measurement of total water from the [-3H]water space allows calculation of the intracellular water space.  4. Values obtained for intracellular potassium content, intracellular water space and calculated intracellular potassium concentration are presented for different preparations of isolated adrenal cortical cells."
1149392,"1. Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate, glycerol phosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose have been measured in human adipose tissue and blood from obese subjects under fed and fasting conditions and in obese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects before and after an oral glucose load (100 g).  2. Adipose tissue metabolites expressed as nmol/g wet weight correlated inversely with adipocyte diameter.  3. After fasting, fructose diphosphate and glycerol phosphate in adipose tissue decreased significantly.  4. The basal concentrations of metabolites in blood and adipose tissue were maintained at similar concentrations in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects despite very different blood glucose concentrations.  5. The significant increase in adipose tissue glucose 6-phosphate after the glucose load seen in the non-diabetic but not in the diabetic subjects suggest that glucose uptake is decreased in the diabetic adipocyte."
1149393,"1. Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives were measured in eight healthy male subjects before and after ingestion of ethanol, in a dose of 17 mmol/kg body weight.  2. A significant decrease in hypoxic ventilatory drive was observed at 20 min after ethanol (P less than 0.05).  A significant depression in hypercapnic drive was observed at 70 min after indigestion of ethanol (P less than 0.05).  The mean peak blood ethanol (24mmol/1) occurred at 20 min, at which time the lowest mean hypoxic drive was recorded.  3. Ethanol in moderate doses produced a depression of both hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives in normal subjects.  This suggests that ethanol may play a role in the precipitation of acute respiratory failure in certain patients in whom the ventilatory drive is already impaired, as in chronic airways obstruction."
1149394,"1. The response of plasma noradrenaline, arterial blood pressure and heart rate to sustained handgrip at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction was studied in patients with long-term juvenile-onset-type diabetes millitus and healthy subjects of comparable age. 2. There was no significant difference between the intensity and duration of handgrip in diabetic patients and healthy subjects. 3. Sustained handgrip produced an increase in plasma concentration of noradrenaline both in diabetic and healthy subjects but the response in the diabetic subjects was significantly less. 4. The increase in systolic blood pressure during handgrip was significantly greater in diabetic subjects than in normal subjects. The increases in diastolic and mean blood pressure did not differ significantky. 5. The increase in heart rate during handgrip was greater in healthy subjects than in diabetic subjects. The response was smaller in diabetic patients with retinopathy than in the patients without retinopathy. 6. The sustained handgrip test may be useful for the diagnosis of abnormal sympathetic nervous system and haemodnynamic responsiveness in diabetic patients."
1149395,"1. A technique has been developed for assessing CO2 responsiveness by measuring the maximum rate of isometric inspiratory pressure change at the mouth [(dP/dt)max.].  2. By use of a rebreathing technique, the (dP/dt)max. response to CO2 was shown to correlate well the ventilatory response in thirty-two normal subjects.  3. The addition of an external flow resistance sufficient to reduce the ventilatory response by a mean of 33.4% produced no significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response in thirty subjects.  4. In six patients recovering from bronchial asthma, reduction of airways obstruction led to a mean increase in the ventilatory response of 109% without any significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response.  5. An increase in lung volume did not reduce the (dP/dt)max. response in five normal subjects. 6. At very high lung volumes, six normal subjects were able to develop a higher (dP/dt)max. during voluntary inspiratory efforts than has been recorded during spontaneous breathing response to CO2. 7. It is believed that (dP/dt)max. represents the initial rate of development of force by the inspiratory muscles before this can be modified by mechanical loading, proprioceptive feedback mechanisms or conscious response and can therefore be used to study changes in the motor output of the respiratory centre in response to ventilatory stimuli independently of pulmonary mechanics."
1149396,1. The kallikrein content of kidneys from spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats at birth and at age 37 days was determined.  2. Kallikrein values were significantly lower in the hypertensive rats.  3. It is suggested that the lowered kallikrein may be related to the development of hypertension.
1149397,"1. The effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion was examined in the isolated rat kidney perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer saline.  2. Intrarenal infusion OF ADH effectively prevented stimulation of renin secretion by isoprenaline whilst increasing renal perfusion pressure.  3. The exclusion of calcium ions from the perfusion medium abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of ADH and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ADH on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion.  However, significant suppression of renin secretion was still apparent compared with experiments where isoprenaline was infused alone.  4. These observations indicate that ADH inhibits renin secretion and that this is effected by a direct action on the kidney.  Although this may be partly mediated by the rise in renal perfusion pressure, an additional direct effect of ADH on the renin-producing cell, which is dependent on the availability of calcium ions, is proposed."
1149398,"1. Serial measurements of serum potasssium and total-body potassium were made on eighteen patients with megaloblastic anaemia before the start of therapy and during the period of recovery.  2. In those patients who presented with an initial packed cell volume of less than 25%, a mean decrease in serum potassium of 0.4 mmol/1 occurred on average with 2.5 days of the start of therapy.  This was followed by a significant increase in serum potassium during the period of recovery.  There was a significant increase in total-body potassium in these patients, but this could be explained by increases in erythrocyte mass, erythrocyte potassium concentration and lean body mass."
1149400,"1. The renal response to a low-sodium diet alone and a low-sodium diet plus the daily oral administration of chlorothiazide was examined in rats. Sodium restriction resulted in a decrease in sodium excretion until day 4, after which it remained constant. The administration of chlorothiazide resulted in an initial natriuresis. By day 6, however, the natriuresis had abated and thereafter sodium excretion remained the same as that of the low sodium group. 2. After the animals were in balance on their respective regimens, clearance and micropuncture studies were performed. The glomerular filtration rate was lower in the chlorothiazide-treated rats than in control rats and/or in the low-sodium group. End proximal tubule TF/Pinulin ratios were higher in the diuretic-treated animals than in control rats. TF/Pinulin ratios in low-sodium animals were lower than in the diuretic-animals but higher than in control rats. 3. These studies demonstrate that the escape from the chronic effects of chlorothiazide is due to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and to an increase in fractional reabsorption in the proximal tubule, resulting in a reduction in delivery of filtrate to the cortical diluting segment where chlorothiazide exerts its major inhibitory effect."
1149401,"1. Simultaneous platelet and fibrinogen survival studies were carried out on a group of seven normal persons and eleven diabetic patients. 2. Survival time was calculated: (a) by measuring the interval between 50% of the maximum radioactivity in the anabolic phase and 50% of the maximum radioactivity in the catabolic phase, and (b) by fitting an exponential function to the decay phase of the curve. 3. With the first method, the normal group had a mean plaetelet survival which did not differ significantly from that in the diabetic group. With the second method, however, the platelet half-life in the diabetic patients was significantly shorter than in the normal subjects. 4. Fibrinogen survival was significantly shorter in the diabetic group with either method. 5. It is concluded that there is an increased utilization of platelets and fibrinogen in diabetic subjects."
1149403,"1. The effects of two vasodilator polypeptides, bradykinin and eledoisin, were studied in isolated blood-perfused canine kidneys before and after administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, Bradykinin, but not eledoisin, releases renal prostaglandins. 2. Before administration of indomethacin, bradykinin decreased urinary osmolality and increased free qater clearance, whereas eledoisin did not affect the excretion of solute-free water. After administration of indomethacin, the renal vasodilator action of bradykinin was reduced but the vasodilator action of eledoisin was unaffected. 3. Fractional excretion of sodium was not affected by bradykinin before but was increased after administration of indomethacin. Reduction in glomerular filtration rate contributed to changes in sodium excretion produced by bradykinin and eledoisin. 4. The release of prostaglandins from the kidney by bradykinin amplifies the renal vasodilator action of the kinin and possibly mediates its effect on excretion of solute-free water."
1149404,"1. Total body potassium was measured, by wholebody counting, in children with coeliac disease and in children not having this disease, matched as closely as possible with respect to sex, height, weight and age. 2. The measured total body potassium in children with coeliac disease was not significantly different from that in the matched children. 3. The problems associated with such measurements, particularly those of interpretation, are considered."
1149405,"1. The effect of progesterone on renal haemodynamics and intrarenal sodium handing was evaluated in thirteen normal men on a constant diet. Clearances were measured during maximal water diuresis and again 4-7 days later, this time 3 h after progesterone was given intramuscularly. Seven additional studies were performed 3 days after progesterone administration. Another four tests were performed on volunteers who had manifested renal 'escape' from the sodium-retaining effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate. 2. In acute progesterone studies glomerular filtration rate was unchanged, whereas effective renal plasma flow increased, so that filtration fraction decreased significantly. A similar in crease in urinary sodium occurred whether subjects received a low or high sodium diet. Indices which related to the distal delivery of filtrate (fractional urine flow and the sum of fractional free water and sodium clearances) increased significantly in both groups. The progesterone-induced increase in sodium excretion was not related to changes in plasma renin activity, renin substrate or urinary aldosterone. After 3 days of progesterone, the increase of sodium excretion was less than in the acute studies and urinary aldosterone increased tow- to four-fold. Progesterone failed to produce an acute increse in urinary sodium in subjects hyperexpanded by administration of exogenous mineralocorticoids. 3. Results suggest that the acute natriuretic action of progesterone is in part independent of aldosterone  inhibition and that progesterone may inhibit sodium reabsorption at proximal as well as distal sites in the nephron."
1149406,"1. The bivalent cation-binding agent, cellulose phosphate, together with a low calcium diet was given for 6 days to nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism subsequently verified at surgery. 2. Urinary calcium fell promptly by 8-4 mmol/24 h, and by 70% and reached amounts below 4-0 mmol/24 h in five of the nine patients. The magnitude of fall may have been related to increased synthesis of vitamin D by the skin in a sub-tropical environment. Plasma magnesium fell steadily and urinary magnesium fell by 80%. 3. The plasma calcium showed two types of response. In five patients there was no significant change because a reduction in calcium load was offset by a further increase in the already high tubular reabsorption of calcium. In the remaining four patients, the tubular reabsorption of calcium was at a higher level initially and failed to increase further on the experimental regime, with a corresponding fall in plasma calcium. 4. The hypercalcaemia of primary hyperparathyroidism can be explained by increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium; net bone resorption makes only a small contribution but an additional factor dependent on the blood-bone equilibrium is not ruled out. 5. Comparison with other published data suggests that the fall in urinary calcium in response to a calcium-depleting regimen is prevented by concurrent depletion of inorganic phosphate and may be enhanced by concurrent depletion of magnesium. 6. Persistence of hypercalcaemia combined with an increase in tubular reabsorption of calcium in response to cellulose phosphate may be of diagnostic value in suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. 7. Cellulose phosphate may be of value in stone prevention in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who are unsuitable for surgical treatment."
1149407,"1. The rat testicle was used in studying the release of radio-labelled compounds from locally injected liposomes of various sizes, charge and lipid composition. 2. Large unsonicated liposomes markedly delayed the release of entrapped 125I-labelled albumin. Delay was due to liposomal entrapment rather than the presence of lipid per se and it was greater with neutral than charged liposomes. The albumin left the testis after release from, and not in association with, liposomal lipid. 3. Large unsonicated liposomes also delayed the release of entrapped actinomycin D and 5-fluourouracil. The former retained its cytotoxic activity and resulted in focal, dose-dependent tissue necrosis. 4. Small sonicated liposomes did not delay the release of entrapped 125I-labelled albumin, and enhanced release of actinomycin D, producing high concentration of these compounds, which were released in association with liposomal lipid, in draining lymph nodes."
1149410,"Eight patients were seen within 15 min of intranasal self-administration of large amounts of pure D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) tartrate powder. Emesis and collapse occurred along with sign of sympathetic overactivity, hyperthermia, coma, and respiratory arrest. Mild generalized bleeding occurred in several patients and evidence of platelet dysfunction was present in all. Serum and gastric concentrations of LSD tartrate ranged from 2.1 to 26 ng/ml and 1000 to 7000 mug/100 ml, respectively. With supportive care, all patients recovered. Massive LSD overdose in humans is life-threatening and produces striking and distinctive manifestations."
1149411,"Scott's three-solution procedure was examined and should be considered the method of choice for testing pure compounds suspected to be cocaine. Because of false positives for cocaine encountered with mixtures of drugs such as lidocaine and phencyclidine, Scott's procedure should be confirmed using Kodak's Field Kit for alkaloids, or a similar kit. As pointed out by Winek [3], all field testing procedures should be followed by laboratory confirmation."
1149412,"A rapid and simple procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The amphetamine drugs are screened as free drugs on a 10% Apiezon L-10% KOH column and confirmed as their trifluoroacetamide derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. This dual approach eliminates false positives and interfering substances that may be present in the urine and is, therefore, specific for amphetamine and methamphetamine."
1149413,"A simple, direct, instantaneous, and quantitative acetylating procedure for amphetamines has been developed. The method uses trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of mercuric trifluoroacetate as a catalyst. The product was characterized by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The salient features of this technique are: (a) rapidity of analysis; (b) no previous cleanup to remove adulterants; and (c) detection of amphetamines at the picomole level. We have routinely applied this technique for court samples and law enforcement authorities. The method could prove to be applicable, with minimum amounts of involvement in sample preparation, to the analysis of a variety of compounds containing an acyl displaceable hydrogen."
1149416,"A community mental health consultation and education program with 10 suburban police departments has helped foster the development of an awareness of mental health issues on the part of police officers and their chiefs and increased their orientation toward prevention of problems before they arise. The keys to success in this project have been flexibility in the application of consultation and training modalities, a willingness to view the world through the police officers' eyes, and the cooperative involvement of officers and their chiefs in all phases of program planning."
1149417,"The tradional ""lectures delivering"" approach to classroom teachers used by mental health practitioners is investigated in the present study. An attempt is made to demonstrate the validity of preventative work in helping elementary school teachers as important agents in the promotion of more positive mental hygiene in the classroom and by adding to the lectures the variable of group therapy--""ego-sparing"" techniques type. The latter approach seems to promote a teacher's own sense of security in dealing the pupils, an easier acceptance of differences in others, and, finally, it tends to stimulate the development of a teacher's own ability to deal sensibly, more conscientiously, and more realistically with daily problems."
1149418,"The development of community psychiatry as a recognized subspecialty of psychiatry and the concomitant growth of community mental health programs have once again brought into focus the role of the psychiatrist-administrator in the practice of public psychiatry. This paper explores the principal conflicts that the psychiatrist-administrator faces in his multiple roles as a physician, psychiatrist, administrator, community services planner, and clinician. Unless he can work toward a resolution of the conflicts and problems that arise, he is in danger of becoming the ""odd man out""--the psychiatrist-adminstrator who does not have complete acceptance from any of the groups to which he belongs and within which he is trying to define his combined and complex role."
1149419,"This study is exploratory research into the nature, prevalence, and level of awareness of curanderismo (Mexican folk psychiatry), and some of its ramifications for community mental health, as perceived by the staff of two community mental health centers serving largely Mexican-American populations on Chicago's south side. The sample interviewed consisted of virtually the entire staff--29 persons in all, 14 from one community mental health center and 15 from the other. Data collection was done individually with a 4-page, 31-question interview, made up of personal-data questions, multiple-choice questions, and open-ended ones."
1149420,"The secretaries in community mental health centers have functions that transcend their job descriptions. Their performance of these functions contributes to the success or failure of their centers' therapeutic programs. The Mental Health Training Institute of North Carolina initiated two separate pilot training programs within 1971-1972, aimed at heightening the secretaries' appreciation of their role within their centers and at facilitating their integration into the therapeutic team. This paper is a discussion of the second of these two programs."
1149421,"The purpose and the operation of an effective helping service are defined along the principles developed by R. R. Carkhuff. A functional operationalism directly linking each aspect of a helping service to the objective of servicing the needs of those people for whom the service exists is developed. The personal fitness of the staff as defined by their effectiveness at living is identified as the critical variable determining service effectiveness. The level of staff performance on the operational indices of physical, emotional, and intellectual functioning including, specifically, the interpersonal dimensions of empathy, respect, genuineness, concreteness, confrontation, and immediacy is designated as the operational basis for the organizational decisions of hiring, firing, promotion, and role assignment. Systematic programs designed to meet specific client needs serve to complete staff and service effectiveness."
1149422,"Sixty-two secondary school students were observed in their classrooms over 5 weeks of intensive drug information for within-group changes in their perceptions. ""Peer pressure"" and ""kicks"" were cited as reasons for starting and using drugs; but peer pressure had relatively greater strength for girls than for boys, and curiosity increased for girls. Boys and girls differed in reasons for stopping drugs (peer and professional help for girls, and punishment for boys). In rating the relative dangers and pleasures of marijuana and heroin, most students did not discriminate effectively between the two drugs, although ratings of marijuana dangers decreased. Unexpectedly, responses concerning the health hazards of heroin did not increase. In a situation simulating risk under peer pressure, boys chose targets as appropriate for their skill as did the girls."
1149423,"Students in graduate programs of psychiatric nursing across the United States were surveyed in terms of their individual commitment to three major mental health ideologies--community mental health ideology, psychotherapetic ideology, and somatotherapeutic ideology. In contrast to earlier research, which had indicated that psychiatric nurses are ideologically neutral, it was found in the present study that as a group these 386 young psychiatric nurses were more committed to community mental health ideology than to the other two psychiatric orientations measured."
1149424,"A school-based community mental health program, emphasizing early detection and prevention of school maladaptation, was analyzed from the perspectives of participants with different roles and stakes. Program founders tended to value it more than those who carried out its ""line"" functions. Some differences are identified between what was valued theoretically about the program and how participants actually allocated their time. Differences in perspectives among program participants at various levels and differences between de jure and de facto aspects of program operation are viewed as sources of potential friction. Such difficulties tend to increase as initially simple program models are extended to diverse settings with different needs, problems, resources, and personnel."
1149425,"This article reviews briefly some of the theoretical ideas and empirical findings which support the notion that societal processes that produce stress may lead to psychiatric disorder. Based on this, a conceptual model for improving mental health through community action is outlined. A case report is then given describing one effort to apply the model in an urban mental health center. Characteristics of the model are thus clarified and illustrated. Next steps are then suggested whereby the effectiveness of this approach to mental health through community action can be further developed and evaluated."
1149456,"Basic haemodynamic parameters were measured in 58 men in various stages of essential hypertension, 18 patients with hypertensive form of chronic glomerulonephritis, and 23 practically healthy persons during graded exercise in the supine position on a bicycle ergometer for 30 minutes. During exercise, the systolic pressure rose in all persons investigated, whereas the diastolic pressure markedly increased only in patients with arterial hypertension. The cardiac index increased, according to the intensity of the exercise equally in the healthy persons and in patients in early stages of essential hypertension; a lesser increase in the cardiac index was observed in patients in late stages of hypertension and in those with chronic glomerulonephritis. The increase in the cardiac index during exercise is essentially due to an increase in the heart rate; the stroke index increases only slightly, and in later stages of essential hypertension even decreases. The total peripheral resistance diminishes during exercise, but less so in patients with arterial hypertension in whom it is distinctly higher than in healthy persons. The circulating blood volume decreases during exercise in consequence of a decrease in plasma volume, whereas the haematocrit value increases. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration decrease during exercise, both in healthy untrained persons and in patients with arterial hypertension. In patients in late stages of essential hypertension and in those with glomerulonephritis, the above parameters decrease more markedly and at lower exercise intensity than in healthy persons."
1149457,"The wall of lover-limb arteries affected with severe atherosclerosis contains a Complex of substances with pro- and anticoagulative activities. The arterial wall, traumatized in endarterectomy by separation of the individual coats, releases procoagulative substances into blood circulation. The most conspicuous local manifestations of hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis appear on the day of surgery. The artery operated upon releases the thromboplastic factor for nine days; substances shortening the thrombin time (antiheparin substance, thrombin accelerator), for five days; and inhibitors of fibrinolysis, for four days after operation. A correlation was found between the regenerative process in the endarterectomized artery and the dynamics of the release of tissue factors influencing the haemocoagulation."
1149459,"Despite the fact that excretion and reabsorption fractions of sodium and water should express complementary aspects of the same renal process, calculation of ratios of excretion and reabsorption fractions in both kidneys can lead to differences in results. A theoretical analysis demonstrates that from the physiological point of view it is more correct to evaluate asymmetry on the basis of the ratios of reabsorption fractions. In 13 patients with renal artery stenosis, changes in reabsorption and excretion fractions of sodium, all osmotically active substances and water investigated before and after furosemide administration. The ratios of reabsorption fractions of sodium increased in 9 cases and syymmetry in function on the two sides was accentuated. It is suggested that separate investigation of tubular reabsorption of sodium and water in patients with renal artery stenosis should be combined with administration of furosemide and that the evaluation should be carried out on the basis of calculation of reabsorption fractions."
1149460,"The model of arterial thrombosis in rats used in this study is especially suitable for testing the preventive effect of antithrombotic drugs. An oral anticoagulant was ineffective in this model. Heparin, streptokinase, acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole were only moderately effective whereas highest effectiveness was attained by combining heparin with acetylsalicylic acid."
1149461,"In experiments on guinea pigs with experimental atherosclerosis, vanadium pentoxide retarded the development of vascular pathomorphological changes, supported cholesterol metabolism, and activated oxidoreductive processes. Correlation and regression analyses proved that vanadium pentoxide has a beneficial effect on the course of experimental atherosclerosis in guinea pigs to the influence of this drug on oxido-reductive processes."
1149462,"Past research has indicated a relationship between degree of unilateral usage of body parts and right-left discrimination skills. Further evidence for such an association was sought by comparing the scores of hemiplegic persons of limited intelligence on a test of rather advanced righ-left discrimination skills devised by the authors to those earned by a control group of non-hemiplegic persons matched on the variables of age, sex, race, and IQ. Mean scores of the hemiplegic group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Seventeen out of 21 hemiplegic persons scored higher than their matched controls. Results are discussed in terms of a possible causal relationship between perceived visual and kinesthetic differences between the right and left sides of one's own body and right-left discrimination in  external space. Lesser degrees of inter-hemispheric communication among hemiplegic persons also are mentioned as a possible causal factor."
1149463,"The present investigation directly assessed the hypothesis that poor readers sustain no basic disorder in visual-spatial functioning. In order to extend pervious results to younger children, the performance of poor and normal readers from both the second and sixth grades was compared. Adopting the format of an earlier investigation, a visual recall task was employed as the dependent variable, and it was predicted that poor readers would perform as well as normals with stimuli taken from Hebrew, an unfamiliar orthography. Accordingly, non-Hebrew poor and normal readers were compared with normal readers learning Hebrew on the production of varying length Hebrew words. As anticipated, children in the non Hebrew reader groups performed comparably on this task, but the performance of these subjects was inferior to that of children in the Hebrew groups. The data support the contention that visual perceptual disorder is an unlikely source of reading disability."
1149464,Pictures of upright and inverted faces were unilaterally presented in either the left or right visual field. Subsequent recognition performance was found to be superior for faces falling in the left visual field regardless of orientation. The results are discussed in relation to Yin's (1970) ideas concerning a face-specific recognition system located in the right hemisphere.
1149465,"DSF and DSB performance was compared in hospitalized controls and right and left brain lesion groups dichotomized for the presence or absence of visuospatial deficits. Digit Span performance was also correlated with WAIS Similarities and Block Design and Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices. No differences between groups were observed on DSF. On DSB patients with brain lesions had lower scores than controls and brain-lesioned patients with visuospatial deficits had lower scores than those without. DSB correlated significantly with WAIS Block Design and Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices supporting the hypothesis that visuospatial ability is needed to mediate proper DSB performance. The correlation of DSB with WAIS Similarities, however, lends support to the idea that low DSB may merely reflect severity of cognitive deficit."
1149466,"The classical view of conduction aphasia and the isolation syndrome holds that there is, respectively, preferential damage to, or sparing of, a (repetition) pathway between the posterior and anterior speech areas. This concept is deeply entrenched in neurological thinking, but is supported neither by clinical nor pathological evidence. These two disorders are explained from the standpoint of a more dynamic theory of language organization. This new approach has implications for our understanding of anatomical relationships ""between"" the speech areas."
1149467,"A sentence-reading test was devised in order to assess the aphasic's ability to detect errors in written discourse. One hundred pairs of sentences, each containing one correct and one erroneous sentence, were presented to the patients, who were required to locate the error in one of the two sentences. So that comprehension in the auditory and visual modalities might be compared, the identical test was administered orally to a subset of the aphasic population. Contrary to expectations, there was no difference in overall scores between patients with anterior and posterior pathology. Anterior patients performed somewhat better on the oral version, posterior patients on the written version of the test. Finally, an examination of errors revealed a regular order of difficulty in sentences which featured contradictions to ""real-world"" knowlege, irrespective of the locus of brain damage, while the order of difficulty of sentences featuring syntactic deviations differed appreciably, depending on the locus of lesion. An attempt is made to relate these findings to current experimental and clinical knowledge."
1149468,"A case of relatively pure conduction aphasia in a 66 year old woman is reported. A detailed linguistic analysis was performed and the patient's handling of the phonogrammic and ideogrammic aspects of the Japanese language was analysed. The patient showed a comparable pattern of difficultly in the following four operations: (1) naming of pictures (2) reading aloud of Kanji and Kana characters, (3) repetition of words and (4) transcription of heard words into Kanji and Kana characters. Of special note was the patient's superior written transcription of the ideographic symbols and the superior oral reading of the phonogrammic symbols. These results indicate that the patient had a basic defect in expressing the predetermined target word in verbal or writter form. From the analysis of Kana writings it is hypothesized that the in ability to establish a stable and distinct acoustic word image is responsible for this basic expressive difficulty leading to both paraphasic and paragraphic errors."
1149469,"48 patients with unilateral frontal or non-frontal cortical lesions were given a go - no go learning task. Patients with frontal lesions in either hemisphere took longer to learn the task and made more false ""go"" responses than control patients. They also, unlike controls, took longer to make in correct positive responses than correct positive ones. Medial frontal lesions were found to be particularly important in giving rise to poor performance on this task. It is suggested that this task is non-unitary in nature and that the medial area may be important for more than one ability."
1149470,"The interrelation of perceptual and verbral process was explored in a fluent aphasic with a naming disorder. This patient performed extremely well on complex perceptual tasks as long as he was instructed to remain silent or to count aloud. Whe he began to talk about what he was doing, he misnamed many test items and behaved as if they were what he had called them. The verbal interference effect is explained in terms of cerebral dominance and interhemispheric interaction and it is suggested that a similar mechanism may apply in classical cases of agnosia."
1149471,"Hand preference in sensorimotor discrimination tasks was tested on 80 right handed subjects in four experiments. One set of experiments compared the abilities of the two hands to perform sequential tasks. The other set compared spatial abilities of the two hands. Within each set one experiment involved unimanual performance, and the other bimanual performance. The results showed that subjects performed better with their right hand on the bimanual sequential task, and better with their left hand on the bimanual spatial task. No hand preference was found in the unimanual tasks. The results are interpreted as reflecting the differential sensorimotor dominance of the left and right hemispheres for sequential and spatial tasks respectively."
1149472,"Bilateral tachistoscopic presentation of verbal stimuli produces a significantly larger right visual half-field (VHF) superiority than does unilateral presentation, when fixation is controlled by a center digit. This experiment tested whether the increased asymmetry was due to (a) subjects attending the right VHF and ignoring the left VHF or (b) interference between the hemispheres due to competition for the left hemisphere language areas. Words, shaptes, and pictures of faces were presented bilaterally to each VHF, with fixation controlled by a center digit. In three conditions, the same type of stimuli was presented in each VHF (e.g., a word in both the left and right VHF). In two conditions words were presented to one VHF and nonverbal stimuli to the opposite VHF (words paired with words and words paired with faces). It was found that the stimulus pairings did not affect VHF asymmetry for any stimulus. Words showed a large right VHF superiority in all conditions. Shapes showed a significantly smaller right VHF superiority in all conditions. Faces showed no VHF asymmetry in any condition. It was concluded that attentional factors were not important since shapes or faces could be recognized accurately from the left VHF without lowering verbal recognition from the right VHF. Thus the low recognition accuracy from the left VHF is specific for verbal stimuli rather than attentional. The interference hypothesis was also not supported since all the right VHF stimuli (words, shapes, or faces) were associated with low recognition of words from the left VHF. It was suggested instead that VHF asymmetry under unilateral and bilateral presentation reflect two different mechanisms. Under conditions of unilateral presentation, VHF asymmetries are caused by loss of information when any given stimulus must cross the callosum to reach the hemisphere specialized for its processing. However, with bilateral VHF presentation and fixation control, the two hemispheres act as independent channels for information processing. Under this condition, each hemisphere recognized the stimulus from its contralateral VHF. Thus the large right VHF superiority for words with bilateral presentation reflects the superior ability of the left hemisphere for verbal recognition."
1149473,"The present investigation addresses itself to the question of whether a right visual field effect would emerge under conditions of bilateral letter presentation and partial report. Tachistoscopic trials consisting of eight letters, four in each field, were presented for 100 msec., to twenty right-handed adults. Ss were instructed to report the content of only one field on each trial. Under these conditions a right field superiority was obtained and an interaction between field and stimulus position. The field asymmetry appears to reflect the operations of cerebral dominance while the interaction suggests the influence of mnemonic factors."
1149474,"To assess the contribution of various factors to comprehension of a target word, an auditory comprehension test was devised and administered to a series of aphasic patients. Patients were required to select from an array that picture which corresponded to a spoken target word. Each patient heard the target word under five conditions: (1) target spoken alone; (2) target embedded in a neutral (low redundancy) sentence enunciated at a normal rate of speaking; (3) target in a neutral sentence enunciated at a slow rate of speaking; (4) target embedded in a sentence containing semantic support (high redundancy); (5) target embedded in a sentence containing a semantically-deceptive element. Semantic redundancy and rate of presentation made contributions to comprehensibility. Semantic confusions were prevalent among all aphasics but, contrary to earlier reports, posterior patients were especially prone to acoustic confusions. Except for conduction aphasics, patients were more likely to confuse words which began with the same sounds than words which ended with the same sounds. Patients with adequate comprehension at the start of the testing displayed a uniform tendency to improve on the conditions administered later, while those with impaired comprehension at the start usually did not."
1149475,"Six Korsakoff patients and six alcoholic controls learned a five item P-A task under each of the following three learning conditions; Rote, Imagery, and Cued learning. Under all conditions the Korsakoff patients took more trials to learn than did the control patients. However, both imagery learning and cued learning were easier than rote learning for the Korsakoff patients when recall was used as the learning index. When a recognition measure was used instead of the recall, imagery learning proved easiest with no difference existing between cued and rote learning. In a second experiment, the patients were given the cue (a mediating link) during presentation, but not during retrieval. Under this condition the Korsakoff patients learned no more rapidly than they did by rote regardless which response measure was required. It was concluded that imagery can aid both storage and retrieval of verbal information for Korsakoff patients, while cuing aids only the retrieval process."
1149476,"Two experiments tested 30 blind and 60 sighted children on serial recall of easily named objects, differing (1) in name sound and tactual characteristics; (2) in name sound, but similar in feel; and (3) in feel, but similar in name sound. Significant recall decrements were found for tactually similar relative to dissimilar series for both blind, and sighted subjects able to cope with set-sizes of up to 5 items, but not for subjects under a set-size of 6. Blind and sighted children tested under set-sizes of 4 and 5 or 6 items showed recall decrements for phonologically similar compared to dissimilar lists, but subjects under a set-size of 2 or 3 did not. It was argued that the results demonstrate both tactual and phonological encoding of tactually presented material by children."
1149477,"Sixteen adult, right-handed, moderate-to-severe atutterers (12 males, 4 females) and 20 nonstuttering controls (10 males, 10 females) were given a dichotic nonsense-syllable test to determine hemispheric lateralization for speech. Both male and female stutterers evidenced right-ear advantages in syllable identification similar in magnitude to those found for normals. These data confirm other reports of no difference in cerebral speech lateralization for stutterers and nonstutterers and, therefore, lend no support to theories that relate stuttering to abnormalities in cerebral lateralization. Acknowledgments. This study was conducted while the authors were at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. The assistance of Dr. R. L. Webster, the staff of the Institute for Behavioral Research, and the Departments of Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Connecticut is gratefully acknowledged."
1149478,"A confrontation naming task utilizing objects and pictures from the Porch Index of Communicative Ability was presented to 14 aphasic patients. Both initially correct and self-corrected naming responses were compared for the two sets of visual stimuli. In contrast to some studies that have also varied the physical characteristics of size, color and dimensionality, the present study (as well as two other studies) found no significant differences in naming performance for aphasic patients. This evidence would suggest that a choice between pictures and objects will seldom be crucial to diagnosis or therapy with aphasic naming problems."
1149480,"The effects of xipamid and frusemide were comapred in 9 oedematous patients. Xipamid was found to be equipotent with frusemide in doses of 40 mg. and 80 mg., with respect to its effect on sodium and water excretion. The time course of action of xipamid was observed to be more prolonged than that of frusemide. It is concluded that xipamid is a potent and safe diuretic."
1149481,"In a multi-centre trial of mazindol ('Teronac'), a new anorectic agent unrelated to amphetamine, 274 male and female patients were treated by 53 investigators in Eire. All patients were overweight according to the Metropolitan Life Assurance Company Tables, and 166 patients completed the treatment regime of one 2 mg. tablet daily and a 100 calorie diet for 12 weeks. The average weight loss was 18.8 lbs. (8.5 kg.); 85% of patients reported good appetite supression and good ability to adhere to their diet, and the attending physicians rated mazindol as being of considerable help in 92% of the patients. Mazindol was well tolerated, only 29 patients dropped out of the trial because of side-effects."
1149482,"Sixty hospitalised patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis, diabetes or chronic bronchitis and who had iron-deficiency anaemia (Hb levels less than 12.5g./100 ml.) were entered in a between-patient comparative study of a new, fast-release iron capsule ('Eryfer') and a standard slow-release iron tablet ('Ferro-Gradumet'). Patients were allocated to either drug at random and recived either 2 capsules (100 mg. elemental iron) or 1 tablet (105 mg. elemental iron) daily for 30 days. Haemoglobin levels and packed cell volume were measured before and at the end of the trial period. The results, analysed in 57 patients (28 on 'Eryfer' and 29 on the slow-release iron) indicate that treatment with 'Eryfer' produced a significantly more predictable response in haemoglobin regeneration, the response being dependent on the initial haemoglobin level. Both treatments, however, produced a highly significant increase in haemoglobin levels in the patients (mean increas: 'Eryfer' 1.09 g. and slow-release iron 0.76 g.). No side-effects were recorded with either treatment."
1149483,"'Pregnon', a new oral contraceptive containing 1 mg. lynestrenol and 0.05 mg. ethinyl oestradiol, was administered cyclically to 639 women of fertile age over a total of 9,159 cycles. There were no pregnancies. In most cases the withdrawal bleeding resembled normal menstruation. The incidence of metrorrhagia was relatively low and when it did occur it was usually confined to the early treatment cycles and was of very limited duration. The objective and subjective tolerance was excellent."
1149484,"One hundred and thirty-five women suffering from trichomonal, candidal, or both infections simultameously, were treated with povidone-iodine pessaries, 2 pessaries being inserted nightly. Ninety-nine women were given a 7-day course of treatment, but the results obtained were disappointing, and the authors do not recommend such a regime for routine treatment. Better results were obtained with the recommended 14-day course. A further 36 women suffering from chronic trichomonal and/or canidal infections which had previously resisted orthodox treatment were given a prolonged 28-day course of pessary treatment. The results obtained were very encouraging, 92% of the trichomonal and 96% of the canidal infections being cured. Furthermore, although povidone-iodine is slightly less effective in trichomoniasis, most patients suffering from a chronic infection (candidal, as well as trichomonal) were cured by the one preparation. Side-effects did occur, but were significant in only 3 patients. Subjective symptoms, especially any offensive odour, disappeared within 3 days of the start of the treatment. The authors recommend that the 28-day course of povidone-iodine pessaries is used in those cases where trichomoniasis or candidosis has been a therapeutic problem in the past, particularly if the patient is currently on the oral contraceptive pill."
1149486,"Seventy-seven patients took part in a double-blind crossover trial to compare the effects of floctafenine, dextropropxyhene and aspirin in the relief of post-operative pain. Pain levels were recorded at hourly intervals and pain relief scores calculated. For Dose 1, the difference between the mean pain relief score for patients receiving floctafenin (12.8) and that for patients receiving dextropropoxyphen (6.2) was significant, (p smaller than 0.05) but the difference between the mean score for aspirin (9.2) and that for dextropropoxyphene was not significant. For Dose 2, there were no significant differences between the mean pain relief scores for floctafenine (12.5), for aspirin (10.9) and for dextropropoxyphene (13.2)."
1149487,"The authors report on the pharmacokinetic profile of a new analgesic, meptazinol, from studies of plasma and urine levels after intravenous injection in 4 healthy volunteers. Conjugated product is formed very soon after injection and its concentration changes little over the period studied compared with the unchanged product where a fast, then a relatively slow phase of decline can easily be distinguished, suggesting a two compartment open system model. Meptazinol is predominantly eliminated in this conjugated form by urinary excretion of the metabolites. Excretion is very rapid in the first few hours after dosing and elimination is almost completed after 24 hours."
1149488,"Women using combined-type oral contraceptives show a progressive increase in serum activity of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and beta-acetyl-glucuronidase) during the first 6 cycles of treatment; thereafter, the enzyme activities remain relatively constant. The increase in enzyme activity appears to be approximately proportional to the total steroid intake per cycle and not to any particular steroid or combination of steroids. These findings suggest that oral contraceptives of choice should contain the minimum amount of steroids compatible with high efficacy and patient acceptability."
1149490,"A double-blind trial was carried out on 116 patients with lower respiratory tract infection and systemic manifestations. One group received co-trimoxazole (480 mg. trimethoprim and 2,400 mg. sulphamethoxazole daily), and the other group received 2 g. tetracycline daily. The trial, as judged by clinical improvements, the reduction of purulent sputum and the rate of eradication of infection, showed a better result with co-trimoxazole. The incidence of side-effects were higher in the group receiving tetracycline compared with those receiving co-trimoxazole."
1149489,An assessment was made of the local use of 0.1% hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in the treatment of 15 patients with a variety of skin conditions involving face and neck. Treatment was used on a short-term basis ranging from 3 to 22 days. There was marked clinical improvement of the lesions in 12 patients. The results of this short study are in accord with earlier published work and suggest that this new nonfluorinated steroid has promising potential.
1149492,"The chromosomes of the Asian mice, Mus fulvidiventris (booduga?), are typical of the Mus in general, viz., 40 telocentric chromosomes. The centromeric heterochromatin does not fluoresce brightly. The G band pattern of the euchromatin is the same as that of M. musculus. The diploid number of M. dunni is also 40, but each autosome possesses a short, heterochromatic second arm. The X chromosome is a long submetacentric, whose entire short arm and the terminal segment of the long arm are heterochromatic. The Y is a long telocentric and is heterochromatic. The G band pattern of the long arms of M. dunni involved only the addition of C bands. Mus dunni and M. booduga are sympatric in many localities in India, but they can be separated by karyological and subtle morphological differences."
1149493,"Mitotic chromosome studies carried out on newborn male infant with congenital abnormalities and on his family members showed that the father and paternal grandmother were heterozygotes for an unequal pericentric inversion. The child appeared to have inherited a recombinant duplication/deletion chromosome. The results of meiotic studies carried out on a testicular biopsy from the father were used to ascertain the risk of recurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in future pregnancies. A model is presented which permits the analysis of C-banded diakinetic chromosomes as to whether crossing-over has occurred within the inversion segment or not. In the present study, it was estimated that either one or two cross-overs had occurred in 52% of the cells within the inversion segment. This would result in approximately 26% of the spermatozoa carrying either one of two types of duplication/deficiencies of chromosome No. 4."
1149494,"The X chromosomes of the female bandicoot rat (Nesokia indica) were 3H-thymidine labeled during two consecutive cell divisions to determine if all of the same segments of the ""triplicate-type"" X chromosome of these animals always replicated late. In 87% of metaphases examined the findings were as expected. One entire X chromosome (X1) and the long arm of the other X (X2) synthesized DNA late in the S phase in both divisions. However, in the other 13% of the metaphases, the late-replicating and presumably genetically inactive short-arm segments of the X1 chromosome had completed DNA synthesis by the time it entered the late-S phase of the second cycle. Thus, in this species, some cells appear to have an X chromosome of which the facultative heteropycnotic segment condenses in one cell cycle but becomes euchromatic in the subsequent cell cycle. Although this appears at first to be inconsistent with the generally accepted pattern of X-chromosome condensation and genetic inactivation, it may represent an instance of evolutionary specialization for an as yet unexplained reason. It is also possible that closer analysis of other mammalian species with composite sex chromosomes or methods equally suitable for this type of analysis will reveal other instances where a minority of the somatic cells of females do not follow the predictions of the Lyons hypothesis completely."
1149498,"Chromosome preparations of 77 normal newborn babies from Grand Junction, Colorado, were stained first for G-band identification of each chromosome and subsequently stained for Q- and C-band localization. This approach permitted determination of the variation of the C region size in all chromosomes, and is the first such study reported. A total of 391 Q and C variants was described, an average of 5.08 +/- 0.23 per subject; 225 were Q varients, 166 were C variants. Q varients were distributed among seven chromosomes in the genome and among 76 of the 77 subjects. Chromosomes 3 and 4 had variable Q intensities at the centromere, and the acrocentric chromosomes, 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22, had variable Q intensities in their short arms and/or satellites. C variants, though fewer in number, were more widely distributed in the genome, with at least one variant described in each chromosome. C variants were identified in 65 of the 77 subjects. Most unique were the six pericentric inversions found in chromosome 9. Except for giant satellites, no correlations were found between Q and C variants. Q and C variants evaluated in 16 members of four families showed that in nearly every case each variant observed in a child could be demonstrated in one or both parents. It is evident from this study that the magnitude of chromosomal variation in human populations is far greater than heretofore believed. It has also been shown that the combination of Q- and C-banding procedures will yield much more information than either technique used alone and is therefore the preferred approach to many population and gene localization studies."
1149507,"Complications after prosthetic valve replacement may be multiple. In biologic valves, valve detachment and cusp perforation may occur. If this is of significant magnitude, reoperation may be required. This report describes recurrent mitral regurgitation after mitral valve replacement with a Hancock porcine xenograft. The regurgitation subsided spontaneously three months later. We felt that a paravalvular leak closed, with progressive fibrosis and tightening of the annulus. Functional results in this patient were excellent."
1149508,"Citrobacter diversus is a gram-negative rod member of the Enterobacteriacease family. A patient is described from whom this organism was isolated twice in pure culture from empyema fluid. Our isolates of Citrobacter diversus were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and sensitive to cephalothin. Citrobacter diversus should be distinguished from Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This organism joins Streptococcus pyogenes, bacteroids species, anaerobic streptococci and Escherichia coli as a cause of slight pneumonia with extensive empyema."
1149509,"A 39-year-old women inhaled approximately 675 mg of aerosolized isoproterenol in less than three days during an asthmatic attack. Serial enzyme and ECGs were consistent with acute myocardial necrosis. During a three-year-followup period, no clinical evidence or predisposing factors for coronary artery disease were revealed. The close temporal relation of isoproterenol overdosage with mycardial necrosis provides presumptive evidence that the well-documented association of myocardial necrosis with high dosage catecholamines in animals may also occur in man. While in no way detracting from the value of isoproterenol in standard doses, this report alerts physicians to the possibility of another hazard in those who may use this drug to excess."
1149510,"We describe a ten-month-old patient in whom intermittent patency and closure of the dectus arteriosus was observed clinically, and in whom this observation was uniquely demonstrated at the time of cardiac catheterization. The hemodynamics of this patient and the physiology of ductal closure are discussed."
1149511,"This report draws attention to an apparent clear space, which is normally present on routine chest posterior-anterior roentgenograms, composed of the descending aorta, pulmonary outflow tract and left upper lobe vessels which form its medial, inferior and lateral boundaries respectively. The medial margin of this space has a concave outer border. Lymph nodes of the ligamentum group lie in close proximity to this space. In the absence of other processes involving structures of the middle mediastinum, encroachment of this space from the medial direction, with formation of a convex outer border is a reliable and frequently the first radiographic sign of left-sided mediastinal lymph node enlargement."
1149512,"Although the literature well describes chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in the adult, there are no reports of this entity in the pediatric age group. We describe a child with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, emphasizing the specific radiologic features, common conditions in the differential diagnosis, and dramatic response in corticosteroid administration, which is a unique feature of this entity."
1149513,"Emergency pulmonary resection for hemoptysis during an episode of massive intrabronchial bleeding requires protection of the contraleteral lung from aspiration of blood. We describe a method of selective unilateral ventilation applied to 15 patients, without mortality attributable to this factor."
1149515,We present two surgically treated cases of lung cancer that showed progression of the tumor through the pulmonary veins toward the left atrium. The surgical technique and the influence of improper handling on the production of systemic emboli are discussed.
1149524,"Treadmill exercise tests were performed on 32 active duty military personnel 9 to 11 months after acute myocardial infarction to enable more objective selection of candidates for return to military service. Treadmill exercise tests were terminated at heart rates averaging 92 percent maximal predicted rate for age, or when chest discomfort with ischemic ECG changes occurred. The incidence of lipid abnormalities, hypertension, and other coronary risk factors did not differ among the groups. However, treadmill exercise tests appeared to identify a high risk group. Treadmill exercise testing in young postmyocardial infarction patients suggests that those with ischemic responses are at high risk of subsequent cardiac complications. Early surgery in this group may be warranted. The more frequently encountered negative response appears to be associated with a benign clinical course and better immediate prognosis."
1149525,"A new radiologic index indicative of pulmonary artery hypertension is presented. It was obtained by measuring the horizontal distances from the midline to the first divisions of the right and left pulmonary arteris, and dividing the sum of these distances by the maximum transverse diameter of the thorax. The index was significantly different in groups with and without pulmonary hypertension and was abnormal (above 38 percent in 111 of 150 patients with cardiovascular disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). None of the cases with increased pulmonary flow from cardiac shunts but normal PAP had an anbormal index. Thus, an abnormal index suggested PAH but correlated poorly with the extent of hypertension."
1149526,"Benign superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction is an uncommon entity. However, it is important to recognize that a small percentage of SVC syndromes are due to benign diseases such as mediastinal granulomas. The insidious onset and slow progression of symptoms allow for development of an efficient collateral venous circulation compatible with long-term survival. Surgical intervention to bypass the obstruction is often unsuccessful and should be avoided in most cases. We review the English literature on the subject, classify the various causes of benign SVC syndrome, and report our experience with 16 documented cases."
1149527,"The medical records of 53 patients who had reactivation of tuberculosis between 1970 and 1973 in Oklahoma were reviewed. Reactivation accounted for 4 percent of all cases reported in this period. No correlation was found between race or sex and risk of reactivation. The interval between original diagnosis and reactivation (median 14.0 years) was longer than has been reported in other series but was felt to be an encouraging finding. The most important factor influencing reactivation appeared to be inadequate chemotherapy. Minimal disease appeared to be particulary prone to undertreatment in the past. Patients with reactivation of tuberculosis responded to treatment almost as well as those with a recent diagnosis, as measured by sputum conversion rates. The paucity of patients presenting with reactivated cases after having been adequately treated supports recent recommendations to discharge patients from further followup when treatment is adequate and complete."
1149529,"Thirty-seven patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were divided into three groups on the basis of radiologic evidence of emphysema. The category of radiologic emphysema correlated with severity of abnormality of routine lung function, gas exchange and lung mechanics. Within the group of patients with no radiologic abnormally, a subgroup with severe functional abnormalities, quite similar to those found in patients with widespread radiologic emphysema, could be selected on the basis of maximum elastic recoil less than 10 cm H2O."
1149530,"Systolic time interval studies were performed to evaluate left ventricular performance in 28 patients with untreated systemic hypertension but without clinical heart failure. The pre-ejection period (PEP) was significantly prolonged (p smaller than 0.001) and left ventricular ejectime time (LVET) was shortened (p smaller than 0.02) when compared to rate-corrected predicted values. The PEP/LVET ratio was abnormally high in 18 of the patients and the average ratio was 0.45 ( smaller than 0.001). Eleven patients with abnormal time intervals were restudied during treatment with antilypertensive drugs. The PEP/LVET raio decreased in ten and became normal in nine. The average ratio decreased from 0.49 to 0.41 (p smaller than 0.001), due to both shortening of PEP (p smaller than 0.02) and lengthening of LVET (p smaller than 0.001). These findings indicate that alterations in left ventricular function may occur commonly in chronic hypertension in the absence of clinical heart failure, and can be reversed with appropriate therapy. This technique may be useful in evaluating hypertensive patients and in determining the efficacy of treatment."
1149531,"Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and rapid filling time (RFT) were used to evaluate elasticity and compliance in 11 control subjects (Group 1), in nine patients with angina (Group 2), in 11 with hypertensive heasrt disease (Group 3), and in ten patients with healed myocardial infarction (Group 4). Pre-ejection period (PEP), pre-ejection period index (PEPI), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), left ventricular ejection time index(LVETI) and PEP/LVET ratio were all derived from simultaneous recordings of phonocardiograms, ECGs, apexcardiograms, and external carotid arterial pulses. No patients were in congestive heart failure and none were receiving medication. LVET and LVETI were the same in control patient groups; PEP was slightly increased in patients with healed myocardial infarctions (p smaller than 0.05); and PEPI was prolonged in the patients with angina (p = 0.001). THE PEP/LVET ratio too was different from the control group in patients with angina and hypertension (Groups 2 and 3-p smaller than 0.02 and smaller than 0.05 respectively). The diastolic time intervals were significantly altered in that the IVRT was prolonged in angina patients (113.4 equals or minus 28.3 msec), compared to control patients (85.7) equal or minus 18.4 msec). It was found that in 6 out of 9 patients with angina, this interval exceeded the highest normal value (108 msec), but that in only one out 11 patients with HCVD and in three out of ten with healed infarctions, was the interval prolonged. RFT was increased in HCVD (113.8 equals or minus 18.8 msec) and in healed myocardial infarction (123.8 equals or minus 30.0 msec) patients, compared to the control group (94.5 equals or minus 12.8 msec). Diastolic time intervals reflecting disorders in elasticity and compliance may occur in conjunction with alterations in systolic time intervals."
1149532,"Clinical and necropsy observations are described in two patients who died 11 and 13 years, respectively, after implantation of Hufnagel prostheses (the first ever used successfully in humans to treat cardiac valve disease) in descending thoracic aorta. Despite the long implantation periods, there was no evidence of prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis or intravascular hemolysis. Although approximately 4000 Hufnagel descending aortic prostheses were distributed by the manufacturer for human use, data in only 55 patients in whom these prostheses were inserted were found in previous publications, and 26 of them had died. Of the 13 late deaths previously reported, no evidence of prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis was described in the three patients surviving greater than 3 years (8, 10, 12.5 years, respectively). Since neither our patients nor any of the other three reported long-term survivors had prosthetic-related complications and since the dangers  of excising the descending aortic prosthesis are considerable, it appears most reasonable, as a rule, not to remove the descending aortic prosthesis at any time in these patients if aortic valve replacement is subsequently performed."
1149533,"Abrupt, massive, and fatal hemoptysis occurred in two patients with pulmonary mucormycosis. One patient had uucontrolled diabetes mellitus and the other acute leukemia in remission. Pulmonary artery erosion by mucormycotic hyphae caused the hemorrhage cases. Mucormycosis is an unusual cause of massive hemoptysis."
1149534,"The duration of a position as physician-director of respiratory services proved to be less than five years in 68 per cent of cases followed.Based on available information, in the 50 such cases, the act of separation was not elective in these instances, except as a final response to an otherwise intolerable situation. Further study revealed the prime cause to be ignorance of the basic essentials of management. Technical incompetence was never an issue in cases of separation. The general application of principles of management to the control of respiratory services is illustrated by a series of case reports and subsequent discussion. Presently, candidates aspiring to such positions appear to rely almost entirely on their elaborate technical skills. Choice of such a career option, however, should carry with it an obligation to ""learn the rules of the game."" Logically, graduate training programs should provide this training."
1149535,"A new catheter for percutaneous transfemoral right heart catheterization is described. The catheter can also be used for pulmonary angiography and pulmonary wedgepressure recording. Because of the speed and efficiency with which this catheter may be used, we suggested a trial by physicians involved in right heart catheterization pulmonary angiography."
1149536,"The versatility of the flexible bronchoscope (FB) has resulted in the use of several methods for its introduction. A method is described for the oral introduction of the FB after oral intubation using the FB as a guide for insertion of a flexible oral endotracheal tube, a procedure that has been performed in more than 2,500 patients without known complications."
1149540,A 32-year-old man who presented with symptoms suggesting empyema was found at thoracotomy to have infarction of an extralobar pulmonary sequestration. He was completely relieved by excision of the sequestration after securing the systemic vascular pedicle which had undergone torsion. Recognition of the anomalous bloody supply and other congenital anomalies in such cases is emphasized.
1149541,"The diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly has traditionally been made by angiocardiography and confirmed by simultaneous intracardiac electrocardiographic and pressure recordings. These techniques may result in false positive or negative tests. A new method is proposed, whereby the right coronary artery is used an an angiographic marker for the tricuspid annulus and a pressure catheter simultaneously marks the position of the tricuspid valve. In the right anterior oblique position the tip of the pressure catheter should be just under the right coronary artery as the tricuspid leaflets close in systole, indicating the normal relationship of the tricuspid leaflets and annulus. In Ebstein's anomaly the tip of the catheter extends well past the coronary artery in systole, demonstrating the characteristic displacement of the attachments of the tricuspid valve downward toward the right ventricular apex."
1149544,"Among 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with increasing dyspnea, the resting mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was elevated (greater than 12mm Hg) in 4 and became abnormal with exercise in 3 other subjects. Stroke volume index was reduced (less than 36 ml/beat/M2) in 16 of 26 patients (62 percent). The resting pre-ejection period index was prolonged (greater than 144 msec) in 17 patients (65 percent), while the left ventricular (LV) ejection time index was reduced (less than 408 msec) in 23 patients (88 percent). The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the LV ejection time was within the normal range (0.309 to 0.381) in only 3 of 26 patients (12 percent). Echocardiographic measurements of LV function were normal in nine patients, seven of whom had one or more abnormal values for systolic time intervals (STIs). These data suggest that reduced LV filing results in abnormal values for STIs in patients with COPD, and therefore that in such patients STIs are not accurate indices of LV function."
1149545,"Echocardiographic studies were performed on 14 patients with endocardial cushion defects of different anatomic varieties. Four patients were studied again after operation. Patients with partial atrioventricular canal (PAVC) showed multiple systolic echoes on mitral valve echogram, with significant mitral-septal apposition in diastole. The left ventricular outflow (LVO) appeared significantly narrowed. The septal motions were paradoxic. After corrective operation, an increase in the width of the LVO was noted and mitral-septal apposition appeared to be less pronounced. Multiple systolic echoes, however, reappeared and persisted. The echocardiograms in patients with complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) were characterized by wide excursion of an apparent single atrioventricular valve. The echoes of the mitral component of the common anterior leaflet moved anteriorly into the right ventricular cavity and overshadowed the tricuspid component in diastole. In addition, patients with CAVC and divided and medially attached common anterior leaflets had solitary mitral and tricuspid echograms. This feature differentiates this group of patients from those patients with CAVC with undivided freefloating common anterior leaflet."
1149546,"An apparently increasing incidence of isoniazid-associated hepatitis concurrent with interest in the problem has led to the universal teaching that patients on isoniazid preventive therapy must be carefully monitored for liver disease. This teaching has been reinforced and endorsed in a recent report of the tuberculosis advisory committee and special consultants to the director of the Center for Disease Control; this report, in turn, led to an American Thoracic Society statement concluding that the use of isoniazid with appropriate safeguards must be based on a comparison of the benefit of preventive therapy with the risk of hepatic injury and, therefore, should be used when necessary, under careful control and follow-up. In New York City, with increasing use of the tuberculin skin test leading to increased numbers of patients receiving this treatment in nurse-operated clinics, a new control form and protocol were designed. These insure that all individuals on preventive therapy are carefully monitored for liver disease as well as compliance in taking the drug. This system also insures the safeguards alluded to, as well as increasing concern and awareness among the health professionals in prescribing the treatment."
1149547,"Chest pain is frequently a prominent symptom of the hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) and must be distinguished from angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAHD). The association between hyperventilation and chest pain may be apparent if psychoneurotic traits or anxiety are present. Many patients with HVS are not overtly anxious or neurotic, but in the great majority, a careful history and physical examination will indicate whether chest pain is due to HVS or CAHD. The failure to make this clinical differential diagnosis, which often leads to unnecessary coronary angiography, should not be as frequent as generally experienced. Fifteen of 95 consecutive patients had chest pain and additional typical HVS symptoms. Reassurance and detailed explanation about the cause of the chest pain gave significant relief, so that all patients were less symptomatic 24 to 44 months later, and none had developed new signs or symptoms to suggest that symptomatic CAHD had been overlooked. The risk and expense of coronary angiography was avoided."
1149548,"Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were performed in a patient having paroxysms of atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular (A-V) conduction. Although duration of conduction intervals was normal during sinus rhythm, the atrio-His (A-H) interval did not show the expected increase when the atria were stimulated at progressively higher rates. The results of pacing with the extrastimulus technique also indicated that the refractory periods of the A-H tissues were shorter than normal. Yet, intravenously administered ouabain produced a significant increase in these refractory periods. The findings in the case are compatible with a partial A-V nodal bypass with a shorter refractory period than the A-V node or with an A-V node with unusual capacity for rapid conduction. The response to ouabain therapy was that of A-V nodal tissues."
1149549,"Twenty-three specimens of pleural fluid from 23 patients were examined for quantitative fibrinogen, total protein levels, and for clottability in vitro using the recalcification time. Of the 19 specimens of pleural fluid from patients without loculation, 11 (seven exudates) had no detectable fibrinogen; another 8 (six exudates) had a mean fibrinogen level of 55.0 +/- 10.2 mg percent, and a mean recalcification time of 19.4 +/- 2.6 minutes. The pleural fluids from the four patients with loculation had no detectable fibrinogen. The only fluids containing fibrinolytic activity were from the nonloculated non-fibrinogen-containing group. No correlation existed between pleural fluid/plasma total protein ratios and pleural fluid/plasma fibrinogen ratios. In vitro clottability in this study did not reflect the in vivo tendency for coagulation and loculation."
1149550,"A nationwide study of acute myocardial infarction in Israel was carried out during a one-year period. There were 2,504 new and 968 repeated attacks. Annual incidence rate of first attacks was 0.9 per 1,000 (1.3 in men and 0.5 in women). Incidence was highest among the European born in both sexes. But, while the pattern of the native born men was similar to that of those born in Europe, it approached the incidence of the Asian-African born in women. The sex ratio was relatively higher in those ethnic groups where male incidence was relatively higher and vice versa. Length of residence in the country had little effect on the incidence rates."
1149551,"The hospital mortality was evaluated for 21 days in all patients with a first attack of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Israel. Total mortality was 21.1 percent. The following factors were associated with relatively better prognoses: age, young; sex, male; marital status, married; ethnic origin, European; site, subendocardial; history of smoking, and, to a certain degree, hypertension; low levels of white blood cells, blood sugar, serum transaminase and cholesterol; and anticoagulant therapy."
1149555,"We report the case of a 26-year-old woman with ventricular septal defect associated with a typical coin lesion as shown on the chest roentgenogram. Selective angiography revealed the coin lesion to be caused by an aneurysm of a tertiary pulmonary arterial branch. In addition, two smaller aneurysms were noted. It is postulated on clinical and histologic grounds that the aneurysms were caused by congenital weakness of the pulmonary arterial wall in conjunction with increased pulmonary flow and slightly elevated pulmonary arterial pressure."
1149556,"Melioidosis was diagnosed in association with lung cancer in a World War 2 veteran 26 years after geographic exposure. The case history illustrates the prolonged latency, difficult diagnosis, and resistance to therapy of chronic melioidosis. Implications are that chronic forms of the disease will continue to surface in veterans of Southeast Asian conflicts for decades."
1149557,"We report the case of a patient with tricuspid and pulmonic valve atresia, with survival to the age of 21 years. Postmortem examination revealed an anomalous vessel connecting the ascending aorta with the main pulmonary artery. This fistula measured 20 mm by 4 mm, arose independently of the coronary arteries and had the histologic features of an elastic artery. The remarkable longevity was ascribed in part to the maintenance of pulmonary arterial flow by the left-to-right shunt through the anomalous arterial connection."
1149558,"In a 39-year-old man radiologic examination could not distinguish definitely between a hydropneumothorax and total destruction of one lung. Introduction of a fiberoptic bronchoscope through the opening for the chest drainage tube permitted direct inspection of the air space. A definite diagnosis of a destroyed lung was made, permitting appropriate modification of the treatment."
1149562,"The effect of methotrexate on the NADPH-dependent hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of the normal rat has been investigated. Pre-treatment of the animals with methotrexate for 3 successive days resulted in significant increases in the activities of biphenyl hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. The activity of these enzymes obtained from liver microsome preparations was also increased by methotrexate in vitro. The body weight, liver weight and the amount of both protein and DNA in each liver were significantly depressed by methotrexate treatment. All values, except the body weight, were increased to the control levels by additional treatment of the animals with phenobarbital. A likely explanation for the increase of enzyme activity by methotrexate has been discussed."
1149563,"59 hospital patients with an average age of 78 years were long-term treated for urinary tract infection with either cephalexin 125 mg/day, cephalexin 250 mg/day or with nitrofurantoin 100 mg/day given as a single dose in the evening. The patients were observed for a maximum of 12 months. One single dose of cephalexin 125 mg was as effective as one single dose of 250 mg given in the evening in the long-term treatment of urinary tract infection. The urine remained free of bacteriuria in 63% of the patients treated with nitrofurantoin and in 50% of those treated with cephalexin. The duration of the bacteriuria-free interval preceding reinfection was 108 days in those patients treated with nitrofurantoin and 92 days in those treated with cephalexin."
1149564,"A model is proposed for the antimicrobial agent, silver uracil, whereby silver interacts with uracil forming a silver uracil combination with the silver in the +1 state intercalating between stacked uracils in a manner similar to a 'sandwich' model. The uracils maintain stability by hydrogen bonding with the water solvent, and 'flip-flop' through an antiparallism mode at 220 degrees. The silver bonds to the uracil by a charge transfer mechanism, increasing the nuclear shielding field of the pyrimidine. The presence of the water (solvent) is necessary for the structure."
1149565,The production of Staphylococcus aureus lipase could be inhibited by addition of 0.1 mug/ml lincomycin to the media without affecting growth. Addition of the same amount of drug at various stages of growth inhibited further enzyme production. The enzymatic activity of the lipase could not be inhibited at a concentration of 2.5 mug/ml lincomycin.
1149573,"DNA reassociation kinetics have been partly elucidated for the higher crabs C. borealis and L. emarginata, using calf thymus DNA as a standard. These crabs contain no detectable repeated DNA in the approximate multiplicity frequency range 2-100 copies, which is unusual for invertebrate DNAs. Each species contains a component renaturing at an intermediate rate, and also a very rapidly renaturing fraction. The very rapidly renaturing fraction is considerably larger than the cesium chloride-resolvable satellites of each species. The fraction reassociating at an intermediate rate includes sequences with a reiteration frequency of up to 9.0 X 10(4) copies. This is unusually high for invertebrate DNAs. The nearly exact correlation between kinetic complexity and independently determined haploid genome size leads to the conclusion that the most slowly renaturing sequences of both crab species are present only once per haploid genome. Therefore the chromatids of these species are uninemic structures, and there has been no detectable occurrence of polyploid speciation in the recent evolutionary history of either species."
1149574,"Injection of beta-ecdysone into mid fourth instar larvae of Rhynchosciara americana induced within 23-28 hours after injection a rise in the percentage of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporating nuclei in salivary gland region S1 from about 10-20% in the controls to 80-90% in the injected larvae. The 3H-TdR incorporating nuclei displayed a weak continuous labeling pattern or a band-labeling pattern with grains over the vast majority of the bands. The majority of nuclei with a band labeling pattern displayed DNA amplification at the DNA-puff regions.--Injection of actinomycin D at different times after ecdysone injection abolished the higher incorporation rate at the amplifying regions within 15 hours after the injection. However, the percentage of nuclei incorporating 3H-TdR and the frequency of the two labeling patterns remained essentially the same when RNA synthesis was inhibited. Only the over-all rate of 3H-TdR incorporation seemed to be reduced.--These data suggest that in the DNA puff regions the rate of DNA chain elongation is higher when amplification occurs than during a normal replication cycle. It, further, seems that the higher rate during amplification is dependent upon de novo RNA synthesis."
1149576,"All subspecies of black rats (Rattus rattus) used in the present study are characterized by having large and clear C-bands at the centromeric region. The appearance of the bands, however, is different in the subspecies. Chromosome pair No. 1 in Asian type black rats (2n=42), which are characterized by an acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism, showed C-band polymorphism. In Phillipine rats (R. rattus mindanensis) the pair was subtelocentric with C-bands, but in Malayan black rats (R. rattus diardii) it was usually acrocentric with C-bands. In Hong-Kong (R. rattus flavipectus) and Japanese black rats (R. rattus tanezumi) it was polymorphic with respect to the presence of acrocentrics with C-bands or subtelocentrics without C-bands. The other chromosomes pairs showed clear C-bands, but in Hong-Kong black rats the pairs No. 2 and 5 were polymorphic with and without C-bands. In Japanese black rats, 6 chromosome pairs (No. 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 13) were polymorphic in regard to presence and absence of C-bands, but the other 5 chromosome pairs (No. 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10) showed always absence of C-bands. Only pair No. 12 usually showed C-bands. C-bands in small metacentric pairs (No. 14 to 20) in Asian type black rats generally large in size, but those in the Oceanian (2n=38) and Ceylon type black rats (2n=40) were small. In the hybrids between Asian and Oceanian type rats, heteromorphic C-bands, one large and the other small, were observed. Based on the consideration of karyotype evolution in the black rats, the C-band is suggested to have a tendency toward the diminution as far as the related species are concerned."
1149577,"Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids (SCD) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were visualized in chromosomes obtained directly from growing chicken embryos. SCD was obtained by exposing 3-day embryos to BrdU (12.5-50 mug) in ovo for 26 hours and staining air dried chromosome preparations with 33258 Hoechst. Bright, stable fluorescence and continued SCD were achieved if slides were mounted in McIlvaine's pH 4.4 buffer. Embryo growth, mitotic activity and gross chromosome morphology were not adversely altered by the BrdU treatments. The SCE rate was estimated to be 0.07 SCEs per macrochromosome and 0.75 SCEs per metaphase for two cell cycles."
1149581,"A series of 90 patients with intussusception of the rectum (internal procidentia) has been studied. In 11 per cent of the patients there was also an enterocele and in 3 per cent, a large proctocele. Forty patients were operated upon by the Ripstein procedure. Indications for operation were, in most cases, incontinence for gas and/or feces. Seventy-five per cent of the preoperatively incontinent patients were, at follow-up 2 to 10 years after operation, continent. When indications for surgery were pain and or a sensation of obstruction, the results were poor; most of these patients had unchanged symptoms postoperatively, and some even had increased symptoms. There was one postoperative death. Of 50 patients treated conservatively during a period of 2 to 10 years, only two had to be operated upon: one due to the development of a rectal prolapse and the other due to severe pain and an increased sensation of obstruction."
1149589,"The paper takes a look at the special opportunities which present themselves to patient and psychotherapist in the initial interview. Citing two case examples, the paper suggests that it is possible to have a therapeutic impact and to reach sufficient closure during a single interview with certain types of clinical problems."
1149583,"An unusual case of basal-cell carcinoma originating at the site of a long-standing colostomy is presentedmirritation and frequent ulceration around the colostomy site as a result of bad hygiene and reluctance to use colostomy appliance by the patient may have caused this tumor. A long-term cure for more than 37 years was obtained following radiation therapy for carcinoma of the rectum. Radiation therapy should be attempted for palliation or possible cure, despite adverse indications, whenever surgical excision of the carcinoma of the rectum is not possible."
1149585,"Colonoscopy was performed on ten patients who had colonic strictures demonstrated by barium-enema examination. In all cases the diagnosis of carcinoma had been considered, but it was confirmed by colonoscopic examination, cytology, and biopsies in only two patients. Five patients were shown to have benign inflammatory strictures due to ischemic colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irradiation colitis, or postoperative strictures. The remaining three patients were shown to have no intrinsic lesion. These eight patients were thereby spared further diagnostic procedures, and even unnecessary laparotomy."
1149591,"The early signs and symptoms of schizophrenic decompensation are subtle and variegated. Today's community patient often presents with vague complaints of brief duration making it imperative that today's diagnostician be able to recognize and appropriately treat early psychopathology. This paper collates a number of observations of developing psychotic phenomena -- self reports, clinical studies and controlled experiments -- and provides a useful format for organizing these complex and changing behaviors.  Data are presented and discussed using our clinical schema for detailing the natural progression of developing psychotic phenomena into four distinct stages. Efficacy of early recognition and treatment in aborting or diminishing a major psychotic episode is discussed. The advantages of recognizing the early signs of psychotic decompensation are apparent. First, with adequate intervention and treatment, the overt psychotic state may be attenuated. Although the feasibility of reducing the incidence of schizophrenia through intervention in ""high risk"" groups, or those experiencing insidious symptoms remain speculative (further investigation in this area is urgently needed), nonetheless, early diagnosis and comprehensive rehabilitative care significantly improves social and occupational adjustment. A second advantage accrues from early diagnosis. It enables patient and family to better cope with the illness. We have previously outlined a schema detailing the natural progression of developing psychotic phenomena into four distinct stages. The phenomena, when identified, can be seen as a continuum. However, many clinicians fail to recognize the earlier phases and typically the diagnosis of psychosis is made relatively late at what we call stage three of the four stages we described."
1149584,"This is a report of a patient with the CRST syndrome, a mild variant of scleroderma consisting of calcinosismraynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Typical changes of scleroderma were present in the extremities, esophagus, duodenum and colon. In addition, there was a polypoid filling defect in a colonic diverticulum due to a fecalith. The radiologic appearance at first resembled a colonic neoplasm, although its location within a diverticulum and its speckled appearance suggested the possibility of a fecalith. This was confirmed at colonoscopy, which disclosed numerous wide-mouthed diverticula, with inspissated fecal material projecting from several diverticula. In patients with scleroderma and polypoid filling defects in the colon, the possibility of a fecalith within a diverticulum should be considered. Where the radiologic study is inconclusive, colonoscopy may provide a definitive diagnosis."
1149592,"The present challenges in medicine indicate clearly that a fuller partnership between patient and doctor is being evolved, without secret or unshared clauses. When a satisfactory relationship develops, it not only satisfies medico-legal requirements, but also fulfills the basic needs of excellent practice. The education of the patient and his family is an important part of the treatment process. The physician must consider and evaluate symptom, disease, and the patient as a person. It is the failure to establish a balanced equilibrium of these elements in any program of patient care, which give  rise to crisis in patient-physician relationships, from which legal actions originate."
1149595,"A questionnaire was used to survey the methaqualone experiences of college student users, and psychological test data from these users and a control group of non-users were compared. On differential pattern found was that methaqualone users have experimented with a wider variety of psychoactive drugs than have non-users. However, the two groups were essentially indistinguishable on the psychological test variables assessed. A preliminary modal profile of the college student methaqualone abuser and abuse experience was generated."
1149588,"This is a case of a benign leiomyoma of the cecum that perforated the bowel wall and manifested as an acute surgical abdomen. The literature was reviewed and the lesion was found to be uncommon. Clinical pictures may vary, but a colonic mass of this nature should be treated as a cancer, as it is not usually possible to distinguish benign from malignant lesions preoperatively."
1149598,"Data gathered in a survey of 1441 respondents were analyzed to study the influence of chronologmost equal representation of six age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-94), and three ethnic groups (Blacks, Anglos, Mexican-Americans). The sample includes equal representation of both sexes and two socioeconomic levels. The Twenty-two Item Screening Scale and the Affect Balance Scale are used as measures of mental health. The analyses show age-related and ethnic-related patterns; each pattern, however, is independent of the other. The age-related pattern is the same within the three ethnic groups, and the ethnic pattern is independent of age. Anglos report significantly more psychiatric symptoms, especially those of one factor grouping named ""anxiety,"" and they report more recent experiences with both positive and negative affect than do Mexican-Americans and Blacks. The elderly persons ""well enough"" to participate in a long interview express no significant increase in symptomatology compared with younger groups. If the symptom expression is broken into several categories based on factor analysis, we find a small, significant increase in symptom expression by older groups on the factor grouping named ""depression."" Additionally, the older groups compared with middle-aged and younger groups, report less positive and negative affect expression."
1149600,"A case of psychosis secondary to pentazocine is presented. The patient demonstrated hallucinations, preceptual aberrations, a distorted body image and delusional thinking. The delusional ideation persisted for a period of three weeks. Such a case of persistent delusional thinking secondary to pentazocine administration has not been reported previously."
1149649,"Miconazole2, a synthetic imidazole derivative, is a new topical antifungal agent for use in the local treatment of vaginal, and skin and nail infections due to yeasts and dermatophytes. It is particularly active against Candida spp., Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp. and Pityrosporon orbiculare (Malassezia furfur), but also possesses some activity against Gram-positive bacteria. In vaginal candidiasis, miconazole vaginal cream has produced higher cure rates than conventional nystatin vaginal tablets or amphotericin B vaginal cream. There have been no published comparisons with nystatin vaginal cream or foaming vaginal tablets - the nystatin dosage form preferred by some clinicians. The vaginal cream has also achieved a cure where previous nystatin or natamycin therapy had failed. Miconazole has proved equally effective in both Candida and dermatophyte infections of the skin, but as yet there have been no published comparisons with other antifungal agents. However, it has been successfully used in chronic skin infections which had not responded satisfactorily to other agents such as natamycin and pecilocin. Preliminary experience with oral and intravenous miconazole therapy in systemic candidiasis is promising. Miconazole preparations are well accepted and tolerated."
1149684,"The structure, general objectives, characteristics, and administrative organization of the experimental course in medicine at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, are examined. The individual course subjects are then described, as are the six cycles, together with the class hours allotted to each, into which the course is divided: (1) basic instruction; (2) studies vertically integrated into the system; (3) the preclinical course; (4) the clinical course (corresponding to the fourth year); (5) the rotating internship; and (6) the elective internship. Including the internship system adopted in the last four years, the course comprises a total of 10,000 hours. Emphasized are: teacher training of instructors; position in the course of social sciences and medical psychology; factors adversely affecting the teaching of community medicine; effects on the student of the characteristics of the system adopted for practice during internship and in the teaching hospital. Establishment of a continuing process for stimulating attainment of the objectives, improving teaching methods, and securing the desired results is recommended as part of the experimental course."
1149687,An unusual case of transient hypothyroidism during the course of chronic thyroiditis was reported.  A 25 years old female noticed the remarkable enlargement of thyroid gland 3 months after paturition and was developed to be hypothyroidism with decreased blood thyroid hormone and increased serum TSH.  The patient recovered to be euthyroid spontaneously in association with the decrement of goiter size.  Anti-thyroid microsomal antibody increased concomitantly with hypothyroid period and decreased parallel with the recovery of thyroid function.  The ratio of TSH potency estimated by bioassay to that by immunoassay changed during the course.  Possible etiologic factors of this transient changes were discussed.
1149688,"Gonadectomized male rats of Wistar strain were administered 3H-progesterone.  Various brain tissues and anterior pituitary were analyzed for retention of radioactivity, using a liquid scintillation technique.  Radioactivity, in all tissues, was highest at 20 min after steroid treatment, and thereafter dropped nearly in the same pattern as each other.  Among the tissues examined median eminence and anterior pituitary retained more radioactivity for a longer period of time than did other tissues.  The results suggest that there is long-term retention of progesterone in the median eminence and anterior pituitary of male rats."
1149689,"The metabolism of pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and progesterone-4-14C by human corpora lutea tissue of menstrual cycles and pregnancy was studied. In the incubations, equimolar mixtures of pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and progesterone-4-14C were used as substrates. Three corpora lutea of cycles were used as minced tissue. From those corpora lutea progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione were formed, although no estrogens were formed. One corpus luteum of cycle and one corpus luteum of pregnancy were used as homogenated tissue, and those formed estrone and estradiol as well as the same three delta4-metabolites. The corpus luteum of cycle also formed testosterone. All metabolites including estrogens showed the lower 3H to 14C ratio than the starting ratio. 17-hydroxypregnenolone in only one corpus luteum, and no delta5-metabolites in the other four corpus luteum were identified. It is therefore proposed that the major pathway for estrogen formation in human corpus luteum is pregnenolone yields progesterone yields 17-hydroxyprogesterone yields androstenedione (or testosterone) yields estrone and estradiol."
1149690,"Two cases of Liddle's syndrome were found in a brother and sister.  Both showed typical hypokalemic hypertension without hyperaldosteronism.  These cases showed similar responses in various pharmacological tests and their symptoms of hypokalemic and hypertension were relieved by triamterene.  And in a family survey, the father appeared to be affected.  This seems to be the first report on this syndrome in Japan."
1149692,"The calcium tolerance test was performed in 34 healthy subjects and in 103 patients with simple goitre, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, medullary carcinoma and in patients after subtotal or total thyroidectomy and after radioiodine therapy. Calcium lowering activity which reflects mainly the activity of clacitonin, was significantly impaired in thyrotoxic and totally thyroidectomized patients. An abnormal calcium tolerance test in a patient with medullary carcinoma corresponded with large amounts of released calcitonin."
1149693,The authors have studied the role of age in the development of posttherapeutic hypothyroidism in 141 patients treated with radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis. The minimum time of the follow up after treatment was 10 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to age at which the treatment was administered. The critical age was 55. The incidence of posttherapeutic hypothyroidism was significantly greater in the elderly patients. There was a gradual increase of incidence of posttherapeutic hypothyroidism during the 10 year follow up. The dangers of the thyroid treatment in the elderly hypothyroid patients with persisting cardiac involvement may be reduced by a concomitant administration of beta blocking agents.
1149694,"Lysine vasopressin did not increase plasma FFAs level in man and in rat Pitressin and lysine vasopressin did not influence adenyl cyclase activity in rat epididymal fat pad, while ornithine vasopressin induced a statistically significant adenyl cyclase increment. These findings suggest that the adipokinetic acticity of ADH which has been correlated only with the amino acid arginine is also correlated with ornithine."
1149696,"Excretion of free water was studied in 7 patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus before treatment and after withdrawal of antidiuretic drugs (chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, clofibrate) used on a long-term basis. A statistically significant decrease in free water clearance was found after 2-4 weeks of withdrawal of antidiuretic agents. This was considered as a clinical evidence for the permanently enhanced release of residual ADH induced by chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate in patients with partial defect in ADH secretion."
1149697,The hormonal milieu of the organism may exert certain influences on the activity and lasting of the effect of some drugs. This was demonstrated in female rats with the example of a steroid hormone (estrone) and a short acting barbiturate derivative (hexobarbital). Estrus produced with estrone is not to be influenced by ovariectomy. Hyperthyrosis lead to the cumulation of estrogens in active form and lengthened their effect. Hypothyrosis accelerated estrogen metabolism inducing a relatively ephemer effect of estrone. Hexobarbital metabolism is faster in ovariectomised rats as well as in thyroidectomised ones than in controls. The catatoxic effect of testosterone is bringing about a short anesthesia. Hyperthyrosis reduced the effect of hexobarbital to one fourth of the control values. A special care is necessary in administering drugs when endocrine disorders are present. Individual dosages of the pharmaca may be taken into consideration to adapt the right dosages to the hormonal disturbances.
1149698,"In rapidly changing thyroid state Rodbard's Q-Kd interval (reflecting heart contractility) changes more rapidly, than ART (reflecting skeletal muscle contractility). After withdrawal of substitutive therapy in athyreotic patients the Q-Kd intervals prolongs more rapidly than ART and during intensive treatment of hypothyroidism the Q-Kd interval shortens more rapidly that ART. A more rapid metabolic turnover in heart muscle in comparison with skeletal muscle is proposed as suitable explanation. Practical consequences for early diagnosis of hypothyroidism and for instant functional diagnosis of thyroidal disorders are stressed."
1149699,"Attempt has been made to asses quantitatively the magnitudes of both the gas-phase resistance and the surface resistance to the evaporation of droplets and to determine the transition point at which the evaporation changes from a diffusion-controlled to a surface-controlled process. This transition point is strongly dependent upon the ambient pressure and the droplet size. It is found that at atmospheric pressure the particle radius at which the transition takes place is in the range of 1 - 10mu for water, 0.1mu for n-dibutylphthalate, 0.1 - 1.0mu for mercury, and 0.001mu for liquid helium. Furthermore, we have found that the surface resistance and the gas-phase resistance vary with the size of the droplet in opposite direction, leading to the existence of a maximum rate of evaporation at a certain value of the droplet radius, this radius being dependent upon the characteristics of the liquid concerned. This conclusion may be useful in the search for an optimum and most efficient method of combustion of fuel sprays in automotive engines, gas turbines, and oil-burning power plants."
1149701,"Analysis of the stomach contents of 97 white perch, Morone americana, taken from the effluent canal of a steam electric station (S.E.S.) and 106 white perch from adjacent Patuxent River waters indicated similar food habits from September 1970 through August 1971. However, 35% of all white perch taken from the heated effluent canal contained small pieces of coal and cinders, whereas only 3% of the river specimens contained such items in their stomachs. Fly ash and coal dust are present on the bottom of the S.E.S. canal, whereas little such material, if any, can be found on the river bottom in the study area. This suggests the canal fish were actively feeding in the heated effluent and not simply moving into the canal after feeding in the river. No significant difference (Pgreater than0.05) was found between the average wet weight stomach contents of the river and canal fish within the same mouth."
1149702,"Muskelung (Esox-masquinongy chiensis) fry were used in a 96 hour toxicity study with diquat and simazine. Although the death of sufficient control fish invalidated the test as a whole, some interesting observations were made. At the end of 48 hours 4 out of 10 fish had died in the control tank and 8 had died in the simazine tank while all 10 diquat-treated fish appeared healthy. Two model eco-systems with components from Chautauqua Lake, N.Y. were constructed in 20 gallon glass aquaria to trace the movement of 14C labeled diquat. After activity had reached near background levels in the water from the test tank, fish, plants, sediments and snails were counted in a liquid scintillation counter to discover the fate of diquat within the system. The concentration of diquat was found to be highest in sediments, followed by fish tissue, snail parts, with plants having the lowest measured concentration."
1149703,"The dissolved yellow organic matter is removed from aliquots of the same freshwater sample by four common techniques: lyophilization, ion-exchange, ultrafiltration and organic solvent. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the recovery, including fractionation by gel filtration and total nitrogen determinations, are presented."
1149704,Use of hydrophobic membrane filters is shown to effectively reduce the interfering moisture level in the detection of SO2 in air at the parts per billion range. Quadrol is used as a sensitive coating on piezoelectric crystal detectors in a flow system.
1149705,Drift loss rate was measured for three induced draft cooling towers by following the decrease in concentration of two conservative additives in the recirculating water during operation with no blowdown and normal makeup. The method described is simple and inexpensive and provides information essential in water use planning.
1149707,"Arsenite ion, as arsenic trichloride was extracted into benzene from strongly acidified tissue homogenates. Following this, arsenite was extracted from the benzene into water, made up in 1N HCl and analyzed polarographically. Arsenate ion, left in the homogenate after arsenite extraction is isolated in exactly the same way following treatment of the homogenate with cuprous ion to reduce arsenate to arsenite ion. Treatment of the acidified homogenate with cuprous ion prior to extraction gives a homogenate which is readily analyzed for total ""inorganic"" arsenic. The method was efficient to a maximum level of about 20 mug inorganic arsenic since at higher levels lower recoveries were found. Analysis of a variety of marine biological specimens, with levels of total arsenic up to 40.5 ppm, indicated little of this arsenic was present in an inorganic form. Post mortem reduction of arsenate to arsenite was found to occur rapidly in fish tissue."
1149709,"Levels of four anticonvulsant drugs were measured simultaneously in saliva, spinal fluid, and dialyzed serum, i.e., free drug in serum. The level of diphenylhydantoin and possibly of carbamazepine was the same in the three body fluids. The leves of phenobarbital was the same in spinal fluid and dialyzed serum, but was lower in saliva. The level of primidone was different in each body fluid. The technique is simple (flow of saliva stimulated when the subject chews candle was or Teflon) and will be useful to determine the level of free diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine, which is more closely related to intoxication or drug failure than is the total level of drug."
1149710,"Acute administration of taurine produced a transient loss of susceptibility to photically induced seizures in photosensitive baboons, but failed to affect kindled amygdaloid convulsions in baboons, rats, and cats. In addition, it was totally ineffective in changing the course of spontaneous status epilepticus in kindled cats. These results suggest that a taurine-deficiency model of epilepsy applies only to certain types of seizure-generating conditions, apparently excluding kindled amygdaloid convulsions."
1149711,"More than half the amino acids determined in serum were lower in patients with epilepsy than in control subjects. Taurine was the only amino acid to be increased in epilepsy. The changes could represent a compensatory metabolic reaction to limit the imbalance of amino acids in epileptic brain and to facilitate uptake of taurine, which has an anticonvulsant action."
1149712,"Effects of acute and chronic paleocerebellar stimulation were evaluated in four experimental models of epilepsy in 24 adult cats chronically implanted with bilaterally symmetric parasagittal electrocorticographic electrodes and anterior lobe cerebellar stimulation electrodes. Pentylenetetrazol was given intraveneously in 50-mg increments or 4% enflurane was inspired until grand mal seizures occurred spontaneously or were triggered by photic or auditory stimuli. Alpha-chloralose, 50 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally to produce a model of stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and sodium penicillin G, 350,000 units/kg, was injected intramuscularly to produce a model of petit mal epilepsy. One- to 250-Hz electrical stimulation of paleocerebellar cortical surfaces was performed with constant-voltage or constant-current stimulators at threshold and suprathreshold intensities with average intensities of 8 V and 2.5 mA, respectively. Acute or chronic, threshold or suprathreshold paleocerebellar stimulation did not predictably alter the electrographic or clinical manifestations in any of these four models."
1149713,"Excessive sensitivity (levels 3 and 4) in a population of 1,122 Papio papio was related with age, sex, and geographical origin. (1) Age. There was no clinical response to intermittent light stimulation under the age of 5 months. These was no difference between animals 6 months to 2 years (J1) and those aged 2 to 4 years (J2). Adult females were less often light sensitive (levels 3 and 4 = 32.9%) than immature females (52.4%). Adult males could usually not be tested, but were probably less often sensitive than immature males. (2) Sex. Immature females (J1 + J2) were more often light sensitive (52.4%) than immature males (38.1%). (3) Geographical origin. No animals from East Senegal (Sansande Region) were very light sensitive. Animals from Casamance were more often light sensitive (56.2%) than those from the Niokolo-Koba National Park (N.K.N.P.) (20%). Of two samples taken at one spot between these two regions, one group resembled the population from Casamance and the second resembled that from the N.K.N.P. This observation raises several questions about the respective roles of genetic, ecological, and ethological factors."
1149714,Plasma levels of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam were investigated in 19 children by a gas chromatographic method permitting the use of capillary sample. Intravenous administration was studied in 3 children and the plasma level curves showed a rapid decline during the first hour. Absorption and elimination after rectal administration of a solution in 16 children were similar to those after intramuscular administration. Diazepam given by suppository to 5 children gave much lower plasma levels and delayed time to peak levels. Recurrence of seizures in 2 children indicated that the anticonvulsants plasma level was of the order of 150 to 200 mug/liter. No significant side effects were observed. Thus rectal administration of a solution of diazepam is a practical method to arrest convulsions in children.
1149715,"In order to make a tentative recommendation for the maximum acceptable daily intake of selenium, relevant data were compiled from the available literature. Normal daily intake of selenium from foods was estimated as about 100 mug, half of which comes from fish and shellfish (in an average adult Japanese). Intake of selenium from other sources was negligible. The amount of selenium excreted in the urine was found to be compatible with the estimated value of the daily oral intake. The range of the margin of safety was then estimated as 10 to 200 times the normal level on the basis of human and animal toxicity data. The variation of dietary selenium intake in the general population is discussed, leading to the conclusion that the consumers of large amounts of fish may ingest as much as 500 mug daily. Consequently, a value of 500 mug is proposed as the tentative maximum acceptable daily intake of selenium for the protection of human health."
1149716,The effect of a single oral dose of dieldrin (30 mg/kg body weight) on lipid metabolism in rats was studied. Liver lipids content increased and this increase was mainly in the triglyceride fraction. The incorporation of acetate-14C into fatty acids was decreased indicating an inhibition of lipogenesis. Fatty acid oxidation was increased. Palmitate-14C incorporation into the triglyceride fraction was enhanced pointing to an overall increased utilization of fatty acids.
1149717,"Ovarian appearance, uterine contents (including numbers of fetuses, size and weight), and levels of gonadotropic hormones were studied in pregnant rats exposed to simulated altitude (3800 m). Comparisons were made at 11, 20 and 21 days of gestation between sea level controls rats bred at sea level and placed at reduced barometric pressure on confirmation of pregnancy (SHA). Although fewer fetuses were present in SHA rats on day 11 of gestation, litter size at days 20 and 21 was similar to controls. Body weight and length of SHA fetuses were significantly reduced by day 21 of gestation while placental weights remained similar to controls. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content in the pituitaries of SHA rats was significantly reduced at days 11 and 21 of pregnancy as compared with controls; luteinizing hormone (LH) content was lower at day 20 than at day 11 among SHA rats. Plasma gonadotropin levels were similar between SHA and control rats all all three stages of gestation. It is suggested that, despite lack of placental adaptation and altered endocrine functions, exposure of rats to hypoxic conditions only during gestation permits better maintenance of pregnancy than reported in rats with longer exposure to high altitude."
1149718,"The tracheobronchial deposition of inhaled 99mTc tagged teflon particles of 6 mum (specific density 2g/cm3) was determined in rabbits by comparing the particle content in free dissected parts of the tracheobronchial tree with that in the whole lung. There was a singificantly larger deposition of particles in the proximal parts of the airways in rabbits exposed to an aerosol of the bronchoconstrictor compound carbachol than in control rabbits exposed to distilled water alone. The resistance to insufflation of a constant volume of air increased during the exposure to the carbachol aerosol, indicating bronchoconstriction. There was reproducible interindividual differences in bronchoconstrictor response to the carbachol aerosol. They were attributed to interindividual differences either in deposition of carbachol or in bronchial muscle sensitivity to carbachol. It is concluded that bronchoconstriction might serve as a defensive measure in causing a more proximal deposition of inhaled particles."
1149719,"The inhibition of semi-conservative DNA replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis by three different detergents was investigated in mouse spleen cells. The investigations were made by following the kinetics of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA, as well as by autoradiographic studies. At various concentrations different inhibition patterns were found and the significance of these findings is discussed."
1149720,"Ducklings given hypertonic saline drinking water show significant increases in the rates of Na+ and water transfer across the intestinal mucosa. These increased rates of transfer are maintained as long as the birds are fed dypertonic saline. Oral administration of a single small dose of crude oil had no effect on the basal rate of mucosal transfer in freshwater-maintained ducklings but the adaptive response of the mucosa is suppressed in birds given hypertonic saline. When crude oils from eight different geographical locations were tested, the degree of inhibition varied between them; the greatest and smallest degrees of inhibition being observed following administration of Kuwait and North Slope, Alaska, crude oils respectively. The effects of distallation fractions derived from two chemically different  crude oils were also examined. The volume of each distallation fraction administered corresponded to its relative abundance in the crude oil from which it was derived. The inhibitory effect was not associated exclusively with the same distallation fractions from each oil. A highly naphthenic crude oil from the San Joaquin Valley, California, showed the greatest inhibitory activity in the least abundant (2%), low boiling point (smaller than 245 degrees C) fraction and the least inhibitory activity in the highest boiling point (greater than 482 degrees C) most abundant (47%) fraction. In contrast, a highly paraffinic crude oil from Paradox Basin, Utah, showed the greatest inhibitory effect with the highest boiling point fraction and a minimal effect with the lowest boiling point fraction; the relative abundances of these two fractions in the crude oil represented 27 and 28% respectively. Water-soluble extracts of both crude oils also had inhibitory effects on mucosal transfer rates and these roughly proportionate to the inhibitory potency of the low boiling point fraction of each oil. Weathered samples of San Joaquin Valley, California, and the Paradox Basin, Utah, oils showed greater effects than corresponding samples of unweathered oils even though most of the low molecular weight material from both oils was either evaporated or solubilized in the underlying water during the 36-h weathering period."
1149721,"Under nitrogen anoxia heart rate (HR) persists at a high level for 1 min longer in rats exposed chronically to carbon monoxide and hypoxia than in unexposed control rats.  Although declining sharply, HR of exposed animals continues higher than HR of controls during min 1-4 of anoxia.  However, during min 5 and 6 of anoxia HR of CO-poisoned rats becomes similar to that of controls, while HR of hypoxia-exposed rats remains above control HR for 3 min longer.  The data are discussed in light of cardiovascular changes induced by CO and hypobaric hypoxia."
1149722,"The simultaneous determination of heavy metals in microsamples of chromatographically isolated cadmium-binding protein (Cd-BP) from rat liver was performed by neutron activation analysis.  The results suggested that metals other than those already reported (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Hg) can bind the protein.  These observations were confirmed by in vivo radiotracer experiments by injecting i.p. 21 labelled metal ions in cadmium-treated rats.  Of the metals tested, 109Cd, 65Zn, 64Cu, 203Hg, 106Ag and 113Sn were found incorporated in the Cd-BP.  The incorporation of 35S-cysteine, used as an indicator of Cd-BP biosynthesis, was increased in rats exposed to cadmium as compared to untreated animals.  In order to establish the influence of other metal ions on the biosynthesis of Cd-BP and the incorporation of cadmium in the protein, in vivo experiments were carried out by i.p. injection of 109Cd and 35S-cysteine.  In the presence of 42 metal ions no influence was observed on the incorporation of the two radioisotopes in the Cd-BP.  These observations tend to support the hypothesis that cadmium can act as a highly specific inducer of Cd-BP and that this protein might be involved in the metabolism of several heavy metals."
1149723,"Ozone exposure (0.5 p.p.m., 8 hours daily for 7 days) resulted in a 20-26% (P less than 0.05) increase in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of the GSH peroxidase system in rat lungs.  The increases were of smaller magnitude (10-15%) in the lungs of ozone-exposed monkeys.  No significant changes were observed in these parameters in the erythrocytes of ozone-exposed and control animals of the two species.  The results suggest that rats may be more sensitive to ozone than monkeys in terms of biochemical lesions in the lung, and that ozone effects are manifested primarily in the lung."
1149724,"The effect of aflatoxin B1 on lipids of liver, kidney, adipose and plasma of rats was studied.  A single dose administration (6 mg/kg body weight) increased liver and kidney weights and their total lipids within 24 h.  Increase in liver lipids was confined mainly to phospholipid and cholesterol, whereas triglycerides showed a significant decrease.  Adipose tissue triglycerides were, however, increased.  Plasma showed decreases in triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol.  Incorporation studies with palmitate-1-14C revealed increased incorporation in adipose tissue lipids and decreased incorporation in liver and plasma lipids, thereby indicating an increased synthesis of lipids in adipose.  Their mobilization to plasma was, however, inhibited, hence the low levels of triglyceride in liver.  But the adrenals showed hypo-activity upon aflatoxin B1 administration."
1149725,"In order to study the progress of pulmonary silicosis in rats of different ages, intratracheal injections of (50 mg/150 g body weight) quartz dust of particle size less than 5 mu were given as a single dose and studies were made over a period of 180 days.  The pulmonary macrophage reaction and phagocytosis in the younger age group of rats was different from that in the older animals at 30 days postinoculation.  The formation of silicotic nodules was delayed in the younger animals.  They consisted of thick reticulin fibers and some collagen fibers; in the older group of rats large silicotic nodules with dense collagination developed towards the termination of the experiment (180 days).  The present results indicate a possible direct relationship between age and the development of experimental pulmonary silicosis in rats."
1149726,"The amino acid composition of lung, serum and liver in silicotic rats was studied in order to assess the availability of precursors in lung for fibrogenesis.  It was observed that the pool of ornithine, arginine, alanine, leucine, valine, glutamic acid, lysine, proline and glycine underwent marked alterations.  Free arginine, proline and leucine were only detectable in silicotic lung, while free glycine, glutamic acid and glutamine pools decreased significantly in liver.  Changes in amino acid metabolism as a result of silicosis are discussed."
1149727,"Ten varieties of Lathyrus sativus seeds were analysed for the neurotoxin (BOAA) and trypsin inhibitor (TI) content.  The BOAA content varied from 0.142 to 0.680%.  The values of trypsin inhibitor content were also uniform with the exception of two varieties whose values were comparatively low.  When the seeds were exposed to insects all the varieties were affected, but the two varieties showing low trypsin inhibitor content also showed some protection against infestation.  Variety P-24 was low in BOAA and trypsin inhibitor content with comparatively low insect susceptability."
1149728,"Fatty acid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle has been studied in rats treated with high doses of vitamin A and in those made vitamin A-deficient. Ingestion of 30,000 IU of vitamin A for two days resulted in increased incorporation of palmitate-1-14C into triglycerides but not into phospholipids. Accumulation of hepatic triglycerides was observed in vitamin A-fed rats. Deficiency of vitamin A did not cause any change in the triglyceride or phospholipid content of the liver. The rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis was markedly increased in vitamin A-fed rats. The experimental evidence indicated that vitamin A may have a stimulatory effect on these processes apart from that exerted by the high plasma FFA level in vitamin A-fed rats. Oxidation of palmitate-1-14C into C32 by skeletal muscle (latissimus dorsi) was also increased as a result of vitamin A administration. Vitamin A deficiency did not cause any change in fatty acid oxidation by liver and skeletal muscle. Hepatic palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity was decreased in vitamin A-deficient rats. The results presented suggest that vitamin A may be required for the uptake and utilization of fatty acids by liver and akeletal muscle."
1149730,"In 10 guinea pigs the gastrocnemius muscles on one side were tenotomised. By the tenotomy the daily work load of the gastorcnemius muscle was lowered in the operated leg (""untrained muscles"") and increased in the control leg (""trained muscles""). Before and several weeks after the operation blood flow was measured in the lower legs (by segmental plethysmography) and oxygen pressure was measured in the gastrocnemius muscles (by micro-Pt-electrodes) of the anesthetized animals. 4 to 6 weeks after the operation statistically significant differences between the two extermities were noted: In the operated leg the mean pO2-value was 33%lower (P is less than 0.001) and the mean blood flow value 46% higher (P is less than 0.001). These differences could be explained by a reduced number of perfused capillaries in the untrained muscles (= non uniform blood flow distribution)."
1149731,"The endurance during sustained contraction of elbow, flexors, elbow extensors, and back extensors was tested in 3 human subjects. The force level used was varied between ca. 15 and ca. 75% of maximal isometric strength (IS). The clearance of 133Xe from contracting muscles was registered during and after the endurance test. In this way it was possible to determine whether muscle blood flow (MBF) was increased or had stopped during the contraction. Experiments with artificial ischaemia of the upper arm together with MBF measurements showed that MBF was of no importance for continuing sustained contractions above a certain force level, which was 50,25, and 40% of IS for elbow flexors, elbow extensors and back extensors, respectively. However, the level, where longer lasting ( greater than 15 min) sustained contraction is possible is directly related to MBF. These levels were 22, 15, and 20% IS for elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and back extensors, respectively."
1149732,"The force platform consists of a sandwhich of steel, Rockwool and concrete plates about 900 X 700 mm in surface. Four steel rings were bolted to the under side of the steel plate in each corner. Each steel ring was furnished with only one strain gauge, two of which were placed on the outer- respectively on the inner side of each ring. The four strain gauges were connected to a measuring bridge. Before mounting the rings on the steel plate, the sensitivity to pressure of each ring was adjusted in such a way that they were all similar. Because of this the platform responded with a signal which was independent of where a pressure was applied within the surface of the platform. The platform showed a rectilinear response for static forces up to 500 kp with a stable zero value. In response to dynamic forces the platform showed a resononance frequency of about 50 Hz, with a damping factor of 0.15. Calibration of dynamic forces was carried out by calculation of the forces during a vertical jump compared with what would be expected from the time of flight also registered by the platform-measuring-bridge-ink-writer-set-up. The time of flight was significantly higher (11%) than exected from the time-force relations beforetake-off. This was esplained partly by the relatively low damping factor in the system, partly by the subjects not extending their knees at landing on the platform."
1149733,"A new approach has been devised to assess the ""static component"" of dynamic exercise. This technique involves the measurement of the isometric endurance of muscles which have just taken part in rhythmic exercise and depends on the repeatability of trained subjects in isometric effort. The premise is that isometric endurance will be inversely related to the static component of the preceeding dynamic exercise. The subjects worked on a bicycle ergometer at known fractions of their maximal aerobic capacity (max Vo2). The rate of pedalling was varied from 30 to 90 rpm, so that for a given % max Vo2, the belt tension varied inversely with the speed of cycling. At any one speed of cycling, isometric endurance decreased as the belt tension increased. Following exercise at 30 rpm, the isometric endurance was 25 to 50% lower than that found at the most advantageous speed of cycling for our subuects; at these faster rates of cycling two subjects showed least static component following exercise at 90 rpm while the remaining subject performed best after cycling at 50 rpm."
1149734,"1. The Hill coefficient (nH), an often-used measure of deviations from hyperbolic behaviour (nonhyperbolicity) in kinetic and binding systems, is usually estimated from the maximum or minimum slope of the Hill plot. The method depends strongly on the assumed magnitude of the asymptotic velocity (V) or binding (P) whose evaluation may be difficult in nonlinear/co-operative systems. Therefore, alternative procedures were devised for the estimation nH which do not require the prior knowledge of V or P. 2. When pairs of velocity/binding readings (v and w) are obtained at concentrations of c and alpha c, respectively (where alpha is a fixed constant), then the relation between w and v is described by a hyperbola, provided that Hill's equation is valid. In this case, linearizing plots, v/w versus v, w versus, w/v, and 1/w versus 1/v, can be used for estimation of the degree of the equation. However, if the Hill expression is applicable, these methods are not efficient and traditional procedures, particularly nonlinear regression, should be used. 3. The 'linearizing' plots of the Hill equation can be applied advantageously for the evaluation of the Hill slope and of nH also in the general case, when the Hill expression is actually not valid, provided that deviations from hyperbolic behaviour are positive. Appropriately extrapolated intercepts of the first two plots estimate alphanH. Furthermore, the slope of the third plot yields, similarly to the method of Kurganov et al., a continuous measure of the Hill slope (including its maximum) at all concentrations. The agreement is, at positive nonhyperbolicities, excellent theoretical values of Hill slopes and coefficients and those estimated by the proposed methods. 4. A coefficient of nonhyperbolicity (theta) is defined for 2nd-degree rate equations which provides a quantitative measure of positive or negative deviation from first-degree, hyperbolic characteristics. It is closely related to the Hill coefficient."
1149735,"Free diiosotyrosine exerts two opposite effects on the reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone formation. 1. Inhibition of thyroglobulin iodination catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase was observed when free diiodotyrosine concentration was higher than 5 muM. This inhibition was competitive, suggesting that free diiodotyrosine interacts with the substrate site(s) of thyroid peroxidase. Free diiodotyrosine also competively inhibited iodide peroxidation to I2. 2. Free diiodotyrosine, when incubated with thyroid peroxidase in the absence of iodide was recovered unmodified; in the presence of iodide an exchange reaction was observed between the iodine atoms present in the diiodotyrosine molecule and iodide present in the medium. Using 14C-labelled diiodotyrosine, 14C-labelled non-iodinated products were also observed, showing that deiodination occurred as a minor degradation pathway. However, no monoiodo[14C]tyrosine or E114C]tyrosine were observed. Exchange reaction between free diiototyrosine and iodide is therefore direct and does not imply deiodination-iodination intermediary steps. Thyroglobulin inhibits diiodotyrosine-iodide exchange and vice versa, again suggesting competition for both reactions. These results support, by a different experimental approach, the two-site model for peroxidase previously described by us in this journal. 3. Free diiodotyrosine when present at a very low concentration, 0.05 muM, exerts a stimulatory effect on throid hormones synthesis. The relationship between diiodotyrosine concentration and thyroid hormone synthesis give an S-shaped curve, suggesting that free diiodotyrosine acts as a regulatory ligand for thyroid peroxidase. Evidence is also presented that free diiodotyrosine is not incorporated into thyroid hormones. Therefore, thyroid peroxidase catalyzes only intra-molecular coupling between iodotyrosine hormonogenic residues. 4. Finally, although no direct proof exists that these free diiodotyrosine effects upon thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone synthesis are physiologically significant, such a possibility deserves further investigation."
1149736,"Studies on the subcellular distribution of rat liver nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity revealed its presence in the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum only. The enzymes from either source were solubilized specifically with trypsin without an apparent change of their catalytic properties. A 200-fold and 1600-fold purification, respectively, was achieved by a procedure including DEAE-cellulose and affinity-chromatography with AMP as ligand, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and gel electrophoresis. Both nucleotide pyrophosphatases were isolated as electrophoretically homogeneous soluble proteins. They were shown to contain carbohydrate moieties. The electrophoretic mobility of both enzymes in polyacrylamide gels was identical at three pH values. Dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular weight of 137 000 for both glycoproteins. The enzymes hydrolyze a variety of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides yielding a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate. Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, nucleic acids and phosphate monoesters are not cleaved, but p-nitrophenyl-thymidine5'-monophosphate is readily hydrolyzed. In view of their substrate and inhibitor specificities the enzymes are considered nucleotide pyrophosphatases rather than phosphodiesterases."
1149737,"A study of the mechanism of hexokinase II from ascites cells the effects of its binding to mitochondrial membranes has been carried out by computer simulation. This is based on experimental data of Kosow and Rose and of Gumaa and McLean, and the theoretical methods of cleveland. For the soluble enzyme the mechanism is random with ternary produce-inhibition complexes; when bound to mitochondria, the mechanism becomes ordered-on, random-off, as the binding of ATP to the free enzymes becomes negligibly slow. The requirements of experimental data for mechanistic studies are discussed."
1149738,"The binding of the diterpenoid drug 14-deoxy-14-[(2'-diethylamino-ethyl)-mercaptoacetoxy]-dihydromutilin hydrogen fumarate in the cell of rat liver is mainly to the microsomal fraction. Besides specific binding to cytochrome P-450, where the enzymic degradation of the drug occurs, we observed a very high number of identical sites (site A) with an affinity of approximately 4.2 x 10(3) M(-1) (25 degrees C, PH 7.4). Model investigations demonstrate that these interactions occur almost exclusively with the microsomal phospholipid moiety. Their capacity for the drug was determinated to be of the order of 0.2 mol/mol phospholipid. The specific interaction of the pleuromutilin derivative with cytochrome P-450 gives rise to different spectral changes of the protein. At low concentrations where weak cooperativity of the overall binding to microsomes (sites B) was found, the formation of a type I complex was observed. At increasing concentrations of the drug this interaction vanishes and a spectral change of a different type (modified type II) arises. The affinity for this complex is identical with that of the phospholipid binding sites. The interaction of the drug with the phospholipid moiety might give rise to dual effects. Firstly the very near neighbourhood of a multitude of relatively weak binding sites will facilitate a transport of the drug along the microsomal membranes. Secondly, the loading of the membranes with the drug at high concentrations might influence the binding to cytochrome P-450 so that a qualitatively different interaction takes place."
1149739,"The distribution of oligonucleotides which are released from rat liver ribosomes by treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease has been studied. Rat liver monoribosomes lost from 15 to 17% of their nucleotides by treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease. This quantity was highly reproducible and did not depend significantly on the temperature (0-20 degrees C) and time (10-120 min) of incubation or on the concentration of enzyme (1:5000-1:50). Whereas the amounts of oligonucleotides liberated was 16%, it was shown by column chromatography that they consisted of 71% mononucleotides, 16% dinucleotides, 6% trinucleotides, 4% tetranucleotides and 2% pentanucleotides and that these oligonucleotides were enriched in uridine, containing approximately half of the uridine residues present in the high-molecular-weitht ribosomal RNA. The high molecular weight of the RNA from ribonuclease-treated ribosomes was preserved until it was heated; after heating, RNA fragments having sedimentation coefficients of 5 S and less were present. It is inferred that the olignucleotides are derived from pyrimidine-rich clusters located in single-stranded ""hairpin"" loops on the outside surface of the ribosome."
1149740,"Both forms A and B RNA polymerases solubilised from rat liver nuclei transcribed templates within these organelles when added exogenously to freshly prepared nuclei. The enzymes initiated more efficiently in the presence of KCL than ammonium sulphate and required manganese rather than magnesium as the divalent cation. Form A enzyme initiated most successfully at 375 mM KC6, activity was proportional to the amount of template added and continued linearly for at least 30 min. Form B enzyme initiated with two ionic strength optima, 125 mM and 500 mM KCl. Activity in the latter case was critically dependent on the enzyme: nuclei ratio. In both instances incorporation of nucleotide precurors was linear for less than 20 min. Form A enzyme synthesised products with a size distribution mainly larger than 18 S; form B enzyme synthesised products of mainly less than 5 S at 125 mM KCl and about 10 S at 500 mM KCl. Subfractionation of nuclei indicated that exogenous RNA polymerase A activity and form B at 125 mM KCl were occurring in nucleoli; form B activity at 500 mM KCl was nucleoplasmic. Measurements of U : G ratios in the RNA products suggested that exogenous form A was synthesising species with similar base ratios to the ribosomal RNA precurosrs. Both enzymes formed rifamycin AF/0-13 resistant complexes with nucleolar templates. Size analyses of products showed that whereas form B enzyme synthesised very small RNA species, RNA polymerase A produced a range of species of similar sizes to the ribosomal RNA precurosors."
1149741,"The kinetic and regulatory properties of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-D-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. GDP-alpha-D-mannose and GDP-beta-L-fucose from D-glucose 6-phosphate in various reticulo-endothelial tissues was studied. The tissues examined include bovine liver, thyroid, spleen, salivary gland, lung, intestine and mesenteric; pulmonary, portal and sub-maxillary lymphnodes. The maximum rates of specific enzymes in these pathways which were slow enough to be rate-limiting in the formation of glycoproteins in these tissues was determined. UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase was consistently the rate-limiting reaction in the conversion of -d-glucose 6-phosphate to UDP-D-galactose in all of the tissues examined. The series of reactions leading to the formation of GDP-alpha-D-mannose and GDP-beta-L-fucose were limited by the activity of GDP-alpha-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase and GDP-alpha-D-mannose oxidoreductase, respectively. The formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was limited by the rate of the amination reaction which converts -d-fructose 6-hosphate to D-glucosamine 6-phosphate in the presence of glutamine. Several of these rate-limiting enzymes were partially purified from mesenteric lymph node extracts, and their regulatory properties were examined. GDP-alpha-D-mannose was found to be a competitive inhibitor of GDP-alpha-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase. The apparent Km for GTP was 0.06 mM and the Ki for GDP-alpha-D-mannose was 0.03 mM. The concentrations of GTP and GDP-alpha-D-mannose in lymph node extracts were determined to be 0.095 and 0.012 mumol per g, respectively. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-D-glucose inhibited D-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase in a manner competitive with D-fructose 6-phosphate. The Km for fructose 6-phosphate was 0.3 mM, while the Ki for UDP-D-glucose and UDP-N-acetyglucosamine were determined to be 0.4 mM and 0.045 mM, respectively. The concentrations of these metabolites in lymph node tissue were: UDP-D-glucose, 0.42; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 0.095; and D-fructose 6-phosphate, 0.073 mumol per g wet weight of tissue. The results obtained in these studies show that specific rate-limiting enzymes in the pathways for the biosynthesis of nucleoside diphosphate sugars in reticulo-endothelial tissues may be subject to cumulative feedback inhibition by the nucleoside diphosphate sugars which are the final products of these systems and the initial precursors of the oligosaccharide units of glycoproteins in these tissues."
1149742,The effect of the dissociation medium on the fractionation of chromatin on hydroxyapatite has been studied. Optimal separations of the histones and non-histone protein are only achieved when columns are run in buffers containing high concentrations of sodium ions. We have modified our previously published method such that the chromosomal proteins can be recovered in virtually quantitative yields. Each of the hydroxyapatite fractions has been analysed with respect to nucleic acid content and the proteins have been analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
1149743,"The appearance of methylated lysines in newly synthesized histones from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was measured during one generation time. Newly synthesized histones were pulse-labeled in vivo by L-[3H]lysine, and the time course of the uptake of label into monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyllysine from gel-electrophoretically isolated histones F2a1 (H4) and F3 (H3) was followed. Methylation starts immediately after histone biosynthesis. It proceeds, however, more slowly than histone synthesis. Both the rate of methylation and the mechanism of methylation in F3 and F2a1 histones differ. F3 methylation can be described by a first-order reaction, i.e. the reaction rate depends only on the concentration of free methylation sites available. Rate constants of approximately 0.21 h-1 were found for all three methylation steps. Methylation in the F2a1 histone proceeds more slowly than in F3. The dimethylation step in this fraction can be described by a zero-order reaction with a rate constant which is the reciprocal of the duration of the DNA synthesis phase. Alternatively this step could be correlated with the transition of the cells from the S phase into the G2 phase. By the end of one generation time all methylation sites in all F2a1 and F3 molecules are occupied by methyl groups at a ratio of about 1:3:1 for monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyllysine in the F3 histone. In the F2a1 molecule the methyllysines consist mainly of dimethyllysine."
1149744,"When 25-S tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) protein aggregate and TMV RNA, which has been partially digested by T1 RNase, are mixed under conditions suitable for reconstitution, only a few RNA fragments are encapsidated. These fragments were isolated and purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sequence of the three main fragments, the longest of which (fragment 1) was estimated to contain 103 nucleotides, has been determined. The two smaller fragments are portions of the longer chain produced by an additional specific scission. Because of the great affinity of 25-S TMV protein for this nucleotide sequence, it will be referred to as the ""specifically encapsidated RNA fragment"". The occurrence of a ""hidden break"" in the sequence has been demonstrated: fragment 1, purified by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel without 8 M urea, gives rise upon further electroporesis in the presence of urea to two new bands corresponding to the two halves of the molecule. A stable hair-pin secondary structure has been derived from the base sequence which can account for the specificity of action of the enzyme. Because of its properties, we have suggested elsewhere that the sequence of fragment 1 might correspond to the disk recognition site for reconstitution, which is known to be located at the 5' end of the intact RNA. But experiments with TMV RNA whose 5'-OH end has been radioactively phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase show that this is not the case. Analysis of the amino acid coding capacity of the fragment has instead revealed that fragment 1 is a portion of the TMV coat protein cistron."
1149745,"The incubation of 25-S tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) protein with a mixture of RNA fragments produced by partial T1 RNase digestion of TMV RNA results in the encapsidation of only a few species of RNA. In addition to the most predominant species, fragment 1, whose sequence has been described in the prededing paper, two other species, fragment 41 and fragment 21 are coated by the protein. These two RNA fragments were purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to total digestion with pancreatic and T1 RNase. The oligonucleotides were separated by paper electrophoresis and characterized insofar as possible by digestion with the complementary ribonuclease. From the amino acid coding capacity of the oligonucleotides liberated from fragments 41 and 21 by T1 RNase digestion, it appears that these two fragments, like fragment 1, are derived from the coat protein cistron. They are situated immediately prior to fragment 1 and, together with this fragment, consitute a continuous stretch of 232 nucleotides of the cistron which codes for animo acids 53 to 130 of the coat protein. The order of the fragments in the sequence is 21-41-1. A possible model for the secondary structure of this portion of the sequence is proposed."
1149746,"Using sucrose density centrifugation and gel filtration of a 105000 X g supernatant of Bacillus brevis two enzymic activities of glycyl-tRNA synthetase were separated. Enzyme catalyzing the aminoacylation of tRNA (E1) elutes in a high-molecular-weight region. Enzyme active in glycylhydroxamate formation (E2) elutes from a Sephadex gel column and sediments in sucrose density gradient in a region of relatively low molecular weight. The presence of two enzymic activities does not depend on the method of cell disruption; their proportion does not change when protease inhibitor (diisopropylphosphorofluoridate) is added to the extraction buffer. Both E1 and E2 were purified to a nearly homogeneous state. Sedimentation coefficients (sw,20) were found to be 8.6 S and 3.6 S and molecular weights 226000 and 66000 for E1 and E2, respectively. During storage, E1 dissociates into two components, one of which has electrophoretic mobility identical to E2. The molecular weight of the other component is about 1600000. Electrophoresis of E1 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate reveals two bands corresponding to molecular weights of 81000 and 30000. Under these conditions, E2 dissociates into a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 30000. Valine was found to be the N-terminal amino acid for E2 and both valine and glutamic acid were N-terminal amino acids for E1. It is concluded that E1 is a tetrameric protein consisting of two large and two small subunits (alpha2beta2). E2 is a component of E1 with a structural formula alpha2."
1149747,"Lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramylhydrolase) from Asterias rubens was obtained in a chromatographically and electrophoretically pure state by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The quantitative amino acid composition, the molecular weight and the N-terminal sequence determined by a sequencer are reported. This new invertebrate enzyme presents important differences when compared to previously studied lysozymes."
1149748,"In this study the effects of vincamin (Pervincamine) on cerebral metabolism were investigated. 60 subjects were tested. Vincamin was administrated to 36, aminophillin to 12. No drug was given to the remaining 12 subjects who were used as controls. A definite increase in cerebral metabolism was observed in patients receiving vincamin either by intravenous or intramuscular injection. Practically no change in cerebral metabolism was detected in subjects treated with aminophyllin."
1149749,"Workable criteria are proposed that allow early recognition of mild forms of occult hydrocephalus and correlated disorders. Two groups of patients are analyzed, i.e., a group of twelve mild but classical forms of low-pressure hydrocephalus and another group of 20 patients with atypical clinical forms of disorders of the CSF dynamics. Two control groups are presented for neuropsychological comparison purposes: a normal control group of 50 subjects and a small group of three commissurotomized subjects. Patients with an overt demential syndrome due to a normotensive hydrocephalus syndrome were excluded from the study. The authors found the grasp reflex of the foot and the tonic foot response to be present in all cases with the Hakim and Adams triad. In such cases the grasp reflex is usually accompanied by the forward groping of the foot and the grasp reflex of the hand. The most helpful and useful clinical findings for an early diagnosis are the presence of the grasp reflex of the foot and of the tonic foot response of the sole in such organic brain-damaged patients with (1) a normal routine neurological examination and (2) an apparently normal mental status and even with a rather normal IQ. These reflexes are usually the single objective clinical findings in all forms of mild and occult disorders of the CSF dynamics, i.e., low-pressure hydrocephalus syndromes, cerebral atrophies and mixed forms cases. The next step for the diagnosis consists in a conventional IQ evaluation and a battery of tests exploring more specifically the sensorimotor integration, i.e. bimanual vs. unimanual activity, the Kohs block design test and part of the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery."
1149750,"The present paper is a study of a microcystic intraspinal tumour that developed in a 4-year-old child. The histologic examination showed the presence of neuroblastic elements developing next to smooth muscle fibers. The tumour had diffusely invaded the meninges, presenting a marked collagen reaction. Ultrastructurally, the neuroblastic elements exhibited an arrangement proper to the neural tube and the presence of a series of osmiophil neurosecretory dense-core vesicles. The fine structural morphology of the smooth muscle fibers was clearly revealed, the cells containing microfibrils and being delimited by a basement membrane. The muscular fibers were visibly in contact with the blood vessels. These aspects demonstrate that the medullomyoblastoma is a malignant bidermal teratoid tumour of the central nervous system. Dysgenesis of the ectomesenchyma may be considered to stand at the basis of the development of this type of tumour."
1149751,"A 65-year-old woman showed the clinical picture of a myogenic myopathy, confirmed electromyographically. Detailed histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed on deltoid and quadriceps femoris biopsy specimens. Many muscle fibres were found to contain vacuolar spaces with lipid droplets: perivascular inflammatory changes were also observed. The affected fibres were consistently type I. Under the electron microscope the fibres contained large numbers of lipid droplets, usually next to normal mitochondria. A slight improvement occurred after prednisone therapy."
1149752,"51 patients with cerebrovascular diseases were examined by CSF spectrophotometry (CSF-SPE) and computerized transverse axial tomography (CTAT: EMI scanning), most cases being followed by several examinations. Specific diagnoses were detected in 98 (CSF-SPE) and 75% (CTAT) of the cases, generally by only one examination. In cases examined angiographically or by isotope encephalography, the corresponding figures were 50 and 0%. The combination of CSF-SPE and CTAT examination obviously means a breakthrough in diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases which is naturally a prerequisite for the more rational therapy of these common and frequently disabling disorders."
1149753,"In the review of 117 patients hospitalized for herpes zoster (HZ) during the 10-year-period of 1960-1969, six patients with motor paralysis of the limbs were found. The incidence of motor paralysis in HZ which ranges in the literature between 0.5 and 31%, was 18% in our series. Reasons for these differences are discussed. An uncommon feature, local recurrence of HZ with motor deficit pertaining to the same segments is reported, and joint subluxation, a rare complication of motor HZ, is also described. The importance of looking for diaphragmatic paralysis and motor deficit in the thoracoabdominal segments, not readily revealed in routine examination, is stressed."
1149754,"Twelve parkinsonian patients with an unsatisfactory therapeutic result on L-Dopa alone due to nausea, vomiting and involuntary movements were treated WITH L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The daily dose reached 800mg L-Dopa and 200 mg decarboxylase inhibitor. Single doses of each of the components were also given. Electrophysiological examination of hypokinesia, tremor and rigidity, and clinical observation revealed clear evidence of rapid improvement on small doses of L-Dopa combined with decarboxylase inhibitor. Most of the improvement occurred during the 1st week before the maximal dose was reached. A single oral dose of decarboxylase inhibitor resulted in an improvement, suggesting the presence in the organism of a small AMOUNT OF L-Dopa. This work also shows the absence of liver toxicity of the drug used. Elimination of the extracerebral side effects nausea and vomiting in our opinion is a principle advantage of the compound compared to L-Dopa alone, wheras abnormal involuntary movements, which were found in all patients, remain the limiting adverse side effect."
1149755,"Additional study of six generations belonging to the K. kindred, which were previously investigated by Oransky in 1927 was carried out. 18 members of this kindred were studied. At the early stages of the disease a sharp dissimilarity of the phenotypes in the K. kindred resulting from the different rate of the development and intensity in the course of the disease was observed, varying from evident scapuloperoneal amyotrophy to the cases resembling Landouzy-Déjerine muscular dystrophy. At the late stages of the disease a considerable clinical simularity of those affected was noted. The clinical and genetic data allowed at the present time to consider the muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred as one of the varieties (namely, as a descending type with a ""jump"") of the facio-scapulo-limb (or facioscapulohumeral) muscular dystrophy. The scapuloperoneal syndrome could be a long stage in the development of the disorder in some members of the K. kindred."
1149756,"EMG, nerve conductions, repetitive nerve stimulation and SSEPs were studied in 14 patients with dystrophia myotonica. Fibrillation potentials were seen in two of these patients. Motor nerve conduction velocities of the medial popliteal nerve were decreased in 4 of the 13 patients studied. Three of these patients also showed decrease in the antidromic sensory conduction velocities. Motor conduction velocities of the lateral popliteal nerve were similarly reduced in four patients. Taking both  the nerves into consideration, 6 of the 14 patients showed a decrease in the motor nerve conduction velocities of either, or both, of these nerves. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed abnormal responses in 13 of these 14 cases. SSEPs from stimulation of the lateral popliteal nerve showed increased latencies in three of the ten cases studied. Sensory conduction velocities as measured from SSEPs were decreased in three of the four cases. SSEPs for the medial popliteal nerve showed similar values. The significance of these abnormalities has been discussed."
1149757,"In the cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with essential tremor so far reported, motor conduction velocity studies strongly suggested that demyelination was a prominent feature of the neuropathy. For the first time two sibs are reported in whom the electrophysiological changes favour axonal degeneration as the main trait of their peripheral neuropathy."
1149758,"The effects of 8 h sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on the cardiovascular function and blood flow distribution have been studied on dogs under controlled ventilation. A myocardial depressant action was registered in heart rate, cardiac output and left ventricular work, compensated by an increased peripheral resistance. Blood flow distribution judged by 15 mum carbonized microspheres revealed reduction of the fraction of the blood distributed to the brain. Simultaneously infused microspheres of 15 and 50 mum showed arteriovenous shunting of the smaller spheres compared to the larger through the heart, kidneys, stomach, small and large intestine and the brain. Correspondingly increased fractions of the smaller microspheres were found in the lungs and the liver. The preportal arteriovenous shunting to the liver was larger after 8 h of pentobarbital anesthesia than after 20 min or in conscious dogs."
1149759,"Dogs were submitted to one of three hemorrhagic shock procedures: normovolemic shock, oligemic hypotension or posthemorrhagic hypotension. 13 animals fulfilled well-filled criteria of irreversible hemorrhagic shock, based on mortality, take-up volume and metabolic changes. Lung function was measured at regular intervals. Lungs were fixed by infusion fixation. The macroscopial aspect of the lungs was not different from that of six control dogs which were anesthetized for the same period. Minor microscopical changes were found, but the only histological parameter which was significantly different from the controls was accumulation of granulocytes. Gas exchange remained normal, ventilation was increased with an enlarged dead space and veno-arterial shunting was reduced. Pulmonary vascular resistance was not different from the control group."
1149760,"The effect of acute ischemia obtained by clamping the feeding arteries was studied on a 30-cm loop of upper jejunum in mongrel dogs. In order to eliminate the side-effects of anesthetics on the small bowel, the studies were performed on the awake dog, where access to the upper jejunum was permitted by the construction of a jejunostomy with a Roux-en-Y anastomosis for reestablishment of intestinal continuity. The motility was estimated after stimulation of the mucosa with a standard bolus of isotonic 0.1 N HCl. This technique presented the advantage of a much higher reproducibility than the usual recordings of the spontaneous motility alone. Acute ischemia caused an immediate hyperexcitability of the segment of jejunum under study despite complete destruction of the mucosa followed by an irregular hyperexcitable pattern during the first 48 h after injury. The controls on the other hand presented a strongly diminished response to stimulation with a slow recovery."
1149761,"Grafting of the spleen as an organ of full immunological competence in inbred rats was found to be a useful tool for studies of immunological parameters, which would be difficult to evaluate in outbred and larger animals. Early results indicate that the spleen is under certain circumstances less susceptible to rejection than other organs in the rat and knowledge about principles, underlying this phenomenon, might have application for grafting of organs in other species. Experimences gained in grafting more than 400 rat spleens heterotopically were described together with the technique employed."
1149762,"Complete hepatic venous outflow obstruction (COB) in dogs resulted in impairment of hepatic function and cellular injury. Thus both the serum albumin concentration and the plasma clearance of indocyanine green (ICG) were reduced, whilst serum glycoproteins, aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase levels were increased. Partial outflow block (POB)resulted in less severe functional changes although a significant decrease in serum albumin was also observed. The changes in liver function in dogs with portacaval transposition (PCT) and COB were generally similar to those in dogs with COB alone. However, the increases in serum enzyme activities and the decrease in plasma clearance of ICG were greater in the group with PCT. A late improvement in the clearance of ICG in dogs with COB and PCT was probably related to retrograde portal flow. When the hepatic lesion was only moderate (POB) PCT had little effect on either the liver function tests or plasma clearance of ICG, although no improvement in function was observed. It is concluded that PCT has no beneficial effect on dogs with either severe or moderate hepatic lesion and may cause further functional deterioration."
1149763,"Radioactive microspheres 15 mum in diameter were injected into the left ventricle of the heart of cats. Simultaneously a blood sample was drawn from the aorta. Standardized samples of the stomach wall were separated into mucosa and muscularis samples. For each sample the blood flow was calculated in terms of ml/minute/100 g tissue weight. The distribution of microspheres to different layers of the samples was determined microscopically. In the mucosa samples the majority of spheres were found in the propria and glandular layer, only a few persent in the submucosa. In the mscularis samples most of the microspheres were present in the muscle tissue, only 1--9% in the submucosa fraction. The present method is considered to give a good expression of the capillary blood flow in the glandular layer of the mucosa and the muscularis."
1149766,"The cholesterol value of cord blood has been determined in 303 newborns and their mothers at parturition. The mean value was 72 mg/100 ml for the newborns and 253 mg/100 ml in the mothers. By multiple regression analysis it has been shown that a significant independent correlation exists between cord blood cholesterol and the cholesterol of the mothers, birth weight, sex and the blood group of the ABO system of both the newborn and the mother. This demonstrates that several factors known to influence cholesterol in adult life are already operating at birth. Within 1 month the mean serum cholesterol value rises from 77 mg/100 ml at birth to 131 mg/100 ml in 45 infants in whom it was measured."
1149767,"Left ventricular (LV) cineangiography in the right anterior oblique projection was carried out in 7 dogs. Calculation of LV muscle mass (LMM) was based on the determination of end-diastolic volume (EDV) and posterior wall thickness (h). Three different procedures of calculation were used. (A) EDV was determined according to the technique of Greene [8]; h was assumed to be equal around the LV cavity. (B) Systematic overestimation of EDV by Greene's method was corrected according to the regression equation proposed by Bentivoglio [9]; h was the same as in A. (C) EDV was corrected as in B; h at the ends of the long axis was assumed to be only half of that at the minor axis (i.e. h/2). The calculated values of LMM (4 to 11) in the individual dogs were averaged and compared with the true LMM determined at autopsy. True LMM in 7 dogs was 96 +/- 6 g (SE). Method A yielded 122 +/- 9 g (P less than 0.01) and method C 91 +/- 6 G (P greater than 0.05). Linear regression analysis between calculated and weighed LMM yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.936 in A, 0.938 in B and 0.931 in C. The SEE was 8.8 g, 7.5 g and 6.6 g, respectively. It is concluded that LMM can be determined with reasonable accuracy from linear regression equations whereby method C appears to be the preferable mode of calculation (smallest SEE)."
1149768,"Seven patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) but no angina pectoris had hemodynamic studies at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise levels 2 mth after an acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction. The hemodynamic study was repeated after 3 mth of regular physical training. Maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) increased by 16.1% after physical training while maximal heart rate unsignificantly decreased (minus 3.3%). Higher VO2max after training resulted from an increase in maximal cardiac output (+7%) and stroke volume (+9.2%) and from a widening of the maximal arterio-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference (+7.3%). The fall in stroke volume observed from submaximal to maximal exercise level was not affected by training. During submaximal exercise, the lower heart rate after training was attended by both a greater stroke volume and a wider A-VO2 difference; the cardiac output slightly decreased. We conclude that the increase in VO2max observed with early physical training in CHD results on one hand from an increased stroke volume whose specificity is not established, and on the other hand from a wider maximal A-VO2 difference; the latter is entirely due to a greater extraction of oxygen from the blood by the working muscles during maximal exercise."
1149769,"A new ajmaline ester, 17-monochloroacetyl ajmaline hydrochloride (MCAA) which has shown important clinical antiarrhythmic effects was studied in 20 isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Transmembrane potentials were recorded in atrial ventricular and A-V junctional fibers before and after perfusion of 3 mg/l of MCAA. There was a significant decrease in the action potential amplitude (81.1 plus or minus 6.0 to 75.2 plus or minus 5.8mV) overshoot (23.1 plus or minus 5.9 to 16.1 plus or minus 2.9mV) and maximum rate of depolarization (63.4 plus or minus 30.8 to 40.7 plus or minus 19.7 V/sec) and an increase in the action potential duration (119.8 plus or minus 12.6 to 135.6 plus or minus 25.1 msec). The strength interval curve was shifted to the right by MCAA. Conduction was increased in the atria and AV junction but not in the His-Purkinje system. MCAA appears to be a quinidine-like agent except for His-Purkinje conduction. This agent could offer important antiarrhythmic effects in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias."
1149770,"Eleven elderly patients with idiopathic pericarditis are reported. All but one were older than 60 yr. Evidence of ischemic cardiovascular disease was present in 8 patients. The initial diagnosis was heart failure with pulmonary complications in 4 cases and myocardial infarction in 3. Respiratory infection preceded the onset of pericarditis in 5 cases. Presenting symptoms were typical precordial pain, fever and dyspnea. Pericardial friction was found in 7 cases and transient rhythm disturbances in 5. Four patients had ST elevation and 3 had ST depression in their electrocardiograms. Other findings included  an increased sedimentation rate, leukocytosis, elevated venous pressure and normal SGOT levels. Antibiotics were of no avail but prednisone had a dramatic effect. Two patients had a relapsing course lasting 2 yr or more. One patient, who died at the age of 75 from bleeding ulcer, had patent coronary arteries and mild perimyocardial fibrosis. The diagnosis of idiopathic pericarditis in the aged is difficult because the disease simulates ischemic heart disease in patients who frequently have evidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular involvment."
1149771,"The R-on-T phenomenon was observed in two patients with narrow QRS complexes and repetitive supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Case 1 had a typical Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome in which the shortening of the P-R interval was due to a reduction of the A-H interval. In Case 2 the P-R interval (140 msec) was not short but the A-H interval was at the lower limits of normal (50 msec) and the P-A interval at the upper limits of normal (40 msec). Both patients showed the R-on-T phenomenon during periods of 1:1 A-V conduction occurring during atrial stimulation at a rate of 200/min (Case 1) and atrial flutter with a rate of 300/min (Case 2). Although total A-V conduction time was prolonged, the magnitude of this prolongation appeared to have been less than that occurring in normal subjects. This was attributed to the presence of an accessory pathway bypassing the area where the most significant delay occurred at the A-V node. The findings in Case 2 suggest, but do not prove, that a similar bypass might be operative in patients with atrial flutter with periods of 1:1 conduction, regardless as to whether the R-on-T phenomenon is, or is not, present."
1149772,"The pathological processes underlying the symptom of mitral insufficiency appearing during the course of acute myocardial infarction are reviewed. The mitral valve apparatus can be considered as being composed of fibrous elements (the annulus fibrosus, the valve leaflet and the chordae tendineae), the left atrial endocarduim and the muscular elements (the papillary muscles together with their supporting myocardium). Since the fibrous elements are avascular, it is concluded that they are unlikely to be directly affected by ischemia. For this and other reasons dilatation of the mitral annulus is not considered a cause of incompetence. It is suggested that muscular involvement is the most likely cause of mitral incompetence during acute myocardial infarction. The syndrome of 'papillary muscle dysfunction' is therefore reviewed under the headings of (1) conditions producing abnormal spatial orientation of the muscles, (2) conditions producing abnormal or absent contraction of the muscles and (3) conditions producing improper timing of muscular contraction. Cases are illustrated which demonstrated generalized dilatation of the left ventricle, localized dilatation and both complete and imcomplete papillary muscle rupture. Mitral insufficiency under these circumstances may ensue from either improper orientation or improper functioning of the muscular elements of the mitral valve apparatus, or from both. It is also emphasized that direct involvement of the papillary muscles by the ischemic process is not necessary for incompetence to occur, and that most cases of mitral incompetence complicating the acute stage of myocardial infarction are of transient nature, resolving during the recovery phase."
1149774,"Hepatic glucose uptake was measured in dogs in relation to physiological increments of plasma insulin levels under steady state conditions. Endogenous insulin secretion was stimulated by the infusion of small glucose loads, achieving normoglycaemia or mild hyperglycaemia. The measurement of hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows allowed calculation of the relationships between net hepatic balances of insulin and glucose, the magnitude of insulin extraction by the liver and the hepatic sensitivity to physiological levels of insulin. During normoglycaemia, small glucose loads (2 and 4.5 mg/min. kg) reduced hepatic glucose output without a concomitant increase of the estimated total glucose utilization. No changes in arterial or hepatic venous plasma insulin levels occurred. Portal venous plasma insulin alone rose under the influence of the glucose stimulus. In the presence of hyperglycaemia, the liver further reduced its glucose output. Infusions of 11.3 mg/min. kg glucose resulted in reversal of hepatic glucose output to a net uptake of glucose. However, due to the large amounts of insulin emerging from the liver, peripheral tissue glucose utilization was significantly increased. A strong inverse correlation existed between arterial glucose concentration and hepatic glucose output as well as between portal venous plasma insulin level and hepatic glucose output. The net hepatic balance of insulin was promptly raised in response to the glucose perfusions, even when normoglycaemia was maintained. A highly significant, inverse correlation was demonstrated between net hepatic balance of insulin (i.e. net uptake of insulin by the liver) and hepatic glucose output. Hepatic insulin extraction ratio and hepatic plasma insulin clearance increased during glucose administration but no evident relationship to portal venous plasma insulin levels was found. These data suggest that insulin rather than glucose is the primary agent responsible for the reversal of the hepatic gradient of glucose in vivo."
1149775,"131I-labelled Human Serum Albumin and 125I-sodium iodide were used to measure protein loss from the peritoneum and peritoneal clearance of iodide in a group of 8 uraemic patients, each one being studied after a different number of dialyses. Both albumin loss and iodide clearance reached a maximum at about the 10th dialytic treatment and then tended towards the initial levels. Protein loss as determined isotopically was markedly lower than indicated by direct radioimmunoassay measurements performed in three cases. Fitting experimental points by a model which assumes direct passage of protein from plasma to peritoneal cavity suggests the presence of a ""delay"" pool between plasma and the peritoneal cavity itself (extravascular sites adjacent to peritoneum?). The shorter retention time of the dialysis solution in the abdomen (4-8 minutes) seemed to us to cause lower protein losses than reported by authors using longer retention times."
1149776,"The daily variation of serum cortisol and thyrotropin (TSH) has been simultaneously recorded every 30-min. in 4 women taking the same oral contraceptive containing oestrogens and progestogens and in 4 control women. The circadian rhythm of cortisol persisted under contraceptive therapy with about a 2.5 fold elevation of the mean level and amplitude of the basal rhythm. Theoretical equilibrium calculations of the circadian variations of the free, transcortin-bound and albumin-bound cortisol fractions showed that these elevations are explained qualitatively and quantitatively by an oestrogen-induced increase of the same order of the transcortin cortisol-binding sites. As a consequence of the already high saturation of transcortin in normal conditions, the magnitude of the variation of free cortisol level resulting from a burst in cortisol secretion varies with the time of day. The role of albumin as a buffer is thereby emphasized. The early morning maximum, characterizing the normal TSH daily pattern, appeared to be considerably enhanced in women under contraceptive therapy. If the circadian variations of TSH are driven by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), these higher morning peaks probably reflect a higher burst of TRH secretion rather than an increased responsiveness of the pituitary to TRH secretion induced by contraceptive therapy. Finally these results do not support the hypothesis of a regulation of TSH circadian variations by an inhibiotry action of cortisol. Contraceptive therapy does not appear to play a role at the level of the central clock or on the resetting mechanism."
1149777,"Glucuronidation of p-aminophenol, p-nitrophenol and bilirubin has been investigated in cultures of human skin epithelial cells (HE cells) and human skin fibroblasts (FB) and in homogenates from the same cells. HE cells in culture glucoronidated p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol at rates of about 5 and 10 nmol/mg cell protein per h respectively. Bilirubin was not conjugated by HE cells. In homogenates from HE cells supplemented with UDP glucuronic acid (UDPGA) both p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol were glucuronidated at about the same rate as by living cells in culture. Assuming that the transferase activity is the same in the whole cells compared to the homogenates, transferase activity and not UDPGA production may be the limiting factor in glucuronidation of p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol in these cells. The glucuronidation rate of HE cells was not increased by benzpyrene or benzanthrazene. FB did not glucuronidate p-aminophenol, p-nitrophenol or bilirubin."
1149778,"The hepatic synthesis of cholesterol-measured as incorporation of 14C-acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols-has been evaluated in needle biopsy material of normal untreated patients and patients under short-term treatment with Diazepam, Phenobarbital, Chlorpromazine or Diphenylhydantoin. A significant increase of cholesterol synthesis was observed in the first two groups with much higher levels of incorporation in the Diazepam-treated patients. Moreover in this group the levels were still elevated from 4 to 7 days after drug withdrawl. Ultrastructural and morphometric studies performed on the same biopsy material showed a significant increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes of Diazepam-treated patients; in addition, there seemed to be a positive correlation between the increased cholesterol synthesis and the formation of areas of non vesicular, type 2, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These findings suggest an early stimulation of the liver cell microsomal system by Diazepam in man; they also point to side effects of some drugs, which are not predictable from studies in Wistar rats."
1149779,"The study was undertaken to determine whether cholestyramine (16 g daily) interfered with clofibrate absorption when the two drugs were given together. Fifteen patients taking 1 g of clofibrate twice daily (for 2 to 416 weeks) participated in the study. Clofibrate (as the acid, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, CPIB) was quantified by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. In patients taking clofibrate only, mean plasma CPIB concentration before the morning dose of clofibrate was 123 mug/ml. Peak levels were reached 3.5 hours after drug intake, the mean peak plasma CPIB concentration being 193 mug/ml. Absorption of CPIB exceeded 99%. Ninety-eight percent of the daily CPIB-intake was excreted in the urine, 61% being conjugated. In vivo degradation of CPIB did not occur. Free and conjugated CPIB was present in bile (mean fasting level being 55 mug/ml. The decay of radioactive CPIB in plasma was not log-linear: the mean t 1/2 of the first exponential was 0.45 hours, and of the second 15.1 hours. The pool size in 3 patients 3 hours after the morning dose of clofibrate was 1054 mg. CPIB was not detectable in adipose tissue, and kinetic data gave no hint of drug accumulation in patients on long-term therapy. In 6 patients given cholestyramine together with clofibrate, there was no significant alteration in fasting plasma CPIB levels, 24-hour urinary and faecal excretion of CPIB or in the half-life and pool size of the drug. A short delay in reaching peak plasma CPIB levels was the only consistent finding."
1149780,"Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis requires adequate cellular concentrations of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Using a sensitive enzymic assay, we have measured the concentrations (pools) of these compounds in human bone marrow cells and in lymphocytes. The mean concentrations (pmol/10(6) cells) in normal human bone marrow cells were: deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) 1.5; deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) 0.4; thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) 1.4 and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) 0.6; and in normal phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes (72 h cultures); dATP 3.7; dGTP 1.9; dTTP 9.4 and dCTP 2.9. The deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations were increased approximately threefold in the nucleated marrow cells from patients with leukaemia and myeloproliferative diseases. PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes caused a marked increase of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations, particularly of dTTP, between 24 and 48 h of culture. In PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, the antifolate drugs methotrexate, pyrimethamine and trimethoprim, all produced a fall in dTTP and a rise in dATP concentrations within 1 h. These effects could be reversed by folinic acid. 5-Fluorouracil caused a fall in dTTP and in dCTP but no consistent changes in dATP; hydroxyurea caused a fall in dATP with a rise in dTTP. BCNU caused a significant fall in dATP and dCTP. Dibutyryl cyclic 3', 5' adenosine monophosphate and theophylline had no consistent effect on the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations. 6-Mercaptopurine caused a fall in dATP and dGTP, the fall in dATP being marked after 4 h incubation. It is concluded that measurement of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in human cells provides a new method of studying DNA synthesis in human disease states and of analysing the action of antimetabolite drugs on normal and diseased cells."
1149781,"The catabolic phase of thyroid secretion has been studied by incubating thyroid slices with 0.1 % 125-I thyroglobulin (Tg) in the following cases: 11 follicular adenomas (FA), 8 hyerplastic nodules in multinodular glands (NM), 3 carcinomas (follicular or papillary, FC, PC) and normal (N) or micronodular tissue (M). Tg pinocytosis is severely impaired in all cold nodules (25 to 60 % reduction). In the follicular tumours (FA, FC), Tg hydrolysis is more affected than would be expected based only on reduced Tg endocytosis: the hydrolysis products remain in the phagolysosomes instead of being secreted. As far as the acid hydrolases are concerned these enzymatic activities are increased in nearly all nodules, in particular in follicular adenomas and carcinomas."
1149782,"The plasma concentration and the turnover of free arachidonic and oleic acids were determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in control subjects. The plasma level of free arachidonic acid, but not of oleic acid, was significantly decreased in male rheumatoid patients. Female patients did not differ from healthy subjects in this respect. Following treatment with indomethacin, a significant increase in the plasma concentration of free arachidonic acid was observed in rheumatoid patients of both sexes. It is suggested that the findings in the rheumatoid patients reflect a partial exhaustion of the pool of arachidonic acid serving as precursor in the synthesis of prostaglandin."
1149783,"Ih has been reported that cholesterol turnover is raised when hypercholesterolaemia occurs in association with elevated levels of very low density lipoprotein, but normal when hypercholesterolaemia reflects an increase in the concentration of low density lipoprotein alone. The relationship of plasma lipoprotein levels to cholesterol metabolism has been further investigated in the present experiments, in which the acute effects on lipoprotein lipids of stimulating cholesterol turnover with a bile acid-sequestering resin, colestipol, have been compared in normal subjects and in patientw with four types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.  Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids increased in every subject. The increase was greatest in patients with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia, least in normal subjects and in those with type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia, and intermediate in patients with type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia. The induced increments in VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride mass were accordingly positively correlated with the pre-treatment concentrations. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) lipids decreased during resin therapy in all subjects, except those with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia in whom there was a transient rise. The reductions in LDL cholesterol were significantly greater in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia than in the normal volunteers, and in both groups of subjects were proportionately greater than those in LDL triglyceride. These findings demonstrated clear differences among the hyperlipoproteinaemias in the response of lipoprotein lipids to resin therapy, and profide further evidence for the heterogeneity of cholesterol metabolism in these conditions. The colestipol-induced changes in type UV and type V patients could be partially reproduced in normal subjects during the consumption of high carbohydrate diets, which might be expected to increase VLDL synthesis. It is suggested, therefore, that the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol may be enhanced in such patients, and that any rise in LDL cholesterol observed during resin therapy reflected subsequent metabolism of VLDL to LDL rather than diminished LDL cholesterol clearance."
1149784,"Human milk contains a bile salt-stimulated lipase in amounts that, at pH 6.5 and in the presence of bile salts, might account for a total hydrolysis of the milk triacylglycerols in less than 30 min. In the absence of bile salts the enzyme has no activity against milk fat or against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The primary bile salts sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate and their taurine and glycine conjugates, but not the secondary bile salt sodium deoxycholate or its taurine and glycine conjugates, caused a pronounced activation of the enzyme against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The lipase was stable at pH 3.5 and 37 degrees C for 1 hour. It was inactivated when incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin at pH 6.5 but these inactivations were almost abolished in the presence of bile salts. High concentrations of pepsin slowly inactivated the enzyme at pH 4.0. The bile salt-stimulated lipase in human milk is thus stable enough to be active in the intestine, and it is present in high enough activity to contribute significantly to the hydrolysis of the milk triaclyglycerols in the intestine."
1149785,"An oral 50 g glucose tolerance test and a simple intravenous glucose infusion test were performed in 20 young (20 - 32 years), 20 middle-aged (42 -55 years), and 20 old (65 - 81 years) normal subjects. Blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum gastrin concentrations were measured during all tests. The intravenous glucose infusion duplicated the oral blood glucose curve in young, middle-aged, and half of the old subjects. In the remaining old subjects the intravenous blood glucose curve was below the oral blood glucose curve. Glucose and insulin concentrations were of similar magnitude in all groups, but maximum concentrations were reached later in the old subjects. Glucose per os induced a rapid rise in serum gastrin concentrations of the order of 10 pmol/1 and a subsequent decrease of about 20 pmol/1 in all groups. The  intravenous glucose infusion induced no significant changes in serum gastrin concentrations. The non-glycaemic (i.e. enteral) stimulation of insulin secretion was expressed as the difference between the integrated incremental areas of the oral and intravenous insulin curves in subjects with identical glucose curves during the two tests. This stimulation was of similar magnitude in all age groups, and it was not correlated to variations in gastrin concentrations. However, in the young subjects the enteral stimulation was greater during the first 30 minutes and smaller during the two last hours when compared to the old subjects. The results suggest that: 1. A simple intravenous glucose infusion test can be used to copy the oral blood glucose curve. 2. The size of the enteral stimulation of insulin secretion during the whole test is independetn of age. 3. The action of the glucose-induced enteral stimulation is delayed with age, and closely linked to the dynamics of the glycaemic stimulus. 4. The glucose-induced gastrin release is probably too small to affect insulin secretion significantly."
1149786,"Inhibition of glucose transport by phlorizin was examined in man by perfusion of an isolated small bowel segment. Inhibition was similar in normal and lactase deficient subjects. Since the small bowel of lactase deficient subjects contains only very small amounts of phlorizin hydrolase, phlorizin and not a product of enzymatic cleavage is the inhibitor of the small intestinal glucose carrier."
1149787,"Hypoglycaemic stimulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion has been measured in 12 anorexia nervosa patients, 11 adolescents approximately matched for weight and age, 14 underweight adults with no history of anorexia nervosa and 27 normal patients. The results showed a high proportion of blunted growth hormone responses among the anorexia nervosa patients as compared to normal subjects, underweight adolescents or adults. In the group of underweight adults, diminshed growth hormone responses were most frequently seen in patients with depressive illness. The complex pathogenesis of the diminshed growth hormone response in anorexia nervosa involves many factors; undernutrition itself, possible hypothalamic insufficiency related to the psychopathological background and other endocrine abnormalities like hypogonadism, relative hypercorticism and hypothyroidism. The interference of the nutritional, psychological and endocrine factors could not be dissociated in our investigation or from the review of the literature on this subject. It is suggested that hypothalamic insufficiency plays a prominent role in the growth hormone hyporesponsiveness in anorexia nervosa. Although diminished, the stimulated growth hormone response remains higher in anorexia nervosa than in true hypopituitarism. This phenomenon coupled to a preserved or even increased suprarenal function enables one to differentiate cachexia resulting from anorexia nervosa and hypopituitarism leading eventually to cachexia."
1149788,"This study demonstrates that in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the presence of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane (GEM) does not invariabley result in histological and/or functional lesions of the kidney. Among a group of 29 lupus patients, six subjects were selected for thorough investigation, because their renal function was normal or only slightly altered though they had suffered from SLE for 20 months to 18 years. All patients had antinuclear factor, anti-native-DNA antibody and a low level of complement; 3 had anti-denatured-DNA antibody, 2 had denatured DNA-anti-denatured-DNA circulating complexes and 3 had anti-RNA-protein antibody. Kidney biopsies disclosed either no histological lesion or minimal changes in five of them and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis in one. By contrast, using the immunofluorescent technique, granular deposits containing the third component of complement (C3) were found on the GBM of all patients; IgG was present in 5 cases, IgM in 3, fibrinogen in two cases and around the tubules of one. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of subendothelial and mesangial deposits. Our results also showed a good correlation between the importance of deposits and the presence of denatured DNA-anti-denatured-DNA circulating complexes. From the data obtained in these 6 cases as well as in the 23 other patients of the group, 3 categories of lupus patients could be distinguished with regard to kidney involvement: 1) patients with insignificant histological lesions, no immune deposits and essentially normal function; 2) patients with definite histological lesions, immune deposits and renal insufficiency and 3) patients with few if any histological lesions and little functional impairment contrasting with important immune deposits. The resistance of some patients to the mephrotoxic effects of immune deposits shows that lupus nephritis depends on intricate pathogenic mechanisms and suggests that these are possible antagonized by ""protective"" factors."
1149789,"Mlae rats were ra&ndomly divided into 2 groups one of which received 30 mg/kh phenobarbitone for 4 days i.p. and the other sodium chloride. Liver blood flow was measured 24 hr following the last injection of phenobarbitone or sodium chloride using the radioactive colloidal gold clearance technique. In addition, blood volume, liver weight and extraction of radioactive gold were estimated. Following 4 daily infections of phenobarbitone the body weight and the blood volume of both groups were not significantly different. The liver weight in the phenobarbitone treated groups was 27% higher than that found in the control group. Liver blood flow increased from 22.7 ml/min (92,8 ml/min/kg body weight) to 30.1 ml/min (123.7 ml/min/kg body weight). This increase of 33% was highly significant (p less than 0.005). In contrast, the extraction of radioactive gold was 11% lower in the phenobarbitone treated groups than in the controls. The earlier, semiquanititative finding of increased blood flow using a chronic implanted thermocouple could thus be quantified by the present study."
1149790,Ethanol (160-640 mM) produces a biphasic action on the indirectly stimulated rat phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation. This consists of a potentiation followed by a blockade of muscle contraction. Concomitant with the increase in the force of contraction was the appearance of multiple neural action potentials recorded antidromically in response to a single nerve stimulation. In stimulated curarized muscle only blockade was observed. There was no difference in the degree of blockade between directly and indirectly stimulated preparations. We conclude that the potentiation of muscle contraction strength is produced by a facilitatory action of the drug on the motor nerve terminal and the blockade of contraction is produced by an action of the drug directly on the muscle fibers.
1149791,"The central inhibitory effect of alpha-methyldopa on blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature was studied in conscious renal hypertensive rats. Systemic administration of alpha-methyldopa decreased mean arterial blood pressure and body temperature and caused a short lasting increase in heart rate followed by a long lasting decrease. Inhibition of central decarboxylase activity prevented the decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature but not the initial increase in heart rate. Inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase activity blocked the increase in heart rate and partially reduced the decrease in heart rate and body temperature but did not affect the decrease in blood pressure. Alpha-Methyldopa also decreased blood pressure at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C, but the decrease of body temperature was absent and the heart rate remained elevated for 7 hr. Similar results were obtained in normotensive rats. The decrease in heart rate was correlated with the decrease in body temperature in normotensive and renal hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that in the renal hypertensive rat the decrease in blood pressure and in body temperature depends on a central action of alpha-methyldopa metabolites."
1149792,"A method has been developed to measure the analgesic action of aspirin-like drugs in knee joints of anaesthetized dogs. Bradykinin, injected into the joint cavity, induced a reflex rise in blood pressure which was dose-dependent; this was used as a measure of nociceptive activity. The joint cavity became more sensitive to bradykinin as the experiment proceeded, or when a low concentration of prostaglandin E1 or E2 was infused locally. The increase in sensitivity with time was prevented by local injection of aspirin or indomethacin, but that induced by exogenous prostaglandin infusion was not. Injections of carrageenin into dog knee joints increased the prostaglandin E2 content of synovial fluid by up to 160 ng per joint; indomethacin prevented this increase. These experiments support our previous conclusion that local biosynthesis of a prostaglandin (induced by mild trauma) sensitizes pain receptors to mechanical or chemical stimuli. Aspirin-like drugs are analgesic because they prevent prostaglandin biosynthesis, thereby preventing this sensitization."
1149793,"Halothane strikingly decreases spontaneous and electrically stimulated release of norepinephrine from the isolated guinea pig hypogastric nerve--vas deferens preparation. This depression of adrenergic discharge appears to be a direct action on the sympathetic nerve endings and may in part account for the cardiovascular depression seen during halothane administration. Although halothane depressed stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine, it did not proportionately diminish release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Possible mechanisms of the dissociation between catecholamine and enzyme release are discussed."
1149794,"The properties of muscarinic receptors in rat intestinal muscle have been investigated by examining the binding of 3H-propylbenzilylcholine mustard, 3H-PrBCM, a specific and virtually irreversible muscarinic antagonist. It is shown that the properties of these muscarinic receptore correspond in general closely to those observed in the guinea pig, in particular the binding curve inferred for carbachol shows the same apparent negative cooperativity, but there is a notable difference in the rate of binding 3H-PrBCM."
1149795,"5-Hydroxytryptamine (10(-5) M), norepinephrine (10(-5) M) and acetylcholine (10(-5) M) induced maximal contractions in isolated guinea pig umbilical vein strips. Pretreatment with ruthenium red (2.7--90 mug/ml) for ten minutes reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine responses in a dose-related manner but did not affect acetylcholine-induced responses. Ruthenium red alone did not produce contractions. In the presence of KC1 (125 MM) the responses to norepinephrine and acetylcholine were enhanced significantly. The sensitivity of umbilical veins to ruthenium red may be useful in determining to what extent various vasoactive agents utilize extracellular calcium to induce contractions."
1149796,"The major purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of methylphenidate on avoidance learning at two ages. The subjects were 96 naive albino rats, equally divided between the sexes. One-half received daily drug administrations beginning at 47 days of age; one-half began at 87 days of age. Both groups were divided into three drug dosage levels (0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg) and a distilled water control group. Methylphenidate was administered s.c. for a total of 18 days. Following 3 days of drug administrations only, 10 daily trials on avoidance conditioning were administered approximately 10 min after drugging to a total of 150 trials. The major findings indicated that: (1) no significant difference in avoidance response acquisition was obtained in the comparison between drug and control groups, (2) a dose effect was obtained in that the M4.5 group made siginificantly more correct responses than the M1.5 group, and (3) animals drugged beginning at 87 days made significantly more correct responses than those drugged beginning at 47 days."
1149797,"The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, blocks the ""rebound contractions"" which characteristically follow the inhibitory responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (purinergic) nerves and to exogenously applied ATP, without affecting the responses to periaterial adrenergic nerves. Since adenine nucleotides are known to induce prostaglandin synthesis, this result is consistent with the purinergic hypothesis and suggests that purinergic nerves may form a link with prostaglandin in the physiological regulation of a variety of organs."
1149798,"Uptake mechanisms in the rat vas deferens have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study we show that uptake inhibition by cocaine, amantadine and desmethylimipramine induces increases in sensitivity that are greater for adrenaline than for noradrenaline. However, this does not occur when guanethidine is used. These results are clearly in disagreement with the neuronal uptake hypothesis. Uptake mechanisms in the rat vas deferens may be different from those of other tissues."
1149799,"The microiontophoretic potencies of dopamine, apomorphine and alpha-aminobutyric acid were examined on caudate neurones, using the same electrodes, in control animals and animals that had received 2mg/kg/day of haloperidol for 9 days. In the haloperidol group, a greater percentage of cells were inhibited by dopamine and apomorphine, indicating the development of a post-synaptic supersensitivity."
1149801,The relaxing effect of the beta-adrenoceptor stimulating agent terbutaline was studied on the spirally cut trachea from actively ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. Terbutaline counteracted the antigen-induced muscular tone more effectively when added 5 min before the addition of the antigen than when added at the peak effect. The reason for the improved efficacy of pretreatment with terbutaline might be terbutaline's synergistic effect on the release of spasmogens from the preparation and on the direct relaxing effect of the muscle.
1149802,"This investigation compared quantitatively the effects of prostaglandin F2alpha, histamine and acetylcholine on pulmonary airway resistance and dynamic lung compliance in the spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dog. Airway responses were evaluated by computer analysis before and after pharmacological blockade by either atropine or propranolol. In a dose range of 1.0-10.0 mug/kg i.v., prostaglandin F2alpha was the most potent bronchoconstrictor studied. At the highest dose, prostaglandin F2alpha increased airway resistance 153.3% and decreased lung compliance 55.4% from basal levels. Similar doses of either histamine or acetylcholine produced much less effect. Atropine significantly reduced the bronchopulmonary responses evoked by histamine, acetylcholine and prostaglandin F2alpha. Propranolol did not inhibit any of the respiratory effects of those bronchoconstrictors analyzed. The bronchopulmonary effects of prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine appear to be augmented by cholinergic stimuli."
1149803,"The characteristics of the behavioral effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM or STP) were compared with those of mescaline and methamphetamine in rats and mice. DOM significantly increased locomotor activity in an open-field situation at 0.5-1.0 mg/kg i.p., but at doses above 5 mg/kg i.p. caused biphasic changes, i.e. an initial decrease followed by an increase in motility and exploratory behavior. This hyperactivity was not accompanied by simultaneous increase in rearing. Besides, DOM induced head twitches in rats as well as in mice at doses above 0.1 mg/kg i.p., and marked backward locomotion only in rats at doses larger than 5 mg/kg i.p. The occurrence of backward locomotion might be attributable to the initial decrease in general activity. Behavioral effects of DOM were different from those of either mescaline or methamphetamine although they resembled those of mescaline in some respects."
1149804,"The subcellular distribution of basic substances such as mepacrine, chloroquine, chlorpromazine and imipramine was studied in rabbit blood platelets exposed to these compounds in vitro and to some in vivo. All the drugs showed a preferential concentration in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) storage organelles (5HT vesicles). Chloroquine and mepacrine accumulated more specifically in the organelles than did chlorpromazine and imipramine. After osmotic shock of the 5HT vesicles chlorpromazine sedimented mostly with the vesicular membranes, whereas the other compounds preferentially went into the supernatant. It is concluded that (a) fluorescent basic compounds such as mepacrine are rather specific markers for the 5HT storage organelles in live platelets and (b) drugs such as chlorpromazine and imipramine also have a considerable affinity for these organelles."
1149805,"In vitro evidence has indicated that isoproterenol (ISO) is more potent than epinephrine (EPI) in releasing glucose from rabbit liver slices and that propranolol (PROP) is a competitive antagonist of ISO. In contrast, dose-response data from fasted rabbits have shown that EPI is more potent than ISO in increasing plasma glucose levels and in lowering hepatic glycogen levels. Pretreatment with PROP abolished ISO-induced hyperglycemia and changes in liver and muscle glycogen levels whereas only the muscle glycogen depleting effect of EPI was altered significantly. These results suggest that factors other than stimulation of hepatic beta-receptors must be involved in EPI-stimulated depletion of liver glycogen and hyperglycemia in the intact rabbit."
1149806,"Antiserum against chlorpromazine (CPZ) was produced in rabbits immunized with CPZ hapten conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antiserum was used to develop a radioimmunoassay for CPZ. As little as 10 pg of CPZ can be detected with this radioimmunoassay. Major metabolites, CPZ sulfoxide, Nor1 -CPZ and Nor2 -CPZ are not bound significantly by the antibody unless the concentrations are very high. Although the antibody can bind 7-HO-CPZ, 8-HO-CPZ and promazine, the concentrations required to produce a 50% inhibition of 3H-CPZ-antibody binding are 5-10 times greater than CPZ. The plasma levels of CPZ and some minor metabolites in rats following administration of 10 mg/kg i.v. were determined by radioimmunoassay and showed a biphasic decay curve. Brain levels revealed that following i.v. administration CPZ traverses the blood-brain barrier rapidly and achieves peak concentration within 5 min. Plasma and brain levels can be detected for at least 24 hr."
1149808,Desipramine and other psychotropic and autonomic drugs were tested for their ability to prevent the motor response of the rat uterus to adrenaline in vitro. Those agents which have been shown to prevent catecholamine uptake into stores most readily reversed the motor response; those which had little or no effect on catecholamine storage were usually without effect on the motor response to adrenaline. The motor response of the rat uterus to adrenaline is due to prostaglandin E2. Agents blocking the motor response prevented the release of prostaglandin and did not block the action of prostaglandin on the uterus. Since all the effective agents also interfered with uptake with catecholamine stores it seems likely that passage of catecholamine in and out of storage depots is involved with the synthesis of prostaglandins.
1149811,"Dantrolene sodium (DS) was investigated for its effects on cat soleus muscle contractile properties and motor nerve terminal activity in particular. DS, 0.1-1.5 mg/kg i.v., caused a dose-dependent depression of indirectly elicited contractile strength which was more pronounced at lower frequencies of stimulation. Maximum tetanic strength at frequencies of 10-400 Hz was depressed to a lesser degree than contractile responses evoked by lower frequencies of stimulation; the twitch/tetanus contraction ratios were reduced with increasing dose, primarily because of diminished twitch. DS was without effect on motor nerve terminals as evidenced by normal post-tetanic repetition in the nerves following DS administration. Post-tetanic potentiation became relatively larger in amplitude as contractile strength was diminished. These data suggest that DS depresses neuromuscular function at a site other than the neural apparatus at the neuromuscular junction."
1149807,"Acute changes in spontaneous motor activity, the EEG and photically induced epileptic responses have been observed in baboons (Papio papio) following the i.v. injection of drugs acting on dopaminergic transmission. Apomorphine hydrochloride, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, produced a phase of acute excitement with accentuated vigilance and abnormal buccal motor activity lasting 30-40 min; during this phase myoclonic responses to intermittent photic stimulation were absent. After piribedil (ET 495, 1,2'' -pyrimidyl-4-piperonylpiperazine), 2-10 mg/kg, acute excitement was not seen. Intermittent delta activity was prominent in the EEG for 1-3 hr, and was associated with a slight reduction in photically induced epileptic responses. Haloperidol 0.6-1.2 mg/kg, produced a long-lasting reduction in spontaneous motor activity with an increased incidence of spontaneous EEG spikes and waves and a great enhancement of paroxysmal EEG activity during photic stimulation. Pimozide, 0.5-2.5 mg/kg, normally produced mild sedation and some EEG slowing. 2 animals responded idiosyncratically to both haloperidol and pimozide, displaying intermittent dystonic episodes with bucco-facial dyskinesia. These findings suggest that activation of dopaminergic receptors can lead to a reduction in myoclonic responses to photic stimulation."
1149809,"Our aim has been to obtain an experimental model where the test animal is subjected to the least amount of stress and restraint, and can serve for the repeated sampling of biliary excretion over a prolonged period of time. By using a special end-piece at the outer terminals of the two cannulas the monkeys could be given full freedom after experimentation. During the course of the study it was found that insertion of the cannula into the common bile duct led to the development of collateral pathways for passage of bile around the point of insertion. This adaption reaction for the restoration of a normal bile channel would seem to be characteristic of Rhesus monkeys, for we did not encounter it in similar experiments on dogs and minipigs. The experimental model described is intended to serve for the determination of intestinal absorption of compounds that are mainly excreted via the bile. Results with radioactive ergotamine are presented."
1149820,"AY-22,241 (Actodigin) is a new rapid-acting semisynthetic cardiotonic steroid. In experiments on contractility of cat papillary muscle, Actodigin (2 times 10(-7) to 4 times 10(-6) M) produced a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect, a marked increase in the maximum rate of force development, and no change in resting tension. Electrophysiologic studies performed with microelectrode techniques on isolated Purkinje fibers superfused with Tyrode solution, revealed dose-dependent decreases in resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and duration, and the maximum rate of rise of phase 0 (Vmax). Purkinje fibers superfused with extracorporeally circulated blood from a donor dog receiving 0.075 mg/kg/min Actodigin showed small decreases in resting membrane potential preceding the onset of donor premature ventricular contractions. Progressive decreases in resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and duration, and Vmax accompanied donor ventricular tachycardia. All effects were rapidly reversible, and compared to ouabain, equi-inotropic concentrations of Actodigin caused significantly less electrophysiologic toxicity."
1149810,"Perfused rabbit hearts removed 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) from a perfusion solution containing 2.6 ng/ml and a tissue-to-medium ratio of about 10 was achieved after a 55 min perfusion period. 12.4 +/- 1.0% of the cardiac total radioactivity consisted of metabolites and metabolites appeared in the venous effluent during the course of the perfusion. Pretreatment of animals with 6-hydroxydopamine reduced cardiac noradrenaline concentrations by 92%, abolished the histochemical fluorescence characteristic of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves and abolished the mechanical response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. In these hearts, the removal of 3H-5-HT from the perfusion fluid and the accumulation of total radioactivity was normal. There was, however, a significant increase in the proportion of the total cardiac radioactivity which was present as metabolites. The results suggest that the cardiac sympathetic nerves are not the site of 3H-5-HT uptake when the concentration in the perfusion medium is low. By analogy with work in the lung, it may be the endothelial cells of the coronary microcirculation which are responsible."
1149821,"Experiments utilizing squid giant axons have been carried out to determine if the duration of anesthesia obtained from phenobarbital, pentobarbital and hexobarbital can be explained by events related to their action at the nerve membrane level. For comparison, the barbiturates were perfused both outside and inside the squid axon at concentrations which produced an approximately equivalent depression of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential. The time to 50% maximum block and the time to 50% maximum recovery following washing, were compared for all three drugs. All three barbiturates were more potent from inside the squid axon than from the outside. This finding coupled with the fact that the time course of the drug effects was much shorter when applied inside as compared to outside suggests an internal site of action. There was no statistically significant difference between a short acting barbiturate and a long acting barbiturate with respect to their time course of action or recovery when they were both applied to either the inside or outside of the membrane."
1149813,"The spontaneous activity of the norepinephrine-containing cells of the locus coeruleus was recorded in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. The effect of seven tricyclic antidepressants on the firing rate of single cells in the locus coeruleus was studied. All the drugs tested, except iprindole markedly decreased the rate of firing of the noradrenergic cells. Antidepressants having a secondary amine in the side chain, desipramine, nortriptyline and chlordesipramine, were more potent than their respective tertiary amine analogues, imipramine, amitriptyline and chlorimipramine. Alteration of the rate of drug metabolism by pretreatment with SKF-525A or phenobarbital did not change  the doses of tertiary antidepressnats required to decrease norepinephrine cell firing. Depletion of the norepinephrine stores by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and reserpine markedly increased the dose of desipramine required to depress the norepinephrine cells. The results are in good agreement with previous studies showing that secondary amine antidepressants are more potent than their tertiary amine homologues in blocking the uptake of norepinephrine into brain and peripheral tissues. Despite their lower potency it is concluded that tertiary antidepressants act on noradrenergic neurons in their unchanged form and not via secondary amine metabolites formed during the recording experiments since alterations in liver metabolism did not influence the response. The findings are consistent with the suggestion made from studies on transmitter turnover that antidepressants by inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine cause a stimulation of postsynaptic receptors which decreases the activity of the presynaptic neurons by a feed-back mechanism. This view is further supported by the finding of an inverse relation between the norepinephrine content of the brain and the dose of desipramine required to decrease the firing rate of the noradrenergic neurons."
1149822,"The new 5HT-uptake inhibitor, FG 4963, and some tricyclic thymoleptics antagonized p-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced hypermotility in rats. FG 4963 was active in about the same s.c. and p.o. doses as chlorimipramine. FG 4963, imipramine and chlorimipramine potentiated hypermotility induced in mice by the 5HT precursor 5HTP, FG 4963 being slighly more active than chlorimipramine. In contrast to the tricyclic thymoleptics FG 4963 did not potentiate the heart rate increasing effect of NA in pithed rats. The peripheral anticholinergic effect of FG 4963 and of desipramine was almost identical while the other imipramine derivatives were more active. All tricyclic thymoleptics were strong peripheral antihistaminics, but FG 4963 was almost devoid of this action. Acute tests for ECG changes in guinea pigs and toxicity in mice and rats showed that FG 4963 and chlorimipramine were less toxic than imipramine and amitriptyline. FG 4963 is presumably a selective 5HT-uptake inhibitor producing much less potentiation of peripheral sympathetic mechanisms than do the tricyclic antidepressants."
1149812,"The effect of atropine on the acetylcholine (ACh) turnover in the mouse brain has been studied and related to the central effect (motor activity) of the drug. At the threshold dose for maximal increase in motor activity, atropine had no measurable effect in the brain on the initial rate of formation of labelled ACh from labelled choline (Ch) i.v. injected. However, if atropine was injected 3 min after the injection of labelled Ch, when the labelled ACh had reached its peak value in the brain, there was a more rapid exponential decline of labelled ACh. This was assumed to be an indication that atropine increases the turnover of ACh in the brain. The specific radioactivity of ACh was not changed 2-17 min after the atropine injection, which indicates that atropine does not preferentially increase the release of newly synthetized ACh."
1149816,Sexual receptivity of spayed female rats was studied by recording lordosis responses to a mounting male. Administration of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) to oestrogen+progesterone-primed females produced an increase in lordosis behaviour 2--48 hr after injection. An increase was also found when apomorphine was substituted for progesterone. These results suggest a role for dopamine in controlling sexual receptivity.
1149814,Dipyridamole potentiated the inhibitory responses to ATP and ADP and in particular responses to AMP and adenosine. The results are discussed in relation to the known actions of dipyridamole and suggest that adenine nucleotides are metabolized to adenosine during contact with the preparation; and that previous observations of the relative potencies of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides do not represent the actual receptor agonist potencies because of rapid uptake of adenosine into the tissues.
1149823,"To suppress the hyperglycemic effect of malathion in rats, a smaller amount of atropine was required when the drug was injected by intraventricular (i. vent.) than s.c. Pentobarbital, but not diazepam, blocked the hyperglycemic response. The results suggest that central accumulation of acetylcholine was the mediator of the response. Since hyperglycemia was not abolished by adrenalectomy and/or hypophysectomy, a hypothesis is presented to explain how central accumulation of acetylcholine might cause hyperglycemia."
1149815,"Previous in vitro studies had provided evidence to show that papillary muscles obtained from cats with chronic right ventricular failure had lost their ability to develop a positive inotropic response to glucagon. Since it is difficult to extrapolate from the isolated papillary muscle to the intact heart, studies were done to assess the effects of glucagon in the perfused isovolumically beating heart obtained from cats four months after surgical banding of the pulmonary artery for the experimental production of chronic right ventricular failure (CRVF). At the peak of the dose-response curve, glucagon increased right ventricular isovolumic pressure 25% (39.00 +/- 4.37 to 49.67 +/- 5.15 mm Hg; p less than 0.001) and right ventricular dP/dt 63% (522.2 +/- 93.9 to 852.6 +/- 159.9 mm Hg/sec; p less than 0.001) in 6 normal hearts. Similar dose related increases in right ventricular isovolumic pressure and dP/dt were obtained in 6 hearts taken from cats with chronic right ventricular failure. The respective increases in right ventricular isovolumic pressure and dP/dt were 43% (30.33 +/- 4.01 to 43.67 +/- 6.25 mm Hg; p less than 0.025) and 73% (317.50 +/- 30.29 to 550.83 +/- 89.04 mm Hg/sec; p less than 0.025). These results provide evidence that glucagon possesses the capacity to augment myocardial contractility in the heart with experimentally induced chronic right ventricular failure."
1149818,"At a non-stereotypogenic dose (0.16 mg/kg, s.c.), apomorphine was shown to produce a discriminative stimulus in rats. The apomorphine-produced stimulus was found to be effectively antagonized by haloperidol. It is suggested that apomorphine's ability to stimulate central dopamine receptors is directly related to its cueing action."
1149824,"Electrolytic lesions were produced in three separate parts of the raphe mesencephalic area: the nucleus raphe medianus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis and an area between these two nuclei. Seven days after the surgery, the animals were tested for morphine analgesia using the tail compression method and then sacrificed for the estimation of brain serotonin. It was found that the analgesic effect of morphine was significantly reduced in the rats lesioned in the nucleus raphe medianus but not in the animals lesioned either in the nucleus raphe dorsalis or in the 'intermediate raphe area'. Since a decrease of forebrain serotonin was observed in each experimental group, the reduction of morphine analgesia does not involve a simple direct correlation with a decrease of serotonin in the forebrain. The results are discussed in view of the possibility that the reduction of morphine analgesia after lesions of the nucleus raphe medianus is due to a disruption of a specific brain serotonergic system."
1149817,"Reserpine (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) produced emesis in pigeons with 60% of the animals responding. Metoclopramide HCl at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg p.o. administered 30 min before or after reserpine injection was effective in blocking reserpine emesis. Metoclopramide was unable to antagonize reserpine-induced sedation and hypotension in rats, thus inviting discussion of its possible mechanism in blocking reserpine emesis."
1149819,"In the dog in chronic atrio-ventricular dissociation, pentobarbital at a dose of 25 mg/kg causes atrial tachycardia, but does not change the ventricular frequency. The vagolytic effect of pentobarbital explains this phenomenon. The pronounced vagal tonus seen in the Keith-Flack node, is not seen in the ventricle. Chloralose at a dose of 80 mg/kg i.v. does not alter atrial frequency but depresses ventricular frequency, in a significant way, for 40 min."
1149825,"Pronounced resting tremor was produced in unanesthetized cats by injecting morphine (25-110 mug) into the caudate nucleus. The effects of morphine were antagonized by intracaudate (i.c.) injections of nalorphine (81-263 mug). Tremor activity was also inhibited by i.c. injections of dopamine (61-145 mug), Ca2+ (24-40 mug), scopolamine (88-121 mug) and hemicholinium-3 (HC-3; 73-129 mug) while serotonin (125 mug) was ineffective. Tremor inhibition by HC-3 was reversed by i.c. doses of acetylcholine (15-30 mug) which were subthreshold for tremor production in the absence of morphine. Morphine (55-110 mug) further increased the intensity of ongoing tremor activity induced by physostigmine (111 mug i.c.) I.c. injections of nalorphine antagonized the motor effects of morphine without affecting physostigmime tremor. Tremor production by morphine is attributed to a reduction in dopamine function which allows cholinergic activity in the caudate nucleus to predominate."
1149826,"Angiotensin II induced a dose-related increase in the amplitude of contraction of preparations of isolated atria and aortic strip of rabbit. These effects were significantly higher in organs obtained from reserpine pretreated animals (4 mg/kg i.p. 24 hr before experiments) than in controls. After reserpine, the effect of four doses of angiotensin II on the blood pressure of rabbits under pentobarbital anesthesia was also significantly higher than in untreated controls."
1149827,"Angiotensin II induced a dose-related increase in the amplitude of contraction of preparations of isolated atria and aortic strip of rabbit. These effects were significantly higher in organs obtained from reserpine pretreated animals (4 mg/kg i.p. 24 hr before experiments) than in controls. After reserpine, the effect of four doses of angiotensin II on the blood pressure of rabbits under pentobarbital anesthesia was also significantly higher than in untreated controls."
1149828,"In open-chest dog preparations i.v. administration of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide caused increases in coronary blood flow and cardiac output while reducing blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractile force. The decrease in force was independent of the alteration in coronary flow. Arterial--coronary sinus oxygen difference narrowed and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased. These data show that both diazepam and chlordiazepoxide exert an oxygen conserving action along with an increase in myocardial oxygen delivery and suggest that these drugs may be of benefit to the patient with coronary insufficiency by a direct effect on the cardiovascular system as well as through CNS-mediated antianxiety effects."
1149829,"The brain lesion technique was used to investigate the role of the paleostriatum and the nigro-neostriatum in harmine-induced tremor and in its antagonism by dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine, 1-dopa, piribedil, d- and l-amphetamine. Bilateral lesions of the caudate--putamen or substantia nigra failed to modify the intensity of tremor or its antagonism by dopaminergic agonists. Bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus markedly reduced the intensity of tremor and the results indicated that such lesions were also able to reduce the effectiveness of dopaminergic agonists as tremor antagonists. The data suggest that the integrity of the paleostriatum is more important than that of the neostriatum for the mediation of harmine tremor and its antagonism by dopaminergic agonists. The results are discussed in relation to the proposed clinical relationship between paleostriatal dopamine dysfunction and tremor mechanisms."
1149830,"Loss of body weight was proved to be a convenient and reliable way to predict the degree of reserpine-induced amine depletion after i.p. injections of reserpine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and it thus helps reduce variability. Two populations of animals were sharply distinguished lying on either side of the 5% cutoff point within the first 24 hr. One group (approximately 20% of all animals) lost less than 5% of their body weight, showed absence of physiological and behavioural effects, a moderate 5-HT depletion and a moderate 5-HIAA increase. These animals were called 'partially reserpinized'. Another group always lost 5% or more of body weight, exhibited the reserpine syndrome as well as a larger extent of 5-HT depletion and 5-HIAA increase. This group comprised 'reserpinized' rats. There were significant correlations between the percent weight loss and the degree of 5-HT depletion and 5-HIAA increase in the group of 'partially reserpinized' animals. The two groups differed also in the time course of amine changes. Dose had no effect in the differentiation of the two groups but did affect the extent of amine depletion. When reserpine was given i.v. or s.c., all animals were 'reserpinized'. The phenomenon of partial reserpinization is discussed."
1149836,"Bone marrow cells from sublethally irradiated donor mice injected into supralethally (1000 R) irradiated recipients produced not only many fewer spleen colonies but fewer erythrocytic (E) colonies in relation to the number of granulocytic (G) colonies than did unirradiated donor marrow in similar recipients. This reversal of E:G ratio was partially or completely restored by a strong erythropoietic stimulus in the recipients, whether endogenous, (induced by anemia) or exogenous (injected purified EP). Such a stimulus produced a large increase in total spleen colony numbers in all experiments. An unexpected result was a major increase in granulocytic and megakaryocytic colonies in the spleen and marrow of the erythropoietically stimulated recipients. It was concluded that the sublethal irradiation to the donor either produced or revealed a subpopulation of potential colony forming cells whose cell cycle was slow or temporarily arrested. The added EP (and/or related substances) was proposed to have either overridden or induced repair or radiation defect, or stimulated a small and normally undetectable population requiring high levels of stimulant to induce cycling. The result was the expression of their progeny as colonies, whose differentiative type depended upon the kind of hematpoietic inducing microenvironment in which they had lodged."
1149837,"Experiments were performed on pigeons to investigate the effects of labyrinthine stimulation on motoneurons innervating neck and limb muscles. Intracellular recordings from the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the neck revealed that stimulation of the ipsilateral labyrinth with only a single shock evokes prominent EPSPs and/or IPSPs in the majority of neck motoneurons at thresholds less than 3--4 times the threshold for the labyrinth-evoked N1 potential recorded in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. In many neck motoneurons, the latencies of the PSPs were short enough so that no more than two synapses could be involved in their transmission. Recordings were also obtained from identified motoneurons which innervate muscles of the wing or the leg. Stimulation of the labyrinth, even with multiple stimuli, failed to elicit any observable PSPs in limb motoneurons. These data were consistent with other observations that in awake pigeons stimulation of the labyrinth with weak shocks evoked a pronounced turning of the head to the contralateral side, while even strong or multiple stimuli failed to produce any observable movement of wings or legs. Thus in the pigeon the association of the labyrinth with limb muscles is insignificant when compared to the association of the labyrinth with neck muscles. In addition, supraspinal descending fibers in the pigeon may make monosynaptic excitatory and inhibitory contact with spinal motoneurons."
1149838,"Tritium labelled gamma-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) was infused into the third ventricle of rats with normal or deafferented hypothalamus and the distribution of the label was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. In control as well as deafferented hypothalamus a few neurones accumulated radioactivity, while the majority was unlabelled. Characteristic clusters and rows of silver grains were observed in the neuropil of several regions probably indicating labelled cell processes and terminal axons. Electron microscopy showed that at least some of the clusters were over axon terminals with synaptic vesicles. 3H-GABA accumulated also in the ependyma and glial elements. The results suggest that in the medial hypothalamus there is a preferential uptake of GABA in some neurones and nerve fibers; at least some of these are hypothalamic interneurones. This supports the hypothesis that some hypothalamic neurones and nerve endings may use GABA as a transmitter."
1149839,"Microelectrode recordings were made from dorsal column fibres at the 12th thoracic segment in cats. Two kinds of activity were elicited by electric shocks applied on the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa: primary afferent activity and trans-synaptically evoked activity. The dorsal column postsynaptic (DCPS) fibres represented 9.3% of the total population of fibres studied in the fasciculus gracilis and 14.5% of those with receptors in the skin. They were found to lie between the primary fibres of cutaneous and those of deep origin. The fastest fibres of the alpha range contributed to their activation and it is likely that C fibres contributed as well. 87% of the DCPS fibres studied at Th 12 were antidromically activated from the first cervical segment, and their conduction velocities measured between cervical and thoracic levels ranged from 16 to 71 m/sec."
1149840,"Microelectrode recordings were made from dorsal column postsynaptic (DCPS) fibres, in the fasciculus gracilis of the cat, at thoracic level Th 12, and from single cells in the nucleus gracilis. The sensitivity of the fibres (Th 12) and cells (bulbar level) to both gentle and noxious stimuli was studied and a classification of the units was made on the basis of their responses to these natural stimuli. The DCPS fibres have been classified into three groups: i) 16.3% of them were activated only by light mechanical stimuli, ii) a few responded to nothing but noxious mechanical stimuli, iii) 77% were characterized by their sensitivity to both gentle and noxious stimuli and constituted the polymodal group. The study of the nucleus gracilis cells revealed that 31.2% of the total number of cells investigated in the nucleus were also characterized by a high degree of modality convergence (polymodal cells). Besides their convergence, the polymodal DCPS fibres and the polymodal cells of the nucleus gracilis were functionally in contrast to the properties of the specific fibres and cells of the dorsal column system in other respects: i) they responded with a slowly adapting response to constant mechanical stimulation of the skin, ii) they were sensitive to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. It is argued that the polymodal cells could be the bulbar relay of the impulses conveyed through the DCPS fibres of the fasciculus gracilis. The possible role of the dorsal column system in nociception is discussed in the light of the results."
1149841,"Single cell activity from preoptic neurons was extracellularly recorded in normal female rats and the effects of electrical stimulation of the mediocortical amygdala (AMY), the N. med. raphes (MES) and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) was tested. 1. One type of preoptic neurons (55%) reacted with primary excitation to a single electrical stimulus of AMY, MES or MBH, which was usually followed by a period of postexcitatory inhibition. Another type of neurons (29%) were first inhibited after stimulation of AMY, MES or MBH and then showed a period of postinhibitory excitation. The discharge rate of a third type was not affected by electrical stimulation of these structures (16%). If a neuron was affected by a stimulus in a given area it predictably reacted in the same fashion to stimulation of the other areas. 2. The postexcitatory inhibition of the majority of the primarily excited neurons was strong enough to prevent the stimulus response to a second stimulus. Occasional recordings from two neighboured cells simultaneously indicate that they can be inhibitory to each other. 3. By pulse train stimulation of the AMY or MES with varying frequencies it could be demonstrated that low frequencies (10 Hz) had a facilitatory action whereas higher frequencies (100 Hz) were inhibitory to preoptic discharge rates. 4. No obvious alteration of neuronal properties we found neither in rats treated intraventricularly with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which strongly reduces central nervous system serotonin content, nor in 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats, which had low central nervous system catecholamine levels."
1149842,"Four types of synapses: axo-axonic, axo-dendritic, axon-spine, and axo-somatic were distinguished in the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. The density of synaptic terminals (boutons) in this nucleus is 35.17-10(6)/mm3 hence there are over 5 million boutons on each side, and on the average 596 per neuron. Only about one third of the axon terminals in this nucleus originate outside the nucleus and its immediate neighbourhood. Two thirds appear to be of intranuclear or otherwise of local origin. This could be explained by assuming either numerous intranuclear axon collaterals or interneurons having richly arborizing axons, or possibly both."
1149843,"A quantitative electron microscopic study of synaptic terminal degeneration was performed in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) after a variety of major transections or ablations, destroying or interrupting in different combinations the afferent pathways known from earlier and own light microscopic degeneration studies. Solutions of a set of equations, expressing the percentage degenerations in synaptic profiles after different combinations in which the several pathways are interrupted by the various interferences, enabled the authors to give the following percentage numbers for afferent synapses from different sources. 32.7% of supraoptic afferents originate from the brain stem probably representing the monoaminergic innervation of this nucleus. The medial basal hypothalamus (21.0%), amygdala (13.5%), septum (13.5%), hippocampus (8.5%) and olfactory tubercle and further rostral cortical region (17.0%) are the other main sites of origin of supraoptic nucleus afferents. There are no supraoptic afferents from the optic nerve, superior cervical ganglion or fimbria hippocampi."
1149844,"In adult cats the successive degeneration technique has been used to demonstrate the existence and distribution pattern of lateral funicular fibers to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) originating from the brachial and thoracic cord. In a first operation, interruption of the dorsal columns at appropriate cervical levels and of the lateral funiculus at low thoractic levels was performed. Thirteen months later, a lesion was made in the lateral funiculus at upper brachial or uppermost thoracic levels. Fiber degeneration in the DCN consequent to this second operation is not contaminated by damage to dorsal roots or by interruption of lateral funicular afferents from lumbo-sacro-coccygeal segments. All animals were sacrificed 7 days after the second operation. Serial sections through the medulla oblongata, impregnated with the Fink-Heimer technique, show that fibers ascending from brachial levels in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus reach the cuneate nucleus either by a dorsomedial route through the tegmentum or by cuneate nucleus either by a dorsomedial route through the tegmentum or by ascending in the restiform body. Degenerated fibers distribute selectively to the rostral part, and to a lesser extent to the base of the cuneate nucleus. Only very few fibers ascending from thoracic levels in the lateral funiculus distribute to the DCN. In another group of animals, not previously deafferented, a lesion of the lateral funiculus was made at upper brachial levels. This group served as a control to assess whether sprouting had occurred in the chronic preparations as a consequence of the long-term deafferentation. Comparison of the results in the cuneate nucleus of the two groups of animals shows no difference in the pattern of distribution or in the amount of degenerated fibers in this nucleus. These observations are discussed in relation to the question of collateral sprouting in the adult mammalian central nervous system."
1149845,"In unrestrained animals of many species, electrical stimulation at sites in the superior colliculus evokes motions of the head and eyes. Collicular stimulation in monkeys whose heads are rigidly fixed is known to elicit a saccade whose characteristics depend on the site stimulated and are largely independent of electrical stimulation parameters and initial eye position. This study examined what role the colliculus plays in the coding of head movements. A secondary aim was to demonstrate the effects of such electrical stimulation parameters as pulse frequency and intensity. Rhesus monkeys were free to move their heads in the horizontal plane; head and eye movements were monitored. As in previous studies, eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation were of short latency, repeatable, had a definite electrical threshold, and did not depend on the initial position of the eye in the orbit. By contrast, evoked head movements were extremely variable in size and latency, had no definite electrical threshold, and did depend on initial eye position. Thus when the eyes approached positions of extreme deviation, a head movement in the same direction became more likely. These results suggest that the superior colliculus does not directly code head movements in the monkey."
1149846,"The effects of ramp stretches applied to triceps surae muscle on the discharge patterns of single Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically invaded from various nerves, were studied in either decerebrate or anesthetized cats. Interneurones which received direct excitatory Ia input from the stretched muscle exhibited augmented activity both during the dynamic and static phase of stretch, which was, however, interrupted by a transient inhibitory influence during the dynamic phase of stretch. The influences on Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically invaded from hamstring or tibial nerve, were exclusively inhibitory. These stretch-induced inhibitions were better demonstrable in decerebrate than in anesthetized preparations. The timing of the discharge patterns of additionally recorded Renshaw cells during stretch, and the disappearance or reduction of the above described inhibitory effects after administration of DHE, strongly support the idea that these inhibitory actions are caused by Renshaw inhibition. In Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically activated from the antagonistic peroneal nerve, stretch induced also pronounced inhibitory effects, which were most probably caused by mutual inhibition between Ia inhibitory interneurones. The suppression of agonistic Ia inhibitory interneurone activity below the tonic resting activity corresponded to an enhancement of the monosynaptic reflex amplitude of the antagonistic motoneurone pool. The findings suggest that normal orthodromic activation of Renshaw cells, and consequently the recurrent inhibition of the Ia inhibitory interneurones, is predominantly linked with rapid phasic, rather than slow tonic, motoneuronal firing. The functional role of this mechanism for the performance of rapidly alternating movements and the damping of ballistic agonist contractions is discussed."
1149847,"Dissociated fetal hypothalamic cells mainly taken from 14 day-old mouse fetuses were grown in vitro for increasing time (9 to 60 days). Soon after inoculation the cells partly reaggregated and attached. The small reaggregates were then interconnected by fibers bundles. After the first week the cultures were composed of a continuous basal monolayer of flat and transparent cells, over which various types of refractile cells were lying in discontinuous areas. The ultrastructural study enabled us to identify these cell types, to describe their spatial relationships, and to follow their evolution with time in culture. The basal cell formed several superimposed layers. With increasing age, they displayed typical features of astrocytes and of ependymal cells. The latter exhibited rhythmic ciliary movements in culture. The overlying cells corresponded to three types which were associated in small clumps: primitive neuro-epithelial cells, maturing as well as mature neurons and typical neurosecretory cells. The latter cells were found as early as 9 days of culture of 14 day-old fetal hypothalamic cells and retained their typical features up to two months. Neuronal processes formed very dense networks at the surface of the cultures and terminated within the basal layers. Axon and dendrites were precociously found and were still present after two months. Within axon terminals dense-core vesicles appeared at the same time as neurosecretory cells. Synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions were found later on."
1149848,"Membrane electrical constants have been studied in neurons of the red nucleus (RN) of the cat which were identified antidromically from the spinal cord. For each cell, the input resistance was determined from the membrane potential changes to current steps and was found to be 2.5+/-0.9 Momega in twenty five RN cells studied. In addition, linear summation of the membrane responses induced by two current pulses was demonstrated. 2. From the membrane voltage transients to current steps, the first membrane time constant, tau0, and second time constant, tau1, were determined as 5.6+/-1.0 msec and 0.6+/-0.2 msec, respectively. The ratio of the amplitudes of two exponential functions, E1/E0, was 0.18+/-0.05. A linear relation was found between the ratio of these amplitudes of exponential functions and that of the two time constants. 3. The cable parameter (electrotonic length, L) of the combined soma and dendrites of the RN neutrons was estimated as 1.1 from membrane transient data using the relation developed by Rall (1969). 4. By using this parameter, an attempt was made to estimate the location of the two excitatory inputs on the soma-dendritic membrane of RN cells."
1149849,"Contrast threshold and perceived orientation of a line segment were measured when another line segment was simultaneously presented either to the same or the other eye; the angle between the two line segments was varied. The presence of the masking line elevated the contrast threshold under both conditions and the threshold increased similarly both in monoptic and dichoptic masking when the masking angle was made smaller. The presence of the masking line affected also the perceived orientation of the test line. The effect was similar both in monoptic and dichoptic masking; the largest change of perceived orientation occurred at about 15 degrees masking angle and the change was smaller at other angles. The effect disappeared within a short distance when the masking line was removed farther from the test line. The similarity of the monoptic and dichoptic threshold elevations demonstrates that there are lateral inhibitory interactions between central neural units in the human visual system. It is likely that the interacting units mediate the perception of contour orientation, for the threshold elevation functions were consistent with concurrent changes of perceived orientation. The results are evidence for the hypothesis that inhibition between orientation detectors is a factor in the perceptual expansion of acute angles."
1149850,"The axonal conduction latency of brisk-sustained and brisk-transient cat retinal ganglion cells increases with proximity to the area centralis. The trend is gradual with considerable local scatter of latencies, and is similar for cells with crossed and uncrossed axons."
1149851,"1. Responses evoked in the cerebellar cortex by stimulation of the parietal association cortex (rostral portions of the middle suprasylvian gyrus) were recorded and analysed in cats, and were compared with those by stimulation of the motor cortex (anterior sigmoid gyrus). 2. The parietal stimulation elicited early mossy fibre and late climbing fibre responses in the cerebellar cortex. The mossy fibre responses appeared at a latency of 2.0--2.5 msec and predominantly in the lateral (hemispherical) part of the contralateral cerebellum (mainly crus I, crus II and paramedian lobules). Cutting of the inferior cerebellar peduncle produced little or no influence upon the mossy fibre responses, which suggests that the mossy fibre responses are mediated chiefly by the pontine nuclei. 3. The climbing fibre responses were recorded at a latency of 17--19 msec and markedly in the contralateral intermediate and medial parts of IV--VI lobules. The responses were easily sppressed by anaesthesia and depended on the conditions of experimental animals. The unstable appearance of the responses and their longer latencies than those of the climbing fibre responses due to stimulation of the motor cortex imply indirect pathways from the parietal association cortex to the inferior olive. 4. The predominant projection of the parietal-induced mossy fibre responses to the lateral part of the cerebellum was compared with the mossy fibre projection from the motor cortex and was discussed as an important component in the cerebrocerebellar loops."
1149889,"Key-press responding of squirrel monkeys produced intravenous injections of cocaine under two simple types of schedule. Under a fixed ratio schedule, every 30th response produced an injection; steady responding at high rates of over one per second were maintained during each fixed-ratio component. Under a fixed-interval schedule, the first response occurring after a fixed time of 5 min produced an injection; there was a pause at the start of each interval and then progressively increasing responding until cocaine was injected at the end of the interval. Both squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys also were studied under second-order schedules of drug injection. Under one type of second-order schedule, studies only in squirrel monkeys, completion of each fixed-interval component produced only a 2 sec light; completion of the 10th fixed-interval component produced the brief light and an intravenous injection of cocaine. Under a second type of second-order schedule, each fixed-ratio component completed during a fixed time interval (5 or 60 min) produced only a 2-sec light; the first fixed-ratio component completed after the interval of time elapsed produced the brief light and an intravenous (squirrel monkeys) or intramuscular (rhesus monkeys) injection of cocaine. Under both types of second-order schedules, repeated sequences of responding were maintained during each session and characteristic fixed-interval or fixed-ratio patterns of responding were controlled by the brief visual stimuli."
1149890,"Experimental studies of human ethanol self-administration are reviewed, and a description is provided of the procedural evolution that has oc-urred in the experimental study of the determinants of human ethanol self-administration. Human experimental models of alcoholism have been established within residential laboratories which permit chronic availability of ethanol to volunteer alcoholic subjects. Experimentation within such environments has progressed from observational and descriptive studies of experimental intoxication to studies that manipulate experimental variables so as to modify (reduce) ethanol self-administration by alcoholic subjects. To observe systematic effects of manipulated variables it has been necessary to develop sensitive baselines of ethanol self-administration. When ethanol intake has been relatively unrestricted, wide spontaneous fluctuations have made difficult the evaulation of manipulated variables. When a variety of restrictions on ethanol availability have been imposed, sensitive self-administration baselines have been established which have permitted the direct experimental assessment of some of the determinants of ethanol self-administration. Six methodological principles are suggested for enhancing the information yield of future research on the determinants of ethanol self-administration. The same general methodology is suggested for research with other varieties of drug self-administration."
1149892,"Studies of monoamine metabolites within the cerebrospinal fluid compartment have indicated that this approach may be useful in examining central metabolic changes in vivo. By combining the technologies of radioisotope chemistry, operant behavior control and modification, and brain perfusion with push-pull cannulas, we have been able to examine minute to minute changes in the disposition of radiolabeled monoamine transmitter candidates and their metabolites. These substances appear to co-vary with changes in complex behavior maintained by operant schedules of reinforcement and affected by changes in schedules or administration of psychotropic drugs. In agreement with other perfusion studies, we have observed changes in fractional distribution of radiolabeled urea, a so-called extracellular marker, along with shifts in monoamines; but the former appear more transient. These observations nevertheless support the concept of dynamic changes within the extracellular environment of the CNS that may be part of a hormone-like communicating system with functional significance. Furthermore, the presence of peaks and/or troughs, in perfusates of [14C]urea of similar substances should not be taken as a priori evidence for nonspecificity of the technic, since selective release or inhibition of release of monoamines can be shown with appropriate drugs that are thought to act through these aminergic systems. Destruction of catecholamine nerve terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine likewise attenuates the signal-locked release of radiolabeled norepinephrine by a conditioned stimulus after conditioning occurs. No such release is seen on presentation of the to-be-conditioned neutral stimulus in control or 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. These initial studies indicate the availability of a powerful tool for the study of drug-neurochemical-behavioral interactions using subjects as their own controls for extended periods of time so that phenomena of plasticity, tolerance and dependence may likewise be examined."
1149894,"Intoxication by elemental mercury or by methylmercury is revealed primarily by changes in behavior and by neurological signs. Disorders of movement and posture have been most widely reported, both in animal experiments and in cases of human exposure. Specific sensory symptoms are also prominent in human methylmercury poisoning. Recent data indicate similar symptoms in monkeys during long-term exposure to methylmercury. Similar sensory  impairment has not been described in experiments with subprimates. Variations in the profile of behavioral and neurological effects are discussed in terms of differences in species and differences between acute and long-term exposure. The latter condition poses the most difficult questions for human health, yet has been less frequently studied. Procedures are suggested that may help to revolve these problems. In particular, tests of learned behavior hold great promise toward identifying specific symptoms and toward understanding how mercury compounds affect behavior."
1149895,"Schedule-controlled performances began to be used in assessing the behavioral effects of drugs because of practical advantages over other techniques for studying behavior. Schedule-controlled behavior is, however, of fundamental importance in behavioral pharmacology. It has been found repeatedly that the effects of many drugs depend critically upon the patterns of responding engendered by different schedule contingencies. These dependencies of the effects of drugs on schedule-controlled behavior occur because ongoing behavior is itself an important determinant of drug action."
1149896,"Discrete trial procedures permit exact control or description of the time of occurrence of stimuli, the probability of response occurrence, and the patterning of responses. They also make possible the experimental manipulation of the composition of the stimuli controlling behavior. The use of discrete trial procedures is illustrated here in an examination of the effects of scopolamine, a representative cholinergic blocker, on several aspects of behavior: Memory. Response alternation experiments, in which the spacing of discrete trials varies within the experimental session, show that, whereas accuracy of responding is consistently poorer under drug, the decline of accuracy with time since last trial is similar for drugged and nondrugged animals. Thus the drug does not affect memory ""storage"". Inhibition. Experiments in which discrete trials are presented in pairs, such that the correct response on Trial 2 of the pair is contingent upon Trial 1 events, show how the ""disinhibiting"" effect of scopolamine (as indicated by enhanced responding on ""no go"" trials) is augmented by increasing the time gap between Trial 1 and Trial 2, or by minimizing controlling stimuli on Trial 1. Discrimination. A variety of experiments suggest that scopolamine decreases the ""detectability"" of stimuli. Detectability effects, along with disinhibition observed under certain specific conditions, constitute the prinicipal behavioral actions of scopolamine observed with discrete trial procedures."
1149897,"Gonadotropin levels and secretory patterns were studied in 28 oligomenorrheic patients with various types of polycystic ovary disease (PCO). On the basis of ovarian morphology and histology, the patients PCOuld be separated into two distinct categories arbitarily designated ""typical"" (type I) and ""atypical"" (type II) PCO. Although no differences were noted in symptomatology or 17-ketosteroid, testosterone, or follicle-stimulating hormone levels, the 12 type I patients demonstrated widely fluctuating, but markedly elevated, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, while the 16 type II patients demonstrated lower and less fluctuating LH levels which were comparable to those found during the normal follicular phase. It is likely that type I PCO is a distinct entity similar to that described by Stein and Leventhal, while type II co represents a heterogenous spectrum of disorders, many of which remain obscure."
1149898,"A comparative study of three intrauterine contraceptive devices, the Antigon-F, the Copper-T, and the Ypsilon-Y, was carried out at The New York Hospital Cornell Medical Center during an 18-month period from March 1, 1972, through August 31, 1973. At the cutoff date of February 28, 1974, all patients had been followed for at least 6 months. During the period of study, 884 Antigon-F devices, representing 14,436 woman-months of use, were inserted. The over-all pregnancy rate was 0.88, with an explusion rate of 5.1 and a medical removal rate of 9.1/100 woman-years. This device was best tolerated by multiparous women. There was a total of 910 insertions of the Ypilson-Y, representing 14,348 woman-months of use. The over-all pregnancy rate was 1.8, with an explusion rate of 1.9 and a medical removal rate of 3.7/100 woman-years. The pregnancy rate in nulliparous women was 0.78, with a continuation rate of 88.9. The pregnancy rate in multiparous woman was higher, i.e., 2.4. Nine hundred thirty-nine Copper-T 200 devices, representing 15,558 woman-months, were inserted. The over-all pregnancy rate was 0.85, with an expulsion rate of 1.8, a medical removal rate of 4.5, and a continuation rate of 88.4/100 woman-years. The pregnancy rate was 0.82 for nulliparous women and slightly higher, i.e., 1.04, for multiparous women. Thus, all three devices had considerable merit. The Antigon-F and the Copper-T seemed the best in multiparous women; the Ypsilon-Y in the size used was best in nulliparous women. The only perforations occurred with the Copper-T."
1149899,"In vitro fertilization of rabbit eggs in oviduct secretions has been studied through different days of the psudopregnant cycle. The appearance of the pronuclei and cleavage into two cells, which were the criteria of fertilization, occurred significantly less frequently when in vitro fertilization was attempted in the oviduct secretions obtained during the estrous (preovulatory) period of the cycle than it was in the secretions obtained during pseudopregnancy or in Brackett's medium plus 20% heated rabbit blood serum. Whether fertilization was attempted in ampulla secretions or in whole oviduct secretions had no effect on the success rate. The effects of oviduct secretions from the estrous period of the cycle is probably due mainly to an effect on the egg, involving the very first development processes during and after fertilization."
1149900,"The current study was formulated to investigate the abortifacient activity of prostaglandin 15-methyl F2alpha (15-methyl PGF2alpha) administered intramuscularly to 80 healthy women with gestations between 8 and 22 weeks. Goals were the establishment of an effective dosage schedule and assessment of the incidence and severity of side effects. All 80 gravidas were aborted, with a mean time to abortion of 15.70 hours (SD, 6.52). Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 89% of the patients; temperature elevations  greater than or equal to 100.6 degrees F were noted in 14 cases. No other significant complications were encountered. Transabdominal intra-amniotic pressure monitoring indicated the need to administer the drug at 2-hour intervals. The 15-methyl PGF2alpha patients were matched for parity and gestational length with 80 gravidas aborted with PGE2 20-mg vaginal suppositories. The difference in interval to abortion in the two groups was not statistically significant. While gastrointestinal side effects were more common with 15-methyl PGF2alpha, the frequency of drug-induced temperature elevations was reduced."
1149901,"Seminal plasma from 7 of 10 normal persons was found to inhibit anti-HL-A2, 3, 7, 8, and 12 antisera specifically. Inhibition by seminal plasma appeared quantitatively less than that by whole serum and even less than that by platelets from the same individuals. No decrease in the number of offspring was found due to increased numbers of HL-A incompatibilities of the male spouse in 67 normal couples. No clear decrease in the number of pregnancies was observed in normal women with lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A similar study with infertile persons may yet reveal a role for HL-A antigens in human reproduction."
1149902,"The acrosin activity of human spermatozoa was determined in fresh, glycerolated, and cryo-preserved semen specimens. In 119 semen specimens, mean increases in acrosin activity of 62% in glycerolated and 56% in cryo-preserved samples were found. Thus, no statistically significant differences in mean acrosin activity were found between glycerolated and cryo-preserved spermatozoa. However, 23.5% of the cryo-preserved samples showed a significant decrease in extractable acrosin activity when compared with untreated controls. In oligospermic specimens (less than 40 million spermatozoa/ml), a statistically significant decrease in acrosin activity due to cryo-injury was detectable. Differentiation of specimens responding to glycerol pretreatment with an increase in extractable acrosin activity from those responding with a decrease showed a different freezing behavior, indicating two ejaculate types with respect to acrosin extraction. Samples frozen without glycerol protection showed the same amounts of extractable acrosin activity as did glycerol-protected specimens. The stability of acrosin in acidic acrosomal extracts during liquid nitrogen freeze treatment was confirmed."
1149907,"The recent literature relating to pathogenesis, clinical features and management of psoriasis has been reviewed. The features of the accelerated epidermopoiesis are described and its relationship to a possible primary fault in keratinisation or dermal influences discussed. The present position on the genetics and epidemiology of psoriasis is summarised. Recent observations on the relationship of histocompatibility system antigens to ordinary and pustular psoriasis could lead to important advances. Clinical discussion is confined to psoriasis in childhood, the hair, nails and mucosal psoriasis; pustular psoriasis and psoriasis arthropathica."
1149908,"Two cases of insufficiently treated early syphilis with solitary papular lesions on the penis are described. There seems to be a close resemblance between these cases and descriptions from the Salvarsan era concerning the occurrence of solitary papules located on or near the place of the healed primary syphilitic lesion, after insufficient treatment with Salvarsan.  Problems in diagnosing these cases are discussed."
1149911,"The results of screening for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase abnormalities in the blood of dermatological patients are reported. No differences were found between controls, psoriatics, psoriatics receiving methotrexate and a group of mixed patients. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of methotrexate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase."
1149912,High oral doses of vitamin A given to Irish rats bearing squamous carcinomas failed to produce detectable light level histologic change in the tumors.  The cell line was grown in tissue culture with and without vitamin A; electron-microscopic examination failed to reveal significant differences between experimental and control cultures.
1149914,"Prostaglandins of the F series have been measured, by radioimmunoassay, in ovaries of prepubertal rats in which first estrus was synchronized by injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. Marked elevations, up to 20-fold, were observed approximately in parallel with the endogenous luteinizing hormone surge which occurs on the evening of proestrus, and within 4 h after injection of exogenous luteinizing hormone on the morning of proestrus. Injection of indomethacin, 0.8 mg per rat, at 14:45 on proestrus, prevented the increase in ovarian prostaglandins F without significantly reducing the proestrous elevation of serum luteinizing hormone. These observations support elevation of serum luteinizing hormone. These observations support a physiologic role of prostaglandins F in rat ovarian responses to luteinizing hormone."
1149915,"Double-isotope techniques are frequently used to provide a sensitive means of detecting specific biosynthetic responses to experimental manipulations, usually protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The qualtative basis for the detection of changes in biosynthetic rates in these double-isotope experiments involves measuring changes in the ratio of the isotopes to each other after fractionation of the albeled extract. Changes in the isotope ratios have been used directly in quantitative interpretations also, but such quantitative interpretations of changes in isotope ratios are potentially erroneous since the magnitude of the change in ratio of one isotope to the other will depend upon the total number of counts within the area in question (the 'baseline'). The results of experiments on an estrogen-specific uterine protein are presented in this report. It is demonstrated that under conditions in which the 'baseline' incorporation of isotope varies within an experiment, such as in purification or pulse-chase studies, the use of isotope ratios to quantify the data results in erroneous values. In these instances computations using the delta 14C method described by Mayol and Sinsheimer (1970) provides for what appear to be valid conclusions. However, under conditions in which the baseline incorporation of isotope of the control and experimental groups does not vary, as in studies of the temporal course of synthesis and dose-response relationships, the use of increases in isotope ratios is adequate for quantitative interpretations."
1149916,"Two series of neurohypophysial peptide amino-acylated derivatives were tested for their ability to activate plasma membrane adenylate cyclase prepared from pig or rat kidney. They were firstly [8-lysine]-vasopressin-related derivatives (Na-[Glycyl-Cys]1-[8-Lysine]-vasopressin and Na-[Glycyl-Glycyl-Cys51-[8-Lysine]-vasopressin) and secondly oxytocin-related derivatives (Na-[Glycyl-Cys-a1)-oxytocin, Na-[Leucyl-Glycyl-Glycyl--Cys]-oxytocin, and Na-[Glycyl-Cys]-[2-0methyl tyrosine]-oxtocin). The maximal adenylate cyclase activation induced by these peptides was lower than that induced by their respective parent hormones. After incubation of these analogues with plasma membranes obtained from the renal medulla, no significant release of parent hormones occurred. Good qualitative correlations were observed between relative antidiuretic activities measured in vivo and relative potencies in activating adenylate cyclase. It was concluded that direct action of peptides tested on the kidney is at least partly responsible for their antidiuretic activity in vivo."
1149917,"Vasopressin analogues with enhanced antidiuretic activity in vivo (deamino-[D-arg8]-vasopressin, deamino-6-carba-[Orn8]-vasopressin, deamino-6-carba-[Arg8]-vasopressin, and deamino-6-carba-[D-Arg8]-vasopressin) were tested for their ability to activate rat renal medullary adenylate cyclase and compared to the natural antidiuretic hormones [Arg8]- and [Lys8]-vasopressin. The enzyme preparation used did not inactivate the vasopressins or the analogues tested. The analogues activated adenylate cyclase. However, several of them were far less effective than expected on the basis of their very high in vivo antidiuretic activity. It was concluded that the enhanced in vivo activity reflects greater metabolic stability in vivo rather than enhanced affinity for the renal antidiuretic hormone receptor."
1149918,"A highly specific, high affinity binding protein for estradiol-17beta (E2) is present in cytosol prepared from the epididymides of immature (21-53 day old) rabbits. This binding moiety sediments on sucrose gradients as an 8S species under low ionic strength conditions and as a 4S species under conditions of high ionic strength (0.3 M KCL). The relative binding affinities of estrogens for the binding protein was E2 is greater than estrone is greater than estriol. Neither 5alpha-dihydrostestosterone (5alphaKHT), progesterone, nor cortisol were able to inhibit binding of [3H]E2 to epididymal binding sites. An 8S binding moiety for E2 was present in testicular cytosol but not in muscle. An apparently non-specific binding component for E2 was present in plasma which sedimented in the 4S region of low ionic strength gradients. The epididymal E2 binding moiety was distinct from a 4S androen binding protein of testicular origin which is detectable in cytosol prepared from epididymides of rabbits at certain stages development. We were unalbe to detect a specific E2 binding protein in epididymal cytosol from mature intact or 4-day castrated rabbits. The E2 binding component in the cytosol of immature rabbits had an Kd congruent to 2-10 X 10-10 M and the concentration of binding sites was in the order of 1-4 X 10-13 mmoles/mg of protein. The binding component was thermo-labele and pronase, but not nuclease, sensitive."
1149919,"Total polysomal RNA or poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from membrane-bound polysomes of normal lactating rabbits directed the synthesis of casein in a reticulocyte lysate. Casein was identified by immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate. The poly(A)-containing RNA was heterogeneous with one major peak corresponding to a 12-S sedimentation coefficient as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the same procedure, mRNAs isolated from the non-secreting tissue of pseudopregnant rabbits were found not to contain the 12-S peak and were unable to direct the synthesis of casein in vitro. Prolactin injected into pseudopregnant rabbits induced the synthesis of proteins immunoprecipitable by anti-casein anti-serum and induced the simultaneous appearance of the 12-S mRNA. Progesterone injected with prolactin prevented the induction of casein synthesis and the appearance of mRNA for casein. A close relationship was established between the ability of the tissue to synthesize immunoprecipitable casein and the corresponding mRNA content of polysomes."
1149926,"The purity of allergenic extracts is usually taken for granted but we know that trace amounts of impurities may be the most important determinant causing clinical symptoms. We know that many commercial extracts are grossly contaminated with other allergens and this is easy to demonstrate by skin tests. Horse or dog scurf collected in the summer months will be contaminated by pollens. Patients can be shown to have organ specific inhalant allergic complaints due to one animal. Sometimes the allergenicity is at first only towards an antigen in the saliva, then skin antigen(s) and finally all organs of the body may cause allergic symptoms, so that urinary protein as well as serum albumin cause reactions to the patients. When collecting individual pollens, it is very difficult not to get these contaminated by other pollens. Named grass pollens will be contaminated by other grass pollens and fungal spores which are airborne at the same time. An extract which has been labelled plantain pollen will often be contaminated by 1% or more of grass pollen. A tree pollen such as Tilia is always grossly contaminated with other pollens. A mite extract has in it fish, human serum albumin from skin scales or horse, depending on the culture media used for feeding the mites. Animal scurf extracts are nearly always contaminated with mites. We can conclude that allergenic extracts are difficult to produce immunologically pure and they are often grossly contaminated."
1149927,"Aqueous ragweed pollen extracts (20,000 PNU/ml or 78,000 PNU/ml) lose 50% of their Antigen E content within 5 months of storage at 4 degrees C. Glycerinated extracts and lyophilized ragweed pollen extracts retain their Antigen E content for over 15 months with little or no loss. The preservative phenol in aqueous extracts is destructive to Antigen E probably by protein denaturation. The stability of ragweed extracts as measured by Antigen E content is markedly enhanced with little loss after 15 month storage at 4 degrees C, when the extract is prepared as an alum precipitated suspension."
1149928,"The production and standardization of the bacterial allergens are very difficult and connected with many unknown and disputable problems. The authors have carried out a study with three basic bacterial allergens produced by themselves: bacterial extracts, bacterial suspensions and a mixture of both from Streptococcus hemolyticus and Staphylococcus albus. The specific activity of all allergens in different concentrations is determined by skin intradermal tests simultaneously on 22 patients sensitized to Str. hemolyticus. 23 patients sensitized to Staph. albus, as well as on 10 healthy persons. The results of the study show that the bacterial extracts give predominantly immediate type skin allergic reaction while the bacterial suspensions lead to delayed type reactions. The mixed allergens give both type skin reactions, and reveal more specifically sensitization against the bacteria. The authors suggest that the optimal concentration of the mixed bacterial allergens for diagnosis by intradermal test is 10,000 PNU/ml and 100,000,000 bacterial/ml. The advantages and disadvantages of the three bacterial allergens are discussed."
1149930,"The RAST principle has been utilized for the detection and assay of allergens of various origins. RAST-based methods have the advantage of being convenient, accurate and specific by making use of the IgE antibodies, considered as mediators of the atopic allergic reactions, as reagents in vitro. Two improved assay procedures, a direct titration and an inhibition method, have been used for the estimation of extract potencies and for the assay of separate allergens. The specificity of the assays is determined by the specificity of the IgE (sera from allergic patients) used as the main reagent. Specific assay of separate components in heterogeneous extracts may be achieved in some cases by careful characterization of the sera or by selective blocking of irrelevant IgE. The potency of allergen concentration may be calculated and expressed in arbitrary units, and the accuracy and sensitivity of the two methods are similar. The coefficient of variation is in the range 10 to 25% provided that standardized reagents are used. Sensitivity of the assays is about 200 ng per ml. The lower limit for detection of allergen is 10-100 times lower."
1149931,"A preliminary study of a grass pollen allergens by means of radioallergosorbent test (RAST)-based assay methods has been made. A combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography has been used to separate allergens, mainly from Festuca elatior, Lolium perenne, and Phleum pratense, into groups dependent on their molecular weight and net electric charges. A RAST-based titration method was used to detect and quantitate the different allergens. The specificity towards IgE of the different allergen groups was investigated by means of a RAST-based inhibition method. The allergen groups were found to be of a quite heterogenous nature when investigated by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. Furthermore, the different groups exhibited a considerable degree of cross-reactions when tested against a pool of patient sera by means of the inhibition method. This was the case even for allergen groups which differed significantly both in regard to molecular weight and net electric charge."
1149932,A variety of dialyzable and non-dialyzable fractions from neutral timothy pollen extracts were studied in human and guinea pig RAST inhibition as well as in PCA. Extracted material fragmented by chemical reagents and by hydrolytic enzymes was also included in the study. It was found that some low molecular weight fractions were quite active in PCA and in RAST inhibition. The fragmented materials showed in a number of instances a considerably reduced inhibitory capacity in RAST but remarkably high PCA elicitation. Some of the enzymes did not produce significant modifications detectable by RAST inhibition although the test seems to be very sensitive to antigenic modification. It seems quite certain that a considerable number of antigenic specificities are involved in the clinical sera tested.
1149933,Methods of measuring histamine from large numbers of cells involve inaccuracies due to the difficulty of isolating a pure cell population without damage to the cells. A new method of measuring histamine within single cells by a microspectrophotofluorimetric method has been developed. Calibration of the microspectrophotofluorimeter used o-phtalaldehyde-conjugated-histamine absorbed to Sephadex particles. The concentration of histamine within single rat mast cells was measured and compared with the theoretical values obtained from measuring histamine released from large cell samples.
1149934,The measurement of IgE Ab to insects (bee etc.) can be accomplished using RAST-discs. This prevents the non-specific wheal and flare produced when skin tests in higher concentrations of either whole body or venom are used. It will also eliminate the possibility of a serious systemic reaction by direct skin testing. The in vitro neutralization of IgE antibody by pure fractions and or components employing the RAST disc method may well be a useful tool for standardization of allergens.
1149935,"One of the prerequisites for the standardization of bacterial allergens consists in the development and formulation of uniform requirements for the assessment of the specific activity of allergens, taking into account the problems to be solved by means of these allergens: a) the screening of large groups of population in order to select those that should be vaccinated or b) the evaluation of the extent of allergic conversion in humans. The data presented here have been obtained in the Laboratory of Allergens of L.A. Tarassevich State Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations. They show that the frequency of skin reactions depends on the concentration of protein in a single dose (e.g. with hemolytic streptococcus allergen) as well as on the properties of the bacterial strain (e.g. with staphylococcal allergens). The standardization of allergens involves the use of special in vitro reactions of blood leukocytes. In 1962 Fradkin proposed the NDI (neutrophile damage index) test based on the enhancement of the amoeboid activity of neutrophiles after the incubation of blood smears to which allergen has been added. The results of differentiation of infections and postvaccinal allergy in children by means of NDI test are discussed. It is suggested that specific forms of allergens should be manufactured for in vitro cellular reactions."
1149936,Sera from normal human subjects are pooled and fractions are isolated by salt precipitation. The fraction responsible for agglutinating histamine bound latex particles is further purified by column chromatography. The histaminopectic activity can thus be traced to a single protein present in the IgG fraction of normal human serum. Its absence or the presence of an inhibitor in serum from allergic subjects is also sought as well as correlations between plasma concentrations of known immunoglobulins and specific histaminopectic activity. Some of its physical-chemical properties are explored. Evidence was also presented pointing to the possible presence of an inhibitor of the histaminopectic factor in human atopic serum.
1149937,"Three commercial preparations of cocksfoot pollen (Dactylis glomerata) from different manufacturers were compared by skin prick tests in man, allergen activity as measured by the RAST test and protein nitrogen unit (PNU) and total nitrogen (N) content. The skin prick tests were made on the forearm with the undiluted preparations and also with solutions of 1/5 and 1/25 dilutions. Three groups each of 9 subjects were tested and the sites for the 9 tests were determined by 3 different latin squares. Taking one of the preparations as having a potency of unity, the estimated potencies for the other two were 0.28 and 0.18 when the areas of the weals were measured by a graph paper method and they were 0.27 and 0.19 when the areas were calculated by taking the product of the longest diameter of the weal and that at right angles to it. No notable differences were observed when the solutions were inoculated at different test sites. The three preparations were ranked in the same order of potency by the skin prick test, by measurement of allergen activity as measured by a RAST-based allergen assay method using the sera of the test subjects, and by measurement of their PNU but not their total N content. Comparisons such as these could possibly lead to the production of allergen extract preparations of similar or with consistent potency."
1149939,"The biological activity in the allergic patient is our first and most relevant concern. The physician using an extract must know the quality and degree of allergenic activity in the material. Preferably, it should also be possible for the physician to control such activity by simple techniques. No single test can fully satisfy these demands. The standardization which comes nearest to this is assessment of the biological activity and specificity by means of skin testing using histamine as a reference. Skin testing is, however, limited as regards precision and reproducibility. A more precise standardization may be achieved by means of certain in vitro methods. Relevant in vitro methods are suitable complements to the bio-assay. However, the in vitro methods chosen must be standardized themselves as compared to a stable reference, and their correlation with the biological reactions in man must be established before they can be introduced as possible means for extract standardization. Even then, bio-assays are necessary for control of content of irritants which may elicit non-immunological (non-specific) reactions in the hyperreactive tissues of allergic individuals. Methods for standardization are discussed. Examples of quality gradings of allergen extracts are given with emphasis on minimal requirements to be fulfilled by extracts in order to be accepted for clinical use."
1149940,"When allergen extracts are subjected to isoelectric focussing in polyacrylamide gel, followed by radioimmunoassay different preparations of nominally the same allergen show markedly different concentrations of components. Not all the peaks are likely to be due to components of different antigenic specificity, but undoubtedly the sera from different patients contain different spectra of antibodies to the same preparation."
1149941,"Because of the physicochemical properties of tyrosine adsorbed chemically modified grass pollen allergens neither the human skin test in atopic volunteers nor the inhibition of the radioallergosorbent test are suitable assay procedures. Radioimmunoassays involving a labelled IgG fraction of rabbit antisera to the modified materials can be developed. The dilution inherent in the solubilisation procedure for the tyrosine does not, in most cases, take the antigen concentration below the level of sensitivity of the assay. Assay of different batches of Pollinex with an inhibition assay shows that discernment of different dose levels is possible. The results are compared with a method of assaying total protein."
1149942,"Standardization was carried out by comparison of Bencard and our own ('Human') housedust allergens in human skin test trials. The dose response curves on hypersensitive patients were parallel, linear, and there was no difference between preparations according to the variance analysis. The relative potency was 1.33 compared to the Bencard allergen. 95% confidence limits were 0.29-2.37. The correlation coefficient evaluated from all data was 0.90. Our experience suggests that human skin test trials seem to be a simple and convenient method for the standardization of housedust allergens. According to the results of analysis of factorials, data suitable for standardization can be obtained if the area of both the wheal and flare as different parameters are recorded 10 and/or 20 minutes after the intradermal injections."
1149943,"The major allergen (Allergen M) from codfish is an acidic protein, mol. wt. 15000 with 114 amino acid residues and only one sugar (glucose) residue. It is highly active in skin testing on codfish-allergic individuals, in passive transfer (PK) testing and in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The activity resists denaturation and incomplete tryptic hydrolysis. Two fragments (TM 1, mol. wt. 8500, and TM 2, mol. wt. 6500) are obtained from allergen M. The fragments are equally active and allergenically identical in biological tests, but somewhat less active than Allergen M itself. Smaller peptides obtained from TM 2 are inactive. The amino acid sequence of TM 2 is given as the first reported example of a full structural analysis of an active allergen. The information obtained in studies of this model allergen is compared with information published from other studies of allergens. Similarities and differences are pointed out."
1149944,"Effects of phenformin on blood sugar, serum triglyceride, thrombin time, euglobulin clot lysis time and cardiovascular complications were studied in maturity onset diabetes and in atherosclerotic patients with or without diabetes, for a period of 14-18 months. Phenformin has shown the characteristic properties of an antifibrinopathic agent in that it prolongs thrombin time and enhances fibrinolysis. The hypoglycaemic effect of phenformin was found to be directly related to its antifibrinopathic action. Plasma lipids fell in all cases. Absence of fresh cardiovascular complications and improvement in anginal symptoms were observed. The metabolic, haematological and clinical benefits of phenformin and its limitations in maturity onset diabetes and atherosclerosis may be explained by the effects of the drug upon the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. These results lend support to the hypothesis of a primary fibrinopathic pathogenesis in maturity onset diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis."
1149945,"The effect of blood sugar lowering biguanides (phenethyl-, butyl- and dimethylbiguanide) upon jejunal and ileal transport of bile salts (tauro- and glycocholate) was tested in rat small intestine by an in vitro technique. Giguanides inhibited active transport of bile salts in the ileum, but did not affect diffusional absorption of bile salts in the jejunum. The inhibitory effect was time-dependent and not reversible under in vitro incubation conditions, suggesting that biguanides must enter intestinal mucosal cells in order to exert their inhibitory action on active transport of glucose analogues, amino acids, calcium and bile salts. Since biguanides achieve high tissue concentrations in the small intestine even after parenteral administration, inhibition of ileal bile salt reabsorption by biguanides could possibly explain the lipid- and cholesterol-lowering effect of these oral antidiabetic drugs."
1149946,"Twenty-one patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes were given introduodenal infusions of an amino acid mixture (0.5 g amino acids per kg body weight). In 9 other patients L-arginine was infused intravenously in a constant dose of 25 g. Alpha-amino nitrogen, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were assayed under control conditions and after three days of treatment with phenformin, 150 mg daily, plus the same 150 mg dose 60 min before the second loading. Intraduodenal infusion of the amino acid mixture provoked a greater increase in plasma insulin than intravenous infusion of L-arginine, this increase being significantly inhibited by phenformin only in the first case. Since no evident influence of phenformin on the intestinal absorption of amino acids could be demonstrated, this effect may be explained by a local action on the intestinal wall exposed to high concentrations of the drug, resulting in the inhibition of the insulin secretion stimulating activity of the gut."
1149947,"88 of 137 offspring of 22 adult onset diabetic couples were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (G.T.T.); 35 were found to have a diabetic G.T.T. As 8 were already known as diabetics, 43 of 96 offspring (45%) were found to have diabetes mellitus. Neither the data pertaining to the parents, such as family history, treatment of diabetes or obstetric history, nor the data pertaining to the offspring, such as sex, age, parity or course of pregnancy, could be related to the incidence of diabetes in the offspring. It was noted however, that overweight female, but not male, offspring are more likely to develop diabetes than those who are not overweight (p less than 0.05)."
1149948,"Serum immunoreactive insulin extracted with acid ethanol (total IRI) and blood glucose were measured in two groups of diabetics and a control group during 24-hour periods. One group of diabetics had received insulin for less than 1 month, and none had yet developed insulin antibodies. The other had been treated with insulin for 2 years or more. The average level of total IRI in the diabetics without antibodies was similar to that in the normals, but highly elevated in diabetics with antibodies, although the blood glucose levels were similar in the two diabetic groups. The increase in total IRI after the insulin injections was more rapid in patients receiving quick-acting insulin and most pronounced in those with the highest levels of total IRI. The total IRI peaked in the afternoon and dropped during the night. The short-term insulin-treated patients showed a better degree of diabetes control than those treated for 2 years or more. No correlation was found however, between the total IRI level and the degree of control in the latter group. The patients with the highest levels of total IRI had the highest frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. This is in agreement with the concept that the insulin antibodies may function as a circulating depot, which releases insulin irrespective of the metabolic need."
1149949,"Lipolysis was studied in subcutaneous adipose tissue removed under local or general anaesthesia from subjects with marked difference in body weight and from obese subjects before and after intestinal shunt operations. The release of glycerol was measured in sections of adipose tissue incubated for two hours in bicarbonate buffer containing 4 per cent bovine albumin with no glucose added. The larger fat cells were more insulin sensitive than the smaller. A positive relationship was observed between the fat cell size and the antilipolytic effect of insulin (100 muU/ml). Insulin had no significant effect on the lipolytic effect of the catecholamines, when this is calculated as the increment in the glycerol release above the basal."
1149950,"The effect of metergoline on insulin secretion has been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. The repeated administration of metergoline, 2 mg at four-hour intervals to give a total of 24 mg, has enhanced insulin secretion in response to i.v. glucose in normal subjects but not in chemical diabetics. No changes in blood glucose pattern were observed. Under similar conditions, metergoline administration caused a slight but significant decrease in arginine-induced insulin release, both in normal subjects and in chemical diabetics. These results support the concept of a serotoninergic control of insulin secretion and suggest that serotonin exerts different effects on insulin release according to the different stimuli."
1149951,"The presence of anti-""a-component"" antibody was examined in sera of 4 groups of patients with or without anti-insulin antibody, using 125I-a-component and the polyethylene glycol precipitation method. 125I-a-component crossreacted with insulin antibody. This cross-reactivity was abolished after preincubation of these sera with monocomponent insulin. The specificanti-""a-component"" antibody could be estimated in this procedure. After preincubation with monocomponent insulin, significant binding of 125I-a-component was demonstrated in sera of most patients treated with ordinary commercial insulin, but not in sera of 2 hypoglycemic patients suspected of an insulin autoimmune syndrome. Some cases treated with commercial insulin for less than one year and all cases treated with monocomponent insulin for 7-10 months did not have significant anti-""a-component"" antibody. The test for the presence of anti-""a-component"" antibody is not definitive but if positive it differentiates ""auto-antibodies"" from the antibodies produced by injections of commercial insulin."
1149952,"The continuous infusion of glucose (1 mg/kg/min) via the carotid artery in anesthetized dogs produces a biphasic pattern of insulin secretion. The first peak reaches a maximum 3 min after glucose infusion and drops to basal level at 7 min. As long as the glucose infusion persists a slow and mantained increase in insulin level in the pancreaticoduodenal vein can be observed. The same amount of glucose infused in the general circulation via the jugular vein provoked a different pattern of insulin secretion. Cerebral glucose infusion to vagotomized dogs also produced a two phase response to insulin secretion, but the levels reached in the first phase were lower that those observed in the normal dogs. The infusion of glucose, via the jugular vein, in vagotomized dogs, failed to induce any change in plasma insulin levels. Our data suggest that a glucose load to the brain induces pancreatic insulin secretion mediated partially by the vagus nerves. These results are also compatible with the hypothesis that a humoral factor could be involved in the pancreatic response."
1149953,"Concentrations of human C-peptide, IRI (immunoreactive insulin) and glucose were determined during oral glucose tolerance test (1.75 g glucose/kg ideal body weight) in 14 normal persons (N), 9 maturity-onset diabetics (DI) and 10 insulin-requiring diabetics (DII) never treated with insulin and in 3 formerly insulin treated diabetics. The mean fasting levels of C-peptide and IRI in the first three groups were: N: 0.37 +/- 0.02 nM and 0.048 +/- 0.009 nM, DI: 0.86 +/- 0.17 nM and 0.11 +/- 0.029 nM, DH: 0.37 +/- 0.04 nM and 0.063 +/- 0.009 nM. One hour after oral glucose ingestion, the respective values increased to: N: 2.53 +/- 0.20 nM and 0.52 +/- 0.077 nM, DI: 2.49 +/- 0.31 nM and 0.49 +/- 0.11 nM, DH: 0.49 +/- 0.05 nM and 0.11 +/- 0.014 nM. Although secreted from the pancreas in equimolar concentrations, the molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin in peripheral blood was about 7 in the fasting state, falling to about 5 in the glucose stimulated condition. Maturity-onset diabetics had higher fasting levels of C-peptide than normal subjects, in agreement with the IRI levels. Three patients previously treated with insulin and having insulin antibodies showed C-peptide responses significantly below the normal range. In one of these patients, the test was repeated 9 months later when the insulin antibodies had disappeared, and the C-peptide response observed at that time was much higher. It is suggested that insulin antibodies cause an impaired IRI - and consequently C-peptide response - by constantly removing insulin from the granules in the B-cell. In normal humans the peripheral C-peptide responses to the oral glucose load showed less relative variation than do the insulin responses. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay for C-peptide in addition to the assay for insulin will provide supplementary information on insulinsecretion."
1149954,"Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and roentigenographic kiendy size were measured in six newly diagnosed male diabetics with a mean age of 25 years. Glomerular filtration rate was elevated before treatment to the same extent as found previously. A significant fall in both kidney size and glomerular filtration rate was found after treatment with insulin for 3 months. These results support further the concept that there is a basal connection between enlarged kidneys and the elevated GFR of early diabetes."
1149955,"The volume of the glomerular tuft and its components was estimated in juvenile diabetics at onset and after one to six year's duration of the disease. An enlargement of the glomerular tuft was demonstrated in the newly diagnosed diabetics. In these patients the volume of both the individual capillary lumina and of the individual glomerular cells was enlarged, whereas the number of cells was unchanged. Although a partial normalization is seen in diabetics after a few years' disease, such patients still have an elevated capillary volume. The possible relationship between these findings and the well-documented elevation of the glomerular filtration rate in diabetics is discussed. It is suggested that the mechanism behind the morphological and functional changes is either a pressure-induced unfolding of the capillary wall or an increase of the capillary wall area, but the present study permits no distinction between these possibilities."
1149956,"In this study recruitment rates of subjects with borderline glucose tolerance were investigated (using the specific procedure described below) and were shown to be 1.8% of the population approached and 2.5% of the population screened. 75 g glucose load yielded higher numbers of subjects with borderline glucose tolerance levels at screening than a 50 g glucose load. However, the numbers of the people finally recruited into the cohort by confirmatory screening were the same when only the 50 g load was used at confirmatory screenings. Subjects recruited in this way remained in the study for 24 months. Repeated health checks had an effect of lowering concentrations of blood glucose after an oral load in treated and control groups, and in those with borderline and those with normal blood glucose values at the initial screening. It is concluded that the process of screening and observation itself has an effect upon glucose tolerance, independent of formal 'treatment'."
1149957,The glomerular epithelial cells in control and alloxan diabetic rats were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The changes observed in the epithelial cells were mainly localized to the terminal foot processes. In one long-term (12 months) diabetic rat a complete fusion of these processes was observed. Rats with long-term alloxan diabetes had generally more advanced glomerular epithelial lesions than age-matched control animals. The glomeruli of rats diabetic for only one month did not appear to differ from those of corresponding controls.
1150000,"In spite of the recent progress in fluorometry, the measurement of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in tissue has been carried out with insufficient accuracy because of the presence of substances in the tissue interfering with fluorometry. Such substances, autofluorescent and quenching substances, were removed from ethanol extracts of the tissue by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. By elution of the column with ethanol, the interfering substances appeared in fractions of the void volume for 3-methylcholanthrene chromatography. In addition, the excitation wavelength for autofluorescent substances was found to be far from that for 3-methylcholanthrene, for which the excitation was at 300 nm and the luminescence was measured at 400 nm. Chromatographic separation of 3-methylcholanthrene and its metabolites in the bile and veces obtained from rats was done and only one peak consisting of conjugated metabolites was found on the chromatogram of the bile, though three peaks consisting respectively of the parent hydrocarbon with some metabolites, nonconjugated metabolites, and conjugated metabolites were observed in the feces. Total amounts of 3-methylcholanthrene and its metabolites, though the majority of the fluorescent substances were the parent hydrocarbon, in the lung and other organs were measured at various intervals after an intrabronchial application of 1 or 5 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene in Freund's incomplete adjuvant to rats. Preservation of the hydrocarbons in the treated lung was confirmed and this was considered to take part in the enhanced occurrence of epidermoid tumors in the lung."
1150001,"Administration of N-butylnitrosourea (BNU) induces leukemia in thymectomized C57BL/6J and C3Hf/Bi mice with almost the same high frequency as in non-thymectomized mice. Thymectomized and BNU-treated (C3Hf/Bi times CBA/H-T6T6)F1 mice receiving neonatal thymus tissues from C3Hf donors developed leukemias with or without marked enlargement of the grafts. The origin of leukemic cells was analysed by T6 marker chromosome and thymus allo-antigen theta in this hybrid system. Cells from leukemia with enlarged thymus grafts possessed the sigma-antigen detected by cytotoxicity tests. Cells from leukemia without thymus involvement had no sigma antigen. The leukemic cells arising at the site of thymus grafts were derived from the graft itself (C3Hf) or from the host (C3Hf times CBA/H-T6T6)F1 cells, most probably bone marrow cells which are repopulating into the graft. When the mice were treated with BNU after the lymphoid elements in the grafted thymus had been replaced by host cells, leukemia mainly composed of host-origin cells developed. Leukemia in which neoplastic cells in the thymus grafts were of donor origin and those in other hematopoietic tissues were of host origin was found not infrequently. The present results mean that the target cells in BNU leukemogenesis are distributed within and outside the thymus and that some leukemias are of multifocal tissue origin."
1150002,"1) When nuclear fraction prepared from Rhodamine sarcoma (sarcoma nuclear fraction) was injected into mice three times every 24 hr, the catalase activity of the liver decreased to one-third of the original activity. 2) By the injection of sarcoma nuclear fraction into mice, the catalase activity with the soluble fraction from homogenates of the liver decreased more significantly than that with the particulate fraction from them. 3) Immunological titration proved that the decrease of catalase activity in the liver of mice injected with sarcoma nuclear fraction was brought about by decrease in the amount of catalase protein. 4) In the mice, whose liver catalase activity had been irreversibly inhibited by injection of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, the initial rate for the restoration of the liver catalase activity was significantly showed by further injection of sarcoma nuclear fraction. 5) When the inhibitor of catalase biosynthesis, allylisopropylacetamide, was injected into mice, the activity level of the liver catalase decreased. The extent of decrease by the injection of the inhibitor was slightly lower than that by the injection with sarcoma nuclear fraction, which was almost the same as the extent of decrease by the injection of sarcoma nuclear fraction plus allylisopropylacetamide. 6) It is conceivable that the catalase biosynthesis in the liver was inhibited by the injection of sarcoma nuclear fraction in almost the same manner as by the injection of allylisopropylacetamide. However, it is not certain whether the degradation of liver catalase was slightly stimulated by the injection of sarcoma nuclear fraction."
1150003,"In the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern on the cellulose acetate membrane electropherogram of the supernatant fraction of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, a band was detected moving slower than of common Type I isoenzyme. This band was assumed to be due to the presence of a variant of the hexokinase isoenzymes in the cells, since such a band was not detected in the normal tissues, and a change in the intensity of the band in response to a sulfhydryl agent, etc., differed from that of the common Type I and II isoenzymes. The band was also found in AH-7974 and MH-134 ascites tumor cells, in spite of the difference in the species of the tumor-bearing animals and originating tissue."
1150004,"Hepatocellular mitoses are scanty or absent in livers of animals in the late stages of growth of Ehrlich ascites tumours. The challenge of CCl4-induced liver necrosis in such animals is, however, met by a massive hepatocellular mitotic response. Thus general debility of the animal, imposing a block on liver cell division cannot be an explantation for the cessation of tumour-associated liver cell mitosis in late-stage tumour-bearing animals. Possible explantations for the pattern of hepatocellular mitosis in relation to duration of tumour growth are discussed."
1150005,"The effect of feeding and lighting on the regulation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in liver, small intestine, and lung from C3H/He, DBA/2, and Swiss albino mice was investigated. A circadian rhythm of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the liver from DBA/2 mice was observed under the controlled lighting conditions, showing higher activity at the end of the light period of a day and lower activity in the dark period. Contrasting to the change of the enzyme activity in mice fed freely in the continuous dark period, inconsistent and variable results of the enzyme activity and its induction by 3-methylcholanthrene were observed in the mice that were fed during the continuous light period, depending on the sex and strain of the mice used. Different responses in the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to different routes of 3-methylcholanthrene administration were found between the liver and small intestine of the mice, but not in the lung. The higher levels of the enzyme activity induced in the liver and small intestine were detected after the intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of 3-methylcholanthrene. The significance of controlled feeding schedules for obtaining reproducible experimental results in the regulation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the mice was discussed."
1150006,"Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups for studying the chronic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), in continuous dose of 50 mg/L in drinking water, or 50 mg/L MNNG and 0.4% Tween 60 in drinking water. From the 2nd to 50th week after the administration of MNNG, every 3 or 5 rats were sacrificed and autopsied after the intraperitoneal injection of 1 muCi 3-H-thymidine/g body weight at 2- or 3-week intervals. The resected stomachs were studied morphologically and autoradiographically. Six cases of experimental gastric cancer were produced that fulfilled Stewart's criteria. Autoradiographically, there was no significant different in the flash labeling index in the normal antral mucosa, in the non-pathologic antral mucosa, and in the cancerous lesion, but generation time and DNA synthesizing time of the cancerous lesion were 2 or 3 times longer than those of the glandular stomach of normal rats reported by Galjaard. They were also longer than those of the non-pathologic antral mucosa of rats treated with MNNG. These experiments results were discussed, comparing with cell kinetics of the gastrointestinal tracts in man."
1150007,"A water-soluble nitrosourea, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU), was tested for antitumor activity against lymphoid leukemia L-1210 in BDF1 mice. The results obtained were as follows: (1) ip--ip system: By daily administrations optimal dose for 12 days, MED (ILS40), and therapeutic ratio were found to be 18 mg/kg, 1.3 mg/kg, and 14, respectively, and by a single injection, those were found to be 46 mg/kg, 4.2 mg/kg, and 11, respectively. The therapeutic ratio of ACNU was the highest of all the drugs tested. At the neighboring dose level to optimal dose most of leukemic mice survived more than 60 days. (2) ip--iv system: Remarkable prolongation of life-span was observed by a single injection. Majority of mice administered more than 32 mg/kg of ACNU survived more than 60 days. (3) ip--po system: Remarkable prolongation of life-span was shown by a single administration and most of leukemic mice given more than 46 mg/kg of ACNU survived over 60 days. (4) iv--ip system: By a single administration of ACNU remarkable prolongation of life-span was seen and majority of leukemic mice were rescused at doses of 32 mg/kg or more. (5) iv--iv system: Result almost similar to iv--ip system was obtained. (6) iv--po system: The result in this system was similar to that in ip--po system.  Thus, the compound was highly effective in leukemic mice by either its parenteral or oral administration."
1150008,"Change in immunosensitivity of various chemically modified cells to the specific antibody was investigated in the Donryu rat-Yoshida sarcoma system. Among various agents, Amphotericin-B and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were effective in increasing the immunosensitivity. This effect was not due to the general damage of cell membrane but to the increase of antigen exposed on the cell-surface membrane."
1150009,"Sedimentation condition for DNA from various kinds of cultured mammalian cells lysed directly on the top of an alkaline sucrose gradient was examined after the lysis for various periods at 19 degrees or 37 degrees. When cultured normal embryo cells from human, mouse, and Syrian hamster were analyzed, ""complex"" and ""main"" peaks were demonstrated. The former, which had low sedimentation coefficient, was obtained after 1 or 2 hr of lysis at 19 degrees and resolved after a 4-hr lysis into the latter which had a higher sedimentation coefficient. When cultured cells with malignant history were analyzed, a sharp and high peak was observed after 1 or 2 hr of lysis of 19 degrees and this peak resolved into the ""main"" peak after a 4-hr lysis. When the cells were lysed at 37 degrees, the ""main"" peak appeared after 1 or 2 hr of lysis. Metaphase cells in which the chromatin is condensed heterchromatically were also analyzed. Sedimentation profiles from normal human embryo cells and HeLa cells in metaphase were similar to those obtained from cells with malignant history in interphase during various lysis periods. From these data the difference in the sedimentation pattern between normal embryo cells and cells with malignant history could be interpreted as a phenotypic expression of the cells."
1150010,"1-Butyl-1-nitrosourea (BNU), a strong leukemogen for rats and mice, was administered prenatally, neonatally, and to sucklings via maternal milk in the ACI/N rats. A high incidence of neurogeneous tumor was obtained in the offspring of the mother rats that received 3 subcutaneous injections of 10 mg/rat of BNU at the late stage of pregnancy and also in the animals that received one subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg of BNU within 24 hr after birth. Though in low incidence, the tumors also developed in the offspring of the mothers that received the BNU treatment at the middle stage of their pregnancy or in the rats that were nursed by the mother rats which received 3 subcutaneous injections of 300 mg/kg of BNU during lactation. Contrary to expectations, leukemia developed in only one rat of all the offspring of the mother animals that received the BNU treatment during their pregnancy."
1150011,"Specific death rates for esophageal cancer by each city and county in Japan were calculated. Nara and Wakayama Prefectures formed a high death-rate area with some neighboring cities and counties in other perfectures. Inhabitants of these area are known by the custom of taking ""Chagayu"", tea-cooked rice gruel. According to this survey on the habit of taking hot tea-gruel, with over 5,000 teachers and their families aged over 50 years old, the distribution of the precentages of taking tea-gruel among surveyed subjects by cities and counties was similar to that of the death rates for esophageal cancer. Also, in Yamaguchi Prefecture, western-most prefecture of the main island (Honshu), there was an area which showed a similar condition. The result of this survey suggests that taking hot tea-gruel is one of possible factors for esophageal cancer in these districts."
1150012,"The effect of vinblastine sulfate on the regeneration of hydra was examined. When the three segments of hydra (fore, mid, and hind segments) were treated with 0.01% vinblastine sulfate immediately after separation, transferred to normal culture medium, and observed for 7 days, various types of abnormal regeneration were observed, especially in the regenerates from the mid segments. Other segments of hydra did not reveal any abnormal pattern of regeneration, although incomplete regeneration or no regeneration of the segments was seen in the advanced period of the treatment. In the case of treatment of the three segments with 0.01% vincristine sulfate, no abnormal regeneration was seen, in spite of marked inhibition of regeneration which was observed in the advanced period of the treatment."
1150016,"We have used the high resolution and the great depth of focus possible with the scanning electron microscope to define the surface features of normal human colon and human colonic polyps. This technique demonstrates that the surface of the normal colon has a territorialization which encompasses multiple crypts. The surface of the normal colon is covered with both absorptive cells and goblet cells. Hyperplastic polyps are covered with overdeveloped absorptive cells and the normal teritorialization is present but is distorted. Adenomatous polyps are covered with immature cells and, except for the villous adenomas, goblet cells are strikingly absent from the surface. The territorial patterns are totally obliterated in the adenomas."
1150017,"The effects of superior mesenteric arterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin and low and high dose intravenous infusions of vasopressin on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics were compared in 20 anesthetized dogs. The following parameters were evaluated: flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein, portal and systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output. In the comparison of selective arterial and intravenous infusions, no statistically significant difference was found between the degree of changes in portal flow, portal and systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output. Only the superior mesenteric artery flow showed a greater decrease with the selective arterial injection. In a comparison of intravenous high dose (corresponding to that used clinically) and low dose (one-fifth) infusions of vasopressin, a relatively high splanchnic and low systemic effectiveness of the low dose was found. It resulted in only a 15 to 20% smaller effect on flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein and portal pressure; however, about 40% lesser systemic effect on arterial blood pressure and cardiac output than the high dose. The results of this experimental work warrant exploration in clinical practice, preferably by a controlled study. If clinical success in controlling hemorrhage confirms these hemodynamic results, an intravenous. low dose infusion of vasopressin would appear to be the method of choice in the vasoconstrictive therapy of gastrointestinal bleeding from varices."
1150019,"We studied the effect of esophageal inflammation on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in cats by measuring LES pressure and taking mucosal biopsies before and after the development of experimental esophagitis, as well as after a 3 1/2-week recovery period. Perfusion of the esophagus with 0.1 N HCl for either 1 hr or 1/2 hr per day for 4 days produced inflammatory changes by mucosal biopsy and was associated with a marked decline in LES pressure. Upon resolution of the inflammation, LES pressure returned to normal. Biopsies were normal in control groups which underwent either esophageal perfusion with distilled water or intragastric perfusion with acid, 1 hr per day for 4 days, and LES pressures in these groups remained unchanged from pre-perfusion values. These studies indicate that lower esophageal inflammation per se adversely affects LES pressure in cats, and that experimental esophagitis may be a useful model for the study of LES function and its relation to esophageal inflammation."
1150020,"Intravenous administration of nicotine sulfate caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower exophagel sphincter pressure in anesthetized opossums. The maximal reduction in pressure of 85.0 +/- 2.6% was observed with a dose of 50 mug per kg. The effect of 50 mug per kg was not antagonized by bilateral cervical vagotomy, atropine, propranolol or by catecholamine depletion with reserpine. The sphincter relaxation produced by 50 mug per kg of nicotine was antagonized during tachyphylaxis produced by a larger dose (4 mg per kg) of nicotine. Nicotine tachyphylaxis also blocked the vagal-stimulated relaxation of the sphincter. It is suggested that the main action of nicotine on the sphincter in intact animals is caused by its effect on the noncholinergic, nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons which lie in the vagal pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter."
1150021,"This study evaluates the effect of exogenous glucagon on esophageal motor function in man. Manometric studies were performed using an infused catheter system. Resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was monitored before and after intravenous pulse doses of glucagon (1 to 100 mug). The effect of glucagon (0 mug ) on esophageal peristalsis was also studied. Multiple blood samples were taken for determination of glucagon, insulin, and glucose concentration. Glucagon effect on LES pressure was also evaluated after LES stimulation by continuous intravenous infusion and pentagastrin (0.04 mug per kg per min). Glucagon caused a transient significant decrease of LES pressure only at pulse doses (20 and 100 mug) which caused nonphysiological elevation of plasma glucagon levels. The temporal profile of decreased LES pressure correlated closely with maximal blood glucagon levels. Glucagon caused no demonstrable change in esophageal peristalsis. During LES stimulation by pentagastrin, glucagon caused significant transient decreases of LES pressure at doses as low as 1 mug per kg. We conclude that glucagon at sufficient dosage has an inhibitory effect on LES pressure. This inhibitory effect is not mediated through changes in serum insulin or glucose and appears to be pharmacological."
1150022,Irrigation of the canine oxyntic or pyloric glandular mucosa in vagally denervated pouches with a solution of acetylcholine causes the mucosa to shed plasma proteins and the potential difference across the mucosa to fall. The response is dose-related with the threshold concentration of acetylcholine bromide ranging from 0.1 to 1 g per 100 ml. Topical application or intravenous injection of atropine prevents both plasma shedding and decline in potential difference. The minimal effective intravenous dose of atropine sulfate is about 0.007 mg per kg. The effect of irrigation with low concentrations of acetylcholine is enchanced by concurrent irrigation with physotigmine. The action of topical acetylcholine is not affected by concurrent irrigation with hexamethonium chloride (0.5 g per 100 ml) or by intravenous injection (5 mg per kg). Topical application of gallamine triethiodide (0.5 g per 100 ml) or d-tubocurarine (0.15 g per 100 ml) does not prevent the effects of acetylcholine in causing plasma shedding. Topical application of succinylcholine chloride (1 g per 100 ml) does not cause plasma shedding or a fall in potential difference.
1150023,The shedding of plasma protein by the canine oxyntic glandular mucosa induced by topical irrigation of the mucosa with a solution of histamine after the gastric mucosal barrier is broken is reduced by intravenous administration of atropine. Plasma shedding induced by repeated irrigation of the normal mucosa with solutions of Naja naja venom is likwise reduced by intravenous atropine. The nature of atropine-sensitive component of plasma shedding is unknown.
1150024,"The administration of an aqueous extract made from leaves of the South American plant Solanum glaucophyllum increased active duodenal calcium absorption 6-fold in sham operated vitamin D-deficient rats and 4.5-fold in comparable animals that had been nephrectomized. These results demonstrate that the active principle from the plant does not require renal metabolism for effects on intestinal calcium absorption, a biological activity previously observed only with sterols such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which have a 1-alpha hydroxyl group or a steric equivalent. The similarity of action between these lipid soluble sterols and the water soluble plant material may be explained by the presence of glycosidal alkaloidal steroids in plants from the genus Solanum."
1150025,"True villous adenoma of the jejunum is a rare lesion, first described by Keely and Gottlieb in 1969. Our case is similar in that it was benign and presented with intermittent intussusception. An important difference was the presence of multiple gastrointestinal neoplasia, thereby resembling villous adenomas of the colon. The pathological differentiation of true villous adenoma and adenomatous polyp is discussed."
1150026,"A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis who had high hepatic, serum, and urine copper levels was found by slit-lamp biomicroscopy to have pigmented corneal rings similar to Kayser-Fleischer rings. Wilson's disease was excluded on the basis of the elevated serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels, the lack of neurological disease despite advanced liver disease, a negative family history, and the typical clinical features of primary biliary cirrhosis. Although the exact chemical nature of the corneal rings is unknown, the cornea may be another tissue associated with elevated tissue copper levels in primary biliary cirrhosis."
1150027,"Spontaneously developing intrahepatic portal vein gas is usually associated with necrotic bowel, bacteremia, or both. Very few patients with this radiographic sign survive. A postoperative patient with severe abdominal pain and distention was found to have hepatic portal vein gas. At exploration two intraperitoneal abscesses were found and drained. The bowel was unremarkable. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Abscesses have not been associated with the development of intrahepatic portal vein gas. It is rare for this ""diagnostic sign"" not to be associated with necrotic bowel and a very bad prognosis."
1150032,"Thirteen examples of isolated liver nodules were examined in 7 persons, 4 with single nodules and 3 with multiple nodules. Pathologically they present a spectrum from a solid structure that resembles liver parenchyma with varying degrees of disorganization and fibrosis to soft and fatty enough to superficially resemble a lipoma. Abnormal blood vessels were commonly found in and around the nodules, and the nodules were all ischemic compared to surrounding normal liver. The association of abnormal blood vessels and ischemia may be a cause and effect relationship. Studies by angiography might prove two things: (1) that the presence of abnormal blood vessels is constant in the lesions; (2) that the vessels, although relatively large, fail to provide adequate blood supply to the area, either by lack of branches or by some type of shunting mechanism. Review of cases of ""lipoma of the liver"" reported in the literature suggest that the lesions described are, in fact, the fatty type of isolated liver nodules."
1150034,"The effects of cytochalasin B on bile canalicular structure and function were examined. Three experimental models were used, cultured hepatocytes, isolated perfused liver, and in vivo infused liver. The techniques used were light and electron microscopy and, in selected instances, scanning electron microscopy, electron ""stains"" for microfilaments, and measurements of bile flow. Microfilament disruption and dilation of bile canaliculi were consistently found and closely paralleled a reduction in bile flow in both in vitro and in vivo infused animals. It is proposed that under normal circumstances, the microfilaments maintain the canaliculi in a contracted or partly contracted state. Hence, the microfilamentous network would provide tone to the canalicular system which would tend to reduce stagnation and facilitate the flow of bile. Removal of normal microfilament contractile function would be expected to produce canalicular ectasia and reduction of bile flow, as was observed. Microfilament dysfunction may therefore be a possible cause of intrahepatic cholestasis. Crucial to this hypothesis are the presence of actin-containing microfilaments in the pericanalicular web, and an action of cytochalasin B on their contractility. Evidence pertaining to these requirements is presented and discused."
1150035,"The metabolism of intravenously injected radiolabeled lithocholate, lithocholylglycine, and their 3alpha-sulfate esters was characterized in healthy subjects. Lithocholate radioactivity was excreted rapidly and predominantly in bile; the excreted radioactivity had the chromatographic properties of glycine and taurine conjugates of lithocholate, of which 60% were sulfated. Lithocholylglycine also was excreted rapidly and predominantly in bile, and 60% of excreted radioacitvity was sulfated. Sulfolithocholate radioactivity was only partially conjugated (about 60%) in association with biliary excretion. Sulfolithocholylglycine was excreted unchanged in bile. Neither sulfated derivative showed appreciable excretion in urine, although both were excreted more slowly in bile than unsulfated free or conjugated lithocholate. The data suggest that unconjugated lithocholate which is absorbed is completely conjugated and partially sulfated before excretion which occurs exclusively in bile. Since sulfation is not complete, some unsulfated lithocholate is always present in bile. This conjugated but unsulfated lithocholate, if reabsorbed, would be again partially sulfated during its next enterohepatic circulation. Thus, the end result of these biotransformations would be for absorbed lithocholate to be excreted in bile mostly, but not entirely as the sulfated conjugates."
1150036,"Selective infusion of vasopressin (0.2 U per min) was performed in 8 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension who underwent umbilicoportal catheterization. There was a significantly decreased (9.6%) of the free portal venous pressure from 27.0 plus or minus 1.4 mm Hg to 24.4 plus or minus 1.4 mm Hg. In all patients, the portal PO2 significantly decreased with a mean fall of 18.8%. However, in all patients, significant systemic effects were noted: an increase in arterial blood pressure and a decrease in the arterial PO2. In 3 patients, a marked fall of the cardiac output (greater than 2.0 liters per min) was recorded during the selective infusion of vasopressin. It is concluded that if selective infusion of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric artery is efficacious in the control of bleeding varices, the therapeutic effect cannot be totally explained by the lowering of the portal venous pressure in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. The risk of vascular thrombosis, the decreased portal PO2, and the systemic effects have to be considered when this approach is used in cirrhotic patients with ruptured esophageal and/or gastric varices."
1150037,"The plasma disappearance of intravenously injected radiolabeled lithocholate, lithocholylglycine, and their respective 3alpha-sulfates was defined in healthy subjects. Binding of these bile acids to serum protein in vitro was measured by ultrafiltration. Lithocholate and lithocholylglycine rapidly disappeared from plasma (t1/2 less than 3 min), showing a behavior similar to that of the other major primary bile acids present in man. However, after 15 min, when 99% of the radioactivity had been cleared, the disappearance curve flattened, and chromatography suggested that the chemical form of circulating radioactivity had become sulfolithocholylglycine, the end product of hepatic metabolism of lithocholate in man. Injected sulfolithocholate and sulfolithocholylglycine were cleared about one-fourth as rapidly. Lithocholate and its derivatives were tightly bound to serum proteins (87 to 99%); for a given steroid moiety and mode of conjugation, binding was altered slightly by sulfation, but all sulfated derivatives were tightly bound (greater than 95%) to serum protein. The results indicate that lithocholate, which enters the plasma compartment, whether unconjugated, conjugated, or conjugated and sulfated, will be protein-bound but nonetheless will be rapidly cleared from plasma."
1150038,"Serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels have been determined by radioimmunoassay in 924 subjects. The mean levels in 300 healthy control subjects and in 389 hospitalized controls were 110.6 and 100.0 ng per ml, respectively. The ""normal"" range is estimated to be between 50 and 175 ng per ml. The mean level of serum PG I in 7 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was 503.9 ng per ml; values ranged between 315 and 921 ng per ml. The 77 patients with duodenal ulcer had a mean serum PG I level of 221.3 ng per ml; 49 (63.6%) had values greater than 175 ng per ml. The distribution of serum PG I values was bimodal in the patients with duodenal ulcer whereas it was unimodal in both groups of control subjects. Mean serum PG I levels in 13 patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcer and in 18 patients with prepyloric ulcer were, respectively, 177.2 and 179.4 ng per ml. Approximately one-half of these patients had high values. The 28 patients with gastric ulcer had a mean serum PG I level of 116.6 ng per ml; 6 (21.4%) had high values. With the exception of 3 patients with gastric ulcer, none of the 136 patients with peptic ulcer had a low (less than 50 ng per ml) level of serum PG I. In 37 patients with chronic alcoholism the mean level of serum PG I was 73.4 ng per ml. The observed gradient in the mean level of serum PG I among the groups of patients studied is similar to that which has been reported for maximally stimulated gastric acid output. This finding suggests that the secretory potential of the fundic gland mucosa of the stomach may be reflected by the level of PG I in serum."
1150039,"Analysis of the overt hepatic disease that developed in 114 patients while taking isoniazid for chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis showed it to be mainly hepatocellular. The severity of the hepatic injury was manifested by the 13 fatalities (12.3%) and by the histological demonstration of submassive necrosis in 9 and massive necrosis in 4 patients. The 20 other patients from whom hepatic tissue was available for study included 16 with moderately severe acute hepatocellular injury (4 had a mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic pattern), and 4 with chronic hepatic diseases (1 had cirrhosis). Clinical manifestations of hepatic disease prior to the onset of jaundice included vague digestive complaints in 55% of the group and ""viral' disease-like complaints in 35%, some with and some without gastrointestinal symptoms. Jaundice was the presenting complaint in 10% of patients. Fever and rash were reported in very few patients (less than 4%) and eosinophilia of modest degree was noted in approximately 10%. Hepatic injury was recognized during the 1st month of isoniazid administration in 15% and during the 2nd month in an additional 31%. In the remaining 54% of patients, the drug had been administered for periods of 2 to 11 months before hepatic injury was noted. Analyses of variables suggested that hepatic injury which presented after 2 months, especially with bilirubin levels that exceeded 20 mg per 100 ml, was more likely to have a fatal outcome than disease that presented during the first 2 months even with higher bilirubin levels. The case fatality rate was significantly higher in black females than in black males or in whites of either sex. The observations of the present study offer no support for the view that isoniazid-induced hepatic disease results from hypersensitivity to the drug. Other data that support the view that hepatotoxic metabolites of isoniazid may be responsible for the injury are considered."
1150040,"The kinetics of cholesterol and bile acid was determined from a 10-week analysis of the biliary lipids after a single injection of labeled cholesterol in parallel with a conventional 1-week study of primary bile acid kinetics. Six healthy controls and 6 patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis were studied. Two of the 6 cholesterol cholelithiasis subjects had kinetic values that were very similar to the controls and the other 4 were significantly different. These 4 patients had significantly smaller primary bile acid pools and significantly lower fractional conversions of cholesterol to both primary bile acids, with concomitantly lower bile acid flux. No significant differences were obtained for the size of the rapidly miscible cholesterol pool, the fractional rate of loss and flux of biliary neutral sterol, and the fractional turnover of the primary bile acid pools. These kinetic data support the hypothesis that in some patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis there is defective conversion of cholesterol to bile acids."
1150041,"Chenodeoxycholic acid is an important drug for the treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis in man. Although no toxicity has been demostrated in man, liver lesions develop in rhesus monkeys treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. To elucidate the mechanism of toxicity, chenodeoxycholic acid. To elucidate the mechanism of toxicity, chenodeoxycholic acid was fed daily to three groups of 6 animals each at the following dose: 10, 40, and 100 mg per kg; 2 separate animals were not treated and served as controls. After 1 month, the animals were killed. During the treatment period, most blood tests (e.g., blood count, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, SGOT, lactate dehydrogenase) remained within normal limits, but there was a significant dose-related increase in serum leucine aminopeptidase levels. The percentage of lithochlic acid, the 7-dehydroxylated bacterial metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid, rose from 1% in the control animal to almost 14% in the 100 mg per kg-treated group. Liver biopsies obtained before treatment and at necropsy showed no significant changes. Thus, exposure of the liver to increased amounts of lithocholic acid during chenodeoxycholic acid treatment might result in elevation of serum leucine aminopeptidase activity."
1150042,"The effect on bile acid clearance of portacaval end-to-side shunt, with and without arterialization of the hepatic portal venous bed, was studied in dogs. Portacaval shunt reduced liver blood flow by 75%, and peripheral serum bile acid concentration rose from 3 to 239 muM. Arterialization maintained total liver blood flow within physiological range and serum bile acid concentration was only 19 muM. Since hepatic bile acid extraction was similar in both groups, bile acid clearance was determined largely by total liver blood flow. The results of this study indicate that hepatic clearance of substances originating from portal blood is impaired in portacaval shunt and can be restored by increasing the arterial blood supply to the liver."
1150043,"A prospective epidemiological study of Crohn's disease in Malmö, Sweden, was carried out during the years 1958 to 1973. The mean annual incidence rate for the disease was 4.8 per 10(5) inhabitants at risk. The recorded incidence increased from 3.5 per 10(5) inhabitants during the initial 8-year period, to 6.0 per 10(5) inhabitants during the last 8 years of the study. The maximum annual incidence rate, 8.3 per 10(5) inhabitants in 1971, is the highest hitherto on record. A prevalence rate of 75.2 per 10(5) inhabitants on December 31, 1973 was recorded. The death rate was low: 0.15 per 10(5) inhabitants per year. The alidity of the observed high incidence rates and the rising secular trends are discussed."
1150044,"Comparative efficiencies of absorption of crystalline folic acid polyglutamate and monoglutamyl folic acid were determined in 11 normal subjects by measurement of the excretion of radioisotope in the urine after oral administration of [3H]pteroylheptaglutamic acid ([3H]PteGlu7) synthesized in our laboratory and of [3H]pteroylglutamic acid ([3H]PGA). Following ingestion of 0.6 mumole of [3H]PteGlu7, urinary excretion of radioactivity over 48 hr averaged 56.1 +/- 11.2% of the total dose. By comparison the ingestion of 0.6 mumole of [3H]PGA resulted in an average urinary excretion of 70.8 +/- 13.0% for the same time period. Approximately 90% of the urinary radioactivity was excreted during the initial 24-hr collection period. The mean recovery of radioactivity in urine and stool was 94% and recovery exceeded 84% in all subjects. The principal radioactive compound in the urine chromatographed with standard pteroylmonoglutamates. By chromatography, urinary folates were monoglutamates whether [3H]PGA or [3H]PteGlu7 was administered. The time course of folate absorption for the study compounds was compared by measuring the rise in serum radioactivity after the oral folate dose. Peak values in serum folate radioactivity following [3H]PGA occurred at 1 hr, whereas the peak values after [3H]PteGlu7 more often occurred at 2 hr. Only monoglutamyl folate was detected in the serum. These studies demonstrate that in normal subjects physiological doses of crystalline monoglutamyl and crystalline heptaglutamyl folates are both absorbed with high degrees of efficiency."
1150045,"Pancreatic secretion of total protein and of three types of hydrolases (amylase, lipase, and thymotrypsinogen(s) was determined in human subjects free of gastrointestinal disease. Pure pancreatic juice was collected by canulation of Wirsung's duct under duodenoscopy. Rapid intravenous injection of pancreozymin (1 Crick-Harper-Raper U per kg) stimulated secretion of total protein and hydrolases within 1 min. This stimulation was of short duration and had a half-life of 70 to 100 sec. Rapid intravenous injection of caerulein (20) ng per kg) induced a similar response. Parallel variations in total protein, amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen(s) were observed in the three experiments where complete enzyme analyses were performed."
1150046,"We tested the hypothesis that dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS), an anionic detergent often described as a stool softener, blocks water absorption in the small and large intestines. Net water transport was measured under steady state conditions in vivo during single pass infusions of intestinal segments; each segment served as its own control. DSS, in concentrations which may obtain when it is fed in segments of rat jejunum, ileum, or colon. In man, 0.5 mM DSS inhibited water absorption by 80%. In rats, the degree of inhibition was linearly related to log10 of the concentration of DSS (0.1 to 2.0 mM). Furthermore, DSS altered the histological appearance of the surface absorptive cells of the rat colon. Because of these properties, DSS could be regarded as a stimulant laxative."
1150047,"In healthy, consious, intact fasted dogs, infusion of pentagastrin interrupted the interdigestive myoelectric complex in the stomach and small bowel and replaced it with activity that closely resembled that seen after feeding. After bilateral transthoracic vagotomy, pentagastrin infusion still interrupted the complex but now, in addition, upon stopping the pentagastrin, a premature activity front (phase III) of the complex was also followed by a reduction in the temporal regularity of the cycles of the complex. Fewer cycles per 10 hr occurred in most dogs after vagotomy, and the complexes were not as regularly interrupted by feeding a small meal of 50 g of meat as they had been before vagotomy. The results indicate that both neural and humoral influences have a role in controlling the interdigestive motor complex of dogs."
1150048,"Gastrin was given to mice subcutaneously at 8-hr intervals for 20 days. Control animals received only saline injections. With use of [3H]thymidine and radioautography, a significant increase in the production of new parietal cells (P less than 0.01) was observed in the gastrin-treated group. Increases in fundic progenitor cell DNA synthesis and shortened maturation time of the latter were demonstrated. Both could explain the observed changes in parietal cell kinetics. The quantitative estimation of parietal cell population after the administration of gastrin showed an increase in average parietal cell count per unit (P less than 0.01) and in total parietal cell number (P less than 0.05). This was consistent with the observed acceleration in the rate of parietal cell production under influence of gastrin. In contrast, no radioautographic difference in the proliferative activity of the peptic cells was observed between the gastrin-treated and the control mice. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, no changes in average peptic cell count per unit area, or in total peptic cell number, occurred under the effect of gastrin. The observation that peptic cells are renewed in a different way, independently from fundic progenitor cells and from parietal cells, was consistent with their peculiar lack in proliferative response to the hormone."
1150049,"Vagally denervated (Heidenhain) pouch acid outputs and serum gastrin concentrations, basal and in response to feeding, were measured in dogs before and after massive intestinal resection. Both 24-hr and postprandial Heidenhain pouch acid outputs increased (P less than 0.01) after intestinal resection. Increases in serum gastrin concentrations following feeding were greater after massive resection of the small intestine. There was an excellent correlation (r= 0.967; P less than 0.005) between increases in serum gastrin concentrations and Heidenhain pouch acid outputs after intestinal resection. These studies support and are consistent with the hypothesis that the polypeptide hormone gastrin plays a role in the production of the gastric acid hypersecretion which, in both dogs and man, frequently results from massive resection of the small intestine."
1150050,"In vitro studies have shown that some bile salts inhibit the growth of intestinal bacteria. We investigated the possibility that bile salts might have a similar action in vivo in the ileum by performing serial anaerobic cultures and bile salt analyses on postprandial ileal fluid obtained anaerobically via intestinal tube. Five subjects were studied under control conditions, and after a 1-week course of orally administered cojugated bile salts in a dose shown to increase the bile salt pool. Three of the subjects were also studied after a 1-week course of cholestyramine. The numebr of ileal anaerobic microorganisms decreased significantly after both bile salt and cholestyramine treatment. Ileal bile salt concentrations were generally high (mean 9.2 mM) and did not change significantly after either bile salt or cholestyramine treatment. The results of this study are unexplained. Although it is possible that bile salts play a role in the regulation of small intestinal anaerobic flora, the lack of a relationship between ileal bile salt concentration and population levels of anaerobic organisms is puzzling and raises further questions about such a role for bile salts."
1150051,A case of iatrogenic omental arteriovenous fistula attributable to an earlier unsuccessful liver biopsy is presented. The complications of liver biopsy and the role of arteriography in the diagnosis and management of visceral arteriovenous fistulas are discussed.
1150052,"An infant with galactosemia is reported in whom extensive liver damage developed by 1 month of age. Liver biopsy obtained prior to treatment indicated extensive periportal and intralobular fibrosis, ductular cysplasia. ""pseudoglandular"" transformation, and distortion of periportal vasculature. Three months after institution of a galactose-free diet, clinical and biological evidence of liver disease disappeared, and follow-up biopsy at 5 months of age showed normal hepatic histology. These findings demonstrate that functional and histological abnormalities consistent with cirrhosis can be completely reversed by dietary management in galactosemia."
1150053,"A patient with selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, severe ulcerative colitis, and malabsorption had a flat jejunal mucosa demonstrated by peroral biopsy. Treatment at different times with a gluten-free diet for the jejunal lesion and corticosteroids for the ulcerative colitis, led to improvement of the malabsorption. A repeat jejunal biopsy demonstrated histological improvement of the jejunal mucosa, even though the colitis remained active. The occurrence of immunoglobulin A deficiency in a patient with ulcerative colitis and gluten-sensitive enteropathy is uncommon."
1150054,"Reye's syndrome is an acute encephalopathy and fatty liver which has mainly been recognized in children through the age of about 16 years. Since the patients are not jaundiced and the liver may be relatively small at the moment of admission, the diagnosis must be sought by a high index of suspicion and the routine use of liver function studies, especially the SGOT, in all unexplained cases of encephalopathy. Early treatment and appropriate management of cerebral edema seem to reduce the over-all mortality of Reye's syndrome from more than 50% to less than 20%. Alert gastroenterologists may find some adult cases of Reye's syndrome masquerading as acute neurological disease or supposed acute drug reactions."
1150079,"Studies of natural and experimental plant populations have revealed that genotypic frequency distributions are highly structured in predominantly selfing species. This high degree of genetic organization is manifested in intense correlations in allelic state over loci and also in striking micro-geographical heterogeneity. Both aspects of this structure are facilitated by self-fertilization. Development of non-random associations of alleles within populations is facilitated because inbreeding reduces heterozygosity and thus also the randomizing effect of recombination. Spatial differentiation is facilitated because self-fertilization retards gene flow from population to population. The effect of organizing the entire populational genotype into a sort of giant supergene is to increase the frequency in the population of genotypes which confers high fitness and hence to increase adaptation to the local environment. However the recombinational potential remains substantial. As a result considerable free genetic variability remains in the population and it is available for long-term response to natural selection. Thus the organization of genetic variability within populations provides for high immediate fitness and also for flexibility to meet longer term evolutionary needs. At the same time selfing is a barrier to migration and it promotes the development and maintenance of different multilocus organizations in adjacent populations occupying unlike habitats. In total, therfore, a pattern of genetic differentiation develops in space which is an almost exact overlay of the environmental heterogeneity. The plant genetic and plant breeding literature contains extensive evidence that the mating system in plants can be modified simply and drastically by selection and that different populations within the same species often practice very different amounts of inbreeding. Considering the ease with which the mating system can be altered, and the benefits of adjusting genetic variability through regulation of the mating system, it is not surprising that a high proportion of flowering plants self-fertilize to some extent and that at least one-third of species have adopted predominant selfing as a strategy in ecogenetic adaptation."
1150085,"The HL-A region is a complex highly polymorphic system containing many genes with interrelated functions on the cell surface. Population data suggest the action of natural selection, perhaps via linked immune-response genes. Major histocompatibility systems, such as HL-A,  are presumed to have their counterparts in at least all mammalian species. The complexity of the  region suggests evolution by gene duplication. The integrity of the region may even extend to the human equivalent of the complex T locus of the mouse."
1150087,"Haploid cells afford an opportunity to test some of the assumptions from bacterial genetics which have been adopted by somatic cell geneticists. Haploid cultured cell lines derived from the grass frog Rana pipiens were compared to diploid cell lines in order to test a model which predicts that recessive mutations will be expressed in diploid cells with a frequency equal to the square of that in haploid cells. Haploid and diploid monolayer cultures were compared for (1) survival after exposure to compounds known to be mutagenic for bacteria (a measure of the frequency with which lethal mutations are expressed), and (2) the induction of drug-resistant variants (putative mutants) by such compounds. The proportion of cells which survived from diploid cultures was no more than ten times that from haploid cultures, a much smaller difference than predicted. Furthermore, the frequency of drug-resistant variants was independent of polidy. Therefore, the validity of the following assumptions is in question: (1) Haploid eukaryotic cells express mutations with a frequency comparable to that in bacteria; (2) molecules which increase the frequency of stable phenotypic variants in culture do so by inducing gene mutations; (3) stable phenotypic variants whose frequency in culture is increased by putative mutagens arise as the result of gene mutation."
1150088,"The techniques of somatic cell hybridization allow a genetic analysis of differentiated functions of mammalian cells in vitro. Clonal lines of mouse neuroblastoma cells expressing a variety of differentiated neuroectodermal functions have been fused to L cells not expressing these functions. The resulting NL hybirds, on a clonal basis, express a variety of parental and non-parental phenotypes. Some hybrid clones inherit the ability to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) (expression of high levels of choline acetyltransferase, CAT) while others do not. The ability to synthesize Ach and the ability to degrade this neurotransmitter (high levels of acetylcholinesterase activity, AChE) appear to segregate independently in NL hybrid progeny.--When a a variety of clonal cell lines replicating in culture are fused to cells freshly derived from the embryonic nervous system, interesting phenotypes result in the hybrid progeny. Neuroblastoma x rodent nervous tissue hybrids express AChE and in a few instances have developed the ability to synthesize CAT. Transformed human fibroblasts fused to normal rodent nervous tissue yield hybrid progeny that retain human and segregate mouse chromosomes and isozymes. No expression of differentiated functions has yet been found in these latter hybrids but they are useful for mapping mouse genes."
1150089,"Paramecium aurelia is chosen as the material for a genetic dissection of the excitable membrane. The simple innate behavior makes the behavioral analyses easy and mutant screening possible. Autogamy, which leads to complete homozygosity, guarantees the expression of recessive mutations. The size of these giant cells allows intracellular recording in electrophysiological studies.--Some two hundred lines of behavioral mutants are isolated. Several of them are studied in detail genetically, behaviorally as well as electrophysiologically. Mutants devoid of proper active electrogenesis are now available. Some of them are shown to be temperature-dependent. They have a slightly aberrant electric pattern when grown at the permissive temperatures and lose their excitability completely when cultured at the restrictive temperatures.--Systematic modifications of the membrane excitation process is demonstrated in this interdisciplinary study. Three unlinked mutations are shown to block the generation of Na-triggered depolarizations at different positions resulting in three different altered forms of electrical activities. The bioelectric profiles of 25 types of single or double mutants are now known. The search for the relevant gene products on the surface membrane is now underway."
1150098,"Serum concentrations of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and GOT as well as the retention of BSP and 131I-rose bengal were determined in 43 normal subjects over 50 years old for the purpose of evaluating age-dependent variations. The normalcy of the liver in all subjects was confirmed by biopsy. The values of serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and GOT were unaltered with increasing age. Age also had no effect on the retention of BSP and 131I-rose bengal, in contrast to some previous studies in which the normalcy of the liver was not satisfactorily established. No variations between the sexes were seen in our study. The median of the 45 minute BSP retention test was 4.2 percent, with a ninth decile of 7.5 percent. The median of the retention of 131I-rose bengal was 32 percent, with a ninth decile of 39.4 percent."
1150112,"An outbreak of hepatitis-associated-antigen-(HB Ag)-positive hepatitis in a hospital unit for the care of male patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is described. Sixty-four patients were studied of whom 37 were HB Ag positive. Hepatitis developed in at least 20 and was icteric in 11. The illness was mild, without fatality due to hepatitis and persistent jaundice did not occur. A carrier state developed in 15 of 24 HB Ag-positive patients followed up for more than six months and was unrelated to the presence or absence of initial hepatitis. Spread of HB Ag to domestic and medical staff occurred and following the discharge of the patients, household contacts became positive. Five, all wives of patients, developed jaundice. Faeces and sputum were HB Ag negative in seropositive cases. The origin of the outbreak remains undetected. The probability of non-parenteral transmission of HB Ag in this outbreak is discussed. Closure of the unit, isolation of HB Ag-positive cases with separate toilet and kitchen facilities, and discharge of patients when their respiratory condition allowed, resulted in prevention of further spread and eventually all patients were discharged from the unit."
1150113,"The effects of intravenously administered endotoxin on the hepatic and systemic circulation as well as on the coagulation system were evaluated in normal rats (n = 26), in rats with experimental portal hypertension (n = 15), and in rats with portacaval anastomosis (n = 22). Endotoxin (1-5 mg/kg) in the normal rat leads to a prompt increase of transaminase activity and to a hyperdynamic circulation with a consequent increase in the total hepatic blood flow. In a later phase (6 h postoperatively) the hepatic artery dilated with a consequent hepatic arterial hyperperfusion. The coagulation system was affected with signs of consumption coagulopathy. In the rats with portal hypertension and portacaval collaterals as well as in those with portacaval anastomosis, the endotoxin injection resulted in acute liver necrosis within 12 to 15 hours. The hepatic artery became overdilated with a cardiac output fraction of 25% (normal 5-5%). Blood extravasates and thrombi, rich in fibrin, were detected in the liver. It is suggested that this exaggeration of the endotoxin effect was due to an impaired clearance function of the reticuloendothelial system, probably as consequence of portacaval collateral circulation. It is concluded that endotoxins (1) damage the liver even in a normal organism; (2) are potent to induce acute liver necrosis, if the reticuloendothelial system is altered; (3) have to be taken into consideration as contribution to the pathogenesis of acute as well as chronic liver diseases."
1150114,"The intrinsic innervation of the human gut has been studied in strips of circular and longitudinal muscle removed at operation. Electrical stimulation of the nerves at a wide range of frequencies (0-1 to 128 Hz) can evoke a variety of responses due to activation of four types of nerves. There is evidence for cholinergic, adrenergic, non-adrenergic inhibitory, and non-cholinergic excitatory fibres, which may be stimulated at different frequencies. The various regions of the alimentary tract, and even the muscle layers within a region, may respond differently to nerve stimulation. This is most marked at 4 Hz and the observed differences correlate with the function of each part and its dependence on extrinsic innervation. The stomach is relatively insensitive to electrical stimulation, and this is consistent with its reliance on vagal innervation. The dominant excitatory responses in the longitudinal muscle of the oesophagus and ileum correlate with their high motility and propulsive function, whereas the dominant inhibitory responses in the colon correlate with its lower motility and storage function."
1150115,"Intestinal transit times in children less than 3 years old with gastroenteritis were measured using carmine suspension and radioopaque pellets. Carmine transit times were short as expected in the acute illness, and lengthened on recovery to the values found in children without diarrhoea. Pellet transit times of the sick children were the same as those of controls without bowel disease. Solid markers may thus be misleading in acute diarrhoeal illness of childhood. Possible mechanisms are discussed."
1150116,"In an attempt to obtain further information on the influence of the intestinal contents on the development of mucosal structure and function, self-emptying blind loops of rat jejunum were constructed, and the oral end was exteriorized with a stoma to permit infusion of different solutions into the loop. Ringer solution or media containing glucose or galactose was instilled into the loops three times daily for 27 days before functional and structural examination of the loops. The body weight and food intake of the animals did not differ significantly from one group to another. Treatment with glucose, but not with galactose or Ringer solution alone, induced a significant increase in the villus height. Disaccharidase but not dipeptidase activity was concomitantly increased. Infusion of glucose or galactose both led to an increase in the transport capacity of the loop, as determined by glucose absorption in vivo. These results indicate that glucose has a nutritive effect, probably due to its intracellular metabolism, which is responsible for the structural alterations observed. On the other hand, the increase in transport capacity  may be attributed to substrate-induced stimulation of the specific monosaccharide transport system in the epithelial cell."
1150117,"The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of hyperphagia on the adaptive changes occurring in the rat jejunal mucosa as a result of intestinal resection. One group of resected rats was subjected to pair feeding with a sham-operated population, whilst another group was nourished ad libitum. The animals which ate ad libitum developed hypertrophy of the mucosa which was accompanied by increased glucose absorption in vivo without changes in enzyme levels. These alterations were much less pronounced in the pair-fed group of resected animals, a finding that indicates that the adaptive changes are at least partially influenced by increased luminal nutrition."
1150118,"A preparation of rat colon mucosa has been evaluated as a useful model to study effects of bile acids on the changes in short-circuit current and transmural electrical potential difference (pd) which others have associated with alterations in electrolyte transport. Using this preparation, it was found that bile acids were effective in increasing short-circuit current and pd when applied to the serosal, but not the mucosal, surface of the tissue. Furthermore, taurine-conjugated cholic acid, which has no demonstrable effect on the colon in vivo, was found to increase short-circuit current and pd significantly in the in-vitro preparation. These data indicate the limitations of the in-vitro model in studying the mechanism of bile acid-stimulated intestinal secretion."
1150119,"The function of the anal sphincters has been studied by obtaining continuous recordings of the pressure in the anal canal and the electromyographic activity in the striated sphincter muscles during expansion of the ampulla recti by means of an air balloon. Ten healthy subjects were examined before and after the striated muscles had been entirely paralysed by bilateral pudendal block, making it possible to record the activity from the internal sphincter alone. The results show that the internal sphincter contributes about 85% of the pressure in the anal canal at rest but only about 40% after a sudden substantial distension of the rectum. During constant substantial rectal distension, the internal sphincter accounts for about 65% of the anal pressure. It is concluded that the internal sphincter in the adult is chiefly responsible for anal continence at rest. In the event of sudden substantial distension of the rectum, continence is maintained by the striated sphincter muscles, whereas both sphincter systems probably have an important function during constant distension of the rectum."
1150127,"The first appearance of rat growth hormone (RGH) in serum was in the 19 day-old foetus. The level was high on the 21st day of gestation (129 +/- 7 ng/ml serum), it decreased after birth and descended to 17 +/- 2 ng/ml in the 15 day-old rat. After weanling it again rose to reach a plateau at 80 cays. The half-life and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of RGH were compared in the 4 and 15 day-old rat and in normal and hypophysectomized adult rats after a single intravenous injection of hormone. As the MCR was essentially the same in all groups, serum RGH levels reflect the rate of hormonal secretion of the pituitary gland."
1150128,"The effect of cyproheptadine (Cypro) and Placebo administration on insulin secretion and glucose utilization following i.v. glucose (IVGTT) was evaluated in 8 normal, 7 diabetic and 8 acromegalic subjects. Five of the diabetic subjects had overt diabetes and two of the diabetic subjects had ""chemical"" diabetes (oral GTT). One of the acromegalic subjects had overt diabetes, while one had borderline glucose tolerance and six had normal glucose tolerance (oral GTT). Cypro increased insulin secretion in the acromegalic but not in the diabetic or normal subjects. Methysergide (Methyl) increased insulin secretion in acromegalic and diabetic subjects but not in normal subjects. Methy and Cypro both increased insulin secretion in the same acromegalic subjects. None of the three groups of subjects had a modification in insulin secretion following Placebo administration. Neither Placebo, Cypro or Methy altered the glucose utilization rate contant (KG). There was no change in insulin half life or tissue sensitivity to insulin from Cypro (normal and acromegalic subjects) or Methy (normal subjects) administration. Despite their increase in insulin secretion in response to serotonin antagonists, acromegalic subjects have normal urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion and normal serum serotonin concentrations. Their response cannot therefore be attributed to a generalized overproduction of serotonin."
1150129,"Parathormone (0.15 U/ml) failed to affect the rate of glucagon and insulin release by the perfused rat pancreas exposed to glucose in either low (3.3 mM) or high (8.3 mM) concentration. Parathormone also failed to interfere with the suppressive effect of glucose (16.6mM) upon glucagon release and its stimulatory action upon insulin secretion. Likewise, the biphasic release of both glucagon and insulin evoked by arginine (10.0 mM) in the presence of glucose (8.3 mM) was unaffected by parathormone. These findings suggest that the endocrine pancreas may not be a target organ for any direct and immediate action of parathormone."
1150130,"Duck intestinal extracts were separated into three main peaks of proteins by chromatography on P6 BioGel columns. The first, which crossreacted with glucagon antibodies, gut ""GLI"", did not stimulate lipolysis in isolated chicken adipocytes. Both second and third peaks, corresponding to smaller molecular-size peptides were even more lipolytic than pancreatic glucagon."
1150131,"Ten postmenopausal women were given a 4-mg load of quinestrol by mouth and plasma FSH and LH were serially determined at monthly intervals. By bioassay, total urinary gonadotropins were also measured at the same times. Plasma FSH and apparent total gonadotropin levels in the urine were depressed to very low levels up to 3 months, while plasma LH was slightly affected. Tentative explanations of this discrepancy are presented."
1150132,"Plasma corticosterone levels and the in vitro capacity of the liver to reduce the delta(4)3-ketone group of corticosterone were ascertained at 4 hr intervals in male rats maintained on a normal lighting schedule (12L:12D). The rates of delta(4)3-ketone reduction, as well as wet liver weight, were highest during the early portion (08.00 hr) of the light period when liver protein and plasma corticosterone concentrations were low. Shortly (2000 hr) after the beginning of the dark period plasma corticosterone reached peak levels, while hepatic inactivation of corticosterone was markedly depressed. This inverse relationship suggests that the rhythmicity in the capacity of the liver to inactivate corticosterone may contribute to the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone."
1150133,"Current evidence indicates that a hydroxylysine-rich glycoprotein may be of importance in the structural organization and accumulation of glomerular basement membrane in the diabetic state. To further evaluate the role of insulin deficiency in renal glycoprotein synthesis, the effect of experimental diabetes on the incorporation and hydroxylation of 14C-lysine by cell-free systems prepared from rat renal cortex was examined. Microsomal protein synthesis was increased in diabetic preparations, but the rise in renal cortical collagen synthesis relative to total protein synthesis was greater. These changes were not duplicated by the addition of a mixture of unlabeled amino acids or hydroxylation cofactors to incubations with preparations from normal animals."
1150153,"The purification of a 2-alkenal reductase to homogeneity from a rat liver 100 000 times g supernatant is described. Its molecular weight has been determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction with mercaptoethanol and carboxymethylation. The monometric form has a molecular weight of 45 000. It tends to form, to a very small extent, dimeric and trimeric aggregates of molecular weights 90 000 and 135 000. The isoelectric point (IP) was determined to be 6.2 by isoelectric focusing."
1150154,"Old and young rabbit erythrocytes, separated by centrifugation, contained different respective activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and acetylcholinesterase, and different quantities of stromal sialic acid. A systematic study of the survival rate of young and old erythrocytes incubated with different amounts of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase is described. The half-life of intact old erythrocytes is significantly shorter than that of young erythrocytes with a similar sialic acid content."
1150155,"The simultaneous assay of neutral sugars and amino sugars commonly found in glycoproteins is described. The automatic sugar analyzer used for the determination is based on the ion-exchange chromatography of sugar-borate complexes on a strong anion-exchange resin. The sugars are identified with the orcinol/sulfuric acid reagent. While less than 40 nmol of mannose, fucose, galactose, glucose, xylose, or arabinose is sufficient for analysis at least 200 nmol mannosamine, glucosamine, or galactosamine is required; acidic monosaccharides cannot be determined. The technique of sugar analysis is applied to structural studies on natural compounds, e.g. the monosaccharide composition of lichenan and the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoproteins ovomucoid and Collocalia mucoid."
1150156,"Mouse kidney and liver were found to increase their levels of radioactivity above that of serum from 2 to 60 min after administration of [6-14C]orotic acid. In spleen, thymus and brain, the radioactivity level reached a maximum soon after the injection and then decreased, as did that in serum. Sixty minutes after the injection, 44% of the administered isotope dose was found in the kidneys, 22% in the liver and 0.75% in the spleen. The 14C activity in liver UTP increased rapidly and then remained constant for 60 min. The ratio between the activities in uridine phosphates and UDP-sugars was 3:4 from 10- 60 min after injection. In the liver and kidneys, the RNA 14C activities at 60 min after injection were 15% of the activity in their acid-soluble fractions. Intraperitoneal administration was found to be preferable to intravenous administration for studies on nucleotides and RNA in mouse liver, due to the delayed incorporation of the [14C]orotic acid activity into the nucleotide pool."
1150162,"Within the last few years several lawsuits have significantly increased both the procedural and the substantive rights of mental patients; among them are Lessard v. Schmidt, in which the court held that persons facing involuntary civil commitment are entiltled to dueprocess safeguards, and Wyatt v. Stickney and Donaldson v. O'Connor, concerned with the right ot adequate treatment. The author draws on the problems of implementing the landmark decree of Miranda v. Arizona, guaranteeing the rights of criminal suspects, in discussing the difficulties of translating rights promulgated in the courts into reality. He believes that enofrcement of patients' rights depends not on the law alone but also on the sensitivity and good faith of mental health workers."
1150163,"A large, multiservice community mental health center operates a utilization review program based on a three-level system of chart review by medical records personnel, a utilization review technician, and a committee of clinicians. Review is facilitated by a checklist for use in rating such issues as comprehensiveness, coordination, and quality of care aginst standards of care developed by the director of each service. The incompleteness of charts pulled for review is a continuing problem. But the system makes for efficient review and has various secondary benefits, such as the improvement of medical records. A survey made in the first year showed that staff had mixed feelings about the need for review, but that 60 per cent thought it was helpful all or most of the time."
1150164,"This study examined the frequency, length, and content of staff's discussions and written reports about 90 hospitalized psychiatric patients. The reporting habits of staff on three different units of one hospital were compared. On the units where nursing staff were primary case managers, discussion was less likely to include mention of treatment goals or plans than where psychiatrists were case managers, or where nursing staff were case managers and patients were encouraged to attend case reviews. There was no difference between the units on recording habits, but nursing staff were consistently more dependable than psychiatrist at record-keeping."
1150165,"In conjunction with the development of a computerized goal-oriented record system at Forest Hospital Des Plaines, Illinois, research staff developed a psychiatric goal list from goal statements most frequently used at the hospital. Treatment methods written by hospital staff were also reviewed and classified under the goal statement for which they were most frequently written. The result is the Treatment Methods Index, which currently contains more than 500 goal statements and 1500 treatment method statements, and also lists all drugs and activity therapies used in the hospital. The index is stored in a computer, and a comprehensive treatment plan can be generated by entering the numbers of selected goals and treatment methods. The authors emphasize the advantages of the system in writing and updating treatment plans and its importance in peer review and other medical-care evaluations."
1150166,"The entry and assessment service of Harborview Community Mental Health Center, attepting to find the most suitable approach to diagnosis and assessment for its facility, developed the Behavior Analysis Report (BAR). The BAR is a five-part report written through the collaboration of both interviewer and client. It contains problem behaviors, adaptive behaviors and resources, treatment goals, disposition, and suggestions for treatment. The authors give sample descriptions from each part, together with a complete BAR."
1150170,"When a drama group in a small private psychiatric hospital decided to present Marat/Sade, a play about inmates in an insane asylum, some patients and many staff members reacted negatively. However, the drama group carried out its usual rehearsal activities, including improvisations, theater games, and exercises to work out characters' backgrounds, motivations, and feelings. The set and costumes were designed through elaborate improvisations during rehearsals. The group had to overcome various problems in producing the play, but they were no worse than those encountered in previous productions. The director believes that a hospital theater must have the same high standards as a good theater in any setting and that patients' drama groups can handle any aspect of theater."
1150171,"In 1973 the activities therapy department at the Yale Psychiatric Institute began to organize and present plays before public audiences to help increase contact between patients and community members. Both patients and staff were anxious about opening the performances to the public; however, the first two plays were quite successful, and no serious disruptions occurred. When a third play was in rehearsal, the cast decided that it should be performed outside the hospital. the primary purpose of rehearsals, as well as separate weekly meetings with the director, was to provide a group identity that help the cast deal with their fears and anxieties. The outside performance, at a state hospital a hundred miles away, was well received and gave the cast a sense of achievement and increased self-esteem."
1150172,"For several years after dance therapy was introduced at Yale Psychiatric Institute in 1967, patients perceived it as an activity totally separate from their treatment program. The author describes changes in hospital procedure and in the structure of the dance groups that helped alter that perception. They include involving the patient's treatment team in the selection of activities; establishing groups in which membership is fairly constant, thus increasing the likelihood of interpersonal interaction; and setting aside ten or 15 minutes at the end of each dance session for discussion of the feelings evoked. The author says the changes have clarified values and goals within the dance therapy groups."
1150173,"An art therapist conducted a survey of 150 mental health clinicians and activity therapists to find which of ten treatment modalities they preferred to use with ten types of psychiatric patients. The final sample consisted of 68 respondents: 34 clinicians, 17 activity therapists, and 17 art therapists. The three respondent groups agreed on the same optimum treatment modality for five patient groups. Art therapists felt art therapy was most effective in treating the youthful drug abuser, the child with educational problems, and the moderately depressed patient. Clinicians and activity therapists agreed on other treatment modalities for those patients."
1150174,"Staff at the day treatment center at Norristown (Pa.) State Hospital have found several ways of using psychodrama to facilitate information gathering, diagnostic decision-making, and treatment planning and implementation. They use behavioral techniques such as role rehearsal and modeling. In addition they use techniques such as the mirror image, in vivo dramas, and slight deception to facilitate catharsis. These approaches, which broaden the applicability of psychodrama, are illustrated by case examples."
1150175,"Norristown (Pa.) State Hospital has a four-stage treatment program that prepares chronic patients for returning to the community. the program, which began in 1970, includes three token economy wards that are segregated by sex, and a coed activities ward, socialization ward, and exit ward. Over the past five years, 258 chronic patients have been discharged to the community after completing the treatment program. During the three months to five years since their discharge, 227 patients, or 88 per cent, have made a successful adjustment to the community. The unit's 12-per-cent recidivism rate is well below the national average for such programs."
1150179,"Gardner (Mass). State Hospital began transferring its resources to two community programs two years ago. During the transfer administrative problems increased and become more difficult to resolve, hospital staff and community members became fearful that the hospital would be phased out, and the possibility of a budget cut was a constant threat. When the hospital census was reduced to 225 patients who could not enter community programs, the commissioner of mental health appointed a commission to make recommendations about the hospital's future role. Five options open to the commission, and its recommendations, are discussed."
1150180,"Two studies were made in the northwestern region of Illinois to determine if the community approach helped restore the social competence and reduce the build-up of chronically ill patients. In the first study there was no indication that community care was superior to that of a traditional state hospital. Seventy-four per cent of the patients in the sample, however, had a history of repeated hospitalizations. The second study evaluated only first-admission patients and found that community-oriented programs were more effective. Both the center and the hospital had some patients for whom neither system of care was more effective in preventing chronicity. The center has established several pilot projects for managing those chronic patients."
1150181,"In the early 1970s Orange County, thtough the Orange County Department of Mental Health, began building a local network of regionalized and centralized services, the goal of which is to provide all needed mental health services locally. Despite budgeting setbacks and temporary program freezes, many of the services are now operating. The author describes those services, their estimated costs and staffing requirements, and the organizational structure established to administer them with a minimum of overlap."
1150182,"The authors made a survey of all admissions to Topeka (Kans.) State Hospital from a three-county catchment area over an 11-year period during which a private psychiatric clinic in the area assumed the functions of a comprehensive community mental health center. The center's activities brought a significant decrease in the number of direct admissions to the hospital from the catchment area. However, the center consistently referred more patients with psychotic disorders to the state hospital than would be expected on the basis of over-all state hospital admissions. Similarly, a high proportion of patients with organic brain syndromes were admitted directly to the hospital from the three-county area. The authors say the findings suggest that the public mental hospital still has an important role to play on the delivery of mental health services."
1150183,"There are glaring, almost universal deficiencies in the organization of community resources for treating and rehabilitating the mentally ill, particularly psychotic patients, the author says. The deficiencies could be partly remedied by reorganizing psychiatric hospitals to play a key role in outpatient service delivery, and by paying more attention to the principles of continuity of care for psychotic patients. One way of doing both is through the model of a mini-mental-health-center adopted at a Veterans Administration hospital: the same terms provide active, continual care for patients regardless of whether they are in or out of the hospital. The program developed on one ward is described further in the next paper, written by ward staff members and others."
1150209,"It appears that the NLRB's lack of familiarity with the health care industry and particularly with the day-to-day functioning of a hospital led it to search for touchstones such as the status of an RN or the certification of technicians that would enable it to make easy but illogical distinctions. As the cases are reviewed in the judicial system, the separate units for RNs, technical employes, and business office clerical employes will be closely scrutinized. Finally, the bargaining units as outlined and the placement of particular groups of employes based on their formal status will necessarily have an impact on the functional integration of hospital activities."
1150218,"An unusual case of metastasis to two lymph nodes from an adenocarcinoma arising in an adenomatous polyp of the sigmoid colon is presented. Invasion of the stalk could not be detected, but penetration of the muscularis mucosae was observed. Immunoperoxidase staining was used to detect an antigen in the invasive and metastatic components of the tumor that reacted with an antiserum to a tumor associated antigen. A focus of intraepithelial carcinoma was also detected by this method. The relevance of these findings to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is discussed."
1150220,"In the past few years many clinically significant new glomerular lesions have been reported from observations made on renal biopsy specimens by electron microscopy. The clinical applicability of electron microscopy is illustrated by examples of specific ultrastructural patterns of glomerular reaction making possible a more accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the response to treatment."
1150221,"Ultrastructural features of neoplastic cells can provide clues for correct diagnosis when light microscopy fails. Secretory granules are characteristic in the following tumors: mucin granules in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, zymogen granules in acinic cell carcinomas, lysosomal granules in prostatic carcinomas, melanin granules in malignant melanoma, carcinoid, islet cell tumors, pheochromocytoma, and neuroblastoma granules in the corresponding neoplasms. Among cytoplasmic organelles, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum characterizes adrenocortical, ovarian, and hepatocellular carcinomas and plasmacytomas. Tonofibrils are characteristic of squamous cell carcinomas. Glycogen deposits distinguish Ewing's sarcoma from lymphoreticular neoplasms. Intercellular relationships and membrane specialization are important features in the differential diagnosis of various undifferentiated tumors. The frequent resolution of difficult diagnostic problems by electron microscopy outweighs the disadvantages of this technique, such as the expense and time required."
1150222,"Diabetic capillaropathy is defined and reviewed. A number of physiological and pathological variables, such as aging, venous stasis, and environment, may affect the thickness of the capillary basal lamina. Since these effects have not been adequately measured, it is impossible to know precisely what increment diabetes mellitus adds to the basal lamina. Because of these variables and technical difficulties, the detection of early diabetes is impossible at this time. However, the ultrastructure of the peripheral capillaries in the late stages of diabetes provides a means of detecting the presence of widespread capillaropathy when clinical evidence is difficult to obtain or uncertain."
1150223,"Our concept of the Reed-Sternberg cell has evolved considerably since the turn of the century. At the present, it is generally accepted that this cell is a polyploid lymphoreticular cell incapable of mitotic division. The two nuclei of the classic Reed-Sternberg cell probably represent the two lobes of a markedly convoluted or segmented nucleus. The Reed-Sternberg cell may be regarded as the end stage of a transformed lymphocyte that has undergone in vitro blastogenesis. It is not definitely known whether it is of the T or B cell variety. There seems to be no valid histochemical or ultrastructural evidence that it is a histiocyte. The Reed-Sternberg cell, although not 'pathognomonic,' continues to be an essential landmark for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The actively dividing cells in the neoplasm are considered to be the small lymphocytes as well as the mononucleated reticulum cells, although the triggering mechanism for cell division remains unknown."
1150225,"A method based on the utilization of electron microscopy, morphometric analysis, tissue culture, and biochemical analysis in the study of human autopsies is described. In this method rapid sampling immediately following somatic death is conducted in order to make meaningful the application of such techniques. In addition to describing the procedure, we present some new findings relating to cellular changes associated with shock. As in cellular pathobiology, it is of utmost importance that ultrastructural changes be correlated with alterations in chemistry and function."
1150227,"The urinary testosterone excretion in 55 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome was determined by gas-chromatographic methods. The mean testosterone level in the group of Klinefelter patients was significantly decreased (15.7 mug/24 hrs) compared with the excretion by 30 normal men (44.1 mug/24 hrs). An age dependency of excretion levles was not obvious in chromatin-positive men when compared to healthy subjects. A correlation between testosterone excretion and configuration types seemed to be probable by reason of observations and statistical values. Average testosterone excretion increased with increasing normalization of body proportions. Gynecomastia was noticed in 56% of those examined. With increasing severity of gynecomastia the mean testosterone levels decreased. A correlation between beard and body hair, which was decreased in almost all subjects, and testosterone excreiton was not visible. With diminishing mean testosterone excretion an increase of osteoporosis seemed to be probable. A statistically significant difference was found when comparing patients who never had ejaculations with those who had regular libido and ejaculations. Klinefelter patients who had not succeeded in completing school or an occupational education showed a significantly decreased testosterone level as compared with others who had a profession."
1150228,"The frequencies of the Gd-A, Gd-A- and Gd-B alleles have been estimated in a random sample of 455 female and 405 male high school students from Habana. The estimates of the Negro and Caucasian relative contributions to the present genetic make-up of the Habana population, based on these gene frequencies, are 0.20 and 0.80 respectively."
1150229,Four Australian aboriginal children were found to have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. They are the sons of 3 sisters who were shown to have a urinary concentrating defect uncorrected by vasopressin. An extensive genealogy did not reveal any caucasian genetic influence suggesting that a new genetic mutation was responsible.
1150230,16 (41%) out of 39 individuals referred by physicians because of sexual anomalies showed abnormal karyotypes; the corresponding figure for those investigated due to suspected autosomal aberrations was 37 out of 104 (36%). A special survey was also conducted among 51 mentally defective children with at least 3 malformations; 5 individuals (10%) were observed with chromosome abnormalities plus 3(6%) with rare variants. These results were compared with those presented in 26 other surveys reported in the literature.
1150232,"A 46,XX,del(10)p13 karyotype (Paris Conference, 1971) was identified in a 5-year-old Negro girl with mental and growth retardation, brachy- and trigonocephaly, downward slanting palpebral fissures, hypotelorism, epicanthal folds, ptosis, strabismus, dysplastic nose, high-arched palate, microdontia, small low-set posteriorly rotated ears, asymmetrical thorax, wide-spaced nipples, and minor abnormalities of hands and feet. Both parents and a brother had normal karyotypes. Expression of more than 50 polymorphic gene loci determining blood groups, serum proteins and red cell enzymes was studied. The results did not permit localization of a gene locus on the deleted segment of chromosome 10. The proposita was heterozygous for the Rh and MN blood groups and for the red cell enzymes adenosine deaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and esterase D. These gene loci are thereby excluded from region 10p13 yields 10pter."
1150234,"Twelve out of 88 cytogenetically examined meningiomas of female patients showed, in addition to the typical loss of a chromosome 22, a loss of 1 or more chromosomes of group C. Among them 8 tumors had less than 8% cells with Barr-body-like particles, whereas in one tumor 12% and in 3 others over 20% Barr bodies were found, which, based on control studies, were classified as sex-chromatin negative, partly positive, and positive, respectively. In one case the loss of an X chromosome was verified by Giemsa banding. In 6 out of 24 meningiomas of male origin, the chromosomal morphology and association pattern strongly indicated that besides the loss of a chromosome 22, the Y chromosome was also missing. Moreover, the loss of the male sex chromosome could be ascertained in 4 tumors by the conspicuous absence of Y fluorescence in interphase nuclei and in metaphase plates after fluorescence staining. The findings are discussed in connection with the gonosomal loss in other human tumors and in old age."
1150235,"The frequency of several immunoglobulin allotypes has been evaluated in a sample of 419 Portuguese subjects. It was found that the percentage of Gm (1) and of Gm (2) are among the highest in Europe, although Portugal is situated in the extreme southwest of Europe. A few cases of dissociation of Gm (1) and Gm (2) were noted and attributed to the probable presence of African admixture."
1150236,"The polymorphism of glyoxalase I was investigated in 169 mother-child combinations from southwestern Germany. Glyoxalase I (GLO) has 3 common phenotypes: GLO 1, GLO 2-1, and GLO 2. The results are in good agreement with the formal hypothesis: Two alleles GLO1 and GLO2 at an autosomal locus. The GLO1 gene frequency was estimated to be 0.39. From the electrophoretic pattern the GLO-molecule appears to consist of two subunits."
1150237,"The possibility of linkage was tested in 3 large kindreds with Waardenburg syndrome type I against the ABO locus. Loose linkage is probably present; the recombination fraction in males, females, and both sexes combined seems to be approximately theta' equals 0.175, theta equals 0.255, and theta', theta equals 0.20, respectively. There are still more informative matings to be studied in those pedigrees, as well as the inminent possibility of determining the phase status in several of them, for the ABO locus and a few other loci."
1150239,"17 chromosomally unbalanced patients, their siblings and parents were tested for HL-A types and for up to 25 other polymorphic systems to determine whether there was gain or loss of an allele concurrent with the gain or loss of chromosome material. 5 patients had trisomy of part or all of a chromosome; 2 had trisomy of a segment and also deletion of chromosome material. All 7 were due to a familial translocation. The remaining patients had small deletions; 5 had ring chromosomes, 4 had rod deletions and 1 had missing chromosome material due to a heritable translocation. All cases were informative at the HL-A loci because of the high degree of polymorphism of the system whereas only some of the other systems were informative. None of the 17 patients showed unusual inheritance of HL-A or any other of the polymorphic systems examined. These results provide evidence excluding the HL-A and other loci from a number of possible locations in the human genome."
1150241,"A case of pronounced secondary constriction of a chromosome belonging to pair N0. 9, a case of deletion of the short arms of one of the chromosomes in pair No. 13, and a case of partial trisomy of the distal portion of a chromosome in pair No. 14 were discovered by prenatal chromosome determination.  Analysis of the parents' karyotypes enabled the clinical importance of the three different chromosomal aberrations to be elucidated."
1150242,"A family in which both the mother and two of her daughters had partial agenesis of the sacrum and coccygeal bones is presented.  Further studies demonstrate a neurogenic bladder and a presacral mass in the 4-year-old girl who had severe urinary incontinence.  The mode of inheritance in this entity may be x-linked dominant as has been suggested.  Previously by Cohn and Bay-Nielsen (1969).  The gene may act as a lethal factors in hemizygous males.  A brief review of the literature showed a remarkable paucity of reports on the hereditary aspects of sacrococcygeal defects in man.  It is concluded that this may be misleading, since the true incidence of hereditary sacroccygeal deformities can not possibly be established until family members  of the probands are also examined radiologically."
1150243,"A population sample of sick children was analyzed for the phenotypes and enzymatic activity of the erythrocyte acid phosphatase.  These data were statistically examined for the reliability with which the enzymatic activity of a given phenotype, supposed to be derived from a single allele in the phosphatase gene locus, may be used as a decisive criterion in distinguishing such an event from the normal states with the fully functioning pair of alleles.  Due to the overlapping of the statistical distribution curves of the normal and defective kins os isozymes, dependent on the relation of x and s, ranges of activity are shown where the measured enzymic activity is not conclusive for the judgement on the number of acting alleles, on the chosen probability level.  On the same basis a time saving screening system is proposed for the inteded search for the single-allele states of the phosphatase isozymes; some consequences for the paternity tests with the RBC phosphatase are also mentioned."
1150245,"A new G-6PD varient with enzyme deficiency is described in a 7-month-old Turkish boy without any hemolytic manifestation, except neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The main characteristics of this variant were the following: Severe enzyme deficiency in erythrocytes (8% of normal), fast starch-gel-electrophoretic mobility (110% of normal), increased Ki NADPH with respect to NADP+, slightly biphasic pH curve, enzyme instability, in vivo and in vitro, decreased molecular specific activity (58% of normal)."
1150246,"A patient with a short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and bilateral gonadoblastoma had 3 cell lines in the blood and in the skin: 46,X,dic (Y) (pter vector q 1 2 : : 1 2 vector pter) as a major cell line 46,X,del(Y) (q 1 2), and 45,X. The intensively flourescent distal part of the Yq was deleted in both the Y-dicentric and Yq--chromosome. Both parents had normal karyotypes."
1150247,"The case is presented of a girl with the banded karyotype 46,XX,del(13)(q22) and a phenotype of severe mental and growth deficiency, mongoloid slant of palpebral fissures, ptosis, hypertelorism, microcephaly, microstomia, micrognathia, nystagmus, gothic palate, uvula fissa, low-set malformed ears, short fingers, pedes excavati, dislocation of hips and diabetes insipidis.  Both parents have a normal phenotype and karyotype."
1150251,"The discriminatory power of a quantitative heterozygote test for Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) which we have been using is analyzed on the presumption that a single rare mutant allele is involved in MSUD.  Bayes theorem then predicts that only a small portion of persons from the general population with activities in the heterozygous range really are heterozygotes.  In addition, overlap of heterozygous and normal homozygous activity distributions requires rather high activities in first-cousin matings of a patient's sib in order to obviate the necessity for prenatal diagnosis.  Thus, the principle emerges that quantitative heterozygote tests for rare autosomal recessive diseases cannot fulfill the task they were designed for."
1150252,"A micromodification of the method of HGPRT and APRT assay is described, which measures the incorporation of 14C hypoxanthine and 14C adenine into cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells grown on microtiter plates.  Only about 10000 cells are needed per assay.  By this method HGPRT deficient cells can be easily distinguished from normal cells.  Investigations with respect to the effect of substrate concentrations and time of incubation have been carried out on some normal fibroblast cell lines, amniotic cell lines and 3 Lesch-Nyhan cell lines.  Another modified method is described for quantitative determination of HGPRT activity by means of radio thin-layer chromatography."
1150254,"Non-random distribution of fluorescing chromatin bodies resembling Y chromatin was observed among the cell populations of various organs obtained by autopsy of 52 adults.  This type of Y-chromatin-like fluorescence is more frequent in thyroid and brain than in other organs.  The Y-chromatin-like bodies of thyroid nuclei are not closely correlated with the brilliantly fluorescing autosomal blocks of lymphocyte mitoses of the same persons, as it was demonstrated in surgical cases."
1150258,"A girl with slight psychomotor retardation, microphthalmia, and colobomata of the left eye, a hypotrophy of the right arm and a surnumerary digit on the right hand is described. The routine chromosome analysis and a G-banding analysis revealed an elongated long arm of chromosome 10. An extra light and dark band was present proximally. Both parents had normal chromosomes. While the visual comparison of the abnormal with the normal chromosome 10, did not enable the extra bands of the normal bands q21 and q22 to be distinguished. However, measurements of length, surface area, and relative reflection of the different light and dark bands of the long arm on tracings or directly on the normal and abnormal chromosomes, enabled us to precisely locate the extra bands and to determine that the abnormal chromosome was a result of an insertional translocation. The value of such measurements is discussed."
1150259,"The diagnostic characteristics of the early infantile form of hypophosphatasia tarda are demonstrated in a case of a first child of healthy, probably consanguineous, unmarried parents. The diagnosis of the disease is based on the clinical and radiographic findings. The absence of alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum and leukocytes, and the excretion of phosphorylethanolamine in urine confirm the diagnosis. The inheritance appears to be autosomal recessive."
1150260,"Using the fluorochrome ""Hoechst 33258"", intensity of fluorescence was found to differ distinctly between the sister chromatids in the paracentric regions of chromosomes 1, 16, and 19, after one round of replication in medium containing BUdR. Thus the effect of fluorescence asymmetry is not limited to the part of the Y chromosomes that fluoresces intensely with quinacrine; it can also be determined in the weakly Q-fluorescent pericentric regions of chromosomes, which are known to be the sites where highly reiterated sequences of satellite DNA are located. However, an exception is the paracentric region of chromosome 9 which does not show the effect of lateral asymmetry. The difference of fluorescence intensity in the heterochromatic regions of the sister chromatids of human chromosome 1 is measured by densitometric tracement along the long axes of chromosomes; this is obtained from two individuals with an ""uncoiler"" heterchomatic block (type III) having a relative intensity of 1:1.93 in an average of the total measured blocks. This corresponds to the uneven distribution of thymine base of 22.8 and 43.2 in the two strands of the DNA double hexlix. A chromatid exchange rate of 9 in 100 metaphases per cell cycle was found within the uncoiler region of chromosome 1."
1150261,"A method of starch gel electrophoresis is described which enables detection of 6 isozymes of human pyruvate kinase (PK, E.C.2.7.1.40). Comparing the PK-isozyme patterns of 53 diverse human tumors with those of normal adult and fetal organ tissues, it was found that the isozyme PK I is predominant in all malignant tumors as well as in almost all fetal organs."
1150262,"Esterase D phenotypes were determined in 1082 non-related individuals from the western region of Germany by agarose-gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies were compared with previous data and all European populations studied so fare agreed with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Mean gene frequencies for Europeans are: EsD1 0.8888, EsD2 0.1112."
1150263,194 cord blood samples were studied in both a fluorimetric assay and an electrophoresis method for Gal-1-PUT. From this the expected live birth incidence was 1:37000. The New Zealand neonatal screening programme has detected 5 cases in 223326 live births--an apparent incidence of 1:44600. The Beutler testing of dried blood spots collected on filter paper cards is a satisfactory method of detecting galactosaemia in the neonate.
1150264,"This report describes the results from cultured lymphocytes studied at metaphase, anaphase, and interphase from an individual with a ring chromosome 4. A ring was present in 90.1% of metaphases. Special attention was directed towards the occurrence of derivative chromosomal structures, such as partially duplicated and triplicated rings, tricentric rings, chains of 3 interlocked rings, rod-shaped chromosomes, ""pulverized"" rings, and others. The clinical features of the individual (small stature and impaired mental development, hypoplastic thumbs, ptosis palpebrae hypoplastic external male genitalia, abnormal dermatoglphic pattern) did not conform to a specific phenotype."
1150267,"Haptoglobin phenotypes were studied by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 200 blood donors and 105 patients with liver cirrhosis, of which 79% belonged to non-alcoholic etiology. Though no difference of haptoglobin types could be found between blood donors with positive and negative hepatitis B antigen, the cirrhois patients had an excess haptoglobin gene 1. The patients with haptoglobin gene 1 were associated with severe liver dysfunction. Since the family pedigrees of the patients with type 1--1 excluded individuals with type 2--2, the phenotypes seemed to be stable in the cirrhotic process. The possibility that the haptoglobin 2 gene offered resistence to the non-alcoholic cirrhosis was discussed."
1150268,"Serum levels of the four main immunoglobulins, IgA, IgM, IgG and IgD were estimated in a sample of 54 subjects with tuberous sclerosis and the data compared with similar findings in a sample of 100 mentally retarded subjects chosen at random. Normal levels of IgA and IgD were found in the T.S. group, but elevated levels of IgM significant at P equals 0.001 was found in 49 of the 54 cases. A reduction in IgG levels (significant at P equals 0.001) was a much less constant feature being found in 29 of the 54 subjects. The significance of these results in the light of the observation that one of the principal causes of death in T.S. is from recurrent infection is discussed."
1150269,"One and sometimes both X chromosomes in cultured lyphocytes of women donors showed division of the centromere when the centromeres of other chromosomes were entire. This premature centromere division (PCD) was associated with evidence of non-disjunction of the X chromosome. On average, 2% of metaphases from 32 women donors showed PCD, but the incidence was 4 times greater in women over 59 years of age than in women under 40 years. Increased X chromosome aneuploidy was associated with the higher frequency of PCD in cultured lymphocytes from older women. PCD of the X chromosome is considered to be the mechanism of non-disjunction causing the previously described aneuploidy in cultured lymphocytes of aging women."
1150271,"A new variant of G-6-PD with severe enzyme dificiency without chronic hemolysis is characterized. The biochemical properties of the variant closely resemble those of the G-6-PD Ramat-Gan described in a case of chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. As the family data on linking of chronic hemolysis with Ramat-Gan variant are lacking, the differentiation of the variants on the basis of clinical manifestations is not well-founded."
1150274,"A male infant is described with unusual facial appearance, clubfeet, and moderate hydrocephalus internus without obvious deficiency in mental and physical development. Cytogenetic studies revealed a karyotype of 45,XY,--C,--D,+t(C;D). A chromosome 11 and a 13 are involved in the formation of the translocation chromosome. The long arm of chromosome 13 is linearly attached to the end of the long arm of chromosome 11 (tandem translocation). Chromosome material of the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 11, as well as the short arm plus the centromere of chromosome 13 seem to have been lost."
1150275,"In a 4 1/3-year old girl we found the karyotype 45, XX, del13(pter yields q12). The father showed a balanced translocation 3/13 (karyotype: 46,XY,t(3;13) (p27;q12). Psychological investigation of the patient revealed almost normal intelligence (DQ91). Clinical symptoms were: low birth weight, growth retardation, dolichocephalus, microgenia, antimongoloid slant of the eyes, edema on hands and feet, strabismus convergens, clubfoot (left), slight decrease in IgA and IgM."
1150276,In the Chinese hamster bone marrow chromosomal aberrations were induced after whole body irradiation with Co-60 gamma rays in vivo. Aberrant mitoses give rise to lagging chromatin that forms micronuclei. Eventually the micronuclei are slowed down in their cell cycles in comparison to the main nuclei. The mitotic chromatin of the main nuclei induces premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in the micronuclei that are still in the interphase state of their cell cycles.
1150277,"Gm allotype markers were determined in sera from 71 melanoma patients and 400 control persons. There was no significant difference between both groups in Gm distribution. The results were compared to a recent report. Furthermore, in 25 malanoma patients the capacity of serum to interfere with cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of autologous lymphocytes was determined and related to the Gm allotype."
1150278,"It is suggested that the somatic recombination observed in Bloom's syndrome and cells treated with mitomycin C may be the result of selection for recombination events that can occur only between homologous segments of DNA, rather than a result of somatic pairing in the nucleus."
1150280,"A factor has been isolated from serum of homozygotes and obligate heterozgotes for cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing and disc electrophoresis as analytical methods. The factor is focused within an IgG-fraction with an isoelectric point of pH 8 to 9 but differs from IgG in its lower molecular weight. It is thus similar to, if not identical with, the ciliary dyskinesia factor."
1150286,Human diploid fibroblasts cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DME) were exposed to different concentrations of 15 antibiotics to determine the limiting toxic concentration. The number of cells surviving after antibiotic treatment was given as the index of toxicity. No visible chromosomal damage could be detected when half the maximal toxic concentration was applied. The maximum limiting concentration was found to be the same for both the preconfluent and postconfluent phases.
1150287,"A fetus with a 46,XX,r(17) karyotype identified initially by amniocentesis and confirmed by banding studies is described. No significant phenotypic abnormalities were identified despite isolation of the ring chromosome from multiple fetal tissues. This paucity of abnormal features of gross development is consistent with findings in 3 previously reported patients with ring 17 chromosomes."
1150288,"A search has been conducted in Canada on 222,000 blood samples, for haemoglobin variants detectable electrophoretically. A pattern of Hbs A h was found in 41, and of these, 23 have been identified as J Baltimore (in 18), J Toronto (in 1), J. Broussais (in 3) and St. Claude (in 1). 12 instances of J Baltimore and one of J Toronto came from English Canadians, while the remainder came from French Canadians. Of those not identified, five were considered to be J-alpha and 13 J-beta variants. The known distribution and incidence of J Baltimore, and of the Hbs J that have been found in the indigenous populations of the United Kingdom and of France, are reviewed."
1150291,"GPT phenotype determinations were performed in 4,148 unrelated Norwegians. The frequencies of the two common alleles were Gpt1 = 0.537 and Gpt2 = 0.461. A total of 13 individuals showed the phenotypic expression of 3 rare GPT alleles, Gpt3, Gpt6, and Gpt7. No heterogeneity in phenotype distribution was found, neither in the two sexes nor regionally in Norway. 97 foreigners involved in paternity cases in Norway showed a phenotype distribution not differing from that of Norwegians. In two small additional samples of Ethiopians and Easter Islanders, Gpt1 frequencies were 0.737 and 0.531, respectively. There were significant differences in phenotype distribution between NOrwegians and all African populations tested, some of the Asiatic population, Lapps and a few other populations."
1150292,"A girl, aged 16 months, with idiopathic hypercalcemia (failure to thrive, characteristic face, supravalvular aortic stenosis) was observed. Her serum calcium level was between 14 and 20 mg/100 ml. Both her father and brother were mentally retarded and had calcium deposits in their corneae. Their serum calcium values were 11.9 and 13.0 mg/100 ml, respectively, with increased urinary output of calcium. The family history is suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease."
1150293,"Direct karyotyping of tumour cells from three familial and two sporadic cases of retinoblastoma revealed the existence of a Dq- marker chromosome. The hypothesis is launched that a specific region on the long arm of one of the D chromosomes is the site of a locus which is essential for the sustained differentiation of specialized retinal tissue and may be the site of other loci essential for the maturation of other embryonic tissues. Fragility of this region and its potentiality for breakage under the influence of various environmental insults could be the basic cytological event leading to the development of sporadic retinoblastoma. Mutants at these loci, including those of sustained differentiation, could be a less common operational event whereby some variants could enhance the fragility of their respective chromosomal region and thereby explain the genetic transmission of retinoblastoma in certain families. It is common for the critical functional disruption of the locus to precede the deletion which may then be considered the terminal event in the fragile region."
1150294,"Blood specimens were obtained from 281 inhabitants of an Eti-Turk village with a population of about 500. Starch gel (pH 8.6) and agar gel (pH 6.45) electrophoresis were performed in 279 of the specimens. Hb S was present in 105 partially interrelated persons (37.36%), three of whom had sickle-cell anaemia. Hb E was detected in 5 persons (1.79%), one of whom was a double heterozygote for Hb S and Hb E. One Hb S+alpha-thalassaemia and 7 Hb S with elevated Hb A'2 combinations were found. The beta-thalassaemia gene prevalence was 0.0377. Hb A2 was found in 4 persons (1.42%), and Hb F was slightly increased in 37 (22.3%) persons with a normal haemoglobin picture. Erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency was 10% among males."
1150295,"An 11-year-old Jewish girl of Turkish extraction with abetalipoproteinaemia was found to be homozygous for haemoglobin Szuhu (beta80 Asn leads to Lys). Except for the abnormal haemoglobin, no other haematological or biochemical abnormalities were found in her consanguineous parents and one sister. In the propositus, erythrocyte morphology showed the acanthocytosis known to be in association with abetalipoproteinaemia. Increased autohaemolysis was also found, which reverted to normal after treatment with vitamin E. This case represents the first reported association of abetalipoproteinaemia with an abnormal haemoglobin, and the first homozygous Hb G-Szuhu."
1150297,"Principles of information theory are imposed on immunogenetic information processing, whereby the 'information amount', simplicity, 'redundancy' and 'predicatability' of different encodings, models, theories or mappings can be objectively compared. As an example, the experimental observables emanating from the Rh system at its 10 reagent-8 haplotype level is shown to obtain an information amount of 140,120 and 78 bits when interpreted (encoded according to a simple-complex, complex-simple and complex-complex theory, model or program, respectively. The 'predictive' or 'accomodating' power of the simple-complex and complex-simple theories is shown to be 134, respectively 366 bits for a given set of experimental observables emanating from a S3 universe."
1150298,"The effect on sibship size distribution of the birth of a child with a genetical defect is considered for several different conditions. Family size continues to be over-dispersed in such cases, rather than showing any sign of reduced variation, though theoretical expectations about the correlation between numbers of normal and affected children are not well-supported by the data."
1150299,"Serum samples from 226 Gypsies were tested for Gm(1,2,4,5,8,10,11,14,17,21,23,25) and for Inv(1,2). The Gm phenotypes found are very numerous and the more frequent among this population are: Gm(4,5, 8,10,11,14,17,23,25) and Gm(1,2,4,5,8,10,11,14,17,21,23,25). All the phenotypes except three can be explained by nine haplotypes: Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,23,25, Gm1,4,5,8,10,11,14,23,25, Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,25, Gm1,17,21, Gm1,10,11,17,25, Gm1,2,17,21, Gm1,8,17,21, Gm1,8,17,21,23 and Gm1,5,10,11,14,17. The haplotypes Gm1,17,21, Gm1,2,17,21, Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,25 (with or without Gm[  3]) are all three common among Caucasoids, Gm1,4,5,10,11,14,23,25 (common among Mongoloids) and Gm1,5,10,11,14,17 (common to Negroids). For the Inv system, this population possesses a very low frequency of Inv(1) and Inv(2)."
1150300,562 healthy blood donors and 65 families with 149 offspring were types for esterase D (EsD). The observed allele frequencies are in good agreement with those determined in other Caucasian populations. The rare variant EsD3 was found in a blood donor who transmitted it to his daughter. The observed segregation ratios in our family material showed no deviation from expectation.
1150301,"THE Hl1f, Hp1s and Hp2 gene frequencies were studied in two French population samples: one from the Toulouse area and one from a Basque district. The hp alpha1F and alpha1S polypeptide chains were determined by a simple technique. The observations were in accordance with previous findings in Caucasoid populations. The frequency of the Hp1S gene was slightly higher in the Basque sample than in the group from Toulouse."
1150302,"The overall proportion of low birth weight infants is found to be relatively higher in the Indian population. Data collected from two hospitals in Calcutta, India indicate that although the proportion of infants weighing less than 2,001 g is approximately 10%, the dependence of this proportion on maternal age and parity is similar to the studies conducted elsewhere, suggesting a definite biological significance of the phenomenon. The proportion of low birth weight infants is found to be the greatest for the first and late pregnancies, the minimum being at the third birth rank. Young mothers showed a tendency to have an increasing proportion of low birth weight infants with increasing birth order; whereas for older mothers a general U-shaped dependence of the proportion on parity is suggest from the analysis."
1150303,"In a survey of blood genetic markers in the Niokolonko of Eastern Senegal, three types of G6PD variants were discovered: (1) fast variants, common Negro G6PD A +; the frequency of the Gd A + gene was 0.183; (2) deficient G6PD A--, occurring with a fairly low frequency: 0.079, and (3) some individuals were carriers of a slow moving electrophoretic variant with normal activity. After purification, the analysis of kinetic parameters showed that this enzyme was closely similar to G6PD Tacoma. We proposed to label it 'G6PD Tacoma-like'. The incidence of this mutation in the whole group studied was 0.020. G6PD Tacoma-like may be common in some African tribes."
1150304,"Data from 302 individuals belonging to three populations of French Guiana Indians are reported. All the phenotypes except two can be explained by three haplotypes: Gm1,21, Gm1,2,21 and Gm1,10,11,25. The gene frequencies found in the present study are generally in accordance with those previously described among other South American Indians. For the Inv1,2 gene a high value has been found for the Wayanas and the Oyampis, but a difference appears for the Emerillons who possess a low frequency."
1150306,"A graph theoretic definition of pedigrees is given and a distinction drawn between simple and complex pedigrees. Algorithms are presented to calculate the likeihood of any kind of pedigree, assuming only segregation at a finite set of loci, nonassortative mating and no environmental correlations; multiple births and consanguineous marriages are explicity allowed for. The formulation given can lead to more powerful genetic counselling, segregation analysis and linkage analysis."
1150309,"This work concerns the involvement of brown adipose tissue in the immune system ofthe rat.  Wistar rats were thymectomized, adipectomized (surgical extirpation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue), thymectomized and adipectomized, and sham-operatedat birth, only 8-week-old females being employed in the experiment.  The production of antibody to bovine werum albumin (BSA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), delayed skin reactions to BSA, rejection of thyroid allograft implanted under the kidney capsule, and development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis were investigated.  Neonatal adipectomy did not affect the production of anti-BSA and anti-SRBC antibodies.  On the other hand, delayed skin reactions to BSA, rejection of thyroid allograft, and incidence and severity of allergic encephalomyelitis were much more pronounced in adipectomized animals.  It has been postulated that the immune function of brown adipose tissue is an expression of the secretory activity of the tissue.  Since the immunosuppressive effect of neonatal thymectomy on demyelinating disease was neutralized by neonatal adipectomy, and vice versa, and since thymectomy rendered ineffective the immunopotentiating influence of adipectomy on this disease, as demonstrated in thymo-adipectomized rats, it was concluded that the brown adipose tissue is a naturalantagonist of the thymus in cell-mediated immunity.  This paper also describes the extra thymuses which were situated in the vicinity of the thyroid and parathyroid lobes of23.2 per cent of rats."
1150311,In irradiated mice the capacity to reject allogenic tumours can be reconstituted with syngeneic lymphoid cells if the transferred cells are primed with the allogenicantigen.  Living semi-allogeneic cells proved to be 30-100-times more acitve as priming antigen than cell membrane fractions.  The tumour-suppressive activity of primed lymphoid cells increased in the following order: bone marrow less than Peyer's patches less than thymus less than spleen less than lymph node cells.  Even bone marrowcells showed a considerable suppressing activity after priming with live antigen.  It was a great advantage that 2 times 10-6 semi-allogeneic bone marrow cells could be used both for the restoration of the haemopoietic system after irradiation and for stimulation of the transferred parental lymphocytes.  Priming with large numbers of semi-allogeneic spleen cells abolished the tumour-suppressive activity of the transferred lymphoid cells.  This tolerogenic effect disappeared when the priming cells were pretreated with mitomycin.  Tolerance could be induced when the cell donors were treated with cyclophosphamide in combination with the living cells.  Cell membranes were not effective.
1150312,"Whole body elimination studies of human serum IgG have showm that C57Bl miceare tolerant to this protein at low concentrations.  The present study demonstrates that tolerance to this protein may be broken by presensitization of the mouse with the pepsin-derived fragments of human IgG (F(ab)2 and pFc), in marked contrast to the papain-derived fragments (Fab and Fc).  Sensitization with F(ab)2 fragments induced a distinctive elimination pattern of the intact protein which was analogousto that observed in non-sensitized mice injected with serum IgG isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Since, by circular dichroism studies, we have previouslyimplicated a structural anomaly at or near the hinge region of the 'rheumatoid' IgGmolecule, our observations are discussed in relationship to a possible immune aetiologyfor rheumatoid arthritis."
1150307,"Patulin exhibits both cytotoxic and cytopathic effects on cultured Chang liver cells. The LD50 found was 1.85 mug per ml of patulin. Effects on growth were observed with as little as 0.1 mug per ml of patulin; a 50% reduction in growth was observed at 0.38 mug per ml of patulin. Using a challenge dose of 2.5 mug per ml of patulin, the cytotoxic effect was reversible after an exposure of 10 min, but was not reversible after 20 min. Protein synthesis was depressed after 60 min and RNA synthesis after 20 min of contact with patulin. Neither protein nor RNA synthesis was completely inhibited after 260 min."
1150324,"Scorbutic guinea pig neutrophils (PMN) were found to produce H2O2 and kill Staphylococcus aureus as well as control PMN, suggesting that ascorbate does not contribute significantly to phagocyte H2O2 production or bacterial killing. Total and reduced ascorbate contents of human PMN was observed to fall upon phagocytosis, whereas dehydroascorbate increased to a lesser extent. These observations are consistent with the view that ascorbate constitutes a functional part of the PMN's redox-active components and may thus function to protect cell constituents from denaturation by the oxidants produced during phagocytosis."
1150325,"Coxiella burneti phase I, purified from a formalin-inactivated yolk-sac vaccine, was separated into two bands of morphologically distinct cell types when subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation. Recycling of the less dense, rod-shaped cells in unbuffered sucrose gradients (pH 5.5 to 6.0) resulted in the formation of bands having the location and appearance of the original two bands. Recycling of the denser band of larger ovoid-shaped cells yielded a single band, suggesting that the larger cell type arose from the smaller cell. In contrast to vaccine-derived rickettsiae, live, cell culture-propagated phase I organisms formed a single band in unbuffered sucrose gradients, at the same density as the upper band of the vaccine preparation. Centrifugation of cell culture-derived rickettsiae for 26 to 48 h in sucrose gradients of pH 5.5 resulted in the formation of a second band, at the same density as the lower band of the vaccine preparation. This did not occur in gradients of pH 7.0. Treatment of cell culture-propagated rickettsiae with formalin or germicidal ultraviolet radiation induced a total shift of the less dense cell population to a zone of higher density when centrifuged isopycnically in CsC1 gradients. This density change did not occur in sucrose gradients, suggesting a difference in the effect of these treatments on the permeability of the cell membrane to sucrose and CsC1."
1150330,"The experiments reported here indicate that, when exposed to insulin, viable lymphocytes rapidly released into the incubation medium a factor capable of increasing the dextran-induced anaphylactoid reaction, but having no effect  on the inflammatory response evoked by 5-HT. This pro-inflammatory factor was shown to be elaborated by cell suspensions derived from lymph nodes of rats, rabbits, pigs or calves as well as from human tonsils. Thymus cells showed no such activity. The pro-inflammatory factor was termed as anaphylactoid-inflammation-promoting factor (AIPF). Its production depended upon the dose of insulin, and the time of exposure. AIPF was found to have an elution pattern in Sephadex G-100 gels similar to that of BSA (67,000 daltons). The activity was abolished by heat or incubation with DNase or a-chymotrypsin, but was not influenced by RNase. AIPF by itself did not induce increased vascular permeability, and proved to be distinct from the permeability factors present in the lysate of lymph node cells."
1150331,"The immediate-type airway response in anesthetized dogs and rhesus monkeys to two antigens (ascaris and keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and pharmacologic agents (histamine, methacholine and prostaglandin F2alpha) were studied. The pulmonary function abnormalities demonstrated by changes in breathing frequency, peak expiratory flow rate, pulmonary resistance, expiratory-inspiratory time ratio, tidal volume, and dynamic compliance were compared with simultaneous determinations of arterial pO2, muscle pO2 or both, using indwelling electrodes. The results demonstrate that the O2 determinations provide an additional parameter of study of these experimental models of asthma, and that it may be one of the more sensitive indicators of an induced airway response of the immediate-type. The hypoxia parallels the degree of severity of the respiratory response and demonstrates a further similarity of this model to human asthma."
1150332,"This paper presents an approach to adjustment to the loss of job at retirement which attempts to integrate earlier approaches by focusing on the impact of retirement on the individual's hierarchy of personal goals. If the job is high in that hierarchy and yet unachieved, then the individual can be expected to seek another job or job substitute. If this is unsuccessful, then the hierarchy of personal goals must be reorganized. If the individual is broadly engaged, the hierarchy can be consolidated. If he or she is narrowly engaged, then alternate roles must be sought. If the search is successful, a new hierarchy emerges. If not, the individual must withdraw. If the job is not high in the hierarchy to begin with, then no serious change in personal goals accompanies retirement."
1150333,"The routine, everyday life of single elders differs from that of other old people. On the basis of interview date both about themselves and some aspects of the quality of their everyday lives, it is proposed that single elders constitute a distinct type of social personality in old age. Interviews provide subjective and methodological evidence to support this. The ""normal"", taken-for-granted social world of single elders is: relatively isolated; but not perceived in terms of loneliness, at present or anticipated; and considered an ordinary extension of their past. Death is conceived as ""just another"" event of their ongoing experiences."
1150334,"Perception of the common cold and other discomforts was studied as a function fo age among 456 normals ranging in age from 18 to 82. Respondents completed a questionnaire which deal with the frequency and duration of their colds, their symptoms and treatments-and, finally, with the perceived severity of various discomforts. Though older Rs were found to suffer more than younger with body aches, the former had less difficulty with a variety of other physical and psychological symptoms-and also contracted relatively few colds. Older Rs treated their colds less often with Contac and Dristan, but more often by staying home and/or calling their doctor. As compared with younger Rs, older respondents perceived intestinal flu to be relatively less serious-but earache, sprained toe, indigestion, having a tooth filled, stiff neck, and hangover to be relatively more serious."
1150335,"Senior Citizens from three high rise apartment buildings were studied to find if the elderly present special needs. The investigation consisted of a number of shopping trips by chartered bus to a supermarket. A tally was kept recording responses to a greeting on a cue day and responses on a non-cue day when no greeting was given. Four null hypotheses were tested resulting in evidence that the elderly respond more often when a verbal stimulus is present, than when not. It was found that the elderly do present unique needs and society must communicate more with them and with those who are dealing with the elderly on a regular basis."
1150336,"This report describes the pooling of 5 longitudinal studies conducted during the last 20 years in West Germany. The pooling provides the following improvements: By increasing the number of participants the reliability and precision of the results are improved. The sample becomes representative of the whole area of the FRG. Both cohort and age comparisons are improved by extending their ranges. The time-of-testing range is increased from 5 to 17 years. Since the significance of this factor has been recognized often but since few empirical explorations have been made in the past, the extension of the time-of-testing range represents the most important contribution of the present work. The pooling of different studies is possible only if they share a common set of methods. This requirement is met under the present conditions. Moreover, each study adds unique methods to the pool, thus, supplementing the common explorations in a constructive manner."
1150337,"This paper describes and assess the functions which a Professional Task Force Committee has performed as an advisory body to the State Unit on Aging in Massachusetts, the Executive Office of Elder Affairs, and how this committee has aided in its development in the past 2 years. As such it illustrates the kind of contributions which professionals in gerontology can make in policy-making for the elderly. This experience in Massachusetts has demonstrated that a body of professionals linked together through an appropriate structure, can shape and effect policies that a State Unit on Aging eventually promulgates. The expert can and should make his expertise available in policy anlysis, policy development, and in policy implementation. But, at the same time, the expert must recognize that, like everybody else, he needs a corrective; otherwise expert power will be guiding too much the direction of a State Unit on Aging  (or any other government department) and this may not always be in the interest of those who are going to receive services and to be the beneficiaries of social programs."
1150338,"Successful retirement in old age depends on the existence of a set of social arrangements in which a person has accumulated a considerable longtime social standing that justifies his claims for support from the community. In a small, rural Appalachian settlement, the pattern of retirement to the porch illustrates how claims by old men for social attention and care are anchored in the interests of others and are vested with significance for the entire community. While the use of the porch to facilitate the assertion of such claims on others may be more evident in small settlements, it is suggested that comparable strategies to afford successful retirement can occur in urbanized areas. These may be more difficult to develop and maintain, since collective sanctions to enforce the performances of relevant juniors are weakened or are transferred to formal facilities that render common services, not personal recognition, to old people."
1150341,"Responses to light flashes recorded from several scalp electrodes of a normal subject at rest and during alternate compression of the carotid arteries in the neck are analysed. The diffences found in response characteristics between the subject at rest and during carotid compression may serve as indicators of localised areas of cerebral ischemia. The results indicate a strong evidence that information about localised areas of cerebral ischemia is contained in the cepstra of the averaged visual evoked responses. The probability with which such areas can be localised using cepstral values as samples and linear multiple regression techniques for classification purposes has been estimated for our procedure and our sample size as being: Pa equals 79 plus or minus 17 per cent for left-right localisation, and Pb equals 61 plus or minus 16 per cent for left-none-right localisation."
1150343,"Lymphocytes from disease-free women and women with primary breast carcinoma were comparable vis-a-vis their capacity to inactivate breast tumor cells in vitro. Sera from comparable numbers of women in each of these two groups either blocked, potentiated or left unaffected the anti-tumor-cell cytotoxicity of their lymphoctes. As such, the results cast doubt on the validity of the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between the presence of humoral blocking factors and in vivo tumor progression."
1150344,"Agglutination by two lectins, Concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), has been investigated in a human lymphoid cell system. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) no systematic correlation exists between the neoplastic state and sensitivity to Con A or RCA; (2) cells of neoplastic lines vary unsystematically in their surface properties as evaluated by Con A agglutination, with the possible exception that presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a high degree of agglutination and (3) cells of diploid lymphoblastoid lines and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphoctes agglutinate similarly and significantly better than unstimulated T- or B-lymphocytes. The relatively simple Con A agglutination assay can be used as an adjunct in classification of human lymphoid cell lines."
1150345,"Two rat sarcomas (CC5 and P7) which grow progressively on transplantation into normal syngeneic hosts failed to develop when injected in admixture with the Glaxo strain of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Under comparable conditions, the local development of a third neoplasm (P8) was temporarily inhibited and the number of pulmonary metastases significantly reduced. Experiments were undertaken to determine the extent to which the anti-tumor action of BCG required an immunocompetent host. Rats were immunosuppressed by sub-lethal whole-body irradiation (450 R), with or without prior thymectomy and challenged with inocula of mixed BCG and tumour cells when their capacity to respond to bacterial, tumour and unrelated antigens was maximally depressed. In non-sensitized immunosuppressed rats, the ability of BCG to limit tumour outgrowth was abrogated only in the case of sarcoma CC5. For this neoplasm, immunogenic in syngeneic hosts by conventional criteria, there was a statistically significant difference in the number of tumours in immunosuppressed rats (51%) compared with non-sensitized immunocompetent controls (6%). Presensitization to either bacterial or tumour antigens, prior to thymectomy and/or irradiation, fully restored the tumour-inhibitory capacity of BCG. By contrast, sarcoma P7 was not significantly less susceptible to BCG-induced regression in non-sensitized immunosuppressed rats than in nonsensitized normal rats; and sarcoma P8 similarly failed to reveal any significant differences in susceptibility to BCG affecting primary or secondary tumour development. It is concluded that tumours may vary widely in their sensitivity to host reactions aroused by BCG. Certain neoplasms, exemplified by sarcoma CC5, require participation of an immune reaction of delayed hypersensitivity type for optimal destruction at BCG sites, while for others (e.g. sarcoma P7) an immunoreactive component of this type is not essential. By contrast, a third category of tumour (e.g. sarcoma P8) is relatively resistant to host reactions induced by the mycobacteria. An important component of BCG-mediated tumour inhibition is not dependent on an immunologically intact host."
1150346,"A variety of murine connective and epithelial tissue tumors, including the SAD/2 and FS9 fibrosarcomas, the TA3/Ha and CAD/2 mammary carcinomas and a primary methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, were found to contain a high proportion of cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (""Fc receptors""). Experiments were undertaken to assess whether these cells were neoplastic, or whether they represented the infiltration into the tumor of non-malignant host cells such as macrophages or lymphocytes. It was found that long-term established in vitro cell lines of the TA3/Ha SAD/2 and CAD/2 tumors were entirely negative for the Fc receptor, whereas injection of these cells led to the formation of tumors containing a high proportion of Fc receptor-bearing cells. Many of these cells were actively phagocytic as assessed by ingestion of iron filings or antibody-coated erythrocytes. Injection of Fc receptor-negative cultured tumor cells into F1 hybrids, in which host cells could be distinguished from the tumor cells by anti-H2 sera, revealed that many or all of the Fc receptor-bearing cells in the resultant tumor were of host origin. In contrast to its effect on normal spleen cells, anti-theta serum treatment also partially inhibited Fc rosettes, suggesting a T-lymphocyte origin for some of the Fc receptor-bearing cells. Since almost all cells with potential anti-tumor activity bear Fc receptors, it is suggested that an index of host cell infiltration of carcinomas and sarcomas can quickly and easily be ascertained by enumeration of Fc receptor-bearing cells."
1150347,"Spleens of normal young mice of certain genotypes contain lymphocytes that can kill strain A-derived YAC-1 and some other in vitro-grown Moloney lymphoma lines in a 51Cr-release cytotoxic test. We have previously shown that mouse strains can be classified as high or low reactors in this test. F(1) hybrids between low- and high-reactive strains are high-reactive. In the present study, strain-A mice and eight different A F(1) hybrids were tested in parallel for their spleen-cell-mediated killing effect in vitro and their ability to reject graded numbers of YAC ascites or in vitro cultivated cells in vivo. There was a clear correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo rejection in all tested genotypes. In segregating (A times C57Bl) times A backcross mice, in vivo rejection of YAC cells was H-2 linked. This is in line with the earlier backcross analysis of the in vitro cytotoxicity, suggesting a polygenic control with at least one H-2 linked factor."
1150348,"A series of 972 childhood malignancies was compared with a control series of healthy children matched for date and place of birth. Several variables were tested for possible aetiological significance. The information was obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and from the antenatal records of the mothers. No significant associations were found between the various types of malignancies and the variables studied. In the group consisting of all malignancies, a risk ratio of 2.0 could be significantly excluded for most variables. In the leukaemia group, both pelvic X-ray and polio vaccination were associated with slightly elevated risk ratios, but the differences between this group and the match controls were not statistically significant. BCG vaccination was performed during the perinatal period in 90% of the children, but the proportion was the same in the study and control groups, and hence the hypothesis that this vaccination confers protection was not supported. The information is considered prospective and relatively reliable, and the authors suggest that these data may be useful when more extensive series are compiled from various sources."
1150349,"In most developed countries, including Denmark, cancer of the lung is the most frequent malignant disease among men, whereas the problem is less among women. Examination of Danish mortality data for the period 1931 to 1972 reveals a 5-fold increase in female rates as opposed to a 16-fold increase in male rates. Since about 1960 female rates have, however, increased faster than male rates with a consequent decline in the male-famale ratio. It is demonstrated that more recent female birth-cohorts have higher mortality rates than the older ones. The increasing mortality from lung cancer among more recent female cohorts is shown to parallel increasing proportions of smokers in these cohorts. Further data are presented to indicate that not only is smoking more widespread among young than among old women, but the proportion of cigarette smokers among all smokers falls from 98% in the youngest to 33% in the oldest agegroup. No causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer can be claimed from the evidence presented. The present findings are, however, what would be expected if cigarette-smoking were an aetiological factor in female lung cancer."
1150350,"The present experiments were performed to investigate the possibility of inhibiting tumor growth in vivo with syngeneic lymphocytes sensitized in vitro on monolayers of the tumor under test, and to study the effect of a thymic humoral factor (THF) in this sensitization process. Monolayers of fibrosarcoma cells were used to sensitize spleen cells from syngeneic donors against the tumor. Such sensitized lymphocytes manifested cytotoxic activity against cells fo the fibrosarcoma in a microassay measuring tumor-cell detachment. However, when the sensitized lymphocytes were mixed with the fibrosarcoma cells and injected into syngeneic mice, enhanced tumor growth was observed in vivo. Addition of thymic humoral factor to the cultures during sensitization resulted in increased cytotoxic activity by the lymphocytes in vitro and a reduction in the tumor enhancement caused by these cells when injected in vivo. Enhanced tumor growth occured when activated lymphocytes of allogeneic as well as syngeneic origin were injected together with the fibrosarcoma cells. Enhancement, which was already apparent when the spleen cells had been sensitized for 24 h, could be circumvented by separate administration of lymphocytes and tumor cells. Syngeneic lymphocytes injected systemically after sensitization for 5 days exerted anti-tumor reactivity against the fibrosarcoma grafted in the foot-pad of syngeneic mice. Tumor growth was further inhibited by systemic injection of lymphocytes which had been sensitized in the presence of the thymic humoral factor."
1150351,"Wheat germ agglutinin and Concanavalin A were found to agglutinate a variety of normal hamster cells as well as a number of lines of transformed or tumor cells. The normal cells included preparations from embryos and neonatal organs, and the spontaneous line, BHK-21 C13. In order to explore more fully the situation in regard to the BHK cells, three sublines were isolated and studied. A ""flat revertant"" selected by FUdR treatment grew to diminished saturation density and failed to produce colonies in soft agar in contrast to the parent line, which did. Yet, it was only minimally less tumorigenic and less agglutinable than the parent line. Lines derived from one and four consecutive in vivo tumor passages showed increased tumorigenicity and growth in soft agar when compared to the parent line. Although the first passage line showed increased saturation density, the saturation density of the fourth passage line was similar to or less than that of the parent cells. Agglutinability of these lines was not significantly increased. These results indicate that, in contrast to widely accepted beliefs, tumorigenicity may correlate poorly with growth characteristics and agglutination by plant lectins."
1150352,"Previous reports have demonstrated an association between the HL-A system and risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma among the Chinese in Singapore. The present paper describes an investigation of HL-A profiles among NPC cases and non-NPC controls from Tunisia, to determine whether a similar association occurs in a different ethnic group. A total of 109 NPC cases and 84 controls were typed. At the second HL-A locus the results were similar to those found in Singapore, but the effect was less marked and did not reach high statistical significance. At the first HL-A locus, no association between A2 and NPC was found, in contrast to the Singapore results."
1150353,"MC57M and G are the tissue-culture derivatives of two methylcholanthrene-induced murine C57Bl sarcomas. Their sensitivity to immune cytoxic3, cytostatic or cytolytic spleen cells and sera was compared in parallel in vitro assays. The level of cross-reactivity displayed by the two lines was found to depend on the nature of the immune effector rather than on the assay which was used. It was high with immune spleen lymphocytes, alone or in the presence of decomplemented antisera, and low with antisera in the presence of rabbit complement. MC57G cells were more sensitive than MC57M cells to both effectors. Both cell lines were insensitive to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Preliminary evidence is presented, suggesting a probable involvement of embryonic and Moloney leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigens in the vitro sensitization of the two tumor lines to immune sera."
1150354,"The feasibility of detection of carcinogenic chemicals using DNA repair synthesis of cultured human fibroblasts as measured by an unscheduled 3HTdR incorporation has been explored. Of 64 chemicals tested, 29 were proximate or ultimate carcinogens, 15 were precarcinogens that required metabolic activation, 16 were non-oncogenic compounds and 4 were of unknown carcinogenicity. All directly acting carcinogens triggered a DNA repair synthesis, whereas no unscheduled 3HTdR incorporation was observed following the application of the 16 non-oncogenic compounds. As a rule, the precarcinogens (without metabolic activation) do not elicit DNA repair synthesis. However, longer exposures and higher concentrations of the precarcinogens 2-AAF, aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin gave unscheduled 3HTdR uptake. The results suggest the suitability of using repair synthesis as endpoint, and cultured human cells as subjects in a prescreening programme for chemical carcinogens."
1150355,"Sera from tumor-bearing mice induce specific cytotoxicity to tumor cells by non-immune lymphoid cells (antiserum-dependent cytotoxicity or ADC). When spleen cells from BALB/c mice bearing autochthonous or syngeneic sarcomas were cultured in vitro, culture supernatants were obtained which specifically sensitized sarcoma cells to injury in vitro by normal lymph-node cells (LNC). Culture supernatants of spleen cells from mice whose transplanted sarcomas had been excised also induced ADC. The ADC activity resided in the mouse immunoglobulin fraction of the culture supernatants and its synthesis did not depend on the presence of theta-positive cells. Following a brief in vivo exposure to culture supernatant with known ADC activity, LNC from non-immune mice specifically destroyed tumor cells in an in vitro assay."
1150356,"The carcinogenicity of nitrosopiperidine and five methylated derivatives was compared by feeding them to rats at equimolar concentrations in drinking water, at the rate of 20 ml per day, 5 days a week. The maximum treatment time was 50 weeks. Nitrosopiperidine, 2-methyl-, 3-methyl- and 4-methyl-nitrosopiperidine induced tumors of the nasal turbinates or upper gastrointestinal tract in almost 100% of the animals. There was a significantly longer time to death from these tumors in the group treated with 2-methylnitrosopiperidine and a number of hepatocellular carcinomas appeared in this longer lived group. Very few tumors of these sites were seen in rats treated with 2,6-dimethyl- or 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-nitrosopiperidine. It was concluded that blockage by methyl groups of one or more carbon atoms alpha to the nitroso function in nitrosopiperidine significantly reduces carcinogenic activity of the molecule."
1150358,"Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin was observed in healty rats, in rats with renal parenchyma reduced to 1/5 of normal and in rats after bilateral nephrectomy. The results obtained support the assumption that in rats gentamicin is excreted only through the kidneys. Reduction of the renal parenchyma to 1/5 of normal is associated with extention of biological half-life only to double the control value. The results support the hypothesis that in the given experimental conditions gentamicin excretion in residual nephrons increases."
1150357,"As previously shown, sera from tumor-bearing mice can induce specific antiserum-dependent lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADC) to syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. The ADC activity in such sera is now shown to be removed by adsorption of the sera to Sepharose-linked rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin or to goat anti-mouse IgG2. Immunoglobulins recovered by elution from the affinity columns mediated ADC to the specific tumor cells. In addition, the eluted immunoglobulin passively ""armed"" normal lymph-node cells in vivo so they were specifically cytotoxic when tested in vitro. Sera taken 48 h after inoculation of tumor or syngeneic tumor cells (before the appearance of palpable tumor) were also shown previously to induce lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. This cytotoxic activity was not removed by adsorption of the sera to either anti-IgG or anti-IgM-linked Sepharose. Thus both IgG and an early-appearing serum component which is apparently neither IgG nor IgM can induce specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by non-immune lymphoid cells in vitro."
1150359,"Changes of angiotensin sensitivity and renin activity were studied in 25 subjects after one week's administration of alphamethyldopa, phenobarbitone and both compounds. The increase of angiotensin sensitivity produced by alphamethyldopa is abolished by the simultaneous administration of phenobarbitone, moreover angiotensin sensitivity rather decreases. Peripheral renin activity does not change in either of the cases. Phenobarbitone per se does not affect either angiotensin sensitivity or plasma renin activity. Possible mechanisms of the phenomenon are outlined. It is also concluded that angiotensin sensitivity may change considerably without detectable alteration of plasma renin sensitivity."
1150360,"Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of noradrenaline from dopamine, was assayed in the blood plasma of 19 cases with hypertension before and during beta-receptor blockade. Propranolol was given to 15 patients and I.C.I. 66,082 (a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic properties) to 4 patients. - There was no effect by the drugs on the level of plasma DBH activity in spite of a good reduction of the blood pressure."
1150361,"The respective effects of guanethidine and reserpine on angiotensin responsiveness in man have been investigated. Oral administration of 0.5 mg guanethidine per kg for a week has been found to reduce angiotensin responsiveness considerably, while plasma renin activity remained unaffected. Daily 1 mg reserpine for a week did not influence either angiotensin responsiveness or renin activity. Comparison of the results obtained with the enhancing effect of alphamethyldopa on angiotensin responsiveness has led to the conclusion that there is no relationship between the hypotensive activity of the two drugs in question and their respective effects on angiotensin responsiveness."
1150362,"In experimental studies on dogs, the authors investigated the effect of small does of mercurascan (MSC) on metabolism of the heart muscle damaged by ischaemia. MSC is selectively accumulated and fixed in tissue damaged by ischaemia. MSC was demostrated to inhibit severe disturbances of metabolism in the ischaemic focus. It improves energy metabolism in the damaged tissue by maintaining the concentrations of nucleotides, creatinephosphate and total creatine at a higher level, thereby increasing the energy potential level of the adenylate system. Further, MSC decreases lactate concentration in tissue and reestablishes the disturbed ionic balance. By an hitherto unknown mechanism MSC regulates concentrations of potassium and sodium ions in the ischaemic focus and prevents increased hydration of tissue. Improved metabolic relations in the ischaemic tissue contribute towards normalisation of the heart action."
1150363,"A study was made of the effect of the antiepileptic carbamazepine on the water metabolism in 13 vasopressin-sensitive and 4 ADH-resistant diabetes insipidus patients. It was found that in 12 ADH-sensitive diabetes insipidus cases the drug decreased the urinary output and the free water clearance, and increased the urinary osmolarity. The diuresis did not change in ADH-resistant diabetes insipidus patients. The investigations suggest that carbamazepine exerts an ADH-like effect, and can be applied with good results in the treatment of ADH-sensitive diabetes insipidus."
1150364,"The central hypotensive action of alpha-methyl-DOPA is antagonized by tricyclic antidepressants like desipramine and imipramine. This antagonism has been demostrated in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. The drugs to be tested were infused into the left vertebral artery. The antagonism pProbably takes place in the pons-medulla region of the CNS. Probably, the alpha-adrenolytic properties of the tricyclic antidepressants bring about the blockade of central alpha-adrenergic receptors that are stimulated by alpha-methyl-noradrenaline, the biotransformation product of alpha-methyl-DOPA."
1150365,A simple nomograph is described which allows to estimate graphically the individual elimination rate constants of 43 drugs in patients with renal disease based on the endogenous creatinine clearance or the serum creatinine concentration. It is shown how modified dosage regimens are calculated from the estimated elimination rate constants.
1150367,"Administration of 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide to unilaterally nephrectomized rats for a period of two weeks significantly increased the ratio of kidney weight to total body weight. This rise is, however, accountable more by the decrease of total body weight than by weight increase of the kidney. The RNA-DNA ratio in the hyperttrophic kidney after cyclophosphamide did not differ significantly from that found in the hyperttrophic kidneys of controls. The results obtained show that in our experimental lay-out cyclophosphamide did not inhibit significantly the compensatory renal hypettrophy. After cyclophosphamide, the hypertrophic kidney produced urine with lower concentrations of endogenous creatinine, all osmotically active substances and potassium than found in controls."
1150369,"Ten patients with asymptomatic diabetes were given 40 mg furosemide, or 50 mg dihydrochlorothiazide, or 50 mg ethacrynic acid alternatively each for a week. Glucose tolerance tests were performed weekly. There was no significant change in the G.T.T. values during the test period. The result support the view that the ""diabetogenic"" effect of thiazides can not consitute a contraindication to the use of these compounds, as diuretics and the drugs under review probably do not differ significantly in this respect."
1150371,"Following the increasing use of tricyclic antidepressants, numerous side effects of these drugs are reported, e.g. ECG changes and cases of ""sudden death"". Because of the fact that haemodynamic studies in man and studies on the possible correlation between the structure of these drugs and their negative inotropic effect are lacking, we have investigated the influence on myocardial contractility of cat papillary muscle induced by impramine and dimetacrin as well as their desmethyl compounds (n = 42). Furthermore, the effects of i.v. administration of imipramine and dimetacrine on cardiovascular functions were investigated in 18 patients at cardiac catheterization. In addition, four patients were studied during ergometric exercise before and 45 min after injection of both drugs. Finally, fluorimetric determination of norepinephrine plasma concentrations were carried out in 8 patients."
1150378,"Veins from patients with postinfusion phlebitis showed three types of histopathologic changes--mild, moderate and severe. Severe change was usually associated with thrombus formation. Bacterial culture of tips of devices used in infusion yielded only 10% of positive cultures. This supports the view that postinfusion phlebitis is probably due to an irritating foreign body type reaction rather than infection."
1150380,"This study was designed to ascertain the most effective sodium solution for resuscitation after potentially fatal thermal injury. Solutions containing from 75 to 300 mEq/L of sodium were administered in various doses to mice subjected to a standarized scald. Their effectiveness was evaluated by comparison of the 24-hour mortalities, and also by the changes in body weight, urine and plasma electrolytes, etc. A wide range of solutions was effective; the optimal intake was approximately 22.5 mEq of sodium per kilogram of body weight. This was most efficiently given in a solution containing 225 mEq of sodium and 160 mEq of chloride per liter. Survival increased when the sodium to chloride ratio more closely approximated that oe plasma. Hypotonic solutions were less effective at all dosage levels."
1150387,Thirty-three patients with acute renal trauma and 9 others sent to us for a specialist's opinion were examined radiologically and scintigraphically in the years 1971-1973. Scintigraphy proved to be an important complementary examination to the radiological procedures for the estimation of the impaired functional status of the damaged kidney. In half of the cases X-ray alone did not yield an exact assessment of the extent of the damage to the kidney as did the combination with scintigraphy and under some circumstances with isotope nephrography. Sometimes the X-ray picture allowed an under- or overestimation of the renal damage. Both radiological procedures are without risk and simple to carry out. In some instances this nuclear-medical complemntary examination can more exactly answer the question whether kidney trauma is involved.
1150381,"Homotransplantation of the small intestine is subject to high mortality in the first 48 hours after operation. We analyzed various causes of death, underlining the importance of postoperative shock, then developed an experiment in dogs with the object of improving the survival. We applied various therapeutic measures in order to reduce the factors which participate in the evolution of chronic, hypovolemic and toxic shock. We attempted to: (1) reduce the consecutive alterations to ischemia of the homotransplant during the non-perfusion period; (2) reduce the deleterious effect of retained fecal matter; (3) reduce the metabolic acidosis secondary to clamping of the great vessels; (4) acknowledge, analyze and correct alterations in fluid and electrolyte balances; (5) correct the blood volume; and (6) prevent infection. With these measures we have increased the survival rate."
1150388,Despite the development of effective antimicrobial agents very little progress has been made in preventing recurrence of urinary infections and especially in pyelonephritis. Obviously then there are other factors which cause recurrence. The high incidence has caused recently many studies to be focused on this trouble. Some of the results will be briefly discussed.
1150382,A case of two simultaneous complications of anticoagulant therapy is presented: a hematoma strictly of the iliacus muscle causing femoral nerve paralysis and a retroperitoneal hematoma. The femoral nerve was trapped by the inguinal ligament to such an extent that its section was necessary to assure rapid and total nerve decompression. Evacuation and drainage of the hematoma was necessary. The favorable postoperative course encourages surgical management of this hematoma with nerve paralysis.
1150389,"Twenty patients with hypoplastic kidney (12 men and 8 women, left kidney in 13 cases, right kidney in 7 cases) were observed between 1961 and 1971. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 60 years. The anomaly predominated (65% of the patients) in the third and fourth decades of life; in this age the diagnosis of the true nature of the condition was often due to complications requiring examination. Carefully taken history and complete radiological survey are essential for the recognition. The value and characteristic features yielded by particular investigation are discussed. In 8 patients clincial diganosis was confirmed at operation. Most common complications of hypoplastic kidney included hypertension, lithiasis, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis and periodic hematuria. In 9 pateints (4 women and 5 men) renal hypoplasia was associated with other anomalies of the genitourinary tract."
1150390,"Prognostic criteria for bladder tumors are the stage and grade of the tumor in the present series of 82 patients, in which all patients received the same treatment. These criteria are related and the combined evaluation increases the prognostic accuracy for the disease. In addition, the diameter and not the number of bladder tumors on primary diagnosis is an important prognostic sign. A significant number of tumors at the first clinical evaluation were apparently understaged and undergraded and to a lesser degree overstaged and overgraded as compared with cystectomy specimen evaluations. Despite the total cystectomy, even the patients with superficial bladder lesions, a significant number died from the bladder tumor and 1/4 of the patients had metastases at post mortem examination. The 5 year overall survival with total cystectomy was 40% and for 10 years 15%. Other adjuvant forms of therapy pre- and post-operatively must be assessed."
1150391,A case of retrocaval ureter associated with carcinoma of the renal pelvis has been presented. This is the 2nd such case out of 110 cases reported in Japan. It is suggested that long term stagnation of urine is the cause for such a high incidence of malignant neoplasm involving the renal pelvis.
1150393,155 patients with a newly discovered carcinoma of the prostate were investigated for the presence of bone metastases. Straight X-ray (conventional X-ray) revealed such secondary in 38 cases and bone marrow examination in 20. Three patients with a normal X-ray picture nevertheless showed cancer cells on bone marrow examination. The authors consider bone marrow examination as a valuable complement to the routine invedtigation of the patients with carcinoma of the prostate.
1150394,"Renal haemodynamics and autoregulatory behaviour of the renal vessels have been investigated in mannitol-loaded dogs both for free-flow and for stop-flow conditions. Arterial pressure has been decreased by aortic clamping. For free-flow conditions: (i) relative constancy of RBF and GFR are well preserved in the entire autoregulatory pressure range, i.e., over 80 mm Hg arterial pressure; (ii) decreased GFR is due to enchanced intratubular pressure; (iii) autoregulation is connected with a sharp rise in afferent resistance, accompained by a passive decrease in efferent resistance. For stop-flow conditions: (i) enchancement of total vascular resistance is due to an increase in the passive resistance of the postglomerular vessels; (ii) afferent resistance drops to minimal values as casused by the relaxation of the corresponding arterioles; (iii) autoregualation is abolished: pressure-flow relations are linear over the entire arterial pressure range examined."
1150395,"The role of the split kidney function tests in the diagnosis of renal hypertension is reviewed, and a new technique is described which is designed to diminish the number of false negative results sometimes encountered in unilateral pyelonephritis and segmental renal arterial stenosis. Split kidney function tests still have an important role in diagnosis of renal hypertension, particularly when the results of other investigations are equivocal and when facilities for differential renal renin assay are not available."
1150398,"Primary immunogenic uveitis was induced in the rabbit eye with a single injection of antigen into the vitreous, and secondary booster uveitis responses were induced two months later by intravenous administration of the same antigen. The distribution of immunoglobulin classes and the specificity of the antibodies produced were assessed early and late in the primary response and early and late in the secondary response, and were compared with the analogous responses in the spleen and regional lymph nodes. At each of these stages of intraocular antibody response, IgG formation was higher and IgM formation lower than that seen in organized lymphoid tissues, while the proportion of IgA-forming cells was similar to the low levels usually found in the spleen. A significant proportion of IgA-forming cells was found in the perilimbal conjunctiva, and even greater levels in the lacrimal glands. At each stage of the response, the proportion of immunoglobulin-forming cells making antibody specific for the inciting ovalbumin antigen was surprisingly low, reaching only seven per cent during the late primary reaction and 18 per cent during the late secondary reaction."
1150399,Using the heated thermocouple principle to monitor blood flow-rate in the choroid of the anesthetized cat and Rhesus monkey revealed that elevation of ocular pressure reduces blood flow-rate in the choroidal circulation. The magnitude of this effect at varying levels of ocular pressure led to the conclusion that the vascular bed of the choroid in these experimental animals is a passive one without evidence of active regulation.
1150400,"The stability of the blood-aqueous barrier of the monkey eye was challenged by three different methods: anterior chamber paracentesis, intravitreal shigella endotoxin, and subconjunctival arachidonic acid. Systemic aspirin and indomethacin were ineffective in stabilizing the blood-aqueous barrier in all three of these systems."
1150401,"Analysis of the structural proteins in the rabbit vitreous showed that the hydroxyproline content was 3.1 per cent w/w compared to a value of 10.9 per cent w/w for equivalent samples obtained from cattle. In contrast to the discreet fibers in bovine vitreous, the rabbit constituents occur as an aggregate of fibrils with a diameter of 15 to 20 å. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition was similar to vascular basement membrane and isolated fractions contained significant amounts of palmitic and stearic acids. The data indicate that the variability of vitreous structure in different species is not only quantitative, but also qualitative. It is suggested that in the rabbit the structural proteins may be derived primarily from the atrophied hyaloid system and that little, if any, secondary vitreous formation occurs in this animal."
1150402,"A rather simple clinical approach has been used to derive formulas necessary to calculate the power of pupillary intracameral prosthetics and these have been applied in 150 eyes. In 136 eyes, the postoperative measurements were within one diopter of preoperative calculations."
1150403,"The kinetics of rabbit corneal epithelium regeneration were studied to determine if topical corticosteroid has an adverse effect on corneal epithelial wound healing, and if epidermal growth factor (EGF) can abrogate any adverse effect of topical corticosteroid. Healing of standardized 7 mm. central corneal epithelial wounds was determined by serial standardized color photography of the flourescein-stained defects and planimetry of the projected photographs. It has been found that topical application of 16 drops per day of vehicle or Decadron decreased the epithelial healing rate, as compared to saline drops four times daily. Decadron 0.1 per cent given hourly (16 drops daily) was no more detrimental to corneal epithelial healing rate than the vehicle similarly applied. EGF exhibited no capacity to alter the corneal epithelial healing rate when hourly drops of either the vehicle or Decadron 0.1 per cent were given. Under the conditions of these experiments, no adverse effect on corneal epithelial healing rate could be attributed to Decadron 0.1 per cent."
1150466,"Based on the theoretical work of Dulany and Fishbein, two major problems for understanding health behaviors were delineated: (1) the identification of those variables that determine an individual's intention to perform a health behavior; and (2) the extent to which these intentions are predictive of behavior. An analysis of factors affecting the relation between health intentions and behavior was presented and its implications for health education discussed. A social psychological model specifying two major determinants of behavioral intentions was contrasted with the Health Belief Model."
1150467,"The objectives of family planning educational programs often include information diffusion as well as attitude and behavior change within a target population. This paper suggests that working with opinion leaders might be one possible means of fulfilling these objectives. But in order to work with opinion leaders, it is necessary first to identify them. For family planning studies, the operational indicators used in past studies do not appear to be adequate. These indicators do not accurately identify persons who will take an opinion leadership behavior in the future, do not measure knowledge by the opinion leader, do not distinguish positive from negative opinion leaders, and do not take account of the bi-directional flow of information and advice both to and from the opinion leader. Drawing upon data from a family planning study in Baltimore, various examples for inadequate opinion leadership indicators are given. The paper suggests the need to revise these indicators and then outlines a simple and inexpensive program that might be used to channel the energies and activities of family planning opinion leaders towards the fulfillment of program objectives."
1150468,Three levels of computer simulation of individual and aggregate human behavior are examined and applications to health education are reviewed. General implications of this use of computers for the training and future role of public health educators are suggested.
1150469,"This exploratory study tested the feasibility and potential of values-clarification methods in patient education with 20 chronic heart patients participating in the cardiac classes of a university medical center. Strengths and limitations of the methods were identified, with greater feasibility and responsiveness demonstrated in patients between 51 and 60 years of age, those who had accepted their cardiac problem, and in home visits rather than clinical settings."
1150471,"Details of the decrease of DMT experience from 1963/64 to 1971/72 attained with the aide of the ""Caries-Preventive Program"" in 16 communities were investigated. The number of extracted molars decreased sharply, while the number of extracted premolars increased slightly. These shifts and a slightly later eruption of premolars did not materially affect the validity of overall DMF counts. Findings in first molars indicated long-term persistence of the lowered DMF experience. Fissure and pit caries of molars was reduced by 24 to 27 percent. Caries on free smooth surfaces of molars and on approximal surfaces of anteriorteeth showed decreases by 76 to 82 percent. Dentinal radiolucenices observed on lateral bite-wing radiographys were reduced by 47 to 52 percent. When the small radiolucencies confined to the enamel were included in the DMFS count, the reduction ranged between 23 and 27 percent."
1150472,"The average individual status of gingival inflammation was evaluated in two groups of 39 and 47 subjects by means of the Gingivitis Fluorescein Test (GFT) and the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The subjects of the test group received a prophylaxis and hygiene instructions which were effective in reducing the gingivitis after 12 days. However, the reduction was not paralleled by a simultaneous decrease of fluorescein recovered in mouthwashings. The oral hygiene of the control group's subjects was not altered and examinations were performed after 7 days. In both groups the average SBI-score did not exceed 1.2 in all examinations. The fluorescein content of the mouthwashings was approximately 10 times reduced when compared with previous findings. No correlation was found between the amounts of fluorescein in mouthwashings and the severity or extent of the clinically assessed gingival inflammation."
1150473,"Three experiments performed on Osborne-Mendel rats tested the effects on erosion of the topical application of aluminum, cerium and titanium salts as well as sodium fluoride and sodium mono-fluorophosphate. In two experiments the compounds were applied during the erosion period and in a third trial, the test substances were applied prior to exposure to the erosive agent which was fermented apple juice. While cerium had no significant effects on erosion, aluminum fhloride and titanium chloride significantly increased the severity of erosive tooth destruction. Only sodium fluoride and sodium mono-fluorophosphate were effective in preventing erosion."
1150474,"A method for tooth surface lustre measurements with a scanning reflectance sensor system is described. A fiber optic light beam of high intensity is projected onto the labial tooth surface. The reflected light at position X is conducted through the same fiber optic to a photodiode, amplified and recorded on an X-Y recorder. Position X is measured by a potentiometer in the rotation center of a rod to which the fiber optic head is attached and which can be moved parallel to the arcade of anterior teeth to be measured. The experimental system allows the assessment of differences in light reflection caused by light scattering resulting from roughened enamel surfaces and by stains."
1150475,"Labial enamel surfaces of anterior teeth were polished, etched for thirty seconds with acid and then repolished by manual brushing with three different abrasive pastes for 10, 15, 15, 20, and 20 seconds respectively and finally for a 60-sec brushing with a dental engine. Before etching and following each paste treatment, the light reflection of the surfaces was measured with the scanning tooth surface reflectometer of GABATHULER. The reflectance values were compared with the microscopic tooth surface texture. Reflectometric findings were similar under in vitro and in vivo conditions. There were differences among the pastes in restoring maximum lustre of dull etched enamel, but not in polishing intact tooth surfaces."
1150477,"Immunoglobulin values were determined in carefully selected healthy, normal children of different gestational and chronological ages. Criteria for ""normality"" were eutrophy (length, weight, head circumference) and absence of obvious malformation, infection or other disease. Immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in radial immunodiffusion, calibrated by a standard serum according to WHO recommendations. Since the distribution patterm of the individual values was found to be asymmetric in certain age groups, percentiles were calculated. They represent a physiologically more meaningful pattern than the arithmetic mean with standard deviation. Especially at the critical chronological age around 3 months the low values are closer together and the high values wider spaced than is the case with the standard deviations. In premature infants the transplacentally acquired IgG supplement is reduced in inverse relation to the duration of gestation. However, the IgG levels of all prematures equal those of term babies at the chronological age of 14 weeks. IgM can, in contrast, be adequately synthesized by all age groups within the first week of life."
1150481,"Two cases of isolated glucocorticoid insufficiency or congenital adrenocortical unresponsiveness to ACTH-a variant of adrenocortical failure without mineralocorticoid insufficiency-are presented. Familial incidence was present only in case 1 since two of the siblings died after convulsions, possible related to hypoglycemia. The pathology specimens of one sibling were available for review showing complete lack of the fascicular zone and degenerative changes in the adrenals and evidence of increased ACTH secretion in the pituitary. In the patients who were given substitution therapy with hydrocortisone, studies of plasma renin and aldosterone revealed impairment of plasma aldosterone response to salt restriction, orthostatism and furosemide-induced diuresis combined with postural change. We conclude that in some cases of isolated glucocorticoid insufficiency, impairment of mineralocorticoid function may gradually develop, which is in contrast to the assumption of a congenital defect in the action of ACTH."
1150482,"Morphological and cytochemical studies on the squirrel monkey have been made after maintaining the sujects on pure distilled water and fluoridated distilled water for 18 months with the objective of determining the effect of fluoride on the activity of some hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in the kidney, liver and nervous system. Daily water intake by individual animals was measured over the final 10 months of the animal's exposure to 0,1 and 5 ppm fluoride. Water consumption was considerably higher in the animals on higher fluoride intake. Whereas the nervous system remained totally unaffected by this experimental procedure, the liver showed a slightly enhanced acivity of Krebs citric acid cycle enzymes. The kidneys, however, showed significant cytochemical changes, especially in the animals on 5 ppm fluoride intake in their drinking water. In these animals, the glomeruli showed an increase in the activity of acid phosphatase and the enzymes belonging to the citric acid cycle and the pentose shunt, whereas lactate dehydrogenase, a resentative of the anaerobic glyoclytic pathway, remained unchanged or only slightly changed. These observations suggest that fluoride in concentrations as low as 5 ppm interferes to some extent with the intracellular metabolism of the excretory system."
1150483,"The fluorescence histochemical examination on biogenic amines of the rabbit's foliate papilla revealed that a specific monoamine exhibiting an yellow fluorescence was present in a certain cell type of taste buds. The fluorescence had the emission maximum at 520 mmu and faded rapidly under the influence of the UV-irradiation. The green fluorescence of adrenergic nerve had the emission maximum at 480 mmu and was fairly stable upon the UV-irradiation. The yellow fluorescence disappeared completely following reserpine treatment, while it was markedly enhanced by nialamide treatment. From the observations, it is suggested that certain taste bud cells of the foliate papilla contain a biogenic monoamine, probably 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)."
1150484,"Training affects the properties of skeletal muscles as well as the body weight. Furthermore, the muscle weight and the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers are related to the body weight. A method is therefore described which eliminates the influence of the body weight on the properties of skeletal muscles and thus allows the real training effects to be studied even if the animals to be compared are of different body weights. It is suggested that this method is useful also for morphometrical studies on organs other than muscle and on experimental situations other than training, e.g. for studies on growth."
1150485,"The development of alkaline phosphatase during invasion and encystment of Trichinella spiralis in rat skeletal muscle fibres was studied at the ultrastructural level. On day 14 after infection, the enzymatic activity is found in proliferating parts of the T-tubular system and in parts of the plasmalemma. In cells, in which a strong hyperplasia of this system is noted. AlPase is present in the abundant network of stratified and concentric membranes from which a large number of pinocytic vesicles arise. From day 50 till 1 year after infection the enzyme activity was invariably present in the matrix surrounding the larvae and was confined to the enormous amounts of cytoplasmic membranes. The possible functional significance of this enzyme in the matrix, in view of its peculiar localization in the immediate vicinity of the parasite, is discussed. In the presence of 0.1 mM of the levamisole analogue, compound R 30402, which is a stereospecific inhibitor of AlPase, the activity is completely lost."
1150486,"The use of Lens culinaris lectin for electron microscopic detection of D-mannose,- D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine like sites on tumor cells, erythrocytes, erythrocyte ghosts, cultured rat liver cells and various tissues of mice is demonstrated. In addition to Lens culinaris lectin-peroxidase reaction (LeL-po reaction) the preparation of active Lens culinaris lectin-ferritin conjugate are described and the specificity of cytochemical reactions are demonstrated. Furthermore experiments by immuno freeze-etching are reported for topological analysis of the lectin receptors."
1150487,"Intracellular dense bodies, cytoplasmic matrices, and luminal colloids in the thyroid follicle of cyclostomes, hagfish and lamprey were examined to identify the distribution of iodine using an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer attached to a scanning transmission electron microscope. High level of iodine was detected only in the large dense body of the hagfishes, while it was too slight in quantity to detect by this method in the cytoplasmic matrix as well as in the luminal colloid. In the adult lamprey thyroid, an appreciable amount of iodine was detected in a few large dense bodies. In mice and rats, it is very hard to detect iodine in the luminal colloid, intracellular colloid droplet, and in the lysosomal dense granule by this method, though these structures have been well known to contain a fairly large amount of iodine which is combined with thyroglobulin. These facts mean that intracellular dense bodies in the thyroid follicular epithelium of the cytoclostome, especially of the hagfish have an extremely larger amount of iodine. These bodies are considered to be secondary lysosomes or residual bodies containing reabsorbed colloid materials which are highly condensed."
1150491,"In 40 horses with tetanus, large doses of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) were injected into the subarachnoid space. In all the horses that recovered, the disease stabilized immediately after the injection. The results (77.5% recovery) were much better than in a previous series of horses with tetanus (50% recovery), in which TAT was injected either intravenously, intramuscularly, or in the epidural space."
1150492,"Recurrent epistaxis and locomotor and visual disturbances leading to blindness in a 7-year-old gelding appeared to have resulted from a spreading fungal granuloma of the guttural pouch. The inflammatory area extended to the intracranial segment of the right optic nerve and to the region adjacent to the optic chiasma. Microscopically, changes indicative of multiple foci of ischemic infarction were noticed in the retina, optic nerves, optic chiasma, and optic lobe. The profusely growing fungal elements in the guttural granuloma had the morphologic characteristics of an Aspergillus sp."
1150494,"Fifty young Beagle pups were used in studies on the efficacy of measles virus vaccine in providing protection against virulent canine distemper (CD) virus given intranasally. Among 29 dogs vaccinated with measles virus vaccine and subsequently exposed to virulent CD virus, 1 died, 7 developed relatively severe signs of CD, 15 had mild signs of distemper, and 6 remained clinically normal. Of 15 unvaccinated dogs similarly exposed to virulent CD virus, 11 succumbed to distemper. Six pups vaccinated with modified live-virus (MLV) CD virus vaccine remained clinically normal following immunity challenge."
1150495,"Aspirin dosages calculated from published pharmacokinetic data were tested in 3 male and 3 female Basset Hounds. Emesis occurred frequently after dosing at the rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight, a dosage that would be required for a convenient 12-hour dosing interval. A dosage of 25 mg/kg every 12 hours avoided emesis but did not maintain serum salicylate concentrations within the desired range of 10 to 30 mg/100 ml. A dosage of 25 mg/kg every 8 hours resulted in serum salicylate concentrations varying from 12.5 to 17.8 mg/100 ml. It was concluded that a maintenance dosage of 25 to 35 mg/kg every 8 hours in optimal for the dog, based on extrapolation of data obtained in man."
1150504,"Bovine adenovirus type 5, isolated from newborn calves with a polyarthritic disease known as ""weak calf syndrome"" caused a mild, self-limiting illness in susceptible calves. The induced illness was characterized by marked pyrexia and occasionally by mild diarrhea. It was concluded that the virus may contribute to morbidity and mortality associated with the weak calf syndrome by adding to the stress and debilitation caused by cold wet weather and by bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, which has also been isolated from tissues of calves affected with weak calf syndrome."
1150506,"Unilateral ovariectomy was performed on 3 mares affected with granulosa cell tumors. Tumor fluid in each mare was found to contain estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. In 2 mares, preoperative blood plasma concentrations of these hormones were comparable to those of a series of clinically normal mares. The other mare, which had a history of aggressive, masculine behavior, had higher testosterone content in the tumor fluid and in the preoperative blood sample. After surgical removal of the tumors, each mare developed follicles and ovulated with the remaining ovary. Each was eventually bred and 2 conceived. The probability of metastasis of these tumors in mares appears uncertain. Data from other species suggests a guarded long-term prognosis may be justified."
1150507,Mycobacteria were isolated from 195 of 200 lesions in lymph nodes identified as granulomatous by meat inspectors at 4 abattoirs in South Dakota. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1 and 2 accounted for 89% of the isolants. Mycobacteria were isolated more frequently from lesions than acid-fast bacilli were observed on microscopic examination (P less than 0.001). The frequency with which mycobacteria was isolated was similar to the occurrence of granulomatous lesions. The numbers of the various kinds of mycobacteria isolated at each of the 4 abattoirs and for the 3 meat inspection disposition classes were not significantly different.
1150508,"Posthitis was diagnosed as an economic problem of Angora wether goats. Affected goats had a scabby or ulcerated prepuce, with a distorted or pinhole preputial orifice. Some goats were able to urinate only by excessive straining. Cultural examination revealed a Corynebacterium sp capable of hydrolyzing urea, similar in all respects to the organism associated with a similar problem with Merino wethers in Australia. Necessary predisposing factors are considered to be a castrated animal consuming a high protein diet and infection with the urea-hydrolyzing organism."
1150509,"The usefulness of the Harleco CO2 apparatus as a measure of the blood alkali reserve was evaluated by determining plasma CO2 (bicarbonate) content in the bovine and canine species. The method was found to be inexpensive, simple accurate, and comparable in all respects to the Van Slyke method for making this determination."
1150510,"An 8 1/2-year-old Collie dog was referred for evaluation of chronic diarrhea as well as sudden blindness and leukokoria of the right eye. An organism morphologically similar to Prototheca sp was recovered from the subretinal fluid and was found at necropsy in the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, lymph nodes, kidneys, heart, abdominal fat, and omentum."
1150511,"An 8-year-old Labrador Retriever developed unilateral exophthalmos over a 1-year period. Contrast radiography, surgical exploration, and histologic examination revealed the cause to be an adenocarcinoma arising from the zygomatic salivary gland or duct."
1150517,"Two serious complications-infection and skin ulceration-have been associated with the treatment of elbow hygromas in large and giant breed dogs. Infection in 3 dogs followed the injection of a corticosteroid preparation into the cavity of the hygroma. Skin ulceration developed in 6 dogs following excision of the hygroma and wound breakdown. These skin ulcers were eventually closed by a simple reconstructive procedure. It is recommended that hygromas should not be treated by aspiration and injection of corticosteroid preparations, or by excision. A simple drainage procedure was used successfully in the treatment of 18 hygromas."
1150518,"Chronic hepatic insufficiency due to anomalies of the portal venous system was diagnosed in 6 young dogs. The disorder was characterized by a variety of abnormal central nervous system signs or ascites, or both. Laboratory findings were characteristic of chronic, generalized hepatic dysfunction. The diagnosis was established by angiographic studies of the portal venous system. Of the 6 dogs, 3 died, 1 was euthanatized, and 2 are still alive and require medical management for ascites."
1150522,"Megestrol acetate was given orally to 389 bitches in early proestrus, at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb) per day for 8 days. Estrus was suppressed in 357 (92%) of the bitches. Additionally, 119 bitches in anestrus were given the drug at the rate of 0.55 mg/kg (0.25 mg/lb) per day for 32 days. Estrus was suppressed in 115 (98%) of these bitches. Adverse effects were minimal. Pyometra developed in 3 (0.8%) of the 389 bitches treated in early proestrus. The drug also was given to 19 bitches at the rate of 0.55 mg/kg/day for 32 days, regardless of the stage ofting at the 1st posttreatment estrus and 4 after mating at the 2nd posttreatment estrus. Litter size, success in rearing pups, and sex ratios were not significantly different from these factors in 53 litters from untreated bitches."
1150523,"Chronic vomiting in a 2-year-old dog was suspected to be due to a neoplasm of the stomach wall. During exploratory laparotomy, a lymph node from the pyloric area was examined microscopically. Inasmuch as neoplastic cells or evidence of metastasis were not found, all visibly involved tissue was removed surgically. A diagnosis of phycomycosis was then established by histologic evaluation of the tissue removed. It was concluded that diagnosis of this disease is important inasmuch as it may be treated successfully, in contrast to the situation with malignant neoplastic conditions, which it grossly resembles."
1150524,The nerve distribution to the digit of the horse was studied with the compound microscope in serial transverse sections of fetal limbs and plotted on life-size outlines of the horse's foot. It was learned that there is much variation in the topography of the branches of the principal nerves. There is no mirror-image nerve distribution on the 2 sides of the foot. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve does not extend below the fetlock. The communication between the palmar metacarpal nerves and branches of the dorsal branch of the digital nerves is only a crossing of nerves without exchange of fibers. The palmar metacarpal nerves usually do not innervate structures distal to the pastern joint. The innervation of the deep structures of the equine foot was tabulated.
1150525,"Avulsion fractures of the posteromedial eminence of the 2nd phalanx were repaired, using an ASIF cortex screw in 3 reining Quarter Horses. Within 9 and 11 months, respectively, 2 horses were sound and back in competition as reining horses. The other horse was sound for pleasure class showing at 7 months after surgery."
1150527,"The producer strain of the new antibiotic, lipiarmycin, is described.  The colony morphology, the presence of globose sporangia bearing motile spores, the absence of aerial mycelium and the presence of meso-DAP in cell wall, ascribe this strain to the genus Actinoplanes.  The pigmentation and morphological characteristics together with the cultural and physiological features distinguish this strain from all the described Actinoplanes species.  It is considered to be a new species for which the name Actinoplanes deccanensis nov. sp. is proposed.  Lipiarmycin is produced in an organic complex medium containing NaCl.  Production occurs at the end of trophophase and continues, though at decreasing rate, during isophase."
1150529,"Alpha- or beta-Glucosidic linkage of validamycin was selectively cleaved by microbial hydrolysis and especially the conversion of validamycin C into validamycin A by the selective hydrolysis of alpha-glucoside linkage has important significance because validamycin C is considerably less active than validamycin A.  Semisyntheses of validamycins including a new validamycin, beta-D-galactosyl-validoxylamine A were carried out by microbial transglycosidation using validoxylamine A as a glycosyl acceptor.  D-[U-14C]glucose and [14C]validoxylamine A were highly incorporated into validamycin A by validamycin-producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus."
1150530,"Growing cultures, as well as broken and lyophilized cells of pseudomonas 56 were found to degrade erythromycin A, and lyophilized cells inactivated erythromycins A and B. The enzyme system involved in this degradation was constitutive and the enzyme level in the cells could be increased about 8-fold when oleandomycin or erythromycin B was added to the growth medium. The ability of whole or broken cells to inactivate erythromycin A was completely lost when these preparations were boiled, and the erythromycin A-inactivating activity was localized in the cell membrane fraction. The lyophilized cells did not degrade oleandomycin, methymycin, tylosin, a mixture of leucomycins, josamycin, or maridomycin III."
1150531,"Distribution and balance studies with carbon-14-labeled amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were carried out in mice.  The radioactive AME was administered by either the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) route.  In the organ distribution study, the percent radioactivity accumulating in the lung of i.v. treated mice at 1 hour after administration was about 150 times greater than that observed when the intrapertinoneal route was used.  No accumulation of radioactivity with time was detected in the kidneys of either the i.v. or i.p. treated mice.  After 4 days, about 51% of the total radioactivity was excreted into the urine and feces of mice after i.v. administration, but only about 15% of the total radioactivity was excreted in the case of mice receiving radioactive AME by the i.p. route.  In the identification of the substances excreted in the urine, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), radioactivity, and bioautographic evidence suggest that there was no detectable de-esterification of AME to the parent compound in mice treated either intraperitoneally or intravenously with AME."
1150532,"Oxamicetin was tested against 12 strains of parasitic leptospira each representing a different serotype and serogroup, and 8 saprophytic strains in liquid media. The results showed general susceptibility of parasitic leptospira being MIC's from 0.1 to 0.5 mug/ml. The MIC's against saprophytic strains were 10 similar to 40 mug/ml."
1150539,"Three transformation products of maridomycin (MDM) III, a macrolide antibiotic, by Streptomyces lavendulae were isolated by silica gel and alumina chromatography, and designated as spots 1 (starting MDM III), 2, 3 and 4, in the order of their decreasing Rf values on thin-layer chromatogram. By mass- and NMR-spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography, spot 2 was identified as 18-dihydro-MDM III, spot 3 as 4''-depropionyl-MDM III, and spot 4 as 18-dihydro-4''-depropionyl-MDM III. The relationship between starting MDM III and these transformation products were also discussed."
1150544,"New antibiotics, mannopeptins A and B, were isolated from the fermented broth of Streptomyces platensis strain FS-351. Ferrous ion is essential for the antibiotic production, since no productivity was noted with media containing less than 0.11 mM ferrous ion and maximum production was achieved at a concentration of 1.8 mM. The antibiotics are basic glycopeptides with relatively high molecular weight and are similar to ristocetin and vancomycin but can be differentiated from them in view of their chemical composition and chromatographic behavior. The antibiotics were named mannopeptin after the glycopeptide containing mannose."
1150548,"A study of exercise performance was carried out in 17 obese girls and young adults. During submaximal steady-state bicycle exercise oxygen intake (Vo2) for a given work output (W) was raised in obese subjects but minute ventilation at a fixed carbon dioxide output, gas exchange, blood gases, and cardiac output at a given VO2 were similar to the values previously found for normals. In obese subjects high levels of VO2 for fixed W were also obtained on the treadmill but when these were standardized for body weight (unlike the bicycle test) it was shown that the obese girls and women exercised within the normal (expected) range of aerobic energy expenditure. During maximal performance the absolute VO2 max was the same in obese and nonobese subjects but for a given body weight, lean body mass, and leg muscle (plus) bone volume, VO2max was reduced by 23.8, 16.3, and 24.5% respectively, in the former group. It was concluded that obesity though having minimal affect on responses to submaximal exercise is nevertheless associated with a marked reduction in physiological performance at or near maximal effort."
1150549,"The effects of training resulting from one-leg exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer have been studied. Seven subjects were habituated to one- and two-leg progressive exercise tests on 11 successive days and were then trained for 60 min-day-1 (30 min each leg) 3 times per wk for 5-6 wk at approximately 80% of their one-leg VO2 max. VE max increased (P less than 0.05) by approximately 14 1-min-1 and VO2 max by approximately 0.34 1-min-1 (+14%; P less than 0.05) in one-leg exercise. This latter increase was not, however, reflected in the two-leg VO2 max which only increased 145 ml-min-1 (4.7%). It was concluded that training is specific and in one-leg work the phenomenon is mainly peripheral in origin, but in two-leg work the limitation to maximal exercise is still provided by the capacity of the central cardiovascular system to transport oxygen to a given effective muscle mass."
1150550,The role of the rabbit's ear in cold acclimation was studied by varying the temperature of a climatic room in the range from -10 to +30 degrees C; The skin temperature in a nonanesthetized rabbit's ear showed a characteristic response to changes in ambient temperatures; plotting the ear temperature against the ambient temperature yielded an S-shaped curve. The mean ambient temperature corresponding to the inflection point on the S-shaped curve shifted significantly from about 13 degrees C to about 8 degrees C after cold acclimated of a group fed for 7 wk at -10 degrees C. The shift of the S-shaped curve after cold acclimation may not be due to the change in the norepinephrine sensitivity of the vascular beds of the ear: the effect of norepinephrine on the pressure-flow curve in the isolated rabbit's ear was almost unchanged between the control and the cold-acclimated groups. It is proposed that the shift of the inflection point gives a qualitative index of the acclimated state of the rabbit at a particular temperature.
1150551,"The effect of lung volume on the mechanical interdependence between an obstructed sublobar region of lung and its surrounding tissues was investigated in intact and isolated pig lungs. Interdependence is arbitrarily defined as the effectiveness with which the linkage between the region and surrounding tissue mediates a tendency for inflation to become even whenever it is uneven. We found that when the volume of the surrounding lung (Vl) was high relative to the volume of the obstructed region (Vr), or when they were relatively equal at higher inflation states, interdependence decreased. When Vr was high relative changes in regional shape observed during even and uneven inflation states, we suggest that regional distortion and its effects on regional elastic recoil are important determinants of pulmonary interdependence."
1150552,"The Issekutz procedure for the prediction of maximum oxygen intake from the respiratory exchange ratio (R) has been evaluated on a diverse group of 308 subjects, including ""whites"" and Eskimos, men and women ranging in age from 16 to 65 yr. When applied to young white men performing 12 min of progressive step or treadmill exercise, the prediction procedure has a coefficient of variation of less than 10%, without systematic error. Unfortunately, the standard equation lacks generality, and erroneous predictions can arise from a change of test protocol, the use of a different exercise modality, or application to older subjects. If a brief exercise format is used, low R values may be reported during an early phase of relative hypoventilation. At a given metabolic loading, bicycle ergometry yields a higher respiratory minute volume than other modes of exercise. A heavy loading of one muscle group seems responsible, and the results is a high R value in submaximum effort. Aging is associated with a lowering of maximum blood lactate levels and thus maximum figures for R."
1150553,"The relationship between fetal femoral arterial P02 and PC02 was evalulated in 13 fetal sheep with intact and denervated peripheral chemoreceptors. With intact chemoreceptors, a significant relationship was found between fetal Pa02 and PaC02 at the time of the first breath (Pa02 = 2.57 + 0.09 PaC02; r = 0.62, P less than 0.05)mfollowing bilateral carotid sinus nerve section (CSN) or total peripheral chemodenervation (TD), PaC02. Comparison of the intact, CSN, and TD blood gases at the time of the first breath demonstrated that a) severe hypoxemia stimulates fetal respiration even following total peripheral chemodenervation; b) fetal central chemoreceptors do not respond to PaC02; c) PaC02 acting via peripheral chemoreceptors has a minor modulating effect on the degree of hypoxemia required to initiate fetal respiration. At a PaC02 below 40 mmHg this effect is inhibitory, acting via the carotid body. At a PaC02 above 90 mmHg this effect is stimulatory, acting via both carotid and aortic bodies."
1150554,"Quasi-static pressure-volume (P-V) curves in normal seated human subjects were determined with pressure at the airway opening (Pa0) set below (negative pressure), above (positive pressure), or equal to ambient pressure. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) during controlled continuous negative pressure breathing (CNPB) was also studied. Quasi-static P-V curves at negative pressure were decreased in slope, reflected a decrease in total lung capacity, and intersected the P-V curve obtained at ambient Pa0. At positive pressure the P-V curves showed an increase in slope and an increase in total lung capacity. During CNPB a fall in Cdyn was found. The fall in Cdyn was rapid and persisted for the duration of CNPB. Cdyn promptly returned to control levels when Pa0 was adjusted to ambient pressure."
1150555,"Steady-state diffusing capacity (DLCOSS2), studied in healthy nonsmokers, was significantly higher in five old men when seated than when supine, but was unchanged in five young men. However, ""corrected"" for the increased ventilation, it decreased in the young--but not in the old--when erect compared with when supine. The change of DLCOSS2 in the young during the first 20 min when seated was related to a change of the fractional dead space ventilation (VD/VT)mThe old showed less venous admixture when seated than when supine, whereas VD/VT and regional ventilation-perfusion index of the lung bases was the same in both positions. The decrease in venous admixture was probably due to the closing capacity (CC) being less than the functional residual capacity (FRC) when seated. The elimination of closed off regions when seated made more pulmonary capillaries available for diffusion."
1150556,"The reliability and validity of a continuous progressive arm test, in which maximal 02 consumption (V02 max arm) is determined, were analyzed. Forty-one men (28.2 +/- 8.8 yr) performed the test twice. Eighteen additional men (22.6 +/- 5.6 yr) performed the arm test, as well as the treadmill run, in which maximal O2 consumption VO2max leg) was determined. The validity of the VO2 max arm test was computed, using VO2 max leg as a criterion for the individual's aerobic capacity. The reliability coefficients of VO2 max arm, VEmax arm, and HRmax arm were 0.94, 0.98, and 0.76, respectively, indicating a high reliability of the testmthe validity coefficient of VO2max arm was only 0.74. The regression equation of VO2max leg on VO2max arm was y = 24.4 + 0.9 +/- 4.4 (Syx). These findings indicate that, following the suggested protocol, the individual repeatedly uses the same muscles and does reach an all-out stage. However, different individuals apparently are aided by their trunk and leg muscles to different degrees, which lowers the validity of this test as a predictor of aerobic capacity."
1150557,"The frequency dependence of effective compliance, Ceff, and resistance, Reff, are reproduced by means of a two- or four-compartment linear mathematical model with pleural pressure as a sinusoidal input. The model simulates the mechanical properties of lung parenchyma, alveolar gas, bronchial wall, and cheeks, as well as the distribution of gaseous resistances and inertances within the airways. Values, representative for a young healthy adult, are assigned to these various parametersmit appears from this study: 1) that the gas inertance produces a very marked increase of Ceff, noticeable already below 1 cycle/smto obtain a frequency independence of Ceff between 0 and 2 cycles/s, it is necessary to introduce a marked inhomogeneity in the model. 2) Such an inhomogeneity is realized by simulating a pleural pressure difference of 6 cmH2O between the compartments of the bialveolar model. It can be shown that this corresponds to a total pleural pressure difference of about 9 cmH2O in a model consisting of an infinite number of compartments. 3) The influence of the compressibility of alveolar gas and of mechanical properties of the bronchial wall and of the cheeks on Ceff and Reff is small or negligible."
1150558,"Following either chronic exposure to 6 degrees C, or outdoor winter exposure, or chronic treatment with tyramine rats were exposed to -40 degrees C and their oxygen consumption and colonic temperature monitored. Fall in body temperature with time of exposure followed a sigmoid curve which had an inflection point around 32.9 degrees C. Both the time required for body temperature to reach this point and hypothermic resistance defined as the total O2 consumed up to the inflection time were useful indices of resistance to severe cold; Three days before the cold tests, capacity for norepinephrine-induced nonshivering thermogenesis was measured in all animals by examination of their metabolic response to tyraminemthe magnitude of response to tyramine correlated well with hypothermic resistance only for those rats chroncally treated with tyramine. It is concluded that it is impossible to predict with any reasonable degree of confidence the cold resistance of a rat from its tyramine response. In cold-acclimated rats, factors in addition to norepinephrine sensitivity are significantly involved in cold resistance and deserve further studies."
1150559,"The measurements of total body potassium (TBK) and calcium (TBCa) were made on 317 subjects by the techniques of whole-body counting and total-body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA), respectively. The TBK/TBCa ratios are constant for normals over the age range studied. The males have more cellular mass (TBK) per unit skeletal mass (TBCa) than the females, as indicated by their respective TBK/TBCa ratios, 0.122 +/- 0.008 (1 SD), and 0.100 +/- 0.007 (1 SD). In general, patients with various metabolic disorders tend to follow the physiological trend found in the normals. In a number of metabolic disorders, the loss of TBK was usually approximately 60% of that of the TBCa when expressed in terms of the predicted normal values. This suggests that the mechanism causing the loss of calcium in physiological and altered metabolic states simultaneously involves both the skeleton and its associated musculature."
1150560,"The electromyograms of the diaphragm and an external intercostal muscle were analyzed to see if the effects of hypercapnia on inspiratory muscle electrical activity could be distinguished from those of mechanical loading and to determine whether changes in inspiratory muscle electrical activity were a sueful measure of CO2 response during mechanical loading. Anesthetized dogs were studied: 1) during progressive hypercapnia without mechanical loading, 2) during flow-resistive and elastic loading at constant PCO2, and 3) during progressive hypercapnia and mechanical loading. Both mechanical loading and hypercapnia increased total inspiratory diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle electrical activity. However, inspiratory duration was increased by mechanical loads but reduced by hypercapnia. Because of these changes in inspiratory duration, the average rate of diaphragmatic electrical activity remained unaffected by mechanical loading before and after vagotomy but was increased by hypercapnia. In contrast, both hypercapnia and mechanical loading increased the average rate of intercostal muscle electrical activity. There was a greater increase in both total and average rate of intercostal muscle electrical activity during hypercapnia in the presence of mechanical loading than during unloaded breathing. However, the change in total and average rate of diaphragmatic electrical activity with PCO2 was unaffected by added mechanical loads. These results suggest that diaphragmatic but not intercostal muscle electrical activity can be used as an index of CO2 response even during mechanical loading."
1150561,"This study was designed to ascertain whether 7- and 13-wk interval training programs with training frequencies of 2 days/wk would produce improvement in maximal aerobic power (VO2max) comparable to that obtained from 7- and 13-wk programs of the same intensity consisting of 4 training days/wk. Sixty-nine young healthy college males were used as subjects. After training, there was a significant increase in VO2max (bicycle ergometer, open-circuit spirometry) that was independent of both training frequency and duration. However, there was a trend for greater gains after 13 wk. Maximal heart rate (direct lead ECG) was significantly decreased following training, being independent of both training frequency and duration. Submaximal VO2 did not change with training but submaximal heart rate decreased significantly with greater decreases the more frequent and longer the training. Within the limitations of this study, these results indicate that: 1) maximal stroke volume and/or maximal avO2 difference, principle determinants of VO2max, are not dependent on training frequency nor training duration, and 2) one benefit of more frequent and longer duration interval training is less circulatory stress as evidenced by decreased heart rate, during submaximal exercise."
1150562,"A possible role of the autonomic nervous system in the left ventricular response to acute regional myocardial ischemia was sought in conscious dogs instrumented for measurement of left ventricular pressure, internal diameter, and aortic flow. Ischemia produced by occluding the left circumflex coronary artery caused tachycardia and reduced contractility. Changes during control occlusions were compared with those during occlusion.s after beta-adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic blockade, and combined sympathetic and parasymphatetic blockade. Beta-blockade did reduce the tachycardia and slightly reduced left ventricular diameter changes in response to coronary occlusion. Results obtained in animals following surgical cardiac sympathectomy indicated reduced tachycardia and no effects on other parameters. The principal effect of parasympathetic blockade was to augment the increase in end diastolic diameter during occlusion Right atrial pacing indicated this change was due to higher initial heart rates. Combined parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade did not alter inotropic responses to coronary occlusion. Results indicated that inotropic support due to changes in activity in autonomic nerves is not increased during acute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery."
1150563,"Body temperatures during hot flashes were measured in a menopausal woman. Internal temperatures fell after each flash; lowest: rectal, 35.6 degrees C; vaginal, 35.6 degrees C; tympanic, 35.2 degrees C. Where sweating occurred, the skin temperature fell during the flash and rose after it. Finger and toe temperatures always showed a sharp rise at the onset of a flash with a slower fall after the flash. Only the cheeks showed additional temperature rises; maximum, 0.7 degrees C. The heart accelerated 13% at the onset of the flash but slowed immediately thereafter. The flash interval was sharply demarcated by undulations in the ECG baseline. There was never any premonitory sign of the imminence of a flash. A central excitatory state seemed to build up, perhaps by the accumulation of a chemical compound, but not of heat, which was explosively dischargedmthe thermal distress was probably evoked by vascular warming in the cheeks. Dabbing the malar prominences with cold water brought prompt relief."
1150564,"The relative utilization of [U-14C]glucose and [1-14C]palmitate was examined in lung slices of male Long Evans hooded rats fed ad libitum and starved for 72 h. Food deprivation (72-h fast) significantly decreased [U-14C]flucose oxidation and incorporation into lung lipids. Glucose incorporation into phospholipid-fatty acid (53%) was, in proportion, more markedly reduced than into phospholipid-gluceride glycerol (33%), suggesting that glucose was being conserved for the formation of alpha-glycerol phosphate. (1-14C) palmitate utilization following fasting showed a significant 40% increase in oxidation, and a significant 16% increase in phospholipids, indicating preferential utilization of fatty acids over glucose. Phospholipid fatty acid composition, surface tension measurements and volume-pressure curves were not affected by fasting. Khe data indicate that glucose and palmitate metabolism are interrelated, and that the relative utilization of these substrates is changed to maintain essential lung lipids during an altered physiologic state."
1150566,"A method for obtaining a continuous estimate of alveolar pressure (PAlv) during periodic flow is described; it was developed to improve the precision of measurements of airway and respiratory tissue impedance using the improved resolution of relatively high-frequency (approximately 5 Hz) singlas. The respiratory system was modulated with a piston pump, and lung volume and the volume change due to compression and expansion of alveolar gas were measured plethysmorgraphically; these signals and an analog divider were used to obtain a continuous solution of Boyle's law during flow. The plethysmorgraph was of the ""flow"" type; with it volume changes at frequencies up to 10 Hz and with rates of change up to 6 l/s were measured without amplitude or phase distortion. The method permits control of frequency and flow amplitude during PAlv measurement and calibration of PAlv in the absence of an active chest wall. However, it is technically complex."
1150567,"Ketamine [dl-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone] hydrochloride was used in conjunction with Acepromazine [10-3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]phenothiazin-2-yl-methyl ketone] Maleate to produce surgical depth anesthesia in guinea pigs. In tests with 97 animals, an intramuscular injection of 44 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride plus 2 mg Acepromazine Maleate was found to be effective in producing a surgical level of anesthesia within 2 min after administration. The anesthetic state lasted for an average of 1.5 h and could be safely extended by supplemental administrations of the drugs. This anesthetic combination was found to be fast acting, safe, and easily controlled."
1150568,The precision and accuracy of the measurements using an oxygen gas-phase electrode thermostabilized in an ice bath were evaluated. The precision found was comparable with that obtained with the paramagnetic method and with Scholander analysis. The accuracy was comparable with that of the paramagnetic method.
1150569,"A compact device is described, which picks up the R wave of the ECG, calculates the duration of successive interbeat intervals, classifies them in eight classes and stores the receptive counts in an integrated-circuit register. The distribution of intervals counted over the experimental period is retrieved through a separate numerical readout device."
1150570,"Three gaseous mixtures in N2, of varying concentrations of CO2 (3.60, 5.79, and 9.36%) and O2 (22.18, 15.12, and 6.82%), respectively, were prepared by precise weighings, which may serve as absolute measures. These mixtures were analyzed with two apparatuses by the Scholander micromethod. Taking into account the influence of several factors (apparatuses, order of analyses, etc, it appears that differences between apparatuses were not significant in five of six cases and the effect of order was significant in O2 (P less than 0.01) but not in CO2 for the set of measurements. When compared with weighings, measurements differed only in one apparatus (P less than 0.02) in two of six cases and by no more than 0.02%. The relation between weighings and measurements was highly significant (P less than 10(-9) and no lack of fit to linearity occurs. Side effects of the factors considered and interactions between them are discussed. In conclusion, the micromethod of Scholander gives accurate results, in very good agreement with the reference values provided that certain technical precautions are observed."
1150571,"We have modified an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer to provide a sinusoidally varying work load. This was accomplished by applying a low-frequency sinusoidal voltage at the inputs of the electromagnets using a sinusoidal potentiometer, whose shaft was driven by a variable-speed motor, and a voltage-programmable power supply to amplify the signal. The frequency range is currently 0.0017-0.3 Hz. This technique for sinusoidal work loads allow the period, amplitude, and mean position to be easily changed from a console, even during a test if required."
1150572,An exchangeable atrial balloon device is described. It consists of an outer guide and a latex Foley urinary retention catheter. The guide is sutured into the atrial appendage and brought out through the chest wall. The advantages of the device are discussed.
1150573,"Theoretical justification for the preferential use of casing (circumference) measurements for estimating total body volume (TBV) and body density (Db) was studied in 24 female subjects (mean age 20 yr, mean wt 58 kg). Multiple linear regression equations resulted in R = On-0.99 with a standard error no larger than 1.69 liters for predicting TBV and R = Oa-Oh with a standard error no larger than 0.0084 g/ml for predicting Db. Validations of these regression equations using two additional samples of subjects resulted in validity coefficients of r = 0 -0.99. All the correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P less than 0.01)."
1150574,"The heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory response to topically applied cyanide on the ventrolateral medullary surface and upper spinal cord was studied on exteriorized sinaortic-denervated fetal lambs under pentobarbital anesthesia. On all sites tested cyanide produced a rapid increase in heart rate and blood pressure (P smaller than 0.05) which was most pronounced from the area adjacent to the nerve roots IX to XI (mean 32%). Respiratory efforts consisting of 1-8 gasps were induced in half the applications to the medulla but never when the pledgets were applied to the spinal cord. The mean delay to response was 43 s (range 13-102 s). After cautery of the chemosensitive areas, topical application of cyanide failed to stimulate gasping, whereas intravenous cyanide or cord clamping still produced a vigorous respiratory response. It is concluded that sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels can originate centrally in response to local histotoxic hypoxia of the ventral medulla and upper spinal cord. Furthermore, it is proposed that in the apneic fetus histotoxic hypoxia of the medulla initiates respiration possibly by stimulating a special gasping mechanism which is separate from the respiratory center responsible for rhythmic breathing after birth. The responsible neurons must be located at least 2 mm beneath the ventral medullary surface."
1150575,"A double-lumen tube was inserted into the trachea of dogs anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital (30-40 mg/kg). Blood flow/unit lung volume in each lung was measured with 133Xe. Both lungs were initially ventilated with oxygen and measurements of pulmonary blood flow, CO2 output, cardiac output, and blood gases were made. When nitrogen was administered to one lung blood flow was diverted to the opposite lung. The diversion of flow was reduced by the inhalation of 1% trichloroethylene but returned after withdrawal of the anesthetic. There were no significant changes in cardiac output. Changes in CO2 output and arterial Po2 were compatible with the xenon results. It is concluded that trichloroethylene may increase arterial hypoxemia by reducing vasoconstriction in hypoxic areas of lung."
1150576,"The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of sojourn at high altitude on cerebral electrical activity. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and visual evoked responses (VER) were recorded from seven healthy males under the following conditions: 1) during the first 2-3 h at 4,300 m altitude when Pao2 was maintained at 90 mmHg (control condition), 2) during the first 2-3 h of hypoxia (Pao2 = 40 mmHg), and 3) at 24- to 48-h intervals during the first 9-12 days of hypoxia. Electrode placement was according to the 10-20 International Electrode System. The VER was recorded from an electrode at the inion referred to the left ear. We found no significant changes from control cerebral electrical activity during the first 2-3 h of hypoxia. One subject's VER amplitude was greater than control on the 2nd and 3rd days of hypoxia and a similar change from control was consistently evident in a second subject beginning the 5th day of hypoxia. These changes suggest cortical depression. After the 5th day changes occurred in the remaining subjects which would be consistent with cortical excitation. In three subjects, EEG frequency was increased, amplitude decreased, and/or spiking became evident. In four subjects VER amplitude was reduced. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that certain behavioral and physiological changes induced by sojourn at altitude could be caused by alterations in central nervous system function."
1150577,"Five subjects were sequentially heated and cooled in a double-climate chamber while mean skin temperature (except the head) and head skin temperature were separately varied. The tympanic membrane temperatures of these subjects were disproportionately influenced by changes in head skin temperature. By heating and cooling localized regions of the head, changes in tympanic membrane temperature that followed changes in skin temperature on the ipsilateral side of the head could be produced. During heating of the head, oral and tympanic membrane temperatures were influenced to a similar degree, while esophageal temperature remained essentially unaffected. However, under conditions in which the legs and feet were heated in a water bath, esophageal temperature showed more rapid changes than either tympanic membrane or oral temperature. These findings suggest that tympanic membrane temperature and, to a lesser degree, oral temperature may be affected by thermal exchange occurring between arteries and veins in the cervical and cephalic regions. In addition, the ability to influence selectively esophageal and tympanic membrane temperatures brings into question the arbitrary use of these measurements under widely different experimental conditions as estimates of core temperature."
1150578,"The purpose of these studies is to examine the early effects of chronic tobacco smoke exposure on vascular dynamics in the mesenteric microcirculation. Female rats were exposed daily to tobacco smoke from five reference cigarettes for a period of 2 mo. At the end of this period the smoke-treated rats had gained 12 g less than sham-treated controls, and arterial blood pressure in the smoke-treated animals was slightly less than pressure in the sham-treated animals. These are characteristic effects of tobacco smoke exposure on rats. Following the treatment period, red blood cell (RBC) velocity in single mesenteric capillaries and microvascular pressures in arterioles and venules were measured in accordance to established methods. There was no significant difference in pressure distribution on the arterial side of the mesenteric vascular network, but pressure in the venules of the smoke-treated animals was significantly higher than that of the sham-treated group. In association with the higher venular pressure in the smoke-treated animals, capillary RBC velocity (an index of capillary flow) was significantly lower. The reduction in velocity was in proportion to the decrease in pressure drop (arteriole-venule) across the capillary network."
1150579,"Phrenic nerve activity and tracheal pressure changes were recorded in four exteriorized fetal lambs (120-135 days gestation) from lightly anesthetized ewes to study possible mechanisms involved in the establishment of rhythmical breathing patterns. Two types of spontaneous neural activity were found. The first consisted of high-frequency multiunit bursts (mean duration 820 ms; range 450-2,500 ms) that preceded a gasp. Individual units within these bursts reached peak discharge frequencies as high as 40 impulses/s. The second type of neural activity consisted of single-unit, low-frequency (1-14 impulses/s), irregular background discharges lasting up to several seconds without changes in tracheal pressure. Occasionally, higher frequency bursts of single-unit activity were detected that were also unassociated with tracheal pressure changes. The data indicate that the neural correlate of a fetal gasp includes high-frequency synchronized bursting activity in the phrenic nerve. In addition, background phrenic activity can be detected in the exteriorized fetal lamb that reflects central nervous activity in the absence of tracheal pressure changes."
1150580,"Changes in intracellular Po2 in myoglobin containing skeletal muscle during exercise were estimated in normal nonathlete subjects from measurements of shifts of CO between blood and muscle under conditions where the total body CO stores remained constant. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer. In 1.5-2 and 6-7 min runs at Vo2 max with the subject breathing 21% O2, mean MbCO/HbCO increased 146 +/- 7 and 163 +/- 11% of resting values, respectively (P less than 0.05). With the subjects breathing 13-14% O2, in 1.5-2 and 6-7 min runs, Vo2 max fell an average of 4.3 +/- 5.1% and 12.0 +/- 5.2%, respectively, and mean MbCO/HbCO increased to 233 +/- 18% and 210 +/- 52% of resting value, respectively (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that mean myoglobin Po2 fell during exercise at Vo2 max, with the subjects breathing 21% O2 and the decrease in mean myoglobin Po2 was greater with the subject breathing 13-14% O2. There was considerable variability in different subjects and in some, the data were not consistent with intracellular O2 availability limiting aerobic metabolism. The data support a postulate that there are several limiting factors for the aerobic capacity, including intracellular O2 availability."
1150581,"A quantitative system for direct protein tracing and measurement of net protein uptake in the aorta using fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITCBSA) is described. Using Wistar rats, a mean aortic FITCBSA net uptake of 29.7 times 10(-17) g FITCBSA per mum2 aortic endothelial surface area per 24 h was obtained. Intra-aortic localization of the FITCBSA was observed along the endothelium and the collagen-elastin bands. The values obtained using this FITCBSA system are comparable with those of a previously established isotopic technique measuring aortic albumin flux and reconfirm the previous findings of the existence of an albumin permeability gradient in the thoracic aorta."
1150582,"A relatively inexpensive dual-beam optical absorbance monitor was tested and adapted to measure arterio-enous oxygen difference ((a - v)delta O2). Since the molar extinction coefficients of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin are markedly different at 660 nm, the difference in optical density between arterial and venous blood, as measured by the absorbance monitor, was shown to be linearly related to (a - v)delta02. When appropriate cuvettes (optical path length = 0.5 mm) were used, the instrument's 90% response time (4.4 s) was sufficiently rapid for most physiological applications such as Fick determinations of the rate of an organ's oxygen consumption. The theoretical basis of this spectrophotometric (a - v)deltaO2 measurement and sources of error are discussed in detail."
1150583,"Cardiac output is estimated by least squares fitting of a model of pulmonary gas exchange to measurements of respiratory gas composition obtained with a mass spectrometer during a rebreathing maneuver. This new technique estimates cardiac output on spontaneously breathing subjects at rest and requires neither central venous nor arterial blood samples. Principal features of the technique are the use of multiple gases simultaneously in the analysis, the use of a mathematical model for breath-to-breath evaluation of gas exchange, and simultaneous estimation of gas exchange and alveolar gas tensions with the same instrumentation. The technique is compared with thermal dilution estimates in dogs before and during hemorrhagic shock. Two-thirds of these estimates were within 20% of one another. The standard deviation of replication was 15%. Shortcomings, possibilities for improvement, and possible applications are discussed."
1150584,A new and simple method is presented that is suitable for the fabrication of inflatable cuffs for any gross vascular size. The method lends itself to mass production which is particularly useful for the fabrication of small cuffs. The procedure generally consists of spraying latex on a rotating cylinder in two separable layers. An activating tube is inserted between the layers and the edges sealed. Outward expansion is prevented by means of a suitable backing material.
1150585,"Walking and running on the level involves external mechanical work, even when speed averaged over a complete stride remains constant. This work must be performed by the muscles to accelerate and/or raise the center of mass of the body during parts of the stride, replacing energy which is lost as the body slows and/or falls during other parts of the stride. External work can be measured with fair approximation by means of a force plate, which records the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force applied by the body to the ground over a complete stride. The horizontal force and the vertical force minus the body weight are integrated electronically to determine the instantaneous velocity in each plane. These velocities are squared and multiplied by one-half the mass to yield the instantaneous kinetic energy. The change in potential energy is calculated by integrating vertical velocity as a function of time to yield vertical displacement and multiplying this by body weight. The total mechanical energy as a function of time is obtained by adding the instantaneous kinetic and potential energies. The positive external mechanical work is obtained by adding the increments in total mechanical energy over an integral number of strides."
1150586,"Hormonal responses to graded exercise of eight low altitude residents were examined at sea level (SL) and after 1 (acute) and 11 (chronic) days at 4,300 m (HA). Caloric, water, and electrolyte intakes were controlled, as were temperature and humidity. Blood was sampled at rest and during light and moderate upright bicycle exercise (20 min at 40% and 75% of maximal O2 uptake, respectively). Mean VO2 max at HA was 27% lower than at SL. Resting plasma levels of aldosterone (Aldo), renin, and angiotensin II (A II) were significantly lower (P smaller than 0.05) on day 1 at HA compared to SL, but returned to SL values by day 11. Plasma cortisol values at rest were similar at SL and HA and were not significantly altered by light or moderate exercise. Renin, A II, and Aldo rose progressively with increasing workload in each environment. With acute HA, renin and Aldo were lower than at either SL or chronic HA. The chronic HA levels tended to approximate SL findings, implying adaptation. The data suggest that aldosterone is predominantly under the control of the renin-angiotensin system during graded exercise at sea level and that the response of this system is altered on acute high-altitude exposure."
1150587,"We studied four supine dogs that were anesthetized with pentobarbital, intubated, and ventilated with a piston pump. The dimensional response of central (CAW) (greater than 2 mm diam) and peripheral airways (PAW) (smaller than 2 mm diam) to changes in transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was determined by progressive increments in tidal volume (VT). A specially designed electronics relay circuit permitted this relationship to be obtained for points of no flow during tidal volume breathing: i.e., preinspiration (FRC); end inspiration (FRC + VT). The airways were dusted with powdered tantalum. Six airway divisions were identified: four CAW: trachea, main stem, lobar, segmental; and two PAW: subsegmental, and lobular. AP and lateral roentgenograms were obtained by standard technics and primary magnification (mag factor 2). Airway diameters were plotted as a function of transpulmonary pressure between 3 and 26 cmH2O with the diameter at total lung capacity expressed as 100%. The data show that: 1) there is significant distensibility above 5 cmH2O for all airways from the trachea to the lobular airways; 2) that the pressure-diameter plot is a linear plot for each airway from 3 to 26 cmH2O with R values between 0.846 and 0.957; 3) the peripheral lobular airways are more distensible than the central airways (P smaller than 0.05). We attribute the difference in distensibility of the peripheral lobular airways to their lack of cartilaginous support, and their decreased muscular support when compared to the CAW."
1150588,"Dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters ran on a treadmill on a 10% or on a 15% slope at 100 m/min. Glycerol turnover ([2-3H]-glycerol) and FFA turnover ([1-14C]palmitate) were measured simultaneously. Both turnovers were greatly increased by exercise. Similar increases were produced in resting dogs by norepinephrine infusions (0.5 mug/kg-min). At rest, as well as during exercise, there was a straight-line correlation between the ratio of disappearance of each substrate and their respective plasma concentrations. Over a wide range there was a straight-line correlation between the rate of production of FFA (RaFFA) and that of glycerol (RaGLY) at rest as well as during exercise. At any given RaFFA, RaGLY was higher in the running than in the resting dog. At rest the ratio of RaFFA/RaGLY was found to give the theoretical value of 3.0 only when RaFFA was 10-15 mumol/kg-min, below this the ratio was lower and above this it was higher. During exercise the ratio was lower than at rest and at heavier load lower than at lighter work. The results suggest that in vivo a combination of partial and complete lipolysis as well as reesterification occurs. The glucose equivalent of the glycerol turnover (if 100% converted) represents (under the given experimental conditions) 14-18% of the hepatic glucose output on the 15% slope and 20-25% of it on the 10% slope."
1150589,"This study in mongrel dogs, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, verified the existence of pulmonary receptors whose afferents traverse the right and left upper thoracic white rami communicantes. These receptors responded to lung inflation as well as pinching of the lung parenchyma and were nonadapting in nature. In some fibers, increases in afferent activity were also observed when the pulmonary artery and veins were mechanically stimulated by probing. Conduction velocities of these afferents were measured in single-fiber preparations and were of the Adelta fiber type."
1150590,"Mongrel dogs (29) were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated at a constant minute volume. AaD02 breathing air and 100% O2, venous admixture breathing air (Qva/Qt) and 100% O2 (Qs/Qt), single-breath diffusing capacity for CO (DLCO), and total pulmonary resistance (RL) and pulmonary compliance (CL) were measured before and after pulmonary embolization with autologus in vivo venous thrombi. Nine dogs were heparinized before embolization. In the 20 nonheparinized dogs AaDo2 breathing air increased from 11 to 26 mmHg, Qva/Qt from 4 to 22%, and Qs/At from 5 to 8%. DLCO decreased 24%, RL increased 43%, and CL fell 30%. In the nine heparinized dogs AaDo2 breathing air increased from 8 to 13 mmHg and Qva/Qt from 3 to 8%; Qs/Qt did not change. DLCO decreased 31%; RL and CL did not change significantly. The increase in Qva/Qt of 5% in the heparinized dogs was significantly less (P smaller than 0.001) than the increase of 18% in the nonheparinized dogs. These findings suggest that arterial hypoxemia following thromboembolism is due to ventilation-perfusion inequality caused by changes in lung mechanics."
1150591,"To clarify the role of O2 stores in the fluctuations in VO2 observed with changing posture, O2 intake (Veo2) and pulmonary capillary O2 transfer (Vpco2) were calculated breath by breath with a box-balloon sprometer and mass spectrometer. Changes in O2 stores of the lungs (O2L) and blood (O2b) were computed assuming metabolic rate (Vco2) constant (O2L = Veo2 - Vpco2; O2b = Vpco2 - Vco2). Measurements were made before, during, and after passive tilt to 60 degrees and on return to recumbency after 10 min erect. From supine to upright O2L increased rapidly and O2b dropped slowly, creating a net deficit in Veo2 of 130 ml in 10 min. Return to supine caused rapid loss in O2L and gain in O2b with a net Veo2 excess of 117 ml. Shifts in O2b were 2.5 times greater but opposite to shifts in O2L. Changes in O2b result from shifts in blood volume and flow more than from changes in cardiac output. Refilling of O2b, matching loss while upright, caused transient hypoxia with significant hyperpnea."
1150592,"The effect of leg exercise and of arm exercise in sitting and standing body positions on energy output and on some cardiorespiratory parameters was studied in seven male subjects. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (fH), pulmonary ventilation (VE) and respiratory frequency were measured at rest, in the 7-8th min of submaximal work (300, 600, 900 kpm/min), and at maximal effort. Significantly higher Vo2, fH, and VE in arm cranking than in cycling were found at submaximal work loads above 300 kpm/min. Though the maximal work load in arm exercise was 50-60% of that in cycling, Vo2 in arm work was at maximal effort only 22% lower than in leg exercise while the difference in fH was insignificant. No differences were found in arm work between the results obtained at any work level in sitting and standing body positions. The only postural difference in arm work was a 13% higher work load achieved at maximal effort when standing than when sitting. Differences in fH between arm and leg exercise were much smaller for the same Vo2 than for the same work load and were time dependent. While fH quickly leveled off in leg exercise, fH in arm cranking rose steadily during the first 6 min of work which created the fH differences observed in the 7-8 min of submaximal arm arm and leg exercise. At submaximal work levels a tendency to synchronize the respiratory frequency with the frequency of the rotatory movements was more apparent in arm cranking than in cycling."
1150593,"Single-breath oxygen (SBO2) tests at expiratory flow rates of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.01/s were performed by 10 normal subjects in a body plethysmograph. Closing capacity (CC)--the absolute lung volume at which phase IV began--increased significantly with increases in flow. Five subjects were restudied with a 200-ml bolus of 100% N2 inspired from residual volume after N2 washout by breathing 100% O2 and similar results were obtained. An additional five subjects performed SBO2 tests in the standing, supine, and prone positions; closing volume (CV)--the lung volume above residual volume at which phase IV began--also increased with increases of expiratory flow. The observed increase in CC with increasing flow did not appear to result from dependent lung regions reaching some critical ""closing volume"" at a higher overall lung volume. In normal subjects, the phase IV increase in NI concentration may be caused by the asynchronous onset of flow limitation occurring initially in dependent regions."
1150594,"Although previous studies have demonstrated that water immersion to the neck (NI) results in both central hypervolemia and a significant natriuresis, it is unclear whether the magnitude of the ""volume stimulus"" of NI is comparable to that induced by the extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE) induced by acute saline administration. The present study was undertaken therefore to compare the natriuresis induced by these two different stimuli. All subjects were studied on four occasions while in balance on a diet containing 150 meq of sodium and 80 meq of potassium daily: seated control; seated immersion; and saline administration in both the seated and recumbent posture. The increment in UNaV during NI was indistinguishable from that of seated saline. Similarly, the kaliuretic response during NI was similar to that induced by seated saline infusion. In contrast, supine saline infusion resulted in a greater increment in UNaV than either NI or seated saline. The present data indicate that the ""volume stimulus"" of immersion is identical with that of standard saline-induced ECVE in normal seated subjects. Furthermore, the ability of NI to induce a natriuresis without a concomitant increase in total blood volume and with a decrease in body weight, rather than the increase which attends saline infusion, suggests that NI may be a preferred investigative tool for assessing the effects of ECVE in man."
1150596,"To evaluate the effect of different levels of arterial oxygen content on hemodynamic parameters during exercise nine subjects performed submaximal bicycle or treadmill exercise and maximal treadmill exercise under three different experimental conditions: 1) breathing room air (control); 2) breathing 50% oxygen (hyperoxia); 3) after rebreathing a carbon monoxide gas mixture (hypoxia). Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) was significantly higher in hyperoxia (4.99 1/min) and significantly lower in hypoxia (3.80 1/min) than in the control experiment (4.43 1/min). Physical performance changes in parallel with Vo2 max. Maximal cardiac output (Qmax) was similar in hyperoxia as in control but was significantly lower in hypoxia mainly due to a decreased stroke volume. A correlation was found between Vo2 max and transported oxygen, i.e., Cao2 times Amax, thus suggesting that central circulation is an important limiting factor for human maximal aerobic power. During submaximal work HR was decreased in hyperoxia and increased in hypoxia. Corresponding Q values were unchanged except for a reduction during high submaximal exercise in hyperoxia."
1150597,"We have investigated the possibility that afferent vagal stimuli may be responsible for the excessive ventilatory drive during exercise characteristic of many diffuse pulmonary parenchymal diseases. Studies were performed on four conscious dogs with cervical vagal loops, in whom experimental pneumonitis was induced by the intravenous administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. Control measurements were made over a 3-mo interval prior to induction of disease which then ran a course of 6 wk. The disease was characterized histologically by a diffuse interstitial pneumonitis during the first week, and by a proliferative granulomatosis during the subsequent 4-5 wk. Physiologic disturbances at rest included decreased total lung and functional residual capacities; increased lung elastic recoil; and decreased carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. During mild-to-moderate steady-state exercise, the minute volume of ventilation (VE) and respiratory frequency (f) were increased significantly compared to control values; tidal volume (VT) was decreased significantly; and exercise tolerance (ET) was impaired. Complete cervical vagal blockade abolished the abnormally high VE, decreased f, and increased VT in all dogs, and improved ET in at least two dogs. The results indicate that afferent vagal stimuli were responsible for the excessive ventilation during exercise and contributed to the abnormal pattern of breathing."
1150598,"Measurements of thermal conductivity were made in laminar flow of dog and turkey erythrocyte suspensions in a stainless stell tube of about 1 mm ID. These measurements were independent of the shear rate, showing that the red cell motion relative to plasma in flowing blood had no effect on the heat transfer. Measurements of thermal conductivity were further made in suspensions of polystyrene spheres of 100 mum and were found to be dependent upon the shear rate. The Graetz solution corresponding to uniform wall temperature was used for determining the value of thermal conductivity in an apparatus calibrated with tap water. The overall accuracy of the results is within 10%. A model based on the particle rotation with the entrained fluid is proposed. It is pointed out that the diffusion of platelets, red cells, and possibly plasma proteins (such as fibrinogen) will be augmented if they happen to be in the hydrodynamic field of rotating erythrocytes."
1150599,"Conflicting results have been reported on the changes in the distribution of pleural pressures caused by alterations of chest shape. To understand better the effect of shape and size of lung and chest wall on the distribution of stresses, strains, and surface pressures, we analyzed a theoretical model using the technique of finite elements. The study was in two parts. First we investigated the effects of changing the chest wall shape during expansion, and second we studied lungs of a variety of inherent shapes and sizes. We found that, in general, the distributions of alveolar size, mechanical stresses, and surface pressures in the lungs were dominated by the weight of the lung and that changing the shape of the lung or chest wall had relatively little effect. Only at high states of expansion where the lung was very stiff did changing the shape of the chest wall cause substantial changes. Altering the inherent shape of the lung generally had little effect but the topographical differences in stresses and surface pressures were approximately proportional to lung height. The results are generally consistent with those found in dog by Hoppin et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 27: 863-873, 1969)."
1150600,"Fourteen male subjects with unweighted mean skinfolds (MSF) of 10.23 mm underwent several 3-h exposures to cold water and air of similar velocities in order to compare by indirect calorimetry the rate of heat loss in water and air. Measurements of heat loss (excluding the head) at each air temperature (Ta = 25, 20, 10 degrees C) and water temperature (Tw = 29-33 degrees C) were used in a linear approximation of overall heat transfer from body core (Tre) to air or water. We found the lower critical air and water temperatures to fall as a negative linear function of MSF. The slope of these lines was not significantly different in air and water with a mean of minus 0.237 degrees C/mm MSF. Overall heat conductance was 3.34 times greater in water. However, this value was not fixed but varied as an inverse curvilinear function of MSF. Thus, equivalent water-air temperatures also varied as a function of MSF. Between limits of 100-250% of resting heat loss the following relationships between MSF and equivalent water-air temperatures were found (see article)."
1150601,"The approach to safety evaluation is strongly influenced by the standard of safety to which one aspires. Practical considerations demand that realistic limits be set to the attainable assurances of freedom from anticipated hazard under actual conditions of use of a product. The fact is that, in the interests of consumer health, more can be expected from a flexible, intelligent, and experienced approach to safety evaluation than from efforts at conformity with a set of rigidly standardized requirements that are theoretically all-encompassing. Establishment of safety demands a wide background of information about the properties and likely uses of the product; above all, knowledge of the chemical composition of the product and its impurities, degradation products, and metabolites is essential. Lack of such information is a frequent source of errors in safety evaluation. Based on a secure foundation of this sort, a program of investigations may be designed, aimed at establishing the basic biological properties of the material. Determination of the metabolic dynamics of the principal chemical agent or agents makes possible the emergence of a clear picture of the behavior of the compound(s) in the body and paves the way for more specialized studies of long term toxicity, carcinogenicity, effects on reproduction and teratogenesis, and investigations of multitest mutagenic potential. Emphasis is laid on the problems of interpretation of results in terms of hazard to man and on the crucial contribution that experience of human exposure can make toward assuring safety-in-use. Decisions on acceptable risk are the joint responsibility of many individuals but an essential element in reaching such decisions is contributed by the depth of understanding and broad experiences of the toxicologist."
1150602,"An answer to the question of whether acute and prolonged toxicity tests are good candidates for standardization is developed by reviewing (1) the factors that are presumed to influence the results of these tests and (2) the collaborative studies that have been reported in the literature. In regard to acute toxicity tests it is clear that competent laboratories give due consideration for the control of factors that are known to influence these tests. Also competent laboratories using their own procedures provide reliable results, even though the procedures vary from laboratory to laboratory. In regard to prolonged toxicity tests there are no examples of controlled collaborative investigations which could be used to evaluate interlaboratory variation and its relation to the protocols involved. It is recommended that guidelines rather than rigid protocols would be an appropriate approach for improving the quality and accuracy of these toxicologic tests. Examples of such guidelines are given."
1150603,"Safety evaluation of chemicals in use or destined for use by humans is a complex endeavor which requires accurate analytical chemical results, extensive animal studies, and thoughtful interpretation of the data. Especially difficult are attempts to extrapolate the animal data to man. The analytical chemist can base many of his conclusions on data concerning quantity; the toxicologist cannot. The analytical chemist works very hard for an answer, but when he gets it, his task is usually completed. When the toxicologist gets an answer from a given experiment, his problems have just started; he must attempt to interpret the data and, even more difficult, to extrapolate the results of animal data to man. Thus, accurate analysis of chemicals and trace substances in biological tissues form the foundation of the work of the toxicologist. A closer association between analytical chemists and toxicologists should prove beneficial to both and to the progress of science."
1150604,"The first report that certain chemicals have the potential of inducing heritable effects (mutation) appeared in the mid-1940's. Two decades passed before this and subsequent observations were translated into a concern that some of the chemicals to which we are exposed may constitute a hazard to man's genetic material and hence a threat to future generations of individuals. Such concern has led to the gradual evolution of the newest subdiscipline of toxicology, genetic toxicology. This subdiscipline is still young and faces many challenges in terms of developing sound toxicologic approaches for meeting specific evaluation needs in the interest of public health. This paper describes the current status of efforts in genetic toxicology and the types of steps which must be taken in order to begin to meet the needs and requirements of regulatory agencies."
1150605,"When the standardization of procedures is envisioned, problems arise regarding the selection of the test procedure and its ability to detect changes in organ function. Dose-response curves can be derived for the parameters used for assessing dysfunction. These curves can be useful for selecting equitoxic doses of substances to be compared with each color. They can also be useful for estimating relative safety as well as absolute toxic potency. Enzyme inducers can be used to determine whether metabolic transformations are involved in toxic reactions. However, all enzyme inducers do not produce the same effect. It is necessary to clearly define the enzyme inducers that have to be employed. Interactions leading to enhanced toxic effects can occur by pathways other than enzyme induction. It is necessary to determine if the toxic interaction is the result of a change in the sensitivity of the organ to the presence of the toxic moiety. The experimental environment can also affect toxicity. The presence of pathology in laboratory animals may alter the response. Body temperature can also markedly alter the response to a toxic agent."
1150606,"Interlaboratory variability in certain acute toxicological procedures was discussed. Three collaborative studies have been performed. One study concerned a determination of acute peroral toxicity and 2 collaborative studies have involved eye and/or skin irritation. All have indicated that, while the majority of the laboratories produced relatively consistent results, some were definitely outliers and others were quite variable. Recommendations were made to counteract and correct this interlaboratory variability; it was suggested that these be accomplished before standardization of techniques be promulgated. A brief discussion was presented on the faulty conclusions that can result from improperly planned and executed repeated-dose toxicological studies. Furthermore, the estimation of risk at the low-response end of a dose-response curve was discussed. The relative variability of the measurement of the slope of such a curve was compared to the variability of the measurement of the midpoint. The danger of extrapolation of animal dose-response results, using a constant slope, was deprecated."
1150607,"Two kinds of problems associated with developing standardized procedures for the safety evaluation of new compounds are identified. The first of these is the question of the desirability of using such standard methods. It is concluded that a basic set of procedures is to be recommended, but this should be supplemented with special tests as may be indicated. The second problem is connected with the technical difficulties of any given type of assay and is normally dealt with in terms of the state of the art at the time. Assays by the inhalation route tend to be custom designed and do not follow standard protocols. One of the causes of this situation is the propensity of individual investigators to design de novo the equipment used to effect exposure of animals to airborne substances. Second, some confusion exists because investigators do not always appreciate that the concentration-time product is not the same as the true dose received by the exposed subjects and this may lead to anomalies when dose-response relationships are being characterized. It is suggested that interlaboratory studies be undertaken to ascertain the variability that might be expected in independent assays of inhalation toxicity."
1150608,"Nifursol (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (5-nitrofurfurylidene) hydrazide) is extracted into ethyl acetate from 10 g tissue in the presence of sodium sulfate. Tissue interferences are removed from the tissue extract by washing with petroleum ether after the extract has been transferred into an aqueous solution by evaporation of ethyl acetate. The drug is hydrolyzed under acid conditions to form 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5NF). After partition of 5NF from the aqueous phase into benzene the extract is further cleaned up on a Florisil column. The 5NF is eluted from the Florisil column with benzeneethyl acetate. Electron capture gas-liquid chromatography of a 10 mul injection of the concentrated column eluate is the determinative step. Quantitation is accomplished by comparison of the peak height of the sample to the peak height of the standard which is carried through the method simultaneously. Studies of method performance on turkey muscle, liver, kidney, and skin tissues fortified to contain 10 ppb nifursol show a recovery range of 87.4-95.0% and a coefficent of variation range of 5.7-11.2%."
1150610,"Fingerling rainbow trout were fed a diet fortified with 10 ppm Chlorowax 500C, a chlorinated paraffin, for up to 82 days. Chlorinated paraffin residues as high as 1.1 ppm (tissue basis) were found. Recoveries from fortified fish tissue were greater than 92%, and the method sensitivity (tissue basis) is at least 0.5 ppm. Ultraviolet irradiation of the sample extracts and microcoulometric gas chromatography minimized interferences. No gross toxicological effects were noted in the experimental fish, although their weight gain was less than that of the controls."
1150611,"A thin layer chromatographic method is presented by which higher and lower sulfonated subsidiary dyes are simultaneously separated from FD&C Yellow No. 6. After separation, the colors are quantitated directly, using a spectrodensitometer. Recoveries of 1, 2, and 5% of added 1-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid ranged from 92 to 111%. Recoveries of 1, 2, and 5% of added 1-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol ranged from 90 to 110%."
1150612,"A method is described for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with 3-7 rings in (I) meat, poultry, fish, and yeast; and (II) oils and fats. The extraction of PAHs from group I is incomplete, and, therefore, group I samples must be dissolved homogeneously by saponification in 2N methanolic potassium hydroxide. The PAHs are concentrated by liquid-liquid extraction (methanol-water-cyclohexane, N,N - dimethylformamide - water-cyclohexane) and by column chromatography on Sephadex LH 20. The PAHs are separated by high-performance gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with columns containing 5% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q and estimated by integration of the flame ionization detector signals in relation to an internal standard (3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and/or benzo(b)chrysene). The sensitivity is significantly higher than that obtained with ultraviolet spectroscopic methods. The reproducibility and margin of error were tested with meat samples fortified with 11 PAHs and with samples of sunflower oil. The method was further applied to meat, smoked fish, yeast, and unrefined sunflower oil. All samples investigated contained more than 100 PAHs (characterized by mass spectrometry) of which only the main components were determined: phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene + benzo (j)fluoranthene + benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, perylene, dibenz(a,j)anthracene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene + indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, anthanthrene, and coronene. In contrast to other methods, the GLC profile analysis allows the recording of known and unknown PAH peaks simultaneously and also allows a compilation of all PAHs."
1150613,"Roasting aflatoxin-contaminated corn will reduce toxin levels. A quantitative analysis for aflatoxin in roasted corn has been developed by modifying a cleanup technique for green coffee extracts approved as official first action by the AOAC. A chloroform extract is partially purified on a Florisil column, and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates are developed with methylene chloride-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol-formic acid (81+15+3+1). Recoveries average 101% and the sensitivity limit is 5 ppb aflatoxin B1. A 2-dimensional TLC procedure can also be used to separate the aflatoxins from background interferences."
1150614,"A method is described for the simultaneous determination of several heavy metals in foods. The sample is predigested with nitric acid and decomposed completely by heating with a mixture of sodium and potassium nitrates. The resultant melt containing the metals is then dissolved in dilute nitric acid. After the pH is adjusted to an appropriate value, the metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, are determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. The average recoveries of these metals added to 5 commodities were 98, 98,96, and 104%, respectively. The relative standard deviations, based on data from analyses of a commodity containing measurable levels of copper, lead, and zinc, were 12.0, 13.0, and 9.7%, respectively."
1150615,"A microanalytical method was developed for the determination of the experimental synthetic pyrethroid insecticide Bioethanomethrin ((5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl trans-(+)-3-(cyclopentylidenemethyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate). After saponification, trichloroacetyl chloride is used to form an ester from the acid moiety. Infrared and mass spectral data support the expected structures of the derivatives formed. Nanogram sensitivity is realized by utilizing a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector."
1150616,"High-pressure liquid chromatography has been applied to the separation and analysis of robenidine hydrochloride in the presence of its chemical precursors. It provides a rapid and specific method for the analysis of robenidine in technical material as well as feed premixes and is capable of distinguishing the intact drug from its degradation products. The chromatographic system employs a mixture of methanol, acetic acid, and methylene chloride as the mobile phase and a controlled pore glass as the stationary phase. Sample manipulation has been automated in 2 ways. In the first, manually prepared samples are automatically injected onto the column for separation and quantitation. In the second, a totally automated sample handling system, weighed samples are extracted, diluted, filtered, and then injected onto the column, all in a sequential manner. These procedures are capable of giving quantitative results at a rate of 10 samples/hr with a relative standard deviation of 1.13%."
1150617,"Phenylalanine transport in Yersinia pestis TJW was differentially inhibited by sulfhydryl blocking reagents, uncoupling agents, and respiratory inhibitors. Kinetic studies with potassium cyanide and sodium azide showed that these compounds have no immediate effect on the initial rate of phenylalanine transport, but have an immediate and severe inhibitory effect on the rate of oxygen uptake. Identical studies with p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) showed that these compounds have an instantaneous and total inhibitory effect on phenylalanine transport. DNP stimulated oxygen uptake, and pCMB caused only a sluggish inhibiton of oxygen uptake. pCMB acted as a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine transport, whereas DNP inhibitied noncompetitively. Arrenius plots of the initial rate of phenylalanine transport in pCMB- and DNP-treated cells showed that DNP alters the transition temperature of the phenylalanine transport system from 17 C for control cells to 12 C. DNP did not inhibit transport when cells were treated at temperatures of 2 to 10 C. PCMB did not alter the normal transition temperature and inhibited phenylalanine transport over a 2 to 30 C temperature range. Efflux induced by both pCMB and DNP were blocked by placing cells at low temperatures (2 to 20 C). Inhibition of adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis by DNP did not show any temperature sensitivity as did phenylalanine transport. These data indicate that: (i) respiration is not obligatory for active transport of phenylalanine in Y. pestis TJW; and (ii) pCMB inhibits transport activity by reacting with the sulfhydryl group(s) at the carrier binding site. The data show that the uncoupler, DNP, selectively alters a temperature-dependent property of phenylalanine transport, that is not related to uncoupling activity of DNP , and probably involves membrane lipid alterations."
1150618,"The calculated in vivo polypeptide chain growth rate for Staphylococcus auteus MF-31 grown in nutritionally rich medium assuming all the ribosomes were functional was found to be approximately 16 amino acids/s/ribosome, but decreased to 10.2 amino acids/s/ribosome for cells grown in poor medium. An in vitro analysis revealed that 70S ribosomes isolated from rich medium cells were more active than similar 70S ribosomes derived from cells grown in poor medium. The 30S subunit was found responsible for the increased activity of the rich monosomes, whereas the 50S subunit appeared to be capable of either high or low activity."
1150619,"The fatty acids present in lipopolysaccharides from Xanthomonas sinensis were identified as decanoic, 9-methyl-decanoic, 2-hydroxy-9-methyl-decanoic, 2-hydroxy-9-methyl-decanoic, D-3-hydroxy-decanoic, D-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-decanoic, D-3-hydroxy-dodecanoic, and D-3-hydroxy-11-methyl-dodecanoic acid. These fatty acids occur in the lipid A component where they are bound through ester and amide linkages to glucosamine residues. All types of fatty acids are ester bound; however, part of D-3-hydroxy-dodecanoic and D-3-hydroxy-11-methyl-dodecanoic acid is also involved in amide linkage. The hydroxyl groups of ester-linked 3-hydroxy fatty acids are not substituted. Similar fatty acid patterns were obtained from lipopolysaccharides of nine other Xanthomonas species."
1150621,"Microorganisms capable of degrading dl-synephrine were isolated from soil of Citrus gardens by enrichment culture, with dl-synephrine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. An organism which appears to be an arthrobacter, but which cannot be identified with any of the presently recognized species was predominant in these isolates. It was found to metabolize synephrine by a pathway involving p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid as intermediates. Some of the enzymes of this pathway were demonstrated in cell-free extracts. An aromatic oxygenase, which could also be readily obtained in a cell-free system, was found to degrade 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid by meta cleavage."
1150622,"Growth of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis on glucose was very much stimulated by the addition of hemin (2 mg/liter) to the medium. The generation time decreased from 8 to 2 h, and the molar growth yield increased from YM = 17.9 to YM = 47 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose. In the absence of hemin, glucose was fermented to fumarate, lactate, and acetate. The cells did not contain detectable amounts of cytochromes or fumarate reductase. In the presence of hemin, the major products of fermentation were succinate, propionate, and acetate. A b-type cytochrome, possibly a c-type cytochrome, and a very active fumarate reductase were present in the cells. It is concluded from these results that hemin is required by B. fragilis to synthesize a functional fumarate reductase and that the hemin-dependent, enormous increase of the growth yield may be due to adenosine 5'-triphosphate production during reduction of fumarate to succinate."
1150623,"Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, O-antigens) of 12 strains of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa were obtained by the phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether method, recommended for extracting lipophilic glycolipids of enterobacterial R-mutants. All R. gelatinosa LPS have essentially the same chemical composition. Similar to LPS of Salmonella R-mutants of chemotypes Rd1 and Rd2, the sole neutral sugar constituent is an aldoheptose. The heptose of R. gelatinosa LPS has the D-glycero-D-manno- configuration, in contrast to the L-glycero-D-mannoheptose of enterobacterial LPS. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate forms the acid-labile linkage between the lipid moiety (lipid A) and the oligosaccharide moiety of R. gelatinosa LPS. Like enterobacterial lipid A, lipid A of this species contains phosphate and D-glucosamine as the sole amino sugar. The fatty acid spectrum conprises beta-hydroxycapric, lauric, and myristic acids. Beta-Hydroxymyristic acid, the typical fatty acid of enterobacterial LPS, is lacking. The R. gelatinosa LPS show O-antigenic acitivity; passive hemagglutinations with untreated or heat-treated (not well alkali-treated) LPS and antisera prepared against heat-killed cells yield high titers. According to the serological cross-reactions observed, the LPS of the 12 strains could be arranged into two different serotypes: serotype I comprising strains 29/1, 29/2, 25/2, and serotype II comprising strains 44/K/6, 3/1, IS/10, 39/2, Dr2, 2150, P8P9, K32, P18f3.1. No serological cross-reactions were observed between LPS of these two different serotypes in passive hemagglutinations."
1150624,"The isolation and characterization of an ornithine-containing lipid obtained from Desulfovibrio gigas are reported. The general structure for this aminolipid is represented by NH2-CH2-(CH)2-CHNH(CO-CH2CH(O-COR2)-R1)-COOH, where R1 represents 3-hydroxy palmitate linked through an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of ornithine, and R2 represents a complex variety of fatty acids esterified to the hydroxyl group of 3-hydroxy palmitate. Fatty acids characterized were n-C14:0 (21%), iso-C14:0 (14%) anteiso-C15:0 (43%), n-C16:0 (2%), n-C18:0 (8%), and n-C 18:1 (11%). The quantitative relationships between aminolipid and phospholipids showed the aminolipid to represent the major polar lipid. Isolation of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of D. gigas showed the aminolipid to be evenly distributed between both membrane fractions, suggesting a compensatory role in phospholipid-deficient membranes."
1150625,"Examination of interactions among various substrates and inhibitors reacting with a partially purified nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii has shown that: nitrous oxide is competitive with N2; carbon monixide and acetylene are noncompetitive with N2; carbon monoxide, cyanide, and nitrous oxide are noncompetitive with acetylene, whereas N2 is competitive with acetylene; carbon monoxide is noncompetitive with cyanide, whereas azide is competitive with cyanide; acetylene and nitrous oxide increase the rate of reduction of cyanide. The results are understandable if nitrogenase serves as an electron sink and substrates and inhibitors bind at multiple modified sites on reduced nitrogenase. It is suggested that substrates such as acetylene may be reduced by a less completely reduced electron sink than is required for the six-electron transfer necessary to reduce N2."
1150626,"We have studied the appearance of whole-cell oxidizing activity for n-alkanes and their oxidation products in strains of Pseudomonas putida carrying the OCT plasmid. Our results indicate that the OCT plasmid codes for inducible alkane-hydroxylating and primary alcohol-dehydrogenating activities and that the chromosome codes for constitutive oxidizing activities for primary alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, and fatty acids. Mutant isolation confirms the presence of an alcohol dehydrogenase locus on the OCT plasmid and indicated the presence of multiple alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase loci on the P. putida chromosome. Induction tests with various compounds indicate that inducer recognition has specificity for chain length and can be affected by the degree of oxidation of the carbon chain. Some inducers are neither growth nor respiration substrates. Growth tests with and without a gratuitous inducer indicate that undecane is not a growth substrate because it does not induce alkane hydroxylase activity. Using a growth test for determining induction of the plasmid alcohol dehydrogenase it is possible to show that heptane induces this activity in hydroxylase-negative mutants. This suggests that unoxidized alkane molecules are the physiological inducers of both plasmid activities."
1150627,"Many strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are capable of exchanging genetic information via a recently discovered gene transfer process involving the release and subsequent uptake from the medium of particles containing genetic information (gene transfer agents, GTAs). No viral activities are observed to be associated with this system. An assay has been developed to quantitate gene transfer in R. capsulata. Conditions are described for which the number of cells acquiring a new genetic trait is direcly proportional to the number of GTAs and independent of the number of receipient cells. These conditions were used for the assay of the uptake and release of GTAs by cells. The maximum fraction of recipients that acquire a given genetic marker is approximately 4 X 10(-4). Free GTA appears in a growing culture in one or two abrupt waves near the time of transition from exponential to stationary phase. During these waves, the titer of GTA for a given marker may reach 2 X 103/ml. A comparison of the frequency of single- and double-marker transfers suggests that most of the cells in early-stationary-phase cultures are active recipients. The ultraviolet inactivation spectrum of GTA resembles that of the small ribonucleic acid phages. The inactivation cross section section beta, for GTA was calculated to be 1.7 X 10(-16) cm2/photon at 265 nm."
1150628,A new type of high-temperature conditional cell division mutant has been isolated in Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1 in which the process of cell division is uncoupled from that of growth at 39 C. This mutant produces abnormally small cells under conditions of nutrient limitation and forms multinucleoid filaments under normal growth conditions.
1150629,"Leptotrichia buccalis was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Its cell wall structure in generally compatible with that of gram-negative bacteria. However, the scale-like membranous folds associated with the external surface of the outer cell membrane appear to be sufficiently unusual to serve as a useful morphological criterion in the identification of L. baccalis cells."
1150630,In vitro complementation assays have been used to demonstrate the induction of alkane hydroxylase proteins in mutants lacking the ability to convert n-alkanes to their primary alcohols. Purified heptane is an effective inducer in a mutant lacking detectable hydroxylase activity.
1150631,"The proteins precipitated with ammonium sulfate from the urine of a patient (Mat) with multiple myeloma were separated into three components by ion-exchange and gel chromatographies. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analyses, immunochemical tests, and measurement of circular dichroism showed that these components were a dimer with a disulfide bond, a stable monomer, and a variable fragment, respectively. All three protein components reacted with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0, indicating that they contained free sulhydryl groups. Partial reduction with dithiothreitol in the absence of denaturants yielded two SH groups per molecule from both the monomer and the dimer, and one SH group per molecule from the fragment. This indicates that the monomer of Mat protein contains a cysteinyl residue in the variable region in addition to a cysteinyl residue at the COOH terminus. The reactivities of the two SH groups of the partially reduced monomer toward iodoacetamide and iodoacetic acid were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two SH groups had similar reactivities with iodacetamide, but the SH group at the COOH terminus was more reactive with iodoacetic acid than that in the variable region. The extrinsic Cotton effects of an azobenzene-2-sulfenyl group introduced into the SH group in the variable region were different from those of dye attached to the COOH terminal SH group, indicating that the two SH groups had different environments. The states of the SH groups of the intact monomer are discussed on the basis of these findings."
1150632,"The binding of an anionic surfactant to a protein polypeptide has been studied by the proton magnetic resonance (PMR) technique to form a part of our studies on the principles of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sodium 4-(p-butylphenyl) butane-1-sulfonate (CH3-(CH2)3-0-(CH2)4-SO3-Na+) was employed as an anionic surfactant, and reduced and carbosyamidomethylated (RCAM) bovine serum albumin as a typical protein polypeptide. The binding isotherm of the surfactant to RCAM bovine serum albumin was similar to that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The surfactant could replace SDS in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without affecting the wellknown mode of spearation of protein bands. These results gave a sound basis for the assumption that the investigation of the complex between a surfactant with a benzene ring and RCAM bovine serum albumin would provide useful knowledge concerning the principles of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Aggregation of the aromatic surfactant necessarily brings benzene rings together. A benzene ring is a strong source of the ring current effect on chemical shifts in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Chemical shifts of the surfactant in NMR are, therefore, sensitive to whether the surfactant molecules are single-molecularly dissolved or aggregated. Full advantage was taken of the above fact in the present PMR study of the binding of the surfactant to RCAM bovine serum albumin. The chemical shifts of the phenyl and methyl protons both for the single-molecular and micellar aggregated states were estimated from measurements of the shifts as a function of the surfactant concentration. They shifted to a higher magnetic field on micelle formation, due to the increase of the ring current effect. Corresponding measurements for the complex between the surfactant and RCAM bovine serum albumin gave estimates of the chemical shifts of the phenyl and methyl groups of the surfactant bound to the protein polypeptide. They were found to shift to a magnetic field somewhat higher than that for the micellar state throughout the concentration range of the surfactant examined. These results strongly suggest that the surfactant molecules bind to the  protein polypeptide in the form of micelle-like clusters, and that PMR of the groups are further influenced by the diagmagnetic effect of the protein polypeptide present as a core. No appreciable change in the mode of binding, corresponding to the steep increase in the amount of binding in the binding isotherm, was observed from the PMR studies. Taking the observed similarity between SDS and the aromatic surfactant in the binding and the gel electrophoresis into consideration, the present results strongly suggest that SDS also binds to protein polypeptides in the form of micelle-like clusters under the conditions of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, and support our ""necklace model""."
1150633,"The addition of trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4]-digested liver microsimes induced cyanideinsensitive respiration in guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes with concomitant acceleration of the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway. The respiration was insensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration but sensitive to glycolytic inhibitors. These metabolic alterations are similar to those associated with phagocytosis, though the digested mocrosomes were apparently not taken up by the cells and prpbably trigger the netabolic changes by interaction with the cellular membrane. Intact microsomes or microsomes treated with chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], bacterial proteinase, ribonuclease [EC 3.1.4.22], or neuraminidase [EC 3.2.1.18] could not induce such respiration."
1150634,"1. The localization of specific antiboidies against troponin components, i.e., troponin T(TN-T), troponin I(TN-I, and troponin C(TN-C), was studied by the use of an electrom microscope. 2. Every antibody was distributed along the thin filament with a period of 38 nm. 3. Staining with anti-TN-I or anti-TN-C formed narrow striations. The location of the first striation was 26 nm from the free end of the thin filament. 4. The width of individual striations formed by anti-TN-T was 14--20nm The H-band-side end of each striation coincided with the location of anti-TN-I or anti-TN-C."
1150635,"Capacities for urea synthesis and amino acid patterns in the perfused livers isolated from rats fed low and high-protein diets were compared. Urea formation with amjonium chlorode as the nitrogen source in perfused livers isolated from rats fed on a 70% casein diet was rapid and the efficiency of conversion of ammonia to urea was 97.9%. However, that in livers isolated from rats fed on a 5% casein diet was much slower and the efficiency of conversion of ammonia to urea was only 36.1%. The ratios of the rate of urea formation from ammonium chloride to activity of ornithine transcarbamylase [EC 2.1.3.3.] in the perfused livers of rats fed on 5 and 70% casein diets were calculated. The ratio of the former condition was much lower than that of the latter. The ratios reached nearly the same level by the addition of ornithine and N-acetylglutamate, the addition of which to the perfusate caused marked elevation of the ratios in both cases. In the perfused livers from rats fed on a 5% casein diet a considerable portion of the ammonia added to the perfusate was fixed into an amino ro an amide group of amino acids such as alamin, aspartate, and glutamine. On the other hand, in the perfused livers from rats fed on a 70% casein diet most of the ammonia added was converted to urea. The regulation of urea synthesis and the relation between anabolism and catabolism of amino acids in rat livers subjected to different dietary conditions were compared."
1150636,"The xanthurenic acid-insulin complex was found to have similar immunological properties to native Zn-insulin. This complex showed less hormonal activity on glucose metabolism in adipose tissue than native An-insulin, but its activity was increased by addition of Zn2+ ions."
1150637,"Studies were made on the ultraviolet difference-spectra of glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus [EC 3.2.1.3] specifically produced by the substrate maltose and the inhibitors, glucose, glucono-1: 5-lactone (gluconolactone), methyl beta-D-glucoside, cellubiose, and cyclohexa-, and cyclohepta-amyloses.  Of these, maltose and gluconolactone produced characteristic difference spectra with a trough near 300 nm.  Based on studies with a model compound for a tryptophan residue, Ac-Trp, this trough was attributed to the effect of a negative charge upon the tryptophan residue.  From the concentration dependency of the difference spectra, the dissociation constants of the complexes between the enzyme and maltose, glucose, and gluconolactone were evaluated to be 1.2 mM, 51 mM, and 1.5 mM, respectively.  These values are in good agreement with the values of Km or K1 obtained from the steady-state kinetics.  The difference-spectrophotometric data suggested that referring to the values of subsite affinities of glucoamylase, maltose, and gluconolactone occupy mainly Subsite 1, where the non-reducing-end glucose residue of a substrate is bound in a productive form and that a tryptophan residue with shows a trough near 300 nm in difference spectra is located in this subsite."
1150638,"Protein and RNA contents in muscle of normal and hereditary dystrophic mice C57BL/6J-dy/dy were reexamined on the basis of DNA. It was observed that protein and RNA contents in dystrophic muscle decreased at the early stage of the disease, in disagreement with the reported results on a wet weight basis, in which RNA content in dystrophic muscle had been found to increase. Rates of protein and RNA systhesis in the early stage of the disease were also determined with a concomitant check of the specific activities of free amino acids and free nucleotides. The rates of both protein and RNA synthesis (i.e., specific activities of protein and RNA) were higher in the dystrophic muscle, but when they were expressed on a DNA basis, the total protein synthesis per cell was the same as that of normal muscle and the total RNA synthesis per cell showed a smaller increase in dystrophic muscle. These apparent increases of protein and RNA synthesis were discussed in connection with the decreased protein and RNA contents in the cells of dystrophic muscle. The synthesized RNAs seemed to contain mRNA on the basis of sedimentation character and Millipore filter binding ability. However, no particular RNA was mainly synthesized in dystrophic muscle."
1150639,"The interaction of the inhibitory component (TN I) of troponin and F-actin in  the presence and absence of tropomyosin was studied by a number of physico-chemical techniques: i.e., gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, flow birefringence, viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity measurements, and electron microscopy.  The results indicated that TN I and F-actin interact with each other more strongly in the presence of tropomyosin than in its absence.  The physiological implication of this finding is discussed."
1150640,The effects of various compounds on ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase and arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) activities in the copurified preparation from the liver of Charonia lampas were investigated.  The former activity was competively inhibited by inorganic phosphate and sulfate.  The latter was not affected by sulfate.  Higher concentrations of sodium chloride inhibited the former and activated the latter.  Neither of the activities was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents.  Both activities were competively inhibited by the other substrate.
1150641,"Whole histone from calf thymus was fractionated by partition chromatography on the basis of distribution between an aqueous phase immobilized on Sephadex G-25 beads and mobile organic phases containing various concentrations of trichloroacetic acid. The chromatography was carried out by stepwise elution with five upper phases from water and butanol-2 solvent systems containing 4 M urea and 0.1-1.5% trichloroacetic acid, and finally water. Of the six peaks obtained, two (peaks 1 and 2) contained arginine-rich histones. Although these peaks were still heterogeneous electrophoretically, the band corresponding to F2al was observed only in the electrophoretic pattern of peak 1 and the main fraction in peak 2 was F3. A histone fraction having nearly equimolar amounts of arginine and lysine was obtained from peak 3. Its amino acid composition was similar to that of F2a2. Slightly lysine-rich histone obtained from peak 4 showed an amino acid composition typical of F2b. Peak 5 contained a histone fraction with a ratio of lysine/arginine of 6.14, showing a single band on gel-electrophoresis. Very lysine-rich histone (F1) was obtained from peak 6, and the electrophoretic pattern of this fraction showed a single band."
1150642,"The effects of DL-alpha-hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid (DL-HAVA) on polyamine metabolism in isoproterenol(IPR)-stimulated mouse parotid glands were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.  Using partially enzyme preparations, it was found that DL-HAVA strongly inhibited ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) by competing with L-ornithine.  Other enzymes metabolizing ornithine and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes were at least 2-3 orders of magnitude less sensitive to DL-HAVA than ornithine decarboxylase.  Administration of DL-HAVA greatly depressed the increases in both the putrescine level and putrescine formation from L-ornithine induced by IPR in the mouse parotid glands.  Under the same conditions, the stimulation of DNA synthesis and subsequent cell proliferation in the glands were also suppressed.  However, the IPR-dependent increases in S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) activity, synthesis and the tissue concentration of spermidine, and RNA synthesis in the parotid glands were not affected appreciably by DL-HAVA.  The inhibition of DNA synthesis by DL-HAVA was effectively prevented by putrescine, but not by spermidine or 1,7-diaminoheptane, given at the same time when DL-HAVA inhibited stimulation of putrescine formation by IPR.  From these results, it is proposed that putrescine is involved in cell proliferation besides being a precursor of spermidine.  The effects of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, on  the metabolism of polyamines and nucleic acids in growing parotid glands were also examined."
1150643,"Cultures of chick tendon fibroblasts were capable of normal ATP production and protein synthetic activity even though the normally high rate of glycolysis was markedly reduced by substitution of pyruvate for glucose. Iodoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose reduced ATP levels and protein synthesis even in the presence of pyruvate. Under these conditions, both inhibitors were shown to have effects on the energy metabolism of cells which were apparently unrelated to an inhibition of glycolysis. Selective inhibition of either glycolysis, by incubation in glucose-free medium, or of oxidative phosphorylation, by incubation with an uncoupler, was shown to have little effect on cellular ATP levels or intracellular transport and secretion of collagen. However, inhibition of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation resulted in decreased cellular ATP levels and an inhibition of collagen secretion. This effect was not due to a requirement for continued protein synthesis, since inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide or puromycin had little effect on collagen secretion. The ATP requirement for intracellular transport and secretion is discussed in relation to the secretory pathway for collagen."
1150644,"Structural specificity of alkyl glycerolipid formation was studied in myelinating rat brain. 1,2-[2-14-C,2-3-H]Heptadecanediol, 1,2-[1-14-C]octadecanediol, and 1-O-2-hydroxy-[1-14-C]heptadecyl-rac-glycerol were administered intracerebrally and their incorporation into phospholipids was determined after time periods ranging from 6 to 48 hours. Experimental evidence is presented to support the following conclusions. (a) Long chain 1,2-alkanediols serve as direct precursors of the 2-hydroxyalkyl moieties of both choline and ethanolamine glycerophosphatides. (b) 1,2-Alkanediols are oxidized to 1-hydroxy-2alkanones which serve as precursors of the 2-oxoalkyl moieties of the glycerophosphatides. (c) Oxidations of hydroxy groups and reductions of oxo groups do not occur at the phospholipids, but are confined to 1,2-alkanediols and 1-hydroxy-2-alkanones, respectively. (d) Metabolic degradation of 1,2-alkanediols proceeds by oxidation to the corresponding 2-hydroxy and/or 2-oxo fatty acids and decarboxylation."
1150645,"The structure of circular pea chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) has been analyzed by denaturation mapping. All of the pea ctDNA molecules that were examined had identical gross base sequences. Denaturation maps were constructed at denaturation levels of 2.5%, 22%, and 44%. These denaturation maps showed that the circular pea ctDNA contained six small AT-rich regions on one-half of the DNA molecule, and two small GC-rich regions on the other half of the DNA molecule. The structure of pea ctDNA circular dimers was also examined. The results showed that the pea ctDNA circular dimers consisted of two monomer length units integrated in tandem repeat."
1150646,"The turnover of rat liver lysosomal proteins was studied by a double isotope-labeling technique. The cellular fractions investigated included soluble lysosomal proteins, lysosomal membrane proteins, highly purified lysosomal beta-glucuronidase, and for comparison, microsomal proteins and soluble cytoplasmic proteins. Both ""normal"" lysosomes and Triton WR-1339-filled lysosomes (tritosomes) were studied, with similar results. It was found that (a) the turnover rate of lysosomal proteins, of both the soluble and membranous compartments, was very similar to that of the proteins of the microsomal and soluble cytoplasmic fractions, and (b) the turnover rate of lysosomal proteins was asynchronous. The latter conclusion was based on two lines of evidence: (a) lysosomal beta-glucuronidase had a distinctly slower turnover rate than the average rate of the soluble lysosomal proteins, and (b) subunits of the proteins of the soluble lysosomal fraction as separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration showed different rates of degradation."
1150647,"The major form of dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant mutant (strain A) of Streptococcus faecium var. Durans has been purified on a large scale. Amino acid analysis of this form of the enzyme (isoenzyme 2) reveals an absence of cystine or cysteine, and sedimentation studies indicate a molecular weight of 20,800. The NH2-terminal sequence was determined by Edman degradation of the intact protein and the COOH terminus by selective tritiation and by carboxypeptidase treatment. After the action of trypsin on the citraconylated protein, seven of the expected nine peptides were purified from the digest, and after cyanogen bromide treatment of the unmodified protein, all seven of the anticipated peptides were isolated. The amino acid composition of all of these peptides has been established as well as their complete or partial sequences. From the results it was possible to order these peptides within the sequence and to establish the sequence of the NH2-terminal 60 residues and the COOH-terminal 11 residues."
1150648,"The enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine-5-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose-3-enolpyruvyltransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of enolpyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate to uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine with the liberation of Pi, was found to form a covalent intermediate with the enolpyruvate moiety. Radioactivity from [1-14-C]phosphoenolpyruvate in the forward reaction and from UDP-GlNAc-[1-14-C]enolpyruvate in the reverse reaction was incorporated into the enzyme and remained bound to the protein after precipitation with ammonium sulfate or treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat. This incorporation from UDP-GlcNAc-[1-14-C]enolpyruvate took place in the absence of Pi. When [32-P,1-14C]phosphoenolpyruvate was used, only 14-C appeared to be incorporated. In the forward reaction, the incorporation was contingent on the removal of UDP-GlcNAc from the transferase. Consistent with the formation of an enzyme-enolpyruvate intermediate, exchange of UDP-[6-3-H]GlcNAc with UDP-GlcNAc-enolpyruvate was observed in the absence of Pi. Nonstoichiometric incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into the product, UDP-GlcNAc-enolpyruvate, was observed and was shown to be due to a product isotope effect. Based on these observations, a mechanism of action for this enzyme is proposed which involves synchronous addition-elimination followed by a second addition-elimination step."
1150649,"KB cells were synchronized by a double thymidine block procedure. An investigation was made of the activities of alpha-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51), alpha-D-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), beta-D-galactosidase (ec 3.2.1.23), alpha-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), beta-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), alpha-D-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24), beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.53), and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) from synchronized cultures, using appropriate artificial substrates. Ceramide glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.45) and ceramide trihexosidase levels (EC 3.2.1.47) were also investigated at various stages in the cell cycle, using appropriate glycosphingolipid substrates. Whereas each of these enzymes exhibited some activity throughout the cell cycle, peak activity (2- to 6-fold increase) occurred late in the S phase. Two molecular forms of ceramide glucosidase (optimal activity at pH 4.0 and pH 6.0) and two forms of ceramide trihexosidase (pH 4.0 and pH 7.5) were identified. Peak levels of the forms that preferred the relatively acid pH occurred earlier in the S phase of the cell cycle than those of the forms that were more active at the higher pH. The possibility that the forms with optimal activity at pH 4 are precursors of those with optimal activity at pH 6 to 7.5 is discussed. Precipitation of beta-galactosidase of synchronized KB cells with specific antibody revealed that changes in the activity of this enzyme during the cell cycle were the result of fluctuations in the amount of the enzyme."
1150650,"A phosphopeptide which contains 14 residues including phosphoserine and which is derived from the NH2-terminal region of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase (Nolan, C., Novoa, W. B., Krebs, E. G., and Fischer, E. H. (1964) Biochemistry 3, 542-551) has been shown to induce the enzymic properties of phosphorylase a in phosphorylase b and b'. When phosphorylase b is incubated with the phosphorylated tetradecapeptide, the following changes occur: (1) the enzyme becomes partially catalytically active in the absence of AMP; (2) the allosteric interactions of the enzyme are altered, as evidenced by the fact that phosphorylase b does not bind AMP cooperatively, and is no longer inhibited by glucose-6-P; and (3) the enzyme, normally present as a dimer, associates to a tetramer. Phosphorylase b' is a modified form of phosphorylase in which the phosphorylation site has been removed by limited tryptic attack. In the presence of phosphopeptide, 86% of the total enzyme activity can be induced in the absence of AMP. The properties of phosphorylases b and b' with phosphopeptide, cited above, are all characteristics of the phosphonenzyme, phosphorylase a. In addition, evidence is presented that these effects are specific. They are not the result of the polycationic nature of the peptide since they cannot be duplicated by spermine, and the phosphate group must also be present for the peptide to effect changes on the enzyme."
1150651,"The binding of Ni-2+ and Mn-2+ to thiamin phosphate and thiamin pyrophosphate (thiamin-PP) has been compared with the binding of these ions to oxythiamin phosphate and oxythiamin pyrophosphate, analogues of thiamin in which the C-4 amino group has been replaced by an -OH group. The replacement of the NH2 group results in reduced basicity of N-1 of the pyrimidine ring of oxythiamine derivatives. The effects of pD, ligand concentration, and temperature on the binding of metal ions to N-1 have been studied by observing the metal ion-induced shifting and broadening of the C-6-H signal of these compounds. The results indicate the following: (a) the metal ion is held near N-1, resulting in a ""folded"" conformation, because of a favorable bonding interaction between N-1 and the metal ion rather than for general conformational reasons alone; and (b) the amount of ""folded"" conformation present in the different pyrophosphate complexes at neutral pH follows the order: Ni-2+-thiamin-PP greater than Mn-2+-thiamin-PP greater than Mn-2+-oxythiamin-PP and Ni-2+-oxythiamin-PP It is concluded that the strength of the metal ion-pyrimidine interaction in the ""folded"" conformation depends strongly both on the coordination affinity of the metal ion and on the basicity of N-1. Since the interaction of the phosphate-bound metal ion with the pyrimidine ring in the Mg-2+-thiamin-PP complex is probably weaker than the corresponding interaction in the Mn-2+-thiamin-PP complex, these results predict that the Mg-2+-thiamin-PP complex in solution, at neutral pH, exists predominantly in an ""unfolded"" conformation."
1150652,"We investigated how changes in tryptophan pyrrolase activity and tryptophan loads affect the breakdown of tryptophan was estimated by injecting rats with [ring-2-14-C]tryptophan and measuring respiratory 14-CO2. We concluded, contrary to previous reports, that induction of tryptophan pyrrolase definitely will increase the rate of tryptophan breakdown. Tryptophan loads also increase tryptophan breakdown even in circumstances where there is no increase in tryptophan pyrrolase activity, presumably by increasing the saturation of the enzyme. After a tryptophan load (50 mg per kg) the increase in liver tryptophan concentration lasts only 30 min. The rapid return of liver tryptophan to normal may be due partly to the high turnover rate of liver tryptophan. We estimate that tryptophan pyrrolase degrades tryptophan in vivo at a rate that is equivalent to the whole liver tryptophan concentration in 7.5 min or less."
1150653,"The alpha,beta eliminations of NH3 from L-histidine and 4-fluoro-L-histidine by histidine ammonia-lyase appear to occur by similar mechanisms, although a large difference in Vmax for the two reactions was observed. Both reactions were shown to be reversible with an equilibrium constant of 4 to 5. The presteady state kinetics of the deamination of 4-fluoro-L-histidine indicates that the rate-determining step precedes the dissociation of ammonia from the enzyme. The isotope effect of 1.4 to 2.0 observed with 4-fluoro-DL-[beta-2-H2]histidine or DL-[beta-2-H2]histidine or DL-[beta-2-H2]histidine indicates that the C-H bond breakage is at least partially rate-determining for the deamination of both substrates."
1150654,"The oxygenated complexes of the two catalytically active forms of pseudomonad and rat liver L-tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11) have been studied. As was previously reported (ISHIMURA, Y., NORZAKI, M., HAYAISHI, O., TAMURA, M., AND YAMAZAK-I I. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 3593-3602), we observe that the fully reduced form of pseudomonad tryptophan oxygenase during steady state catalysis exists predominantly as the L-tryptophan ferroheme-O2 enzyme complex (lambdamax = 415 nm, 540 nm, 570 nm). However, during steady state catalysis by a half-reduced form of both the pseudomonad and hepatic enzymes, the predominant species present manifest absorption spectra indicative of ternary complexes in which all the heme exists as ferriheme (Soret, 407 nm), there being no trace of a ferroheme-O2 complex. Carbon monoxide is a competitive inhibitor with respect to molecular oxygen of catalysis by either the half-reduced or fully reduced forms of pseudomonad tryptophan oxygenase. During steady state catalysis in the presence of CO, the fully reduced form of the enzyme exists as a mixture of the oxyferroheme (Soret = 415 nm) and carboxyferroheme (Soret = 421 nm) enzyme complexes. However, if the same experiment is repeated with the half-reduced form of the pseudomonad enzyme, all of the enzyme is in the ferriheme state, even though CO is inhibiting this form of the enzyme to the same degree as it does the fully reduced form. We conclude that for the half-reduced form of pseudomonad tryptophan oxygenase the substrate, O2, and the inhibitor, CO, are not binding to the heme moieties, but are bound elsewhere, presumably to the Cu(I) moieties. Examination of the kinetic mechanisms of the half-reduced and fully reduced forms of pseudomonad tryptophan oxygenase using the inhibitors carbon monoxide and 5-fluorotryptophan confirmed that the fully reduced enzyme binds L-tryptophan before O2 (FORMAN, H., AND FEIGELSON, P. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 760-763) and that for the half-reduced enzyme O2 binds first. In the presence of 5-fluorotryptophan a relatively stable oxyferroheme enzyme complex was generated with the fully reduced form of pseudomonad tryptophan oxygenase. Thus, saturation of the catalytic site alone either with the substrate, L-tryptophan, or the competitive inhibitor, 5-fluorotryptophan, enhances binding of O2 to the ferroheme moieties of the enzyme. The resistance of this complex to photolysis indicates that the bound molecular oxygen is predominantly present as superoxide, O2-minus."
1150655,"UDP-D-Galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase, a membrane-bound enzyme which catalyzes the second glycosyl transfer reaction in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate chains, has been solubilized and partially purified from embryonic chick cartilage. Solubilization was effected by treatment of a particulate fraction of a homogenate (sedimenting between 10,000 and 100,000 times g) with the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (0.5%) and KCl (0.5 M) or by the alkali-detergent method described previously (Helting, T. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 815-822). The applicability of the salt-detergent procedure as a general method for solubilization of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases was tested by assay of four other glycosyltransferases involved in chondroitin sulfate synthesis (UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-galactose:4-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-xylose galactosyltransferase, UDP-D-glucuronic acid: 3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-galactose glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: (GlcUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase). In each case, greater than 70% of the activity was solubilized and, on gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, the enzymes appeared largely in included positions and partially separated from each other. After partial purification by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase was purified further by chromatography on one of several affinity matrices, i.e. xylosylated core protein of cartilage proteoglycan coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose, a core protein matrix saturated with UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase or UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase covalently bound to Sepharose. The specific activities of the enzyme preparations obtained by these procedures were approximately 1000-fold greater than that of the crude homogenate."
1150656,"Reaction of tetranitromethane with the lone tyrosine residue of bovine neurophysin I and II, tyrosine-49, gave nitro derivatives of these proteins which were obtained in a highly purified form by preparative electrophoresis. Equilibrium dialysis experiments indicated clearly that oxytocin binding remained essentially unaffected by the chemical modification of tyrosine-49. However, in the case of (8-lysine)vasopressin, the nitrated protein was found to bind only 1 hormone molecule in contrast to the 2 vasopressin molecules bound by the native protein. Ultraviolet absorption difference spectroscopy measurements between 250 nm and 300 nm indicated that upon binding of (2-phenylalanine, 8-lysine)vasopressin, tyrosine-49 of native neurophysin undergoes a change of microenvironment from less to more polar surroundings. Studies of the nitrotyrosyl-49 chromophore of neurophysin by ab sorption spectroscopy in the absence and presence of oxytocin or (8-lysine)vasopressin confirmed this finding. Since dimethylsulfoxide solvent perturbation studies suggested that in the Cys(Me)-Phe-Ile-NH2-neurophysin I complex, tyrosine-49 is more exposed to solvent than in neurophysin I alone, it is concluded that this residue is unmasked by conformational changes upon complex formation."
1150657,"Three kinds of green synthetic myoglobin were prepared by recombination of horse heart apomyoglobin with spirographis (2-formyl-4-vinyl-), isospirographis (2-vinyl-4-formyl-), and 2,4-diformyldeuterohemins. The optical and oxygen binding properties of the reconstituted myoglobins containing two isomeric monoformyl-monovinylhemins were found to be different. The oxygen affinities (P50) of spirographis and 2,4-diformylmyoglobins are 2.7 and 2.8 mm Hg, respectively, at 25 degrees, and about 2.5 times lower than that of native protomyglobin, while that of isospirographis myoglobin is 1.0 mm Hg and is similar to native myoglobin. Spirographis oxymyoglobin has absorption maxima (alpha, beta, and Soret bands) at 601, 556.5, and 435 nm, isospirographis oxymyoglobin at 595, 550, 429 nm, and 2,4-diformyl oxymyoglobin at 603, 563.5, and 447 nm. The optical red shifts as well as the decrease in the oxygen affinities of these myoglobins are attributed mainly to the presence of strongly electron-attractive formyl side chains. Since the free isomers of monoformyl-monovinyl heme have similar properties, the differences observed after recombination with apoprotein must be caused by interactions with apomyoglobins. The degree of such a protein effect may be estimated by comparing the absorption spectra of heme before and after recombination and was found to differ among the various myoglobins. Comparison of the oxygen affinities of the myoglobins taking account of this protein factor showed that the increase in the P50 values are inversely related to that in the pK3 values of the free porphyrins. These results suggest the involvement of pi bonding in determining the oxygen-iron bond strength."
1150658,"The amino acid sequences of both the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin have been determined. The amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit is: Ala - Asp - Val - Gln - Asp - Cys - Pro - Glu - Cys-10 - Thr - Leu - Gln - Asp - Pro - Phe - Ser - Gln-20 - Pro - Gly - Ala - Pro - Ile - Leu - Gln - Cys - Met - Gly-30 - Cys - Cys - Phe - Ser - Arg - Ala - Tyr - Pro - Thr - Pro-40 - Leu - Arg - Ser - Lys - Lys - Thr - Met - Leu - Val - Gln-50 - Lys - Asn - Val - Thr - Ser - Glu - Ser - Thr - Cys - Cys-60 - Val - Ala - Lys - Ser - Thr - Asn - Arg - Val - Thr - Val-70 - Met - Gly - Gly - Phe - Lys - Val - Glu - Asn - His - Thr-80 - Ala - Cys - His - Cys - Ser - Thr - Cys - Tyr - Tyr - His-90 - Lys - Ser. Oligosaccharide side chains are attached at residues 52 and 78. In the preparations studied approximately 10 and 30% of the chains lack the initial 2 and 3 NH2-terminal residues, respectively. This sequence is almost identical with that of human luteinizing hormone (Sairam, M. R., Papkoff, H., and Li, C. H. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 530-537). The amino acid sequence of the beta subunit is: Ser - Lys - Glu - Pro - Leu - Arg - Pro - Arg - Cys - Arg-10 - Pro - Ile - Asn - Ala - Thr - Leu - Ala - Val - Glu - Lys-20 - Glu - Gly - Cys - Pro - Val - Cys - Ile - Thr - Val - Asn-30 - Thr - Thr - Ile - Cys - Ala - Gly - Tyr - Cys - Pro - Thr-40 - Met - Thr - Arg - Val - Leu - Gln - Gly - Val - Leu - Pro-50 - Ala - Leu - Pro - Gin - Val - Val - Cys - Asn - Tyr - Arg-60 - Asp - Val - Arg - Phe - Glu - Ser - Ile - Arg - Leu - Pro-70 - Gly - Cys - Pro - Arg - Gly - Val - Asn - Pro - Val - Val-80 - Ser - Tyr - Ala - Val - Ala - Leu - Ser - Cys - Gln - Cys-90 - Ala - Leu - Cys - Arg - Arg - Ser - Thr - Thr - Asp - Cys-100 - Gly - Gly - Pro - Lys - Asp - His - Pro - Leu - Thr - Cys-110 - Asp - Asp - Pro - Arg - Phe - Gln - Asp - Ser - Ser - Ser - Ser - Lys - Ala - Pro - Pro - Pro - Ser - Leu - Pro - Ser-130 - Pro - Ser - Arg - Leu - Pro - Gly - Pro - Ser - Asp - Thr-140 - Pro - Ile - Leu - Pro - Gln. Oligosaccharide side chains are found at residues 13, 30, 121, 127, 132, and 138. The proteolytic enzyme, thrombin, which appears to cleave a limited number of arginyl bonds, proved helpful in the determination of the beta sequence."
1150659,"Basement membrane biosynthesis in vitro was studied in a rapidly growing embryonic tissue, the rat parietal yolk sac. This tissue consists of a thick, nonvascular basement membrane (Reichert's membrane) separating two cellular layers (parietal endoderm and trophoblast). Morphologically, Reichert's membrane appeared similar to other basement membranes. Previous analysis of the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of acellular Reichert's membrane showed it to be typical of basement membranes isolated from other tissues and species. Analysis of [14-C]proline incorporation and hydroxy [14-C]proline synthesis during the third quarter ogestation in vitro showed that basement membrane collagen synthesis in the parietal yolk sac was maximal around the 14th day of gestation. At this time, basement membrane collagen represented nearly 10% of the newly synthesized protein. The collagen synthesized in this system was characteristic of basement membrane collagen in that about 11% of the total hydroxy [14-C]proline was present as the 3-isomer. In addition, after incubation in the presence of [14-C]lysine, 83 to 94% of the hydroxy[14-C]lysine was glycosylated, with the predominant form being glucosylgalactosylhydroxy[14-C]lysine. When the parietal endoderm and trophoblast were incubated separately with [14-C]proline, it was determined that the former was solely responsible for the synthesis of basement membrane collagen since essentially all of the 4-hydroxy[14-C]proline was associated with this cell type. Autoradiographic experiments with [3-H]glucosamine also served to localize the synthesis of noncollagen basement membrane glycoprotein components to the parietal endoderm. As with the results reported for basement membrane collagen secretion in embryonic chick lens cells, there appeared to be approximately a 60-min delay between the incorporation of [14-C]proline into protein and the secretion of collagen as measured by the appearance of 4-hydroxy[14-C]proline in the culture medium. Experiments utilizing [3H]glucosamine to monitor glycoprotein synthesis did not show a delay between the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine and the secretion of nondialyzable 3-H into the medium. The results obtained using the parietal yolk sac system to study basement membrane biosynthesis were compared to those previously obtained using the kidney glomerular and embryonic chick lens systems. It was concluded that the parietal yolk sac system is superior for a number of reasons: (a) the extracellular matrix appeared to contain only basement membrane components; there was no contamination by acid mucopolysaccharides or other types of collagen; (b) only a single cell type appeared to be responsible for the synthesis of basement membrane components; and (c) a relatively large percentage of the newly synthesized protein was basement membrane collagen."
1150660,"In each of three separate experiments, female guinea pigs in groups of 20 were given 4 units of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) each day for 3 days, while controls were given saline. Na125I was injected on the 3rd day, and the animals were killed 22 hours later. The pooled throids of each group were homogenized, and thyroglobulin was purified by one of the following methods: gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 followed by density gradient ultracentrifugation, two sequential filtrations on 4 percent agarose, or filtration on 4 percent agarose followed by Sephadex G-200. TSH administration was associated with the folling changes in thyroglobulin: (1) an increase in the ratio of tri-iodothyronine to thyroxine; (2) a decrease in dissociation of the 19 S to the 12 S form; (3) an alteration in its pattern on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea; and (4) changes in its amino acid composition, with significant increases in the content of lysine (by 15 percent), isoleucine (by 15 percent), and methionine (by 7 percent) relative to leucine. Over-all, there were no significant changes in the content of iodine, fucose, hexosamine, or sialic acid. These data show that TSH can alter the composition of thyroglobulin independently of its effects on iodine content. We suggest that these changes may stem from alterations in the subunit composition of thyroglobulin. There were also small but significant variations in amino acid composition among the three preparations of thyroglobulin from saline-treated animals and among the three from the TSH-treated. This finding shows that thyroglobulin can be heterogeneous in its protein portion as well as in its iodine content."
1150661,"Alpha Hydroxylation of lignoceric acid (n-tetracosanoic acid) to cerebronic acid (2-hydroxylignoceric acid) by postnuclear preparations of brains from developing rat, mouse, and several neurological mouse mutants was studied. The preparations of brains from jimpy and myelin synthesis deficiency (msd) mice were found to synthesize cerebronic acid at less than 10 percent of their control rates, and those from quaking and dilute-lethal approximately 30 and 50 percent, respectively. The apparent low rate of in vitro hydroxylation by brains of the mutant mice appeared to be due to decreased synthesis rather than increased oxidation of cerebronic acid. Mixing experiments eliminated the possibility of an inhibitor in the mutant or an activator in normal animals. The preparations of brains from wabbler-lethal, ducky, and weaver mice showed normal activity. The developmental pattern of the hydroxylase activity was examined in quaking, jimpy, and their control mice. In normal brains the hydroxylase activity was low in the immediate postnatal period, increased sharply between 10 and 20 days after birth, and fell to a low level following maturation of the brain. The hydroxylase activity in quaking mice changed similarly during brain development but at a much reduced level. The brains of jimpy mice had barely detectable hydroxylase activity which changed little with age and reached a peak at about 15 days postpartum. The subnormal hydroxylase activity in brains of quaking mice and the near absence in brains of jimpy and msd mice correlate with the observations that myelin deficiency is more severe in jimpy and msd than in quaking. These results suggest a close association of the synthesis of cerebronic acid with the synthesis of the characteristic myelin lipid that is cerebroside (N-acyl sphingosine beta-D-galactoside)."
1150662,"A calorimetric study of the thermodynamic parameters for the binding of adenosine, AMP, ADP, and ATP to L-glutamate dehydrogenase shows that the variation of deltaG0 of binding is quite small and is correlated qualitatively both with the effectiveness of these ribonucleotides as activators of the L-glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and with size (for the first three). Much larger variations are observed for the deltaH0 of binding largely compensated by changes in deltaS0, with a zig-zag dependence on the number of phosphate groups. For comparison, the binding parameters are also obtained for the deoxyribose analogs of these compounds as well as cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and purine riboside. Salt concentration and buffer composition were shown to affect mainly the entropy changes for ADP binding; and the deltaCp values for binding of AMP and ADP to the enzyme are quite small. It is suggested that the general area of the enzyme surface which includes the binding sites for ADP and its analogs contains a number of functional groups, each capable of an energetically small interaction with some group on one or more of the ligands, but so located that even the largest ligand cannot interact with all of them simultaneously. Each ligand minimizes the free energy of the system by selecting the best pattern of such individual interactions permitted by its geometry. Such a pattern of microheterogeneity of ligand-protein interactions may be a major source of the known specificity of binding in biological systems."
1150663,"The 17 peptides produced by cleavage of actin with cyanogen bromide have been ordered with regard to their sequence in the actin molecule. Tryptic digestion of actin followed by isolation of the methionine-containing ""overlap"" peptides permitted the unique alignment of most, but not all of the cyanogen bromide peptides. However, maleylation of the actin molecule followed by tryptic digestion and isolation of methionine-containing peptides from maleylated actin permitted the proper placement of the remaining cyanogen bromide peptides. The ordering of cyanogen bromide peptides, together with the amino acid sequence of the individual peptides, constitutes the entire amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle actin (ELZINGA, M., COLLINS, J. H., KUEHL, W. M., and ADENLSTEIN, R. S. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70,2687-2691)."
1150664,"As a part of a study of the complete amino acid sequence of actin we have determined the sequences of five cyanogen bromide peptides, which together contain 158 amino acid residues, including the two ends of the molecule. The five peptides are: CB-13 (residues 1 to 44 in the intact chain), CB-11 (residues 83 to 119), CB-12 (residues 228 to 268), CB-8 (residues 283 to 298), and CB-9 (residues 355 to 374). Each of the peptides except CB-11 has one sulfhydryl group, and these peptides thus account for 4 of the 5 cysteines in actin. The reactivity of actin --SH groups toward N-ethylmaleimide was investigated, and it was found that Cys-373 (in CB-9 adjacent to the COOH-terminal phenylalanine) is the first to react with this reagent."
1150665,"Actin is the principal constituent of the thin filaments of muscle, and in order to provide information basic to understanding the molecular basis of actin function we have studied its amino acid sequence. The isolation, compositions, and sequences of cyanogen bromide peptides, ranging in size from 3 to 44 residues, have previously been reported (ELZINGA, M. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 224-229, and other papers in the present series). The peptides have been aligned by isolation and characterization of tryptic peptides that contain methionine. The isolation of one of the CNBr peptides (CB-14) was complicated by the presence of a Met-Thr bond that was only partially split under standard conditions for cyanogen bromide cleavage in formic acid. In this paper conditions are described for increasing the cleavage at this bond. CB-14 is a tetrapeptide, Thr-Gln-Ile-Hse, and this sequence completes the characterization of the actin cyanogen bromide peptides. Finally, the position of CB-14 in the actin sequence as residues 120 to 123 was established by isolation of a chymotryptic overlap peptide. The complete sequence of the 374 residues of actin is presented."
1150666,"Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nucleolar proteins of rat liver revealed marked changes at various times after partial hepatectomy. Some of the non-histone protein spots including A11, A24, A25, C13, and C14 decreased in size and density. Others, including A15, B13, B16, B18, B24-25, B27, B33, B34, C1, C2, C8, C11, C17, and C23-24 were markedly increased in size and density. In vitro labeling of the nucleoli using [gamma-32P]ATP and subsequent analysis of the proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography indicated that the uptake of 32P into proteins increased greatly during regeneration. In addition, the relative labelling of various spots changed throughout the regeneration process. With spot B33 as a reference, there was increased labeling of spots A1P, B2, B5, B24-25, C2, and C23-24 at 8 hours after hepatectomy. On the other hand, the labeling of spots A8P, A16, A20, B9, and B13 decreased at 8 hours after hepatectomy. Since the primary role of the nucleolus is the snythesis of ribosomal precursors, these changes in protein content and phosphorylation are presumably primarily associated with the increased processing and transport of peribosomal ribonucleoproteins in regenerating liver."
1150667,"The two stages in the activation of human plasminogen by urokinase have been examined kinetically in order to evaluate the significance of each stage in the activation process. The cleavage of the preactivation peptide from the NH2 terminus of native plasminogen (NH2-terminal glutamic acid) is clearly catalyzed by urokinase and is the rate-limiting first step in activation (Stage 1); this reaction is 20-fold slower than the conversion of the intermediate plasminogen (NH2-terminal lysine) to plasmin (Stage 2). Both lysine and its analogoue, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, exert two effects on the activation of native plasminogen. At low concentrations of these agents, activation is greatly accelerated. Analysis of activation in the presence and absence of these agents by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicates that the activation pathway is the same in both cases with the formation of a transient intermediate plasminogen; only the kinetics of proteolysis are altered. This enhancement in the rate of activation results solely from acceleration of the Stage 1 reaction; Stage 2 is essentially unaffected at low concentrations. Stage 1 is maximally enhanced (75-fold) at either 0.0025 M epsilon-aminocaproic acid or 0.025 M lysine and occurs 4 times more rapidly than Stage 2, which becomes the rate-limiting step at these concentrations. Plasmin also cleaves the preactivation peptide from native plasminogen and this reaction rate is enhanced by the same concentrations of lysine and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. These data suggest that lysine and epsilon-aminocaproic acid, which are known to bind to plasminogen and significantly alter its conformation, may thereby enhance preactivation peptide cleavage and consequently, plasminogen activation. At high concentrations, both Stages 1 and 2 are similarly inhibited by these agents, which suggests that this effect may be exerted by the direct inhibition of urokinase. The relative rates of preactivation peptide cleavage by the enzymes urokinase, plasmin, thrombin, and ancrod were also determined. Urokinase is 10 times more effective than plasmin in catalyzing this reaction and 1.8 X 10(4) times more effective than thrombin, while ancrod does not exert an effect. No plasmin is formed by either thrombin or ancrod."
1150668,"Bovine hepatic gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase) has been purified to homogeneity. A feature of the purification procedure was the use of high affinity macromolecular polyanion enzyme inhibitors which formed tight complexes with the enzyme altering its solubility, gel filtration, and ion exchange properties. The enzyme, which cleaves the gamma-glutamyl bonds of pteroylpolyglutamates, has a molecular weight of 108,000. It is a glycoprotein with an acid pH optimum, properties consistent with its lysosomal localization. Zinc is essential for enzyme stability. The presence of highly reactive sulfhydryl groups was evident from the extreme sensitivity to oxidizing agents and organomercurials. Very little thermal denaturation occurs below 65 degrees, but the enzyme is extremely sensitive to 0uffer anions, in keeping with the polyanionic nature of the substrate. In order to study the mechanism of action of the enzyme, a wide range of pteroylpolyglutamates, N-t-Boc polyglutamates and free polyglutamates were synthesized containing L-[U-14C]glutamic acid residues in different positions. Two pteroyltriglutamate derivatives were also synthesized in which an alpha bond replaced one of the two available gamma bonds. Time course studies of the products of the action of conjugase on these various substrates enabled us to draw the following conclusions about the enzyme: (a) peptide bond cleavage occurred only at gamma-glutamyl bonds and the presence of a COOH-terminal gamma bond was essential for enzyme action; (b) bond cleavage occurred with equal facility at internal points of the peptide chain and the enzyme should therefore be more appropriately classified as an acid hydrolase; (c) longer chain gamma-glutamyl peptides were preferentially attacked by the enzyme, the cleavage of diglutamyl peptides being extremely slow; and (d) cleavage of gamma bonds was independent of the NH2-terminal pteroyl moiety. Studies with polyanions such as the glycosaminoglycans and dextran sulfate supported the concept that the polyanion structure of the substrate was a major factor in substrate-active site interaction."
1150669,"The Na+-dependent transport of D-glucose was studied in brush border membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. The presence of a Na+ gradient between the external incubation medium and the intravesicular medium induced a marked stimulation of D-glucose uptake. Accumulation of the sugar in the vesicles reached a maximum and then decreased, indicating efflux. The final level of uptake of the sugar in the presence of the Na+ gradient was identical with that attained in the absence of the gradient, suggesting that equilibrium was established. At the peak of the overshoot the uptake of D-glucose was more than 10-fold the equilibrium value. These results suggest that the imposition of a large extravesicular to intravesicular gradient of Na+ effects the transient movement of D-glucose into renal brush border membranes against its concentration gradient. The stimulation of D-glucose uptake into the membranes was specific for Na+. The rate of uptake was enhanced with increased concentration of Na+. Increasing Na+ in the external medium lowered the apparent Km for D-glucose. The Na+ gradient effect on D-glucose transport was dissected into a stimulatory effect when Na+ and sugar were on the same side of the membrane (cis stimulation) and an inhibitory effect when Na+ and sugar were on opposite sides of the membrane (trans inhibition). The uptake of D-glucose, at a given concentration of sugar, reflected the sum of the contributions from a Na+-dependent transport system and a Na+-independent system. The relative stimulation of D-glucose uptake by Na+ decreased as the sugar concentration increased. It is suggested, however, that at physiological concentrations of D-glucose the asymmetry of Na+ across the brush border membrane might fully account for uphill D-glucose transport. The physiological significance of the findings is enhanced additionally by observations that the Na+-dependent D-glucose transport system in the membranes in vitro possessed the sugar specificities and higg phlorizin sensitivity characteristic of more intact preparations. These results provide strong experimental evidence for the role of Na+ in transporting D-glucose across the renal proximal tubule luminal membrane."
1150670,"Kidney alkaline phosphatase was purified to homogeneity. It is a glycoprotein of about 172,000 molecular weight. Analyses of the subunit structure by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicate that the alkaline phosphatase is a dimer comprising two very similar or identical subunits of about 87,000 molecular weight. The native enzyme contains 4.5 +/- 0.2 g atoms of zinc per mol of protein. Reconstitution experiments from the apophosphatase show that binding of 4 Zn2+ per mol of dimer is essential for full activity. The kinetic data of Zn2+ binding to the apoprotein require at least a two-step mechanism, in which one of the steps corresponds to a conformational change within the enzyme. This paper also presents data concerning amino acid composition, sugar content, enzyme stability, absorbance index, and sedimentation velocity."
1150671,"Previous studies have shown that mouse fetal erythroid precursor cells isolated by an immunological technique synthesize little or no globin and contain little, if any, globin mRNA, as assayed in a cell-free system (translatable mRNA). After culture for 10 hours in the presence of erythropoietin, there is a marked increase in globin synthesis and in translatable globin mRNA. The present studies were designed to measure directly the content of globin mRNA sequences during erythroid cell differentiation, by molecular hybridization with 3H-labeled DNA complementary to globin mRNA. The results indicate that few, if any, globin mRNA sequences are present in the total RNA of erythroid precursor cells. There is little or no pool of untranslated globin mRNA in these cells. After 10 hours of culture with erythropoietin, there is an increase in globin mRNA content, as ;easured by a change in the Cot1/2 values obtained by cDNA: mRNA hybridization with (Co) representing the concentration of RNA. Between 0 and 22 hours of culture, there is a 250-fold rise, and between 22 and 44 hours, a further 2-fold increase in globin mRNA content. During the 44 hours in culture, the number of cells in culture increases 2- to 3-fold. The number of globin mRNA molecules rises in erythroid precursor cells to an average value of 1800 molecules/cell during 22 hours of culture. In cultures without added erythropoietin, the absolute number of cells decreases, however, cells presumably induced to differentiate by exposure to erythropoietin in vivo continue to differentiate in vitro, accumulating globin mRNA and initiating globin synthesis."
1150672,"The polyadenylic acid-containing messenger ribonucleic acids of eukaryotic cells are rapidly isolated and deproteinized in a simple and gentle one-step procedure. The polyribosome fraction, dissolved in 0.5 M NaCl/0.5 percent sodium dodecyl sulfate, is passed through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column which is then washed with the solvent until proteins and contaminating ribonucleic acids are fully removed. Deproteinized messenger ribonucleic acid is then eluted by lowering the ionic strength. This method gives highly purified and active messenger ribonucleic acids from all tissues tested. The yield is approximately 1.5 to 2 percent of the polyribosomal ribonucleic acid. Messenger ribonucleic acids are assayed in a rabbit reticulocyte-derived, messenger-dependent, cell-free protein-synthesizing system modified from Crystal et al. (Crystal, R. G., Nienhuis, A. W., Elson, N. A., and Anderson, W.F. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 5357-5368). This system synthesizes proteins at an almost linear rate for at least 2 hours. During this period, each globin messenger ribonucleic acid directs the synthesis of several globin molecules. Each active ribosome synthesizes a globin molecule every 6 to 7 min, but only a small fraction of the ribosomes or messengers are active at any instant. Translation occurs mainly on di- and monoribosomes although larger sized polysomes also occur. Several lines of evidence suggest that globin messenger ribonucleic acid requires ""activation"" before it can be utilized and that a messenger activation step of protein synthesis initiation is rate-limiting in this cell-free system."
1150673,"The polyadenylic acid-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomes, isolated by a rapid and very gentle procedure (Krystosek, A., Cawthon, M. L., and Kabat, D. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6077-6084), sediments in a sucrose gradient in three sharp peaks, at 9 S, 17 to 18 S, and 28 S. The alpha and beta globin messenger activity follows the absorbance profile in the sucrose gradients and has its major peak at 17 to 18 S. The larger messengers are more active than 9 S messenger by approximately 2-fold per mass unit of ribonucleic acid or by at least 8-fold per molecule. The major 17 to 18 S form of globin messenger was examined further and was shown to be a 1:1 complex of 9 S messenger and 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The effect of 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid on translation of purified 9 S globin messenger was analyzed in a messenger-dependent protein-synthesizing system (Krystosek, A., Cawthon, M. L., and Kabat, D. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6077-6084). In the absence of exogenous ribosomal ribonucleic acid, 9 S messenger is inefficiently translated; a large excess of messenger is required to saturate the system; and globin is synthesized mainly on di- and monoribosomes. Exogenous liver or reticulocyte 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid potentiates 9 S messenger translation and renders it at least 10 times more efficient. The potentiation reaction can also be accomplished by increasing the concentration of ribosomes in the assay system. However, transfer or messenger ribonucleic acids cannot carry out this reaction. It is proposed that 9 S globin messenger ribonucleic acid is an inactive molecule which is normally potentiated by specific reversible base pairing with an accessible region of ribosomal ribonucleic acid contained in a 40 S ribosomal subunit. The potentiated messenger interacts with initiation factors and with other ribosomal subunits to synthesize protein. Potentiation is the first specific function in protein synthesis demonstrated for the ribosomal ribonucleic acid portion of ribosomes."
1150674,"Studies are reported on the influence of Triton X-100 on the molecular weight and functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor. Results are presented principally for receptors purified from Torpedo californica and Torpedo marmorata with a limited number of observations on the receptor from Electrophorus electricus. In equilibrium dialysis measurements Trito, X-100 greatly reduced acetylcholine binding to the high affinity sites of the receptor from T. californica, but had only a small effect on the sites of lower affinity. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments on receptor in the absence of added Triton X-100 revealed average apparent molecular weight values of 510,000 for receptor from T. californica and 665,000 for T. marmorata. Under those conditions 0.113 mg of residual Triton X-100 were found per mg of protein as determined by using 3H-labeled Triton X-100. The sedimentation data indicated the presence of more than one molecular species, involving a unit with an apparent molecular weight of 330,000 and higher aggregates. Upon addition of Triton X-100, the higher aggregates were reduced, and above 0.1 percent Triton X-100 the 330,000 unit was the principal component present for receptor from all three species examined. Various structural models are considered in the light of this value, the polypeptide size from Na dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, and the protomer size determined by the molecular weight of an acetylcholine binding site."
1150675,"When the 100,000 X g supernatant fractions of several rat organs are incubated with all-trans-[3H]retinoic acid, a binding component for retinoic acid with a sedimentation coefficient of 2 S can be detected by sucrose gradient centrifugation. This tissue binding protein for retinoic acid is distinct from the tissue binding protein for retinol which has been previously described. The tissue retinoic acid-binding protein has been partially purified from rat testis and this partially purified protein would appear to have a molecular weight of 14,500 as determined by gel filtration and high binding specificity for all-trans-retinoic acid. Binding of [3H]retinoic acid is not diminished by a 200-fold molar excess of retinal, retinol, or oleic acid but is reduced by a 200-fold excess of unlabeled retinoic acid. Tissue retinoic acid-binding protein can be detected in extracts of brain, eye, ovary, testis, and uterus but is apparently absent in heart muscle, small intestine, kidney, liver, lung, gastrocnemious muscle, serum, and spleen. This distribution is different than that observed for the tissue retinol-binding protein. Tissue retinol-binding protein was also purified extensively from rat testis. The partially purified protein has an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 and high binding specificity for all-trans-[3H]retinol as only unlabeled all-trans-retinol but not retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, or oleic acid could diminish binding of the 3H ligand under the conditions employed. The partially purified protein has a fluorescence excitation spectrum with lambda max at 350 nm. In contrast, the retinol-binding protein isolated from rat serum and described by others has a fluorescence excitation spectrum with lambda max at 334 nm and an apparent molecular weight of 19,000. When partially purified tissue retinol-binding protein is extracted with heptane, the heptane extract has a fluorescence excitation spectrum similar to that of all-trans-retinol."
1150697,"External hinged distraction devices using transosseous pins and adjustable attachments were applied to mobilize joint contractures; to reduce old dislocations; and to reduce, immobilize, and compress ununited para-articular fractures. Once these procedures were accomplished the devices were then used to maintain the joint surfaces separated at predetermined distances while kinematically normal joint motion was gradually restored, first passively and then actively. The results in thirty-one knees and twenty-eight elbows treated with these devices were encouraging after follow-ups of one to six years."
1150698,"Nineteen knees were treated for recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella by lateral and distal transfer of the vastus medialis with or without release of the lateral retinaculum. Fifty-eight per cent has good or excellent and 42 per cent had poor results after a mean follow-up of twenty-nine months. The factors that predisposed to failure were genu valgum greater than 15 degrees and, to a lesser extent, palpable synovitis associated with symptomatic chondromalacia patellae."
1150699,Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament constitutes a major disability in young athletes and those patients with persistent disabling instability who have failed to respond to conservative treatment. A new method of reconstruction by means of semitendinsous tenodesis was used in five patients with satisfactory end results after an average follow-up of 21.4 months. Limited clinical experience indicates that with this method less anteroposterior instability persists than with other methods.
1150700,"An experimental evaluation of the stability of rotational fixation of unstable, subcapital femoral-neck fractures as provided by either the multiple pin and side-plated Deyerle device or the heavy duty Jewett triflanged nail showed no significant difference between the two devices. The determination of moment versus deformation behavior included study of two torsional axis orientations and superposition of simulated body-weight and muscular-force impaction loadings."
1150701,"To determine the role of preoperative traction in the treatment of spinal curves, ten patients with curves averaging 81 degrees by the Cobb measurement were studied. Each patient was treated in traction by means of a halo or skull tongs and femoral pins for two to three weeks prior to the surgical correction of the scoliosis with instrumentation. Weights were added to the traction apparatus, 1.8 kilograms a day, to a maximum of 18.1 kilograms. Pretraction supine roentgenograms were compared with supine roentgenograms made at three-day intervals throughout the traction period. Preoperative traction resulted in an average improvement of the curves of 34 degrees, or 41 per cent of the initial curve. Most of the correction was obtained within the first week of traction. Further correction during surgery with Harrington instrumentation yielded 13.5 degrees on the average (16 per cent) so that combined correction averaged 47 degrees, or 57 per cent."
1150702,"Sixteen patients with disabling pain in the back, knee, or hip had total hip-replacement arthroplasty. Good relief of pain, a limited but satisfactory range of motion (dependent on duration of ankylosis), and variable function resulted. Establishing active abduction was important in restoring function and achieving a negative Trendelenburg test. Careful preoperative assessment of abductor muscle strength, medialization of the acetabulum, use of long-neck prostheses with small and straight stems and good inherent stability, and muscle reconditioning were the keys to a good result."
1150703,"Thirty-nine patients with post-poliomyelitic scoliosis and pelvic obliquity were treated and followed for up to four years. The dominant pathological mechanism causing the pelvic obliquity was trunk-muscle imbalance. The natural history of untreated pelvic obliquity is progression, leading ultimately to dislocation of the hip. The functional abilities of the patient are then severely restricted. Our aim in treatment was to obtain the maximum possible correction of pelvic tilt and so to prevent subluxation of the femoral head. Total correction was obtained in fifteen patients; no loss of correction was seen in twenty-four patients. The best results were achieved by preliminary traction, Dwyer instrumentation distally to the fifth lumbar vertebra, and extensive posterior fusion extendind distally to the sacrum."
1150704,"Ten cases of septic arthritis due to Pseudomonas occurred in users of heroin. Nine cases were monarticular, two each occurring in the sternoclavicular and the sacro-iliac joints. Review of the literature suggests that the incidence of Pseudomonas septic arthritis is increasing, especially among heroin addicts. The reported cases in adults suggest a predilection for the sternoclavicular joints (eight of forty-one) which is even more pronounced among addicts (seven of twenty-four). Pseudomonas infection associated with drug abuse should be suspected in cases of isolated sternoclavicular inflammation. The drugs used for treatment of septic arthritis due to Pseudomonas should include gentamicin and carbenicillin, in conjunction with adequate drainage by aspiration or surgery."
1150705,"The findings in fifty-nine patients with congenital constriction band syndrome and in experiments in which limb malformations resembling those of the human constriction band syndrome were successfully reproduced in rat fetuses by amniocentesis indicated that these malformations arise from excessive contraction of the uterine muscle during pregnancy, with resulting hemorrhages from the marginal blood sinuses of the digital rays. Such malformations in humans may arise during the fifth and sixth weeks counted from ovulation. It therefore was concluded that this syndrome is not hereditary but is produced by prenatal environmental factors."
1150706,"Central core disease is a congenital, non-progessive myopathy with proximal muscle weakness most prevalent about the pelvic girdle. Including out two patients  there have been seven recorded cases of congenital hip dislocation associated with central core disease in children. Initial and recurrent contractures about the hip and knee should suggest the possibility of central core disease. However, the definitive diagnosis can only be made by muscle biopsy."
1150708,"Pull-out testing of screws inserted into cement and bone under various conditions showed that the cement-screw complex was significantly stronger when the screw was placed in soft cement and the cement was allowed to polymerize without further manipulation. When screw fixation in osteoporotic bone was reinforced with cement, the bone was the weakest component in the system. Fixation under these conditions should be enhanced by increasing the area of contact between the cement and bone. By cooling the cement to prolong its working time, it could be injected with a syringe in such a way that maximum endosteal  and periosteal contact was provided."
1150709,"Estimating bone mineral by the photon absorption (125I) method applied to the distal part of the radius, it was found that young women using oral contraceptives containing a daily dose of 100 micrograms of mestranol had higher concentrations of bone mineral than non-users. Women twenty to fifty-nine years old who had lactated were among the poorly mineralized, while those who had lactated but were now using oral contraceptives in various combinations were among the  highly mineralized."
1150710,"Of fourteen isolated avulsion fracutres of the posterior tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament, one was undisplaced and five were minimally displaced. These six were treated conservatively, but four of the five displaced avulsion fractures progressed to non-union and significant functional disability. Eight displaced avulsion injuries were treated by open reduction. In four knees the fragment was sutured back to its origin on the posterior superior aspect of the tibia, and three of the these united. In two knees the fragment was large enough to fix with a screw and union ensued. There was excellent functional capacity in five of the six that united. The other two displaced fractures, treated three and seven months after injury, had open reduction and the fragments were sutured to the tibia in an advanced position. Union was obtained in both with good functional capacity."
1150711,"Of 116 patients with pain in the plantar portion of the heel, nineteen proved on follow-up to have systemic disease as the etiology. Of these treated with phenylbutazone, 71 per cent showed good results and a similar percentage benefited equally from injections of cortisone derivatives. Only two patients required surgical procedures, and these were successful in both."
1150712,The distal extent of the radius and ulna (ulnar variance) was compared on roentgenograms of normal wrists in randomly selected black and white patients and of fifteen affected wrists in patients with Kienbock's disease. The results establish a statistically significant association between negative ulnar variance and Kienbock's disease. Blacks have more positive ulnar variance and the disease is less likely to develop in them than in whites.
1150713,"Nine patients with ten fractures of the medial condyle of the humerus were reviewed after an average follow-up of 5.2 years. These avulsion fractures are unstable and there is a definite risk of nonunion. When the condylar fragment was rotated, open reduction and suture with catgut gave bad results. Rigid internal fixation is recommended."
1150715,"In a follow-up study of 239 consecutive patients with fractures of the femoral neck treated by six surgeons in one hospital by Pugh nailing, Austin Moore prosthesis, or Knowles pinning, 96 per cent could be followed for a minimum of two years or until a definitve result had been reached. The incidence of unsatisfactory results was 39.3 per cent after Pugh nailing, 18.2 per cent after prosthetic replacement, and 14.2 per cent after Knowles pinning (mostly undisplaced or impacted fractures). Thirty-five unsatisfactory results following Pugh nailing were due to: aseptic necrosis which was definite in eighteen cases and probable in two; early mechanical failure in twelve cases; infection in one; and late non-union in two. Eight poor results followed prosthetic replacement and were due to erosion of the acetabulum in six and dislocation in two. The four poor results that followed Knowles pinning were due to aseptic necrosis in three and to pain, probably the results of aseptic necrosis, in another. From this study it was concluded that aseptic necrosis was more influenced by the original displacement than by the accuracy of reduction or fixation, and that in displaced femoral-neck fractures in the elderly, prosthetic replacement gave a more reliable result."
1150716,"The mechanical properties of avascular and revascularizing bone and their mineral content were studied in thirty adult dogs. The strength and mineral content of avascular bone decreased in the early phase of avascular necrosis, and with revascularization the bone-mineral content increased but the mechanical strength decreased further. In the normal bone the mechanical strength increased with an increase in mineral content."
1150717,"Microfractures of the trabeculae were studied in the femoral heads of three different population groups. The femoral heads were sliced and then examined with a dissecting microscope. Microfractures were found in large numbers in specimens from British patients who had suffered femoral-neck fracture, and in smaller numbers in femoral heads -aken routine autopsy in India and in China (Hong Kong). There were many more microfractures in the thinner, lightly stressed trabeculae than in the thicker  weight-bearing trabeculae in the fractured femoral-neck specimens. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of current concepts regarding the pathogenesis and significance of trabecular microfractures."
1150718,"The volar approach to open reduction of the complex dislocation of the index metacarpophalangeal joint as described by Kaplan proved to have certain disadvantages. Digital nerves are easily damaged during exposure and there is a limited view of the entrapped fibrocartilaginous volar plate dorsal to the metarcarpal head. A direct dorsal longitudinal incision through the skin and extensor tendon gives full exposure. The volar plate attached to the proximal phalanx and trapped over the dorsal aspect of the metacarpal head is in full view. The volar plate is split longitudinally and the dislocation reduces spontaneously as the flexor tendons and lumbrical muscle slip by the metacarpal head. The advantages of this approach as compared with the volar approach are: (1) there is full exposure of the fibrocartilaginous volar plate, the main structure blocking reduction; (2) digital nerves are not as apt to be damaged; and (3) accurate reduction and fixation of the osteochondral fracture of the metacarpal head, frequently seen with this dislocation, is possible."
1150730,"Myocardial protection, in two parallel series of 100 consecutive valvular patients operated upon between June 1972 and  July 1973 in Broussais Hospital, was afforded in two different ways: one withh hypothermic ischemia (H.I.) as it was advocated by N. Shumway, the other with coronary perfusion (C.P.) of a beating heart with consecutive ischemic periods limited to 20 minutes. Three parameters were used to evaluate the quality of protection: death with primary cardiogenic shock, post-operative myocardial infarction and acute cardiac insufficiency making it necessary to use post-operative inotropic support. Death was 1% (H.I.) and 5% (C.P.). Infarctions were 5% (H.I.) and 8% (C.P.). Acute cardiac insufficiency was: with cardiogenic shock 0% (H.I.) and 4% (C.P.), without cardiogenic shock 8% (H.I.) and 2% (C.P.). Peculiar aspects of myocardial infarction in each series are analyzed, and apparent absence of correlation between aortic cross-clamp time and ischemic complications is discussed. A ""myocardial intrinsic factor"" seems to be part of each valvular group and appears also to be an important factor in producing ischemic complications."
1150731,"Since 1967, the authors have abandoned coronary perfusion in valve, particularly aortic, surgery. Some of the difficulties encountered during defibrillation at the period where coronary perfusion was always used have dramatically decreased. Extra-corporeal-circulation is now performed under moderate hypothermia--28 to 30 degrees C--which gives excellent myocardial protection for aortic cross clamping time of 30 to 60 minutes. In coronary artery surgery, the same technique is now used, after having wrongly believed previously that coronary perfusion was indicated. In conclusion, we feel that coronary perfusion is not indicated any more but in very exceptional cases."
1150729,The methods of protection of the myocardium during surgical operations on the heart are described. The relative merits of coronary perfusion and cold arrest of the heart are discussed together with the disadvantages of each technique. The possible place of induced chemical arrest is discussed in relation to coronary perfusion. The technical considerations which affect the choice of method is also considered.
1150735,Cardioplegia according to Bretschneider is able to protect the myocardium during long periods of cardiac arrest and a quiet relaxed heart has in many cases of congenital heart disease been of great surgical advantage. In the last 100 consecutive aortic valve replacements in cardioplegic arrest we have lost 6 patients and none of the deaths seems to be related to the method. In our hands it has been superior to coronary perfusion.
1150732,"Cardiac biopsies were taken from the hearts of 40 patients undergoing open heart surgery for acquired and congenital disease. Tissue samples were taken prior to aortic cross-clamping, at the end of the ischemic period, and 20 minutes after reperfusion. Cardiac arrest was induced with Kirsch's cardioplegic solution at mild hypothermia (28-30 degrees C). Electron-microscopy of these tissue samples showed that cardioplegic arrest allows safe recovery with a tolerable degree of cellular alterations following ischemic periods of approximately 45 minutes. This period of reversible ischemia agreed well with similar studies in dogs that were completed by metabolic studies. ATP4-time in these dogs was 60 minutes under conditions closely resembling those at operationmin spite of the similarity between ischemia tolerance times, marked discrepancies existed on the ultrastructural level. Human hearts showed, generally, a much more marked degree of cellular alterations. The good correlation between ultrastructural alterations and the metabolic status of the canine heart can, therefore, not be used to predict levels of metabolites from human electron-micrographies."
1150743,"Spread chromatin fibers, from isolated eucaryotic nuclei, reveal linear arrays of spherical particles (upsilon bodies), about 70 A in diameter, connected by thin filaments about 15 A wide. These particles have been observed in freshly isolated nuclei from rat thymus, rat liver, and chicken erythrocytes. In addition, upsilon bodies can be visualized in preparations of isolated sheared chromatin, and in chromatin reconstructed from dissociating solvent conditions (i.e., high urea-NaCl concentration). As a criterion for perturbation of native chromatin structure low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from nuclear pellets at different stages in the preparation of nuclei fro electron microscopy. These results suggest that the particulate (upsilon body) structures observed by electron microscopy may be closely related to the native configuration of chromatin."
1150734,"Our clinical experiences with ischemic tolerance of the human heart under the condition of ECC during the last 15 years allow us to state the following points: 1. The healthy human myocardium can be exposed to ischemia without danger on the basis of 15 min and a myocardial temperature of 35 degrees C. This time can be prolonged following the described value of Q10=2. 2. The previous damaged human myocardium is usually not able to cover this range. Frequently ischemic load within these limits causes functional deterioration. So, in such cases ischemic tolerance has to be applied on a distinct lower base. 3. Occasional transgressions of the described ischemic tolerance time without a fatal result do not allow us in our clinic to leave the effective principles in daily routine."
1150744,"Treatment of living entamoeba histolytica cells with low concentrations of concanavalin A (con A) and peroxidase results in redistribution of the plasma membrane con A receptors to one pole of the cell where a morphologically distinct region--the uroid--is formed. Capping of con A receptors is not accompanied by parallel accumulation of ruthenium red-stainable components. In capped cells, the pattern of distribution of acidic sites ionized at pH 1.8 (labeled by colloidal iron) at the outer surface and of membrane particles (integral membrane components revealed by freeze-fracture) is not altered over the uroid region. Cytochemistry of substrate-attached microexudate located in regions adjacent to E. histolytica cells demonstrates the presence of con A binding sites and ruthenium red- and alcian blue-stainable components and the absent of colloidal iron binding sites. In a previous report we demonstrated that glycerol-induced aggregation of the plasma membrane particles is accompanied by a discontinuous distribution of colloidal iron binding sites, while con A receptors and acidic sites ionized at pH 4.0 remain uniformly distributed over the cell surface. Taken together, our experiments show that, in E. histolytica cells, peripheral membrane components may move independently of integral components and, also, that certain surface determinants may redistribute independently of others. These results point to the complexity of the membrane structure-cell surface relationship in E. histolytica plasma membranes relative to the membrane of the erythrocyte ghost where integral components (the membrane-intercalated particles) contain all antigens, receptors, and anionic sites labeled so far. We conclude that fluidity of integral membrane components (integral membrane fluidity) cannot be inferred from the demonstration of the mobility of surface components nor, conversely, can the fluidity of peripheral membrane components (peripheral membrane fluidity) be assumed from demonstration of the mobility of integral membrane components."
1150733,A series of nine dogs underwent 20 minutes of myocardial ischemia by cross clamping the aorta while total cardiopulmonary bypass. The four dogs that did not have subsequent left bypass all showed a deterioration of ventricular function curve 30 minutes after restarting the heart beat when compared to their own preischemic values. The five animals which were supported for 30 minutes in left heart after bypass all showed essentially unchanged cardiac function after bypass. This study suggests that an improvement of myocardial performance after ischemic damage can be achieved with left heart bypass.
1150738,"Two cases of aneurysmatic vascular lesions (a large cranio-encephalic angiodysplasia with arterio-venous communications and a post-traumatic aneurysm of the vertebral artery) are reported; both were of a very difficult surgical approach and were successfully treated with the use of extra-corporeal circulation. The partial cardiopulmonary bypass, with femoro-femoral cannulation, allowed complete recovery of the lost blood, controlled hypotension, and a certain degree of hypothermia. These factors were decisive for the good outcome of the operations."
1150745,"Postreplicative, ""senescent"" human fibroblasts were fused to HeLa or to SV-40 transformed human fibroblasts with Sendai virus. DNA synthesis was reinitiated in senescent nuclei in a high proportion of the heterodikaryons. The [3H]thymidine labeling index of senescent fibroblast nuclei in heteropolykaryons was a function of the ratio of HeLa to senescent nuclei."
1150739,"Six hundred selective percutaneous coronary angiographies have been performed, using the Judkins technique. The procedure was well tolerated even by critically ill patients. Considering the low risk (mortality: 1.7%), the relatively infrequent complications (2.7%) and the value of the information obtained, selective coronary arteriography is a prerequisite to any meaningful surgery."
1150746,"Membrane preparations from growing regions of 8-day old Pisum sativum epicotyls contain multiple beta-1,4-glucan (cellulose) synthetase activities (UDP- or GDP-glucose: beta-1,4-glucan-glucosyl transferase), and the levels of some of these are influenced by treatments with the growth hormone, indoleacetic acid (IAA). When membranes from control epicotyl segments (zero time) are fractionated by isopycnic sedimentation in sucrose density gradients, all of the synthetase activities are associated mainly with Golgi membrane (density 1.55 g/cm3). After decapitation and treatment of epicotyls with IAA, synthetases also appear in a smooth vesicle fraction (density 1.11 g/cm3) which is rich in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker enzyme. Major fractions of these synthetases are not recovered in association with plasma membrane or washed cell walls. When [14-C]sucrose is supplied in vivo to segments +/- IAA, radioactive cellulose is deposited only in the wall. Cellulose or cellodextrin precursors do not accumulate in those membranes in which synthetase activities are recovered in vitro. In experiments where tissue slices containing intact cells are supplied with [14C]sugar nucleotide in vitro, alkali-insoluble beta-1,4-glucan is synthesized (presumably outside the protoplast) at rates which greatly exceeded (20-30 times) those obtained using isolated membrane preparations. Progressive disruption of cell structure results in increasing losses of this high activity. These results are consistent with the interpretation that Golgi and ER-associated synthetases are not themselves loci for cellulose synthesis in vivo, but represent enzymes in transit to sites of action at the wall:protoplast omterface. There they operate only if integrity of cellular organization is maintained."
1150737,"Arteriovenous fistulas of the internal mammary artery are rare. This second recorded instance of congestive heart failure from such a fistula occurred in an aged patient 19 years after a gunshot wound. The etiologic and pathophysiologic classifications of 19 cases already reported in the world literature are discussed, as are symptoms, diagnostic methods, and observations during management of this type of fistula."
1150748,"Rat peritoneal eosinophils were examined after intraperitoneal infusion either of a mixture of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and colloidal gold or of fetal calf serum. These cells characteristically contained vesiculotubular structures, cuplike structures, and small granules during centrifugation. The cup-shaped structures and elaborate labyrinths of vacuole-like spaces increased markedly after injection of the PBS-colloidal gold mixture, presumably as features of heightened microendocytic activity. The vesiculotubular structures increased greatly after infusion of fetal calf serum. A few cyrstalloid granules exhibited fine-structural changes after the PBS-colloidal gold injection, and more numerous crystalloid granules appeared altered after fetal calf serum. Infrequent small granules contained a lucent, crystal-like silhouette after the fetal calf serum injection. Eosinophils evidenced microendocytic uptake of gold spherules into coated vesicles, the cup-shaped structures, and the small granules, but not into the vesiculotubular structures or crystalloid granules after intraperitoneal infusion of the PBS-gold mixture. Strong unmasked acid phosphatase activity in small granules contrasted with the general lack of activity in normal-appearing crystalloid granules and moderate activity in apparently altered crystalloid granules, presumably reflecting active and latent forms of enzyme in the different granules."
1150747,"The chloroplast enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Ru-1,5-P2) carboxylase (EC 4.1 1.39) is made up ot two nonidentical subunits, one synthesized in the chloroplast and the other outside. Both of these subunits of the assembled enzyme are synthesized in a stepwise manner during the synchronous cell cycle of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The activity of this enzyme increases in the light and this increase is due to de novo protein synthesis as shown by the measurement of the amount of protein and by the pulse incorporation of radioactive arginine in the 18S enzyme peak in linear sucrose density gradients. During the dark phase of the cell cycle, there is little change in the enzymatic activity as well as in the amount of this enzyme. Pulse-labeling studies using radioactive arginine indicated that there is a slow but detectable rate of synthesis of the carboxylase and of its subunits in the dark. Ru-1,5-P2 carboxylase, prelabeled with radioactive arginine throughout the entire light period, shows a similarly slow rate of degradation in the following dark period. This slow turnover of the enzyme in the dark accounts for the steady levels of carboxylase protein and of enzymatic activity during this period. A wide variety of inhibitors of protein synthesis by 70S and 80S ribosomes abolished the incorporation of [3H]arginine into total Ru-1,5-P2 carboxylase during short-term incubation. These results suggest a tight-coordinated control of the biosynthesis of the small and large subunits of the enzyme. This stringent control is further substantiated by the finding that both subunits are synthesized in sychrony with each other, that the ratio of radioactivity of the small to the large subunit remains constant throughout the entire light-dark cycle, and that the rates of synthesis and of degradation of both subunits are similar to that of the assembled enzyme."
1150749,"The plant alkaloids vinblastine and colchicine are known to arrest cells in mitosis by virtue of their binding to spindle protein. These drugs are also capable of binding to microtubule protein and causing these structures to disaggregate into nonfunctional subunits (1, 2). Microtubular structures are thought to be involved in the secretory process of a number of proteins including insulin (7), collagen (4), and thyroid hormone (12). In this report we present our findings on the effects of these two drugs on the synthesis and secretion of interferon in a high producing human foreskin fibroblast strain (FS-4) (11)."
1150750,"Since gastrin and its related peptides are secreted by a minority population of widely dispersed cells in mamamalian tissues it has, in the past, been difficult to study the subcellular aspects of their secretion. From published reports (1, 2) it seemed possible that a satisfactory system for such studies might be provided by the skin of certain amphibians such as Xenopus laevis since in these tissues high concentrations of peptides such as caerulein exist, and there is some indication (3) that this, or a similar gastrin-like peptide, may be a dermal gland secretory product. We have therefore explored this possibility by studying the structure, secretory process, and secretory product of the most prominent non mucous type of gland in the skin of X. laevis. These studies clearly demonstrate that most, if not all, of the caerulein in which the skin is contained in secretion granules within the dermal glands and that its release can be specifically evoked by adrenergic stimulation. The release process by a holocrine mechanism expels all of the stored secretion onto the skin surface and thus for biosynthetic studies it should now be possible to synchronize the processes which lead to the replenishment of the peptide."
1150751,"The effects of the electron-opaque tracer ionic lanthanum in various concentrations and of hyperosmotic physiological salines on the nervous system of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, have been studied. Examination of the experimentally treated tissues revealed that the diffusion barrier to the exogenous tracer was maintained in all cases in the adult central and peripheral nervous systems, but not in the hatchling. When hatchling nervous tissues were incubated in 50 mM ionic lanthanum in phyerosmotic physiological saline, the tracer readily infiltrated all the extracellular spaces between axons and glia of all components of the nervous system examined. No difference was noted in this regard between fed and unfed hatchlings, Further, in all cases examined of adults and hatchlings, lanthanum readily surrounded those neurosecretory axons which are found in the neutral lamella, or extracellular nerve sheath, of the insect. The possible meanings of these variations in hatchling and adult nervous systems and in the accessibility of different elements of the nervous system to exogenous ionic lanthanum are discussed."
1150752,"The structure of chloroplasts isolated from Dunaliella salina has been studied with respect to changing concentrations of sodium chloride in the culture medium. Freeze-fracture replicas and thin sections of intact chloroplasts do not exhibit any noticeable changes in structure at concentrations ranging between 3.5 and 25% NaCl. Chloroplasts isolated from algal cells that have been acclimatized to the higher salt concentration show a change in the thylakoid membranes. The thylakoid membranes appear compressed over a major portion of the membrane surface, with only the end of the thylakoid membranes unappressed. The number of particles per unit area on the B face is also altered by the salt concentration. The chloroplasts acclimatized to 25% NaCl have about 3 times the number of particles per unit area on a B face of end-membranes as on a comparable face of thylakoid membranes acclimatized to low (3.5% NaCl) salt concentration. These morphological changes can be reversed if the chloroplasts acclimatized to high or low salt concentrations are returned to a medium of different salt concentration prior to freeze-fracturing."
1150757,"Among cases of recent or long-standing post-traumatic laxity of the knee ligaments, unstable lateral rotation is due to a well-defined anatomical lesion, viz. Rupture of the medial capsular ligament of the knee. This laxity is demonstrated clinically by the existence of an abnormal postero-anterior movement when the tibia is in lateral rotation. Its surgical treatment, suggested by D. Slocum, consists of displacement of the patella tendon. This rupture may exist alone but, usually, is associated with other ligamentous or meniscal lesions for which further specific treatment should be carried out. Slocum's operation has recently been used in the Strasburg Accident Centre. The early results are encouraging."
1150761,"The chromatographic separation of steroids, alkaloids and other drugs with water vapour as the mobile phase has been studied. It is shown that this technique facilitates the analysis and reduces the retention times. The determination of the substances in low concentrations in aqueous solutions or dispersions also appears to be possible."
1150762,"A simple gas chromatographic method is described for the analysis of 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'diaminodiphenylmethane (MOCA) in air. MOCA is quantitatively collected on a Gas-Chrom S tube and the solid sorbent is extracted with acetone. An aliquot sample of the extract is introduced directly into the gas chromatograph, using a microsyringe and the sample is chromatographed on a 1-ft.,silylated 10% Dexsil column. The peak area of MOCA is measured and related to the concentration via a calibration curve prepared with a constant volume of standards. The chloroanilines associated with MOCA cause no interference; however, interference can be expected from any compounds having a retention time identical to that of MOCA. As little as 0.002 mug of MOCA per mul of acetone can be detected by this method."
1150763,"It is suggested that the open-flask system for the acid hydrolysis of proteins described earlier can also be used to advantage for the alkaline hydrolysis of amino acid phenylthiohydantoin derivatives obtained in protein sequential analysis according to Edman. Results obtained under nitrogen and argon atmospheres are reported for the hydrolysis of 0.5 mumole of each phenylthiohydantoin derivative, which is the amount of protein that is usually employed in an automatic sequenator."
1150764,"The treatment of plasma with a sodium dodecy sulphate solution before deproteinization with sulphosalicylic acid is described. With this treatment, the liberation of tryptophan from plasma albumin is complete and its determination can be made directly, together with that of other amino acids and related compounds, by automatic ion-exchange chromatography, eliminating the need for an extra analysis for the accurate determination of this amino acid. Results of tryptophan recovery tests, carried out both on plasma samples simply deproteinized with sulphosalicylic acid and on other samples pre-treated with sodium dodecylsulphate solution are reported. These results are also compared with those obtained when trichloroacetic acid was used as deproteinizing agent. A recovery study on a human albumin (fraction V) solution containing a known amount of tryptophan is also described."
1150765,"The pentafluorophenyldimethylsilyl group is an excellent protecting group for steroid alcohols, giving volatile ethers, detectable at picogram levels in gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. By the use of five reagents, increasingly hindered hydroxyl groups can be protected, so that structural information about unidentified sterols can be obtained. Quantitative derivative formation for a wide range of hydroxyl groups is possible by selection of the correct reagent combination, without affecting unprotected enolizable ketones."
1150766,"The separation of a mixture of ten Dns-amino acids (Gns-Gly, -Ala, -Val, -Leu, -Pro, -Hypro, -Met, -Ser, -Asn and -Gln) was carried out by liquid chromatography by using macroreticular polyvinyl acetate gel as a packing material. Different mobile phase systems were investigated, based mainly on mixtures of n-hexane with ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran. The solvent composition was fixed so as to elute all of the components of the sample mixture in a practical period of 2 h. Satisfactory separation of the ten components was obtained with the n-hexane-ethanol (90:10) system. The presence of methanol as a modifier in the n-hexane was effective in reducing the elution time, but the separation was not as satisfactory. Chloroform or dioxane was useful only for the separation of Ser, Asn and Gln. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran were not suitable for practical separations of Dns-amino acids."
1150768,"Alkaloids are separated by liquid chromatography on resins having functional carboxyl groups combined with copper (II) ions. The eluent is aqueous alcohol containing ammonia. Some resins retain alkaloids much better than others. Alkaloids studied included morphine, codeine, strychnine, atropine, papaverine, narcotine, cocaine, quinine, cinchonine and methadone."
1150777,"4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG) with the three hydrogen atoms in the side-chain replaced with deuterium (HMPG-D3) was used as the internal standard in the mass fragmentographic determination of free and conjugated HMPG in human urine, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and in rat urine, liver and brain. HMPG-D3 was added to body fluids or homogenates followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates. HMPG was extracted with ethyl acetate, converted into the trifluoroacetyl derivative and analyzed by mass fragmentography. HMPG levels were 7.4 nmoles/ml plus or minus 2.8% in human urine, 73 pmoles/ml plus or minus 8.2% in human cerebrospinal fluid, 56 pmoles/ml plus or minus 5.4% in human plasma, 24 nmoles/ml plus or minus 3.6% in rat urine, 0.26 nmoles/g plus or minus 6.2% in rat brain and 99 pmoles/g plus or minus 13% in rat liver. The method is highly specific and sensitive, permitting analysis in small samples or in plasma and in tissues for which previously no methods for HMPG analysis were available."
1150778,"Indole, skatole, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, tryptamine, and free tryptophan have been extracted from rat fecal samples and quantitated by thin-layer chromatography. Additional tryptophan metabolites have been recovered in yields of 87-97% from supplemented fecal samples. Detection limits for all the compounds studied were in the 0.1 mug/g feces range. Quantitation was possible in the mug/g range with an estimated accuracy of plus or minus 10%."
1150782,"The use of Tenax GC for the extraction of organic micro-pollutants such as pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from water has been studied. In the absence of other contaminants and under conditions standardized at the time as optimal, the recovery of such substances is, on average, over 90%, both for the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Research into the effectiveness of extraction with Tenax from natural waters and water artificially contaminated with surfactants, fats and oils etc., in the laboratory is now being carried out."
1150783,"Gel permeation chromatography on G-50 and G-75 Sephadex gels, using 5% water in hexamethylphosphoramide (phosphoric trisdimethylamide) has been applied to the purification of large protected peptides which are outside the molecular weight range of the Sephadex LH-20-dimethylformamide system."
1150784,"A rapid, precise and accurate assay for disopyramide and mono-N-dealkylated disopyramide concentrations in blood serum and urine is described. The method involves extraction of the drugs from a basic aqueous medium into chloroform, derivatization of the metabolite, purification of the extract and gas chromatographic analysis using an OV-17 liquid phase and flame ionization detection. Unique characteristics of the procedure, direct derivatization in the organic phase and the use of Florisil to separate the drugs from interfering materials, should be applicable to the analysis of other basic drugs in biological specimens."
1150785,"A method is described which permits the determination of serotonin and bufotenin in the same tissue sample. It comprises the following steps: (a) tissue extraction with acetone-0.1 M hydrochloric acid (19:1); (b) reaction of the tissue extract with dansyl (Dns) chloride; (c) pre-separation of O-Dns-bufotenin from O,N-bis-Dns-serotonin and other Dns-amides on a small silica gel column (this step is dispensable if only serotonin or bufotonin is being determined); (d) TLC separation of O-Dns-bufotenin and O,N-bis-Dns-serotonin from other Dns derivatives; (e) quantitative evaluation of the separated compounds by fluorimetry for O-Dns-bufotenin and by fluorimetry or mass spectrometry for the serotonin derivative. The photometer response is linear within the range 0.1-300 nmole. With the mass spectrometric method, 2 pmole of O,N-bis-Dns-serotonin could be determined with a standard deivation of +/-9%. The recovery of the amines from tissue was better than 85%. Reserpine treatment of toads caused a concomitant decrease in serotonin and bufotenin in the brain, but not in the skin of the animals. Repletion of bufotenin in the brain occurs at a higher rate than the repletion of the serotonin pool."
1150793,"A method is presented for the analysis of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) in commercial formulations, together with concurrent detection and quantitation of related compounds. The method is based on direct gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of the formulation to estimate the various esters present, and on an analysis of the total 2,4-D present involving a prior cleanup, alkaline hydrolysis, acidification and n-butylation steps. This procedure also quantitates any other related acids or phenols present. A step which would extract dioxin impurities is also included. The method was checked by the accepted acid-base estimation of 2,4-D content, GLC, and by subjecting radioactive-labelled herbicide to the above procedures."
1150794,"Gaseous samples of fresh tobacco smoke were injected on to a packed polar column (2,2-oxydipropionitrile) in all-glass chromatographic system. With the aid of a warm syringe, selected fractions were withdrawn from the bottom of the electron capture detector of the packed column for further injection into an efficient non-polar glass capillary column (SF-96), connectable on-line to a mass spectrometer. The method has permitted the separation and identification of some polar and non-polar components of tobacco smoke, which gave previously mixed, broad, tailing peaks when the smoke was injected directly into a non-polar capillary column."
1150795,"A sensitive technique is described for the analysis of insect pheromones. Insect extracts are separated into fractions by column chromatography and are analyzed directly by quadrupole mass fragmentography on high-resolution glass capillary columns and by mass spectrometry. Applications are illustrated with two important pests. In the codling moth, trans-8, trans-10-dodecadien-1-ol was found to be present at a level of 3.5 ng per female, and in the European grapevine moth trans-7, cis-9-dodecadienyl acetate at a level of 1.6 ng. Both compounds appear to be present in high isomeric purity in the female insect and are absent in the corresponding males."
1150796,"A gas chromatographic method is presented for the detection of beta-phenethylbiguanide (PEBG) and its metabolite, p-hydroxy-beta-phenethylbiguanide (p-OHPEBG). The procedure is applicable for the determination of the drug and its metabolite in the serum and urine of rats. The detection limit is 0.2 mug PEBG and 0.5 mug p-OH PEBG per ml of serum or urine. A time course study of blood concentration and elimination rate following intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of PEBG to normal rats was performed. Beta-PEBG was found to be present in the blood and the urine, p-OH PEBG was only detected in the urine. Twenty-four hours following intraperitoneal injection, the urine contained 32% of the administered dose, 20% as unaltered PEBG and 12% as p-OH PEBG."
1150797,"An attempt is made to define the role of gas chromatography in the investigation of organic substances in water, which is important because the handling of water samples before gas chromatographic (GC) analysis depends entirely on the information expected from the subsequent separation, identification and quantification. Practical long-term experience with the previously published closed-loop stripping procedure (with intermediate adsorption on activated carbon) is described and further refinements are reported. A rapid and simple liquid extraction method is described, based on shaking 11 of water with a small volume (0.5-1 ml) of solvent and subsequent high-resolution GC analysis of the extract. Qualitative and semi-quantitative information at the parts per 10(12) level is easily obtained. Further studies of recovery rates under conditions where the volatility and polarity of extracted organic substances are varied are described for both methods. The suitability of both methods for the analysis of different types of water samples is discussed."
1150798,"Trace impurities in amphetamine sulphate were studied by a highly sensitive gas chromatographic method. The concentration of these impurities varied considerably between batches whereas the variations within the batches were usually very small. The method is used for the assignment of seizures of amphetamine sulphate to common sources, which in turn may permit chains of illicit distribution of this drug to be traced."
1150810,"The use of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for the extraction of drugs has been extended to the processing of either direct aliquots of blood and stomach contents or aqueous dialysates of the latter, as well as to that of aqueous Stas-Otto deproteinated extracts of tissue. A two-step elution provides the subsequent recovery of standard acid, neutral, basic compounds, and the more polar, water-soluble drugs and drug metabolites. Inorganics may be recovered from the eluate resulting from passage of the original solution through the resin. Extraction with columns of 1-2 g of Amberlite XAD-2 resin is shown to provide the best general approach for separations in pure form of nearly all toxic compounds from up to 500 g of tissue as well as from biological fluids and stomach contents."
1150814,The chromatographic mobility of steroidal glucosiduronic acids on paper in chloroform-formamide increases as the concentration of ion exchanger in the chloroform phase increases; mobility decreases as the concentration of counterion in formamide increases. Mobility of glucosiduronic esters and of hydroxylated free steroids increases with an increase in concentration of exchanger; small changes in concentration of counterion in the stationary phase do not alter the migration of these nonionizable compounds. Data are presented which suggest that partition of the glucosiduronic acids between the two phases occurs predominantly by an ion-exchange process and that hydrogen bonding plays a secondary role. Partition of the glucosiduronic esters and hydroxylated free steroids appears to occur primarily by a hydrogen-bonding process.
1150815,"A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed using the hydrogen flame detector to determine epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in blood plasma, red blood cells, serum, and urine. The chromatographic method presents several advantages over other existing techniques. The derivatives enable separation of E and NE and are stable at room temperature with no signs of decomposition. The detection limit for the catecholamines with the hydrogen detector was approximately 0.1 pg. The catecholamines can be determined simultaneously from the same gas-liquid chromatogram. Purification of the catecholamines using the conventional procedure of chromatographing on alumina has been eliminated. With this gas chromatographic method, no by-products are formed that interfere with E and NE determinations. Dopamine, which constitutes the major source of interference in the commonly used fluorometric methods, does not interfere with the E and NE determinations. Norepinephrine and epinephrine values for several physiological fluids are given with the analysis expanded to include red blood cells, the contents of which have not been previously reported."
1150816,"A combination of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has been used for investigations of a polymethyl methacrylate-polystyrene-polymethyl methacrylate block copolymer. Continuous distribution of the polymer (40-mg sample) was attained according to the content of the styrene and methyl methacrylate units and of the block copolymer and according to the composition of the copolymer as functions of the hydrodynamic radius of the macromolecules. The polymer was subjected to a preliminary fractionation with an analytical gel chromatograph. The fractions were investigated by TLC, which permitted the separation of the block copolymer and the homopolymers. The composition of the fractions obtained by GPC and TLC was determined by PGC. As a result, it was possible to establish the composition of the block copolymer and its ratio to polymethyl methacrylate in each fraction. This investigation was based on a combination of highly effective fractionation by chromatographic methods with precise quantitative ratios obtained from Benoit's universal calibration graph and from determinations of the composition of the polymer fractions by PGC. The mechanism of the TLC of polymers, including the appearance of artefacts that distort the results of analysis, is also discussed."
1150817,"In gel permeation chromatography on macroporous swelling sorbents, deviations from the Benoit principle of universal calibration were observed. It is suggested that these are caused by different degrees of thermodynamic compatibility of the eluted polymers with the sorbent matrix."
1150818,"A method employing solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography has been developed for the quantitative determination of acetylmethadol simultaneously with its two major biotransformation products, noracetylmethadol and dinoracetylmethadol. Noracetylmethadol and dinoracetylmethadol are analyzed following their conversion to the corresponding amides. The amide structure is confirmed by the use of chemical ionization mass spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The method can be used to determine the concentration of acetylmethadol and these compounds in plasma samples from acetylmethadol maintenance subjects. Methadol and normethadol do not attain neasurable plasma levels. Urine contains predominantly noracetylmethadol and dinoracetylmethadol. Evidence was also obtained for the urinary excretion of acetylmethadol, methadol and normethadol. A mean quantity equal to 28% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine of a 48-h dosing interval as acetylmethadol and metabolites."
1150819,"A gas chromatographic method for the determination of perphenazine (Tri-lafon) and its main metabolite in human plasma, perphenazine sulphoxide, has been developed. The procedure involves the use of an electron capture detector and permits the determination of the drug and its metabolite at concentrations down to 0.2 mug/l. This is sufficient for analyzing plasma from patients on ordinary treatment with perphenazine. Tests for specificity revealed no interference by nortriptyline or biperidine."
1150820,"A packed gas chromatographic column and a support coated open tubular (SCOT) column are connected in series. Between the columns are two micro-volume switching valves, one enabling solvent to be vented. Short retention nitrosamines are passed through both columns, whereas longer retention nitrosamines by-pass the SCOT column by means of the other switching valve."
1150821,"Thermal energy analysis (TEA) has been combined with gas chromatography (GC). The new GC-TEA technique is highly specific to compounds which contain heat labile nitrosyl groups. Because of the specificity of the technique, full use may be made of the TEA sensitivity. Analysis by direct injection of solutions containing less than 1 ng/ml N-nitroso compound is demonstrated."
1150822,Kraft mills pulping coniferous wood species discharge to their receiving waters effluents containing mixed resin and fatty acids. To study the fish-toxic properties of these fractions it is desirable to be able to separate them without causing double bond isomerizations in the acid-labile resin acid fraction. A method is described using toluenesulphonic acid as catalyst under very mild conditions and four examples of its application are given. It was not possible to separate tall oil samples without a low degree of resin acid isomerization.
1150824,"An automated method for the determination of chlorhexidine (Hibitane) and its salts in formulated pharmaceutical products is described. The equipment consists of a high efficiency liquid chromatograph, a variable wavelength high sensitivity ultraviolet spectrophotometric detector, the output of which is monitored simultaneously by a suitable recorder, and a digital computer. The sample is automatically introduced onto a 10-cm silica gel column by use of a slide valve. Results are calculated and printed out by the computer."
1150825,Samples from all the British manufacturers of food grade Amaranth and Sunset Yellow FCF were examined by a densitometric thin-layer chromatographic procedure which provides a rapid and convenient method for producing a qualitative and quantitative statement on the impurity profiles of dye materials. Wide variations in the impurities were found which could account for variations in toxicological results. The method could be incorporated into official specifications to control more precisely the quality of food grade dyes.
1150838,"A highly sensitive method for the quantitative determination of 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)]-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (YC-93) in plasma is described. After extraction, YC-93 was oxidized to a pyridine analogue with nitrous acid and detected by electron capture gas chromatography. The sensitivity was 2-3 ng/ml, which is sufficient to determine plasma concentrations of YC-93 after oral administration of clinical doses to humans."
1150839,"A sensitive and specific assay, involving electron capture gas-liquid chromatography, has been developed for the identification of pinazepam and its metabolites in serum, urine and brain samples from dogs and rats after single or repeated oral administration of the drug. Serum and urine samples from healthy humans after a single oral administration have also been analysed. The identity of gas-liquid chromatographic peaks has been established by mass spectrometry. In blood serum and brain, only pinazepam and its N-depropargylated product (demethyldiazepam) were found; from urine, 3-hydroxypinazepam and oxazepam were also recovered. The sensitivity of the gas-liquid chromatographic method is of the order of 5-10 ng of pinazepam and 15-20 ng of the other three benzodiazepines per ml of serum."
1150840,"The strong and specific binding of chymotrypsin on chromatographic columns containing agarose substituted with N-sigma-amino caproyl-D-tryptophan methyl ester is abolished when the sigma-amino groups on the surface of the enzyme are reacted with acetic anhydride. Because the catalytic properties of the acetylated chymotrypsin are identical to those of the underivatized enzyme, it is concluded that the high affinity of chymotrypsin for this column is not due solely to biospecific inhibitor binding, which is by itself very weak, but requires reinforcement through weak non-specific interactions with the column support. It is postulated that these non-specific interactions include electrostatic interactions between agarose matrix and positively charged lysyl residues on the enzyme. The results demonstrate for the first time that residues on the surface of an enzyme not associated with its active site can play an important role in some chromatographic systems previously thought to be based on purely biospecific interactions."
1150841,"The dansylated derivatives of ammonia, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane, spermidine, histamine, and spermine were separated by one ascending development in chloroform-triethylamine (5:1) on a 250-mum silica gel 60 plate. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine in human urine were quantitated by a direct scan of the fluorescent intensity of the spots corresponding to these compounds. Higher amounts of spermidine and spermine were found in the urines of cancer patients compared to the values of these substances in normal urine."
1150842,"A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) procedure is described to be used as the initial drug detection method for urine surveillance in a drug abuse treatment program. While the TLC method is sufficiently sensitive, it is prone to false-positive results. For this reason, two other drug detection methods (gas-liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay) have been incorporated to confirm positive results obtained with TLC. The combined methodologies result in a urine surveillance procedure that is versatile, sensitive and highly reliable."
1150844,"A sensitive analysis of pentaerythritol in plasma has been devised, based on the formation of its tetra-p-methoxybenzoate derivative and high-performance liquid chromatography employing an ultraviolet photometric detector. The method permits analysis of pentaerythritol in the ppm range."
1150849,"0-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride was used to prepare oximes of steroids with keto groups in selected positions; 3,17 and 20-monoketo; 3,17 and 3,20-diketo. Some of the 3-keto steroids had hindered 17-hydroxyl groups which were not readily amenable to esterification with perfluoroanhydrides, the most commonly used derivatizing agents for electron capture gas chromatographic analysis of hydroxy steroids. The oximes were readily prepared from 5 ng of each of the compounds tested, and with testosterone it was demonstrated that the derivative could be prepared from as little as 0.1 ng. The derivatives were stable to gas chromatography and extremely sensitive to electron capture detection. The sensitivity ranged from 1.5 X 10(4) coulombs per mole of progesterone. Because of the ease of preparation of the derivatives, their stability in common solvents and analytical manipulative techniques, the reagent would be suitable for the micro analysis of biologically significant keto steroids by electron capture gas chromatography."
1150850,"A new cyanoalkylphenylsiloxane (SILAR 5CP) liquid phase is shown to possess sufficient polarity to permit improved GC separations of natural diacylglycerols based on unsaturation and positional placement of fatty acids as well as on molecular weight, which was previously possible only on ethylene glycol succinate polyesters. Unlike the polyesters, the polar siloxane polymer has moderate thermal stability and provides GC columns which can be used for several months without replacing the packing. The GC analyses were made with conventional columns containing 3% SILAR 5CP on Gas Chrom Q at 270 degrees C isothermally. The diacylglycerols were chromatographed as the TMS ethers. Excellent seperations were obtained for the 1,2(2,3)- and 1,3-diacyglycerols derived from corn, linseed, peanut and cod liver oils and for the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols from hepatic glycerophospholipids."
1150851,"This article reviews the development and current status of automated multiple pesticide residue analysis. Various configurations of equipment that perform specific steps in a method of analysis are described. These include the use of Technicon modules, automatic injectors for gas chromatography, specially designed units and data processing systems."
1150852,"Methods currently in use in the extraction, isolation, and identification of insect sex attractants, which are needed for use in pest control, are described briefly. Because amounts of these materials in insects are generally minute, specialized microanalytical methods and techniques have been developed to aid in the determination of their chemical structures."
1150854,"A brief survey of gas and liquid chromatographic methods for analysis, purification and quantitation of natural insect juvenile hormones and one commercially used analoh, altosid (methoprene) insect growth regulator, includes references to the most recent literature."
1150855,"Biological and radioimmunological measurements of pituitary TSH concentration were performed in 22 cases of asymptomatic atrophic thyroiditis and in 18 controls. Whilst bioassay revealed the presence of a greater pituitary TSH concentration in thyroiditis cases, radioimmunoassay failed to confirm such a difference. The reason therefore seems to lie in the presence in thyroiditis pituitatries of a TSH which reacted in the bioassay but showed only a weak affinity for the anti-hTSH antiserum. The slopes of radioimmunological dilution curves of the pituitary extracts were indeed significantly lower with thyroiditis pituitaries than with controls. When the whole population sample was considered, a negative correlation existed between the ratio of biological and radioimmunological TSH determinations (B/I) and the slope of the corresponding dilution curves. Since in radioimmunoassay a low displacement slope is indicative of a weak immunological affinity of the antigen for the antiserum, this demonstrated negative correlation suggests together with a high B/I ratio, even in normal people."
1150856,"Progesterone (P) and 20alpha-hydroxypregen-4-en-3-one (20alpha-ol)concentrations were measured in systemic and ovarian vein plasma of adult cycling female rehsus monkeys by gas liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Blood samples and ovaries were removed at various times during the intermenstrual period. The animals were then reclassified according to the stage of the ovarian cycle and the morphology of the ovary. Very little P or 20alpha-ol is secreted by the ovary during the follicular phase until the largest developing follicle measures 5.6 mm in diameter. In the prevular period, the concentrations of both P and 20alpha-ol in the two ovarian veins are nearly equal. As the luteal phase develops, the ratios of progestin concentrations in the ovarian vein change, more progestin being found in ovarian venous plasma of the ovary with the corpus luteum. The secretion of preovulatory progestin can be correlated with large amounts of interstitial gland cells that appear before ovulation in the ovary. In a second experiment, follicular development was estimated by a rapid radioimmunoassay for estrogen in the systemic circulation. When the systemic plasma levels of immunoreactive estrogen exceeded 150 pg/ml, ovarian venous samples of blood were collected from each ovary and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for estradiol-17beta and progesterone. Ffteen min after removal of the ovary that contained the mature Graafian follicle, blood was drawn from the contralateral ovarian vein. In this preovulatory condition, the progesterone concentrations in both ovarian veins greatly exceeded those in the systemic circulation. In 2 animals, removal of the ovary that contained the mature Graafian follicle did not lower the blood levels of progesterone in the contralateral ovarian vein after 15 min. These data suggest that both ovaries of the rhesus monkey secrete preovulatory progestin which is available for physiological action."
1150857,"Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 10 normal males receiving hCG im 5000 IU on days 1, 2 and 3. The mean increase of plasma steroid on days 2, 3 and 1, respectively, was: 1.42, 1.79 and 1.87 times for T; 1.17, 1.56 and 1.49 times for DHT; 4.04, 3.29 and 2.33 times for E2. While T was still significantly increasing from day 2 to day 4, E2 significantly decreased. A positive correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the basal T and the E2 peak after hCG, suggesting a release of E2 from a storage compartment in the testis. No significant change of either steroid was detected 4 h after the first hCG injection. In 6 cases of primary male hypogonadism, the mean basal values of T to hCG was defective, despite considerable individual variations. In 14 males with gonadotropin deficiency, basal values of T and E2 were very low; the T response to hCG ranged from undetectable to dramatic, and was correlated with the degree and duration of previous exposure to gonadotropin; and impaired response of E2 in all cases porvides a better estimate of the actual gonadotropin deficiency."
1150858,A patient with renal cell carcinoma and hypercalcemia was found to have suppressed serum parathyroid hormone levels but striking elevations of immunoreactive prostaglandins in plasma and metastatic tissue. It was hypothesized that prostaglandins may have either played a role in the hypercalcemia or were part of a counterregulatory event.
1150859,"The effects of repeated injections of 75 U crude cholecystolinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) at increasing plateau glucose concentrations achieved by glucose infusion were studied in 15 controls, 8 chronic pancreatitics and 8 mild maturity onset diabetics. In control subjects CCK-PZ alone caused minor insulin release but proportinally greater secretion with increasing blood glucose concentrations. Chronic pancreatitis patients who had normal responses to intravenous glucose responded normally to the CCK-PZ but at significantly higher plateau glucose levels. Diabetics had no response to IV glucose boluses of 5 g or 10 g, but with glucose infusions of 250-500 mg/min had almost normal insulin responses to CCK-PZ. The responses to CCK-PZ plus glucose were greater than either stimulus alone, indicating an interaction between these and the beta cell. These studies suggest that the gut homone-receptor in the beta cell is intact in maturity onset diabetes and chronic pancreatitis, whether the glucose receptor is normal or defective. The peptide-responsible in the crude CCK-PZ is not secretin, glucagon or gut glucagon, but may be gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) since pure CCK-PZ has no insuli releasing properties."
1150860,"Prostaglandin F2alpah (PGF2alpha) was given intravenously in a maximun dose of 24 mug per min to 6 normal male volunteers. There was no change in serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or blood glucose. Plasma cortisol fluctrated but no substained rise was demonstrated."
1150861,"Administration of 0.2 mg of glucagon by intravenous bolus resulted in an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) in 2 of 5 normal volunteers on their usual diet. Two of the nonresponders subsequently showed a PRA response to glucagon after sodium depletion. A lower dose of glucagon (0.01 mg) had no effect on PRA despite a 31 mg/100 ml rise in blood glucose and peak plasma glucagon of over 2000 pg/ml. In conclusion, glucagon can stimulate PRA but it is not a potent stimulator; its effect may be potentiated by sodium depletion."
1150863,"In 9 euthyroid obese volunteers, as previously reported, 4 weeks of total caloric deprivation resulted in a striking decrease in serum 3,5;3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentration. The present studies reveal that this decrease in serum T3 is accompanied by a proportionately similar increase in the serum concentration of 3,3',5' -T3 (reverse T3; rT3). In four additional obese volunteers given suppressive doses of sodium-Lthyroxine (T4) for 1 month prior to fasting, serum T3 concentration declined sharply during a 6-11 day period of fast, while rT3 concentration increased strikingly. Concentrations of both T3 and rT3 returned to control values during a 5 day period of refeeding. The findings indicate that caloric deprivation results in an alteration in peripheral T4 metabolism away from generation of T3 and toward the generation of rT3. Since the former is more active than T4, and the latter is essentially inactive, caloric deprivation appears to shunt peripheral T4 metabolism from activating to inactivating pathways."
1150864,"Utilizing a double antibody radioimmunoassay for human TSH we compared distribution of serum TSH in 167 normal individuals and 51 patients with idiopathic euthyroid goiter. In addition to being clinically euthyroid both groups had normal total thyroxine, and free thyroid index. Forty-two percent of the goiter group had high TSH and the general distribution of TSH values in the goiterous patients was significantly higher than normal (P less than 0.001). Anlysis of subgroups of the normal and goiter populations indicated that the high TSH could not be attributed to age, sex, use of birth control pills or differences between diffuse and multinodular goiter. TSH levels were significantly higher in patients with goiter less than 1 yr compared to goiter greater than 1 yr (P less than 0.025). In patients with goiter greater than 1 yr the TSH levels remained significantly higher than normal (P less than 0.025). These results support the hypothesis that TSH plays a role in the genesis of idiopathic goiter. The elevation may be present only early in the course of goiter development but is also present in a significant number of patients with long standing goiter."
1150865,"Using a neurophysin radioimmunoassay, we have studied basal neurohypophysial function in seven normal women. An increase in neurophysin blood levels has been demonstrated during the ovulatory and/or luteal phase as compared to the follicular phase; these variations are related to the changes in the circulating levels of 17beta-estradiol. The data provide additional evidence for a relationship between estrogens and neurohyprophysial function, as previously shown following exogenous administration of estriol and ethinyl estradiol in man."
1150866,"Further studies are reported on the existence of a sensitizing factor in plasma of hypertensive subjects, which increases the vascular sensitivity to pressor agents when injected iv into nephrectomized rats. Plasma samples from normotensive subjects, patients with malignant hypertension, normotensive dogs, and dogs with experimental renovascular hypertension were fractionated on Bio-Gel P-10 columns after cold acetone precipitation, and on DEAE-cellulose columns eluted with sodium chloride and pH gradients. The effect of the various fractions on the vascular sensitivity to angiotensin was tested utilizing nephrectomized rats. The sensitizing activity was found only in fractions obtained from plasma of hypertensive patients and dogs and it was concentrated primarily in three fractions. Th results suggest that the sensitizing factor is negatively charged at neutral pH and it could be a polypeptide or a small protein."
1150867,"The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia upon plasma renin activity (PRA) was assessed in 4 normal volunteers, 4 adrenalectomized patients and 10 patients with various pituitary hormone deficiences. Significant increases in PRA were observed in all three groups. The PRA responses to hypoglcemia could be blocked by propranolol, and appeared to be potentiated by theophyline. It is concluded that sympathetic reflex stimulation, not adrenal-dependent and not pituitary-dependent, is the major mechanism for this phenomenon in man and that this adrenergic effect may be mediated by cyclic AMP."
1150868,"Homogenates of kidneys from hydropenic and volume-expanded rats were subjected to gel filtration with Sephadex G-25. A fraction of the eluate coincident with the fourth UV peak was injected into the aorta of rats with one kidney excluded. A fraction eluting before the albumin peak was utilized as a control. Significant natriuresis and diuresis were observed after infusion of the fraction obtained from volume-expanded kidneys but not after infusion of the fraction from hydropenic kidneys or the control fraction. The natriuresis occurred in in the absence of changes in mean blood pressure, hematocrit, plasma sodium and potassium, glomerular filtration rate, and potassium excretion. The response was apparent immediately after infusion and persisted for up to 150 min. These results verify the existence of a low molecular weight natriuretic substance which may be preferentially bound to the  kidney after its volume-stimulated release into the circulation."
1150869,"The presence of human thyroglobulin (HTg) in serum of patients was identical by immunological criteria to the serum standard used in the radioimmunoassay. The serum thyroglobulin levels in untreated patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma ranged from 22.0 to 445.0 ng/ml with a mean of 144.3 +/- 46.5 ng/ml (SEM) (n = 10). The mean serum thyroglobulin measured postoperatively in seven of these patients was 6.4 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, not statistacally different from the mean level of 5.1 +/- 0.49 ng/ml (range 0-20.7 ng/ml) observed in 71 out of 95 control subjects with detectable HTg levels. By contrast serum HTg levels were normal or undetectable in subjects with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. HTg levels were within normal limits in sera of patients who had previously undergone successful therapy for a differentiated thyroid carcinoma and in whom no metastases could be documented. The mean level for this group was 4.9 +/- 0.51 ng/ml (n = 43). In contrast, patients with documented metastases had a mean serum thyroglobulin level of 464.9 +/- 155.6 ng/ml (n = 6). The data support the thesis that in differentiated thyroid carcinoma serum thyroglobulin levels are elevated when metastases develop after initial treatment. It is proposed that the measurement of thyroglobulin in the serum represents a simple and valuable adjunct in the posttreatment follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer."
1150870,"The influence of acute myocardial depression on ventricular stiffness and on its elastic and viscous components was studied in 19 dogs. After the animals were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, stiffness was measured by sinusoidally injecting volume changes of 0.5 ml (deltaV) at 22 Hz into paced, isovolumically (deltaP) of the sinusoidal pressure response. Stiffness was linearly related to pressure (P) throughout the cardiac cycle, so that deltaP/delta V = alpha P + beta, where alpha and beta are constants. Myocardial depression was induced in one of three different ways: by coronary artery ligation, by administration of propranolol (Inderal), or by administration of pentobarbital. All three interventions caused significant increases in the slope, alpha, of the stiffness-pressure relationship, while the intercept, beta, remained unchanged. Release of the coronary occlusion or administration of acetylstrophantidin partially reversed depression and the change in alpha; Approximation of the mechanical nature of the left ventricle in terms of a linear second-order mechanical system permitted the division of stiffness into its elastic and viscous components. Like total stiffness, both the elastic and the viscous components were linearly related to ventricular pressure. Elastic stiffness was not changed, but the slope of the line relating viscous stiffness to pressure was significantly increased during ischemic depression, indicating that a change in viscosity was primarily responsible for the increase in total ventricular stiffness."
1150871,"The influence of dietary salt on the levels of plasma bicarbonate and on the characteristics of bicarbonate reabsorption was studied in experimental chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure was produced in rats by sequential partial nephrectomies. The control group received a diet constant in salt content throughout the progression of renal failure; the other group (PRNa), at each stage of renal failure, received salt intake reduced in direct proportion to the fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In the steady state, the quantities of urinary sodium closely approximated intake in obth groups of animals. The adaptive increased natriuresis per nephron exhibited by the control animals was prevented in the PRNa animals. The PRNa group had (a) higher plasma bicarbonate levels, (b) increased bicarbonate thresholds, and (c) increased maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity for bicarbonate. As renal failure progresses, dietary salt can become a determining factor of the levels at which plasma bicarbonate is maintained. Proportional reduction of dietary salt results in bicarbonate conservation in rats with experimental progressive renal failure."
1150872,"Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by watery stools with C1- concentration around 150 meq/liter. We have perfused the colon of three patients and their three healthy siblings with different salt solutions containing 36C1- to determine the nature of the colonic defect in CCD. In the controls, net absorption of Na+ and C1- occurred against steep concentration gradients. The influx (lumen-to-plasms flux) of C1- was twice the effux. Omission of HCO3- from the perfusate caused a clear decrease in C1- efflux which suggests a coupling of C1- effux to HCO3- influx. In CCD, net Na+ absorption occurred normally when HCO3- was present in the lumen. However, Na+ absorption was always impaired when the luminal contents were acid, a situation that prevails in CCD. Net K+ secretion was clearly increased. Both influx and efflux of C1- were practically absent. Only slight net secretion occurred along a steep gradient. Net appearance of HCO3- was not observed, in contrast to controls. These findings and earlier studies of ileal function in CCD are best explained by a defect in the C1-/HCO3- exchange mechanism, which operates in both directions in the normal ileum and colon."
1150873,"Longitudinal studies have shown that individuals lose bone mineral at unequal rates with aging. It has been postulated that individuals with the more rapid rates of loss constitute a separate population having an increased risk for developing fractures, i.e., osteoporosis. To examine this postulate, we made a search for a separate population of elderly women using a precise and objective measurement technique of bone mineral, photon absorptiometry. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in the radius of 571 Caucasian females who were age 50 or older. It was found that BMC values adjusted for width had a normal distribution in all decades and the variation in BMC values did not increase with age. Subjects with vertebral fractures (n = 108) were estimated to be losing bone mineral at the same rate as those without vertebral fractures (n= 161). Thus evidence for a separate population of rapid losers of bone mineral was not found. Reconciliation of longitudinal studies which show unequal rates of loss with the present population survey, in which evidence for unequal rates was not found, would require that (a) the rate of loss of bone mineral for an individual is not constant and/or (b) the rate of mineral loss is proportional to the amount of mineral present at maturity. The incidence of vertebral fractures was inversely proportional to BMC values. In a group of 278 women followed for 470 subject-yr, the incidence of all fractures during the study (n = 31) was also inversely proportional to BMC. These data suggest that the BMC values of osteoporotics would be at the lower end of normally distributed values for the population."
1150874,The ability of antibiotics to prevent Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis was tested in rabbits. Only vancomycin or a combination of penicillin G plus streptomycin always prevented infection when administered as a single dose. A loading dose of 30 mg/kg of phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V) followed by additional 7.5 mg/kg doses for 48 h proved to be the only successful prophylactic program that could be given orally to man. Cefazolin alone or with streptomycin in multiple doses was also an effective alternative to penicillin or penicillin derivatives. Erythromycin uniformly failed to protect animals from bacterial endocarditis but showed greater prophylactic efficacy when a low inoculum of streptococci was used.
1150875,"Potassium has been shown to suppress plasma renin activity (PRA). This study was designed to study the role of increased aldosterone production in the mediation of such a response. Five patients with adrenal insufficiency were placed on a diet of 60 meq potassium and 100-150 meq of sodium while receiving a constant amount of cortisone acetate and Florinef. Upright PRA was determined each day for 2-3 days in the control period and then for 3-4 days after potassium intake had been increased to 200-300 meq/day. Potassium loading induced a natriuresis. Hence, patients were either sodium replaced (six studies in four patients) or allowed to become sodium depleted (three patients). Potassium loading without replacement was associated with a decrease in weight, negative sodium balance, hyperkalemia, and a positive potassium balance. PRA rose during the experimental period. Potassium loading with sodium replacement was associated with little change in weight or sodium balance. Hyperkalemia and positive potassium balance were present to the same degree as found in the studies without sodium replacement. When all PRA values are considered (both morning and evening values) there was no significant change with potassium loading (+ 1.31 ng/ml per h; range + 6.9 to -2.0). We conclude that hyperkalemia or a positive potassium balance did not suppress PRA in Addisonian man in these studies when sodium balance was maintained, nor did it prevent a rise in PRA when sodium balance was negative."
1150876,"The contribution of the intrapulmonary lobar veins to the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in response to sympathetic stimulation was studied under conditions of controlled blood flow in the anesthetized dog in which vascular pressures were measured simultaneously in the perfused lobar artery, an intrapulmonary lobar vein 2-3 mm in diameter and in the left atrium. Stimulation of the stellate ganglia at 3, 10, and 30 cycles/s increased pressure in the lobar artery and small vein in a stimulus-related manner but decreased pressure in the left atrium. Injection of norepinephrine into the perfused lobar artery also increased pressure in the lobar artery and small vein but decreased pressure in the left atrium. The increase in lobar arterial and venous pressure in response to either injected norepinephrine or to nerve stimulation was antagonized by an alpha receptor blocking agent. The rise in pressure in both labor artery and small vein with nerve stimulation but not administered norepinephrine was inhibited by an adrenergic nerve terminal blocking agent. The results suggest that under conditions of steady flow, sympathetic nerve stimulation increases the resistance to flow in the lung by constricting pulmonary veins and vessels upstream to the small veins, and that at each stimulus-frequency studied approximately 50% of the total increase in resistance may be due to venoconstriction. It is concluded that the increase in resistance to flow in the lung in response to nerve stimulation is thre result of activation of alpha adrenergic receptors by norephinephrine liberated from adrenergic nerve terminals in venous segments and in vessels upstream to samll veins, presumed to be small arteries."
1150877,"COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-octapeptide) and the cholinergic agent carbamylcholine each produced a fourfold stimulation of calcium outflux in guinea pig isolated pancreatic acinar cells. Neither agent altered calcium influx. Stimulation of calcium outflux was rapid and specific, was abolished by reducing the incubation temperature to 4 degrees C, and was a saturable function of the secretagogue concentration. The concentrations of CCK-octapeptide and carbamylcholine that produced half-maximal stimulation of calcium outflux were 3.1 x 10(-10) M and 4.9 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The cholinergic antagonist antropine competitively inhibited carbamylcholine stimulation of calcium outflux but did not alter stimulation produced by CCK-octapeptide. Stimulation of calcium outflux by maximal concentrations of carbamycholine plus CCK-octapeptide was the same as that produced by a maximal concentration of either agent alone.Calcium outflux became refractory to stimulation by secretagogues, and incubation with either CCK-ostapeptide or carbamylcholine produced a refractoriness to both agents. The relative potencies with CCK and its related fragments stimulated calcium outflux were CCK-octapeptide greater than heptapeptide greater than CCK greater than hexapeptide = gastrin. Secretin, glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M, failed to alter calcium outflux and did not affect stimulation by CCK-octapeptide or  by carbamycholine."
1150878,"The saluretic effect of the thiazide diuretics has been attributed to inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney. Recent micropuncture studies have shown, however, that chlorothiazide administration can also inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal convolution. To clarify the site of the saluretic effect of chlorothiazide, these micropuncture studies examined the effect of chlorothiazide on chloride transport in the nephron. The effect of chlorothiazide on chloride transport was studied because chlorothiazide's effectiveness as a saluretic is largely due to its ability to enhance sodium chloride excretion; if only changes in sodium transport are examined, it would be then difficult to determine if sodium as bicarbonate or as chloride is affected, since chlorothiazide can inhibit carbonic anhydrase. One group of rats was studied before and after 15 mg/kg per h chlorothiazide. For comparison, another group of rats was studied before and after 2 mg/kg per h benzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Fractional chloride delivery from the proximal tubule was similarly increased in both groups from 59.4 to 71.0% by chlorothiazide administration, Pless than 0.0001, and from 54.3 to 68.2% by benzolamide administration, P less than 0.001. The increased delivery very of chloride from the proximal tubule was largely reabsorbed before the early distal tubule as fractional chloride delivery to this site increased only from 5.08 to 7.40% after chlorothiazide administration, P less than 0.001, and from 4.50 to 6.29% after benzolamide administration, P less than 0.01. Benzolamide had no effect on chloride reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. However, chlorothiazide administration resulted in a marked decrease in distal tubular chloride reabsorption, the fraction of filtered chloride present at the late distal tubule incresing from 1.24 to 6.25%, P less than 0.001. Fractional chloride excretion in the urine increased from 0.29 to 3.44%, P less than 0.001, after chlorothiazide, but did not change after benzolamide. The influence of chlorothiazide on proximal chloride transport presumably is related to its ability to inhibit renal carbonic anhydrase. However, it is not the effect of chlorothiazide in the proximal convolution but rather its effect in the distal convoluted tubule which is primarily responsible for its ability to be an effective saliuretic."
1150879,"In patients with chronic renal failure, NaHCO3 therapy may correct or prevent acidemia. It has been proposed that the NaHCO3 required will not result in clinically significant Na retention comparable to that from similar increases in NaC1 intake. In each of ten patients with chronic renal failure, creatinine clearance (Ccr) range 2.5-16.8 ml/min, on an estimated 10-meq Na and C1 diet, electrolyte excretion was compared on NaHCO3 vs NaC1 supplements of 200 meq/day. Periods of NaHCO3 and NaC1 (in alternate order for successive patients) lasted 4 days, separated by reequilibration to base-line weight. Mean +/- SEM excretion (ex) of Na, C1, and HCO3 and deltaCcr and deltaweight (day  4-1) are compared below for the 4th day of NaC1 vs. NaHCO3 intake. Mean Ccr +/-SEM on day 4 of NaC1 and NaHCO3 were 10.8 +/-1.6 and 9.0 +/-1.4 ml/min, respectively (P less than 0.02). Mean systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic) increased significantly on NaC1 (P less than 0.05). No significant blood pressure changes were seen on NaHCO3. Net positive HCO3 balance occurred on NaHCO3 as indicated above and reflected a rise in mean serum HCO3 from 19 to 30 meq/liter (day 1 vs. 4) (P less than 0.01). Mechanisms for the greater excretion of Na on NaHCO3 may relate to C1 wasting as noted above on low C1 intake and limited HCO3 reabsorptive capacity. Thus, Na excretion by day 4 was greater on NaHCO3 than on NaHCO3 did Na excretion near intake (210 meq/day)."
1150880,"These studies were undertaken to examine whether an antagonism between vasopressin and prostaglandin occurs in vivo in the mammalian kidney. All experiments were performed in steroid-replaced hypophysectonized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. In the first group of studied the effect of two consecutive intravenous doses (100 mU) of vasopressin was examined. The second dose of vasopressin was preceded by an injection of the carrier solution for solubilizing indomethacin or neclofenamate. No enhancement of the antidiuretic effect of the second dose of vasopressin was observed as urinary osmolality (Uosm) increased from 92 +/- 5 to 252 +/- 18 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.0001) after the first dose and from 109 +/- 8 to 209 +/- 10 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the second dose of vasopressin. In another group of studies the second dose of vasopressin was preceded by the administration of a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin (2 mg/kg). The Uosm increased from 93 +/- 9 to 244 +/- 33 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the first dose of vasopressin, but after the second dose of vasopressin the Uosm increased to a significantly greater degree from 106 +/- 14 to 702 +/- 69 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001). In a third group of studies the antidiuretic effect of the same 100-mU dose of vasopressin was examined before and after the administration of meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis which is chemically dissimilar from indomethacin. Uosm increased from 83+/-7 to 216+/-16 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the first dose and from 101 +/- 8 to 734 +/- 86 mosomol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the second dose of vasopressin. As in the indomethacin studies this enhancement in the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin after inhibition of prostaglanding synthesis was highly significant (P less than 0.001). These results therefore implicate a physiological role of prostaglandin in modulating the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin in the mammalian kidney."
1150881,"A comparison study of several vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents was conducted measuring changes in intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption during 10-min periods of intra-arterial infusion. Blood flow was measured in a branch of the superior mesenteric artery of anesthetized dogs with an electromagnetic blood flow meter, and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference across the gut segment was determined photometrically. Vasopressin (4 x 10(-3) and 7x 10(-4) U/kg-min) diminished blood flow 60 and 28% and reduced oxygen consumption 54 and 22%, respectively (all P less than 0.001). In a dose which did not lower blood flow, vasopressin still caused a decline in oxygen consumption (P less than 0.01). Epinephrine (5 x 10(-2) mug/kg-min) decreased blood flow 19% (P less than 0.001) but did not reduce oxygen consumption. After beta-adrenergic blockade, however, the same dose of epinephrine decreased blood flow 41% and oxygen consumption 33% (both P less than 0.001). Responses to angiotension II, calcium chloride, and prostaglandin F2alpha resembled effects of vasopressin rather than those of epinephrine, namely decreased blood flow and decreased oxygen consumption. The vasodilator agents, prostaglandin E1, is isoproterenol, and histamine, increased (P less than 0.001) both blood flow (130, 80, and 98%, respectively) and oxygen consumption (98, 64, and 70%, respectively). Vasopressin, angiotensin II, calcium chloride, and prostaglandin F2alpha appear to contract arteriolar and precapillary sphincteric smooth muscle indiscriminately to evoke both intestinal ischemia and hypoxia. Epinephrine is the exceptional constrictor in this case, producing diminished blood flow without a reduction in oxygen uptake."
1150882,"Circulating DNA has been associated with several human disorders, including the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which it is thought to play an etiological role. However, it remains unclear whether its appearance in the circulation is truly pathological. Several reports, each generally based on a single assay method, have disagreed as to whether DNA may circulate in normals. Some, but not all, of this disagreement may be explained by the recently described appearance of DNA in serum, but not plasma, apparently as the result of release from leukocytes in vitro. In the present report an attempt is made to clarify this problem. Normal plasma and serum samples were examined by four assays for DNA that were newly modified to enhance their specificity and/or sensitivity. Plasma DNA was undetectable by all four methods, the most sensitive of which could detect 0.05 mug/ml of native DNA (nDNA) or 0.1 mug/ml of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Serum DNA was present in 14 of 16 samples tested in variable concentrations with an estimated mean of 1.9 mug/ml. It is concluded that the appearance of DNA in adult human plasma is a pathological event. Presumably, previous reports describing detection of DNA in normal plasma were based on the measurement of non-DNAase-sensitive interfering substance. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the use of serum in studies dependent on sensitive assays for DNA (or anti-DNA antibody) introduces an ambiguity that may be avoided by substitution of carefully collected plasma for serum."
1150883,"Sixteen episodes of acute anaemia necessitating urgent blood transfusion have been investigated in 13 children with sickle cell anaemia. In five out of seven episodes there was evidence of increased haemolysis while in 10 out of 16 episodes a profound fall in reticulocyte count indicated marrow erythroid cell failure. Cold agglutinins active at room temperature were detected in 13 episodes, and anti-I specificity was demonstrated in 11. Warmed blood of homologous ABO and Rhesus groups was administered without complication despite difficulty with cross-matching. The exacerbation of anaemia was not due to folate lack, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or splenic sequestration, and an infectious agent appeared responsible. The degree of anaemia in homozygous sickle cell disease is usually constant during asymptomatic periods. An episode of sudden profound anaemia (anaemic crisis) may, however, result from marrow hypoplasia, an exacerbation of haemolysis, splenic sequestration, or folate deficiency."
1150884,Accidental ingestion of sodium azide in 0-1% solution by a patient and a laboratory technician in a haematological laboratory has demonstrated that very small quantities of sodium azide can give rise to toxic symptoms and that Isoton should be handled with care.
1150885,"Examination of 27 hearts from patients treated by streptokinase following myocardial infarction showed one major histopathological difference from controls, the presence of massive interstitial haemorrhage into the necrotic tissue in some cases. This change is presumably related to the re-establishment of the circulation to infarcted areas."
1150886,Fixation of lungs at necropsy by inflation with formaldehyde vapour was used in a combined radiological and pathological study of pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary oedema was found in 79% of lungs examined. The earliest phases affect the interstitial tissue with oedematous connective tissue planes and distension of pulmonary lymphatics. These changes may be associated with reduction in the compliance of the lung. Alveolar filling is a late stage in the accumulation of oedema fluid in the lungs.
1150887,"Intestinal polyps appear to be relatively rare in the African including Nigerians, South African Bantus, and Ugandans. Only 40 histologically confirmed cases were encountered over a period of ten years. Analysis of these cases reveals a preponderance (60%) of the non-neoplastic juvenile type of polyp. Neoplastic polyps were not encountered in any female patient. The mean ages of the patients are much lower than what has been observed in Caucasians inhabiting developed and industrialized countries. It is felt that there is probably a common or related aetiological agent for neoplastic intestinal polyps and carcinoma because the frequency of intestinal carcinoma appears to be relatively low in areas with a low frequency of neoplastic polyps."
1150888,The cell mediated immune response has been measured in vitro by lymphocyte transformation in 53 patients with malignant tumours of the breast and an equal number of patients in the same age group operated upon for benign tumours. The response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced in the patients with malignant tumours when the lymphocytes were grown either in the patient's plasma or in autologous plasma. This was observed when the response was measured both by the uptake of radioactive DNA precursor and by autoradiography. Reduced lymphocyte transformation was present even very early in the disease and certainly preoperatively. The reduction appeared to be even more marked in the advanced cases. An interesting finding was that the plasma from cancer patients contained a factor which reduced the PHA transformation of lymphocytes from a healthy donor.
1150889,A gel filtration technique using Sephadex G-200 has been used for the detection of specific IgM in sera from (a) 45 cases of clinical rubella in which diagnostic rises of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody could be demonstrated; (b) 70 cases with clinical evidence of rubella in which a rising titre could not be demonstrated because the first serum sample already had high titre HAI antibodies; and (c) 100 patients in whom rubella was not suspected. The results indicate that the high specificity and sensitivity of the method described make it an appropriate technique for use in the routine diagnosis of acquired rubella.
1150890,The sensitivity patterns to a number of antibiotic-impregnated discs of 126 strains of Gram-negative anaerobes and 36 strains of Gram-positive non-sporing anaerobes from various sources have been examined. The sensitivity patterns shown by Bacteroids fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were useful for the rapid identification of these organisms. Consistent and useful sensitivity patterns were not shown by the Gram-positive anaerobes.
1150891,"A long-term review of 108 women suffering from various forms of vulval dermatosis is described and a detailed analysis of those with chronic hypertrophic vulvitis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, and neurodermatitis is made. One case of neurodermatitis and two cases of lichen sclerosus progressed to carcinoma but no case of chronic hypertrophic vulvitis became malignant. It is possible that vulval dermatoses occur more commonly in the nulliparous than in the parous women and there is a slight preponderance of women who are blood group A. It is suggested that the term ""leukoplakia"" should be abandoned and that vulval lesions should be described in precise and meaningful histological terms."
1150892,"In a series of simulated blood culture experiments, small inocula of eight different strains of Bacteroides and five strains of anaerobic cocci were added to Difco Thiol broth and Southern Group Brewer's thioglycollate. Both methods enabled all of the strains to be isolated after one to three days' incubation, with the exception of Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and most strains to survive after one week. B. melaninogenicus grew more quickly in Difco Thiol broth than in Southern Group Brewer's whereas three strains of anaerobic cocci were isolated first from Southern Group Brewer's. Difco Thiol broth appears to be a satisfactory alternative to Southern Group Brewer's for the isolation of non-sporing anaerobes likely to be found in the blood."
1150894,The protein precipitates discarded during the extraction process of the Lactobacillus leichmannii vitamin B12 assay have been shown to contain significant amounts of vitamin B12. This loss of vitamin B12 provide a satisfactory explanation for many of the descrepancies between the serum vitamin B12 values obtained by the L. leichmannii method and the radio-isotopic method of Raven et al (1969). It is possible to produce lower results by the method of Raven et al (1969)by incorporating into that method the L. leichmannii extraction process; it is also possible to produce higher results by the L. leichmannii method using a papain extraction process.
1150895,A semi-automated method for the immunoradiometric assay of ferritin has been developed. Results obtained with serum samples show excellent correlation between this method and the previously described assay. A further useful reduction in the assay time may be achieved by incubating for 3 hours at 37 degrees C instead of 24 hours at 4 degrees C.
1150896,A fatal case following ehtyleneimine inhalation is described. Profound destructive effects on tracheobronchial cartilage were found at necropsy after an interval of apparent recovery from early phases of poisoning. The pathogenesis of these cartilaginous changes is discussed. It is proposed that they may have been due to proteases liberated from liberated from mucosal granulation tissue.
1150897,"In acute rheumatic heart disease, lysis of cardiac muscle fibres with or without retention of sarcolemma is found to be the most damaging feature in many cases. In deeper myocardium the cellular lysis often forms anastomosing clefts or sinus-like spaces between surviving muscle bundles and in the outer portion of myocardium cellular lysis may leave the sarcolemma more or less intact. From lysing cardiac muscle fibres there arise dedifferentiated cells with remarkable potentiality for regeneration. For the origin of these dedifferentiated cells, which are often indistinguishable from lymphocytes, no mitosis is seen in cardiac muscle cells. The successive stages of development of muscle cell from these dedifferentiated cells within the remaining or newly formed sarcolemma have been observed in this study. This study infers that the increased number of fibrous septa, when seen, denotes the tracks of previous muscle degeneration and subsequent replacement of it with incomplete muscle regeneration and fibrous tissue formation. In an area of muscle lysis the origin of Aschoff bodies from these dedifferentiated cells has been followed. Ashoff bodies arising in this was behave as an abortive and atypical growth of muscle fibres in a nodular fashion specific to rheumatic fever."
1150899,"We have recently utilized a prototype model of the Beckman Enzyme Activity Analyzer System-TR in our laboratory measuring various serum enzyme activities which include: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), E.C.3.1.3.1; creatine kinase (CK), E.C.2.7.3.2; hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), E.C.1.1.1.30; lactate dehydrogenase (LD), E.C.1.1.1.27; aspartate transaminase (AST), E.C.2.6.1.1; and alanine transaminase (ALT), E.C.2.6.1.2. Precision was found to be good. Sample activities could be measured as high as 1000 IU/1. The carryover studies fell within 2 SD of the means of the enzyme control studies. Coefficients of variation for ALP and CK were in the ranges of 0-40-2-14% and 0-52-4-30%, respectively. Correlation studies were done with GemSAEC and Gilford 300 N Spectrophotometer and the results were accurate, precise, and reproducible."
1150903,"In young, normal, male Caucasian volunteers, two different double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized studies were performed to determine whether indomethacin interacts in a clinically significant fashion with warfarin. In the first study, stabilized hypoprothrombinemia was achieved by daily oral warfarin administration for at least 11 days; then indomethacin was administered concurrently with warfarin for five more days. During this five-day period failure of indomethacin to alter the degree of hypoprothhrombinemia induced by warfarin indicated that indomethacin does not interact with warfarin in vivo in a clinically significant fashion. A similar conclusion was drawn from results of the second experiment, in which plasma warfarin concentrations and prothrombin times were measured after a single oral dose of warfarin administered both before and after ten consecutive days of oral indomethacin administration. Thus, these studies suggest that warfarin may be given to patients receiving indomethacin and indomethacin may be administered to patients on warfarin without intensification or diminution of the normally expected hypoprothrombinemie effects of the dose of warfarin in that individual."
1150904,"The spontaneous occurrence of symptoms that are often regarded as adverse drug reactions was studied by means of open questionnaires or by a 38-item checklist of symptoms. Of the 416 respondents who returned an analyzable questionnaire, only 233 (56 per cent) were healthy (defined as having had no illness and/or having taken no medication in the previous three days). Using the open questionnaires, one or more symptoms were reported by 15 per cent of healthy persons (N equals 155) and by 69 per cent of a group of 118 persons who had been ill and/or who had taken medication in the previous three days. In contrast, using the checklist questionnaires 82 per cent of healthy persons (N equals 78) and 97 percent of persons who had been ill and/or who had taken medication in the previous three days (N equals 65) reported one or more symptoms. The total number of symptoms reported by any one person was three with the open questionnaire and 22 with the checklist. In addition, a greater severity of symptoms was associated with the open questionnaire. Sex, educational level, or presence or absence of previous exposure to clinical trials did not influence the nature and incidence of symptoms reported. However, the severity of symptoms reported was significantly different for the latter two factors. Differences in the frequency with which certain symptoms were reported and the relevance of these and other observations to the design of clinical trial record forms are discussed."
1150905,"Lidocaine was given in increasing step-wise dose concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/minute and the resulting serum concentrations correlated with the effect of this agent on the peripheral vasculature of seven patients. Lidocaine infusion causes an immediate sustained increase in mean calf venous capacitance but little effect on mean diastolic blood pressure. In high concentration levels this agent causes an increase in mean calf blood flow and systolic blood pressure. Its effect on calf vascular resistance is variable, but there is a tendency to reduce resistance, particularly at a high concentration level. The effect of lidocaine infusion rate on serum lidocaine levels was such that the greater the infusion rate, the higher the resultant serum lidocaine levels."
1150906,It is shown on the basis of pharmacokinetic simulations and experimental data that adequate evaluation of aspirin dosage forms with different absorption rates by urinary excretion measurements in man requires that such measurements be made during the first hour after drug administration. Measurements made only after 3 hours are totally inadequate for that purpose. An assessment of the completeness of absorption obviously does not require serial measurements but needs only a determination of the total amount excreted.
1150909,A controlled double-blind study of 40 depressed psychiatric outpatients who received doxepin either q.i.d. or h.s. showed that doxepin may be administered h.s. without loss of efficacy or increase in side effects. The patients who received doxepin h.s. felt significantly better rested in the morning than the patients who received doxepin in divided doses.
1150915,"We have quantitatively examined the development of synapses in the ventral part of the lumbar spinal cord of the chick from embryonic day 4 until adulthood. The first synapses occur on day 4 and are of the axo-dendritic type; they are invariably located adjacent to the border between the intermediate and marginal zones. Initially there are more synapses in the presumptive white matter than in the motoneuron neuropil, but this trend is later reversed; however, we found numerous axo-dendritic synapses throughout much of the ventrolateral white matter even in the adult stage. The first axo-dendritic synapses always contain spherical synaptic vesicles and have symmetric membrane specilizations. By day 7 a few of these synapses were found to have mixed populations of spherical and flattened vesicles and asymmetric membrane specilizations. After hatching there are still considerably more axo-dendritic synapses with symmetric membrane specializations. Axo-somatic synapses were first found on embryonic day 6 and were typically located on motoneurons lying adjacent to the marginal zone. These axo-somatic synapses contain a few spherical synaptic vesicles and have symmetric membrane densities. Flattened synaptic vesicles were first found on day 10 and increased throughout development. Although a few axo-somatic synapses with asymmetric membrane specializations were found at practically all stages, the symmetric type was always in the majority. An attempt was made to relate these observations with physiological, behavioral and neuroembryological findings from birds and other forms. For example, the fact that axo-dendritic synapses always appear prior to axo-somatic contacts would seem to rule out the role of somatic synapsesin the initial induction of dendritic growth in the spinal cord."
1150916,"Male CBA strain mice aged 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months were injected with 5 muCi of 6-H3-thymidine per gm body weight and killed two hours after the injection. Incorporation of the isotope, as a measure of DNA synthesis and cell division, was studied in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum by light-microscope autoradiography. DNA synthesis was found in a small number of nuclei of non-neuronal cells, both of ecto- and mesodermal origin. The percentage of labeled cells (Labeling Index, or LI) decreased in both regions exponentially with age. On the base of measured LI values, the total number of cells arising from age one to 12 months was calculated. As the reference value the number of cells in one month-old animals was taken. The calculated cell increment in the ectodermal population in the cortex amounted to 19.7-20.6% (average 20.2%) and to 196.0-425.0% (average 247.0%) in the corpus callosum (pairs of figures correspond to values calcualted from LI values measured in sagittal and frontal sections). When all labeled cells (LC) were taken into consideration (of both ecto- and mesodermal origin) the corresponding cell increment ranged from 25.0-30.5% (average 26.8%) in the cortex and from 205.0-454.8% (average 263.0%) in the corpus callosum. The number of all newly arising cells in the whole hemisphere (including both cerebral cortex and corpus calosum) calculated from mean LI values of all LC in sagittal and frontal sections amounted to 52.0%. It is suggested that the observed DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly in the corpus callosum and mesodermal cell groups of both regions studied, correspond mainly to renewal of cell populations. In the cerebral cortex accumulation of some newly arising cells in situ cannot be excluded."
1150912,"An accepted practice in medical research has been the subordination of individual rights to the benefit of mankind. The Nazi experiments, and other recent abuses, have focused increased attention on the dignity and rights of human research subjects and have led to new regulations to control human experimentation. Central to establishing what constitutes permissible human experimentation are the issues of risk-benefit ratio and informed consent. Evaluating the risk-benefit ratio requires consideration of the nature of the experiment, the likelihood of its success, and the type of subjects to be utilized. Participation in a study requires voluntary ""educated"" informed consent. Certain categories of subjects, such as children and the mentally handicapped, require special protection in this regard. Finally, formal education in medical ethics and prohibiting publication of unethical studies are likely to prove more effective in curbing unethical experimentation than increasing government regulation."
1150917,"A combined analysis with the Golgi and silver-degeneration methods and electron microscopy in the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body has confirmed that the Golgi type II neuron forms dendro-dendritic synapses with the principal neuron in terminal aggregates called synaptic nests. Both types of neurons receive synaptic contacts from the afferent axons that ascend from the posterior colliculus and from those that descend from the auditory cortex. Only the principal neuron projects to the auditory cortex. The Golgi type II cells that receive endings from afferent axons send presynaptic processes to principal cells that are also contacted by the very same afferent axons. The axons of Golgi type II cells project to synaptic nests other than those supplied by the dendrites of the parent cell and link the Golgi type II cells with each other. On the surface of the Golgi type II cell there is a segregation of the different types of synaptic endings and a consistent sequence in their synaptic relationships. The endings of colliculogeniculate and Golgi type II axons predominate on the distal dendrites in the synaptic nests. Corticogeniculate endings congregate more on the soma and proximal dendrites. In the synaptic nests the Golgi type II dendrites are presynaptic to the principal cell dendrites, whereas both kinds of dendrites are postsynaptic to the very same axons, which project either from the posterior colliculus or from Golgi II cells..."
1150913,"Ten commercial products containing 65 mg propoxyphene hydrochloride have been evaluated for their relative bioavailability in human subjects in a complete crossover study. No statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) differences were observed between the products in terms of plasma levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after administration; peak plasma levels; time to achieve peak plasma level; and area under the plasma level-time curve. Individual subjects exhibited considerable differences in the propoxyphene plasma levels, which were similar to the variability observed by others. The average estimated half-life of 3.61 hours was consistent with previously reported values, although it may have underestimated the true value because the low plasma levels remaining after 12 hours were not quantitated."
1150918,"In order to obtain a better understanding of the microscopic structure of the cat fasciculus gracilis, entire cross-sections of the fasciculus were examined with the electron microscope. Twenty-five thousand, two hundred and eighty-four fibers were encountered in one fasciculus. The fiber caliber spectra obtained from the study show that the fasciculus gracilis at cervical level has a unique fiber distribution pattern. The fiber diameters range from less than 1 mu to 15 mu, however, 97 percent of fibers have diameters less than 8 mu; and the majority of the fibers are in the 2-5 mu range."
1150919,"Two area specific reflexes elicited by natural stimulation of different regions of the hindlimbs of Xenopus laevis have been identified. Light or intense mechanical stimulation of the foot evokes reflex activity in the ipsilateral knee flexor nerve; moderate pressure applied to the calf evokes reflex activity predominantly in the ipsilateral knee extensor nerve. The reflex responses have been recorded electrophysiologically to overcome the limitations of behavioral observations for determining the presence of activity in particular muscles. Normal area specific reflexes are elicited in the normal ipsilateral hindlimb by stimulation of grafted supernumerary hindlimbs innervated either by hindlimb (lumbar) or by non-limb (thoracic) spinal cord segments. The area specific reflexes can be elicited only if the limb is grafted to a host younger than stage 54-55 of Nieuwkoop and Faber ('56), the stage at which reflex movements are first observed behaviorally. Abnormal reflex responses are evoked by stimulation of supernumerary limbs innervated by either thoracic or lumbar segments when the limb buds are grafted to older larvae. Supernumerary forelimbs grafted at early stages and innervated by either thoracic or lumbar spinal cord segments generally fail to elicit area specific reflex responses in the normal hindlimb. Single-unit recordings of afferent fibers supplying the normal and supernumerary hindlimbs show that each limb receives a separate nerve supply. No evidence for branched afferent fibers has been found. The implications of these results for theories of neuronal specification are discussed, particularly the hypothesis that peripheral tissues are able to specify the central actions of afferent fibers that innervate them."
1150920,"A three-dimensional block model of the cochlear nucleus of the cat was constructed from histologic sections. Boundaries of various subdivisions, based on cytoarchitectonic criteria, were included in the model. Usage of the block model in correlating physiological and anatomical data is illustrated by localizing characteristic waveforms of gross evoked responses and characteristic frequencies of single units."
1150921,"Single unit activity in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) was recorded for a variety of stimulus conditions. The units were classified according to their response characteristics. The locations of units were plotted onto a three-dimensional block model of the cochlear nucleus. Certain types of units that responded best to the onsets of stimuli were located predominantly in the octopus cell region of the PVCN. The remainder of the PVCN, which contains a rather heterogeneous collection of small and multipolar cells, was found to contain several types of units with the dominant type being ""chopper"" units."
1150922,"Single unit activity was examined in three component layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN): the molecular layer, the fusiform cell layer, and the polymorphic layer (deep DCN). Electrophysiological units were classified into types on the basis of their activity under a variety of stimulus conditions. In the molecular layer spike activity was small and difficult to isolate. Almost all units in the fusiform cell layer could be classified as either ""pauser"" or ""buildup"" units. Classification of units in the deep DCN was sometimes difficult, but ""pauser,"" ""chopper,"" and some ""on"" units were found. The ""on"" types of units tended to be located in the more superficial part of the deep DCN. Unit locations were referred to a three-dimensional block model of the cochlear nucleus."
1150923,"Anatomical methods which depend upon the anterograde axonal transport of isotopically labeled neuronal proteins or the retrograde axonal transport of the enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, have been used to elucidate the relationships between the reticular complex and the dorsal thalamus and cerebral cortex. Injections of tritiated amino acids in the dorsal thalamus or cerebral cortex in rats, cats and monkeys, show that as the bundles of thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic fibers joining a particular dorsal thalamic nucleus to its associated area of the cerebral cortex traverse the reticular complex, they each give rise to a dense zone of terminals occupying a sector of the reticular complex which is relatively constant for that dorsal thalamic nucleus and cortical area. However, because of the wide extent of the dendritic fields of the reticular cells and the degree of overlap between the sectors of the complex subtended by adjacent dorsal thalamic nuclei and adjacent cortical areas, it is likely that the reticular complex samples thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic activity in a somewhat unspecific manner. Fibers passing to the reticular complex from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus appear to be associated with the projection from the intralaminar nuclei to the striatum. Injections of tritiated amino acids in the reticular complex itself and injections of horseradish peroxidase in various other parts of the brain show that the only efferent pathway from the reticular complex terminates in the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. The reticular complex does not appear to send fibers to other components of the ventral thalamus nor to the cerebral cortex."
1150924,"Metamorphosis in the flatfish is characterized by the migration of one eye around the dorsal surface of the head to a position adjacent to the other eye on the new top side of the animal. The visual connections of the adult flatfish, Achirus lineatus, were examined. Either the migrating or non-migrating eye was removed and the animal allowed to survive for one to three weeks. Alternate sections of the brain were stained by a modification of the Fink-Heimer technique, or with cresyl violet. The diencephalic visual connections of the flatfish were similar to those of other teleosts with contralateral projections to the nuclei corticalis, dorsomedialis thalami, pretectalis, and the corpus geniculatum laterale. The distribution of the retinal efferents to the optic tectum is unique in the flatfish. In the medial one-third of the tectum, terminal degeneration was found in three bands in the stratum opticum (SO) and the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (sgfs). In the middle part of the tectum, two bands of degeneration remained over the sgfs. The lateral part of the tectum has only a very small amount of degeneration distributed radomly in scattered clusters over the deep SO and superficial sgfs. The Nissl preparations also reflected the differences between the medial and lateral parts of the tectum. Distinct layer was lacking in the medial tectum with a conspicuously absent large cell layer in the stratum griseum centrale (sgc). In contrast, the lateral tectum had a typical tectal stratification. Most notable were the large neurons of the sgc."
1150925,"The number and size of the axons in the later olfactory tract of the rat have been measured at several rostro-caudal levels, from material prepared for electron microscopy. Immediately caudal to the olfactory peduncle, an average of 42,000 +/- 3,000 axons were counted in the tract, while near the caudal limit of the tract an average of 32,000 +/- 2,800 axons were counted. The average internal cross-sectional area of axons measured at two levels of the tract was 1.6 +/- 1.3 mum2 and 1.1 +/- 0,9 mum2, corresponding to average internal diameters 1.4 +/- 1.3 mum and 1.2 +/- 1.1 mum, respectively. The axons in the lateral part of the tract were found to be significantly larger than those in the medial part of the tract; for one level the average cross-sectional area of axons in the lateral part of the tract was 1.6 +/- 1.0 mum2 (equivalent diameter 1.4 +/- 1,1 mum) while only 0.7 +/- 0.6 mum2 (equivalent diameter 0.9 +/- 0.9 mum) in the medial part of the tract. The thickness of the myelin sheath of the axons is generally related to axon diameter, increasing from 0.1-0.2 mum for axons 0.4 to 0.8 mum in diameter to 0.3-0.4 mum for axons greater than 2.0 mum in diameter. The ratio of the inside diameter to the outside diameter  of the fiber (ratio ""g"") is between 0.7 and 0.8 for most axons in the lateral olfactory tract. The axons which leave the tract laterally and medially are substantially smaller than the axons within the tract (average cross-sectional area 0.55 +/- 0.35 mum2 on the lateral side) and probably are collaterals of the axons within the tract. Unmyelinated nerve processes, probably axons, were also found in the tract. Qualitative observations from light and electron microscopical material agree well with the quantitative data, and further suggest that mixing of axons from different parts of the olfactory bulb occurs in the rostral part of the tract. This is supported by experiments with injections of 3H-amino acids into localized portions of the olfactory bulb. These indicate that there is some degree of point-to-point organization in the most rostral part of the tract, but that this is lost in the caudal part of the olfactory peduncle."
1150926,"The red nuclei of 14 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were prepared for electron microscopic study following perfusion with a mixture of aldehydes, Neurons of four size categories were identified in 1 mu Epon sections and their ultrastructural characteristics were studied in adjacent thin sections. Giant (greater than 40 mu) and large (26-40 mu) neurons are distinguished primarily by size and possess similar ultrastructural features: extensive areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a prominent perinuclear Golgi complex, numerous mitochondria and pigment granules and a large, ovoid nucleus which occasionally contains intranuclear rodlets. Medium size neurons (20-25 mu) have less extensive, poorly organized RER and randomly distributed Golgi complexes. The nuclear envelopes of these cells frequently show multiple invaginations and continuity with the RER cisternae. In small neurons (less than 20 mu) the RER occurs as single or anastomosing strands whi le golgi complexes and pigment granules are few. In both medium size and small neurons, aggregates of condensed chromatin are adherent to the inner nuclear membrane. Three main types of synaptic terminals may be distinguished in the red nucleus: (1) small terminals with flattened vesicles and symmetrical densities (F terminals), (2) small terminals with rounded vesicles and asymmetrical densities (RS terminals), and (3) large (10-15 mu) asymmetrical, rounded vesicle terminals which form multiple contacts along their length (RL terminals). The small neurons receive both F and RS terminals on their dendrites and infrequently on their cell somas. The large and giant neurons receive F, RS and RL terminals on their somas and proximal dendrites and F and RS terminals on their distal dendrites. The somas and dendrites of medium size neurons receive both F and RS terminals but RL terminals do not lie in relation to them. Spine contacts are common throughout the nucleus and occur on both somas and dendrites."
1150927,"The present study is an electron microscopic analysis of the numbers and sizes of axons in the connectives and nerves of the medicinal leech. In either the right or left connectives for ganglia 14-18, there are approximately 2860 (+/- 294 S.D.) axons. Ninety-seven percent of these axons are less than one micron in diameter. The median connective, Faivre's nerve, contains 97 (+/- 3 S.D.) axons, and 94% of these fibers are smaller than one micron. In the peripheral nerve roots for ganglia 14-18, there are approximately 2351 (+/- 311 S.D.) axons. Ninety-eight percent of the axons in the nerves are less than one micron in diameter. Thus, there are approximately 20,000 axons associated with each of the segmental ganglia 14-18 in the leech, and the vast majority of these fibers are less than one micron in diameter."
1150928,"The projection of the retina onto the optic tectum of the pigeon has been investigated using silver impregnation methods for degenerating axons and terminals, autoradiographic tracing, and the Golgi methods. Degenerating optic afferents distribute to sublaminae a-d and f of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale over the whole tectum, but two major fields are observed. One occupies the caudal and ventral tectum (in which region laminar cytoarchitecture is marked), and the other rostral and dorsal tectum (where demarcation of cell laminae is relatively poor). Degeneration in the latter field is coarse and clearly distributes in a distinctly laminated fashion within the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale. In contrast, degeneration in the caudo-ventral region is fine, and laminated distribution less clear. The evolution of the degeneration pattern over survival periods from 3 to 56 days suggests that these laminar distributions reflect the existence of several different types of optic terminal ramification present in all parts of the tecum. A selective laminar distribution of such optic afferent types correlates well with our own and other Golgi studies. The results of the autoradiography experiments are broadly compatible with these findings."
1150929,"The fine structure of the superficial layer of the optic tectum of the pigeon, Columba livia, has been examined both in normal animals and after unilateral eye removal. Optic afferent terminals distributed throughout sublaminae IIa-f, are principally concentrated at three depths in the retinoreceptive zone. At first, degeneration of optic afferent terminals occurs as swelling of synaptic vesicles and accumulation of neurofilaments and later as dense degeneration. There appear to be several classes of optic afferent terminals in the retino-receptive zone, as would be expected from most previous studies of the avian tectum. The non-optic components of the neuropil, which include glomerular and pleomorphic vesicle terminals, and the synaptic interrelationships between optic and non-optic components are described. Optic afferent terminals mainly make synaptic contact with the branches of radial dendrites but also, in sublaminae IIb and IIc, with the dendrites of non-radial cells. In sublamina IIc afferent terminals synapse onto the horizontal presynaptic dendrites of spindle cells and triplet synaptic arrays including optic afferent terminals, horizontal dendrites and radial dendrite profiles and radial dendrite profiles are found. This optic projection to non-radial elements in IIb c, is discussed in relation to light microscope and electrophysiological studies."
1150930,"The maturation of the main and accessory olfactory bulb projections to the ventral forebrain of the golden hamster has been traced by using the Fink-Heimer silver technique to stain degenerating axons and terminal arborizations after bulbectomy at different ages between birth and 33 days. In the youngest pups, long-lasting degeneration argyrophilia (LLDA) is found in two regions of prepiriform cortex: at the level of the rostral tubercle and rostral amygdala. By five days of age the caudal region exhibiting a long-lasting degeneration reaction extends from the middle of the olfactory tubercle to the middle of the amygdala. The olfactory tubercle, medial and cortical amygdala and entorhinal cortex subsequently develop substantial LLDA at ages varying between 9 and 13 days. In a previous study (Leonard, '74b) the onset of LLDA in optic tract terminals in the superior colliculus was found to coincide with the age of eye opening and the onset of a stage of rapid snyapse formation. Since different olfactory responses appear at different times during the golden hamster pup's first two weeks of postnatal life, it seems possible that the onset of LLDA in different regions of the olfactory projection at different ages may be related to the onset of different specific olfactory functions."
1150931,This autoradiographic study demonstrates a topical projection of the dorsal column nuclei to the contralateral nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami and the accessory part of the inferior olive. In contrast to earlier anatomical studies the projections of the gracile nucleus and the internal cuneate nucleus proved to be independent and entirely contralateral. Fibers from the gracile nucleus terminate only in the lateral part of the nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL1) and from the internal cuneate nucleus only in the medial part of this nucleus (VPLm). Projections of the gracile nucleus to the contralateral inferior olive are restricted to the caudal one-third of the medial accessory olive and the ventrolateral part of the dorsal accessory olive. The internal cuneate nucleus is only connected with the dorsomedial part of the rostral two-thrids of the dorsal accessory olive. Our material does not allow conclusions about projections from the dorsal column nuclei to other thalamic nuclei and about rostrocaudal point to point relationships between the dorsal column nuclei and the thalamus or the inferior olive.
1150932,"Preliminary experimentation on ring doves to ascertain whether they might regulate any aspects of their reproductive behavior in terms of olfactory cues was vitiated by the discovery that their sectioned olfactory nerves had apparently regenerated. Concurrent work on frogs has shown that the olfactory receptors degenerate after axotomy and are replaced by new ones. This phenomenon was studied in pigeons. All transected nerves were found to be healed. Electrical recording from the regenerated nerves revealed apparently normal receptor function and, indirectly, autonomic reflex responsiveness. Previously untrained pigeons learned an olfactory discrimination after reconstitution of the peripheral olfactory system using a conditioned suppression procedure. The olfactory nerves of trained pigeons were sectioned and the behavioral response recovered within 16-82 days. The gross sizes of primary olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs were frequently much less than those of controls, but on the ultrastructural level there was no recognizable morphological deficiency in the receptor cellular organelles or terminal synaptic contacts in bulbar glomeruli. Recent results by other workers indicate that pigeons utilize olfactory cues in homing performance."
1150933,"The effect of val5-angiotensin II amide on water drinking in sheep was studied against a background of comprehensive data on arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid angiotensin II levels in sheep under a variety of physiological conditions. Physiological range of blood angiotensin II concentration is 1-100 ng/100 ml. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II within the physiological range did not increase water drinking. Intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II, or injection into third ventricle or hypothalamus, consistently caused immediate drinking of large amounts of water. Dosages necessary for effect were in the supraphysiological range. Quantitative examination of data in sheep and other species suggests that a physiological role for angiotensin II in thirst is not proved."
1150934,"In Experiment 1, immunosympathectomized rats self-stimulated at a much lower rate on high variable ratio schedules of reinforcement than injected controls. No differences were found for responding on continuous reinforcement or low variable ratio reinforcement schedules. In Experiment 2, a similar reduction in varialbe ratio response rate was found for subjects centrally injected with nerve growth factor-antiserum relative to controls. The results suggest a reduction in central catecholamine levels as a result of antiserum treatment."
1150935,"Four experiments attempted to produce behavior in the rat parallel to the behavior characteristic of learned helplessness in the dog. When rats received escapable, inescapable, or no shock and were later tested in jump-up escape, both inescapable and no-shock controls failed to escape. When bar pressing, rather than jumping up, was used as the tested escape response, fixed ratio (FR) 3 was interfered with by inescapable shock, but not lesser ratios. With FR-3, the no-shock control escaped well. Interference with escape was shown to be a function of the inescapability of shock and not shock per se: Rats that were ""put through"" and learned a prior jump-up escape did not become passive, but their yoked, inescapable partners did. Rats, as well as dogs, fail to escape shock as a function of prior inescapability, exhibiting learned helplessness."
1150936,"Rats, like dogs, fail to escape following exposure to inescapable shock. This failure to escape does not dissipate in time; rats fail to escape 5 min, 1 hr., 4 hr., 24 hr., and 1 wk. after receiving inescapable shock. Rats that first learned to jump up to escape were not retarded later at bar pressing to escape following inescapable shock. Failure to escape can be broken up by forcibly exposing the rat to an escape contingency. Therefore, the effects of inescapable shock in the rat parallel learned helplessness effects in the dog."
1150937,"Following 100 or 300 avoidance training trials, instrumental subjects and their yoked Pavlovian counterparts were tested for generalization of lick suppression along the frequency dimension of the avoidance conditioned stimulus. Gradients of stimulus control were evident after 300 instrumental avoidance training trials, and additional intradimensional Pavlovian discrimination training further sharpened the gradients. After 100 trials, the yoked Pavlovian subjects suppressed more than their instrumental counterparts. However, with increased Pavlovian training, flatter gradients with decreased suppression were obtained. Results from a second experiment revealed that, whereas Pavlovian experience decreased suppression to the tone, subjects suppressed drinking in the presence of static, environmental cues. Data from both experiments supported interpretations that stress the role of response control over environmental events."
1150938,Backward conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of rabbits was studied. The prior exposure to unconditional stimulus-conditional stimulus (US-CS) pairings retarded subsequent forward conditioning. Control procedures eliminated latent inhibition and forward safety-signal effects as accounting for the data. The relevance of this report to other recent studies of backward conditioning is discussed.
1150939,"In a between-groups design, an instrumental contingency was superimposed on classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Subjects were exposed to a tonal conditioned stimulus (CS) and, if no conditioned response (CR) occurred, a 5.0-ma. paraorbital electric shock unconditioned stimulus (US). USs of 5.0, 3.3, 1.7, and 0.0 ma., respectively, were contingent on occurrence of a CR in the CS-US interval for subjects in the 4 groups of the experiment. The group exposed to contingent US omission differed from the other 3 groups in percentage CR, onset latency, amplitude, and 2 indices of CR form, and those 3 groups generally did not differ significantly among themselves on these dependent variables. Results were interpreted to be contrary to ""law of effect"" formulations of classical conditioning."
1150940,"The partial reinforcement extinction effect (the PREE) in classical aversive conditioning was investigated in 2 experiments. In the first, the nictitating membrane responses of 120 rabbits were conditioned at a 250-msec. interstimulus interval (ISI) under continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement with the unconditioned stimulus (US) omitted (Group PO), or partial reinforcement with the US delayed to 1,500 msec. (Group PD). These 3 groups were factorially extinguished under US-Omitted, US-Unpaired, or US-Delayed extinction regimens. A significant PREE was obtained, but only for PO training and US-Omitted extinction. The second experiment, employing human subjects in a masked eye blink conditioning task, produced parallel results. A general discrimination view of the classical PREE seems applicable, but one in which neither cognitive factors nor intertrial conditioning of reinforcement aftereffects play a significant role."
1150941,Three methodological issues of concern within the literature on human operant heart rate conditioning were assessed utilizing a number of techniques for data reduction. The type of statistical approach largely determined the conclusions to be drawn about 2 issues: (a) differences and similarities between heart rate acceleration and deceleration learning and (b) changes in conditioning over a number of sessions. Three techniques yielded data that confounded between- and within-session shifts in tonic heart rate. A fourth method of data reduction (contrasts between pretrial and trial responding) involved no such difficulty. This method of analysis most accurately represented changes in operant heart rate that occurred within and between conditioning sessions.
1150942,"Twelve dogs salivated to a tone that was followed by food, but not to a noise for which there was an added response dependency. The noise was followed by food if and only if they did not salivate. The addition of this response dependency vitiated the classically conditioned response to the noise. A yoked-control group of 6 dogs receiving the same sequences of stimuli and food salivated to both the tone and noise stimuli."
1150943,"Rats were given alternating 1-min. access periods to 2 tubes containing either 32% or 4% sucrose solutions for daily 6-min. test sessions. Lick rate for 32% was higher under comparison (32 vs. 4) than noncomparison (32 vs. 32) conditions; and lick rate for 4% was lower under comparison conditions (4 vs. 32) than under noncomparison conditions (4 vs. 4). All sucrose conditions were varied within subjects and both positive and negative contrast were obtained with a small n. In addition to lick rate, intake and latency measures also revealed contrast effects. Deprivation conditions altered latency but not lick rate measures of contrast. Reducing the test session to 3 min. (alternating 30-sec. access periods) did not greatly affect contrast. Additional experiments provided evidence for distinct within-days and between-days contrast effects, as well as a between-groups contrast effect."
1150944,"Pups were presented to adult mice of the Porton strain. Significantly more mothers and virgin females retrieved pups to the nest than did virgin males. More virgin females than males licked pups, built nests and assumed lactation posture. Differences were significant even if males that attacked pups were excluded from consideration. Latencies to first appearance of maternal activities were higher than reported by most other workers. Possible genetic strain differences in the response of virgin mice to pups are discussed. In Experiment 2 pups delivered by caesarian section with placentas attached were used. More mothers than either virgin males or females cleaned and accepted pups, indicating that pup cleaning may be controlled by factors different from those influencing other maternal activities."
1150945,"Precocial copulation in 2-wk.-old male chicks, described behaviorally as free mount, tread, posterior contact, waggle, peek, and seize, was developed through hand-training experience and androgen treatment. Crystalline progesterone was then implanted in various forebrain or midbrain regions. Results indicated that progesterone inhibited copulatory behavior when placed in the periventricular areas of the preoptic-hypothalamic continuum. Progesterone implants in the preoptic lateral forebrain bundle regions also suppressed precocial copulation. Forebrain implants of cholesterol did not result in copulatory inhibition. The suppression of copulatory behavior was not accompanied by loss of weight or deficits in general activity or comb growth. These data indicate that brain regions responsible for progesterone-induced copulatory inhibition are similar in neuroanatomical distribution to those involved in testosterone-induced copulatory activation."
1150946,"Age and sex differences in behaviors mediated by the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) were examined in the rat. Circadian rhythm, emotionality, and taste responsiveness (except for responsiveness to quinine adulteration) were found to shift, in one or both sexes, toward a pattern suggesting decreased VMH functioning with increasing age. A post hoc analysis of the configuration of positive and negative results suggests that, for those behaviors known to show both immediate and sustained effects of VMH lesion, male rats show a marked trend toward the lesioned pattern of behavior with increasing age, whereas females show weaker or nonexistent age trends in the same behaviors. For those behaviors that have been shown to change only during the static, obese phase, or for which data re controversial as to whether changes take place as a result of the VMH lesion at all, this age and sex pattern does not emerge."
1150947,"Suckling rats were subjected to deprivation periods of 6-8 hr. Intake following deprivation was greater in deprived than in nondeprived sucklings, but did not increase with increasing deprivation. Gastric loads of NaCl solutions depressed subsequent intake; 3% NaCl was more effective than .9% NaCl. Other gastric loads of varying osmotic and caloric value also depressed subsequent intake. In order of increasing effectiveness in depressing intake, the gastric loads were protein hydrolystate, heavy cream, water, milk, lactose, glucose, and corn oil. Effectiveness was unrelated to osmotic or caloric value of the load. Gastric fill and, possibly, some property of carbohydrate appear to be important determinants of satiety in the suckling rat."
1150948,"Fifteen male mice from each of 4 inbred strains (C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, and DBA/2J) were tested to determine their voluntary self-selection of a 10% solution of 1,2 propanediol (1,2 PD), A 3-carbon alcohol of low toxicity. As with ethanol, the C57BL/6J strain consumed significantly greater amounts that the 3 other low ethanol-selecting strains. A second experiment determined that the 3 low selecting strains suffered significantly greater depression of the central nervous system from 1,2 PD than the high selecting C57BL strain. It was also found that ethanol is  a much more potent depressant that 1,2 PD. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of neural sensitivity in regulating consumption levels of the 2 alcohols."
1150949,"Following water drprivation, rats with lateral preoptic (LPO) damage lose the normal preference for glucose solutions. Food deprivation reinstates the preference. This dependency is specific to sweet-tasting fluids, and the deficit persists even if thirst is alleviated prior to the preference test. Such rats will drink sweet solutions in response to intravascular fluid depletion, but they are deficient in response to sweet solutions under nondeprived conditions. This last finding in particular suggests that hunger and palatability, as determinants of the response to sweet solutions, may be dissociated by LPO damage."
1150950,"The effects of loading the stomach of piglets with 100 ml of milk after 6 hr of fasting and immediately before allowing them access to the dam were studied. Piglets gained less weight and rested more often on preloaded days. This suggests that gastric receptors exist and signal distension of the stomach. Monitoring sucking responses to a rubber teat revealed that although preloading the stomach substantially reduced voluntary milk intake during the initial 10-min. period of the test, the vigorous oral activity continued largely unabated. Isotonic saline suppressed the voluntary milk intake of the piglets for a shorter period than milk or isotonic glucose solution."
1150951,"Bilateral electrolytic lesions in the periamygdaloid piriform cortex of female albino rats produced marked disruptive effects on the acquisition of active avoidance responses in a 1-way as well as a 2-way test situation, significantly impaired passive avoidance behavior, and inhibited feeding in a novel environment. Lesions in each of the 6 major subdivisions of the amygdala (cortical, medial, central, intercalated, lateral, and basolateral nuclei) consistently produced facilitatory effects on active avoidance behavior in 1-way as 2-way situations. Passive avoidance behavior was impaired in animals with lesions in the central, intercalated, and basolateral nuclei. Damage to the anterior amygdaloid area or the the nuclei of the lateral olfactory tract did not reliably affect active or passive avoidance behavior."
1150952,"Effect of septal lesions on suppression of an intermittently food-reinforced lever press by contingent and noncontingent footshock was measured. Rats with septal damage maintained higher response rates than did intact animals under both contingent and noncontingent shock. Furthermore, the difference in suppression produced by the contingent and noncontingent conditions was approximately the same for the experimental and control groups. In a second experiment, performance was measured during counter-conditioning in which the correlation between contingent shock and positive reinforcement was varied. Rats with septal lesions responded at higher rates than did controls. When only reinforced responses were punished, this lesion-induced elevation represented an increase above baseline performance without punishment. This finding suggests that the effect of septal damage on appetitive instrumental performance cannot be due solely to a deficit in response inhibition."
1150953,Rats performed on a free operant avoidance schedule with a response-shock interval of 20 sec. and a shock-shock interval of 2 sec. Avoidance response rates increased and shock frequency decreased when the rats were exposed to elevated pressures of both air and a nitrogen-oxygen mixture in a hyperbaric chamber. Increases in response rates were related to raised partial pressures of nitrogen at 89.0 psi and 111.3 psi. Conditional probabilities of interresponse times indicated that increases in response rates were not due to disruption of temporal discrimination. Increased avoidance rates under pressure suggested direct excitatory effects of high pressures of nitrogen.
1150954,"Two experiments investigated cardiovascular responses to several common neuromuscular blocking compounds. Experiment 1, employing 16 cats, assessed ganglionic transmission in sympathetic and parasympathetic systems controlling heart rate and blood pressure after d-tubocurarine chloride (d-T.C.), dimethyl d-tubocurarine iodide (D. d-T.I.), succinylcholine chloride (SC), or saline. Cardiovascular responses to sympathetic stimulation were essentially unaffected at drug levels that blocked evoked electromyograms; however, vagally evoked bradycardia and corresponding blood pressure decrease were blocked by d-T.C. and redduced by D. d-T.I. and SC. Experiment 2 compared heart responses of 12 cats under the same blocking compounds during differential classical aversive conditioning. Differential conditioned responses and unconditioned responses occurred under D. d-T.I., less under SC, but not under d-T.C. However, animals trained under d-T.C. and tested under D. D-T.I. showed differential conditioned responses."
1150955,"A total of 118 subjects, divided into high scoring 129/J and low scoring DBA/1J parents, F2, and reciprocated F1, B1, and B2 generations, were given reversal training for 50 sessions. Results showed that the parent strain providing genes that were more favorable to reversal learning provided a maternal environment that was significantly less favorable than that provided by the other parent strain. There was also found to be significant nonalletic interaction, a genetic factor the presence of which had not been suggested by the results of earlier work using the diallel cross method."
1150956,"A series of experiments was performed to probe the phenomenon of sparing of memory by electroconvulsive shock (ECS) when amnesia is assessed by autonomic indices. Differential vulnerability of memory as indexed by skeletal and autonomic responses was determined to be a function of a higher threshold to disruption for autonomically indexed memories. Autonomic responses spared by ECS were found to reflect underlying memory rather than artifact produced by nonassociative factors arising from the interaction of conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned stimulus (US), and ECS. Furthermore, retrograde amnesia gradients of different slopes were observed with skeletal and autonomic measures. Two interpretations of these phenomena are discussed. One hypothesis suggests that individual components of a memory are consolidated at different rates, whereas the other concerns the differentail sensitivity of various measures in assessing memory."
1150957,"Thirty pigeons were given variable interval training to peck a 555-nm. light and then were tested for wavelength generalization. The subjects were later assigned to 1 of 3 groups, matched for both relative generalization slope and response rate. One group then received successive discrimination training between the 555-nm. stimulus (S+) and a vertical white line on a 555-nm. background (S minus); another group experienced the same S+ but a vertical white line on a black background as S minus. A third group received a comparable amount of single stimulus training with the 555-nm. value. On a second wavelength generalization test, the first group yielded greater sharpening of generalization than the second group, whereas the third group showed no change from Test 1. These results indicate that the sharpening of generalization gradients by discrimination training is directly related to the similarity  of the discrimination training stimuli."
1150958,"Electrolytic lesions of the basomedial hypothalamus eliminated food-deprivation-induced stabilimeter activity in rats that were prevented from becoming obese. Knife cuts lateral to the basomedial area (separating the medial and lateral hypothalamus) potentiated this activity, as did transections posterior to the basomedial region. Anterior transections (between anterior and medial hypothalamus), however, eliminated the effect. Lesions of the stria terminalis and amygdala likewise abolished deprivation-induced locomotor activity, but elevated ab-lib activity to a level comparable with that after deprivation in intact animals. Animals with combined basomedial-stria terminalis lesions behaved like animals with basomedial lesions. These results suggest that food-deprivation-induced locomotor activity in stabilimeter cages is due to a disinhibition of the basomedial hypothalamus by the amygdala via the stria terminalis."
1150960,"The behavioral effects of large electrolytic lesions in the septal area were compared with those of knife cuts that severed the ventral or dorsal connections of this structure. Rats with septal lesions lost weight and were transiently hyperdipsic. Ventral cuts produced similar effects, but dorsal cuts did not. All three operations decreased the latency to eat in a novel environment, increased the intake of sweetened milk, enhanced acquisition of a food-rewarded running response, and facilitated acquisition of a shuttle box avoidance response, The lesion, but neither of the knife cuts, reduced the effects of punishment and impaired the acquisition of a one-way avoidance response."
1150961,"Subjects balanced a dowel rod vertically on the left and right index finger singly and while simultaneously repeating phrases. With right-handed subjects who had no left-handed relatives, concurrent verbalization shortened right- but not left-handed balancing. Increased phonetic difficulty of the phrases produced an increased decrement on right-handed balancing, but left-handed balancing was unchanged; it also produced more verbalization errors on trials with the right hand, but not with the left. Concurrent verbalization shortened balancing duration with both hands of left-handers. Right-handers with left-handed relatives produced variable results. Concurrent humming also selectively interfered with right-handed balancing. It was concluded that the results conform to an interpretation based on intrahemispheric interference between incompatible, simultaneously produced sets of responses."
1150962,The electroretinographic (ERG) responses to single light flashes and to flickering lights were obtained in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). The waveform of the single-flash responses indicated that the owl possesses a duplex retina. Spectral sensitivity was determined with light flickering at a 6 and 25 Hz. The sensitivity curve obtained from the 6-Hz responses has a broad maximum between 500 and 525 nm. The 25-Hz sensitivity curve is narrow with a peak at about 600 nm. The sensitivity curves are compared with behaviorally measured sensitivity curves of the pigeon. A close agreement is found between 25-Hz curve and the pigeon red modulator.
1150963,"Susceptibility to audiogenic seizures has been produced in otherwise non-susceptible mice by acoustic stress and by conductive hearing loss. Both procedures temporarily elevate the absolute threshold of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) and are maximally effective during a circumscribed period of early development. In the genetically SUSCEPTIBLE DBA/2J mouse, AEP thresholds indicated that its auditory system is functionally less mature during this early period than that of the nonsusceptible C57BL/6Jmouse. It was proposed that innate susceptibility found in the DBA/2J mouse results from auditory disuse supersensitivity during a critical developmental period, in support of Saunders' hypothesis for acoustically primed mice. The increased peak-to-peak AEP amplitudes, however, were not believed to be causally related to the audiogenic seizures."
1150964,"Four cats were trained to avoid shock by responding to the intermittent occurrence of 1-kHz tone pulses at one ear, while a continual train of noise pulses was simultaneously presented either to the signal ear alone or to both ears. Using the masked threshold levels determined with monaural noise as a reference, the amount of unmasking produced by the addition of noise to the nonsignal ear was measured. Significantly lower tonal detection thresholds were observed when noise equal in intensity to that at the signal ear was added to the nonsignal ear. Additional unmasking occurred when the intensity of the noise at the latter ear was raised to a level 10 db. higher than that at the signal ear."
1150965,"Bilateral electrolytic lesions in the habenula resulted in disruption of estrogen-progesterone-evoked feminine sexual behaviors of ovariectomized female rats. There were no difference between lesioned and sham-operated animals in tests conducted after the administration of estrogen alone. Animals with lesions were characterized by an increased proportion of mounts not followed by lordosis, a decreased proportion of mounts followed by pronounced lordosis, and a decreased proportion of mounts preceded by soliciting behaviors. Lesions had a negligible effect upon the tendency to hold lordotic postures after the male dismounted. The results suggested that the habenula is involved in modulating responsiveness to the synergistic effects of estrogen and progesterone."
1150966,"Postnatal locomotor activity was investigated in rabbit, rat, and guinea pig. A peak was found in this behavior at 5 days of age in the rabbit and, in confirmation of earlier studies, at 15-20 days in the rat. Neonatal guinea pigs showed no variation in activity levels due to age. The guinea pig is born at an advanced stage of neural maturation in comparison with the rat, and the rabbit is born at an intermediate stage. This difference accounts for the observed variations in postnatal activity profiles if it is assumed that the behavioral peak coincides with the transition from a stage of primarily mesencephalic arousal system maturation to a stage of primarily diencephalic and telencephalic inhibitory system maturation."
1150967,"It has previously been demonstrated that after a number of insulin injections in rats, an injection of a placebo leads to an elevation in blood sugar. It has been suggested that this apparent conditioned compensatory response is an artifact resulting from stressing the subject (when large doses of insulin are used) or represents a nonassociative phenomenon (when small doses of insulin are used). These two suggestions were rejected on the basis of the results of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that although the behavioral effects of insulin can be conditioned to the injection procedure, such conditioned insulinlike behaviors (contrary to suggestions of many investigators) are not mediated by a pypoglycemic state."
1151007,"Whole ragweed plants were collected before and during the ragweed pollination season and extracts of various portions of the plants were analyzed for antigen E (AgE) and for their inhibitory potency in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Ragweed stems and roots contained very low, if any, AgE. AgE was present in very small amounts in anthers prior to pollination season, increased with anther and pollen grain maturation, peaked with the appearance of significant airborne pollen grains in mid-August, and fell slowly through late September. Leaf AgE content also rose during mid- and late August, but brief rinsing reduced antigen E content by almost 50%. Significant RAST inhibitory activity was found only in anthers and the activity paralleled the content of AgE."
1151008,"The purpose of this study was to compare the direct basophil degranulation test (DBDT) of Hirsch and Zastrow with the intracutaneous (IC) test in subjects with and without histories of food allergy. The DBDT was perfomred by incubating the concentrated leukocytes of subjects with dilutions of the suspected allergenic extract and comparing the number of nondegranulated basophils remaining in the test samples with the number remaining in a control. The test sample with the least number of basophils represents maximal basophil degranulation. The DBDT was perfromed with extracts of the suspected food on 14 subjects with reliable clinical histories and positive IC tests indicative of food hypersensitivity. Thirteen of these 14 food-sensitive subjects also had IC and DDBT8 to the extracts of foods to which they were not clinically sensitive. Fourteen different subjects not allergic to foods were also tested with food extracts by the IC and DBDTS. There was a 92% correlation between the IC test and the DBDT, a 90% correlation between the IC test and the history, and an 86% correlation between the DBDT and the history. We conclude that, in this study of subjects clearly sensitive to foods, the DBDT correlates favorably with the history and IC test."
1151009,"Controversy exists as to the advisability of mist therapy in pulmonary disease. We studied the effects of several forms of humidity on asthmatic airways. Thirty-four children were tested over a period of 8 months as follows: (1) mist with a mean particle size of 3 mu was delivered for 30 min by an ultrasonic nebulizer to 11 children individually in a plastic tent; (2) to another 11 subjects in a tent, mist with a mean particle size of 10 mu was delivered by a jet nebulizer for 30 min;3) 15 patients in a croup room recieved for 30 min water droplets ranging from a microscopic fog to large rain particles (mean 16 mu) generated by a Melco natural fog generator; (4) 10 children were challenged with 3 solutions used commonly for the production of mist: distilled water, half-normal saline, and normal saline. Pulmonary functions were studied on each patient pre- and post-mist exposure. Approximately two thirds of the patients had a significant response, either improvement or deterioration, when challenged with the various forms of mist. No particular group trends were produced either by increasing the mean particle size of humidity, or by using solutions of increasing salinity."
1151014,"Evidence has been presented supporting the hypothesis that at least 2 different types of mechanisms may be involved in aspirin intolerance, one resulting in bronchospasm and the other producing urticaria/angioedema. Bronchospasm is the predominant symptom of aspirin intolerance in patients who have asthma. In contrast, the predominant symptom of aspirin intolerance in patients who have rhinitis is urticaria/angioedema. In the bronchospastic type of aspirin intolerance, there is a significant correlation with an increased frequency of nasal polyposis, and with a similar ageonset of asthma and aspirin intolerance. These correlations were not present in the urticari/angioedema type. Additional evidence for familial occurrence of aspirin intolerance is presented, and its relationship with subtypes of aaspirin intolerance is discussed. In a double-blind, crossover study with normal control subjects matched by age and sex 15% (6/40) of aspirin-intolerant individuals had significant adverse reactions to tartrazine challenge and not to the placebo. None of the 40 normal control subjects had any adverse reactions."
1151013,"The rate of DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes was studied in vitro by measuring unstimulated thymidine-2-14C incorporation (spontaneous lymphocyte blastogenesis; SLB). Freezing lymphocytes and extracting DNA after thawing did not alter the radioactive label count rate and was as efficient as extracting DNA immediately after culture. Omission of fetal calf serum also did not alter the rate of DNA synthesis. Standards established as optimal for studies of SLB were: cell concentration, 1.0 times 10(6)/ml/tube; 14C-TdR concentration, 0.4 mjCi/tube; duration of incubation, 8 hr. In sets of identical samples obtained by specimen division, the variation in counts was 6%. To achieve reproducibility of results; it was essential to count the lymphocytes, and then to ensure that each tube contained almost precisely known numbers of cells. Diurnal variations in the rate of DNA synthesis by circulating lymphocytes of healthy men were measured in vitro by SLB at 2-hr intervals for 24 hr. Leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma cortisol, and body temperature were monitored concurrently. The DNA synthesis rate varied in a 24-hr cycle with peaks at 10 A.M. and 11:00 P.M.., depressions at 4 A.M. and 4 P.M. The rate was correlated with body temperature and hematocrit level, and inversely related to the absolute eosinophil count."
1151015,"The Committe on Insects of the American Academy of Allergy has conducted a 10-year study of 397 patients with Hymenoptera allergy treated with glycerosaline or aqueous whole body mixed Hymenoptera extracts at intervals of 2 or 3 months for the maintenance doses. Patients had few reactions, although in some cases local reactions presented lengthening of the interval. The clinical response was similar to that from conventional therapy using the 4-wk interval for maintenance doses. This type of therapy offers the added advantages of fewer patient visits and decreased cost."
1151016,"Single-plate, Andersen sampler collections of mesonphilic imperfect fungi were made at three points in and immediately outside a series of midwestern homes. During frost-free periods, emanations of dark-spored form genera predominated at both points with indoor levels averaging 25% of those in outside air. At these times, volumetric recoveries and those by 30-min exposure of open culture plates have correlated tenuously (r = 0.29) in bedroom air of 20 homes. During winter, form species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Oospora, Sporothrix, yeasts, etc. predominated indoors, with levels exceeding 1,000 particles/M3 noted in over 18% of homes; outdoor concentrations never exceeded 230 particles/M3. Comparisons of volumetric and open-plate recoveries from 50 homes during winter have revealed an almost random relationship (r = 0.06). These findings reflect the case with which outdoor spore clouds may penetrate structures and obscure evidence of internal fungus cources. The data also imply that, because of size-related undersampling, open plates often seriously misrepresent prevalence levels and occasionally can exclude abundant types from recovery. The fungus flora of enclosed spaces merits further critical study by volumetric techniques of calculable efficiency in a setting that minimizes contamination from without."
1151017,"Assessment of knowledge and cognitive skills has been traditionally included in examinations for certification and licensure of health professionals. Evaluation techniques for assessing complex cognitive and interpersonal skills, however, have not been as widely developed or incorporated in national examination programs. Specifically, the evaluation of interviewing and counseling skills has been complicated by difficulties in: (a) defining what consititutes skillful interviewing and counseling and in specifying criteria against which performance can be assessed; (b) developing evaluation procedures to permit accurate and reliable observations of these activities; (c) solving logistic problems of standardizing the content and format of these evaluation procedures; and (d) establishing standards for identifying individuals who have not yet achieved acceptable levels of proficiency. Progress has been made in defining the criteria for evaluating the interviewing and counseling skills of several categories of health professionals. Definitions can be developed to identify specific behaviors associated with acceptable and unacceptable skills in this area of professional competence. On the basis of these definitions, interaction analysis techniques have been developed for accurate and reliable recording of behavior as it occurs in an interviewing and counseling session. Moreover, the use of actors programmed to portray the roles of patients has enabled the standardization of this evaluation procedure so that examinees can be assessed on the basis of equivalent testing conditions. A number of research studies are under way to determine whether paper-and-pencil, as well as audiovisual, simulations can be substituted for evaluation in a live, interactive setting. However, little has yet been done to identify appropriate procedures for establishing standards of proficiency. Perhaps such efforts will be more feasible when appropriate evaluation techniques are more fully developed. Of relevance in determining whether the evaluation of counseling and interviewing skills is pertinent to dietetics are questions such as: How frequently do dietitians interact with patients? In what settings and for what purposes do these interactions take place? What impact do dietitian-patient interactions have on the quality of the health care provided?"
1151018,"The importance of providing nutrition for the critically ill or low-birth-weight baby is frequently over-looked in the zeal to preserve life. Unfortunately, because of this oversight, a significant factor influencing the quality of that salvaged life may be neglected. Common nutritional problems requiring a team effort have been described to emphasize the need for support by the dietitian. There is increasing evidence that what is appropriate for the term baby may not be ideal for the premature infant. Some of the recognized discrepancies are discussed, and an approach to management outlined. Through prospective evaluation, we hope to gain insight into many of the unanswered and perhaps unrecognized questions regarding nutrition for the intensive care newborn."
1151019,"Data on food intake of ninety-nine nursing home residents and of ninety-eight independent-living elderly persons with respect to twenty-two food groups were obtained by questionnaire interview. Nutrient intake was calculated by computer and compared with the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fewer than half of the respondents in both groups had intakes providing 67 per cent or more the allowances for eight nutrients, and 35 per cent fell below this level for two or more nutrients. There were no significant differences in nutrient intake due to type of living arrangement. However, the nursing home residents had made more changes in eating habits than the independent-living participants, and changes correlated negatively with nutritional scores. Nursing homes might improve residents' nutrient intakes by adjusting menus and food preparation to conform more closely with residents' food preferences."
1151026,"Food constitutes the most complex part of our chemical environment. Naturally occurring substances in food, such as goitrogens and estrogens, are toxicants. However, there is a difference of degree between toxicity and hazard, and the hazard to man in normal good health from naturally occurring toxicants in food is usually slight, because of (a) the small concentrations and (b) antagonistic interactions between toxicants which provide ""safety in numbers."" Hazard from foods may indeed exist under some circumstances, such as the presence of abnormal contaminants, ingestion of abnormal amounts, or abnormal susceptibility existing in some disease states. However, the major hazards of the dinner table can ordinarily be ascribed to careless food handling, unbalanced or fad diets, or overeating."
1151027,"Two major factors seem to be contributing to the problem which underlies the need for better nutritional care to clients: clinical dietitians themselves and the system which supports them. It is felt, however, that the burden of responsibility for improvement weighs more heavily on the individual dietitian than on the system, because systems are composed of functionally related individuals working toward a common goal. Few would argue that the goal of the health care system is a positive state of well-being in the population it serves. Even fewer could argue with the primacy of effective nutritional care in the achievement of that goal. If, however, we want clinical dietitians to be more effective nutritional care in the achievement of the goal. If, however, we want clinical dietitians to be more effective in the future, they must be given the time, expertise, and responsibility to provide this improved nutritional care."
1151028,"Cooking time, yield, and palatability of paired beef, pork, and lamb roasts cooked from the frozen and thawed states were compared. Cooking time for all roasts averaged from 3 to 22 min. per pound longer for meat cooked from the frozen state. The longer cooking time from the frozen state. The longer cooking time from the frozen state was greater for roasts with a large amount of bone and for cuts cooked by braising than for less bony roasts and cuts cooked by roasting. Except for thawed beef rump roasts, which had a higher yield of cooked lean meat, yield of cooked lean meat from the various cuts of beef, pork, and lamb was not affected by the state at the start of cooking. Collectively, all pork roasts had a higher yield of cooked lean meat when cooked from the frozen state. Juiciness and natural flavor of the roasts were not affected by the state at the start of cooking. Lamb leg and rib roasts were more tender when cooked from the thawed state."
1151029,"This study was conducted to investigate the effects of microwave energy and conventional heating on the fatty acid composition of meats and poultry. Data on weight loss and cooking time with both heat treatments are reported. Gas-liquid chromatographic data of the methyl esters of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids revealed no significant difference between fatty acid composition as a result of heat treatment. Decreases in fatty acids appeared to be mainly due to a change in oleic acid. Poultry appeared to be the species most affected by heat treatment. Cooking times were much shorter for the electronic method and varied among species. No significant difference was found in weight loss as a result of treatment of beef or pork. Poultry weight losses were greater for the conventional method."
1151031,"Of 142 female patients over age 75 at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, 58 underwent radical mastectomy and 40 simple mastectomy for primary breast cancer. After five years, 19 per cent of the radical mastectomy group were cancer-free compared with 35 per cent of the simple mastectomy group. The gross five-year survival rates were 50 per cent and 47 per cent respectively. In the radical mastectomy group, when the axillary nodes did not show cancer at the time of operation, there have been no known recurrences and 70 per cent of the patients have survived at least five years. There was no surgical mortality. These findings support the view that until more controlled data are available, radical mastectomy is still the preferred therapy for primary breast cancer."
1151032,"The Depression Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was used as a screening test for healthy volunteers in a psychopharmacologic research study. Data were collected on 43 men and 46 women under age 35 versus 33 men and 43 women over age 65 (plus a subsequent group of 40 men over age 65), and comparisons were made with more extensive data from the Mayo Clinic. The evidence indicates that elderly subjects differ strikingly from young subjects in their responses to items in the MMPI self-ratings of depression. Revised information on normative responses is needed. At present there are too many problems of interpretation when the Depression Scale items are applied to t.he elderly."
1151033,"The kinesio, phychopathologic and psychosocial effects of prolonged immobilization of the ill aged are outlined. The iatrogenic (physician-induced) and nurisgenic (nurse-induced) factors related to such functional disabilities are described. Illustrative case histories are given. The syndrome is reversible. Thus physicians and nurses have a continued responsibility to support a sustained rehabilitation program for these patients. The biochemical effects of prolonged inactivity indicate that immobilization of the elderly patient results in adverse physical and psychologic phenomena."
1151034,"The importance of a multidisciplinary team approach was recognized when a 14-bed short-term Psychogeriatric Unit was opened in a psychiatric hospital. The limited time available to the psychiatrist in charge placed a heavy clinical responsibility on the paramedical personnel who formed the team. Initially, role distinctions were kept vague and regarded as not overly important. Six months after the Unit opened, all the staff members filled out a questionnaire. They felt that communication within the team was good, that they could fulfill the role of primary therapist, and that they understood their own roles and those of others. All regarded the psychiatrist as the head of the team. The psychiatrist felt that he had the ultimate responsibility for over-all care of the patients, that any attempt ot blur roles caused problems, and that there had been a partial regression to more traditional patterns. Members of the Unit regarded themselves as a team, able to work together and pool skills in treating patients, and thus play a significant part in total care. This attitude proved more valuable than attempting to break away from the medical model or decrying the importance of roles."
1151035,"Various aspects of institutional living for old people are discussed, particularly the imposition of a lifestyle completely foreign to their previous way of existence. Old people who have been living in one manner for about seventy years cannot be expected to adjust readily to another rhythm. The clash of lifestyles creates maladaptive behavior and adjustment problems that have not been adquately studied. Suggestions are made for approaches to resolve these difficulties. In essence, the techniques include reprogramming of institutional living for old people so that they have an opportunity to maintain their customary lifestyle. Examples of such programming are presented."
1151036,"The elderly person brings with him a lifetime of food preferences. For him, nutritional adequacy is dependent upon continuation of similar underlying influences and the varying conditions which determine the food intake of any group. The significance of individuality cannot be minimized in assessing nutritional well-being and in developing a plan of action. Among the factors affecting food acceptance and health status are foods which are foods which are considered ""soul"" by some persons. Recognition of, and respect for, individual food preferences can be invaluable to members of the health professions in providing services to aging Americans."
1151037,"Of 166 surgical patients for whom the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was established over a 20-year period, about one-third were over 60 years of age. For an additional 9 patients, or operation was advised, usually because of other life-endangering disease and the presence of only a mild degree of hypercalcemia without complications. In recent years, nearly 50 per cent of the patients did not have renal calculi or osteitis fibrosa cystica; this was unrelated to age. Most of the patients with management problems were seen since 1965. Age alone was not a dominant factor in relation to serious complications from hypercalcemia, the presence of other critical disease increasing the risk of operation, or the development of major postoperative complications. The only death from primary hyperparathyroidism occurred in a 74-year old patient who refused re-operation and died from an acute hypercalcemic crisis. A liberal, but selective, policy of surgical treatment is justified for primary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. Patients for whom the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is established may be separated into three groups: those for whom early operation is indicated, those for whom operation should be delayed to permit recovery from other life-endangering acute disease, and those for whom operation is unjustified because of minimal uncomplicated hypercalcemia and other serious disease greatly limiting life expectancy. These categories encompass all age groups and are not restricted to the elderly. All patients require periodic re-evaluation."
1151038,"Starting in childhood, blood lipid levels rise progressively with each ten-year period until age 70, when cholesterol and triglyceride levels begin to stabilize and then decline. By age 80 there is a precipitous drop to approximately the values noted in persons of the 20-30 age group. Data on 195 residents of a geriatric center are included. Despite the lower average lipid levels, 30 per cent of the elderly show some lipid abnormality. There is a definite increase in the risk of death from coronary artery disease in hyperlipidemic persons as compared to those who are normolipidemic, even during the eighth and ninth age decades. Hyperlipidemia appears to be a significant risk in the elderly, as in persons of any age, and should be treated accordingly."
1151039,"In the course of a study (now including 53 patients) on the effectiveness of urokinase in the treatment of acute coronary occlusion, coronary angiography was performed in 2 patients before and after the use of this drug. In both instances the angiograms demonstrated obstruction in the coronary-artery branches, with additional narrowing and some collateral circulation. After urokinase therapy, blood flow was restored in the areas previously obstructed. These 2 case reports are presented because they demonstrate this favorable change in coronary blood flow in association with this particular form of therapy. It is hoped that the completed urokinase study may add some information concerning the effect of thrombolysis in the management of myocardial infarction."
1151051,"Egg excretion of S. mattheei was studied for about a year from man, baboons and cattle living in their normal environment. Although the excretory pattern was not unequivocal from man, there was a tendency of egg counts to decline with time: the baboons showed a seasonal pattern and the cattle a stable pattern throughout the year."
1151052,"The susceptibility of 13 different B. forskalii strains from Zaire, Cameroun, Gabon, Senegal, Rhodesia and Tanzania and B. reticulatus wrighti Aden has been tested to infection with Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun. The most common prepatent period was 23-28 days. B. forskalii from Zaire, Cameroun and Gabon were excellent intermediate hosts with infection rates varying from 59-0 to 97-4% and with very low death rates, 0-28-4%. The strains from Senegal and Rhodesia had infection rates from 50-0 to 58-4%. B forskalii from Tanzania was refractory. 53-0% of the exposed B. reticulatus wrighti was infected. The total cercariae production per snail varied from 1000-11000. The duration of the infection varied from 8 to 174 days."
1151056,"The localization and activity of the lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, has been studied in unfixed frozen sections of tissues from normal and hemorrhaged rats with the use of a modified postcoupling technique. Discrete localization of the end product of the reaction was achieved in this method by the incorporation of 20% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (molecular weight 14,000) in the incubation medium. Advantages of the present method include the ability to overcome the inhibitory effects on enzyme activity of both tissue fixation and the presence of diazonium salts in the incubation medium. The staining reaction obtained with this technique demonstrates the enzyme activity at specific cytoplasmic sites within cells and has a wider applicability to the comparative study of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in normal and injured tissues."
1151058,"The functions of IgG and complement receptors in phagocytosis of immune complexes by mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes were examined by in vitro experiments. The immune complexes were sheep red cells (E) sensitized with IgG antibody (EA) or with antibody and complement (EAC). Inhibition experiments with Fab fragments of rabbit IgG antibody anti-mouse IgG have shown that the complement receptor is primarily involved in the attachment phase, whereas participation of the IgG receptor is necessary for inducing the mechanism of phagocytosis. The possible relevance of these findings for the in vivo mechanism of defense infection, and for the control of antibody synthesis is discussed."
1151059,"Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by human peripheral lymphocytes is an active energy-requiring phenomenon. In this study the relative importance of glycolysis and respiration was analyzed, by measuring the effect of various metabolic inhibitors (sodium azide, antimycin A, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetate), alone or in combination, on effector cell efficiency and intracellular ATP level. The inhibition of both aerobic and anaerobic energy production in the effector cells completely abolished cytotoxicity. An inhibition of 50% was observed when the intracellular ATP concentration was decreased to levels corresponding to 30 to 50% of those in the untreated controls."
1151054,"Two new reciprocal translocations in the German cockroach have been analyzed. They were identified cytologically to be T(3;12) and T(7;12). Linkage studies showed that groups XI, IX, and IV are on chromosomes 12, 3, and 7, respectively, and clearly demonstrated sex differences in recombination. Each of these chromosomes have distinctive morphological features that facilitate their identification, and permit breakpoint and centromere localization. A sex difference in fecundity is associated with T(7;12), but not T(3;12). About 40 percent mortality occurred when T(3;12) males or females and T(7;12) females were outcrossed. Outcrossing T(7;12) males produced the expected 50 percent mortality. Cell counts at metaphase I revealed that T(3;12) males exhibit directed segregation, while T(7;12) males do not. Tests for homozygosity indicated that the T(7;12) homozygote is viable. A map of chromosome 12 is presented showing the tentative placement of linkage group XI with respect to interchange breakpoints and chromosome morphology. The results are discussed in relation to possible sex differences in chiasma localization."
1151053,"Analysis of breeding data revealed that the muscular dystrophy trait in a pedigree of mink is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. Variation in skeletal muscle fiber diameter size is the most pronounced and consistent change in the dystrophic mink. Other changes include centralization of nuclei, degenerative change, increase in endomysial and perimysial connective tissue, and regenerative attempts. These changes are not present in known heterozygotes."
1151055,"Inversion polymorphism, including a total of 33 inverted gene orders, was studied in South Indian populations of D. nasuta nasuta. Of these, the X chromosome has one, chromosome 2 has 10, and chromosome 3 has 22 inversions. D. nasuta nasuta has simple, tandem, included, overlapping, and complex types of paracentrics in its polymorphic system. The phylogenetic considerations of these gene orders are discussed."
1151060,"AKR/Cum mice (Thy-1b = thetaC3H) immunized with nucleated cells from WF rat thymus, Peyer's patches, peritoneal exudate, mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, bone marrow, or spleen produced antibodies cytotoxic for ADR/J  (Thy-1a = thetaAKR) but not for AKR/Cum thymocytes. The specificity of these antibodies for the Thy-1.1 (theta-AKR) antigen was confirmed by tests using thymocytes from backcross mice segregating at the Thy-1 locus. This result suggested that the rat lymphocyte antgen cross-reactive with Thy-1.1 was expressed by at least some members of each of the rat lymphoid cell populations tested. AKR/Cum mice immunized with killed rat cells also produced anti-Thy-1.1 antibodies; thus indicating that further differentiation of the injected cells was not a prerequisite for the anti-Thy-1.1 response. Unexpectedly, about 9% of unimmunized adult AKR/Cum males were found to be producing antibodies against Thy-1.1. To our knowledge, natural antibodies of this specificity have not been previously reported. Finally, it was found that peritoneal exudate cells taken from WF rats previously immunized with EL-4 mouse leukemia cells were neither killed nor functionally inactivated by treatment with anti-Thy-1.1 antibodies and complement."
1151061,"A one step procedure is described for the production of membrane vesicles from the endodermal microvillar brush border of the fetal rabbit yolk sac splanchnopleur. The vesicles, examined by light and electron microscopy, were shown to consist of biomolecular leaflet unit membrane, coated to varying extents with glycocalyx. By fluorescence microscopy, the homologous immunoglobulin, FITC-IgGR, has been shown to bind to the glycocalyx-coated vesicles as well as the glycocalyx-coated brush border of the intact yolk sac, whereas, the heterologous bovine immunoglobulin, FITC-IgGB, fails to bind under comparable conditions. These observations demonstrate the specificity of the receptors for the homologous IgG."
1151062,"We measured the trapping of 51chromium-labeled splenic lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-inoculated mice at various intervals after inoculation. Both histocompatible and incompatible tumors were studied. Significant trapping occurred in the draining lymph nodes over the entire course of the experiments. The splenic trapping response commenced very early after transplantation and abated after a few days. The magnitude of the lymph node trapping response correlated with the magnitude of antigenic difference between tumor and host. Splenectomy before tumor inoculation had bidirectional effects; it caused a marked augmentation of the trapping response in the early period after tumor inoculation, which declined with time so that late after tumor inoculation, splenectomized animals trapped less well than intact controls. Tumor resection always led to a rapid fall in the trapping response in normal mice. However, tumor resection at the time of the peak trapping response of splenectomized mice produced no change. These results support the notion that lymphocyte trapping is a valid and useful monitor of the immune response to tumors. They also serve to reemphasize the important regulatory role of the spleen plays in the immune response to tumor-associated antigens by demonstrating a new parameter of splenic control; regulation of lymphocyte traffic in response to antigenic stimuli."
1151063,"The synthesis and turnover of cell surface H-2 alloantigens were studied in murine splenocytes by the anti-H-2-bind method to separate precursor-labeled surface from intracellular molecules. Results indicate that newly synthesized H-2 antigen, labeled in either its peptide or carbohydrate portion enters a relatively small pool of intracellular H-2 antigen and then is rapidly transported to the plasma membrane which represents a larger compartment. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that H-2 antigen is synthesized and transported along a conventional secretory pathway. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that H-2 antigens are not readily chased from the plasma membrane and are not shed or internalized during short-term culture. The aforementioned observations are discussed in terms of a cellular heterogeneity."
1151064,"N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses have been performed on three preparations of light chains of A/J mice. Light chains derived from the IgG of unimmunized animals were compared to light chains of anti-p-azo-phenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies possessing a cross-reacting idiotype (CRI); the latter were derived from the ascites fluid of a single A/J mouse, or from the pooled ascites fluids of 18 A/J mice. The heavy chains of these same two antibody preparations had previously been shown to comprise a single, homogeneous sequence to position 40. With few exceptions, the first 26 positions of light chains derived from unimmunized animals were extremely heterogeneous; the heterogeneity is comparable to that observed in a composite of sequence data on light chains of BALB/c myeloma proteins. Although the light chains obtained from anti-Ar antibodies possessing the CRI (whether from the pool of 18 A/J mice or from a single mouse) were more restricted in their sequence, at several positions as many as four alternative amino acids were detected. These studies indicate that an antibody population with defined idiotypic specificity, and very possibly identical heavy chain sequences, may contain at least four distinct light chains. The feasibility of structural studies on antibodies induced in individual mice is further demonstrated."
1151065,A simple assay for quantitating IgE levels has been developed based on the observation that antibody-bound IgE is insoluble in 33 percent saturated (NH-4)2-SO-4 whereas unbound IgE is not. The method has been applied to human and rat IgE. Some preliminary results on IgE levels in parasite-injected rats are presented.
1151066,"The distribution of non-covalently bound secretory component (SC) on the two subclasses, IgA-f and IgA-g of rabbit secretory IgA (sIgA) was determined; the two subclasses were separated from each other by the use of antibody-immunosorbent columns and were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No SC appeared to be dissociated from the IgA-f molecules from each of 11 different rabbits; the IgA-g molecules, however, did have SC which was dissociated by SDS. Thus, all of the noncovalently bound SC on rabbit sIgA resides on the IgA-g subclass molecules."
1151069,"A majority of rabbits born to mothers heterozygous with respect to the b locus allotypic markers ""spontaneously"" develop antibodies against the noninherited maternal allotypes. Such antibodies generally appear in the 4- to 5-month-old rabbit, after what may be a transient period of tolerance, and persist at constant levels for at least 5 to 6 months. The finding of a high incidence of measurable antimaternal allotype responses in ""normal"" rabbits, added to similar findings by others in mice, pigs, and man, underscores the generality of this rather unexpected phenomenon and invites further inquiries into biological significance."
1151070,"This preliminary study was undertaken to investigate the chemical nature of the Thy-1.2 antigen expressed on the murine cell line S-49.1 TB-2-3 (S-49). The presence of the Thy-1.2 antigen was indicated by the inhibition of AKR anti-C3-Thy-1.2 serum induced lysis of 51Cr-primed target cells. It was found that limited digestion of S-49 cells with crude papain yielded a Thy-1.2-containing solution. The protein nature of the Thy-1.2 antigen obtained in this manner was indicated by changes after proteolytic digestion. Separate digestions with crystalline papain, insolubilized papain, and insolubilized protease all destroyed the Thy-1.2 activity. These results suggest that the protein moiety is necessary for Thy-1.2 activity."
1151071,"The structural polypeptides of HBsAg were shown to be immunogenic in guinea pigs. Purified 22-nm forms of the ad and any subtypes of HBsAg were solubilized under reducing conditions and electrophoresed in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Individual polypeptides isolated from both HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay subtypes were used to hyperimmunize guinea pigs using Freund's complete adjuvant. All animals produced specific antibodies against native HBsAg as determined by complement fixation, passive hemagglutination, and double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assays. Each polypeptide contained within its structure the group-specific HBsAg determinant, a. Equilibrium competitive inhibition studies were conducted to determine the relative affinities of antisera produced against the major HBsAg polypeptides P-1, P-2, and P-6 (23,000, 29,000, and 72,000 daltons, respectively)."
1151072,"The complement component, C5a provokes the selective release of granule-associated enzymes from the intact, viable cytochalasin B-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the absence of phagocytosis or cellular adherence to surfaces. Consquently, in this experimental system the influence of divalent cations on these two processes can be disregarded and their effects on enzymes secretion can be studied directly. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN exposed to C5a in calcium and magnesium-free media consistently secreted significant amounts of the granule-associated enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme. The basal secretory response was not diminished if cells were preincubated with 5.0 mM EDTA, nor was it influenced if 1.0 mm or 2.0 mM EDTA were present in the reaction mixtures. The addition of calcium (up to 1.5 to 2.0 mM) produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of beta-glucuronidase release, whereas increasing amounts of calcium (above 2.0 mM) inhibited secretion of this enzyme. Lysozyme release was similarly enhanced by the addition of calcium, but inhibition with high concentrations was not observed. Calcium per se, in the absence of C5a, provoked only the release of lysozyme from these cells. The effects of calcium upon enzyme release were not associated with alterations in the state of assembly of cytoplasmic microtubules. These findings provide another example of the role of calcium in ""stimulus-secretion coupling"" and provide evidence that exocytosis of various granules in human PMN is regulated by independent mechanisms involving calcium."
1151073,"Hamster 7S IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to hen-egg albumin (HEA) were tested for their capacity to bind to macrophage cytophilic Ig receptors. Both IgG1 and IgG2 were cytophilic for hamster macrophages though the membrane receptor had a predominant specificity for IgG1. Hamster IgG1 bound primarily to homologous macrophages whereas IgG2 bound to macrophages from other rodent species as well. The binding of hamster Ig to hamster macrophages was inhibited by a wide range of heterologous rodent sera. The only exception was guinea pig serum since guinea pig IgG2 was found to bind only to homologous macrophages. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with hamster IgG2 were ingested by macrophages more readily than those coated with hamster IgG1. Thus, there appeared to be a paradoxical relationship between the apparently strong affinity of IgG1 for the hamster macrophage Ig receptor and its reactivity weak ingestion promoting activity. Implications of this phenomenon are discussed."
1151074,"Anti-lymphocyte sera against human thymus [ALS-(THY)] were absorbed serially with cultured human lymphoblasts (CHL) or thymus and residual antigen-binding activity was tested. The absorbed ALS were used to bind 125I-labeled antigens from lymphocytes labeled by the lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination technique. Absorption of ALS(THY) with CHL led to the absorbed serum having less than 5 to 10% of its original antigen-binding activity against labeled CHL antigens while maintaining from 20 to 40% of its original activity against labeled THY. Serial absorption of ALS(THY) with THY led to an equal decrease in activity against both THY and CHI. When the immunoprecipitates from these experiments were examined on polyacrylamide gels containing SDS it was found that serial absorption of ALS(THY) with THY first removed activity against a component of m.w. similar to 48,000 leaving relatively greater activity against material of apparent high molecular wieght. In contrast, absorption of ALS-(THY) with CHL removed the antibodies against the high molecular weight material while leaving activity against the component of m.w. 48,000. When these absorbed ALS were used to induce in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, it was found that ALS(THY) absorbed with CHL, did not. The retention or loss of mitogenicity seemed to correlate with retention or loss of binding activity against the component(s) of m.w. similar to 48,000."
1151075,"A radioimmunoassay for circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes is described. The assay detects complexes either in antigen or antibody excess. Soluble complexes were found in the sera of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The complexes appeared in the serum as soon as 7 days following neonatal induction of tolerance. The amount of complexes reached a peak between 1 to 2 weeks of age and disappeared by 6 weeks when responsiveness returned. The complexes were found in the bottom third of a 10 to 40% sucrose density gradient and by analytical ultracentrifugation indicated a size of 22.8S. If tolerant chickens were challenged with BSA at 2, 4 or 6 weeks, the disappearance of complexes was not accelerated, and a proportion of the previously tolerant chickens exhibited a heightened antibody response."
1151076,"The relative suppressive effects of x-irradiation (XR), cyclophosphamide (CY), prednisolone (PRD), and methotrexate (MTX) on the primary and secondary cellular immune response of C58/wm mice to syngeneic line Ib transplantable leukemia (Ib cells) were quantified. An LD10 dose of each agent was used for immunosuppression. XR, CY, and PRD were markedly suppressive for the primary immune response if given 24 hr before mice were immunized to Ib cells but less immunosuppressive if given 24 hr later. MTX was only slightly immunosuppressive XR, CY, and PRD also suppressed the secondary immune response if given before but not after antigen. The immunosuppressive effect of these agents was evaluated by defining their median immunosuppressive dose or the median time in days required for mice to recover from graded doses of each immunosuppressive agent. For example, the median recovery time from an LD10 of XR, CY, and PRD was 29.3, 19.7, and 3.7 days, respectively. Immunologic competence remaining after XR or drug treatment was quantified in terms of the LD50 dose of Ib cells required to kill recipient mice. For XR, CY, PRD, and MTX it was 10(6.16), 10(2.15), 10(6.90) and greater than 10(7.0) viable Ib cells, respectively. The overall results provided evidence that the primary and secondary cellular immune responses to a weak syngeneic tumor antigen were resistant to immunosuppression once they were initiated. There was a good correlation between the relative immunosuppressive effect of the test agents and the amount that they reduced the number of immune spleen cells. The agents also impaired the immunocompetence of individual spleen cells. Mechanisms by which XR or drugs might exert their immunosuppressive effects were discussed."
1151077,"Alloantibodies substantially alter the in vitro nonspecific cytotoxic effect of macrophages on bystanding allogeneic and xenogeneic target cells. Although the specific IgM alloantibody increased significantly the ability to parental macrophages to damage target cells, IgG alloantibody had an opposite effect and suppressed the macrophage cytotoxicity. Macrophages of F1 hybrid mice were less affected by this treatment unless alloantibodies against both parental strains were added together. Parental macrophages exposed in vitro to the concomitant action of both IgM and IgG alloantibodies exhibited a diminished cytotoxicity toward target cells. It is proposed that IgM and IgG alloantibodies induce different conformational changes of the macrophage surface."
1151078,"Lymphoid cells from A/J mice were iodinated (125I) by the lactoperoxidase lysed with the non-ionic detergent NP-40. The plasma membrane glycolipid receptor for cholera toxin and cell surface immunoglobulin were utilized in immune precipitation systems to characterize the degree of dissociation of the plasma membrane under various conditions. It was found that at 0.1% NP-40 and at cell concentration from 5 to 10 times 10(7) cells/ml, lipid-protein and protein-lipid-protein complexes formed in NP-40 which were soluble after centrifugation at 10(5) times G. Column chromatography of 125I-cell lysates on agarose A-0.5 M in 0.1% or 0.5% NP-40/PBS indicated that the majority of iodinated cell surface material existed as aggregates in detergent micelles. The availability of the oligosaccharide moiety of the glycolipid to interact with the cholera toxin was dependent on both the detergent concentration and the cell concentration used for cell lysis. However, the cell surface immunoglobulin was immunoprecipitable under all conditions of lysis tested."
1151079,"The changes in electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point produced by incubating human peripheral blood lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) have been characterized by laser Doppler spectroscopy. The results extend and partially confirm older observations made by classical procedures. Incubation with either agent for 90 min at 37 degrees C resulted in stable and reproducible decreases in electrophoretic mobility, and increases in the isoelectric point. The incubation conditions used are known to permit primary attachment of the phytomitogen, capping and endocytosis; nevertheless, at least in the case of Con A, washing the cells with a specific inhibitor for Con A binding, methyl-alpha-D-glucoside (MAG), resulted in complete reversal of the electrokinetic changes, showing that the underlying changes in cell surface constitution detected under these conditions are solely due to reversibly bound Con A. The results suggest that laser Doppler spectroscopic changes could provide a direct assay for specific binding to immunocompetent cell surfaces."
1151080,"Radioimmunoassay of anti-tetanus antibodies produced in human serum in response to tetanus toxoid immunization was carried out by employing the non-specific precipitation effect of ammonium sulphate described by Farr (1958). The results showed that the method was sensitive and was able to differentiate between immune and non-immune persons. The effects of booster dose injection on the quantity and quality of antibodies produced during immunization were discussed, and the possible use of the method to predict the amount of immunogen, the timing and number of injections required for optimal host response in immunization schedules was suggested."
1151081,"The uptake of 3H-labeled thymidine (3H-TdR), 131I-labelled 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (131IUdR) and 3H-labelled deoxycytidine (3H-CdR) by mouse spleen cells in vitro was studied using an autoradiographic method for the separate detection of 3H and 131I in cell smears. The experiment was performed in two steps. In one half of a pooled spleen cell suspension uptake of 3H-TdR and 131IUdR was compared; in the other half of the suspension uptake of 3H-CdR and 131IUdR was compared. Only two nucleated spleen cells were found which had taken up only 3H-CdR. All other scanned cells were double labelled. Generally the nucleotides were taken up according to a rather fixed relation. It was further found that 3H-CdR and 3H-TdR were incorporated to about the same extent. However, cells which were incubated with 131IUdR and 3H-TdR took up the 131IUdR to a lesser extent than cells which were incubated with 131IUdR and 3H-CdR."
1151105,"Translation in vitro of messenger RNA obtained from preparations of active polysomes isolated from the epidermal basal, spinous, and granular cells of the newborn rat has provided evidence that in the context of differentiation in this tissue, control of protein synthesis is exerted at the level of transcription. The data supporting this hypothesis are reviewed."
1151106,"Electron microscopic autoradiography with [3H]histidine, [3H]cystine, I13H]arginine, and [3H]proline was used to study protein synthesis in keratohyaline granules of newborn rats. All 3H-amino acids were incorporated into proteins in the granular cells, and the radioactive proteins appeared in the keratohyaline granules. However, the amount of radioactivity associated with the granules and the pattern of ultrastructural localization of the radioactive proteins differed considerably for each 3H-amino acid. ""Histidine-labeled"" protein was located mainly in the matrix portion of keratohyaline granules whereas ""cystine-labeled"" protein accumulated in the dense homogenous deposits. ""Arginine-labeled"" protein was distributed more diffusely in the organelles of granular cells, but that associated with keratohyaline granules seemed to localize mostly with ""histidine-labeled"" protein and partly with ""cystine-labeled"" protein. Large amounts of ""proline-labeled"" protein were also present in other areas of the cytoplasm than keratohyaline granules. This protein localized in the dense homogeneous deposits, but it seemed to turn over more rapidly than ""cystine-labeled"" protein, an indication that the dense homogenous deposits consist of at least two different polypeptide chains, one of which contains higher cystine and the other higher proline."
1151107,"Some problems posed by primarily ultrastructural studies of the epidermis are highlighted and discussed, and on the whole it is concluded that purely morphologic observations are unlikely further to elucidate such questions as the nature and function of keratohyalin, or the dynamic aspects of the general keratinization process. The contribution of freeze-fracture studies to the understanding of the functional morphology of the epidermis is assessed, with particular reference to specialized contacts, and the stratum corneum. Passing reference is made to the epidermal nonkeratinocytes."
1151108,"Epidermal surfaces in representative vertebrates specialized for lowered or increased friction were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Microvillous and microridged patterns predominate in aquatic vertebrates. In squamate reptiles, the complex and varied ornamentation of the Oberhäutchen functions both in adhesive modifications and in modulating surface reflectivity. Frictional surfaces in birds and mammals are characterized more by anatomical than by cytologic specializations, the detailing of surface cells being mostly a function of turnover rate."
1151109,"The in vitro growth and maturation of epithelial cells from normal human skin in organ culture, outgrowth culture, and isolated epithelial cell culture are described. In each model, the patterns of growth and maturation differ in growth rates, formation of keratohyaline granules, and keratinization. The differences and similarities in the behavior of epithelial cells in each system are described, some of the physical and chemical factors which alter these patterns are outlined, and the general advantages and limitations of each model as a research tool are discussed."
1151110,"Lipid synthesis in newborn chick epidermis was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography after injection of tritiated palmitate. The labeled lipid product in the tissue was identified as mostly triglyceride. At the earliest time after injection (6 hr), the radioactive precursor was taken up by all viable cells of the epidermis. Grain density was heaviest over basal cells, moderate over spinous cells, and slight over granular cells; thus lipid incorporation is highest in the basal and spinous regions of the chick epidermis. As time after injection progressed, the increasing amounts of grains over the granular and horny cells and decreasing amounts over the basal and spinous cells reflected the continuous upward displacement of cells from one layer into the next. From the distribution of silver grains within the epidermal cells, it has been concluded that, with the passage of time, triglycerides synthesized by the epidermal cells were mainly located in lipid droplets. The numerous grains associated with the elements of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated that this organelle is involved in aggregating triglyceride molecules into lipid droplets. The fact that grains were seen within the horny cells indicated that part of the horny cell consists of lipid probably derived from the lipid droplets retained by the cells during keratinization."
1151111,"The purpose of this study was to define the ultrastructural defects and pathogenesis of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica-recessive (EBD-R). The only consistent ultrastructural alteration found in EBD-R was an absence of anchoring fibrils. In many specimens of nonblistered, nontraumatized EBD-R skin, absence of anchoring fibrils was the only ultrastructural abnormality observed. The possibility that lack of anchoring fibrils was a secondary change resulting from previous blistering and scarring was eliminated by our observation that anchoring fibrils were consistently absent in the never previously blistered skin of two newborns with EBD-R. In experimentally traumatized skin, the epidermis and dermis separated in the region of the epidermal-dermal junction normally occupied by anchoring fibrils. Basal lamina and dermal microfibril bundles appeared to be normal. Using recombinant grafts, we demonstrated that anchoring fibrils were not formed by EBD-R dermis when combined with EBD-R epidermis or normal epidermis. Anchoring fibrils were formed when normal dermis was combined with normal and EBD-R epidermis. These studies indicate that the defect in EBD-R resides in the dermis and that the defect may be associated with impaired formation of anchoring fibrils."
1151112,"A radiation-induced autosomal recessive mutant in the rat called vibrissaeless (vb), has been described and studied. Mutants have abnormal hair growth, the hairs being reduced in number and length. Mutant animals form blisters which then erode, crust, and heal without scars. The blisters can be artificially produced by friction and result from intraepidermal separation which is suprabasilar in position. To date, we cannot correlate this abnormality in rats with any known inherited human blistering disease."
1151113,"The proteins obtained from separated cells of neonatal rat dermis, four cell populations of epidermis, and an epidermal nuclear preparation were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the results of the insoluble proteins of the dermis and epidermis show no similarity of the major protein bands, indicating the effective separation of the dermis and epidermis and absence of cross-contamination. The gels of the soluble proteins of the basal, spinous, and granular layers of the epidermid are very similar. Only the pattern of bands of the cornified cells differs in that some of these bands are absent and at least three new bands are present. The insoluble proteins have specific differences in the protein content related to the cell structure. An example is the nuclear protein bands which correspond with the most prominent bands in the gels of basal and spinous layer proteins, but are absent, with the possible exception of one band, from gels of cornified cell proteins."
1151114,"The stratum corneum of individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris, sex-linked ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis has been studied. An alpha x-ray diffraction pattern has been observed in all specimens and the solubility of the alpha fibrous proteins appears to be the same as in normal stratum corneum. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the fibrous proteins showed variable patterns within the different types of ichthyosis, while amino acid analyses of the proteins were quite similar to those from normal stratum corneum. These data suggest that the fibrous proteins in the ichthyosis are not abnormal, but further studies on the individual polypeptide chains are necessary to rule out more subtle differences."
1151115,"A method is presented whereby test fluids may be kept in contact with the skin of the back of the rat for 5 to 6 days. Methyl methacrylate chambers with hemispherical test domes were made and attached to rubber washers of larger diameter, which in turn were attached to the skin of the back of the rat using an alkyl cyanoacrylate (Eastman 910 adhesive). Each chamber had a removable stainless-steel screw to allow it to be filled and replenished with fluid as required. To prevent the rat gnawing the chambers from its back, twice weekly 4 mm was removed from the lower incisors and 1 1/2 mm from the upper incisors, using a diamond disc in a dental handpiece. The young adult rats were fed a soft diet and after an initial temporary fall in weight, they moved about the cages in a normal manner."
1151116,"A new hairless mouse model using ultraviolet light to stimulate increased epidermal cell turnover and hyperplasia and thus simulate psoriasis has been designed so that drugs may be tested both topically and systemically for possible therapeutic value in this disease. Two methods of determining drug antimitotic activity have been used, the mitotic index and the extraction of epidermal DNA and the determination of the radioactivity of the sample. Results show that 2% 5-fluorouracil in propylene glycol and 2% nitrogen mustard in water topically and cyclophosphamide systemically, which are drugs known to be effective in psoriasis, significantly reduce the mitotic index. DNA synthesis is similarly decreased by the latter two drugs. The effect of the topical agents is shown to be local and not systemic. Cyclophosphamide, which is ineffective topically in psoriasis, is ineffective in the model."
1151117,"In subjects irradiated with both UV-C and UV-B ultraviolet light (UVL), 10 mug of intradermal indomethacin decreased the redness in all 13 of the UV-B irradiated areas but in only 2 of 13 of the UV-C irradiated areas. Higher doses of intradermal indomethacin (50 mug and 100 mug) decreased the redness produced by UV-C irradiation in 6 subjects. It is suggested that the failure of 10 mug of indomethacin to decrease the redness of the UV-C induced inflammation, while decreasing the redness in the UV-B induced inflammation, is consistent with the possibility that prostaglandins participate in UV-B but not UV-C induced inflammation."
1151118,"Blood flow rate was measured in the forearm skin of human subjects exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Blood flow was determined by the 133Xe disappearance technique 18 hr after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation with a Westinghouse RS sunlamp held 10 inches from the skin for 10 min. Ultraviolet irradiation caused skin blood flow to increase. Application of fluocinolone acetonide cream, 0.025%, 4 times in the 16 hr following UV irradiation had no effect on either control skin blood flow or the UV-induced hyperemia."
1151119,"Attempts were made to induce allergic contact dermatitis in dogs, a species generally considered poorly responsive to experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Yound Beagles were sensitized to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by multiple intradermal injections. Two weeks after sensitization, these dogs were challenged topically with 0.1% DNCB by a standard closed-patch technique. Sensitization evidenced by various degrees of reaction following challenge was established in all of 14 pups used, while 7 nonsensitized control pups did not react to challenge. Primary irritant contact dermatitis was induced in the skin of nonsensitized Beagle pups by 1%, 5%, and 10% solutions of DNCB. In allergic contact dermatitis the sites of challenge were grossly indurated, erythematous, and edematous. Histologically at these sites there was an infiltration of mononuclear cells which reached maximum intensity at 3 to 4 days. Accumulations of lymphoid cells were marked around sweat galnds and hair follicles. Penetration of leukocytes into these cutaneous adnexa was associated with degenerative processes in their cellular structures. Mononuclear cell infiltration into the epidermis was mild. Spongiosis was observed in the epidermis, but vesicle formation was rare. In primary irritant contact dermatitis gross lesions were characterized by severe erythema, edema, and gangreen of the skin. Microscopically, the main lesions were necrosis of the epidermal cells, separation of the epidermis from the dermis, dermal edema, and massive infiltration of the dermis with polymorphonuclear cells."
1151121,In 11 of 23 volunteers the Norwalk virus-like particle was visualized by immune electron microscopy in at least one stool specimen obtained during the acute phase of experimentally induced nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Examination of multiple stool specimens obtained during the course of illness in these 11 volunteers revealed maximal concentration of Norwalk virus-like particle at the onset of illness and shortly thereafter; in no case was the Norwalk particle visualized in stools obtained before the onset of illness. This finding further suggests that the Norwalk particle was the etiological agent of the Norwalk gastroenteritis outbreak. The limit of reliability of our immune electron microscopy assay system for particle counting was examined.
1151122,Healthy children receiving routine measles-mumps-rubella vaccine developed an impaired in vitro lymphocyte response to stimulation with antigen (Candida) but not with mitogen (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen). Response of lymphocytes was determined by measurement of the amount of [14C]thymidine incorporated by the cells. The impaired response to antigen lasted from one to five weeks after vaccination. There was no alteration in the number of either total or thymus-derived lymphocytes in the peripheral blood after vaccination; These results suggest that viral vaccination causes a depression of lymphocyte function rather than a depletion of functional lymphocytes.
1151132,"Fbrinogen:fibrin complexes have been previously described in various thrombotic disorders.  To evaluate further the properties of fibrinogen:fibrin complexes, and theirin vitro and in vivo behavior, soluable fibrinogen:fibrin complexes have been formed invitro using mixtures of '131l-fibrinogen ('131l-F) and '125l-fibrin ('125l-fb).  By means of Sepharose 4B chromatography, a macromolecular complex (peak one) containing both moieties could be separated from a lower molecular weight peak two containg noncomplexed material.  The latter eluted at the same position as did intact fibrogen. Both the '131l-F and '125l-fb components of peak one were rapidly catabolized when injected into rabbits with residual blood activity at 24 hours of 8 per cent and 4 per cent, respectively. Peak two behavedas a simple mixture with corresponding 24-hour levels at 31 per cent and 3 per cent.  Gel filtration of postinjuection plasma samples demonstrated that peak one remained as macromolecular complex.  Preinjection crosslinking of the F:fb complex with factor xiii did not substantially change the blood clearance.  Prior blockage of the reticuloendotheial system with Thorotrast or carbon resulted in impaired clearance of peak one.  The data provide evidence that fibrinogen and fibrin can form a macromolecular complex which is stable both in vitro and vivo.  Further, the reticuloendotheialsystem was shown to mediate the the in vivo clearance of this complex.  This latterfinding may be of pathophysiologic significance."
1151133,"Isolated murine Kupffer cells or liver macrophages release high levels of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) necessary for the proliferation of granulocytic and mononuclear cell colonies in vitro.  CSA was detected in media conditioned by Kupffer cells ata concemtration of 0.25 x 10'6 cells per millilter.  Conditioned media from suspensions of unseparated liver did not stimulate colony formation and, in high concentrations,were inhibitory.  CSA obtained from Kupffer cells was more active on a cell percell basis than CSA OBTAINED FROM LUNG OR PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES.  These studies indicate that liver macrophages can also release CSA and further support the concept that the monocyte-macrophage system may play a role in the regulation of granulopoiesis."
1151134,In two patients with protoporphyria the enzymatic synthesis of aminolevulinic acid and prophobilinogen in erythroid tissue was normal. Boine marrow ferrochelatase activity was less than one-fourth of the mean activity in normal control subjects. Ferrochelatase activity in peripheral blood reticulocytes was less than 10% of controls. This metabolic abnormality provides one biochemical explanation for the increased concentrations of blood protoporphyrin in protoporphyria and clarifies the apparent minimally impaired hemoglobin synthesis in the two case studies.
1151135,"Pigs received a diet containing 0.59 p.p.m. Mn.  Control pigs received the samequantity of the same diet which was supplemented with 22 p.p.m. of Mn.  At the end of6 weeks, pigs fed the low Mn diet had a diminution in tissue Mn levels as well as a diminution in tissue Se content.  Tissue levels of Zn, Cu, Ca, and Mg were notaffected by the dietary regimen.  Indicative of the fact that experimental animals were probably Mn-deficient was a statistically significant decrease in hepatic arginaseactivity that could be enhanced by the addition of Mn.  These studies represent the first experimental evidence that there may be a specific interaction between tissue Se and Mn.  Tissue Se levels were decreased to a statistically significant degree in all tissues studied except the kidney in the Mn-deficient animals."
1151136,"A highly purified erythropoietin (ESF) preparation (12,000 units per milligram of protein) was labeled with Na'125I using the Chloramine-T method.  Undamaged immunoreative labeled ESF was separated from the damaged, nonimmunologically receiveESF by Sephadex G-150 fractionation. This undamaged immunreactive ESF was usedin radioimmunoassay for human erythropoietin.  Separation of bound from free antigen was acheived using the double-antibody technique.  Approximately 55 per cent binding wasobserved at an antiserum dilution of 1:1500.  This assay appears to be sensitive enough to detect as little as 0.025 milliunits of the International Reference Preparation erythropoietin.  The estimated levels of thid hormone in normal and anemic uremic human subjects suggests that immunoreactive serum erythropoietin levels are elevated above normal in anemia of uremia."
1151137,"Urinary iron excretion was measured in patients with sickle cell anemia and relateddiseases.  Iron concentration in urine was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and daily total iron excretion was calculated from this and total daily urine volume.  Normal subjects excreted a mean of 88 pg Fe per day (95 per cent confidence limitsof 0 to 120 pg).  Nine persons with sickle cell trait had normal Fe excretion rates.However, abnormally high iron excretion was present in the first urine sample obtainedfrom 27/31 patients with SS, 3/7 with SC, 1/2 with CC, and 1 with S-thalassemia. Iron excretion varied  very significantly from day-to-day in individual patients. The results of studies attemting to relate this to increase excretion during activityas compared to rest were negative.  No clear relationship of iron excretion to painfulcrisis could be shown, but remarkable rises in urine iron occurred in two patients who developed a hyperhemolytic crisis.  These studies suggest that urinary iron reflects intravascular hemolysis primarily.  No correlation was evident between urine iron and the patients' age, transfusion history, or serum iron values suggesting increased urinary iron excretion cannot be attributed to iron overload in sickle cell anemia."
1151138,"The concentraiton of zinc in parotid saliva was estimated by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  As small a sample as 5 to 10 mul of whole paratid saliva can be analyzed quickly and reliably, without special sample handling and with littleinterference from other ions normally found in saliva.  Parotid salivary zinc concentration in 34 subjects with normal taste acuity was 51 plus or minus 14 ppb(parts per billion)(mean plus or minus 1 S.D.); parotid salivary zinc concentration in 47 subjectswith idiopathic hypogeusia was 10 plus or minus 6 ppb (mean plus or minus 1 S.D.) which is significantly lower than that in normal subjects (p lessthan 0.001).  This technique is a usual method by which to evaluate parotid salivary zinc, particulary inrelationship to problems of taste, appetite, and nutrition."
1151139,"The effect of alcohol on granulocyte chemotaxis was studies with a radioactive assaysystem.  Chemotaxis was inhibited in vitro by concentrations of alcohol above 400 mg. per cent when present during all steps in the assay, but levels above 800 mg. per cent required for inhibition when alcohol was present only during the granulocyte incubation. No inhibition of chemotactic factor generation was found with alcohol concentration up to 1,500 mg. per cent. Cells and serum exposed to alcohol in vivo by acute intxication of donors demonstrated normal in vitro chemotactic performance, even  when the assay itself was carried out in medium containing 200 mg. of alcohol.  Thestudies do not exclude alcohol's in vivo induction of an inhibitor which must remain present during chemotaxis for inhibition; nor would they have detected an impairment of chemotaxis occurring after the peak blood alcohol concentration.  The intoxicated volunteer subjects were also evaluated for changes in delayed hypersensitivity, serum complement concentration, granulocyte hexose monophosphate shunt activity, and circulating whiteblood cell counts; no consistent changes were seen."
1151140,"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (5 to 6 ng. per millilter at birth) decreased significantly at age 12 days (1to 2 ng. per millilter) in rat neonates.  At 3 to 4 weeksof age, the plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D had risen to birth levels or higher.  Chromatography of lipid extracts of neonatal tissues following in vivo administration of 'H-25-hydroxyvitamin D' from the milk of mothers who had been given 'H vitamin D' intravenously.  Following intraperitoneal injection of equal (or 3-fold larger doses to older pups) doses of 'H-25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the half-lives of 'H in plasma were 2.9 to 3.0 days and 2.8 to 3.05 days in young and oldersuckling pups, respectively.  These data collectively suggest that young suckling rats,unlike weaning rats, do not receive and/or produce sufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D to maintain the blood concentration observed at birth."
1151142,"Bimonthly recordings of ultra-low-frequency acceleration ballistocardiograms overa 2 to 7 year period in 73 patients with ischemic heart disease and 50 matched control subjects within the framework of a clinical follow-up were subjected to measurement of IJ amplitude (reflecting force of contraction), IJ velocity (reflecting contractility), and IJ velocity variation coefficient.  These repeated measurements were correlated with 24-hour vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion in the urine, arthythemia incidence, heart rate, and clinical outcome in each subject.  Moth-to-month variability of the IJ velocity was highly significantly correlated with 24-hour VMA excretionas well as with the likelihood of subsequent myocardial infartion or sudden death.  Data on 24 of the patients with ischemic heart disease were available during a two-year period prior to their death from documented myocardial infarction or presumed fatal arrhythmia without a fresh infarction at autopsy.  Their records were compared with those made during the same time period on individually matched control subjects and on patients with documented ischemic heart disease who survived the period of study.  The mean force of cardiac contraction (IJ amplitude) was consistently lower in the group destined todie early than in the other two groups during the first 18 months.  During the 6 monthsprior to death, however, their tracings show a relatively increased force of cardiac contraction and an increased product of force x pulse rate (referred to as the ""drive index""), as well as an increase in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.  None of these late increases was observed during comparable periods of time among surviving patients orcontrol subjuects."
1151143,"The effects of 5 pg Cd per millilter of drinking water on body weight gain, food intake, systolic blood pressure, '24Na, '42K; and water retention and freference for NaCl solution in male and female rats were studied.  After 205 days, Cd had no significant effect on weight gain, food intake, water intake, or feed efficiency.  The'24Na retention of the Cd-fed male and female rats was greater at 161 days than in the control animals and was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the Cd-treated females than in the control females at 294 days.  In vivo retention of '42K was significantly greater in the Cd-treated males than in the control males at 189 days, butthe oppisite was true of the Cd-treated females in comparison with female control animals.  There were no significant differences between treatments in '42K retention after 330 days.  No significant differences were found between treatments in systolic blood pressure.  Water retention was significantly greater in the Cd-treated males and females than in the control animals after 320 days.  Preference for 0.20 M NaCl was significantly greater in the Cd-fed males than in the control males at 277 days. Possible mechanisms which might explain the sodium retention in thhe Cd-fed rat are discussed."
1151144,"The inhibitory effect of dipyridamole (RA 8) and its two derivatives (RA 233 andSH 869)  on platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) AND IN SUSPENSIONSOF WASHED PLATELETS WAS EVALUATED USING 3 AGGRESSING STIMULI: ADP, thrombin, and collagen.  Mean effective dose (ED'30) of RA 8 causing 50 percent inhibition of plateletaggregation of washed human platelets by ADP, collagen, or thrombin varied from 1.2 x 10'-7 to 1.8 x 10'-7M.  On the other hand, RA 8 caused little inhibition aggregation in human PRP.  RA 233 and SH 869 produced similiar degrees of inhibition ofplatelet aggregation in human PRP and in suspensions of washed human platelets.Platelet-poor plasma, fraction VI-acid glycoproteins, or purified alpha'1-acid glycoprotein complex was isolated by means of Sephadex G-25 gel filtration.  It is postulated that the formation of this complex leads to the blocking of the capacity of RA 8to inhibit platelet aggragation.  RA 233 and SH 869 had little capacity to form complexes with acid glycoproteins of human plasma.  This may explain the effectiveness of these compounds in inhibiting platelet aggregation in PRP."
1151145,"The effect of thiamine deficiency on rat brain DNA and RNA synthesis was investigated.  Thiamine deficiency, culminating in encephalopathy (symptomatic stage) was induced by dietary thiamine deprivation of 4 to 5 weeks.  The encephalopathy could be completely reversed within 6 hours by paranteral administration of thiamine.  Controls consisted of pair-fed and ad libitum-fed littermates given the same diet supplemented with thiamine.  Brain DNA and RNA synthesis was determined by administration of labeled thymidine, orotic acid, or adenine into the cerebral ventricle and measuring the incorporation of the appropiate labeled precursor into DNA or RNA.  Thiamine deficiency(symptomatic stage) had no effect on net DNA and RNA level in any brain area studied.  Also, no consistent alteration of brain RNA synthesis was shown in severe thiamine seficiency.  By contrast, DNA synthesis in symptomatic thiamine-deficient ratswas reduced to 22, 37, 31, and 19 percent, respectively; of pair-fed control values in the cortex, brain stem, cerebellum, and subcortical structures (p less than 0.05).  Thedegree of depressed DNA synthesis increased with the extent and duration of thiaminedeprivation.  Following reversal of the encephalopathy with parenteral thiamine, DNAsynthesis in all brain areas increased markedly to and above control values.  Thses data indicate that the thiamine deficiency state interferes with the synthesis ofsome discrete DNA pool(s) in the brain.  This effect may be due to thiamine deficiency per se and /or some thiamine-induced impaired food assimilation or utilization."
1151146,"The dynamics of the immune response to streptococcal extracellular antigens as measured by the streptozyme agglutination test have been defined in experimental animals andcompared with the dynamics of the immune response as determined by three established neutralization tests for streptococcal antibodies (ASO, anti-DNase B,and anti-NADase).  In rabbits immunized with streptococcal extracellular Streptozyme-measured antibodies rose more quickly and peaked earlier than did antibodies to streptolysin O, streptococcal DNase-B, and streptococcal NADase.  Additional studiesrevealed that the early peak was primarily due to 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive (19S) antibody and that the later rise in Streptozyme-measured antibodies was due to 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant (7S) antibody.  Preliminary observations using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation tended to confirm this interpretation.  These data provide a possible explanation for the early detection of a streptococcal antibody response by the Streptozyme test which has also been described in humans.  The data suggest a theoretical advantage for the Streptozyme agglutination test in patients with streptococcal infections and their sequealae.  However, the complexity of the Streptozyme reagent suggests that more extensive studies are needed to assure the consistent reproductivity of results with different lots of the test reagent."
1151148,"The factor present in normal human serum which inhibits growth of dematophytic fungi is characterized and identified. Serum inhibitory factor (SIF) is nondialyzable, heat stable at 56 degrees C. for 4 hours, and fungistatic. SIF was found to be an inhibitor of the dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporium, and Epidermophyton as well as the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. SIF activity directly correlated with a serum's unbound iron-binding capacity (UIBC) in that lower UIBC'S were less inhibitory. Addition of iron to serum neutralized the inhibitory activity and this neutrilization was shown to be specific for iron since zinc, magnesium, managnese, and copper failed to alter serum inhibitory activity. Furthermore, addition of purified iron-free transferrin to a neutralized serum restored the SIF activity in parallel with the UIBC. Removal of transferrin from serum by affinity chromatography was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and iron-binding assays. Transferrin-free serum produced by this procedure was shown to lack inhibitory activity. These data indicate that SIF is unsaturated transferrin and strongly suggests that it inhibits dermatophytes by binding iron which many organisms need for growth."
1151149,"In mice hypoxic hypoxia (0.5 atm.) results in a severe and persistent thrombocytopenia with a rapid decline in the platelet count between the fifth and ninth days of hypoxia, after which platelet counts level off at about half their normal value. The thrombocytopenia is not due to the associated polycythemia, splenomegaly, or increased blood volume. There is no significant change in platelet counts of mice made polycythemic by daily injections of 6 units of erythropoietin. Fifteen days of hyperbaria (3 atm.) has no effect on the platelet count of otherwise normal mice. Since there is only a slight decline in platelet count during the first 5 days of hypoxia, the persistent thrombocytopenia appears to be due to either a decreased rate of production of platelets or a structural or metabolic defect in platelets produced under conditions of hypoxia."
1151150,The effect of deoxygenation on deformability of sickle cells (Hb SS RBC) was studied quantitatively by a microsieving technique with the use of polycarbonate filters having micropores of 5 mum in diameter. The rate of pressure rise and the relative resistance during filtration through polycarbonate sieves increased progressively when the P02 of Hb SS RBC suspensions was reduced below 80 mm. Hg. Control studies on Hb AA RBC did not show any significant change in either parameter when deoxygenated. The present study on the filterability of Hb SS RBC and our previous data on the viscometric behavior of Hb SS RBC serve to establish the quantitative relation between P02 and the deformability of Hb SS RBC.
1151151,"Incorporation of [32P]-orthophosphate into plasma phospholipids was investigated in 11 patients with polycythemia vera. The specific activity of phospholipid radioactive precursors (TCA-extract) was maximal 1 hour after the delivery of radioactive phosphorus and dropped to less than 20 per cent of maximal value after 24 hours. The peak of total phospholipid specific activity was observed 48 hours after the administration of [32P]-orthophosphate in 10 patients, and after 24 hours in one, and decreases regularly afterward. The half-life of the lipid-bound phosphorus in the plasma of investigated patients, determined during the decrease of their specific activity was 252+/-60 hours. Concentration of total plasma phospholipids and the pattern of individual phospholipid found in patients with polycythemia vera were similar to those reported for normal individuals. The rate of incorporation of the labeled phosphorus into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid was much more rapid than into lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylcholine."
1151152,"The properties of a 75Se-labeled glycerol triether were investigated in rat experiments designed to test this substance as a nonabsorbable marker for the assessment of intestinal fat absorption. After oral administration of 75Se-triether, the radioactivity was excreted almost completely with the feces. Amounts in excess of the quantity required tor clinical use did not interfere with overall fat absorption. No evidence for toxicity of 75Se-triether was observed. 131l-triolein was used as tracer fat and fat absorption was calculated by the following methods: (1) isotope balance method-oral intake minus fecal excretion of 131L; (2) isotope ratio method-comparison of the 131L to 75Se ratios in the test dose and in a stool sample. Results obtained from the isotope ratio method were in close agreement with those of the isotope balance method over a range of fat absorption of 80 to 95 per cent, thus indicating that the marker and the radioactive fat pass the gastrointestinal tract at the same rate under these experimental conditions. These results show that 75Se-triether possesses several of the properties of an ideal marker for fat absorption studies. Its advantages over other proposed markers for fat absorption studies are discussed. Simultaneous administration of 131L-TRIOLEIN AND 75Se-triether in a single dose may provide a reliable, rapid, and simple method to estimate intestinal fat absorption in man."
1151153,"An increased frequency of cytogenetic aberrations was observed in 63 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, scleroderma). The most striking finding was the appearance of compound aberrations (chromosomal fragments and rearrangements) in PSS patients, while none were found in the control subjects. The aberrations were nonspecific in nature. The frequency of aberrations in the PSS patients was elevated above that of other patients receiving similar diagnostic radiation exposure (less than 1 R to greater than 10 R), but showed no relation to the amount of irradiation. The dose-response relation may have been obscured by the narrow range of exposures or by a ""breakage factor"" newly reported in such patients. It appears that in PSS patients the increased chromosomal breakage is not associated with an elevated frequency of leukemia or other neoplasms such as has been reported to be associated with other nonspecific breakage syndromes."
1151154,"The function and ultrastructure of platelets collected by the Haemonetics blood processor were investigated. Aggregability, release ability, and morphology of these platelets were compared with platelets of the same donors before plateletpheresis was instiuted. Data of a group of 15 normal donors were pooled and analyzed. Our results showed that Haemonetics-isolated platelets had the following altered in vitro functions. Adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation was markedly reduce, and epinephrine-induced aggregation was often absent. Collagen-induced aggregation was characterized by prolongation of the aggregation time and, sometimes, also by reduction of aggregation. Increase of adenosine diphosphate or collagen concentration resulted in improvement of aggregation of Haemonetics-collected platelets; increase of epinephrine concentration had no effect. Exogenous CaCL2, pre-Haemonetics platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma failed to correct the abnormal aggregation of post-Haemonetics platelets. Release of labeled serotonin induced by spinephrine and collagen was reduced. However, the ultrastructure of post-Haemonetics platelets was normal."
1151155,"The Beer-Lambert law of light transmission was found valid for suspensions of blood platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, as well as similarly sized model particles (latex spheres and flat guanine crystals), for a DB-G double-bean photometer at 605 and 710 mg, and a Payton aggregometer with red filter (660 to 750 mu). Attenuation coefficients (K) showed a similar dependence on a particle ""equivalent sphere"" radius as data reported for a ""zero-degree photometer,"" for particles at rest. Size distribution, degree of aggregation, state of contamination, and effects of aldehyde fixation of the cell suspensions, well as optical geometry, were related to the measured K values. Particle optical efficiencies (K) for asymmetric particles were similar whether calculated from cross-sectional areas derived from ""equivalent spheres"" or from geometric cross-sections accounting for orientation distributions at rest. Appropriate cell and latex models were identified for the erythrocytes (E) and platelets (P) at rest on the basis of similar K,k values. The biphasic change in K occurring with stirring of these asymmetric blood cells (E, HP) was partly explainable by the known variations of K with shear-induced particle alignment to the optic axis. No such effects were observed with spherical particles or ""sphered"" cells, even when polydisperse as to size an aggregates. This investigation begins to quantitate ongoing light transmission studies of blood cell shape/aggregation changes."
1151157,"Mass transfer and dialysance measurements were determined using (1) whole blood solute concentrations with blood flow rates, (2) plasma solute concentrations with plasma flow rates, and (3) plasma solute concentrations with whole blood flow rates by standard formulas during 30 clinical hemodialyses. Resulting values by these three methods were compared for potassium, urea, and creatinine. The three techniques yield significantly different values and, accordingly, the type of measurement must be specified before such clinical measurements of solute transport are interpretable. Multiple mechanisms to account for the differences are suggested and include minimal or no immediate effect of a single coil blood transit on intracellular solute concentrations for all solutes studied."
1151156,"The objectives of this research were to study effects of dietary neutral fat on the concentration and the fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG) and other lipid classes in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue and, particularly, to study the temporal and precursor-product relationship among those various lipid pools. Accordingly, male rats were administered 1.5 ml. of safflower oil by gastric intubation at 0, 4, and 8 hours after a 16-hour fast. Samples of plasma, liver, and adipose tissue were collected from groups of rats before fat feeding (0 time, controls), during the period of feeding (4 and 8 hours), and at several times thereafter up to 36 hours (28 hours after the last meal). The esterified lipids in all lipid fractions of liver and plasma became enriched with linoleic acid (18:2) during the experiment. The enrichment of plasma and hepatic TG, and of plasma FFA with 18:2 was substantial, reaching a maximum 8 hours after the third meal, whereas only a modest enrichment of adipose tissue TG was observed. The enrichment with 18:2 of various lipid fractions proceeded in the following sequence: total plasma TG became enriched first with 18:2 of chylomicron TG fatty acids during the period of active absorption of fat. Second, plasma FFA were enriched with 18:2 derived presumably from metabolism of chylomicron TG. Subsequently, enrichment of hepatic TG with 18:2 was observed. After maximum enrichment was attained, the percentage of 18:2 in these various lipid pools decreased in the following order. The percentage of 18:2 in plasma FFA fell rapidly, followed by a slower decrease of the 18:2 content of plasma TG and, finally, by an even slower decline of the 18:2 content of hepatic TG. All lipid fractions except plasma FFA contained an increased content of 18:2 even 28 hours following the last fattly meal. It can be deduced from these temporal relationships that plasma TG is derived indirectly from dietary TG long after active absorption of dietary fat has ceased. The composition of hepatic TG is altered by dietary neutral fat, through the intermediary uptake of plasma FFA derived from metabolism of chylomicron TG; this hepatic TG, which reflects dietary fat, is a significant precursor pool of the plasma TG in the postabsorptive state."
1151158,"The role of the plasma kinin system in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) ws explored by simultaneously measuring factor XLL (Hageman), prekallikrein, kallikrein inhibitors, bradykinin, and complement (C3) in the blood of Thai children with DHF and acute febrile illnesses other than dengue. Prekallikrein, factor XII, and C3 levels were significantly lower in DHF patients compared to fever control patients with the lowest mean levels found in dengue patients with shock. However, bradykinin concentrations were not elevated and mean activity levels of kallikrein inhibitors were not depressed in dengue patients. Two dengue patients first studies at least 2 days before onset of shock had falling C3 levels which were more closely related temporally to the onset of shock than were their rising levels of prekallikrein. The results fail to provide convincing evidence ofr activation of the plasma kinin system leading to free bradykinin or a significant role for bradykinin in the immunopathogenesis of DHF. By contrast, the results refocus attention on complement as a potentially important humoral mediator of the dengue shock syndrome."
1151159,"The Limulus amebocyte lysate, a proteinaceous composite isolated from the hemolymph cells of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is sensitive to picogram quantities of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. However, a controversy currently exists as to whether the Limulus amebocyte lysate is specifically sensitive to Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins as a result of a recent report that the blood coagulation protease, thrombin, can mimic endotoxins in the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Experiments including those employing two highly purified fractions isolated from the Limulus lystae have provided us with evidence that thrombin per se is unable to mimic endotoxin."
1151160,"The alterations in carbohydrate metabolism which attend the uremic syndrome have been recognized for some time. Recently, an interaction between hyperparathyroidism and these alterations in intermediary metabolism has been postulated. To further define any such interaction, 6 stable dialysis patients with significant secondary hyperparathyroidism were studied prior to and after subtotal parathyroidectomy. Glucose utilization and insulin secretion were estimated by use of a standard intravenous glucose tolerance test and the resistance of peripheral tissues to exogenous insulin was evaluated by insulin tolerance testing. All of peripheral tissues to exogenous insulin was evaluated by insulin tolerance testing. All patients were studied under baseline conditions, as well as induced hyper- and hypocalcemia, prior to and at least 2 months after surgery. Parathyroidectomy, per se, had no significant effect upon glucose utilization, insulin secretion, or the resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of exogenous insulin. Both induced hyper- and hypocalcemia, on the other hand, significantly diminished glucose utilization as judged by a reduced glucose disappearance rate during intravenous glucose tolerance testing. Hypocalcemia was associated with a markedly reduced insulin secretory response and normal tissue insulin sensitivity, while hypercalcemia was associated with a normal insulin response but reduced tissue sensitivity. The data suggest that calcium ion concentration may affect both glucose utilization and insulin secretion. As such, it must be adequately controlled in furture metabolic studies."
1151161,"Thromboembolic complications associated with cardiovascular prostheses are thought to result from activation of coagulation factors or platelets by surface contact and/or by certain physical forces generated at the interface between the foreign material and blood. Studies of the effects on human platelets of one of these physical forces, shear stress, were made. A rotational viscometer was used to apply graded levels of shear stress to platelet-rich plasma. Very low shear stress (50 dynes per square centimeter) resulted in the liberation of small amounts of ATP, ADP, and serotonin and subsequent platelet aggregation. Stresses of 100 dynes per square centimeter or more resulted in the appearance in plasma of nonstorage nucleotides, indicating cell lysis, and shear stresses of 250 dynes per square centimeter or more resulted in the fragmentation of platelets. Shear-induced platelet aggregation was partially reversible but only those samples subjected to low levels of shear stress recovered their ability to aggregate to the subsequent addition of ADP. These studies indicate that platelets are extremely sensitive to shear stress and raise the possibility that thrombus formation and/or accelerated platelet turnover in patients with rheumatic valvular disease or who possess artificial heart valves or other cardiac prosthetic devices could result from the effects of this physical force on circulating platelets."
1151162,"In this study, we evaluated the responses of the pituitary-adrenal axis to the suppressive action of dexamethasone by relating plasma dexamethasone (Dex) and cortisol (F) levels in normal subjects and patients with Cushing's syndrome. Various doses of Dex were ingested at midnight as a single dose or at 6-hour intervals for 2 days beginning at 8 A.M. A nomogram was prepared by plotting the 8 A.M. plasma F concentration as a function of the plasma Dex value. Two patients with Cushing's syndrome had normal responses to Dex suppression as assessed by conventional tests. With the nomogram, we found that all patients with Cushing's syndrome, including these two, exhibited abnormally high plasma F values at some time during our evaluation. A decreased metabolic clearance rate of Dex appears to explain why one showed normal suppression. Another patient with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia showed sequentially over 13 months abnormal, normal, and abnormal suppression, which could not be attributed to an abnormality of Dex metabolism. We conclude that relating plasma Dex and F provides the investigator with a reliable index for evaluating resistance of the pituitary-adrenal axis to the suppressive effect of Dex."
1151163,"The relative distribution of storage iron between bone marrow and liver has not been adequately studied in patients with iron-loading disorders. To help clarify this we assessed iron metabolism in patients with iron overload and in control subjects with cirrhosis but no excess body iron. In 4 patients with advanced iron overload studied late in the course of their illness, excess hemosiderin was present in both bone marrow and liver, as expected. In contrast, 2 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis whose excess iron had been depleted by phlebotomy subsequently developed progressive hepatic parenchymal and reticuloendothelial (RE) deposition of iron, yet marrow hemosiderin remained sparse. Moreover, surface radioactivity over the liver after an oral dose of 59Fe. These results suggest that during the initial stages of hemochromatosis there is a dissociation in the rate of iron accumulation between the bone marrow and liver. Excess hemosiderin appears to be deposited predominantly and preferentially in hepatic storage sites until the later stages of the disease."
1151164,"We have used ion-specific electrodes in an attempt to map the sodium and chloride activities on the skin under differing surface conditions. The range of values and the standard deviations are so wide that a baseline for the untreated dry skin is precluded. In patients with cystic fibrosis, a wide range of values is also found. For this group, measurements on dry skin taken immediately after washing were in the same low range as for healthy subjects. The range of measurements on the dry skin of newborn infants was similar for full-term infants with reactive sweat glands and for premature infants who failed to show sweating responsiveness to natural reflex stimulation as well as local glandular stimulation with sudorific drugs. For only two conditions have measurements of sodium and chloride activities on the surface of the skin been of value: (1) on the sweat-covered skin for the detection of the high values encountered in cystic fibrosis, and (2) on the dry skin surface, deprived of autonomic innervation (spinal paraplegia), extremely low sodium and chloride activities reflect absent gland activity."
1151165,"The effect of some potentially myelotoxic drugs on the growth of colony-forming cells in mouse marrow in vitro was examined. Among the drugs tested chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and chlorpromazine were inhibitory in therapeutic concentrations, a finding consistent with the common occurrence of a dose-dependent leukopenia from these drugs. The degree of drug-induced inhibition of colony growth was inversely proportional to the concentration of colony-stimulating factor in the medium. It is postulated that the concentration of colony-stimulating factor in the cell milieu in vivo may play a significnat role in determining the occurrence or degree of leukopenia from thses drugs."
1151166,"A simple and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of plasma or serum unconjugated estriol (E3) in pregnancy is described for general laboratory use. Two different antibodies utilized had low cross-reaction to estrone (E1) and estradiol-17 beta (E2). With either of these antibody reagents, a method was designed that requires only an extraction step using a specific solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane (3:2, v/v), one-hour incubation with working antibody, and separation of bound from free E3 by ammonium sulfate. Standard curves useful in the range of 0 to 2,000 pg. were obtained. This assay, requiring only 0.05 ml. of plasma, can be completed within 4 hours. The sensitivity of this RIA was 10 pg. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were 5.0 and 9.4 per cent, respectively. When E3 determinations by this method are compared with RIA values by a more complicated technique using Celite column chromatography, the results are not significantly different. There was a good correlation between our RIA and a standard urine E3 determination (n = 137, r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). Using our simplified method, the mean plasma E3 during pregnancy were 1.0 +/- 0.6 ng. per milliliter at 10 weeks, 2.3 +/- 0.6 ng. per milliliter at 20 weeks, 6.5 +/- 1.4 ng. per milliliter at 30 weeks, and 16.5 +/- 5.1 ng. per milliliter at term. Since the serum RIA reflects changes in free E3 which has a shorter half-life than conjugated E3, this rapid and simple method is attractive as an approach to monitor fetal-placental function."
1151167,"A collaborative study was conducted to determine interlaboratory variations in the measurement of gastrin by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A kit containing reagents for a communal RIA method, as well as test samples containing different amounts of human synthetic gastrin (SHG I) and test samples of serum from a fasting normal patient admixed with varying volumes of serum from a patient with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, was sent to each collaborating investigator. Each investigator was requested to measure the gastrin concentrations in test samples by means of the communal RIA method, as well as the RIA method utilized in his or her laboratory. Use of the communal RIA method resulted in no significant interlaboratory variation in the determination of gastrin concentration in SHG I test samples and a maximum two- to threefold variation in determination of gastrin serum test samples. In contrast, when individual RIA methods were used to measure gastrin concentrations, the amount of SHG I in test samples reported by one laboratory was significantly different than that reported by the other three. In addition, use of different RIA methods resulted in a 2- to 19-fold interlaboratory variation in serum gastrin measurements and the maximum variation was found when the gastrin in normal fasting serum was measured. Increased variations in results, when different RIA methods were used, may be due to differences in preparation and purification of labeled antigen, to differences in separation of bound from free hormone, and to differences in the antibodies themselves."
1151168,"Substitution of CM-cellulose for CM-Sephadex had yielded a superior microchromatographic method for distinguishing the AS, AC, SS, SC, and CC conditions at birth. On the translucent columns of CM-Sephadex, the hemoglobin zones are somewhat diffuse. However, the compact, well-defined zones on the CM-cellulose column facilitate the interpretation of the results even though the amount of sample is only 20 per cent as great. The CM-cellulose method is as simple and rapid as the original CM-Sephadex procedure."
1151170,"A modification of the Jamshidi bone marrow biopsy needle is described. Modification includes designing a removable handle and changes to the obturator. These modifications allow for more precise use, prevention of instrument breakage, and greater convenience for the operator."
1151171,"A radioimmunoassay procedure to measure triiodothyronine (T3) in unextracted urine is described, and the results are compared with those obtained with different assays by others. It is assumed that the radioimmunoassayable T3 in urine represents free T3. Euthyroid subjects excreted 1.0 +/- 0.3 mug (mean +/- S.D.) in 24 hours. Similar values were obtained in pregnant women, sick patients without thyroid disease, and euthyroid patients receiving antithyroid agents. Values were about 3 times normal in patients with hyperthyroidism and about one-third of normal in patients with hypothyroidism. Estrogen, salicylate, or diphenylhydantoin therapy did not significantly alter the values. Radioimmunoassayable T3 increased after acid hydrolysis, suggesting that a fraction of the T3 in urine is present as an acid-hydrolyzable conjugate. However, it cannot be excluded that at least part of the T3 found after hydrolysis derives from monodeiodination of T4. This hydrolyzable fraction was about 25 per cents of the total T3 in urine. Measurements of T3 in urine are reliable and easy to perform. These measurements have little significance as a clinical test of thyroid function, but the assay may allow a new approach to understanding thyroid hormone metabolism and action, provided that deiodination of T4 during the procedure can be rigorously controlled and that the urinary T3 conjugates can be determined quantitatively."
1151173,"The personality of patients with Ménière's disorder has been evaluated using the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. The most notable finding was an elevated obsessionality score in the patients with Ménière's disorder as compared with other groups. There was no significant difference between the personality of subgroups of patients complying with rigid definitions of Ménière's disorder and those complying with a more liberal definition. The results of most scales decreased with increasing severity of the disorder, although the obsessionality scores do not follow this tendency."
1151174,One hundred and nineteen male patients with squamous carcinoma of the larynx and 119 matched controls with various non-malignant diseases were questioned about their exposure to asbestos. Thirty-three patients and three controls had experienced an important degree of exposure to asbestos. The difference between the two groups was statistically highly significant.
1151177,A 41-year-old male patient with post-diphtheritic laryngeal deformity and an extensive upper tracheal stenosis is presented. Previous surgical attempts at repair of the tracheal stenosis had been unsuccessful and further surgery is not contemplated at the present time. A permanent speaking-aid tracheostomy tube must therefore be worn at all times and an adaptation to this tube to allow some expiratory escape past the valve is described.
1151191,"Because the form of QRS from the body surface of pigs is different from that of carnivores or ungulates, and because that form is dependent upon pathways of ventricular activation, this study was designed to study pathways of ven tricular activation in pigs. Twelve pigs were anesthetized and right or left hemithoracotomies were performed to expose the heart. Contiguous bipolar electrograms were recorded from button electrodes on the epicardium and from both faces of the interventicular septum, and from multipolar plunge electrodes introduced into the intramural regions of both ventricles. Electrograms were recorded simultaneous with the Z-axis ECG at 625 mm/sec paper speed on a photographic oscillograph. Times of arrival of waves of activation at numerous points in the ventricle were referenced to the peak of the R-wave in the Z-axis ECG. During the initial 10 msec of QRS, the apical-third of the interventricular septum is activated from left to right. During the next 40 msec of QRS, waves of activation originating at the cranial portion of the right ventricle and the caudal portion of the left ventricle engulf the epicardium toward the interventricular septum and slightly in an apico-basilar direction. Activity begins slightly earlier at the caudal aspect of the left ventricular free-wall and terminates on the pulmonary conus region. During the terminal 30 msec of QRS, the basilar third of the interventricular septum is activated in a general apico-basilar direction. Through regions of either right or left ventricular free-walls was a general endocardial to epicardial activation observed. These pathways of ventricular activation may be explained by the rather complete penetration of Purkinje fibers through both ventricular free-walls in a manner similar to that of ungulates but different from carnivores and primates."
1151192,"A digital computer model of cardiac activation was used to investigate the relationship between cellular orientation and conduction and propagation of the ventricular activation wave front. The results of the simulation for  a single cycle initiated in fully recovered tissue under normal and simplified pathological conditions (ischemia and infaraction) indicate (a) that the conduction velocity of the cellular action potential in ventricular cardiac tissue may be several (3-5) times greater than is normally considered to be the case, (b) that the ventricular activation wave front propagates transmurally from endocardium to epicardium despite fiber orientation parallel to these surfaces, without the need for assuming the existence of either lateral contacts between adjacent cells or fibers with a transmural orientation, (c) the wave front of activation propagates through ventricular cardiac tissue with an anisotropic phase velocity, (d) the presence of ischemia and infarction gives rise to tangential spread of activation, and (e) small subendocardial infarcts should not be considered to be electrically silent."
1151193,"The QRS apparent phase in some electrocardiograms (ECGs) progresses in opposite directions in the two halves of the precordial leads. The genesis of the waveforms leading to such bidirectional phase properties may be given in terms of the particular shapes of the horizontal vector loops. Such phasic properties associate themselves with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) of type A and type C although the reverse is not necessarily true. Schematic diagrams are generally used in this article for clarity in illustration, but the method has been tried on some well-documented cases of RVH, reported by Chou and Helm, 3 with promising results."
1151194,"Based on the Gabor-Nelson equations a technique is described for measuring the location of the resultant heart dipole (locus-cardiogram). The technique uses three rows of eight electrodes, a head and a foot lead. Experiments with a male and a female human torso model showed good agreement between actual andmeasured dipole locations. The presence of intrathoracic electricla inhomogeneities shifts theapparetn locus of the dipole toward the highly conductive mass. The conductivity of the volume conductor and the dipole monent value do not introduce any error into the computed locus of the dipole. It is concluded that the technique is accurate and simple enough to be used for experimental and clinical observation."
1151195,"Twelve-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 52 resting mature female domestic grade ponies. Evaluation of the 50 ECG's ultimately selected for analysis revealed numerous differences from accepted normal values of horses. Among these differences are shorter durations of the P and QRS complexes as well as P-R and Q-T intervals and a lower amplitude of the P wave. Pony ECG's displayed a lower incidence of wandering pacemaker and complete absence of second degree atrioventricular block, in contrast to the relatively routine occurrence of these phenomena in the horse. The existence of significant differences between the ECG of the pony and horse must be recognized and considered in future clinical and research applications of electrocardiography in the domestic pony."
1151196,"The occurrence of episodic painless ST segment elevation at rest was documented by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in four patients with ischemic heart disease who did not conform to the classic description of Prinzmetal's variant angina. The degree of ST segment elevation in the absence of pain was generally similar to that seen with painful episodes. Clincopathological correlation was available in three of these patients: two were found to have severe coronary artery disease and one had a 70% obstructive lesion in the right coronary artery only. Three patients subsequently developed a myocardial infarction. Our observations suggest that transient painless ST segment elevation at rest is a serious finding reflecting severe ischemia and more likely to be ""preinfarctional"" than ""variant"" angina. Long term monitoring is useful in detecting silent severe ischemia that may sometimes occur with potentially lethal arrhythmias as demonstrated in one case."
1151197,A case is reported showing a tachycardia dependent Wenckebach phenomenon in both the A-V node and the left bundle branch system. Pacing from the His bundle region induced manifest (direct) and imcompletely concealed (indirect) types of Wenckebach phenomenon within the left bundle branch system.
1151198,"A patient with acute inferior myocardial infarction developed on the second day complete heart block with normal QRS duration, and the block was found to be distal to the His bundle. To our knowledge, this is the first such documented case in the English literature. Failure of the preceding Wenckebach periods and of complete heart block to respond to intravenous atropine may be a clinical clue to the nature of this type of heart block. The implications and possible explanations are discussed in the light of recent knowledge concerning the nature of heart block in inferior wall myocardial infarction."
1151199,"A 60 year old woman is presented who had the mid-systolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome, documented by phonocardiogram and left ventricular angiography. During an episode of non-anginal chest pain, advanced heart block was demonstrated and permanent transvenous pacemaker therapy was subsequently instituted. The association of the mid-systolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome and heart block is reviewed. It is suggested that 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, as well as exercise stress testing, be included in the evaluation of patients with this syndrome."
1151200,"Extensive experience has been obtained with Medtronic pacemakers, in Glasgow where over 400 patients have received their primary implant. In this review, which covers a period of seven and a half years ending December 31, 1973, the technical reliability of electrode-leads is considered in terms of failed implant lifetimes and incomplete implant lifetimes. Too few myocardial electrode-leads have been used to reach firm conclusions about its reliability, but the incidence of failures with the endocardial bipolar electrode-lead (Type 5818) has so far been small and it is evidently more reliable than its predecessor (Type 5816). More time must elapse, however, before it can be claimed with confidence that the present design of bipolar catheter will match the theoretical implant lifetimes of generators with the long-life power sources. Insulation failures are usually of no immediate clinical significance whereas any broken conductor is hazardous. The use of multistranded conductors is therefore advocated. All pacemakers should be retrieved after the deaths of patients."
1151201,"We reviewed 144 consecutive patients with symptomatic high grade atrioventricular block. Cases due to congenital heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery or digitalis toxicity were excluded. Of the remaining, we chose 71 patients in whom atrioventricular conduction was observed either intermittently during complete heart block (CHB) or in electrocardiograms taken within two years prior to documentation of CHB. The mean age was 69 years, with the peak incidence in the seventh decade in 43 men and eight decade in 28 women. Bundle branch block (BBB) was present in 76% of patients as follows: 47% had right BBB (20% with normal QRS axis, 20% with left axis deviation and 7% with right axis deviation), 17% had left BBB (11% with normal QRS axis and 6% with left axis deviation) and 12% had either alternating BBB, right BBB with alternating axis deviation or atypical BBB. ""Trifascicular block"" patterns accounted for 21% of the total group of CHB. We also studied the prevalence of various patterns of BBB in a group of 2000 random hospital patients of comparable age and sex exclusive of those with acute myocardial infarction and heart surgery. The risk of CHB for the various patterns of BBB was calculated relative to normal intraventricular conduction. All patterns of BBB carried a considerably increased relative risk of CHB, (P smaller than .01). The relative risk was highest for RBBB with left axis deviation and lowest for LBBB with normal or left axis deviation. In the men, 74% had QRS patterns of ""bifascicular"" or ""trifascicular"" block during atrioventricular conduction. By contrast, 71% women had atrioventricular beats showing either no BBB or right BBB with normal QRS axis. QRS pattern during CHB was unchanged from that during atrioventricular conduction in 52% if cases (rabge 38%-76% with different QRS patterns) suggesting idiojunctional pacemaker. CHB in these cases was thought to be due probably to coexistent disease in the AV node or His bundle. Although the concept of uni-, bi- and trifascicular block patterns has been useful in identifying patients at greater risk of CHB, the predictability of the electrocardiogram has obvious limitations, particularly in women."
1151202,"Labour was studied in 69 primiparous and multiparous rats by continuous observation and by the recording of intra-uterine activity. The effect of electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis with stimulation parameters selected to create a pulsatile release of oxytocin was investigated. Stimulation was applied to the neurohypophysis through chronically implanted electrodes every 5 min, in 45 min sessions, from noon on Day 21 of gestation and at 3 h intervals thereafter. Electrical stimulation successfully promoted (or induced) the onset and facilitated the course of labour. Stimulation at 12.00 h on Day 21, or at a subsequent stimulation session 3, 6, 9 or more hours later, promoted an immediate increase in the frequency and amplitude of uterine contractions. Overt signs of abdominal straining followed within 5-30 min and the first pup was delivered shortly thereafter. These 'induced' deliveries were almost identical to those displayed by control rats; labour continued to completion despite the termination of the stimulation session after 45 min. By contrast, one third of the stimulated animals displayed an interrupted pattern of labour in which events virtually ceased for 30-60 min when stimulation was terminated. Stimulation, however, only advanced labour by 1-2 h in relation to control animals; this was not statistically significant. Stimulation accelerated the delivery of the first 5 pups in each litter. In both stimulated and control animals, the birth intervals declined over these first few deliveries to reach the lowest values of 5-6 min throughout the remainder of labour. The most common litter size was 12 pups. The distribution of labour on Day 21 and 22 was bimodal. Seventy per cent of the animals gave birth between 12.00 and 18.00 h on Day 21, a few gave birth during the following night and the remainder formed a second peak on Day 22. All litters of less than 6 pups were born during this later period. The implications of these results in the context of spontaneous labour are discussed. We conclude that endogenous oxytocin (with perhaps other neurohypophysial hormones) released in pulses of 1-3 mu. every 5 min can promote a pattern of labour on Day 21 of gestation that is almost indistinguishable from that which occurs naturally."
1151203,"In immature female rats injected with PMSG at 30 days of age (day 30), ovulation occurs between the hours of 02.00 and 03.00 on day 33. If progesterone is injected at 10.00 h on day 32, the onset of ovulation is advanced by 1-2 h. In rats that were not given progesterone, ovulation was blocked by phenobarbitone sodium administered on day 32 before 13.50 h. However, pretreatment with progesterone at 10.00 h caused ovulation to occur in spite of phenobarbitone treatment at 13.50 h. An early release of ovulatory gonadotrophin from the anterior pituitary gland cannot completely account for progesterone's capacity to reverse the blockade of ovulation by phenobarbitone, because when phenobarbitone treatment was advanced by 2-4 h, ovulation still occurred in most progesterone-treated rats."
1151204,"Secretion of oestrogen by the ovaries of foetal (15-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ and tissue culture was not detectable by fluorometry when the ovary was taken from foetuses before folliculogenesis had occurred. In organ cultures of ovaries, the time of folliculogenesis corresponded with the normal timing of folliculogenesis in vivo. In tissue cultures the process of formation of follicles was delayed. Oestrogens were present in the medium when folliculogensis was fully established in the cultured foetal ovaries. Secretion began spontaneously and did nto depend on the addition of gonadotrophins to the medium. The addition of gonadotrophins the the culture medium did not effect the level of oestrogen secreted by the foetal and newborn rat ovaries during the period of incubation (2-3 weeks)."
1151206,"The hamster exhibits a biphasic pattern of insulin secretion; however, the dynamic response differs qualitatively from that of the rat in that there is a steady-state second release phase. A marked attenuation of insulin secretion as a result of hypophysectomy was observed after 3 weeks, but not after 2 weeks. This depression of insulin secretion was restored to near or above normal levels by bovine growth hormone, human growth hormone, and prolactin."
1151205,"Lipids in the uterine endometrium of mice during early pregnancy were investigated by histochemical techniques. Three groups of animals were studied: (1) on days 1-8 inclusive of the first pregnancy, (2)on days 1-9 after mating at the post-partum oestrus and suckling seven or eight young from their first pregnancy, (3) on days 1-6 after delivery of the first litter but with no access to males. Day 1 was that on which a seminal plug appeared in the vagina or (group 3) after birth of a litter during the previous night. In post-partum mice, only the areas between the former implanation sites were studied. Epithelial lipids are sparse during the first 24 h. On day 2 and early day 3 in nulliparous mice, and for a longer period in post-partum mice, the presence of lipid in epithelium and stroma seems mainly a degenerative phenomenon associated with cell breakdown and consequent tissue disruption. During late day 3 and on day 4 the increase in lipid droplets giving staining reactions characteristic for triglycerides may represent the storage in this form of fatty acids no longer needed for phospholipid synthesis or as energy sources, once the intense mitotic proliferation of these cells dies down. Triglycerides also predominated in the necks of the glands, but in the deeper parts, the sparse droplets often gave staining reactions for acidic lipids. In differentiating decidual cells during day 5 and early day 6 in nulliparous mice, histochemical reactions suggest that fatty acids accumulate. Some of these are probably utilized in synthesis of the increasing amounts of phospholipids which were particularly prminent later on day 6 and during day 7, while others appeared to be temporarily stored during that period as triglycerides The phased deposition and removal of triglyceride proceeds centrifugally through the decidua and is slightly in advance of glycogen deposition and removal in the same cell; its time-course correlated well with that which other workers have described from chemical assay. Histochemical tests appeared to reveal activity of a lipase-esterase (fatty acid ester hydrolase) which strengthened and spread through the decidua in parallel with the disappearance of lipid droplets. In lactating mice, as long as the blastocysts remained in diapause, epithelial lipid resembled that on day 4; in the stromal cells, lipid droplets were plentiful in areas close to the former placental sites but were few or absent elsewhere. Once the delayed implantation had started no abnormalities were detected. Alterations in lipids are discussed in the context of the known changes in the levels of ovarian hormones. Lipids within uterine macrophages are also discussed."
1151207,"Anterior pituitary glands from male rats aged 21, 40, 60 or 95 days were incubated in medium containing 0, 2 or 20 ng luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)/ml. Incubates were assayed for LH by radioimmunoassay (RIA), by the radioligand-receptor assay (RLA) using testicular homogenates as the source of receptor and, in some instances, by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay (OAAD). Irrespective of the dose of added LH-RH, glands from rats aged 40 and 60 days always showed a higher release of LH, as determined by RLA, than glands from animals aged 21 or 95 days. Measurement by RIA showed a similar pattern to RLA in the basal release of LH, but in the presence of LH-RH showed little difference in LH release by glands from rats aged 40, 60 or 95 days. The LH release caused by the higher concentration of LH-RH was always greater when measured by RLA than by RIA. Assay of comparable incubates by OAAD showed close agreement with RLA estimates in four incubations (mean index of discrimination 1.07; range 0.86-1.18) and consistent disagreement with RIA estimates (1.64; range 1.38-1.99). In contrast to the results with incubates, homogenates of pituitary glands from male rats of various ages showed close agreement of estimates by RLA, RIA and OAAD. These results suggest that RIA underestimates the LH-RH-stimulated release of LH in vitro from the male rat pituitary during some stages of sexual maturation."
1151231,"In the water-snake, Natrix piscator, the following are depressed by orchidectomy and restored to normal by testosterone treatment: glucose, free and esterified fatty acids and triglycerides in plasma, hepatic triglycerides, and total esterified fatty acids. The increase in hepatic free fatty acids and muscle glycogen was also reduced to the level found in intact snakes. Moreover, although castration had no effect, testosterone caused a significant increase in liver weight and plasma protein, and a significant decrease in free plasma cholesterol. Except for an increase in triglyceride content by high doses of the hormone, neither castration nor the administration of 5 mg testosterone had any significant effect on the free fatty acid and triglyceride content of the adipose tissue of the snakes."
1151233,"Adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels were determined in rat foetuses and in intact or adrenalectomized mothers during late pregnancy. Foetal adrenal and plasma corticosterone concentrations reached a peak on day 19 of pregnancy, while maternal plasma corticosterone increased on day 18 and remained high until parturition. From day 18, mothers adrenalectomized on day 14 had corticosterone levels similar to those of intact pregnant rats. At every stage of gestation (except day 21) plasma corticosterone levels were higher in the foetuses than in the mothers. The corticosterone concentration in the maternal plasma correlated with the number of live foetuses during the last 3 days of gestation. These results suggest that corticosterone can cross the placenta from foetus to mother as early as day 18 and that the foetus contributes to the maternal corticosterone pool after day 18."
1151234,"The proliferative response of the coagulating gland of the castrated male mouse has been examined during continuous treatment with testosterone propionate. Fourteen days after castration, s.c. daily injections of testosterone propionate were begun. Mitotic (Im) and labelling (IL) index values were obtained at 3 h intervals for up to 100 h after the initial injection. These showed a biphasic response, in which IL reached a maximum at 30 and 70 h, and Im at approximately 45 and 75 h. Fraction-labelled mitoses (FLM) curves were begun 24, 48, and 72 h after the first androgen injection. In each curve the first wave of labelled mitoses rose to 100% and showed a square form indicating little spread in the durations of the G2 and S phases. Values of 7.5, 1.3 and 0.7 h were obtained for the durations of DNA synthesis (ts), the post-synthetic period (tG2) and of mitosis (tm) respectively. In none of the FLM curves was it possible to demonstrate a second wave of labelled mitoses and direct measurement of the cell cycle time (Tc) was not obtained. Continuous tritiated thymidine labelling indices revealed that after a latent period of 25 h, DNA synthesis began and labelling rose rapidly to 80% by 45 h and then more slowly to 95% by 97 h. Cell population changes during androgen stimulation estimated from measurements of total glandular DNA indicated that the number of cells present in the glands remained constant during the first 30 h after stimulation and thereafter increased to approximately 2-3 times the original value. The data are compared with a mathematical model which assumes that the cell population of castrated mice when stimulated passes from a GO compartment through successive waves of DNA synthesis and mitosis. After each cell division the cells may leave or remain in the proliferative cycle. This model has been subjected to computer simulation using the cell cycle parameters obtained in the kinetic experiments. There was good agreement between the stimulation and experimental results in the Im and IL curves, continuous labelling, and total cell number experiments. The simulation of FLM curves was less successful. Although the first wave of labelled mitoses was clearly seen the model predicts a distinct second wave of labelled mitoses. It is concluded that this does not appear because of variation in the duration of G1."
1151235,"The influence of castration on the incorporation of nucleotide precursors into RNA of isolated prostatic tissue has been investigated. Castration brought about an apparent increase of incorporation by increasing the specific activity of the uridine nucleotide pool and not by an enhancement in synthesis of rapidly labelled RNA. An actual decrease in this reaction was shown by dividing the radioactivity incorporated into RNA by the specific activity of the uridine nucleotide. Administration of testosterone brought about enhanced synthesis of RNA in the prostates of rats castrated for 3 days as early as 4 h after injection, reaching maximum effect at 8 h. No significant difference was found between the turnover rates of rapidly labelled RNA from castrated, androgen-treated castrated and intact rats. The increased prostatic permeability to nucleosides as an early action of androgens in this organ is discussed."
1151236,"Plasma FSH concentrations in rats have been determined by radioimmunoassay under a variety of experimental conditions to see whether any evidence could be obtained of an acute divergence in LH and FSH secretion rates which would support the idea of separate, specific hypothalamic releasing factors for these two hormones. During the normal ovarian cycle and after the administration of progesterone to female rats on the morning of the day of pro-oestrus increased secretion of both LH and FSH began simultaneously but FSH concentrations were later maintained or increased slightly while LHING EARLY PREGNANCY FSH concentrations were higher than at the corresponding stage of the cycle at a time when LH concentrations had been shown to be lower. Progesterone injected at the dioestrous stage of the cycle reduced both LH and FSH concentrations though the effect on LH was more marked. After ovariectomy at any stage of the oestrous cycle or on day 4 of pregnancy there was a rapid and significant increase in plasma FSH concentration which was quite different from the delayed increase in LH concentration observed in these animals. In contrast, the early increase in FSH concentration in male rats after castration was less than the increase in LH concentration. The final FSH concentration in castrated males was only about four times the basal level in contrast to the 10- to 15-fold increase in LH in males and both LH and FSH in females. Anovulatory adult females that had received 1-25 mg of testosterone propionate on day 4 of postnatal life showed the rapid and sustained increase in plasma FSH after ovariectomy that was seen in normal females. None of these results strongly support the idea that separate and specific hypothalamic releasing factors for LH or FSH are secreted in the rat although the differences in the early response to gonadectomy could be explained on this basis."
1151242,"The release of prostaglandin-like material and these spontaneous contractions of individual horns from the pregnant rat uterus in vitro have been studied on day 22 of pregnancy - the expected day of delivery. Removal of foetuses (retaining placentae in utero) from one or both uterine horns on day 16 or 17 significantly reduced prostaglandin F release and spontaneous activity. Rats which had been made unilaterally pregnant after ligation of one uterine horn, exhibited a decrease in prostaglandin F output from both horns. Uterine activity and prostaglandin release were increased in quiescent uteri by the addition of arachidonic acid (5 mug/ml) or phospholipase A (160 mu./ml); the effects were abolished by indomethacin (20 mug/ml). However, the stimulation of uterine activity by PGF2alpha (30-60 ng/ml) was not affected by indomethacin. It is concluded that the release of prostaglandins from the pregnant rat uterus in vitro at term is related to the presence of viable foetuses."
1151261,"The final form of the polar lobe and lateral wings of developing semicells of M. rotata results from combined action of three growth processes: tip growth, branching and lobe broadening. Tip growth unaccompanied by branching or broadening occurs during normal development in M. radiata, but is observed only under abnormal conditions (e.g. raised temperature) in M. rotata. When branching and broadening do occur, they occur together and for this reason may be causally related. Autoradiograms demonstrate that specific patterns of cell wall incorporation can be associated with each of the three processes in M. rotata. Autoradiographic patterns found in the polar lobe differ from those found in wings. The growing polar lobe also responds to laser irradiation differently from the wings; lasings occasionally cause duplication of the polar lobe."
1151262,"When intact mouse blastocysts are cultured in vitro in medium supplemented with foetal calf serum, trophoblast cells proliferate and undergo giant cell transformation such as occurs in vivo. If the amount of inner cell mass in the blastocyst is decreased by culture with [3H]-thymidine then giant cell transformation occurs normally but proliferation is reduced. In the absence of inner cell mass no proliferation occurs, and giant cell transformation is more rapid than in undamaged blastocysts."
1151263,"An experimental technique utilizing microfiber markers and radioautography was used to study the morphogenesis of the ventricular septum in the ckick embryo heart from stages 22 to 33 of Hamburger & Hamilton (1951). Fibers placed in the myocardium of the primitive ventricles of 4-day-old embryos within 250 mum to each side of the future site of the ventricular septum resulted in shortening of the distance between the two fibers until both were found within the myocardium of the septum at 7 days. The fibers coated with tritiated thymidine labeled the myocytes of the trabeculae immediately adjacent to where the fibers were placed and showed that when trabeculae were labled within the 400-500 mum width centered on the ventricular septum, they aggregated together. The labeled myocytes in the trabeculae were found from the smooth crest to the most apical portion of the septum. These findings suggest that the muscular ventricular septum is formed by aggregation and coaptation of trabeculae and is of a single developmental origin."
1151264,"The time-course of the remaining gastrulation movements has been investigated after removal of the dorsal lip, the presumptive foregut endoderm and the anterior mid-dorsal mesoderm as a plug-shaped mass of cells from beginning gastrulae of Xenopus laevis and Bombina orientalis. This embryonic region has been previously studied in its role as an organizer, when grafted into a host gastrula marginal zone. There is usually no effect of the removal of these cells, the first morphogenetically active ones, either upon rate of subsequent completion of the external aspects of gastrulation, or upon the internal evolution of the presumptive mesodermal mantle. This finding is discussed in connexion with results of a previous paper on pattern formation in early Xenopus development, since it may help to distinguish between possible types of explanation for those results."
1151265,"The presence of cytoplasmic material inside thin Millipore filters between interacting mouse metanephric mesenchyme and spinal cord was investigated using different fixation methods. The transmission of induction was studied from sections of Zenker-fixed paraffin-embedded explants. Formation of kidney tubules was taken as evidence for induction. Filters with 0.8 and 0.22 mum pores permitted induction, whereas only 6 out of 31 filters with 0.1 mum pores did so. Glutaraldehyde-fixed Epon-embedded explants were used for study of cytoplasmic penetration into filters. In thick sections, filters with large pores were seen to contain cytoplasmic material at all levels. Filters with 0.1 mum pores usually showed only shallow ingrowth, but those which had permitted passage of induction contained material at least half way from the spinal cord and shallow ingrowth from the mesenchyme. With 0.8 mum filters the ingrowths from both sides met first after 18 h of transfilter cultivation. This has previously been shown to be the minimum time needed for induction to take place in this system. In electron microscopy cytoplasmic processes were seen deep inside the 0.8 and 0.22 mum filters regularly permitting induction. In small pores such material was only preserved by certain glutaraldehyde fixatives. Diffusion studies did not reveal major differences between induction-permitting 0.22 mum filters and induction-preventing 0.1 mum filters. Thus in the kidney tubule induction system this and our previous work speak in favor of a mechanism based on close apposition of cells rather than on long-range diffusion of inductive substances or on matrix interaction."
1151266,"1. Of 30 mice born from aggregation of embryos from a multiple recessive strain with F1 embryos carrying the contrasting alleles, 4 females and 20 males proved to be overtly chimaeric. 2. Three XX/XX females, five XY/XY males and eight XY/XX males were identified by chromosome analysis. Thus 50% of the population analysed were sex chimaeras, and all of these developed as phenotypic males, though one showed evidence of hermaphroditism. 3. In seven XY/XX chimaeras that bred, the genetic component undergoing spermatogenesis coincided in every case with the component identified by chromosome morphology as XY. 4. The F1 component predominated in metaphase plates derived from cultured blood cells. Comparison with direct preparations from bone marrow suggested selection in favour of F1 cells, either through differential proliferation of stem cells in vivo or differential response to phytohaemagglutinin in vitro. 5. In XY/XX males, the percentage of XX cells detected varied from 1% to 98% in blood, and from 0% to 80% in bone marrow. 6. Of eight 'single-sex' chimaeras progeny-tested (three XX/XX, five XY/XY), only one showed evidence of a mixed population of germ cells. The proportion of the two types of progeny varied significantly from litter to litter, but was unrelated to the age of the male."
1151267,"Longitudinal incisions have been made in the axis of 10-day-old rat embryos (post-neurula stage with 5-10 pairs of somites) at mid-trunk levels, dividing the axis into right and left halves. The embryos have then been cultured in vitro by New's method and their ability to reconstitute tissues in each half has been studied. After 20 h culture at 37 degrees C, there was no longer any external sign of the division of the axis. Histological studies showed that in nearly all cases, however, the neural tube was duplicated in the operated region. The two neural tubes lay in close contact in the midline, and ventral to them the gut was single. Apart from four cases in which the gut roof was slightly broadened and forked, all other tissues were normal. The reconstitutive ability of the neural and gut tissue has been compared with that of amphibian and avian embryos, as observed in 'twinning' experiments by other workers. The apparent delay in axial rotation in the operated rat embryos, as compared with controls, is attributed to the inability of the two separated halves of the somite series to co-ordinate their contractions. Further details of the rotation process in operated embryos will be the subject of a future study."
1151268,"The differentiation of retinal cells has been studied with special reference to the formation of functionally important structures. Three phases could be revealed: from day 3 to day 6 retinal cells in the mostly advanced central part show signs of general cell differentiation (formation of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). In the second phase from day 6 to day 9 characteristic nerve cell structures appear (neurites, dendrites, synapses, receptor outer and inner segments). In the last phase from day 9 to day 12 these special structures attain their final, mature appearance, synapses seem ready for function, dendritic invaginations and synaptic ribbons are formed, twin cones become arranged in mosaic patterns. This developmental order conforms to a gradient running from the ganglion cells to the receptors. Neurites and dendrites appear in the ganglion cells on day 3, in the intermediate neuron layer not before day 4. The horizontal cells are the last ones to differentiate out of the intermediate neurons. The inner plexiform layer synapses are structurally mature before those from the outer plexiform layer. The receptor inner and outer segments differentiate from the 5th day up to the time the young fish is able to see (day 13). The last structures to appear are dendritic invaginations and synaptic ribbons in the receptor terminals, and the twin cone mosaic. It is assumed that the ability to see is achieved only when these structures have been formed."
1151269,"This study was carried out in order to determine what factors control the differentiation of certain neural crest cells in the chick embryo. Emphasis was placed on the morphologically and biochemically divergent sensory and sympathetic pathways of differentiation. Embryos were precisely stage according to Hamburger & Hamilton (1951) and it was observed that sensory ganglia with somites, explanted at stages 21-24, gave rise to cells showing formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in more than 25% of explants. These cells were identical in properties to the fluorescent cells of the sympathetic system of embryos of similar age, and appeared by 12 days in vitro. These fluorescent cells did not appear when somites and sensory ganglia explants were maintained separately. The incidence of fluorescent cells in combined explants was considerably reduced or absent when cultures were maintained for 7 days or less, or when the explants were obtained from stage 25-26 embryos. Furthermore, when neural tube was also included in the cultures, the appearance of fluorescent cells was markedly inhibited. The requirement for somitic tissue to induce fluorescent cells in combined explants can be repalced by forelimb-bud tissue. The origin of these cells and the factors that control their differentiation in vitro are discussed with reference to the neural crest origin of the sensory ganglion, and the possible conditions pertaining in vivo in this region."
1151270,"The germ plasm in the egg is paritioned between the first four blastomeres by the first two cleavage planes. Although the blastomeres divide 10-11 times through the rest of cleavage, as shown by reduction in their size, the number of presumptive primordial germ cells (p.p. germ cells) does not increase significantly. During and as a result of the formation of the first two cleavage planes, the germ plasm aggregates together and moves towards and along the cleavage furrows. At subsequent mitoses, the germ plasm is localized at one of the poles of the spindle and hence is segregated to only one of the daughter cells, thus explaining how mitosis occurs without increase in the number of cells with germ plasm. Early in gastrulation, the germ plasm moves to a perinuclear position, therefore ensuring that as mitosis continues, both daughter cells receive germ plasm and the number of p.p. germ cells increases. Direct counts of the number of p.p. germ cells and measurements of their volume suggest that they divide twice between early gastrula and the stage at which they leave the endoderm. The p.p. germ cells behave similarly to the adjacent endodermal cells until they begin to migrate to the gonad, an event which may represent the first overt signs of differentiation. Measurements of the volume of germ plasm suggest that there is no change through cleavage. The general conclusion is drawn that during cleavage, the morphogenetic determinant germ plasm is segregated to a few cells by the normal processes of cleavage and that subsequently these cells undergo a small number of cloning divisions which are contemporaneous with the first signs of differentiation."
1151271,"The basic mechanisms of organ differentiation in the Cephalopod embryo (telolecithal egg, discoidal cleavage) are studied. The results of ligation experiments, performed in early cleavage stages, confirm earlier conclusions of the author, drawn from transplantation/explantation and heat-shock experiments. The developmental information for cellular differentiation is shown to reside in the blastodisc; the yolk syncytium, in which a large part of the original egg cortex is incorporated, acts as as nutritive substrate for the cellular material involved in organogenesis. On the basis of these results, Arnold's induction model supposing an undisplaceable determining informational pattern laid down in the uncleaved egg cortex must be rejected."
1151272,"Lateral fragments which contained no nerve cord were isolated from the postpharyngeal body section of Dugesia dorotocephala and fused with nerve cord grafts soon after isolation and at daily intervals through 8 days of regeneration. Fragments fused soon after isolation formed ""headless"" regenerates but had normal body proportions. If the lateral cordless fragment was allowed to regenerate for 1 day or longer before fusion with the nerve cord fragment, the head always developed and the body proportions were normal. Therefore, head structures become determined in the lateral fragment within the first 24 h of regeneration; during this time these tissues can also respond to the head-inhibiting influence of the nerve cord. The competence to form particular structures of the postcerebral body regions must emerge after head-forming competence is lost, that is about 24 h after isolation; however, it persists at least through the first 8 days of regeneration. Normal body proportions can be induced by nerve cord grafts throughout the first 8 days of regeneration. Lateral fragments fused at any time after isolation with another fragment containing no nerve cord developed head structures but failed to differentiate tissues of the postcerebral regions. This confirms that the nerve cord is responsible for inhibition of head structures and induction of differentiation of body regions and normal body proportions."
1151273,"An animal chamber and a simple microspectrophotometer for investigating the in vivo oxygenation of the haemoglobin of E. brevis are described. The in vivo absorption peaks of this haemoglobin occur at similar wavelengths to those of other nematodes. Mean values, given with their corresponding standard errors, occur at 577.6 plus or minus 0.6 nm, 543.6 plus or minus 0.5 nm and 421.7 plus or minus 1.9 nm for oxyhaemoglobin, and 555.2 plus or minus 0.9 nm and 432.2 plus or minus 1.3 nm for the deoxygenated pigment. The percentage of oxyhaemoglobin in the pharynx of E. brevis decreased at external oxygen tensions of less than 20 Torr, and the pigment was completely deoxygenated at 5 Torr. Stimulation of individuals in aerated sea water for 1-2 min caused a partial deoxygenation of the haemoglobin; the pigment reloaded soon after this period of increased activity had ended. The functional significance of the haemoglobin of E. brevis is disucssed."
1151274,"Electrical activities of the olfactory neurones in the brain of the honeybee were investigated. Odorous stimuli were given to each antenna separately or to both simultaneously. The inputs from the antennae affected both the impulse frequency and the latency of the olfactory interneurones in the protocerebrum. The predominant response was to the stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna. Input from the contralateral antenna produced mainly excitatory effects, although a few inputs gave inhibitory effects. No particular relationships between the loci of the units in the brain and the types of responses produced were found. Most of the units were located in the protocerebral lobe and in the central commissure. The units in the deutocerebrum responded only to the stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna, and the magnitude of response and the latency were not different with respect to unilateral or bilateral stimulation of the antennae. Differences in latency between unilateral and bilateral stimulation were observed in some of the units in the protocerebrum. Neural models which explain these phenomena are postulated."
1151275,"1. The water regime in soil commonly approaches equilibrium of water potential with the insects living there. 2. Even under these conditions, non-equilibrium processes have a significant effect on water movement through the cuticle of soil insects. 3. Measurements of water potential on either side of the cuticle of Costelytra zealandica larvae showed that equilibrium is not reached while the insect is alive. There is an active outward flow of water by thermoosmosis associated with the flow of heat from the insect."
1151276,"1. The various types of eye movement exhibited by the cyclopean eye of Daphnia pulex were studied using high speed motion photography. 2. This rudimentary eye, which consists of only 22 ommatidia, can move through approximately 150 degrees in the sagittal plane and 60 degrees in the horizontal plane. 3. Four classes of eye movement were found: (1) a high speed tremor at 16 Hz with an amplitude of 3-4 degrees, which resembles physiological nystagmus, (2) a slow rhythmic scanning movement at 4 Hz, and 5-6 degrees amplitude, (3) large fast eye movements similar to saccadic eye movements and (4) optokinetic nystagmus produced by moving striped patterns. 4. Where the fast tremor occurred concurrently with the slow rhythmic scan, a Fourier analysis revealed that the former was the fourth harmonic of the latter."
1151277,Caterpillars of Manduca sexta use two distinct transport mechanisms for the excretion of dyes. One pump (Type A) has a high affinity for acid (anionic) dyes and occurs in the midgut and medial Malpighian tubules. Acid dyes accumulate rapidly in the lumen of the midgut while the Malpighian tubules appear to play only a minor role in the excretion of these dyes. The other pump (Type B) excretes basic (cationic) dyes and is located primarily in the proximal Malpighian tubules. Evidence is presented that hippuric acid competes with acid dyes for excretion by both midgut and Malpighian tubules. After the final-instar larva purges its gut the ability of the midgut and Malpighian  tubules to excrete dyes gradually decreases. Sixty hours after the purge only the Malpighian tubules retain some dye excreting activity.
1151278,"Exposure to sodium-deficient (tris) saline caused an appreciable decline in the sodium content of intact connectives in the absence of equivalent reduction in the amplitude of the recorded action potentials. Return of sodium-depleted connectives to normal saline resulted in a rapid recovery of axonal function despite only a partial (less than 70%) recovery in sodium content. Replacement of sodium ions by those of lithium in the bathing medium resulted in a substantial accumulation of this cation. Lithium movements exhibited a marked asymetry, no significant decline in concentration being observed upon return to normal saline. These results are tentatively interpreted in terms of an exchangeable glial sodium fraction and are discussed in relation to extra-axonal sodium regulation."
1151279,"This paper investigates the applicability of a simple hydrodynamics theory due to Gray & Hancock (1955), and extended by Brokaw (1970), to the analysis of the motions of sea urchin, rabbit, and bull spermatozoa. Experimental procedures for filming and analysing the swimming motions are presented. A detailed discussion of the agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is given, and the limitations of the theory in analysing the motion of mammalian spermatozoa are discussed."
1151280,"The length-tension relationship of a preparation of the dorsal body wall of the leech Haemopis sanguisuga was determined. Passive tension is low except at very long lengths of the preparation, when it rises steeply. It is due mainly to the epidermis present in the preparation. The active tension curve is very flat, with tension being reduced only at very short and very long lengths. This shape is explained in the context of the myofilament arrangement of the muscle fibres. It may be that thin filaments can form cross-bridges with different thick filaments at different lengths of the preparation."
1151286,"13 leven-binding myeloma proteins (LBMP) of BALB/c origin were classified into two groups with different binding specificities; one group of 11 proteins bound beta2 leads to 1 fructosans, a second group of two proteins bound fructosans probably of beta2 leads to 6 linkage. Anti-idiotypic sera prepared to 10 of the proteins in the appropriate strains of mice identified numerous idiotypic determinants. Each protein used for immunization had its own unique individual idiotypic specificities (IdI) and in addition most of the proteins carried two-nine cross-specific or shared idiotypes (IdX) that were found only among LBMP, and not found in 106 non-LBMP. Most of the IdX determinants and only four of the IdI determinants of the beta2 leads to 1 fructosan binding group were located in the antigen-binding site. The multiplicity of antigenic differences in this functionally related group of immunoglobulins reveals an unexpected degree of heterogeneity in V-regions that appears to be unrelated to binding."
1151287,"Graded dextrans were used as tracers to study glomerular permeability in nephrotic rats. Two narrow range fractions were used, one which was approximately the same size as albumin (62,000 mol wt) and one which was considerably larger (125,000 mol wt). Nephrosis was induced with daily injections of an aminonucleoside of puromycin, and the animals examined after 7 days, when proteinuria is minimal, or after 10 days, when proteinuria has almost reached a maximum. At both stages and with both dextran fractions the following results were obtained: (a) dextran was retained for up to 3 h (the longest interval studied) in the plasma at high concentration; (b) there was a sharp drop in the concentration of tracer between the inner, looser portions of the basement membrane (lamina rara interna) and its outer denser portions (lamina densa), (c) accumulation of dextran was seen in the mesangial areas with time; and (d) no accumulation of dextran was seen in the slits at any time. These results are the same as those reported earlier in normal animals, and they demonstrate that in nephrotics the basement membrane still behaves as the main filtration barrier retaining most of the plasma proteins. Certain differences from the findings in normals were also noted in that increased amounts of the tracer were present on the epithelial side of the basement membrane: (a) in the urinary spaces; (b) in the subepithelial portions of the basement membrane; and (c) within lysosomes (protein absorption droplets) in the epithelial cytoplasm. In addition areas of thinning of the dense portions of the basement membrane (lamina densa) were seen which were accompanied by a corresponding widening of the less dense, subendothelial and subepithelial layers (lamina rara interna and externa, respectively). The presence of increased quantities of dextran on the epithelial side of the basement membrane indicates that the filter, i.e. the basement membrane, is leaky and allows increased passage of dextrans and therefore plasma proteins."
1151288,"In Experiment 1, a mixed blocking-overshadowing effect of color on an auditory discrimination was demonstrated in goldfish. In Experiment 2 (with lines differing in color and angle), blocking of angle by color and of color by angle was demonstrated in goldfish, In Experiment 3 (again with lines differing in color and angle), overshadowing of angle by color was demonstrated in carp, but the same animals (like goldfish in a previous study) failed to show greater intradimensional than extradimensional transfer. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that blocking and overshadowing are general phenomena of vertebrate learning. They suggest also that the processes responsible for blocking and overshadowing are different from those which produce the dimensional transfer effect."
1151289,"Two experiments on the role of neophobia in poison-induced aversions to exteroceptive stimuli are reported. In Experiment 1, rats were given either 10 or 25 days of habituation to the test situation prior to conditioning. Those animals with the longer habituation period avoided a complex of novel exteroceptive stimuli while those with the shorter habituation period did not. In Experiment 2 rats initially avoided the more novel of two containers, but gradually came to eat equal amounts from both. A single pairing of toxicosis with consumption from either the novel or the familiar container reinstated the avoidance of the novel container in both cases. The results were discussed in terms of an interaction between habituation and conditioning procedures. It was suggested that previously reported differences between interoceptive and exteroceptive conditioning effects may have been influenced by the differential novelty of the two classes of stimuli in the test situation. It was further suggested that non-contingently poisoned control groups should routinely be included in poison avoidance conditioning studies."
1151290,"Four experiments are reported which demonstrate the ability of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) presentation following extinction to partially reinstate the conditioned response. These experiments are interpreted in terms of the strengthening of an extinction-reduced UCS representation. The first two experiments address alternative interpretations in terms of sensitization, reinstating the stimulus conditions of acquisition, conditioning of background cues, and stimulus generalization. Experiment 3 suggests that reinstatement is possible with a UCS qualitatively different from that used in conditioning. Experiment 4 explores an alternative extinction procedure which especially preserves the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association while encouraging modification of the UCS representation. The results are discussed both in terms of related empirical phenomena, such as spontaneous recovery and sensory preconditioning, and in relation to the general role of the UCS representation in conditioning."
1151292,"Simplified techniques for analyzing the graphic patterns of dilatation and descent allow the practitioner to define aberrant labor using objective criteria for diagnosis. Six major disorders of labor are readily characterized. Once diagnosed, details concerning etiologic factors, efficacy of modalities of treatment, and prognostic outlook can be readily evolved. Programs of management are presented for each group of dysfunctional patterns based on such data. Introduction of the graphic analytic technique for diagnosing and managing labor adds a significant new dimension to our diagnostic potential and therapeutic capabilities."
1151293,"A proctocol to be administered by nurses for the management of dysuria, frequent urination, and vaginal discharge was validated. In a randomized, controlled trial, 146 women were seen by both nurse and physician and then assigned to either the nurse-proctocol treatment plan or the physician treatment plan. The clinical data collected by the nurse showed no important differences from the physicians' data. The protocol recommended that 89 percent of the patients be sent home without seeing the physician. The physicians agreed with the protocol-recommended disposition in all but two cases. All patients with complications were appropriately referred to the physician. In follow-up, more than 95 percent of both groups reported symptomatic improvement, and repeat urine cultures were negative. We conclude that the protocol can be accurately administered, makes sound recommendations, is safe, and efficiently saves physician time."
1151294,"A study of personality types using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was performed on family practice teachers and residents. The combined group was found to be different from the general medical population. There was a larger percentage of persons who tended to be practical, realistic, present-oriented, organized, and able to deal effectively with factual information. The majority were persons who enjoy seeing immediate results of actions and can made decisions quickly and effectively using whatever information is available. These personality types are similar to those found in the older field of general practice. The residents and faculty were similar in the above respects but a higher percentage of the residents tended to make judgments using impersonal logic and a factual basis for reaching decisions. The faculty, however, had a significantly higher percentage of types who make judgments by considering human values and understanding of people."
1151295,"Preceptorships have become an important means by which medical students are exposed to family practice. In order for a preceptor to be successful in nurturing student interest in family practice, he must have a good understanding of certain characteristics of today's medical students. Important differences exist between preclinical and clinical students, and the preceptorship must be designed accordingly. Unless preceptors are carefully selected and trained, they may have a negative influence on student interest in family practice."
1151296,"A system of chart review is presented which develops both auditing skills and patient care skills. The model suggested is a flexible one, applicable at various levels of training in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Its application to family practice resident training is shown by comparing the performances of residents at the beginning and end of a demonstration period."
1151297,"This article discussed the physician's obligations in record-keeping and current judicial attitude towards the patient's medical record. Physicians are required, both medically and legally, to maintain a current, adequate record for each patient. This established the physician's continuity of care, but it also requires his vigilance and diligence through constant review and surveillance. In the past, the record was exclusively the property of the health care provider. Of late, jurisdictions are decreeing that the health care provider has an absolute right to possession and ownership of the original record only, and the right to the information in the record belongs absolutely to the patient. The physician is liable for the proper maintenance, custody, and storage of the record for the required statutory period. Although the patient can custimarily obtain his record by court order, the courts have also recognized the concept of professional discretion under which a physician may deny the patient access to his medical record if in the physician's judgment he believes it would be to the patient's detriment."
1151298,"Anemia is a common clinical problem requiring precise diagnosis of its underlying etiology in order to provide effective therapy. Most common anemias are characterized by discrete hematologic patterns. The most useful laboratory studies in most instances are red cell indices, blood film, reticulocyte count, platelet count, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. This paper presents simple guidelines for the rational use of common laboratory tests in the diagnostic assessment of anemia."
1151299,"This article summarizes the use of liquid nitrogen as a cryotherapeutic modality in the treatment of various bening skin lesions. Deep cryosurgery also has been effectively instituted for the treatment of malignant cutaneous lesions, but this article will not describe the latter in detail. Liquid nitrogen is equally as effective as other conventional modalities. Superiority of this treatment is attributed to the simplicity of its application and lack of disfigurement and scarring."
1151307,"A study has been made to demonstrate the capability of spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) for differentiating bullets on the basis of elemental composition.  Twenty-six elements are commonly found in bullet lead at the 0.1-ppm level and above.  Only twelve of these prove to be generally useful for quantitative characterization.  The precision of analysis with SSMS using photographic detection is about 10% relative standard deviation.  The accuracy obtained in this study is considerably worse than this, about 30% average error.  In spite of such large errors, SSMS is shown to be far superior to the more precise method of neutron activation analysis.  The reason, of course, is the large number of elements determined by SSMS.  Bullets do not have uniform elemental compositions within a box or lot.  Instead, there are usually two or three distinct groups of bullets within a given box.  Three Winchester boxes representing lots manufactured a few weeks apart showed common groups among them.  All other  boxes had unique groups of bullets, indicating that the method is a promising alternative to the conventional method of identifying bullets by physical markings."
1151308,"A new system for physically recording serial numbers on individual items is proposed.  Each serial number is converted to a unique array of points, and this array is recorded on the item by drilling a set of holes having the arrangement of the array into the item.  Laser drilling can be used to produce holes of small diameter for the array.  The identifying marks extend into the item and cannot be readily removed as surface stampings.  In some cases the serial number can be marked in a critical area, so that its removal would destroy the usefulness of the item.  This system is particularly suitable for the marking of firearms."
1151310,"A rapid, semiautomated radioimmunoassay system for detection of morphine, barbiturates, and amphetamines is described. The assays are applicable to large drug abuse screening programs. The heart of the system is the automatic pipetting station which can accomplish 600 pipetting operations per hour. The method uses 15 to 30 mul or urine for the morphine and barbiturate assay and 100 mul for the amphetamine and combined morphine/barbiturate assays. A number of other drugs were tested for interference with the assays and the results are discussed."
1151312,A death resulting from tripelennamine overdose in a 19-year-old male Caucasian is reported. The patient died 7 h after ingesting approximately twenty 50-mg tripelennamine tablets. A concentration of 1.0 mg/100 ml was found in the blood. All tissue concentrations were measured by ultraviolet spectroscopy and verified by gas-liquid chromatography. Significant findings included pulmonary edema and multiple small petechial hemorrhages in the soft tissue of the scalp.
1151314,This case documents postmortem tissue concentrations of fluorocarbons in an individual whose inhalation of cooking spray vapors was well documented.  The data presented here should contribute to the information base which will assist the pathologist in determining the cause of death in cases related to inhalation of these fluorocarbons.
1151315,"TCBI has been shown to be an extremely sensitive visualizer that gives a wide variety of colors with the drugs of abuse.  The combination of TCBI as a visualization reagent and manual TLC, using flexible silica gel sheets, can provide a rapid means for the preliminary identification of street drugs."
1151316,"Quantitative analysis by quadrupole mass fragmentography is a rapid and accurate method for assay.  Its advantage is fundamentally the requirement for very small sample sizes.  One must allude to the disadvantage of these techniques in the preparation of a deuterated internal standard (if not commercially available) and operator experience with sophisticated instrumentation.  By extrapolating the signal intensities to the baseline intersection (no response) assuming optimal gas chromatographic conditions, 0.5 ng of heroin injected on column appears to be the limit of detection by the above-referenced equipment."
1151318,"Corrosion of compressed air breathing tanks may result in dangerous oxygen depletion.  In every SCUBA mishap the residual air should have, as one of the tests, a measurement of oxygen content.  The tank should also have a visual inspection.  All compressed air breathing tanks should have a routine visual inspection on a regular basis, even if the tank is made or lined with corrosion resistant material."
1151320,"Spectral sensitivities were recorded intracellulary in median ocelli of Anax junius, Aeschnatuberculifera, and Libellulapulcella. All cells had peak sensitivities at 360 and 500 nm while UV-blue+green cells found only in Anax had a third peak sensitivity at 440 nm. Ratios of UV-to-green sensitivities varied from cell to cell in each ocellus, but no UV-only or green-only cells were recorded. Half of the cells tested had a reverse Purkinje shift: They were more sensitive in the green at low illuminations but more sensitive in the UV at high illuminations; their intensity-response curves at 370 and 520 nm crossed but became parallel for large responses. Wave-lengths 420 nm and shorter elicited a family of low intensity-response curves with one slope; wavelengths 440 nm and longer elicities a family of curves with another slope. Orange-adapting lights selectively adapted sensitivity in the green, but UV-adapting lights had little selective effect. Amounts of log-selective adaptation were proportional to log orange-adapting intensity. It is concluded that two spectral mechanisms can be recorded from each cell, possibly by coupling of UV and green cells or possibly because each cell contains two visual pigments. Selective chromatic adaptations may provide the ocellus with a kind of ""authomatic color control,"" while the reverse Purkinje shift could extend the ocellus' sensitivity to prevailing skylight."
1151321,"The kinetic characteristics of the opening and closing of the excitability-inducing material (EIM) channel in oxidized cholesterol and in brain lipid bilayers are compared. The kinetics of the opening and closing of individual ion-conducting channels in bilayers doped with small amounts of EIM are determined from discrete fluctuations in ionic current. The kinetics for approach to steady-state conductance are determined for lipid bilayers containing many channels. Steady-state and kinetic characteristics for the EIM channel incorporated in brain lipid bilayers can be accounted for by the model developed for the EIM channel incorporated in oxidized cholesterol membranes. Relaxation time, calculated from rate constants of single-channel membranes or directly measured in many-channel membranes is strongly temperature dependent, and is always shorter in brain lipid membranes. Changes in temperature do not affect the interaction of the electric field and the open channel, but the open configuration of the EIM channel in brain lipid bilayers is stablized with increasing temperature. The configurational energy difference between the open and closed channel, calculated from temperature studies, is larger in brain lipid bilayers. The energy barrier which separates the two configurations of the channel is larger in oxidized cholesterol bilayers."
1151322,"Membrane electrical properties were measured in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers, having diameters ranging from 50 to 300 mum. Both membrane capacitance and conductance per unit area of apparent fiber surface varied fourfold over this range. Membrane time constant, and capacitance per unit apparent surface area calculated from the foot of the action potential were independent of fiber diameter, having average values of 18.8 +/- 0.7 ms, and 3.4 +/- 0.25 muF/cm2, respectively (mean +/- SEM). The conduction velocity and time constant of the foot of the action potential also appeared independent of diameter, having values of 3.0 +/- 0.1 m/s and 0.10 +/- 0.007 ms. These findings are consistent with earlier suggestions that in addition to membrane on the surface of the fiber, there exists a large fraction of membrane in continuity with the extracellular space but not directly on the surface of the fiber. Combining the electrical and morphological information, it was possible to predict a passive length constant for the internal membranes of about 100 mum and a time constant for chaning these membranes in a passive 100-mum fiber of 1.7 ms."
1151323,"Electrical potentials were recorded from different levels within the skate retina. Comparing the adaptive properties of the various responses revealed that the isolated receptor potential and the S-potential always exhibited similar changes in sensitivity, and that the b-wave and ganglion-cell thresholds acted in concert. However, the two sets of responses behaved differently under certain conditions. For example, a dimly iluminated background that had no measurable effect on the senitivities of either of the distal responses, raised significantly the thresholds of both the b-wave and the ganglion cell responses. In addition, the rate of recovery during the early, ""neural"" phase of dark adaptation was significantly faster for the receptor and S-potentials than for the b-wave or ganglion cell discharge. These results indicate that there is an adaptive (""network"") mechanism in the retina which can influence significantly b-wave and gaglion cell activity and which behaves independently of the receptors and horizontal cells. We conclude that visual adaptation in the skate retina is regulated by a combination of receptoral and network mechanisms."
1151324,"Nystatin and amphotericin B induce a cation-selective conductance when added to one side of a lipid bilayer membrane and an anion-selective conductance when added to both sides. The concentrations of antibiotic required for the one-sided action are comparable to those employed on plasma membranes and are considerably larger than those required for the two-sided action. We propose that the two-sided effect results from the formation of aqueous pores formed by the hydrogen bonding in the middle of the bilayer of two ""half pores,"" whereas the one-sided effect results from the half pores alone. We discuss, in terms of the flexibility of bilayer structure and its thickness, how it is possible to have conducting half pores and ""complete pores"" in the same membrane. The role of sterol (cholesterol and ergosterol) in pore formation is also examined."
1151326,"The effciency of denitrification, or anaerobic respiration, in Pseudomonas denitrificans was investigated, using growth yield as an index. Glutamate was mainly used as the sole source of energy and carbon. In batch culture, the growth yield per mole of electrons transported through the respiratory system under denitrifying conditions was about half that under aerobic conditions. Similar figures were also obtained in chemostat cultures under glutamate-limited conditions. The decrease in growth yield under denitrifying conditions could be due to the restriction of phosphorylation associated with nitrate reduction to nitrogen gas."
1151327,"An obilagte osmophilic mutant (strain BI/4) of Saccharomyces rouxii has been isolated that fails to grow at osmotic pressures corresponding to 20 per cent (w/v) sucrose or less. In 30 percent sucrose the yeast is filamentous and grows slowly. In 40percent sucrose it is mainly filamentous and has over twice the normal diameter. In 60 percentsucrose it grows in the yeast form with a growth rate twic that of the cultrue in 40 per cent sucrose. This mutant is lysed by a suddren drop in the osmotic pressure of the environment. Cell enveoples of the parent strain contained glucose and manose in the ratio I.2; Iand contained 3-8percent (w/v) hexosamine, whereas the envelopes of the mutatn contained 0-8 percent hexosaime. Cell envelopes of  the mutant grown in 40 per cent sucrose contained glucose and mannose in the ratioI.9; I, wheras for envelopes of the yeast grown in 60 percent sucrose the ratio was I.2; I. Neutral lipids from whole cells and those from the envelopes of the mutant strain generally contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the corresponding fractions from the parent strain."
1151328,"The molar growth yields of Pseudomonas denitrificans, for nitrate, nitrite and nitrous oxide, were determined in chemostat culture under electron acceptor-limited conditions. Glutamate was used as the source of energy, carbon and nitrogen. The catabolic pattern was identical, irrespective of the terminal electron acceptors. The molar growth yields, corrected for maintenance energy, were 28-6 g/mol nitrate, 16-9 g/mol nitrite and 8-8 g/mol nitrous oxide. The energy yield, expressed on an electron basis, was proportional to the oxidation number of the nitrogen: nitrate (plus 5), nitrite (plus 3) and nitrous oxide (plus 1). It was concluded that oxidative phosphorylation occurs to a similar extent in each of the electron transport chains associated with the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, nitrite to nitrous oxide and nitrous oxide to nitrogen."
1151329,"Eighty-one strains ofStaphylococcus aureus that appeared to be tetracycline resistant on the basis of a preliminary disc-diffusion test were examined fro resistance to tetracycline and to the semi-synthetic tetracycline, minocycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (m.i.c.) values for both drugs were determined after induction of the strains by growth for 2 h in sub-inhibitory concentrations fo tetracycline. Forty-seven strain (58 percent) had m.i.c. values for minocycline of I2.5 MUg/ml or greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.r greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.values for minocycline of 3.I25 to 6-25 MUg/ml and were classified as low-level resistant strain. It appears, therefore, that a faily high proportion fo tetracycline-resistant strains isolated at the present time are resistant of concentrations of minocycline unattainbale in vivo with the recommended dosage forthis antibiotic (Fishk & Tunevall, 1969). Transductioal analysis of the genetic determinantswo types of resistance to high concentrations of tetracycline. Strains in the first categroy (A)were inducibly resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to minocycline; in these strains  the resistance determinant was plasmid-borne. Strains in the second categroy (B) were resistant to both tetracycline and minocycline and had low induction ratios for tetracycline resistance; the genetic determinant for resistance in these strains was chromosomal. In addition, certain strains incategroy A  were found to carry a chromosomal gene controlling low-level resistance to tetracycline and minocycline. This low-level resistance to tetracycline was masked in the presence of the tetracycline plasmide but could be demonstrated after loss of the plasmid. The results suggest that more than one mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines may exist in staphylococci."
1151330,"Large-scale synchronous cultures of Crithidia fasciculata were prepared by a sedimentation-velocity-size-election method using a non-somotic gradient in a zonal rotor. Synchrony indices of up to 0-68 were obtained (average length of cell-cycle, 5-1h). Dry weight, protein and RNA increased continuously so as to double in one cell-cycle. Rates of oxygen uptake/ml culture increased overall so as to double over a cell-cycle, but rose to maxima at five periods in the cell-cycle. KCN gave a similar degree of inhibition throughout, and so did not alter the periodicity or amplitude of the oscillations. Total adenylates doubled over a cycle, and complex changes in pool sizes of ATP, ADP and AMP were temporally interrelated and were correlated with changes of oxygen uptake rates rather than with changes in biosynthetic requirements. Adenylate charge varied between 0-47 and 0-66 Discontinuous respiratory activity of mitochondria through the cell-cycle and possible mechanisms for its control are discussed with reference to previous data."
1151331,"A soluble extract from Corynebacterium poinsettiae able to synthesize the nucleotide precursor of ite peptidoglycan was prepared. This extract contained all the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of the peptide side-chain. The spedificity of these enzymes was determined and compared with the specificity of similar enzymes extracted from the closely related Corynebacterium insidiosum. In both organsims, addition of the third amino acid of the peptide side-chain was specific for the amino acid and nucleotide dipeptide involved in peptidoglycan synthesis in the parent organism. L-Diaminobutyric acid, which is found as the acetyl derivative in the precursor nucleotide and in the completed peptidoglycan of C. insidiosum, was added as the free amino acid and not as the acetylated compound."
1151336,Conventional methods for the preparation of cell walls of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei destroy the protective antigen. Bacteria were therefore lysed by the enzyme pronase instead of by the mechanical disintegration methods commonly employed. Final purification and separation of cell walls and membranes was achieved by equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sodium iodide in a zonal rotor. The resultant cell walls had a two-layered structure when seen in ultra-thin section and were highly immunogenic when used to immunize mice against challenge with C. chauvoei. Rabbit antisera raised against the cell walls provided passive protection against challenge in mice and the level of protection was not diminished by the absorption of all agglutinins from the sera. These results confirm previous observations that the protective antigen is a heatlabile cell wall antigen which stimulates the production of non-agglutinating protective antibody.
1151337,"Six auxotrophic markers of a halotolerant collagenolytic strain of Achromobacter were transduced by four alpha hages. Abortive transduction was also demonstrated. The generalized transduction system is unusual as the transductants were unstable, characteristic of transduction by lysogeny. The Achromobacter strain is a cryptic lysogen for alpha and purified transductants were either sensitive or resistant to alpha. Purified clones from four resistant transductants and one sensitive transductant liberated phage spontaneously. The host ranges of these spontaneous phage differed from that of the alpha phage used for the transduction experiment. Some initially resistant transductants became simi-sensitive to alpha (efficiency to plating) e.o.p. (10minus-1 to 10minus-2) after repeated cloning."
1151338,Intracellular structures were observed in Candida boidinii grown in a medium containing methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy; these structures were absent in the same organism grown in the presence of glucose or ethanol. These substrate-specific structures are ultrastructurally similar to microbodies. Studies with sphaeroplast and a mutant lacking alcohol-oxidase activity indicate that the alcohol may be located in these microbodies.
1151339,"Ungerminated microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum have a mean cell DNA content of 0-134 times 10--12 g/cell with a guanine-plus-cytosine composition (%GC) of 50-75%. During germination, the first dry weight increase of the spore population was defected after 3 h incubation and the first germ tube appeared after 4 h. The total DNA of the culture sharply increased after 5 h, followed by a pause at 6 h. At this time the DNA content per nucleus was maximal and the first nuclear divisions were detected.   auses in the rise of total DNA of the culture and in the [14C]adenine incorporation pattern suggest that there is partial synchrony in DNA synthesis at the beginning of incubation. This is also supported by the fact that until 8 h, only hyphae with 1, 2 and 4 nucleic were observed. [14C]adenine incorporation into DNA averaged 2-68% of the total taken up in 10 h incubation."
1151340,"Properties of a transducing system with a phage able to transduce a kanamycin-resistance marker of the T compatibility group plasmid R394 at a frequency of 2 times 10(-2)/plaque-forming unit adsorbed are described. The phage was detected in Providence strain P29 transduced to kanamycin resistance by Providence phage PL25 grown on this strain harbouring the R factor. Four P29 transductants, specially selected at the lowest multiplicities of infection of the high frequency transducing (HFT) phage, were defective lysogens. They plated PL25 with an efficiency of I and only one liberated low-titre phage spontaneously or on u.v. induction. The defect in maturation function could be corrected by introduction of a wild PL25 prophage. The transducing phage was serologically frequency was increased by the simultaneous presence of homologous non-transducing phage. Transductants did not transfer the kanamycin-resistance marker by conjugation, and produced kanamycin-sensitive segregants at a moderate rate. These segregants could be transduced to kanamycin resistance by the HFT phage. Irradiation of HFT lysates by u.v. produced an exponential fall in transduction frequency. It was concluded that the defective phage transduced by lysogenization. Kanamycin-resistant transductants could themselves be transduced by streptomycin resistance by PL25 reared on a streptomycin-resistant mutant. Lysogenic transductants produced by the HFT phage did not always liberate HFT phage on u.v. induction. Possible explantations are considered."
1151343,"Envelope proteins of one smooth (S) strain and seven rough (R) mutants of Salmonella minnesota were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All strains gave similar band patterns although some consistent differences were detected. A major polypeptide band at 54k, which coincided with the flagellar component, was more prominent in S, Ra and Rb than in the Rc, Rd and Re chemotypes. The latter strains, however, showed more prominent bands at 48, 19 and 18k. The stage of growth at which the cultures were harvested was also found to affect the band patterns, particularly in the 54 and 40k regions. A closer examination of S, Ra and Re strains suggested that the levels of the major 40 and 37k bands were slightly reduced in Re. It is concluded that the progressive loss of lipopolysaccharide components which occurs from the S chemotype through various degrees of roughness to Re is accompanied by a change in the envelope protein composition, apparently between Rb and Rc."
1151344,"Poly(A)-containing RNA was isolated by cellulose column chromatography from total RNA extracted from Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata 211/8p. RNA retained by the column was identified as poly(A)-containing RNA because it contained ribonuclease-resistant tracts, 25 to 55 nucleotides in length, from which not less than 80% of base was found to be adenine after acid hydrolysis. The base composition of poly(A)-containing RNA differed from that of RNA (largely ribosomal) which did not adsorb to cellulose, having a higher adenine content and a lower guanine content. Poly(A)-containing RNA was polydisperse including molecules with mobilities from 10S to 40S with a mean of about 20S. In an in vitro system derived from wheat-germ, protein synthesis was stimulated by adding poly(A)-containing RNA from Chlorella. Optimum conditions were established in this system with respect to the amount of poly(A)-containing RNA added and the concentration of KCl and Mg-2+. It is proposed that, in Chlorella, poly(A)-containing RNA includes cytoplasmic mRNA as has been shown for some other eucaryotic organisms."
1151347,"Data are presened concerning the economics of a cost-financed mental health facility and a lobor union  insurance program. The total cost per insured enrolle for all mental health services did not exceed $5.41 per year. The cost per treated patient per year remained under $490. These data strongly support the feasibility of including mental health benefits in national health insurance. Costs are then compared between fee-for-service insurance and cost financing. Average costs per treated patient in the cost-financed facility were $302 over a 4-year period. Similar computations under fee-for services financing showed costs of $824. The difference reflects much greater use of hospitalizations in the fee-for-service system. These data and the data from the preceding two papers on the clinical and utilization partterns of cost-financed facilites suggest that these facilities are practical clinical forms. Implications for national health insurance, HMO legislation, and community mental health centers are explored."
1151346,"Specific data are presened concerning the utilization profile of a cost-financed mental health facility. The utilization is enhanced by a mental health education campaign, but total utilization remains within manageable limits (13 per 1000). The visit rate is 8.5 units per patient and remains well within the plan's dollar limits. Comparison between utilizers and the population from which they are drawn shows disproportionate numbers of males in contrast to other outpatient insurance studies. This may be a unique feature of work-related  programs. ""Acting out"" disorders are more common among these workers than in other psychiatric programs in the same geographic area."
1151349,"On the basis of the original Whitehorn-Betz data collected over a 16-year period, it is shown that all previously derived A-B scales of psychotherapist effectiveness using Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) items are deficient in terms of correlation with the original criterion and, frequently, in terms of reliability as well. The reasons for these deficiencies are discussed, and a new experimental A-B scale is formulated and tested for adequacy. This scale is shown to possess substantial internal consistency reliability and to have a high degree of correlation with the criterion even after the removal of possible contaminating factors such as use ofancillary teatments, differences in patient prognosis, and changing practices and interest over time. It is further shown that none of the A-B scales has any validity with respect to female therapists in the original data pool. Exploration of the factor-analytic structure of this new scale and two other widely used A-B measures in terms of the occupationa scales of the SVIB reveals differential loadings on four dimensions labeled verbal/comceptual vs. manual/practical, scientific vs. sales, social concern, and artistic vs. business-oriented. It is concluded that although male therapists' scores on the best of the A-B scales  may , under certain circumstances,be related to short term judged improvement in patients treated, there is little evidence that high scoring therapists are more likey than low scoring ones to have a favorable, long range impact on diagnosed schizophrenics."
1151350,"For more than 10 years much of the research into the effects of therapist characteristics on psychotherapy outcome has focused on the ""A-B"" variable. Various A-B scales have been used to predict differential process and outcome of A and B therapist with schizophrenics and neurotics, respectively. Although significant results frequently have been reported, findings of different studies have seemed to contradict each other, and most independent replication attempts have failed. Since reliable differences in outcomes achieved by various therapists-patient pairings have not been demonstrated, the confusing proliferation of theories concerning what A-B factors ""make the difference"" seems rather premature. A review of outcome and process studies in this area indicates that the phenomena under investigation are much more complex than is reflected in the previous A-B hypotheses. Therapist A-B scores do not predict every kind of success with every kind of patient generically labeled ""schizophrenic"" or ""neurotic"" in every kind of treatment program. This conclusion need not arouse pessimism regarding the value of further A-Bresearch, but it clearly demands greater specificity in hypotheses and in research design. The failure of many recent studies to include true B type therapists has made their findings irrelevant to the A-B hypotheses, and has raised the question of whether the B therapist has become ""extinct."" To provide further information about this phenomenon of the vanishing B therapist, the present authors conducted a survey of all Seattle psychiatrists in private practice. The survey yielded a total distribution of A-B scores which is not significatly skewed in either the A or B direction. However, most of the B's had graduated from residency training prior to 1960, while most of the A's had graduated in more recent years. These results suggest that, although current residency programs may not have enough B doctors for meaningful A-B research, such doctors do exist in the community."
1151351,"Responses of 150 outpatients, suffering from physical or emotional problems to a 186-item questionnaire concerning their possession of behavioral traits that have been associated with anal and oral personality structures, as well as their practices and concerns about mouth and bowel function, were factor analyzed. Results were comparable with those from an earlier study involvine Army recruits as subjects, in showing some factors that resembled aspects of oral and anal character as described in psychoanalytic theory. These factors were not strong, nor were they clearly related to mouth and bowel behavior. Comparisons among clinical sub-groups showed that on five factors that significantly differentiated the groups, mean factor scores of proctological and ulcer patients resembled each other more than they did those of obsessive-compulsive patients, who were quite similar to passive-dependents. A control group of other types of psychiatric patients mixed with dermatological patients was intermediate between the physical and neurotic groups of patients. As seen in these factors, the somatic patients were relatively easy-going, slipshod, and accepting of change. Proctological and obsessive-compulsive patients, both linked to anal fixations by psychoanalytic theory, were the most dissimilar of all groups."
1151352,"Research on temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and aggression is reviewed in order to learn why it has not contributed more to our understanding of the neural basis of aggression. The research problem can be resolved into two questions: Are temporal lobe epileptics more aggressive? What inferences can be drawn about the factors underlying aggression in TLE? Difficulties in finding suitable operational definitions for TLE and for aggression have, to date, received insufficient attention. In published studies, sample bias and lack of regard for the validity and reliability of behavioral assessments prevent our deciding whether an association exists between interictal aggressive behavior and TLE. Even if this association were demonstrated, one could not draw direct neurobehavioral inferences from it, since a variety of social and psychological, as well as neurophysiological variables could contribute to the association. These would have to be controlled. Methodological refinements could lead to more satisfactory answers to the first question, but the second is considerably more difficult. Some sources of complexity and apparent contradictions in the experimental literature on the neurology of aggression are discussed. They consist of technical problems, the complexity of the neural substrate of aggression and the influence of environmental cues and learning. The combined use of electrophysiological and interview techniques has yielded some interesting results with TLE patients."
1151353,"Comparisons were made between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in a sample of Danish adoptees (mean age 30) and it was found that the alcoholics, as children, were more often hyperactive, truant, antisocial, shy, aggressive, disobedient, and friendless. The literature suggesting a relationship between the hyperactive child syndrome and subsequent alcoholism is reviewed, as well as a possible relationship between these disorders and antisocial behavior. The adoptive parent of the two groups did not differ with regard to socioeconomic class, psychopathology, or drinking histories. However, 10 of the 14 alcoholics had biological parents who were alcoholic, with no known alcoholism among the biological parents of the nonalcoholics. As adults, the alcoholics differed from the nonalcoholics only with regard to drinking history, use of drugs, and overt expression of anger."
1151354,"Research done comparing normal and schizophrenic speaker performance is analyzed in light of research evidence showing process-reactive differences on conceptual-verbal tasks. An experiment is reported which looks at male and female process and reactive schizophrenic performance on a speaker task, with results indicating sexual as well as schizophrenic-normal differences. It is emphasized that future research on schizophrenia must ignore neither the sexual nor the process-reactive distinctions."
1151355,"Three hypotheses are presented relative to life crisis and tranquilizer use. Somewhat surprisingly, only the first hypothesis proves out: that the greater the degree of psychological impairment, the greater the probability of tranquilizer ingestion. No relationship between tranquilizer use and the nature of crisis experienced or the number of crises experienced was found."
1151356,"A quantitative investigation of the EEG during hypnosis was made by analyzing the analogue power frequency spectrum of one group of subjects in the awake and hypnotized conditions, and another group (random sample) in the awake condition. Individuals of the first group were thoroughly experienced in self-hypnosis and highly hypnotizable, whereas those of the second group had never been hypnotized and were low in waking suggestibility. There were no statistically significant differences in mean power of the whole EEG spectrum between the awake and hypnotized conditions of the experimental group, although a trend toward increased theta (4 to 8 Hz) density during hypnosis was apparent. This group, however, exhibited significantly more theta activity during both the hypnotized and the awake conditions than the random sample of controls in the awake condition, irrespective of whether the eyes were closed or open. We suggest that this increased theta density in the EEG is related to frequent experience of self-hypnosis, high hypnotizability, or both."
1151357,"The effects of marijuana and a placebo on perceptual-motor coordination, motor ability, and visual perception were compared in cannabis-experienced and naïve subjects. Impairments in coordination were observed in both groups. However, the impairment was greater in the experienced than in the naïve group."
1151358,"Thirty-nine male alcoholics in a voluntary outpatient treatment program were interviewed individually on two separate occasions about their social and drinking history. Critical test questions were identical for both interviews but embedded among different filler items. The validity of the subjects' self-reports about both alcohol and nonalcohol-related questions was assessed through official records and documents. Self-reports of life history data provided by this group of outpatient alcoholics under specified interview procedures were highly reliable and valid. Differential item reliability and validity were obtained. Further, the value of using the technique of double interviews to predict valid and invalid self-reports is discussed. Suggestions for future research are offered."
1151359,"Following the distribution and release of the movie, ""The ""Exorcist,"" much publicity concerning the psychiatric hazards of the film was reported. Numerous cases of traumatic neurosis and even psychosis were supposedly noted. This report confirms the hypothesis that traumatic ""cinema neurosis"" can be precipitated by viewing the movie in previously unidentified psychiatric patients. The paper will examine an early reported case by Freud, investigate some underlying psychological principles in the book, and then report on the presentation and treatment of four cases. This movie seems to be directly related to traumatic neurosis in susceptible people. Classical symptoms and disability were observed following viewing the movie. There are elements in the movie, such as possession with resultant loss of impulse control, that are likely to threaten people with similar problems, and to exceed their ""stimulus barrier."" Suggested treatment recommends brief, early access treatment, using the movie to help each patient to explore where he identified and to understand some of his ambivalent conflicts with either parents or spouse."
1151360,"Plasma aldosterone levels of seven untreated manic-depressive patients in the manic phase were compared to five untreated schizoaffective patients in the excited phase and 18 controls. Aldosterone was significantly elevated in the manic patients, and elevated in the schizoaffective patients. After 14 days of lithium carbonate therapy, both psychiatric groups showed a significant reduction in plasma aldosterone and a marked clinical improvement. These data suggest that elevated aldosterone is associated with the manic phase of manic-depressive psychosis."
1151361,"This paper presents the case of a 39-year-old woman who, several weeks following initiation into transcendental meditation (TM), experienced altered reality testing and behavior. We discuss the course of this episode, present evidence for a causal relationship between her practive of TM and altered behavior, and discuss the appropriate treatment of such phenomena."
1151362,"This two-part paper deals with an experimental model for studying interactional behavior from a systems point of view. The experimental model incorporates a research strategy utilizing both a token economy and the simulation of a naturally occurring clinical phenomenon, the alcoholic drinking gang. The model is primarily geared to do two things: a) study the changes in clinical behavior that occur when experimental conditions are manipulated to facilitate the formation of the behavioral ""system"" as opposed to experimental conditions which interfere with system formation; and b) build into the model tasks which produce measurable performance data as a method of monitoring behavior deemed essential for the successful development of an operational system. The experimental model involved admitting up to six alcoholic individuals to a research ward specifically designed for studies utilizing experimentally induced intoxication. Each study was divided into a 7-day predrinking period, a 10- to 14-day drinking period, during which time alcohol was available to research subjects, and a 5- to 7-day withdrawal period. A token economy was established which allowed for the following essential features to be present: a) a group of chronic alcoholic individuals who desire to go through a drinking experience together; b) the pooling of resources in order to purchase alcohol; c) rules established by the group for the sharing of whatever alcohol becomes available to the group; and d) the opportunity to earn money for the purchase of additional alcohol after the initial supply runs out, in order to keep the group drinking experience going. All ""money"", or tokens, could be earned only via successful performance at the Cooperative Task Device (CTD), a cooperative, two-person game, and tokens could be utilized to purchase three types of commodities from an automated dispensing machine, alcohol, cigarettes, and television time. Automated data recording provided detailed data about CTD performance and commodity-purchasing records. The discussion centers around difficulties inherent in a simulated model of natural behavior. It is pointed out that laboratory simulation vs. natural setting, as the preferred site for carrying on behavioral research, remains an active controversy, and the arguments on both sides are presented. Difficulties inherent in doing ""systems"" research are also discussed. A series of alternative hypotheses to explain behavior within the simulated drinking gang are listed, and the data that would be necessary in order to substantiate these alternative hypotheses are also listed. It is maintained that the simulated drinking gang is an advantageous experimental model in that it closely approximates the basic criteria of the naturally occurring phenomenon, while at the same time allowing subjects a range of behaviors, each of which substantiates a different hypothesis about the central organizing feature in alcoholic groups."
1151363,"Data analysis involved data from three different sources, the Cooperative Task Device (CTD), the commodity dispensing machine, and a Stephenson Breathalyzer (for blood alcohol determinations). Data were analyzed on three different levels: individual, dyadic, and whole group. Results are presented for work performance, role performance, commodity purchase patterns, comparisons of work and purchase patterns, and correlations of work time with work efficiency and blood alcohol levels. Marked discrepancies in individual and dyadic work performance were found in all three groups and there was no relationship between chips earned and chips spent. The ""drinking gangs"" seemed quite willing to tolerate ""freeloading"" when it occurred. Role performance at the CTD was inconsistent; individuals for the most part fluctuated in their role performance rather than remaining in a stable role, e.g., leader. There was no demonstrable correlation between work time at the CTD and either work efficiency or blood alcohol levels. Lastly, dyadic formation vis-à-vis work performance showed considerable fluctuation over time. Group members did not pair off into consistent and stable dyads when playing the CTD. These findings are discussed from the point of view of the series of alternative hypotheses presented in part I. It is maintained that the data are inconsistent with all of these hypotheses, but that they do help to substantiate and are consistent with the concept of the ""drinking system."""
1151364,"This investigation utilized a procedure designed to determine patterns of cognitive appraisal, and autonomic reactivity which characterize groups of normals, and paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics.  Results indicated that both groups of schizophrenics evidenced electrodermal habituation and increased finger pulse constriction.  Normals indicated that stress stimuli became less disturbing over trials and displayed both electrodermal and digital vasomotor habituation.  Electrodermal habituation curves for paranoids and normals were similar, with nonparanoids evidencing slower habituation.  Paranoids tended to under-rate or deny their emotional reactions."
1151365,"The literature regarding the use of hypnosis in the therapy of multiple personality is reviewed.  Cautions of other authors are noted which intend to protect the patient from further ""splitting"" of the personalities involved.  A case of a 25-year-old woman is described in which, several months after leaving therapy abruptly, a second personality appeared and prompted her re-entry into treatment.  Hypnosis was employed several weeks after restarting therapy on four separate occasions.  Therapeutic outcome was favorable with coalescence of the personality into a new whole.  A rationale for the use of hypnosis in this case is presented."
1151366,"Labeling bias refers to subjects judging normal individuals as mentally ill as a function of diagnostically irrelevant stimuli (e.g., suggestions of mental illness made by a prestige figure).  Three studies investigating the generality of the labeling bias effect are reported.  Experiment 1 failed to find the effect with undergraduates, but demonstrated that these subjects can discriminate an audio tape recording of a psychiatric patient from a tape of a normal person.  Experiment 2 demonstrated labeling bias in mental health service workers.  Experiment 3 produced labeling bias in undergraduates by manipulating the ""relevance"" of the prestige figure.  The data from the three studies were interpreted as indicating that, contrary to previous interpretation, professional identity is not a necessary condition for producing labeling bias.  Reanalysis of the data of previous research supported the hypothesis that labeling bias is extremely general, and probably related to attractiveness of the communicator who gives the suggestion of mental illness, setting, ambiguity of desired response, and other similar variables well documented in the social psychology literature."
1151367,"A series of studies demonstrated that out-of-awareness taped messages produce boundary decrement, as measured by the Barrier score, in men.  The messages variously included hostility, depression, body, vulnerability, and reassurance themes.  All themes, when properly primed, resulted in boundary decline in men.  Nonprimed and control conditions did not affect the boundary.  Contrastingly, no significant boundary changes were produced by the primed out-of-awareness themes in women.  It was proposed that men are more disturbed than women by feeling that material has gained entrance to them in a fashion which they cannot control."
1151368,"The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, was measured in the serum of a strain of Wistar rats homozygous and heterozygous for a genetic form of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus and in Wistar control rats. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and water intake was highest in the homozygous affected rats and lowest in normal controls. Treatment with pitressin tannate reduced serum enzyme activity and water intake in rats with diabetes insipidus to levels which did not differ from controls. Thus serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity appeared to vary directly with changes in sympathetic nerve activity in response to intravascular volume depletion and repletion."
1151369,"Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity of the neuronal Golgi apparatus exhibits specific patterns, characterizing nerve cell types of the rat spinal cord at the light microscopal level. Electron histochemistry reveals TPPase activity within cisterns of the internal part of the dictiosomes and in vesicles associated with the Golgi system. According to electron microscopical studies performed on semi-thin (0.5 mu) sections, TTPase activity outlines a three-dimensional system of fenestrated cisterns and cisterns and vesicles. In accord with literature data, asotomy of motoneurones results in a light microscopic decrease of dictiosomal TTPase activity and in an electron microscopic hypertrophy  of the Golgi system. Electron histochemically, TTPase in the hepertrophied cisterns exhibits a sporadic, patchy localization, which is completely restored only in the state of restitution. On the contrary, transection of dorsal roots does not induce any light- or electron microscopic alterations in the TPPase activity of cells in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. Alterations of neuronal TPPase reaction offer a methodological possibility for hodological studies."
1151370,Unilateral cerebral infarctions are produced in 30-50% of all gerbils subjected to ipsilateral ligation of a common carotid artery. It has previously been shown that this infarction is associated with a major depletion if ipsilateral brain dopamine. The present studies characterize the spontaneous and drug-induced rotational behavior manifested by these animals and attempt to relate it to the functional activity of dopaminergic synapses. The tendency of animals to turn towards the side of the lesion 2-3 hours after surgery was found to correlate highly with the unilateral dopamine depletion observed after 24 hours. Two patterns of rotational responses were observed among animals showing symptoms that were treated with d-amphetamine or apomorphine; these could be correlated with mortality 24 hours after surgery.
1151371,"Behavioural analyses have been made of effects brought about by both single and combined injections of dopamine, haloperidol, carbachol and atropine into the caput nuclei caudati of rhesus monkeys. High doses of dopamine produced the subsequent development of three types of behavioural changes: an increase in the number of skilled manipulation movements (the dynamic phase); the appearance of a dystonic torticollis (the dystonic phase); and, finally, the appearance of an oro-lingual-facial dyskinesia and a number of dyskinetic activities in the extremities (the dyskinetic phase); low doses of dopamine solely produced the dynamic phase. Haloperidol only inhibited the dopamine-induced dynamic and dystonic phase: it did not suppress the dyskinetic phase. High doses of carbachol produced the subsequent development of four phases: a dynamic, dystonic, dyskinetic and epileptoid phase; the last one was marked by the appearance of secondary generalized epileptic seizures. Low doses of carbachol solely produced the dynamic phase. Atropine inhibited the carbachol-induced dynamic, dystonic and epileptoid phase; it did not suppress the dyskinetic phase. High doses of dopamine strongly modified the carbachol-induced phases: dopamine intensified the dystonic phase on the one hand, but it abolished the generalized epileptic seizures on the other hand. Apart from the fact that the data presented have confirmed that both dopaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms within the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys are involved in the elicitation and modulation of both normal and abnormal motor activities, they have also revealed that the simple concept of a stristal acetylcholine-dopamine ""see-saw"" has to be revised. Furthermore, the data have suggested that development of supersensitive dopamine-sensitive sites is not the only mechanism that underlies the elicitation of the oro-lingual-facial dyskinesia. And finally, the present experiments have given clearcut evidence that an intrastriatal acetylcholine-dopamine ""see-saw"" fulfils and essential role in the process involved in the generalization of epileptic seizures."
1151391,"A 25 year old man, with a family history of multiple sclerosis in two preceding generations, developed transient sensory changes and incoordination, initially on the left side, and then several months later on the right side in association with an elevated CSF gamma globulin. This was followed by an acute optic neuritis. During the latter episode he developed a positive brain scan which was unaccompanied by any clinical findings explained by a lesion in that area. Cerebral arteriography was normal and the brain scan returned to normal four weeks later, possibly as a result of blood brain barrier restoration. Abnormal brain scans appear to occur only during acute exacerbations of demyelinating disease, and multiple sclerosis should be part of the differential diagnosis of a positive brain scan in a person in the appropriate age range."
1151392,"Lumbar and ventricular CSF concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) have been determined in 13 patients admitted to hospital for suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Low values of HVA in lumbar CSF were found in all patients with reduced CSF absorption and CSF flow inversion. The HVA lumbar concentration remained low after shunt procedure; it increased if obstruction of the shunt occurred. The ventricular CSF concentration of HVA was normal before surgery; it became higher, in two cases, after surgery. No important variations were found in the lumbar and ventricular CSF concentration of 5-HIAA. The possible mechanisms and diagnostic value of these findings are discussed."
1151393,"A 53-year old man presented with a malignant meningioma which was incompletely removed. The tumour subsequently metastasized through the cerebrospinal pathways causing clinical signs through invasion of the cranial nerve roots. Microscopically, the metastatic deposits displayed a papillary pattern and increased anaplastic cytological features."
1151394,"The hypothesis is put forward that the disturbance of gait seen with tumours of the posterior fossa is largely due to subacute dilatation of the ventricular system and not to the involvement of midline cerebellar structures concerned with balance or the coordination of truncal muscles, as is widely taught. This hypothesis is examined in the light of the clinical evidence provided by the symptomatology and treatment of 19 consecutive cases of intracranial mass lesions exhibiting truncal ataxia."
1151395,"The clinical course and prognosis of 282 cases of acute post-traumatic coma have been studied. Death occurred in 140 cases (49 percent), and, of survivors, about two-thirds achieved complete social reintegration, while one-third were partially reintegrated or not at all. The quality of survival did not depend only on the nature of the physical sequelae, but also on other factors, particularly social ones. With regard to early prognosis, the authors believe it is possible to predict the final outcome of the patient by using the indices of age, level of coma, and the nature of the intracranial lesions."
1151396,"A further attempt has been made to define the receptor responsible for the inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes by vibration in man. Vibration of the tendo Achillis will produce inhibition of the H reflex even when the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are denervated or blocked with local anaesthetic, implying that there are receptors in the posterior compartment capable of producing this effect. However, there is evidence that vibration spreads through the limb. The inhibition is greater when the anterior compartment is innervated indicating that there is a contribution from receptors in this compartment. Stretching the muscles of the posterior compartment alone, or the muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments reciprocally does not influence the inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration. These observations support the contention that the reduction of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration in man is due to presynaptic inhibition resulting from activation of primary spindle endings."
1151397,"Vibration of the masseter and temporalis muscles in normal human adult subjects elicits a tonic vibration reflex with unexpected features. The electromyographic response is not asynchronous as in the limb muscles, but involves well-defined spikes with a one-to-one temporal relation to the vibration cycles. The effect of various parameters such as muscle stretch, vibration frequency or amplitude, etc, has been investigated. The small latency fluctuation of the vibration-induced spikes is compatible with a monosynaptic reflex mechanism which is considered to be assisted by a polysynaptic facilitatory background of proprioceptive origin."
1151398,"A case of infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy is described in which symptoms started at 1 year of age with weakness and hypotonus in the lower extremities. The electrophysiological status was typical of a polyneuropathy, showing fibrillation and a reduction of the nerve conduction velocity to 30 percent of the average for normal children of the same age. Clinical signs of a central lesion and mental regression were not evident until a year later. Nerve biopsy showed metachromatic granules in the phagocytes and in the Schwann cells, confirming the diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy. In peripheral neuropathy in infancy without obvious cause, a nerve biopsy is the most appropriate method for diagnosis of the metachromatic leucodystrophy."
1151399,"Two patients are presented who had suffered episodes of ischaemia of the brain-stem, mainly affecting one side of the pons. In addition to the more usual neurological signs, these two patients had cardiac arrhythmia: one had a sinus arrhythmia, the other a wandering pacemaker. In both patients the hemidiaphragm on the side ipsilateral to the lesion was transiently elevated. The mechanisms responsible for the arrhythmia and the elevated hemidiaphragm are discussed."
1151400,"Nine cases of multiple sclerosis with paroxysmal disorders were treated with acetazolamide. In most cases a brain-stem origin of the seizures was suggested by their particular pattern: crossed syndromes (facial spasm associated with contralateral weakness of the arm and leg, paroxysmal paraesthesiae in one side of the face and weakness of the contralateral leg), paroxysmal dysarthria, and ataxia. One patient with a Brown-Sequard syndrome complained of paroxysmal paraesthesiae in the lower limbs, for which a spinal origin was admitted. In all patients the paroxysmal disorders were promptly suppressed or markedly reduced by acetazolamide."
1151401,"Ten cases of intracranial tuberculoma are described. These were investigated and treated at one centre in a 20 year period. The last five cases have occurred in immigrant Asians in the last five years, suggesting an increasing incidence. Diagnostic pointers are discussed and the value of brain scanning emphasized."
1151402,"The absorption of phenytoin was studied in man. It is concluded that phenytoin absorbed from the intestine is recirculated via the bile, so that blood levels do not accurately reflect absorption. Phenytoin is loosely bound to serum proteins and is found in red cells in concentrations similar to those in plasma. It is rapidly lost from the blood stream after intravenous administration, which is an important factor to be considered in the treatment of status epilepticus."
1151403,"Two siblings are reported who developed classical signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism in the first decade of life. In addition, they had evidence of cortical spinal tract disease, thus putting them in the category of Davison's pallido-pyramidal syndrome. Both deteriorated to the point of a non-productive existence until the institution of levodopa treatment, at the ages of 18 and 20 years. The response of the extrapyramidal signs plus the lack of response of the pyramidal tract signs demonstrate the specificity of a pharmacological agent in certain areas of the nervous system. The rapid response of the female patient to very low doses of levodopa is unusual in our experience. Both patients have remained well for eight months after initiation of treatment."
1151404,"The fungistatic agent diphenyl caused fatal poisoning with signs of neurotoxicity in a worker in a Finnish paper mill. This initiated a neurophysiological study of 24 workers occupationally exposed to diphenyl. Ten men showed EEG abnormalities, mainly diffuse or generalized ones. The abnormalities persisted on re-examination one and two years later. Nine subjects had EMG abnormalities; seven also exhibited fibrillations in some muscles. One subject showed a long rhythmic series of fasciculations similar to the spontaneous activity described in infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Nerve conduction velocity, especially that of slower motor fibres, was reduced in several cases. Electroneuromyographic abnormalities also persisted on re-examination. Although diphenyl is considered a comparatively safe chemical, it showed evidence of neurotoxicity when workers were exposed to concentrations in excess of the presently accepted threshold limits. Electrophysiological methods should be applied for the early detection of occupational hazards."
1151405,"A method of measuring and analysing intention tremor using a linear accelerometer is described. Reasons are given for measuring this particular parameter of the tremor, for using this specific energy conversion device, and for employing the particular form of analysis. A comparison of the numerical values obtained for the amount of tremor activity, compared with a corresponding clinical grading, is made for 30 patients with intention tremor due to a variety of pathological causes. It is shown that the method gives clear correlation with the clinical assessments, although certain discrepancies are noted, and their importance discussed."
1151406,"Thirty-one patients with intention tremor due to a variety of causes were subjected to measurements of their intention tremor. The effect of varying amounts of lead weights on the amount of limb tremor recorded was noted. It is concluded that simple methods of treatment may be of benefit, and that an objective method of measuring intention tremor overcomes many of the difficulties of a clinical trial of this type. The method described yields quantifiable data which can be subjected to statistical analysis to help overcome the problem of variability. Bias in the results due to practice or fatigue effects has proved negligible. An optimum amount of lead, which was usually between 600 and 840 g, has been noted."
1151407,"Cystic lesions were found in the telencephalic germinal layer of 12 newborn babies. According to their location, the cysts could be divided into three groups: anterior, middle or thalamostriate, and posterior. The histological appearance of all cysts was essentially the same, but in three cases the germinal layer had a peculiar alveolar type of microcystic degeneration. A constant feature was the presence in the cyst wall of small white granulations composed of germinal cells and/or glial tissue. Cystic degeneration of the germinal layer was usually bilateral and sometimes quite extensive. After the involution of the germinal layer, these lesions are likely to persist as subependymal cysts, characterized by their specific location and the presence of glial granulations."
1151408,"Computerized midline echoencephalography was developed in order to make the determination of the midline more objective. In a group study involving the neurosurgical clinics in Berlin, Erlangen, and Munich, a total of 1,889 patients with various intracranial diseases was examined by this method. An exact analysis of the results obtained is presented: 18 percent were unsatisfactory."
1151409,"Eight cases of obstructive hydrocephalus manifesting palsy of upward gaze and other features of the Sylvian aqueduct syndrome are reported. During the crisis of intracranial hypertension, all of them developed upward gaze palsy and variable abnormalities of the convergence mechanism such as paralysis, spasm, and convergence nystagmus. The frequent apparent blindness was probably related to gaze paralysis, since visual evoked responses were present. All these ocular abnormalities disappeared after shunting. Periaqueductal dysfunction on the basis of raised intracranial pressure is postulated as the possible mechanism for the above ocular manifestations. The 'setting sun' sign is frequently seen in infants and children with hydrocephalus and has been considered in the past to result from displacement of eyeballs by pressure from the orbital roof plate. Our observations would suggest periaqueductal dysfunction rather than the mechanical displacement as the possible mechanism for this sign."
1151410,"Three cases of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia presenting in adult life, in which a myopathy was a prominent presenting feature, are described. In one, a nasopharyngeal haemangioma was also present. Possible mechanisms underlying the myopathy are discussed briefly."
1151411,"Single motor unit potentials recorded from surface electrodes over the extensor digitorum brevis muscle and evoked by stimulation of the anterior tibial nerve at the ankle were obtained by a computer subtraction method. Their latencies, durations, amplitudes, and areas were measured in control subjects and patients with Duchenne, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. Lateral popliteal motor nerve conduction velocities were also recorded. In the muscular dystrophies there was a significant increase in both the latencies and durations of motor unit potentials, the latter in notable contrast with the findings of conventional needle electromyography. Fastest motor conduction velocities were significantly reduced in the limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic muscular dystrophy patients, while the shortest distal motor latencies were significantly prolonged in these patients and those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The results support the presence of a definitive neurogenic influence in the muscular dystrophies."
1151412,"Forty-seven cases of cerebellar abscess have been reviewed, 93% of which were secondary to otogenic disease. There has been little change in the annual incidence during the period of time under review. The overall mortality was 41%, but with successive decades the mortality has increased. Three factors appear to be of importance in determining survival: the patient's ability to control his infection; reduction of the effect of the posterior fossa mass, preferably by complete excision of the abscess under antibiotic cover; and, in the case of otogenic abscess, an adequate radical mastoidectomy with bone removal to the site of attachment of the abscess to the dura mater."
1151413,"Two long-surviving cases of cortical blindness are described, one total and the other total except for detection of sudden transitions from light to darkness and darkness to light. Both suffered from severe defect of recent memory, which lasted a month in one, and till death after nearly six years in the other. One patient survives. Necropsy findings on the other are given."
1151414,A patient with dysgraphia resulting from a gunshot wound of the brain is presented. Analysis of the functional status of component operations involved in the skill of writing is described. A retraining scheme based on this analysis brought about a significant improvement in the patient's handwriting.
1151415,"In the adductor pollicis muscle of patients with limb-girdle and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies and possible carriers of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, abnormal active state properties were found at the time when there was no alteration of needle electromyography and evoked muscle action potentials. Adrenaline induced a marked reduction of incomplete tetanus via beta receptors without change in neuromuscular transmission."
1151416,"A patient is described who successfully underwent cerebral hemispherectomy for malignant glioma and whose death nine months later, wrongly ascribed to recurrent malignancy, was in fact due to a subsequently-developing benign meningioma in the remaining hemisphere. The possible advantages of a modification of standard hemispherectomy technique are also discussed."
1151417,"The findings in a patient with focal reflex or action myoclonus suggest that the cortical somatosensory evoked response and the long loop reflex of the finger flexor muscles evoked by extension of the index finger at the volar surface of the distal phalanx occur largely through stimulation of touch or pressure receptors with evidence of a lesser contribution by joint receptors or muscle stretch receptors. Touch or pressure in the absence of movement is an adequate stimulus, whereas muscle stretch by itself is not."
1151418,The influence of the Jendrassik manoeuvre on the myotatic reflex was analysed using a strain gauge as an indicator of the upper extremity movement and the H reflex of the soleus muscle as the test reflex. The most prominent factor responsible for the enhancement was not the speed or the strength of the manoeuvre but the timing from the instruction.
1151419,"We have compared the lymphocyte in vitro proliferative response induced by muscle extract, phytohaemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and normal subjects. Similar mean responses to antigen and mitogen were seen in cells of all groups of patients. The proliferative responses induced by muscle did not differ in thymic cells from myasthenics as compared with those from cardiac surgery controls. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that cell-mediated immunity to muscle or major impairment of lymphocyte responses to mitogens occurs in these diseases."
1151420,"A prominent feature in dementia is intellectual deterioration. Review of the clinical literature indicates a lack of suitably quantitated studies of specific intellectual defects in dementia. The present study investigated the performance of patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID), dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) with dementia using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Forty-two patients ranging in age from 45 to 85 years (x 66) were included. Significant differences in cognitive and intellectual performance were found between patients with dementia due to VBI and MID versus neuronal atrophy of the Alzheimer's type. The group with AD performed significantly and consistently lower on all measures. There were no significant differences between the two cerebrovascular disease groups, even though the MID group performed consistently more poorly than the VBI group. A discriminant function analysis classified 74% of the patients correctly based on the individual WAIS scores. The diagnosis was more easily made when tasks measuring visual motor coordination and abstract reasoning were included in the analysis."
1151421,"Twenty-four patients receiving unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for depression were given the first treatment with electrodes on the left or right side of the head and the second treatment with electrodes on the opposite side. They were tested with the Word Associate Learning subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale when fully responsive after the first ECT and after the same time interval following the second ECT. Twelve were left-handed and 12 were right-handed writers. In both groups, better scores were usually obtained after right-sided treatment. Redistribution of patients into sinistral, mixed, and dextral groups showed that this difference between the effects of left and right-sided ECT was significant only in dextrals. Only two right-handed writers had scores indicating right-sided dominance for speech; both were 'shifted sinistrals'. Left hemisphere dominance was indicated in 67% of all non-dextrals. Eight of nine patients in whom testing was repeated after a second pair of treatments on alternate sides obtained scores favouring the same side in both pairs of testing. Findings indicate the need for closer inquiry into handedness than is often made before unilateral ECT is prescribed. Further development of unilateral ECT for establishing cerebral dominance in individuals is supported by the results."
1151422,"Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum has been reported to occur in the prolapsed intervertebral disc syndrome. The ligaments from 28 patients were compared with a necropsy control group (18). Only minor histological anomalies were noted in two patients and the ligament was not thickened in cases of disc prolapse. In addition, there was no evidence to suggest previous trauma to the ligaments associated with disc protrusion or that the elastic fibres in the ligament degenerate with age, although some degeneration of the collagen fibres had apparently occurred in the two oldest control cases."
1151423,"A patient with observed acute collapse of a lumbar vertebral body developed cauda equina compression. He was known to have contracted syphilis some 20 years before and, while he may well have suffered from tabetic spinal neuroarthropathy, histology of the collapsed vertebra showed features which indicate that an intra-osseous gumma could also have been responsible for his vertebral collapse and subsequent neurological deficit."
1151424,"Blood coagulation tests were performed on admission to the hospital and on consecutive days after severe and moderate head injury in 34 patients. Platelet counts and fibrinogen were normal at admission and raised thereafter. The partial thromboplastin time was shortened at admission and lengthened in the following days. Fibrinolytic activity was enhanced at admission. The ethanol gelation test was negative in all patients during the post-traumatic time course. It was concluded that, in the first 24 hours after injury, activated coagulation was present after head injury. In contrast with data of other authors, disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in these series."
1151425,Severe cold injury of the brain increased significantly both total creatine kinase and the corresponding brain isoenzyme (CKBB) activity in confluens sinuum samples. CKBB could be detected also in peripheral blood a few hours after severe brain injury in eight of 12 patients. Finding of CKBB in human plasma may prove a useful indicator of severe brain injury.
1151426,"Spontaneous extradural haemorrhage may be due to neighbourhood infections, vascular malformations of the dura mater, and disorders of blood coagulation. Two cases are described here: in one, infection was present; in the other, there was a berry aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery with a small parietal dural angioma. Operation was successful in both patients."
1151428,"The authors attempt to separate clinical subgroups of patients within the larger category of vertebrobasilar artery disease, and to indicate the present role of angiography in their recognition and management. Angiography is of use in separating posterior fossa occlusive vascular  lesions from space occupying lesions. In addition, by defining the locus and nature of the occlusive process, it may result in more rational treatment and prognostication. Subgroups of vertebrobasilar ischaemia which have a favourable prognosis may be separable clinically or, in unclear cases, angiographically."
1151429,"The prevalence of migraine in the general population has been calculated using a standard mailed questionnaire, which inquired about headache and the individual features of migraine, and which previously had been compared with a clinical diagnosis. In three separate epidemiological surveys the prevalence in the preceding year was found to be between 23 and 29% in women and between 15 and 20% in men. The prevalence declined with age in both men and women. These surveys show that migraine is much more prevalent than the frequently quoted figure of about 10% of the population which does not seem to be based on any particular survey."
1151431,"This study compares the results of cell counting in the human cerebral cortex by a traditional and an automatic procedure. Four blocks were taken from standard areas of each of 10 brains from individuals aged 18-95 years and showing no neurological abnormality. Sections from each block were counted by traditional and automatic methods, both of which are described. The traditional method used photomicrographs and the automatic procedure used the quantimet 720 Image Analysing Computer. The degree of reproducibility of each method was measured and the results are discussed and tabulated. Comparison are made of the total cell counts, and the counts of cells measuring greater than 20 um across. The results show a high level of correlation between the two procedures but the manual count yields higher number for total cells and smaller numbers for large cells than the automatic method. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed and examples of the arterfacts which produce them are giver. Using the traditional method described the amount of meterial examined took about 4 months to study. The sane tissue can be assessed in 1 day using the automatic apparatus. The high speed and close correlation achieved by the automatic procedure makes it a valuable aid in quantitative cell studies in the central nervous system."
1151432,"The active established plaque in multiple sclerosis is characterized by hypercellularity at its edge and lipid phagocytosis (gitter cells). The hyperactive early plaque shows cells throughout the lesion. Active plaques seems to extend at their edges; proteolysis of myelin basic protein is perhaps an important factor in the myelin breakdown at the rim of these lesions. The hyperactive early plaque usually shows infiltration with monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells around its central vein. The phagocytic element is presumably a response to myelin breakdown but the significance of the lymphocytes in these lesions in uncertain. Perivenular infiltrates that are predominantly composed of lymphocytes are seen around veins and venules in the vicinity of established lesions in some patients who died during an acute episode..."
1151433,Plasma glucose and insulin values and insulin values were measured during an OGTT test in patients with MND and matched controls. CSF insulin and glucose levels were measured in the fasting state in 11 patients and 1 hr after a glucose load in 3 patients. There was no significant difference between the values found in the plasma or CSF of the MND patientsand controls. The possible mechansim causing anterior horn cell death in MND is discussed.
1151434,"The morphological changes in subcutaneously implanted muscle homografts in mice were studied by light and electron microscopy 1-23 days after transplantation. The initial degenerative changes were identical in isografts and allografts and were essentially thesame as those found in muscle explants in tissue culture and aftervarious forms of muscle injury. Regnerative changes were prominent at the periphery of graftsby 48-72 hr beforeevidence of graft revascularization could be demonstated by India ink perfusion. Active regeneration occurred in isografts and in allografts during the first week resulting in the formation of  a new population of muscle fibres. Rejection subsequently occurredin allografts between days 7-14. Regeneration was  retarded or completely inhibitied by exposure of the donor animal to 1,500 rad of X-irradiation 1-2 hours prior to transplantationsuggesting that regeneration is brough about by  cells dervied from the graft. Eectron-microscopic observations in 48-72 hr grafts suggested that primitive mononucleated myogenic  cellsmay form within degeneratiang muscle fibres by a process of myonuclear sequestration. Inactive satellite cells were present in the muscle from which grafts were taken in some  donoranimals but no definite conclusions could be reached as to the role of these cells in graftsregeneration."
1151435,Neural abnormalities (area of amyelination) have been found in the cranial nerves and in the ventral cervical and lumbosacral roots and in the mixed spinal nerves of bar harbor dystrophic mice of both the severe (129 Re/J dy/dy) and benign (dy-2J DY-2J) forms. The significance of these findings is discussed.
1151436,"A quantitative study of the ultrastructural changes occurring at degenerating motor axon terminals of the mouse hemidiaphragm in the first 26 h following unilateral phrenicotomy has been made. Several ultrastructural characteristics of axon terminals from normal diaphragms and phrenicotomized and control hemidiaphragms of phrenicotomized preparations were analyzed. Considerable swelling and disruption of mitochondria occurred in terminals of control hemidiaphragms at 3, 6 and 9 h postphrenicotomy after which no more damage than that seen in normal terminals after fixation for electron microscopy was observed. At terminals of the phrenicotomized hemidiaphragm, much mitochondrial damage was observed from 3 h post-phrenicotomy onwards. In phrenicotomized hemidiaphragms all terminals had completely degenerated by 26 h post-phrenicotomy. Reduced synaptic vesicle population densities occurred during degeneration. At many axon terminals on phrenicotomized hemidiaphragms the population densities of synaptic vesicles were reduced compared with controls and vesicle aggregates were noted in many engulfed or partially engulfed nerve terminals. These results are discussed with respect to the vesicle hypothesis for nerve-muscle transmission. The mechnisms underlying Schwann cell hyperactivity are also considered."
1151437,"The proximal stump of a predominantly myelinated nerve (sternohyoid) was anastomosed in a tube to the distal stump of a largely unmyelinated nerve (cervical sympathetic) in order to explore the role of the axon in activating Schwann cells to produce myelin. The two nerves were examined after being united for periods between 3 and 15 weeks. At these times, regenerating myelinated and nonmyelinated fibres, originating from the proximal stump, were seen within the original fascicle in the distal stump of the sympathetic trunk. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the mean number of myelinated fibres in the anastomosed sympathetic nerves from the mean number of myelinated fibres in the normal sympathetic nerve. The histological and ultrastructural features of the anastomosed nerves are described and the differences between the morphology of the intratubal and extratubal regions are highlighted. The results of this study may indicate that the axon instructs the Schwann cell to produce myelin, but before this conclusion is reached, the origin of the myelinating cells has to be determined."
1151438,"The fine structure of the prothoracic and mesothoracic femoral chordotonal organs of a grasshopper, Romalea microptera, is described. A single chordotonal organ may contain more than 300 sensory units. Each unit includes the cell bodies and dendrites of two neurons, together with sheath cells of several kinds. The cytoplasm of the sheath cells is packed with microtubules and filaments. These cells surround the cell bodies of the neurons and anchor them to the inner surface of the femoral wall. The dendrites from the two neurons are enclosed by a scolopale cell. At the distal end of this cell they traverse the extra-cellular space within the scolopale and their tips are fitted into cavities in the scolopale cap. The ciliary region of each dendrite is dilated for about one fourth of its total length. The cap is embedded in an elongate cap cell which is attached, in turn, to a ligament cell. The ligament cells are, themselves, attached to an apodeme that extends in from the tibia. When the tibia is flexed, the chordotonal organ is stretched and when it is extended, the organ is relaxed. It is postulated that the mass of the dilated region affects the character of the vibration that is induced when the dendrite is stretch or relaxed."
1151439,"The ultrastructure of the Type I cells in rat carotid bodies was studied after treatment with 5-OH-Dopa and L-Dopa. Type I cells from the L-Dopa treated rats were also analysed by morphometric methods. After 5-OH-Dopa treatment, the majority of dense-cored vesicles of the Type I cells were almost completely filled with very electron-dense material. The vesicles were mainly distributed close to the plasma membrane. After L-Dopa treatment, the ultrastructure of the Type I cells resembled that after 5-OH-Dopa treatment, except that the increase in electron density of the vesicle content was less pronounced. The morphometric analysis revealed, as previously described for normal carotid bodies, two subclasses of Type I cells, small vesicle cells (SVC) and large vesicle cells (LVC). Compared to those of normal rats, the mean profile diameter of the vesicles in the L-Dopa treated rat carotid bodies were enlarged (for SVC from 47 to 55 nm and for LVC from 63 to 76-78 nm). Furthermore, the volume density of vesicles in both SVC and LVS was increased. The mean volume of the SVC was markedly increased after L-Dopa treatment for 60 h. These observations indicate that the Type I cells possess mechanisms for uptake of amine precursors and synthesis of monoamines. Though the vesicle may be involved in an 'endocrine-like' function, they may also be related to the chemoreceptor function of the carotid body."
1151440,"?The morphology of epithelial and of endothelial intercellular junctions in human foetal (9-15 weeks gestation) and sheep foetal (50, 60 and 125 days gestation, term 147 days) brain has been studied using the freeze-fracture technique and thin section transmission electronmicroscopy. Freeze-fracture replicas of the choroid plexus of both early human and sheep foetuses showed that the choroidal ependymal cells are linked at the ventricular surface by tight junctions. Freeze-fracture replicas of foetal cortical endothelial cell junctions showed that they are still more complex than those of choroidal epithelial cells, in all specimens so far examined. In some 60 day sheep foetuses the dye Alcian blue, which binds to plasma albumin and which iselectrondense when treated with osmium tetroxide, was injected intravenously a few minutes prior to fixation. The dye penetrated from blood into brain extracellular space and c.s.f. but apparently not by an intercellular route. The dye was found in a tubular system (endoplasmic reticulum) in both choroidal epithelial and cortical endothelial cells. The possibility that protein penetrates into the foetal brain and c.s.f. by a transcellular route is discussed. The possible significance of these findings in relation to previous ideas and studies of the development of blood-brain barrier mechanisms is also considered."
1151441,"Spinal electromotor neurons in the gymnotid Sternarchus albitrons were studied by light and electron microscopy. In this species, the electric organ discharge, which is of high and relatively constant frequency, is generated by specialized axons which arise from the spinal electromotor neurons. The cell bodies are located in medial regions of the spinal cord. They are round to ellipsoid in outline and dendrites are not peresent. The initial myelin segment often extends partially over the cell body. Fine glial lamellae are interposed between closely adjacent cells, and somato-somatic gap junctions are not observed. The large majority of axosomatic synapses are characterized by gap junctions. Single axons are commonly found to establish gap junctions with two adjacent neurons. Only a few synapses have the chracteristics associated with chemically mediated transmission. The morphological data provide evidence for electrotonic soupling between electromotor neurons by way of presynaptic fibres. The absence of dendrites in these neurons may provide a morphological correlate for their simple relay function."
1151442,"Glycogen distribution in the mouse cerebral cortex was examined with electron microscopy following treatment with the experimental convulsant, methionine sulphoximine (M.S.O.). Both at 24 and 48 h followed administration of M.S.O., accumulation of particulate glycogen was prominent in astrocytes throughout the cerebral cortex. In astrocyte cell bodies and in subpial, pericapillary and perineuronal astrocyte processes the glycogen often completely filled the cytoplasm, crowding the remaining organelles and inclusions. The present findings correlate well with biochemical studies of M.S.O. effects of glutamine synthetase activity and energy metabolism. It is suggested that the glycogen may be derived from glutamate which under normal conditions would be converted to glutamine."
1151443,"In lizards (Sceloporus undulatus), long term (13 or 19 weeks) acclimation to an environment of 6 degrees C produces a striking increase in the argyrophilic neurofibrillar network in most large perikarya of the trochlear nucleus. In electron micrographs the cells contain numerous bundles of 10-30 regularly-spaced 90 A neurofilaments. In the cells from warm acclimated animals, a plexus of neurofibrils is seen by light microscopy. The electron micrographs show scattered neurofilaments and fewer, thinner bundles than in the cold. Within the cell bodies of the cold animals, glycogen particles are organized in regional accumulations from which other organelles are excluded except for the bundles of neurofilaments which are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The aggregations of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are also penetrated by the neurofilament bundles. The increased neurofilamentous network in the cold is not accompanied by obvious changes in the amount or distribution of RER or of microtubules which are present in limited numbers in both conditions. The dendrites of trochlear cells and axon terminals within the nucleus also show a cold induced increase in neurofilaments, as well as in the distinctive accumulations of glycogen particles."
1151444,The author describes a method for estimating the position of the aqueduct of Sylvius based on the ratio of the measured distance from surface to aqueduct (A) to that from the surface to dorsum sellae (B). The normal ratio A:B is 0.72 with a range from 0.68 to 0.75. Values below 0.68 indicate a dorsally displaced aqueduct.
1151445,"Two new proportional methods for determination of the normal or abnormal position of the cerebral aqueduct are described. The position of the iter is expressed by the quotients (see article) and (see article), when d-aq represents the distance between the upper posterior surface of the dorsum sellae and the dorsal center of the air-filled aqueduct. Ts equals aq is the distance from the tuberculum sellae to the same point, and TW is Twining's line. The normal value of the dorsum to aqueduct ratio was 0.32 plus or minus 0.02 standard deviation (SD) and of the tuberculum to aqueduct ratio 0.44 plus or minus 0.03 SD. Both proportional methods are independent of skull dimensions. These are compared to another proportional method described in Part 1 of this report."
1151446,"The author utilizes autopsy models and normal clinical subjects with and without pneumoencephalography to demonstrate the value of echoencephalography in delineating the position of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Echoes from the dorsum sellae, the anterior wall of the sella turcica, and the aqueduct proved consistently identifiable, while echoencephalographic examination of 25 normal subjects revealed in all instances well-defined aqueduct echoes. Thus the aqueduct echo method may be a diagnostic aid in determination of the anterior-posterior position of the brain stem."
1151447,"The authors present records of potentials evoked in the roots of the trigeminal nerve by stimulation of its cutaneous branches. Records were made during nine operations for tic douloureux in which the main sensory root of the trigeminal nerve was totally sectioned under the microscope by the transcerebellar route. In every case, the accessory (aberrant) and motor roots were easily identified and spared. Records before and after total main sensory root division showed persistence of evoked potentials in the aberrant and motor fibers. Partial preservation of sensation and blink reflex in these cases reinforced the impression that there is somatic sensory conduction through true aberrant sensory fibers running between the motor and main sensory roots."
1151450,"The authors report and discuss four rare cases of primary, giant cell tumor of the cranial vault, a usually benign tumor that develops in young patients and has an extremely low rate of latent malignancy. The authors believe the preferred treatment to be total surgical removal of the tumor; only in rare cases of malignancy when the tumor is impossible to remove totally should this be combined with radiotherapy. Associated minor trauma played only a tumor-revealing role and was not involved in the etiology."
1151452,"The authors analyze the postoperative course of 30 patients with anaplastic supratentorial gliomas to evaluate the usefulness of sequential brain scanning as an adjunct to clinical neurological examinations in the early detection of tumor recurrence. The correlation between sequential scanning and clinical evaluation was excellent; no examples of divergent resu;ts were seen. With the exception of scans made very early in the postoperative period or when postoperative scalp flap infections were present, initial postoperative scans were easily interpreted in terms of both the superficial (postcraniotomy) and parenchymal changes. The specific type of postoperative therapy (radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both) could not be correlated with whether scan or examination ultimately changed first. However, analysis of original tumor location revealed that while sequential postoperative scanning offered no advantage over repetitive neurological examinations in the detection of recurrent tumor in the neurologically dominant left hemisphere, scan changes preceded examination changes in eight of 17 cases involving tumors of the neurologically nondominant right hemisphere."
1151453,"The authors successfully used a newly-devised metal prosthesis anchored by acrylic cement in four patients with cervical spinal tumor. Two of these patients suffered incomplete quadriplegia due to epidural infiltration of the tumor and required laminectomy. Severe neck pain was relieved in all cases, and neurological improvement was maintained until death."
1151454,"The authors describe a highly selective transsacral microsurgical procedure for sacral nerve rootlet interruption in five patients with hypertonic neurogenic bladder. Magnification and systematic stimulation of sacral roots provided accurate identification of motor fibers supplying bladder detrusor muscle and differentiation of efferent components to the legs and anal sphincter. Although the technique prevented incontinence and adverse effects of nerve section on rectal and lower extremity function improvement in voiding patterns and diminution of urinary sepsis was of brief duration in three of the five patients. Physiological data from these procedures reaffirms the importance of S-3 and S-4 motor roots in detrusor innervation, but clinical responses bring into question the possibility of sustained improvement from such a highly selective procedure at the sacral level. The authors suggest that alternative pathways, not apparent on initial stimulation, may develop after section of sacral root components, and that dissection and stimulation of fibers at the level of the conus medullaris should be investigated as an alternative procedure."
1151455,"The authors present a series of 38 civilian patients with cervical gunshot injuries, and compare neurological recovery in patients with complete lesions and patients with incomplete lesions according to whether therapy was surgical or nonsurgical. In patients with incomplete injury, ultimate recovery was a function of the initial injury more than surgical or nonsurgical therapy; nor did patients with complete lesions show significant change in outcome with either mode of therapy. Cord pathology at laminectomy rarely provided a clue about neurological recovery, and fural decompression did not alter neurological outcome. The authors conclude that the sole indication for routine surgical intervention appears to be progressive neurological deficit."
1151458,"The authors describe a technique for direct cardiac shunting in which an adult-size ventriculoatrial catheter is coiled in an intrathoracic Silastic pouch and implanted in infants with hydrocephalus. In three patients so treated, serial chest films have shown progressive uncoiling of the catheter over a follow-up interval of 6 to 14 months."
1151464,"Fifty adult sellae and surrounding structures were examined under magnification with special attention given to anatomical variants important to the transfrontal and transsphenoidal surgical approaches. The discovered variants considered disadvantageous to the transsphenoidal approach were as follows: 1) large anterior intercavernous sinuses extending anterior to the gland just posterior to the anterior sellar wall in 10%; 2) a thin diaphragm in 62%, or a diaphragm with a large opening in 56%; 3) carotid arteries exposed in the sphenoid sinus with no bone over them in 4%; 4) carotid arteries that approach within 4 mm of midline within the sella in 10%; 5) optic canals with bone defects exposing the optic nerves in the sphenoid sinus in 4%; 6) a thick sellar floor in 18%; 7) sphenoid sinuses with no major septum in 28% or a sinus with the major septum well off midline in 47%; and 8) a presellar type of sphenoid sinus with no obvious bulge of the sellar floor into the sphenoid sinus in 20%. Variants considered disadvantageous to the transfrontal approach were found as follows: 1) a prefixed chiasm in 10% and a normal chiasm with 2 mm or less between the chiasm and tuberculum sellae in 14%; 2) an acute angle between the optic nerves as they entered the chiasm in 25%; 3) a prominent tuberculum sella protruding above a line connecting the optic nerves as they entered the optic canals in 44%; and 4) carotid arteries approaching within 4 mm of midline within or above the sella turcica in 12%."
1151466,"Cerebral blood flow, electrical activity, and neurological function were studied in rabbits subjected to either 15 minutes of oligemia (20 torr cerebral perfusion pressure) or complete cerebral ischemia produced by cisterna magna infusion. During oligemia, flow was reduced from 68.4 +/- 4.2 ml/100 gm/min to 26.3 +/- 4.4 (p less than .01), and during ischemia animals had no proven flow. By 5 minutes after oligemia or ischemia significant symmetrical hyperemia occurred and there was no evidence of the no-reflow phenomenon. The electroencephalogram became isoelectric significantly later and returned significantly sooner in oligemia than in ischemia. Oligemic animals had earlier and better return of neurological function than their ischemic counterparts, although postinsult hypocapnia improved functional recovery in both groups. These experiments do not support the concept that oligemia is a more severe insult than complete ischemia. In intracranial hypertension produced by this model, the no-reflow phenomenon does not occur."
1151467,"The authors studied the morphological sequelae of 15 minutes of cerebral oligemia (20 torr cerebral perfusion pressure) and complete cerebral ischemia produced by raised intracranial pressure in rabbits. Ischemic cell change was present in five of seven ischemic animals; it was most extensive in the striatum and hippocampus, with only a few ischemic nerve cells in the thalamus and neocortex. The brains of control and oligemic animals were normal. These results indicate the following: 1) ischemia is a more severe insult than oligemia; 2) compression ischemia results in a pattern of damage that differs from that produced by other types of ischemia; and 3) the method used to reduce cerebral perfusion pressure is an important factor in determining the pattern and extent of brain damage produced."
1151468,"The authors studied the effect on cortical metabolites of intracranial hypertension produced by the infusion of mock cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna in rabbits subjected to 15 minutes of cerebral oligemia (20 torr) or 15 minutes of complete ischemia. In both groups high-energy metabolites were exhausted within the first 5 minutes of the 15-minute insult. Significant recovery of the high-energy intermediates occurred within 15 minutes of reperfusion, well before return of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. Continued reperfusion, during which electrical activity and function were returning, brought only moderate improvement in energy metabolites. In contrast, severe lactic acidosis persisted at least 15 minutes after insult, but was reduced by the time EEG activity returned. At no time were there striking differences in metabolites between the oligemic and ischemic groups. These results indicate that recovery in general, and the significantly earlier recovery of oligemic as compared to ischemic animals, cannot be explained on the basis of energy supply. Whether the persistence of lactic acidosis is an important factor limiting return of function requires further study."
1151469,"Summated evoked potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of cats. The response progressively increased in latency rostrally. It was largest and most complex in configuration in leads placed over the caudal spinal cord where sciatic nerve roots enter and begin to ascend the cord. The conduction velocity of the response was about 90 m/sec from rostral sacral to cervical regions. A comparison of surface-recorded evoked responses to stimulation of the sural nerve, the nerve to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the sciatic nerve suggest that the peripheral nerve fibers that mediate the response to sciatic nerve stimulation are primarily muscle nerve afferents. In surface, lamina, and dural recordings made over similar segmental levels, the response to sciatic nerve stimulation progressively increased in amplitude, duration, and wave form complexity from surface to depth. Failure of transmission across complete cord transections was demonstrated. Results in preparations with partial cord sections suggest that the surface-recorded response is mediated by multiple spinal cord afferent pathways which are situated primarily ipsilateral to the stimulated peripheral nerve. The data indicate that summated evoked responses arising in spinal cord afferent pathways can be recorded from surface-recording electrodes in cats. They suggest that this animal model may prove useful in the study of certain aspects of spinal cord pathology."
1151470,"The author describes the syndrome of suprascapular nerve entrapment neuropathy that occurs as that nerve passes beneath the transverse scapular ligament, and discusses the anatomy, comparative anatomy, and five case histories. The cardinal findings include pain in the shoulder, weakness, and wasting of spinati muscles, and a positive electromyogram. Treatment is by division of the transverse scapular ligament."
1151471,"Carotid bifurcation aneurysms have, as a group, certain characteristics. They account for about 7% of all intracranial aneurysms. They appear to be mostly leftsided and there does not seem to be any particular sex predominance. When associated with other aneurysms, the carotid bifurcation aneurysm was the symptomatic lesion. Demonstration of small aneurysms may be difficult and accurate definition of the neck may not be possible at angiography. They appear to associate themselves with one or the other division of the internal carotid artery. With careful exposure and appropriate positioning of the head it is possible to occlude these aneurysms with a clip, but we feel that the inexperienced surgeon should not tackle these cases. Carotid artery ligation may not prevent rebleeding in this group of aneurysms."
1151472,"The authors report their experiences with thermography as a new tool to assess the diagnosis and postoperative control of patients with carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF). A zone of increased temperature on the homolateral orbital region is described in cases of CCF. A supraorbital ""cool"" area, as seen in patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion, is observed when surgery with the Jaeger-Hamby technique has been successful. Thermograms obtained in five patients are presented and the pathophysiology of these findings is discussed."
1151477,"A small group of patients with normal intravenous urograms showed focal increased renal uptake, usually unilateral, of 99m-Tc-polyphosphate. All had documented metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The combination of focal increased renal 99m-Tc-polyphosphate uptake with normal intravenous urogram occurred in no other patients."
1151478,"A comparative study was run between conventional radiographic contrast dacryocystogram and radioisotope scan of the lacrimal drainage apparatus (henceforth called ""nuclear dacryocystogram""). A total of 20 contrast dacryocystograms (DCG), 22 irrigations, and 42 nuclear dacryocystograms (DCG) were performed in 21 patients having symptoms of obstruction in the lacrimal drainage system. The study revealed that there was a good correlation between these two diagnostic techniques and nuclear DCG was, perhaps, superior to contrast DCG."
1151479,Forty postoperative patients with clinical and roentgenographic findings suggestive of subphrenic abscess were evaluated by early and delayed 67Ga scintigraphy. Early 67Ga scintigraphs obtained 6 hr after injection correctly localized seven right and five left subphrenic abscesses. In no instance was an abscess present on delayed scintigraphs that was not evident on the 6-hr study. Two patients with left subphrenic abscess had false-negative results on both early and delayed scintigraphy. No false-positive studies were recorded. Early 67Ga scintigraphy can be a valuable noninvasive adjunct of the diagnosis of subphrenic abscess.
1151480,Radioisotope myelography can be used effectively for the detection of spinal fluid leaks following surgical procedures involving the spine and spinal cord. The advantages of this approach are discussed in relation to currently used techniques and are illustrated by a case report.
1151481,A practical method for preparing )23-I-rose bengal that allows for its rapid and efficient incorporation into the molecule is reported. Administration of 123-I-rose bengal to normal healthy patients showing the normal uptake and excretory pattern visualized with this radio pharmaceutical is also presented. The overall reduction in imaging time and radiation exposure together with the improved images possible should greatly improve our diagnostic capabilities in evaluating the jaundiced patient.
1151482,"We have employed 99mTc as a radioisotopic label to study the organ distribution of murine thymocytes. The compartmentalization of 99mTc-labeled cells that had not been reduced by treatment with stannous chloride was similar to that of 51Cr-labeled cells and was characterized initially by 48-50% uptake of the injected radioactivity by the lungs. Increased hepatic and splenic and decreased pulmonary localization were noted at 1 hr and these shifts were more pronounced by 4 hr. Technetium-99m-labeled cells reduced by stannous chloride had significantly different patterns of hepatic, pulmonary, and splenic localization and at 4 hr the lungs still retained 24% of the injected radioactivity compared with only 3% in the spleen. Size distribution studies revealed that unlabeled as well as unreduced and reduced 99mTc-labeled thymocytes were almost identical to one another so that differences in compartmentalization could not be attributed to this factor. Since reduction with stannous chloride did not alter the distribution of 51Cr-labeled cells, this suggested some type of complex interaction between stannous ions and the labeling species of 99mTc. The in vivo localization of intravenously administered Na99mTcO4 and Na2CrO4 was markedly different from the corresponding radiolabeled cells thereby indicating that the distribution patterns that we observed truly represented cell-associated radioactivity. Although it may not necessarily be the proper reference point, the similarity in organ distribution of 99mTc- and 51Cr-labeled cells should allow direct comparison of previously reported data employing this radionuclide and that obtained in future studies with 99mTc."
1151483,"A solution of 99m-TCO4-minus, as eluted from a 99Mo-99mTc radionuclide generator contains a greater chemical quantity of technetium than that attributable to the metastable isomer alone. The isomeric transition of the radionuclide of interest, 99mTc, gives rise to a determinable and chemically significant quantity of technetium carrier, 99Tc. A method is presented for calculating the total chemical quantity of technetium in a generator eluate."
1151484,"For direct measurement of the rate of albumin synthesis Na2 14CO3 was used intravenously. The assessment of the radiation hazard involved in the study was based on the knowledge of the minimum dose of Na214CO3 necessary for a sufficient incorporation of 14C in the guanidine-C of arginine in albumin to obtain measurable radioactivity. By measurement of expired 14CO2 and excreted 14C-urea in the urine during a 5-hr period following intravenous administration of Na214CO3 in five subjects, some quantitative data  on 14C retention and radiation dosage were obtained. In comparison with animal studies, the rate of expiration of 14CO2 in man is slower. About 50% of the total radioactivity injected was lost through the respiratory route in the first hour. The total amount of expired 14C during the 5 hr of investigation was about 75% of the injected dose for the five subjects. The amount of 14C excreted as urinary 14C-urea during the 5 hr of investigation is very small in comparison with the expired 14C; it was only about 0.5% of the dose injected. The total absorbed radiation dose after complete elimination of 14C from the body was calculated with various assumptions. The extra risk of genetic damage due to disintegration of retained 14C in comparison with that of natural 14C in the body during 30 living years is about 50%."
1151485,"The effect of beta+ range on spatial resolution of imaging systems employing the detection of 511-keV annihilation radiation was determined by measuring the variation in the line-spread functions (LSFs) of positron-emitting radionuclides of 64Cu, 11C, and 15O as compared with the 514-keV gamma-ray emitter 85Sr. These radionuclides have maximum beta+ energies of 0.656, 0.960, and 1.72 MeV, respectively. The LSFs were measured in a tissue-equivalent phantom with high-resolution (approximately 2.4 mm FWHM) and low-resolution (approximately 8.8 mm FWHM) straightbore collimators coupled to a NaI(Tl) detector. Theoretical LSFs for the beta+ ranges were also calculated and convolved with the 85Sr LSF to yield the predicted LSFs for 11C and 15O. The high-resolution study showed a 0% and 2.3% increase in the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and full-width tenth-maximum (FWO.1M) for the low-energy beta+ of 64Cu and a 37% (FWHM) and 52% (FWO.1M) increase for the high energy beta+ of 15O as compared with 85Sr. However, when the system resolution was decreased to 8.8 mm FWHM, the 64Cu showed no change at FWHM or FWO.1M and the 15O showed a 2.3% (FWHM) and 7.8% (FWO.1M) relative to 85Sr. The predicted LSFs were in good agreement with the experimental. These data indicate that the effect of beta+ range on spatial resolution is minimal unless the beta+ energy is larger than or equal to 1.5 MeV and the system resolution is on the order of a few millimeters."
1151486,"Positron emitters may be imaged using two opposing scintillation cameras without collimators. The counting rate limitation of this approach can be largely largely overcome by using graded absorbers to reduce scattered radiation from the patient and using not only photopeak events but Compton events in the scintillator as well. This increases the useful counting rate by more than a factor of 5. By combing this technique with the use of fast electronics, useful images have been obtained in the presence of scattering material at counting rates above 7,500 cps."
1151487,This paper compares the accuracy of imaging and resolution obtained with 81Rb and 43K using coincidence and noncoincidence counting. Phantoms and isolated infarcted dog hearts were used. The results clearly show the superiority of coincidence counting with a resolution of 0.5 cm. Noncoincidence counting failed to reveal even sizable defects in the radioactive source.
1151488,"A new adrenal-specific compound, 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol(NCL-3-I), which is derived from 19-iodocholesterol (CL-19-I), has been found. Tissue distribution studies have revealed that the rat adrenal gland accumulates ten times more NCL-6-131-I than CL-19-131-I. The advantage of NCL-6-131-I as a possible adrenal-scanning agent is discussed."
1151489,Thirty-one patients with carcinoma of the thyroid were evaluated using 131-I scan of the torso including the area of the liver. Focal areas of 131I uptake were found in the liver in two patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Both patients showed associated abnormalities on 99m-Tc-sulfur colloid liver scans. The remaining 29 patients showed either no uptake or a normal diffuse pattern of 131-I uptake in liver. Careful evaluation of the liver is recommended on the radioiodine body scan for metastases in patients with thyroid carcinoma.
1151490,Measurements of exhaled 37-Ar produced by total-body neutron irradiation of 40-Ca were used to determine total-body calcium in 16 human subjects. There was a good correlation between body calcium using the 30-min postirradiation breath sample of 37-Ar and body calcium determined by measurement of 49-Ca.
1151491,"Images obtained with 99m-Tc-labeled red blood cells were compared with 99m-Tc-pertechnetate scans in 26 patients with primary and secondary brain tumors, intracerebral infcts, and hemorrhage. The results indicated that the contribution of blood pool radioactivity to a positive brain scan was minor."
1151492,"The effect of the application of a headband during brain scintigraphy was investigated in 11 healthy volunteers. In each person, extracranial recording of a bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate injected intravenously was done on two occasions during  a scintillation camera. On one occasion a narrow sphygmomanometer cuff encircling the head from brow to occiput and inflated to 300 mmHg was applied during measurements; another time, the procedure was identical except for the headband. A comparison between counting rates under the derived time-activity curves showed significantly lower values on headband application (p less than 0.01). Static scintigrams consisting of the first 300,000 counts recorded after bolus release with and without headband application show a clear delineation of the headband position with prevention of ""halo"" appearance about the cranial cavity. It has thus been possible by simple means to reduce the irrelevant radionuclide distribution which, especially during dynamic investigations of cerebral circulation, constitutes a source of error."
1151498,"The amount of folate compounds rapidly increased during germination of the pea. An especially high increase was observed 2 days after sowing, with a continouously increasing content during germination. Dihydrofolate synthetase [EC 6.3.2.12] activity also increased with the increase in the amount of folate compounds, and the maximum activity was observed at 6 days after sowing in the dark and at 8 days after sowing in the light. The dihydrofolate synthetase was localized mostly in the mitochondrial fraction and it was easily extracted from the cell particles by osmotic shock. A similar localization was also observed in spinach leaves. The enzyme which was extracted from the isolated mitochondria was relatively stable im comparison with that extracted from whole cells."
1151499,"1. The highese disaccharidase activity for sucrose maltose and maltitol was found in the jejunum, followed by the ileum and duodenum. However, the disaccharidase activity for maltitol was extremely low compared with that for sucrose and maltose. 2. For maltitol, the Km value was very large and the Vmax value was very low compared compared with the values for sucrose and maltose. 3. The initial velocity (v) in the presence of the sucrose and maltitol, was equal to the sum of the rates for individual substrates sucrose ann maltitol (v1, v2) respectively (v=v1+v2). Thus, no competition between these substrates was observed. In the case of maltose and maltitol, the initial velocity (v) in the presence of both substrates was less than the sum of the individual rates for maltose and maltitol (v1, v2) in the absence of the other substrate (v is less than v1 + v2). This finding demonstrates that there is competition between these two substrates for the same enzyme. Furthermore, the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and the apparent maximal velocity (Vmax) for pure and mixed substrates, i.e., maltose and maltitol, at various mole fractions of maltose showed dependence on the mole fraction of maltose. The obtained kinetic data provide strong evidence that both maltose and maltitol react at the single active center of maltase."
1151500,"Studies were conducted to evaluate specific dampening of hyperlipogenesis (i.e. enhanced lipogenic enzyme activity of the liver in rats refed a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet: F-diet) by exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids under fixed carbohydrate consumption. In force-feeding of rats with a linoleate-rich diet (F-diet containing 4.5% safflower oil), the lipogenic enzyme activities; fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) in the liver supernatant were found to be significantly lower than those in rats force-fed only an F-diet (p is less than 0.02), under conditions of identical consumption of carbohydrate. Among the various methylestery of unsaturated fatty acids administered by gastric intubation at a dose of 0.3 g per 100 g body weight, arachidonate was most potent in bringing about a significant reduction of hyperlipogenesis without seriously affecting food intakes. During the same three-day experimental period, fatty acid GLC spectra in both the liver and plasma lipids reflected the exogenous input of PUFA. Plasma total fatty acid concentration (mainly triglyceride) signigicantly decreased in the arachidonate group (p less than 0.01)."
1151502,"A simple system for semi-automatic analysis of pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine has been developed using diazide of 5-chloroaniline 2,4-disulfonyl chloride as a color-producing reagent in combination with desoxypyridoxine as an internal standard. It employs Aminex A-5 column, 10x0.6ø cm, as an adsorbent. Adsorbates were eluted successively with 3 discrete phosphate buffers (0.4 N Na+). The effluent is mixed continuously with capillary streams of the diazide reagent and of sodium acetate. The mixture, maintained at 65 degrees C in a heating bath, then passes through a spiral of Teflon tubing with a residence time of 2 min. Characteristic orange colored products formed by a diazo coupling reaction are continuously monitored at 440 nm in a flow photometer. The individual peaks on the recorded chromatogram are manually integrated by a conventional HW method. The elution position and recovery of desoxypyridoxine permits correction for sensitivity changes or mechanical losses which might occur during a series of analyses. The analyzer system described allow quantitation from 2 to 25 mug of pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine in a single sample within 2 hr and with a precision of 100 +/- 4%. It is also found suitable as a routine procedure for the analysis of varied biological samples."
1151503,"The gaschromatographic method was used for the quantitative analyses of inositol in milk. The content of inositol in human and cow's milk at the different lactation periods was determined. The content of total myoinositol in human milk was 32.7 plus or minus 15.2 mg/100 ml in colostrum, 17.8 plus or minus 1.9 mg/100 ml in transitional milk, and 14.9 plus or minus 3.1 mg/100 ml in mature milk. In cow's milk, it was 10.6 plus or minus 1.0, 7.0 plus or minus 1.1, and 4.1 plus or minus 1.0 mg/100 ml, respectively. These values were very similar to those obtained by the microbiological method. The presence of lipid-bound myoinositol in both kinds of milk was confirmed and the content was 0.22 plus or minus 0.09 mg/100 ml in human milk and 0.36 plus or minus 0.10 mg/100 ml in cow's milk. A small amount of scylloinositol was found in both human and cow's milk, while dextroinositol was not found in either."
1151504,"Pea seeds were shown to contain ten kinds of neutral lipids, among which triglyceride, free sterol and sterolester are the main components and diglyceride, monoglyceride, free fatty acid, wax and some pigments are the minor ones. The major component fatty acids in the glycerides and the free fatty acid are C18:2, C18:1 and C16:0. The positional distribution of fatty acids in triglyceride is such that, position 1 and 3, especially the former, abound in saturated fatty acids, and position 2 is filled almost entirely with unsaturated fatty acids."
1151507,"12-Keto oleic acid, possibly one of the oxidation products of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids, was added to the feed of weanling male rats at the 1% level. Their growth curves, tissue weights, plasma alkaline phosphatase, GOT, and GPT activities, and plasma and liver lipid (cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid) levels were investigated and compared with those of weanlings fed a vitamin E deficient diet. Both the diet containing 12-keto oleic acid and the diet deficient in vitamin E decreased the growth rate of body weight and tissue weight, and increased the liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Parallel with these, increased hemolysis and stimulation of lipid peroxidation and fluorescent production in the liver homogenate were observed. Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase and GOT activities which may be considered to be due to a functional disorder of the liver were also observed."
1151508,"12-Keto oleic acid is generally considered to be a secondary degradation product of peroxides produced by lipid peroxidation. The acid was added to a mouse liver homogenate or to a bovine serum albumin and its influences on lipid peroxidation and fluorescent production were investigated and compared with other acids. Just as with vitamin E deficiency, 12-keto oleic acid was shown to increase lipid peroxide formation and fluorescence productiod directly and indirectly. The increase of lipid peroxide formation was caused directly through the increase of the free radical production, and indirectly through change of the biomembrane structure. The fluorescence production increase was caused directly by reaction of the 12-keto oleic acid itself, and indirectly by acceleration of the lipid peroxidation."
1151512,"Hybrid cells, YACIR/MSWBS were produced by fusion of the cells of a methylcholanthrene induced murine sarcoma MSWBS and a virus induced murine lymphoma YACIR. The hybrid cells were maintained in vitro and syngenic mice challenged at various periods after fusion. Karyological analysis has been performed on the cell line, and on the tumours which arose in vivo. The tumours were also examined histologically. Over the 2 yr following fusion there was a progressive loss of chromosomes but biarmed MSWBS derived chromosomes were selectively retained. Tumours could be divided into those whith a chromosome complement similar to that of the early line in vitro, those in which chromosome loss had occurred and those in which karyology showed a mixture of the two foregoing types. Histology showed a minority of sarcoma-like tumours reminiscent of MSWBS and the majority of these showed little chromsome loss. Most tumours showed an intermediate morphology and the great majority of these had lost moderate numbers of chromosomes. There was a very small number of lymphomatoid tumours in which chromosome loss was marked."
1151513,Tricaprin increase the rate of spreading of macrophages on glass. The treated cells showed increased pinocytosis and are avidly phagocytic. Cholesterol oleate delays the onset of phagocytosis which however proceeds efficiently once it has begun. Ethyl palmitate induces abnormal movement and the formation of unusual club shaped pseudopodia; ethyl palmitate prevents the ingestion of antibody coated erythrocytes and it is postulated that this substance interferes with the syntheses of IgG receptors.
1151514,"The administration of single or multiple oral doses of hexachlorophane to yearling sheep resulted in a periportal fatty liver. The accumulation of fat is accompanied by ultrastructural changes in the hepatocyte organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and by decreased serum lipid and triglyceride levels. It is suggested that an impairment in the triglyceride secretory mechanism of the liver cell may be the patho-physiological basis for fatty liver. However, the changes in the liver were not accompanied by an evidence of significant impairment of liver cell function."
1151515,The ultrastructure of tissues from 23 cases of Hodgkin's disease is described. The atypical neoplastic reticulum cell or Hodgkin cell has several features that suggest that it is of macrophage lineage. Rings of small lymphocytes are found round the neoplastic reticulum cell; less often macrophage processes are found closely related to it. The features may be those of a lymphoreticular reaction to the neoplastic reticulum cells. The fibrosis may also represent a host reaction.
1151516,"A series of 10 haemorrhagic polyps of the equine nasal cavity is described. The lesions show haematoma formation, abundant haemosiderin in macrophages and giant cells, and organising fibrous tissue. In one case, angiomatoid lesions were observed in the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and it is suggested that some haemorrhagic nasal polyps may originate from pre-existing haemangiomatous areas in the respiratory mucosa."
1151517,"Brown patches were found in the head of the epididymis in 66 out of 100 consecutive male necropsies. They appear to be lesions due to local obstruction of ductuli efferentes by dehydrated semen. These common lesions are probably similar to origin to sperm granulomas, and might be significant in the origin of sperm auto-antibodies; their further study might help to elucidate some of the outstanding problems of male fertility."
1151518,"Lipids administered by the intravenous route produced ultrastructural changes in the liver and spleen of mice. Treatment with tricaprin resulted in prominent and enlarged Kupffer cells possibly with increase numbers of dense bodies. Cholesterol oleate was found within Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages. The Kupffer cells were distended by lipid and obtruded on the sinusoidal lumen; similar changes were seen in the macrophages of the red pulp and marginal zone of the spleen. Cholesterol oleate delayed but did not prevent eventual phagocytosis or colloidal carbon; the spleen contained much more carbon than usual after treatment with this substance. Treatment with ethyl palmitate resulted in diminished retention of carbon in both liver and spleen; this lipid, unlike tricaprin or cholesterol oleate, was cytotoxic to both macrophages and lymphocytes."
1151519,"The vegetations of experimental sterile and bacterial endocarditis in rabbits were studied using light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. At an early stage, both lesions were composed chiefly of masses of platelets supported in a scaffolding of fibrin strands. In previous studies, this structure has often been described merely as ""fibrin"". After i.v. injection of Thorotrast, sterile vegetations showed remarkable accumulations of mononuclear phagocytes containing this substance, on surfaces projecting into the bloodstream. Sections fixed 30 min. after i.v. injection of streptococci also showed these phagocytes, which contained large numbers of bacteria. The possibility that BE is initiated by phagocytosis of circulating bacteria has been raised. Smaller numbers of circulating streptococci reached the vegetation by direct adhesion to exposed surfaces. In contrast, a majority of Proteus and Staphylococcus albus adhered directly to vegetations, without phagocytosis. Subsequently, these first settlers multiplied rapidly to form rounded colonies surrounded by capsules of fibrin, which apparently provided protection from phagocytosis. The vegetations grew by accretion of layers of fibrin and platelets, with colonies sandwiched between them. This suggested that a cycle of thrombosis and reseeding by circulating bacteria was a factor in their growth. Colonies showed morphological changes consistent with ageing after two days. Healing occurred by endothelialisation and organisation, and was greatly accelerated by penicillin treatment."
1151520,Rat eosinophils have been showed to respond chemotactically to the supernatant from mast cells which have been disrupted by freezing and thawing and from mast cells which have been specifically degranulated by Compound 48/80 or by antigen challenge or sensitised cells. The fact that the chemotactic response is not dependent on allergic degranulation suggests that the chemotactic factor is present pre-formed in the mast cells rather than being generated in response to an antigen-antibody reaction.
1151522,"The changes seen in frozen thawed epithelium have been compared with pathological changes occurring under other circumstances. The intact cell membranes, invaginated cells, and varying densities of cell cytoplasm are all compatible with osmotic changes occurring after alteration in cell membrane permeability as is the development of bullae under these conditions. It is suggested, therefore, that this constitutes the major mechanism of cryosurgical attack at these temperatures. The finding that ultrastructural damage was evident very shortly after thawing, implicates changes directly due to freezing and thawing but does not necessarily rule out later additional cell damage occurring in an ischaemic situation."
1151523,"Freezing of tissues under the conditions of cryosurgery resulted in changes in the muscles shortly after thawing occurred. The changes were progressive and included dilatation of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, loss of glycogen, disruption of myofilaments and pyknotic changes in the nuclei. The progression of events is similar to other diseases of muscle but is structurally and chronologically unique. It does not appear to be typical of the early stages of ischaemia of muscle. It is suggested that the rapid onset of fibre damage following thawing is consistent with progressive alterations caused by ice-crystals at the time of freezing."
1151524,"Light and electron microscopical changes were studied in 23 valvular homografts and six pig aortic heterografts, which had been inserted into patients for lengths of time varying from three days to 54 months. Prior to insertion, eleven of the homografts had been sterilised by beta-propriolactone and freeze-dried, the other twelve had been sterilised by gamma-radiation. The morphological changes in the freeze-dried group were characterised by moderate to severe structural changes including gross vacuolation, fibrinoid degeneration and calcification in the absence of any significant cellular events. It is concluded that the structural changes were due to physico-chemical degradation of the collagen due to improper preservation of the graft, prior to insertion. The morphological changes in the homografts treated with gamma-radiation were fewer and less severe in that there was less vacuolation of the matrix, less fibrinoid degeneration and no examples of calcification. Clear-cut examples of graft regeneration were never observed in either group, but the significance of minor cellular infiltrates in two of the gamma-irradiated grafts is discussed in terms of abortive regeneration. The heterografts showed moderate to intense cellularity, predominantly of macrophages. It is postulated that graft rejection phenomena are responsible for the graft failure in this group."
1151525,"Moderate hypercholesterolaemia has been produced in eight adult male M. irus monkeys by feeding an egg-toast preparation containing butter and 0.14 per cent. total cholesterol. At autopsy, after two to four years of persistent hypercholesterolaemia, there was massive fatty streaking of the aorta involving 21 to 78 per cent. of the intimal surface. The distribution and morphology of the fatty streaks was similar to that in man. In addition, there were fibrous plaques including ""soft"" lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques identical to their human counterpart. There was no grossly detectable thromobosis, haemorrhage or ulceration. Atherosclerotic lesions were also present in the coronary, carotid, subclavian, iliac and femoral arteries. In a control group of monkeys fed a low-fat, cholesterol-free diet, arterial lesions were identical in type and extent to those in freshly captured wild monkeys."
1151527,"An experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the brain lesions, diarrhoea and haemorrhages produced by amprolium poisoning of preruminant lambs. The encephalopathy was preceded by a reduction of cerebrocortical transketolase activity. Diarrhoea was not associated with histological evidence of pathological change in the small intestine, and in lambs with severe diarrhoea the small intestinal levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactase were unaffected. Haemorrhages were associated with a thrombocytopenia which was attributed to degeneration of bone marrow megakaryocytes. The bone marrow of the majority of the lambs which had received amprolium for 3 wk or more was severely depopulated, erythrocyte precursors being the most severely affected. The marrow depopulation was atrributed to decreased cell production, as the majority of the remaining cells showed little evidence of degeneration and the number of mitotic figures in the marrow of amprolium-treated lambs was considerably reduced as compared with the controls."
1151528,"The interrelationships between liver iron concentration, the duration of iron-loading, and hepatic fibrosis, assessed morphometrically, have been studied in 32 specimens of liver obtained from 19 heavily transfused patients with thalassaemia major whose age ranged from 4 to 19 yr. Similar observations were made in a matched group of thalassaemic patients treated with long-term chelation therapy. The degree of liver damage ranged from very slight increase in fibrous tissue to severe fibrosis and cirrhosis. The severity of the fibrosis was closely correlated both with liver iron concentration and with age. While the relationship between fibrosis and age was linear, both the severity and the rate of fibrosis were exponentially related to liver iron concentration, damage accelerating as liver iron concentration exceeded 3 per cent, dry weight. By producing a modest but significant reduction in liver iron concentration chelation therapy resulted in a disproportionate but predictable retardation in the progression of the fibrosis. The factors affecting the distribution of iron between parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells were also examined. In general stainable iron was uniformly distributed between parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells from the early stages of iron-loading. Parenchymal siderosis was relatively heavier in splenectomised patients and in patients with liver iron concentrations above 3 per cent, dry weight than in non-splenectomised patients or patients with liver iron levels of less than 3 per cent, dry weight, but this did not affect the severity of the fibrosis. The relevance of these findings to the traditional concepts of the pathology of transfusional siderosis is discussed."
1151529,"The clinical and histopathological features of a case of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the breast are described. After 46 mth of follow-up, there has been no recurrence of the tumour, and no evidence of further extramedullary plasmacytomas, multiple myeloma or diffuse myelomatosis either clinically, radiologically or on biochemical and haematological investigations. She has developed diabetes mellitus. Distinction is made between the true extramedullary plasmacytoma and those which are a manifestation of multiple myeloma. The unpredictable behaviour and prognosis of extramedullary plasmacytomas is indicated."
1151533,"An 18-month-old infant required six hospital admissions in a period of six months for episodes consisting of coughing, respiratory depression, hematemesis, coma, dehydration, and lesions about the mouth. A negative history of ingestion of toxins was repeatedly obtained from the family and two home inspection by the local Health Department failed to identify potential toxins. Metabolic work-up was entirely negative. Utilizing methods of GC-MS, metabolites of a-terpineol were isolated from infant urine on two admissions to the hospital. These metabolites were confirmed by mass spectrometry to be the same metabolites excreted by Sprague-Dawley rats injected with a-terpineol or pine oil. The child had no additional episodes after physical separation from the home environment."
1151534,"Fenfluramine is a substituted phenylethylamine structurally related to amphetamine. Within three hours following the ingestion of 1,600 mg of fenfluramine, a 17-year-old girl, who was initially agitated and had tachycardia, developed convulsions, cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiorespiratory arrest. In previously reported cases, flushing, sweating, mydriasis, tachycardia, and agitation commonly occur, as well as convulsions and abrupt cardiorespiratory arrest. The rapid onset and progression of symptoms, the short interval between ingestion and death, and the lack of responsiveness to resuscitative measures are common findings in fatal cases."
1151535,"Two cases of childhood melioidosis in conjunction with five from the literature are presented. Although most reported cases come from Southeast Asia, importation into the United States by travelers and military personnel has occurred. The course of the disease may be acute or chronic; the onset is generally with fever and pneumonia. Melioidosis should be considered in any patient with pneumonia who has returned recently from an endemic area."
1151545,"The palatal defect in patients with the Robin anomalad was found to be U shaped. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that the underlying dysmorphic event is usually early mandibular hypoplasia with secondary extrinsic obstruction of palatal closure by a posteriorly displaced tongue. The more common V-shaped defects of palate closure arise by a different mechanism. Unfortunately, available recurrence risk data for cleft palate do not allow for this distinction. Furthermore, physicians should be alert for instances in which the Robin anomalad is but one feature of a broader pattern of malformation. In the current study, 25% of the 28 patients ascertained as having the Robin anomalad had a recognizable syndrome for which specific, but varying, genetic counsel was indicated."
1151546,"The first recognized case of a Rennes-like variant form of galactosemia in a Caucasian individual is described. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity was approximately 10% of the normal in both erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Electrophoretic mobility of the variant enzyme in erythrocytes was slower than that of normal individuals and identical to that of the two cases originally reported from Rennes, France. In normal cultured skin fibroblasts, four transferase bands were found. In this tissue, the patient again had a slower moving transferase. It is proposed that in transferase variants an altered subunit results in a specifically altered enzyme mobility analogous for each tissue."
1151547,"The clinical features of three children in whom a slow tremor involving the head, trunk, or limbs was associated with macrocephaly are presented. The findings were similar but not identical to those previously reported in four children with the bobble-head doll syndrome. These seven children have many of the signs and symptoms found in patients with surgically or spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus, including motor incoordination, behavior and psychologic deviations, and endocrine dysfunction. The tremor which can be voluntarily inhibited and which disappears following shunt surgery, is unique. The theoretical basis for the tremor is briefly discussed."
1151548,The concentration (activity) of ionized calcium in serum [Ca-++] was measured in nine patients with symptomatic hypocalcemia of diverse etiology. In all nine patients the [Ca-++] was smaller than or equal to 2.50 mg/dl. No significant correlation was found between the [Ca-++] and serum levels of either total calcium or phosphate. Use of the McLean-Hastings nomogram failed to reveal any significant statistical correlation between the predicted [Ca-++] values and those actually measured. These data indicate that: (1) symptomatic hypocalcemia occurs when levels of ionized calcium in serum fall near or below a critical threshold concentration of 2.50 mg/dl and (2) the [Ca-++] must be measured directly to confirm the clinical impression of hypocalcemia.
1151549,"Nine children were evaluated two to three years after institution of either medical or surgical management of their hiatal herniae. Four children treated medically ranged from 6 to 16 months of age. There were clinically cured of symptoms and one clinically improved, indicating the efficacy of medical management in some young children. The fifth medically treated child, age 10 years, was also clinically improved. Four children initially had surgical hiatal hernia repair: one (16 days old) because of pulmonary aspiration with associated cardiorespiratory arrest, two (ages 3 and 6 years) because medical management failed, and one (age 7 years) who presented with an esophageal stricture. Surgery for hiatal herniae in children should be reserved for patients in whom medical management has failed or for patients with serious complications."
1151552,"The model of starvation in this study was the medical condition of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pyloric stenosis involves a period of brief starvation in early infancy, is unrelated to socioeconomic conditions, and is easily correctable. A number of specific learning abilities together with the general adjustment of 50 subjects, 5 to 14 years old, who had PS were studied and compared to those of 44 siblings and 50 matched controls. Learning ability was negatively correlated with the degree of severity of the starvation. Starvation resulting in reduction of more than 10% of the expected body weight in infancy was associated with poorer learning abilities, especially those involving short-term memory and attention."
1151558,A retrospective analysis of data garnered from the study of 83 patients with histiocytosis X suggests that evaluation of the function of certain organs and the histologic appearance of the lesions may be quite valuable in determining the prognosis and treatment of affected patients.
1151559,"The diagnostic accuracy of nephrosonography is compared with conventional radiologic techniques and surgical findings in 13 infants aged 1 day to 14 months, who were in renal failure or had abdominal masses. Ten of the 13 infants presented with marked renal failure and in half of them neither kidneys nor collecting systems were visualized on the first intravenous pyelogram. Normal renal architecture was demonstrated by nephrosonography in three, hypoplastic kidneys in three, hydronephrosis in three, and a combination of hydronephrosis and contralateral multicystic kidney in one. In the three infants without renal failure, only one kidney was demonstrated by IVP; The cystic contralateral kidney in each of them was demonstrated by nephrosonography. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by conventional radiologic techniques when renal function had improved or by surgical exploration. This technique appears to be a useful adjunct to conventional radiography in the differential diagnosis of the infant with abnormalities of the urinary tract. Nephrosonography is of especial value when a kidney is not visualized by IVP, and it may appropriately aid in therapeutic decisions regarding the use of invasive procedures in small critically ill infants."
1151560,"In nine children with the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome a high incidence of nephropathy was documented. Renal involvement was noted in seven patients before or simultaneously with the diagnosis of LMBS. Five have uremia and two have died. All patients had an abnormal urogrum. The spectrum of renal lesions ranged from mesangial tissue proliferation to glomerular clerosis, interstitial scarring, and medullary and cortical cyst formation. A relationship between the lesions seen in the LMBS and those of other hereditary retinal-renal conditions is suggested."
1151567,"Clearances of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid were performed in 22 newborn infants without renal disease. Ages varied from 12 hours to 25 days. The mean values of inulin and PAH clearances during the first four days of life were 10.8 +/- 1.0 ml/min/m2 and 30.8 +/- ml/min/m2, respectively. A twofold increase in glomerular filtration rate was observed during the first 14 days of life. A similar increase in PAH clearance occurred during this period. No correlation was found between gestational age (range: 32 to 39 weeks) and GFR in ten neonates studied during the first four days after birth."
1151568,"Percutaneous catheterization of the radial artery appears to be a simple and safe alternative to catheterization of the umbilical artery for monitoring critically ill neonates. This avoids the serious and potentially fatal complications associated with use of the umbilical arterial catheter, and it is also applicable to monitoring of neonates in whom the umbilical artery is no longer patent. We observed no serious sequelae in cannulation of the radial artery and think that the technique should be used more widely."
1151569,A pediatric nurse practitioner course has been described in which 30 nurse trainees spent six seeks in an intensive training program followed by six months of preceptorship with a pediatrician in their own agency. This short but intensive program had advantages of permitting the PNP student to retain her health care agency position during the intensive part of the program and of assuring her a position as a PNP once the course was completed. Evaluation of the students by written and practical examinations indicated that they had made significant gains in their knowledge and understanding of pediatrics and in their ability to evaluate and refer patients and to provide well-child care and maternal counseling.
1151596,"In a recent paper, Haan and Livson reported sex differences between male and female psychologists in their evaluations of adult men and adult women. Their conclusions have implication for the validity of clinical assessments and were interpreted in terms of stereotypic sex role perceptions. However, their statistical analysis was in fundamental error. When the data they employed were reanalyzed, no reliable sex differences between men and women psychologists were found, a finding in accord with a number of previous investigations of this problem."
1151597,This paper is concerned with testing the hypothesis that children who have good relationships with their parents will more often give M responses to the Rorschach than will children whose relationships with their parents are not good. The sample consisted of 20 boys who were divided into two groups according to the number of their M responses. Their relations with their parents were tested by the Family Relations Test. The results supported only the hypothesis with regard to the boys' relationships with their mothers. This seems to indicate that the ability to make M responses develops at an early age when the relationship with mother is overwhelming importance.
1151598,Previous studies have suggested adequate reliability for a measure of perceptual adience-abience based on the HABGT in view of significant evidence concerning its construct and predictive validity. The present study explored the test-retest reliability of this scale with 40 process schizophrenics over a two-week interval. Reliability was found to be adequate for both males and females (rho equals .84) for the total scale. The four components of the scale were similarly found to be reliable. No subject changed on retest with respect to adient or abient orientation. Interjudge reliability was very high (rho = .912).
1151599,"The test-retest reliability of the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender-Gestalt test was explored with a population of 40 process schizophrenics over a two-week interval. The total Psychopathology Scale Score was found to have high retest reliability for both male and female patients (rho = .87 for males and .83 for females). Moreover the three major components for the Scale were found to have high reliability, and fairly high reliabilities were obtained for patients scoring high as well as low on the Scale. Interjudge reliability was also found to be very high (rho = .895), confirming previous studies in this respect. On these grounds, the Scale offers promise both for clinical and research purposes."
1151600,"The interpretation that blacks' tendency to score higher on MMPI clinical scales is due to educational deprivation has been challenged by research in which, when educatation was held constant, race-related differences remained. Racial differences in type of psychopathology have seldom been controlled in part research. After establishing that a grester proportion of black psychiatric patients may receive a schizophrenic diagnosis (Study 1), MMPI protocols of black and white schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients were obtained. All patients had received 12 or more years of education. Schizophrenics scored significantly higher on the MMPI F and Sc scales and nonschizophrenics tended to score higher on Pd. No race-related differences were observed on any of the 11 MMPI scales considered."
1151601,"In order to determine the potential usefulness of the Mini-Mult as a screening instrument with parents of emotionally disturbed children, two studies were conducted. In the first study 128 MMPI profiles were rescored for the Mini-Mult and comparisons with MMPI were made. In the second study 50 parents were administered both the MMPI and the Mini-Mult. Results of both studies indicate that the Mini-Mult is not a good screening instrument with parents of emotionally disturbed children."
1151602,"Higher order personality dimensions of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism were studied as functions of birth order in two-sib families, using 141 female subjects, with control over sex of sibling and sib age separation. No significant personality dimension variance was attributable to birth order in females. The results were considered briefly in terms of the importance of birth order, heritability questions, and the possible contribution of birth order to lower order traits."
1151603,"Form E of Cattell's 16PF test was administered to 515 hospitalized schizophrenics. This sample was compared to Cattell's standardization population for both raw scores and sten scores. Comparisons were made between males and females, acute patients and chronic patients, and amongst three categories of schizophrenia (paranoid, undifferentiated, schizo-affectives). The results indicate that the ""schizophrenic profile,"" reported in previous research with Form A, did not obtain expected differentiations among schizophrenic categories. The question of the usefulness of Form E in diagnosing schizophrenia was raised."
1151609,"A laboratory experiment supported Fiedler's Contingency Model analysis of leadership training. The effect of leadership training on group performance was contingent on leadership style, that is, the leader's relation to his least preferred co-worker (LPC). Training improved the performance of high LPC leaders, but was detrimental to the performance of groups with low LPC leaders. High intelligence leaders profited more from training than low intelligence leaders, but low intelligence leaders were more productive overall. Leader LPC times Intelligence interactions indicated that follower satisfaction and interpersonal affect were highest for groups with high LPC-low intelligence leaders or low LPC-high intelligence leaders. Implications for contingency theories of leadership are discussed."
1151610,"The present research compared the relative effectiveness of an attribution strategy with a persuasion strategy in changing behavior. Study 1 attempted to teach fifth graders not to litter and to clean up after others. An attribution group was repeatedly told that they were neat and tidy people, a persuasion group was repeatedly told that they should be neat and tidy, and a control group received no treatment. Attribution proved considerably more effective in modifying behavior. Study 2 tried to discover whether similar effects would hold for a more central aspect of school performance, math achievement and self-esteem, and whether an attribution of ability would be as effective as an attribution of motivation. Repeatedly attributing to second graders either the ability or the motivation to do well in math proved more effective than comparable persuasion or no-treatment control groups, although a group receiving straight reinforcement for math problem-solving behavior also did well. It is suggested that persuasion often suffers because it involves a negative attribution (a person should be what he is not), while attribution generally gains because it disguises persuasive intent."
1151611,"This study examined the relationship between locus of control and academic performance by evaluating the academic achievement of defensive externals, which has been considered a confounding factor in previous research. A further objective was an examination of the effect of two mediating variables in their relation to locus of control and academic performance. One hundred sixty college students were administered the Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scales, the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale, and the Achievement via Independence/via Conformance scales. Obtained results demonstrated that internals were academically superior to both defensive and congruent externals. Defensive externals were shown to have higher grade point averages than congruent externals, and female defensive externals achieved greater academic success than their male counterparts. Further results suggested that the relationship between locus of control and academic performance may not be a direct one but may be modified by specific mediating variables."
1151612,"Viewing leadership behavior as a joint function of situational factors, individual predispositions, and followers' responsive behavior, this study used 64 subjects, half of them high and half of them low in measured leadership self-concept. Half had a high and half a low stake in a group task. Each subject was twice appointed leader of a three-man group, once exposed to ""followers"" (experimenter's condederates,) altercasting him to lead, once to followers alter-casting him to follow. Multivariate analyses of variance showed effects of followers' behavior on profiles of a subject's behavior (when subjects were pushed to lead they led, when pushed to follow they increased socioemotional activity) and perceptions of followers. These effects were specified by leadership self-concept (little difference between groups when confronting pushy followers, more when confronting passive ones), prompting an interpretation in terms of role incongruity."
1151613,"Two experiments investigated the effects of the presence of an observer on aggressive responding. In one experiment, male subjects observed by a male aggressed more than those observed by a female. When the male observer was removed from the situation, subjects' level of aggressiveness more closely matched the level manifested by the opponent. The removal of the female observer had little effect on the subjects' behavior. In the second experiment, the male or female observer of the subject's behavior was disguised as a member of an organization with explicit values (aggressive or pacifistic) regarding the use of aggression. In this case, significant differences in aggression were associated with the observer's values but not the observer's sex. Following the departure of the observer, the shock settings of subjects in the two aggressive-value observer groups showed a signifcant decrease. The average shock setting of subjects in the two pacifistic-value observer groups remained at about the same level. In sum, the results indicated that the subjects' aggressive behavior was apparently a function of their expectations of approval for such behavior, based on the inferred or explicit values of the observer. The results were further discussed in terms of social learning theory."
1151614,"One hundred male and 83 female subjects were assessed on absorption (i.e., involvement in everyday imaginative activities), attitudes toward hypnosis, and hypnotic suggestibility. Significant positive correlations were obtained for both sexes between absorption and attitudes and between each of these variables and hypnotic suggestibility. Multiple regression analyses indicated that most of the predicted variance in hypnotic suggestibility scores was accounted for in both sexes by the absorption variable."
1151622,"The 5'-O-formate ester of arabinosyladenine was synthesized and shown to be suitable as a water-soluble prodrug, being at least 60 times more soluble than the parent cytotoxic nucleoside. This increased solubility was ascribed to a decrease in intermolecular interaction in the crystalline state, as evidenced by an similar 90 degrees lower melting point for the ester relative to the parent compound. The prodrug reverted to the parent compound in aqueous solution, its pH-rate profile being V-shaped with maximum stability at a pH similar 4.2, corresponding to a half-life of about 10 days. The rate of hydrolysis of the prodrug at 37degrees in 91% human serum and 91% whole blood was studied. At an initial concentration of 0.4 mg of prodrug/ml of 91% whole blood, reversion to arabinosyladenine appeared to be essentially complete in about 15 min. The prodrug did not appear to be subject to enzymatic deamination. This feature, together with the good solubility of the prodrug, makes possible the effective formulation of arabinosyladenine for intravenous purposes. The rationale involved in the general design of a prodrug and the specific considerations necessitated in the case of adenine arabinoside are discussed."
1151623,"A method for the analysis of acetazolamide, 5-acetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, sensitive to 25 ng/ml in plasma, was developed. After extraction of acetazolamide and its propionyl analog, 5-propionamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, the internal standard, from plasma with ethyl acetate and removal of lipids from the residue of the ethyl acetate extract with methylene chloride, the sulfonamides were chromatographed on an octadecyl trichlorosilane bonded phase using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The method was developed to study plasma level profiles of different dosage forms of acetazolamide."
1151624,"The rate of transfer of contrast agents from cerebrospinal fluid to blood is of clinical importance in radiological examinations of the subarachnoid space. Metrizamide, a potential contrast medium, was injected intrathecally to humans and serum levels at different times after injection were measured. A one-compartment open model was found to apply to the data. Considerable individual variations were found, but the mean absorption rate constant indicated that more than 50% of the absorbed dose had disappeared from the cerebrospinal fluid 0.75 hr after injection. TLC of the fraction excreted in the urine showed that metrizamide was not metabolized in the body."
1151625,The nature of the so-called anionic binding site of acetylcholinesterase was investigated using a technique called receptor mapping using model interaction calculations. The results support the suggestion that coulombic forces play only a minor role in the binding event at this enzyme site.
1151626,"The protein binding characteristics of chloramphenicol, furazolium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and phenylmercuric nitrate were described from their partitioning behavior in gelatin-acacia complex coacervate systems. Although the partitioning was determined by two different methods (microbiological and chemical), the microbiological method was more reliable for this type of investigation. Drug-protein parameters were calculated for the four antimicrobials. The advantages of the coacervate systems over other models for protein binding studies of drugs are discussed."
1151627,"A sensitive and specific GLC assay method was developed for the determination of propoxyphene, its major metabolite norpropoxyphene, and lesser known metabolites cyclic dinorpropoxyphene and/or dinorpropoxyphene in plasma of heroin addicts administered up to 800 mg of propoxyphene napsylate. The assay used a mass internal standard of pyrroliphene. The compounds were extracted from pH 9.8 carbonate-buffered plasma with butyl chloride, back-extracted into acidified water which was then washed with hexane, and reextracted with chloroform from the aqueous phase made basic. Quantitation of the drug and its metabolites was accomplished by temperature-programmed GLC. Absolute identification of the compounds chromatographed was completed by GLC-mass spectrometry."
1151628,"The absorption of oral digoxin preparations was evaluated following single-dose administration of 0.5 mg of digoxin to 16 normal volunteers in a randomized crossover design. Absorption was estimated using the cumulative excretion of digoxin in urine for 7 days and the area under the 24-hr serum digoxin concentration curve (AUC). Significant intersubject variability was observed with both parameters, but this variability was greater for the AUC. After intravenous administration, the 7-day digoxin excretion was 68% of the dose. The elixir and a rapid dissolution tablet were significantly better absorbed (84.5 and 77.8%, respectively) than was a slow dissolution tablet (66.7%), as reflected by the fraction of the amount excreted in the urine following intravenous administration of the same dose. There was a highly significant correlation between the cumulative digoxin excretion in urine during the first 2 days compared to 7 days (r = +0.972,p less than 0.001). Bioavailability of oral digoxin preparations can be reliably determined by comparison of the cumulative 2-day excretion of digoxin following a single dose."
1151629,"The rate constants for alcoholic solvolysis of the hydrochloride salts of diethylaminodibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene and related amino congeners were determined. The objective was a study of the comparative ease of cleavage of the C-N amino linkage by various aliphatic alcohols. The interaction of protonated amines of this series with alcoholic hydroxyls presumably leads to formation of the corresponding ethers in a manner somewhat analogous to alkoxide reaction with alkyl bromides. The methyl ether produced from solvolysis of diethylaminodibenzocycloheptene hydrochloride was isolated and identified. Methanol appears to react somewhat more rapidly with the amine hydrochlorides than other aliphatic alcohols. The latter produce almost invariant velocity constants with a given amine hydrochloride. The exception was tertbutanol, which resulted in Kobs values about one-third of those given by the other alcohols. Some velocity constants in formic and acetic acids were evaluated. Generation of carbonium ions of appreciable lifetime was indicated in formic acid by the formation of a highly colored (red-violet) solution. This color may be a manifestation of the dibenzotropylium ion."
1151630,"A high-speed liquid chromatographic system is described, which can be used for the simultaneous identification of the anabolic steroid methandrostenolone and its impurities and the quantitation of each of these compounds. Separation is effected by adsorption chromatography on a slurry-packed microparticulate silica gel column."
1151631,"Compressed tablets were prepared on a hydraulic press at several different compaction pressures by a standardized technique, using aspirin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium phosphato-carbonate, alumina, and microcrystalline cellulose. All tablets except microcrystalline cellulose contained a cation-exchange resin as disintegrant. The particle-size spectra of the disintegrating compacts were evaluated using a particle-size counter or an air jet sieve. It is shown that compacts made from different materials but of the same initial particle-size spectra disintegrate to give particles of a considerably different size. Determination of the change in particle size produced by the compaction process provides useful insight into the nature of the compaction process."
1151632,"The water-sorption properties of four tablet disintegrants, starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and a cation-exchange resin, were examined in the form of powders and in compressed tablets prepared from calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. Dissolution properties of the tablets compare well to the water-sorption properties. The effect of storage in the presence of water vapor upon tablets containing the various disintegrants was evaluated in terms of tablet hardness and disintegration time. Differences in the effects produced in the various tablet formulations can be related to the differing mechanisms whereby the disintegrants effect tablet rupture. Photomicrographic data support the conclusions drawn from the water-sorption, disintegration, and dissolution studies. Sodium starch glycolate and the cation-exchange resin merit careful consideration by formulators using calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate or similar direct compression matrixes."
1151633,"The effect of cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen, on uterine contractility when the compound is administered to rats during midpregnancy was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats were given cyproterone acetate subcutaneously on Days 8-11 of gestation. The results indicate that cyproterone acetate, either directly or indirectly, inhibits uterine contractility, an effect that may explain the prolongation of the gestational period observed in all treated animals."
1151634,"Several N,N'-bis[3-(3-substituted urea)propyl]piperazines were synthesized and characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR spectra. All substituted piperazines were found to possess anticonvulsant activity, which was reflected by 20-70% protection observed against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. Some of these compounds inhibited oxidation of pyruvic acid by rat brain homogenate. No correlation could be observed between the anticonvulsant activity possessed by these substituted piperazines and their ability to inhibit the oxidation of pyruvic acid."
1151639,"At the air-water interface, the area occupied by the molecules of each component of mixed monomolecular layers of cholesterol with hexadecyl alcohol, hexadecylic acid, or hexadecylamine was independent of the presence of the other component. The values of the free energy of mixing of these lipids were within the range of the entropic factor of the free energy even at high surface pressures. Mixed monolayers of cholesterol and bovine serum albumin showed a similar independence of the area per molecule and of the free energy of mixing values when the concentration of the protein was expressed in terms of amino acid residues per molecule of protein forming the mixed monolayer. Higher values of the free energy of mixing were obtained for mixed monolayers of cholesterol with dipalmitoyl lecithin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine than were expected from an entropic factor. The interaction between monomolecular layers of lipidic biomolecules with bulk subphase components, the energy of activation, interaction kinetics, and effects of added electrolytes were also studied. The implications of these data to a mechanism of action are discussed."
1151640,"NMR was used to study the binding of acetylcholine, atropine, and physostigmine to acetylcholinesterase. Changes in the linewidth of the N-methyl resonance of acetylcholine, resulting from association with the enzyme during hydrolysis, were utilized to study the enzyme-substrate interaction. Physostigmine inhibited the binding of the substrate while atropine accelerated substrate hydrolysis without interfering with its binding. The dissociation constant, KD and the linewidth of the acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor complex, increment v bound, for atropine and physostigmine can be estimated from the linewidth changes of the N-methyl and phenyl group resonances of atropine and from the N-methyl and C-methyl group resonances of physostigmine resulting from association with the enzyme. The results indicate that there is at least one binding site on the enzyme surface for atropine and one for physostigmine. Further evidence that the two sites are distinct is indicated by the fact that gallamine displaces atropine from its site without competing with physostigmine."
1151642,"Simplified methods for studying the release of drugs suspended in oleaginous ointment bases were developed. These procedures were used in studying the release rates of two corticoids, fluocinonide and flucloronide, from white petrolatum and petrolatum containing various adjuvants. A practical method for measuring drug solubilities was developed and used in determining solubilities of these corticoids in ointment bases. When using physical data obtained from model ointments, the release rates of drugs from modified ointment bases were predicted. Comparisons of the observed and predicted rates from ointments containing hydrophobic adjuvants indicated the usefulness of the physical model approach in predicting the release rates. For ointments containing emulsifying agents, the simple model used did not provide useful predictions."
1151643,A reliable and sensitive method was used to compare the analgesic activities of salicylic acid and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and several phenoxy substituted isosteric pairs. Those isosteric compounds studied did not show analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of aspirin was more than twofold greater than that of salicylic acid.
1151644,"An intravenous dosage form of trichloromonofluoromethane, a common aerosol propellant, was formulated in polyethylene glycol 400 for single and multiple dosing to unanesthetized dogs. A three-compartment open model was proposed for disposition of this compound in dogs with average half-lives of 3.2, 16, and 93 min for three disposition phases. This finding is contrary to several reports where blood levels were monitored for shorter periods. A computer analysis of tissue compartment distribution following a single dose showed that about 2 hr was required to achieve pseudodistribution equilibration, following which more than 90% of the dose remaining in the body was retained in tissue compartments. Pulmonary clearance and volumes of distribution were calculated considering first-pass effect through the lung. The volume of distribution was approximately six times the body weight in terms of blood concentrations, and about 30% of the propellant was cleared from blood passing through the lung in each cycle. Disposition of propellant followed dose-independent kinetics after multiple dosing, and accumulation in tissues continued for a much longer period, resulting in high tissue compartment levels."
1151645,"A theory is presented based on experimental work reporting shifts in the critical micelle-like concentrations of nucleosides and caffeine. An increase in these concentrations by multiple integers (called complexing capacity numbers) of the concentration of the vehicle compound, whose concentration was fixed, was observed for substances that tend to form complexes with each other and with some other compounds and to self-associate as well when their concentrations are varied. The physical model presented assumes the significance of the potential hydrogen bonding sites in determining the mode of aggregation as well as the magnitude of these complexing capacity numbers. This assumption was verified experimentally when reducing the hydrogen bonding by using 1,3-dimethyluracil. The mathematical model hypothesized has provided a means for calculating equilibrium constants for various consecutive processes as well as other quantities of theoretical interest."
1151646,"Mestranol (17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether), when placed on a carrier such as powdered silica gel and exposed to the atmosphere, is converted to a yellow product. The compound formed was shown to be 1alpha-ethynyltetrahydro-1beta-hydroxy4 - (2 - hydroxy - 5 - methoxy - 3 - nitrophenethyl) - 7a - methyl-5(4H)-indanone. The 3-methyl ethers of three other steroids having aromatic A rings yielded products of a similar type. Identical compounds were prepared from the respective steroids by treatment with nitrating agents in acetic acid. This reaction in acetic acid is light catalyzed. An independent synthesis of a model compound, 6-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-3-hexanone, established the position of the constituents on the aromatic ring as well as the location of the carbonyl. The mechanism proposed for the formation of these products is an initial oxidation of the 1-substituted tetralin to form a hydroperoxide, which is ionically decomposed to form a ketophenol. The phenol is then nitrated in the ortho-position."
1151647,"The purposes of this investigation were to determine and to compare the oral absorption characteristics of micronized griseofulvin (500 mg) after its administration to humans in the form of a corn oil-in-water emulsion containing dispersed drug, an aqueous suspension, and two different commercial tablets (A and B). The four dosage forms were administered in a random crossover fashion to five fasting subjects, and drug absorption was assessed from urinary excretion data for the major metabolite of the antibiotic (6-desmethylgriseofulvin). The drug was most rapidly, uniformly, and completely absorbed from the corn oil-in-water emulsion. As compared to either the aqueous suspension, Tablet A, or Tablet B, three- to fourfold increases in the maximum body levels and a twofold enhancement in the bioavailability of the antibiotic were observed after administration of the emulsion dosage form. A mechanism based on the ability of the linoleic and oleic acids liberated during the digestion of corn oil to inhibit GI motility and stimulate gallbladder evacuation may explain the marked enhancing effect of emulsified corn oil on griseofulvin absorption in humans. This new lipid-in-water emulsion dosage form of micronized griseofulvin appears to offer several clinical advantages in the treatment of fungal infections."
1151648,"To study the behavior of the d- and l-isomers of ibuprofen in humans, a method for the determination of the individual enantiomers in plasma and urine was required. A specific procedure was developed based on (a) benzene extraction of the acidified specimens, (b) TLC of the benzene extract residue, (c) formation of the l-alpha-methylbenzylamides of the materials eluted from the chromatograms, and (d) quantification of the resulting diastereoisomeric amides by GLC in conjunction with flame-ionization detection. When using a 1-ml aliquot of the specimen, the method is sensitive to 1 mug of each enantiomer/ml of plasma or urine. As compared to simple aqueous solutions, the average recoveries of the enantiomers from plasma and urine ranged from 94 to96%. Mass spectrometric analyses, in conjunction with GLC, confirmed the specificity of the method for the intact enantiomers. The procedure was applied successfully to drug absorption studies in humans. After oral administration of the racemic mixture, the predominant enantiomer in peripheral circulation and excreted in urine was of the d-configuration."
1151649,"Acacia and sodium alginate powders were sterilized by cobalt-60 irradiation to a total dose of 2.5 Mrad with no increase in residual radioactivity of the gums as a result of the treatment. Viscosity measurements showed an 11% reduction in the viscosity of acacia in water and a 16% decrease in the intrinsic viscosity in barium chloride solution due to the irradiation. Viscosities of sodium alginate solutions in 0.1 N sodium chloride showed a 70% decrease in intrinsic viscosity, indicating changes in the molecular structure corresponding to degradation to 30% of the original degree of polymerization. This dose of gamma-radiation from cobalt-60 is not an appropriate method of sterilization for these gums."
1151650,A procedure for the simultaneous analysis of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed and evaluated. Separation is effected on a porous particle silicic acid column with chloroform dioxane-isopropanol-acetic acid (310:9.7:1.0:0.1 by volume) and is monitored at 254 nm. Results of the procedure were compared with results of a GLC assay.
1151651,"Synthetic and naturally occurring cannabidiol and cannabichromene were distinctly separated without derivation by GLC using a 6% OV-1 column; an artifact of cannabichromene, cannabicyclol, was separated from (minus)-delta9-trans-tetrahydrocanna-bivarin. This procedure is versatile and applicable for the quantitation of Cannabis containing both cannabidiol and cannabichromene. Biological interaction among (minus)-delta9-trans-tetrhydrocanabinol, cannabichromene, and other cannabinoids in natural Cannabis preparations can now be studied. In the phenyl methyl silicone polymer series, cannabidiol precedes ca-nabichromene on columns containing below a 50% phenyl-to-methyl ratio. Columns containing below a 50% phenyl-to-methyl ratio. Columns containing a 50:50 or greater ratio of phenyl to methyl reverse the separation order with cannabichromene preceding cannabidiol."
1151652,"A highly specific and sensitive GLC method was developed for the analysis of alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4-(alpha,alpha,beta,beta-tetrafluorophenethyl) benzylamine, a new orally active antiarrhythmic drug, in biological fluids. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard, 4-(alpha,alpha,beta,beta-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine, to the plasma or urine samples followed by extraction of the drugs into benzene at pH 8. The extracted amines are converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivatives (characterized by GLG-mass spectrometry), chromatographed, and detected with a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The sensitivity of the method is such that 10 ng of alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4-(alpha,alpha,beta,beta-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine/ml of plasma can be analyzed. These levels are suitable for the analysis of samples obtained following a therapeutic dose."
1151653,"The interaction of 14C-acetaminophen, 150 mg/kg (20 muCi/kg), and orally administered aspirin, 200 mg/kg, was studied in male guinea pigs. Aspirin-pretreated animals possessed higher 14C blood levels than controls. Paper chromatography of 0-6 hr urines demonstrated that pretreated animals excreted significantly greater amounts of mercapturate than controls; however, it was only a minor metabolite, accounting for 1-3% of the counts in the urine. The major metabolite, the glucuronide, accounted for 90% of the counts, with free acetaminophen and its sulfate responsible for the remaining counts. Tissue distribution studies indicated that blood plasma and kidneys from aspirin-pretreated animals possessed statistically higher 14C levels than did control tissues. Bile duct and ureter cannulation experiments indicated that aspirin inhibited the concentrating processes into the urine and bile."
1151654,"The partition coefficients for an organophosphorus compound, dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate), between pure liquids, micellar solutions, and liquid crystalline phases were determined by spectrometric analysis of the dichlorvos content after equilibration and separation of the phases. The results demonstrated the pronounced importance of associated colloid structures on the partition coefficient and showed that the partition coefficient did not display a simple concentration dependence."
1151655,"No information is available on the structural requirements for the antitumor activity of sparsomycin, an antibiotic obtained from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sparsogenes. Its high in vivo and in vitro activity, novel structure, and uncommon mode of action have, therefore, suggested the synthesis of analogs. This report describes the preparation and screening of a series of N-substituted 3-aryl acrylamides which are closely related to sparsomycin. Three compounds exhibited some tumor inhibition but insufficient to warrant further testing."
1151657,"The diffusion and permeability of large organic molecules through polymeric films were investigated, specifically the passage of estrogen through films of polyethylene, silicone, or a composite of these two films. Such systems are of interest because of the possibility of constructing a biocompatible implant that releases a hormone at a controlled and desired rate. Diffusion and permeability coefficients through implants of a desirable size-successfully tested in rats-were measured by the ""time lag"" method of diffusion, and solubility coefficients were determined by the method of sorption kinetics. Independently derived values were in good agreement. An interesting observation was made with implications for the controlled release from membrane-based drug delivery systems. Permeability coefficients of estrogen are orders of magnitude higher when estrogen is present as a solid rather than in a dilute solution, while diffusion coefficients are equal. This finding is explained by the considerably higher partial vapor pressure of estrogen in the former case. In fact, control of the partial vapor pressure of the encapsulated drug is a powerful method for controlling its release rate."
1151659,"A simple fluorometric method for the quantitation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine, either alone or in the presence of levodopa, is presented. Fluorescence is developed by reaction with fluorescamine. The interactions of this reagent with levodopa and a number of its derivatives under various experimental conditions were studied. Negligible fluorescence was obtained with levodopa, dopamine, levodopa benzyl ester, and 6-hydroxydopamine."
1151658,"Intraperitoneal administration of allylglycine resulted in a hypothermic response in rats. At a dosage of 90 mg/kg, a significant decrease in temperature was noted at 4 and 8 hr after administration, but no significant difference was noted at 12 hr. The same dose administered intraperitoneally to decapitated rats did not result in a hypothermic response, and intraventricular administration resulted in a rapid onset of hypothermia after 1 hr. These findings are indicative of a central site of action for the allylglycine-induced hypothermia. Quantitative assay of hypothalamic monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine) did not show any significant changes at 4, 8, and 12 hr postadministration when compared to controls. A significant decrease in hypothalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid was noted at each of these time points when compared to controls. These data suggest an important role for gamma-aminobutyric acid in mammalian thermoregulatory control."
1151660,"A method is reported for studying the effects of several factors at room temperature on the oxygen permeability of soft gelatin capsule shell films. The method involves the use of a permeability cell assembly and the spectrophotometric determïnation of oxygen with an alkaline pyrogallic acid solution. Factors investigated were relative humidity, plasticizers, equilibrium water, an insoluble additive, and film thickness. Results from the effects of film thickness and oxygen partial pressure correlated well with the permeability equation. For greatest stability of encapsulated oxygen-labile materials, it is recommended that the soft gelatin capsule shells be prepared with a low plasticizer concentration and that the finished capsules be stored at low relative humidity."
1151661,"A method is presented for quantitatively determining triclocarban in blood. Triclocarban is extracted from blood with ether, isolated by TLC, and measured through its UV absorption at 265 nm in methanol. This method is sensitive to 250 ng (50 ppb in 5 ml of blood) of free triclocarban with a relative standard deviation of 5.2%, correlated with a radiotracer analysis of 14C-labeled triclocarban. It has been applied successfully to the analysis of triclocarban in human and rabbit blood."
1151662,"Three doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) of clindamycin phosphate were tested in each of three feline neuromuscular preparations in a Latin-square sequence, and the muscular responses and blood pressures were compared. No statistically significant dose-related neuromuscular or blood pressure effects were observed."
1151665,"The rectal absorption of aspirin from theobroma oil suppositories was studied in seven human subjects using urinary excretion measurements. The effect of particle size on the excretion rate and cumulative amount of total salicylate excreted was demonstrated by the administration of a 600-mg dose as powdered aspirin and as aspirin disks having 0.023 as much surface as powdered aspirin. In vitro dissolution profiles of aspirin from the suppositories were studied. By the NF XIII Method II, the time required for 50% of the aspirin to dissolve from the suppository was 50 and 100 min for the powdered aspirin and the aspirin disks, respectively. In the bioavailability study, the diffusion equilibrium was attained at approximately 4-5 and 9-10 hr after the rectal administration of powdered aspirin and aspirin disks, respectively. No correlation was found between bioavailability and the dissolution profiles as determined by the USP XVIII dissolution method."
1151667,"Fifteen aliphatic diamines substituted with one long alkyl chain (C10-C18), a varying number of methylene groups separating the nitrogens (two to six), and various aliphatic substituents were synthesized and their CMC's were determined. While the length of the long alkyl chain plays a dominant role in influencing the CMC, the other N-alkyl substituents as well as the length of the methylene chain separating the two nitrogens of the diamine are significant factors."
1151676,"The mechanical strength and elastic moduli of blocks of polyethylene glycol with a range of molecular weights were determined. A rotating-basket dissolution test was used to measure the release characteristics of prednisolone from similar blocks. The effects of blending bases of different molecular weight and of the addition of water also were determined. Linear relationships were found for the mechanical strength, molecular weight, and release rate, but no simple relationship could be observed for the elastic moduli."
1151677,"Data are presented which demonstrate the IR spectrophotometry is more sensitive than X-ray diffraction to structural changes occurring in aluminum hydroxide gel during aging. By examining changes in peak shape and position in the IR spectrum, evidence is seen for an increasing degree of order as the gel ages. The increased order may be responsible for the loss of acid reactivity observed during aging. IR analysis is also recommended for routine monitoring of aluminum hydroxide gels."
1151678,"A versatile and unambiguous synthetic route to some novel 4-(branched alkyl)benzoic acids via their beta-monosubstituted or beta,beta-disubstituted styrene-4-carboxylic acid precursors is described. The procedure starts with readily available aldehydes or ketones and the common intermediate p-bromobenzyltriphenyl-phosphonium bromide in a Wittig reaction and proceeds in good yield through p-bromostyrene and p-cyanostyrene intermediates. Several benzoic acid derivatives were of potential biological interest as fibrinolytic agents."
1151679,"An assessment of the localized influences of various chemicals found in bile was made by applying them to the interior of the canine choledochoduodenal junction. Test agents were isolated by air bubbles and introduced into the terminal lumen of the intramural portion of the common bile duct via the pressure measurement catheter; they remained in the duct for approximately 1.5 min. The system was flushed and opening pressures were then measured. Responses were measured in terms of alterations in ductal opening pressures generated by a linear pressure ramp. Histamine, serotonin, and bethanechol markedly increased ductal opening pressures, whereas epinephrine and norepinephrine decreased opening pressures. None of the agents affected either cardiovascular or small intestinal motor activity in the vicinity of the sphincter when administered in the manner. The results suggest that the presence in bile of certain neurohumoral transmitters and neurohumoral-like agents may directly affect the canine choledochoduodenal sphincter function."
1151680,"Mechanisms of inhibitory action of sodium salicylate on L-glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, prepared from rat gastric mucosa, were studied. Sodium salicylate at lower concentrations (10-20 mM) inhibited reversibly aminotransferase activity by competing with fructose-6-phosphate. At higher concentrations, sodium salicylate inactivated the enzyme irreversibly, with an inactivation rate following first-order kinetics with respect to the enzyme concentration. Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine is an endogenous feedback inhibitor. It inhibited the aminotransferase-catalyzed reaction also by competing with fructose-6-phosphate but with an inhibiting activity 1000 times that of sodium salicylate. Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine reduced the salicylate inhibition of the enzymic reaction and protected the enzyme from salicylate-induced irreversible inactivation. At a fixed concentration of uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (7x10(-6)M), an increase of salicylate concentration produced an increase in enzyme activity as compared with the control."
1151681,"A correlation equation based solely on de novo constants was formulated for 105 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-substituted pyrimidines acting as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. An equation with seven indicator variables gives a correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.903 and a standard deviation of 0.229. The technique used is a modification of the Free-Wilson approach. The results indicate that correlation equations with fewer parameters than the theoretical required to account for all molecular changes may often be encountered. It is also shown that cross-product terms can be used to establish the significance of cooperative substituent effects."
1151682,"A general equation was derived describing the complete and exact dissolution profile of powders under sink conditions. It is applicable to powders having any initial particle-size distribution, with particles dissolving according to any explicit equation. It was applied to develop an equation for the dissolution of log-normal powders that is more generally applicable than previous approaches. The effect of change in initial particle-size distribution parameters on the dissolution profile is illustrated."
1151683,A method for the quantitative analysis of phenol in phenolated calamine lotion USP is described. The method is based on spectrophotometrically measuring the color produced by reacting phenol with either ferric chloride or ferric nitrate. Beer's law is followed. The effect of ferric-ion concentration on the sensitivity of the assay method is reported.
1151684,"Chromatographic and fluorometric procedures were developed to isolate and quantitate small amounts of 2,4'-diamino-diphenyl sulfone and 4-aminodiphenyl sulfone in pharmaceutical preparations of the antileprosy drug 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dapsone). Identification was accomplished by comparison with authentic compounds employing UV absorption, fluorometry, and mass spectrometry in addition to TLC and high-pressure liquid chromatography."
1151685,"A rapid, sensitive, and accurate GLC method of analysis of a new estrogenic drug, 17 alpha-ethynylestriol 3-cyclopentyl ether, was developed. The drug and the internal standard, tetratriacontane, are dissolved in chloroform, and an aliquot is heated with N-trimethylsilylimidazole at 80 degrees for 30 min. The silylated sample is chromatographed using a column packed with 1% methyl vinyl silicone gum on Gas Chrom Q. Quantitation is achieved by computer calculation of the peak area ratios. The observed peak is the 16alpha,17beta-bistrimethylsilyl derivative of the new drug substance. The GLC method was applied to the quantitative determination of the estrogenic compound in a tablet formulation containing 25 mug/tablet."
1151686,"The tranmission of force to the die wall was measured by a piezoelectric sensor, and the compression cycles of lactose granules of different shapes were compared. In addition, a nearly spherical fraction of spray-dried lactose was similarly compared with a crystalline sample. Better tablets were formed when the conversion of axial to radial pressure was high and the residual pressure on the die wall remained after removal of the top punch. With acetaminophen and phenacetin, the pressure on the die wall was low, as was the residual pressure, and capping occurred in both cases. With direct compression acetaminophen, higher die wall pressure was produced and capping did not occur. It is considered that these results can be explained by the ease with which the more nearly isodiametric particle can rearrange under pressure and by the elastic properties of the solid."
1151687,"Powder failure testing equipment was used successfully to study the effect of glidants on the flowability of two cohesive pharmaceutical powders, lactose and calcium hydrogen phosphate, using the flow factor as the flowability parameter. Fine silica, magnesium stearate, and purified talc were investigated as glidants; for each host powder-glidant mixture, an optimum concentration of glidant was observed beyond which no further increase in flowability occurred. The order of efficiency of glidants for both host powders was fine silica greater than magnesium stearate greater than purified talc. The mode of action of the three glidants is discussed."
1151688,"A colorimetric procedure, based on the formation of an azo dye by condensation of diazotized 5-chloro-2,4-dinitroaniline with ethinyl estradiol, was developed. An alkaline solution of ethinyl estradiol is reacted with the reagent, and the resulting color is measured at 450 nm. Absorbance versus concentration is linear up to 10 mug/ml; the lower limit of detection is 1 mug/ml under the conditions studied. Replicate analysis showed good agreement, and an average recovery of 99.6 +/- 0.3% was obtained for analyses of synthetic mixtures. Vitamins and minerals likely to be present along with ethinyl estradiol in certain geriatric formulations, as well as ordinary tablet excipients and coating materials, do not interfere with the precision of the method or development of the color. The method is applicable to progestin-estrogen preparations. Assay results on various single-component as well as contraceptive commercial samples are reported."
1151689,"The performance of an automated constant-current coulometric system for the assay of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate is described. After loading, it is capable of analyzing 25 samples and printing out the titer values with no operator attention for 2.5 hr. Under optimum conditions, ascertained by evaluating various electrochemical parameters, the accuracy and precision (95% ts) were found to be +/- 0.3%."
1151690,"An automated, stability-indicating, UV spectrophotometric assay for cefazolin is presented. The method employs a reaction with hydroxylamine and derives its stability-indicating power through comparison of reacted and unreacted aliquots of the sample. A double-probe sampling procedure is used. Good agreement with microbiological assays is obtained, and the coefficient of variation is about 1%."
1151691,"Heroin and its metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, and normorphine, were determined in human urine with a GLC procedure. Heroin was extracted with chloroform at pH 4.5 and chromatographed at a temperature programmed from 200-250 degrees by 8 degrees/min. 6-Monoacetylmorphine and morphine were extracted with ethylene dichloride containing 30% isopropanol at pH 8.5, and normorphine was extracted at pH 10.4 wtih the same solvent. The extract was derivatized with trimethylsilylimidazole and chromatographed at 230 degrees for the determination of 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine and at 220 degrees for normorphine and morphine."
1151692,"Ten 2-(4-arylthiosemicarbazidocarbonylthio)benzthiazoles were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their monoamine oxidase inhibitory and anticonvulsant activities. All substituted benzthiazoles inhibited activity of monoamine oxidase in rat brain homogenate where the degree of enzyme inhibition was higher with kynuramine as compared to tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine as the substrates. All substituted benzthiazoles possessed measurable anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions."
1151693,"An extract from Eisenia bicyclis, previously shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity, was found to stabilize lysosomal membranes in vitro as determined by measurement of inhibition of the marker enzyme beta-glucuronidase. Some anti-inflammatory activity was also due to counterirritancy."
1151694,"Six N-substituted N'-cyano-S-(trimethylstannyl)isothioureas were synthesized by the reaction of (trimethylstannyl)cyanamide with various organic isothiocyanates. The IR spectrum of each compound was obtained over the 4000-30-cm(-1) range, and some bands were assigned. The six new compounds and five previously synthesized N-substituted N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas were tested for and were found to exhibit antifungal activity. N-Phenyl-N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiourea was also investigated for antibacterial activity and was observed to be especially inhibitory toward Gram-positive species. The antimicrobial activity of two compounds was compared to that of the oxygen analogs of these compounds."
1151695,"A four-step synthesis of (RS)-carnitine chloride was developed using extremely mild reaction conditions and versatile intermediates. Crotyl chloride was converted to tert-butyl 3-butenoate using tert-butyl alcohol and triethylamine in ether. Treatment of tert-butyl 3-butenoate with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform afforded tert-butyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate. Reaction of this compound with trimethylamine hydrochloride in methanol, followed by mild acid hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester, afforded (RS)-carnitine chloride."
1151700,"Release of drug from a single-layer film containing dispersed drug follows a diffusion-controlled matrix model, where the quantity released per unit area is proportional to the square root of time. The kinetics may be made linear with time (zero order) by laminating a second film without drug to the releasing side of the film with dispersed drug. In this manner, the drug layer serves as a reservoir and controls the duration of drug release, while the nondrug layer functions as a rate-controlling membrane. Zero-order drug release was demonstrated in such laminated films using 18-45 percent pentobarbital, methapyrilene, or salicylic acid contained in hydroxypropyl cellulose as the reservoir layer and mixtures of hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyvinyl acetate as the membrane layer. Inverse relationships between the release rate and membrane thickness and between the logarithm of the rate and the percentage of polyvinyl acetate in the membrane layer were observed. Of the three drugs tested, salicylic acid gave the fastest release rates while pentobarbital gave the slowest."
1151701,"The acylation of ascorbic acid by acetic anhydride was studied in water at 25 degrees. The results indicate that the initial products of reactions between these two compounds were acetic acid and 3-o-acetylascorbic acid. The latter product then underwent two parallel reactions: hydrolysis to ascorbic and acetic acids and an intramolecular O leads to O acyl migration to yield-O-acetylascorbic acid. The former reaction was predominant at pH values below 4, whereas the latter reaction predominated at pH values between 4 and 7. These results are used as a basis for questioning the structural assignments previously made to some ascorbic acid esters."
1151702,"GLC with electron-capture detection was successfully applied to the analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in human blood and plasma with a sensitivity (0.05 mug/ml) suitable for use with persons on therapeutic dosage levels. On-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol was employed to convert hydrochlorothiazide and its bromo analog, which served as the internal standard, to their tetramethyl derivatives."
1151703,"The flow properties and viscosity of the vehicle into which drugs are incorporated can be determining factors in the bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs. It is shown, in rabbits, that when polyvinyl alcohol and methylcellulose are compared on a viscosity basis, there is essentially no difference in the two vehicles with regard to their influence on ocular drug bioavailability. Moreover, the rate of drainage loss for polyvinyl alcohol solutions, as determined by the radioactive technetium technique, compares favorably to methylcellulose solutions of similar viscosity. The relationship between viscosity and contact time or drainage loss of a drug is not a direct one, but an optimum viscosity range exists for polyvinyl alcohol solutions. This optimum range of 12-15 cps in rabbits is identical to that found for methylcellulose and differs considerably from the commonly employed viscosity in commercial preparations. Based on the methylcellulose-polyvinyl alcohol comparison, it appears that vehicles exhibiting or approximating Newtonian flow properties show comparable effects as ophthalmic vehicles. Finally, a discussion of non-Newtonian vehicles and their expected behavior in the eye is presented."
1151704,"Evidence is presented which indicates that 7-chloro-3,3a-dihydro-2-methyl-2H,9H-isoxazolo-(3,2-b) (1,3)-benzoxazin-9-one (I) and 5-chlorosalicylic acid, its major metabolic end-product, are equally effective as anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents, while the former is a somewhat more effective analgesic than its metabolite in the rat. However, at the equimolar doses used in this study, I is not ulcerogenic, while 5-chlorosalicylic acid does possess this untoward effect in the fasted rat. Moreover, the LD50 for 5-chlorosalicylic acid (261.0 mg/kg) is approximately 6.5 times less than that of I (1710.0 mg/kg) in the nonfasted rat. These results support the postulation that 5-chlorosalicylic acid is most likely responsible for the pharmacological activity displayed by I; i.e., the latter acts as a carrier or delivery system, allowing attenuation of the toxic properties of its active metabolite."
1151705,"Antigen distribution and clearance studied in vivo may be viewed as a pharmacokinetic problem complicated by the intervention of the immune response. A model characterizing the clearance of the simple antigen phiX174 from the bloodstream of various experimental animals, as well as the subsequent serum antibody response, was developed. The present model is the simplest of the possible models and no doubt will have to be modified when considering more complex antigens, additional distribution modes, and differences in antibody reactivity. For the primary (IgM) immune response, however, early events in the immunological response can be adequately accounted for in a consistent and quantitative manner."
1151706,"Several 1-(2,4-dichloro and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetyl)-4-alkyl/arythiosemicarbazides were synthesized and characterized by their sharp melting points and elemental analyses. All substituted thiosemicarbazides protected in vitro hypoosmotic hemolysis of dog red blood cells. These thiosemicarbazides selectively inhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, while NAD-independent oxidation of succinate was not affected. These compounds inhibited the activity of monamine oxidase in rat brain homogenate, and the degree of inhibition ranged from 26.5 to 89.2 percent at a final concentration of 0.03mM, with kynuramine as the substrate. Almost all thiosemicarbazides possessed anticonvulsant activity; protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice ranged from 10 to 70 percent at a dose of 100 mg/kg ip. These results provided evidence of some similarity between the membrane-stabilizing property of these substituted thiosemicarbazides with their ability to exhibit selective inhibition of NAD-dependent oxidations and inhibition of monoamine oxidase. On the other hand, the anticonvulsant activity possessed by these substituted thiosemicarbazides was unrelated to their in vitro antihemolytic and enzyme inhibitory properties."
1151707,"A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of flucytosine and furosemide concentrations in biological fluid is described. The separations were carried out on a pellicular cation-exchange resin eluted with an ammonium phosphate buffer. Detection of elution peaks was by UV absorption at 280 nm and fluorescence monitoring. Advantages of the method are specificity, minimal preanalysis sample workup, and small sample size."
1151708,"14C-Di-2-ethylhexyl and 14C-diethyl phthalates were administered intraperitoneally to pregnant rats on either Day 5 or 10 of gestation. Rats were sacrificed at 24-hr intervals starting on Days 8 and 11, respectively; maternal blood, fetal tissue, amniotic fluid, and placentas (whenever possible) were obtained. The 14C-activity of each sample was determined by scintillation counting. It was found that both diesters and/or their metabolic products were present in each of these compartments throughout the gestation period, thus suggesting that the embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenesis reported previously could be the results of a direct effect of the compound (or its metabolites) upon developing embryonic tissue. Additionally, the reduction in concentration of 14C from these tissues as a function of time was found to fit a first-order excretion curve. From this model curve, the half-life for both compounds was calculated; the average was about 2.33 days for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and 2.22 days for diethyl phthalate."
1151709,"Minoxidil (2,4-diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide), a potent new hypotensive agent, was 14C-labeled in the 2-position of the pyrimidine ring in 17 percent yield from Ba14CO3. This material was used to study the absorption, distribution, and excretion of the drug in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Following oral administration of a single dose, the drug was rapidly and well absorbed and rapidly eliminated by each species as judged by plasma levels and urinary excretion of unchanged drug and total drug-related materials. Chronic oral administration of the drug at a high level (10 mg/kg) for 30 days slightly increased the rate of clearance of minoxidil and minoxidil-related material from circulation. Water diuresis, resulting from water loading of dogs, caused an even greater increase in the rates of disappearance of the drug and drug-related material. Whole-body autoradiography studies in rats showed that minoxidil was rapidly distributed following its oral and intravenous administration. It was subsequently concentrated, primarily in the excretory system. Minoxidil-related material was detected in aorta walls, but not in the CNS, following both routes of drug administration."
1151710,"Condensations of carbon disulfide were carried out with amino, chloro, and diamino heterocycles to give condensed ring thiazoline-2-thiones and imidazoline-2-thiones, with cyanomethyl heterocycles to give dithio acid derivatives, and with heterocyclic sulfonamides to give sulfonyldithiocarbamates. Of several examples tested, pyrido[3,2-d]thiazoline-2-thione, disodium 2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-3,3-dimercaptoacrylonitrile, triethylammonium 4-sulfamoylphenyldithiocarbamate, ammonium beta-phenethyldithiocarbamate, and methyl N-(thiophene-2-sulfonyl)dithiocarbamate, only the last-named compound showed any radiation protection for mice. Several compounds gave negative tests for antimalarial activity."
1151711,"Mazindol, 5-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol, has been shown to be an effective anorexic. To explore the structure-activity relationships, several 1-ethyl-3-substituted-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles were prepared and subjected to various animal screens. The 1-ethyl-3-tert-butyl-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles are capable of significantly depressing forced and spontaneous motor activity in mice but have low LD50's. Two of these compounds were tested in an Ehrlich ascites tumor screen. The 1-ethyl-3-phenyl-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles depressed forced and spontaneous motor activity at low doses and were relatively nontoxic."
1151712,"An anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatographic system capable of separating penicillin G potassium from five of its degradation products was developed. The retention times were: penicillin G potassium, 17.5 min; DL-penicillamine, 4.5 min; benzylpenilloic acid, 7.0 and 8.0 min; benzylpenamaldic acid, 13.0 min; benzylpenicilloic acid, 19.5 min; and benzylpenillic acid, 22.0 min. In addition, the system permits quantification using linear calibration curves."
1151713,"Mixtures containing aspirin, acetaminophen, and salicylamide were assayed potentiometrically by nonaqueous titration. The difference in pKa values for these weak acids was sufficient to permit successful differentiation. The titrant was tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and the titration solvent was dimethylformamide. The procedure was applied to commercial dosage forms."
1151714,"A procedure was developed for the assay of individual thyroid tablets or composite samples equivalent to as little as 0.033 g (0.5 gr) of thyroid. The sample is ignited in a closed atmosphere of oxygen and, after a series of redox reactions, the iodine is determined spectrophotometrically as the triiodide ion. The results agree well with those obtained by the USP thyroid tablet assay."
1151715,"A rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the quantitative analysis of 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole in cefazolin is presented. The method utilizes NMR spectroscopy and is based on the difference in the chemical shift of the methyl protons on free thiadiazole and the thiadiazole moiety of cefazolin."
1151716,"A charge-transfer spectrophotometric method was developed for unit-dose assay of the tropine alkaloids and some of their synthetic analogs. The high molar absorptivities of the charge-transfer bands of the alkaloids with iodine in ethylene dichloride resulted in improved recoveries and good precision, particularly at the low dose levels of pediatric and hypodermic tablets."
1151717,"A colorimetric method based on the interaction between isoniazid and 9-chloroacridine was developed. Analytical solutions are shaken for 30 min at 50 degrees, and the absorbance is measured at 500 nm. The procedure is sensitive for isoniazid in the 10(-5) M range. The method was applied to the analysis of isoniazid in pharmaceutical dosage forms and found to be comparable to the USP XVIII assay. Preliminary investigations suggested that the procedure is useful for the determination of free isoniazid in urine and plasma samples containing isoniazid metabolites."
1151718,"A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of polythiazide tablets by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The powdered tablets are extracted with methanol, containing quinoline as the internal standard, and assayed by comparison of peak heights after liquid chromatography. The chromatographic conditions employed may be adapted for the determination of many other thiazide and nonthiazide diuretics."
1151719,"Dissolution profiles are calculated for sieve cuts of varying width based on a derived equation, which assumes diffusion rate-limited dissolution under sink conditions from spherical particles. It is shown that even the narrowest of sieve cuts may vary from cube root law expectations by as much as 3 percent, depending on the distribution of particles across the cut. Much smaller deviations from the cube root law occur when the weight distribution of diameters is constant across a sieve cut. It is concluded that when experimental data are treated on the assumption that sieve cuts act like monosized powders, errors generally will be acceptable except in cases of critical tests of dissolution rate theory. In those cases, more information about the powder distribution should be given."
1151721,"Guinea pig lung phenol-O-methyltransferase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and benzpyrene hydroxylase activities were examined after nitrogen dioxide and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. While benzypyrene hydroxylase activity was enhanced by 3-methylcholanthrene, none of the pulmonary enzyme activities was altered after exposure to either 40 or 70 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2 hr."
1151722,"Based upon the unpublished finding that 3'-hydroxy-4'-(beta-diethylaminoethoxy)-3',4'-dihydroseselin possessed a potent blood pressure lowering effect in the cat at a dose of 1 mg/kg, the present study examined the activities of several related compounds. These compounds were derived by dissection of the parent compound to give four benzylic ethers of 2-diethylaminoethanol and a diamine, derived by replacing the ether oxygen of the parent compound with an N--CH3 function. The simplest compounds were the benzyl and 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl ethers of the aminoalcohol. Closely related to the benzyl compound was a congener with a hydroxymethyl group on the benzylic carbon. The beta-diethylaminoethyl ether of 4-chromanol was the most complex of the ethers. The blood pressure measurements were carried out on male cats and compared to papaverine hydrochloride as a standard. In all cases, the most potent blood pressure lowering activity resided in the parent compound, which was not greatly superior to the diamine but substantially more active than the other compounds."
1151724,"The synthesis of 2-allylthio-3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-4-quinazolone, 2-n-propylthio-3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-4-quinazolone, 3-(4'-bromophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-2,4-quinazolinedithione, and seven fluorinated 2-alkyl/phenyl-3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolones is described. The synthesized compounds were screened for CNS depressant activity using pentobarbital sleeping time, pentylenetetrazol convulsions, and condition avoidance test as the parameters. Most of the screened compounds exhibited significant depressant activity."
1151725,"The synthesis and selected pharmacological testing of (+/-)-4-methoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethylamine [1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol] and its N-methylated derivatives are presented. Members of this series were found to exert partial prevention of reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice and to inhibit monoamine oxidase in Warburg studies. Activity was essentially dose dependent. The secondary amine was the most active member of the series. The tertiary amine was least active, and the primary amine exhibited intermediate activity."
1151727,"Pre-exposure of mice to 500 or 1000 ppm of carbon monoxide (CO) for 4 hours resulted in a significant decrease in lethality induced by exposure to 2500 ppm of CO 24 hours later. Pre-exposure to CO had no effect on lethality induced by hypoxic hypoxia (low inspired O2 tension) or potassium cyanide (KCN). Pre-exposure to 10% O2 for 4 hours significantly decreased lethality induced 24 hours later by CO or 7% O2 exposures lethality induced 24 hours later by CO or 7% O2 exposures but had no effect on KCN-induced lethality. Pretreatment with a nonlethal dose of KCN had no significant effect on lethality induced 24 hours later by exposure to CO (2500 ppm), 7% O2 or KCN. The alterations in CO lethality were not associated with alterations in carboxyhemoglobin levels. Studies of oxygen consumption and indicators of oxygen delivery to tissues (P50 and red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) failed to provide any evidence of pretreatment alteration. Examination of blood lactate, pyruvate and lactate/pyruvate ratios in control and pre-exposed mice after a short exposure to 2500 ppm of CO showed significantly lower lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratios in the pre-exposed mice as compared to controls. These data suggest that animals pre-exposed to 1000 ppm of CO and 10% O2 are less hypoxic than non-pre-exposed animals even through their oxygen delivery system is unchanged."
1151728,"Glucagon and glucagon fragments from the carboxyl terminal end of the protein act at 0.01 to 0.1 mM concentrations on isolated rat liver mitochondria to sustain the rate of fixation of CO2 in the presence of pyruvate. The rate of decarboxylation of pyruvate is also increased by these substances. Similar effects are found with bacitracin, vanocomycin and cephalothin but not with any other of the proteins, peptides and antibiotics tested. The action of glucagon requires the presence of added magnesum ion. The addition of glucagon results in a better maintenance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it leads to a greater degree of swelling of the mitochondria during the incubation. The effect of glucagon is partially mimicked by atractyloside, but it appears that glucagon is not exerting its effect by an atractyloside-like action. Added ATP obliterates the effect of added glucagon by sustaining fixation of CO2 However in incubations made in the presence of lower than usual levels of inorganic phosphate (2 mM vs. 8 mM) an effect of glucagon can be seen in the presence of ATP."
1151729,"3-(p-Trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (Lilly 110140), when injected into rats at i.p. doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg, prevented the lowering of brain serotonin by 4-chloroamphetamine. The duration of 110140 action was very long, significant antagonism of 4-chloroamphetamine action being apparent still at 48 hours after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of 110140. The N,N-dimethyl tertiary amine derivative was as effective as 110140 itself in antagonizing serotonin depletion by 4-chloroamphetamine, but other structurally related compounds has less activity or were inactive. Likewise, six tricyclic antidepressant drugs injected at 10 mg/kg i.p. did not antagonize the action of 4-chloroamphetamine. When injected into rats whose brain serotonin levels had already been depleted by 3-hour pretreatment with 4-chloroamphetamine, 110140 terminated the action of 4-chloroamphetamine and permitted serotonin levels to return to normal. Lilly 110140 did not antagonize the depletion of brain serotonin or norepinephrine by reserpine, which implies that reserpine does not require the membrane pump for entry into the neuron. The depletion of brain serotonin, but not norepinephrine, by alpha-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methylphenethylamine (H75/12) was blocked by 110140. In contrast to chlorimipramine, 110140 did not antagonize the depletion of norepinephrine levels in heart and spleen by 6-hydroxydopamine. The data suggest that 110140 is a specific drug for inhibiting uptake into serotoninergic neurons in the brain."
1151730,"3-(p-Trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (Lilly 110140) competitively inhibited the uptake of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine into synaptosomes of rat brain with Ki values of 5.5 x 10-minus8, 9.5 x 10-minus6 and 1.3 x 10-minus5 M, respectively. Aiming for a more effective inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, we found the trifluoromethyl group in the phenoxy ring was most favorable at the para-position and was better than other substituting groups including fluoro, chloro, methyl and methoxy groups. The N-demethylated (primary amine) and the N.N-diemthylated (tertiary amine) derivatives inhibited the uptake of monoamines with the same effectiveness as Lilly 110140 (a secondary amine). The uptake of 5-HT into synaptosomes was significantly inhibited 15 minutes after an intraperitoneal administration of Lilly 110140. The inhibition persisted for a 24-hour period. NE uptake in vitro maintained a normal rate during the entire time course. Lilly 110140 likewise had no effect on the in vitro and in vivo accumulation of 3-H-tryptophan in the brain. The effect of Lilly 110140 and the tricyclic drug, chlorimipramine, was compared. Although chlorimipramine inhibited the uptake of 5-HT into synaptosomes with same effectiveness as Lilly 110140 in vitro, it reduced the uptake of both 5-HT and NE in vivo. Chlorimipramine exerted its greatest inhibition on the two uptake processes in the 1st hour and none by the 4th hour. Unlike the tricyclic drugs, imipramine, chlorimipramine, desipramine and chlordesipramine, Lilly 110140 and its primary amine derivative did not block the in vivo uptake of NE into rat heart. The present study suggests that Lilly 110140 is a potent and selective inhibitor for uptake of 5-HT into synaptosomes of rat brain."
1151731,"Administration of lithium chloride to rats resulted in a biphasic, temporally related alteration in the brain's biosynthetic capacity for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). After 3 to 5 days of drug administration, the Vmax of the high affinity uptake of [14-C]tryptophan into striate nerve ending synaptosomes increased to 140% of control values. The stimulated uptake of radioactive precursor apparently resulted in an augmentation of tryptophan-to-5-HT conversion activity of the same magnitude in these synaptosomes. These events were succeeded by an apparently compensatory decrease in the Vmax of midbrain cell body and nerve-ending solubilized tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (EC 1.99.1.4). After 21 days of drug administration, [14-C]tryptophan uptake remained above control levels, but striate synaptosomal conversion activity had returned to control levels. In contrast, soluble midbrain and solubilized striate synaptosomal enzyme activity remained significantly below control values. In vitro lithium chloride at 10 or 53 mM had no effect on soluble tryptophan hydroxylase activity, but either concentration of lithium chloride significantly enhanced the uptake of [14-C]tryptophan into striate synaptosomes, and consequently also the synaptosomal conversion of tryptophan to 5-HT. Increasing tryptophan levels either by preincubation of synaptosomes with L-tryptophan or by administration of L-tryptophan loads (20-60 mg/kg) resulted in augmented [14-C]tryptophan uptake and conversion activity. The sequence of events that we observed after lithium treatment is consistent with receptor-mediated neuronal feedback regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase activity after stimulation of tryptophan uptake and conversion of 5-HT."
1151732,"The biochemical effects of d- and l-p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) were compared with the brain levels of the unchanged drug at various times after a single injection. Initially both isomers produced rapid and pronounced decreases in the whole brain levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tryptophan hydroxylase activity and the synaptosomal uptake of 3-H-serotonin. At later times (e.g., 2 weeks), the effects of the d-isomer were much more pronounced than were those of the l-isomer. At intermediate times (2-4 days), a variable and dose-dependent recovery of synaptsomal uptake activity and tryptophan hydroxylase activity occurred after d-PCA. In both whole brain and forebrain, long-term reductions in these activities were found. However, in the midbrain, an area containing the cell bodies of serotonergic neurons, only a slight initial decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity occurred. The whole brain levels of the two isomers were equal from 4 to 96 hours after injection and declined exponentially in a single monophasic manner monophasic decine of the levels of PCA was found in forebrain and midbrain samples. Thus, the initial and long-term effects of PCA are apparently mediated by different mechanisms. The former is correlated with the brain levels of the unchanged drug; the latter is not. The lack of any indication of a biphasic decay curve after 10 half-lives and the intermediate recovery of serotonergic function do not support a reserpine-like mechanism for the long-term effects of PCA. Instead, a mechanism related to neurotoxicity is proposed."
1151733,"Antinociceptive activity of intraventricularly administered acetylcholine was quantitated in mice by the tail-flick and phenylquinone tests. Acetylcholine was administered intraventricularly under light ether anesthesia in a 5 mul volume of sterile saline and mice were retested 10 minutes after the operation. A dose-response curve was established for acetylcholine (ED50 equals 7.3 mug) which was potentiated by intraventricular neostigimine and blocked by intraperitoneal atropine, but not by atropine methyl nitrate or mecamylamine. The antinociceptive effect of morphine was potentiated by intraventricularly administered acetylcholine. The acetylcholine-induced antinocieption was blocked by five narcotic antagonists in the same rank order of potency in which they antagonized the effects of morphine. However, the stereo-specificity of two narcotic antagonists, pentazocine and cylcazocine, was reversed in blocking acetylcholine and morphine-induced antinociception. The results of this study have established a phenomenon of acetylcholine-induced antinociception and identified the central, muscarinic nature of this response. In addition, several experiments have demonstrated similarities between this phenomenon and morphine-induced antinociception. These data implicate the possible involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms in the antinociceptive action of morphine."
1151734,"Schedule-controlled key pressing was maintained in two chimpanzees and three baboons under a multiple 10-minute fixed-interval (FI 10-min) 30-response fixed-ratio (FR 30) schedule of food delivery. Characteristic rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the FI and FR schedules, and the performance of the two species differed in no systematic way. The acute i.m. administration of morphine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) prior to selected 2-hour sessions increased mean rates of responding under the FI schedule in the chimpanzee, but decreased responding in the baboon. At a dose of 3.0 mg/kg of morphine, responding under the FI schedule in the chimpanzee increased 4-fold and responding in the baboon decreased to less than 25% of control levels. Mean response rates under the FR schedule were also increased by morphine in the chimpanzee, but responding under the FR schedule was little affected in the baboon except at the higher doses which decreased response rates below control levels. Respiratory rate in the chimpanzee was markedly depressed at 5.6 mg/kg of morphine and one chimpanzee died. A similar depression of respiration was not observed in the increase responding in a nonhuman primate, the chimpanzee, and that the behavioral effects of morphine in the chimpanzee are qualitatively different from the effects in monkeys."
1151735,"The possible reinforcing effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in a group of rhesus monkeys that had no history of self-administration of drugs. Rates of lever pressing were compared under conditions in which each lever-pressing response resulted in an infusion of saline, an infusion of saline plus delivery of a food pellet or an infusion of ASA (0.4, 1.0, 2.5 OR 5.0 MG/KG /infusion). Responding was engendered and maintained by the delivery of food pellets but not by infusions of saline alone nor by ASA; however, responding was subsequently engendered and maintained in these monkeys by codeine (0.05 mg/kg/infusion). In another group of monkeys that had been trained to respond under a 10-response fixed-ratio schedule of i.v. infusions of codeine, the possible reinforcing effects of aminophenazone, phenylbutazone and of combinations of each of these drugs with codeine were studied. Aminophenazone and phenylbutazone (0.4-5.0 mg/kg/infusion) did not maintain responding previously engendered by codeine. Mixtures of aminophenazone and phenylbutazone with codeine decreased the number of codeine self-administrations. Thus, codeine intake was reduced when aminophenazone and phenylbutazone were added to codeine in the solution to be self-administered. These experiments suggest that antipyretic analgesics are not effective in reinforcing behavior in the rhesus monkey."
1151736,"The relationship of brain morphine concentration, determined fluorometrically, to tail-flick activity was investigated after acute and chronic morphine treatment of mice and acute treatment of rats. Brain morphine levels were quantitatively related to the analgesic effect on acute administration, with levels of 100 and 140 ng/g of tissue corresponding to the ED50 in mice and rats, respectively. Over a 90-minute time course after acute s.c. injection, the analgesic effect of morphine in the tail-flick test lagged slightly behind morphine brain level in both species. In mice implanted s.c. with morphine pellets, significant analgesia and appreciable morphine brain levels appeared as early as 20 to 30 minutes after implantation. Increased brain morphine corresponded to increased analgesia at 1 and 4 hours after implantation. Tolerance was evident by 24 hours after implantation and was maximal at 72 hours. Brain morphine remained elevated up to 144 hours after implantation even though substantial encapsulation of the pellet occurred within 72 hours. If pellets were removed at 72 hours, brain morphine declined to control levels with 6 hours, but significant tolerance persisted for at least 24 hours after pellet removal. These results demonstrate that morphine is absorbed from the pellet up to 6 days after implantation and that the decreased analgesic activity observed in the latter times is due to tolerance to the narcotic and not to a decrease in absorption from the pellet."
1151737,"Contractions induced by graded intraaterial bolus doses of morphine and acetylcholine were measured in isolated segments of dog intestine perfused via the vasculature with Kreb's solution. Addition of the alpha and beta adrenergic receptor agonist, norepinephrine (0.2 mug/ml) to the perfusion solution decreased the magnitude of contractor responses to acetylcholine slightly and to morphine considerably. The pure alpha adrenergic receptor agonist, methoxamine (50 mug/ml), and the pure beta adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol (5 mug/ml), produced similar effects; marked inhibition of responses to morphine and barely discernable inhibition of responses to acetylcholine. The mild inhibitory effects of these adrenergic amines on responses to acetylcholine are attributed to actions on neural and possibly non-neural adrenergic receptors. Perfusion of intestinal segments with Kreb's solution containing prostaglandin E1 (1 mug/ml) or theophylline (180 mug/ml) resulted in marked decreases in responses to morphine but had no significant effects on responses to acetylcholine. Patterns of inhibition similar to those seen with morphine have been observed previously with 5-hydroxytryptamine, which may mediate the intestinal stimulatory effects of morphine. Since isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1 and theophylline share in common the ability to elevate or maintain intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, the intestine stimulatory effects of morphine may result from 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated interference with smooth muscle inhibitory actions of cyclic adenosine monophosphate."
1151738,"Identified neurons in the buccal ganglion of the marine mollusc Navanax inermis were used to examine the effects of acetanilides on neuronal membrane properties. Acetanilides increased the membrane potential and conductance of these neurons in a dose-dependent, reversible manner. These events would have the effect of decreasing membrane excitability. Acetanilides increased the slope of the curve of membrane potential as a function of log [K+]o from 33 to 58 mV decade change in [k+]o and decreased the transient depolarization observed upon reducing [Cl]o. These results indicate that acetanilides increase membrane potential and conductance by increasing the potassium conductance of the membrane relative to the chloride conductance. The variation in membrane potential as a function of external alkali-cation concentrations was used an as indirect measure of alkali-cation permeability. Acetanilides altered the relative cation permeability from Rb (1.25) greater than K (1.0) greater than Cs (0.60) greater than NaequalsLi (0.07) to K (1.0) greater than Rb (0.71) greater than Cs (0.31) greater than NaequalsLi (0.00). This shift in relative cation permeability is interpreter, in terms of Eisenman's theory of membrane permselectivity, as indicating that acetanilides increase the anionic field strength of the membrane. The ability of acetanilides to increase membrane potential or alter permselectivity is directly correlated with octanol-water partition coefficient (r equals 0.96), indicating that hydrophobicity per se can account for almost all of the activity. Steric factors are unimportant. Analysis of published experiments on acetanilide analgesia in mice reveals that hydrophobicity can also account for much of the activity in that system. Results obtained in the molluscan system may thus provide insight into the ionic, biophysical and physicochemical mechanisms underlying acetanilide-induced analgesia."
1151739,"The effects of the hallucinogen, harmaline (HME), and its congeners on human red blood cell (RBC) transport were studied. HME reduced sodium efflux by 70% at maximum inhibitory concentrations (6-8 mM). It acted upon the ouabain-sensitive component of sodium efflux since it exerted no inhibitory actions in the presence of ouabain. Several lines of evidence suggested that HME exerted its inhibitory effect at intracellular sodium-sensitive sites. The percent inhibition of Na efflux by 0.1 mM HME was unaffected by increasing extracellular potassium from 10 to 100 mM. When HME was incorporated into RBC ghosts by reversible hemolysis, the degree of inhibition of sodium efflux was comparable to that found with ouabain outside the red cells and was always greater than the inhibition produced with HME outside cells. HME increased membrane permeability to sodium, as shown by enhanced sodium influx into RBC and at concentrations of 10 mM caused rapid increments of intracellular sodium and decrements of intracellular potassium. We conclude that the harmala alkaloids inhibit the active Na-K transport system in human RBCs through their effects on sodium-sensitive transport sites on the interior membrane surface."
1151740,"Left ventricular injection of meglumine diatrizoate caused an initial (1-10 minute) decrease in renal vascular resistance followed by a late (30-minute) increase in renal vascular resistance. The late renal vasoconstrictor response was not blocked by bilateral cervical vagotomy, by renal adrenergic blockade or by renal alpha adrenergic receptor blockade; it was blocked by prior extracellular fluid volume expansion and blockade of the response of the kidney to angiotensin II. There was no effect on intrarenal distribution of blood flow. In the kidney perfused at constant flow, injections of meglumine diatrizoate into the kidney resulted in early renal vasodilation (1-5 minutes) with a return to control renal vascular resistance by 7 minutes; no vasoconstriction was observed. The renal vasodilatation was not abolished by prior treatment with atropine. Vasodilator responses identical to those observed with meglumine diatrizoate were obtained with 4.5% NaCl (equiosmolar to meglumine diatrizoate); no response was obtained with 0.9% NaCl. When given into either the left ventricle or the renal artery, meglumine diatrizoate caused an early reversible depression in renal extraction of para-aminohippurate; both 0.9 and 4.5% NaCl were without effect. The renal vasodilation produced by meglumine diatrizoate initially appears to be caused by its hyperosmotic properties; the late renal vasoconstrictor response appears to be mediated via an activation of the renin-angiotensin system. The depressive effect of meglumine diatrizoate on the renal extraction of para-aminohippurate is not related to its osmotic properties but rather to an effect of the organic iodinated molecule on cellular transport of para-aminohippurate."
1151741,"The time corse of ouabain extraction from the coronary circulation was determined after single i.v. doses (3-H-labeled in the dogs). Plasma ouabain concentration ([O]) was measured in serial, paried arterial (A) and coronary sinus (CS) blood samples by radioimmunoassay in the patients and by 3-H-counting in the dogs. In both species, the difference in [O] between A and CS (A - CS [O]) narrowed rapidly during the initial 1 to 3 minutes and then at a slower rate in an exponential fashion the next 4 to 12 minutes, with a mean half-life of 2.6 plus or minus 0.4 (S.D.) minutes in the patient (n equals 6) and 1.4 plus or minus 0.5 minutes in the canine (n equals 10) studies. In four dogs, the A - CS concentration difference of sucrose (an extracellular fluid marker) was gone within 60 seconds after an i.v. bolus. In the canine studies, the exponential phase of ouabain removal from the coronary circulation accounted for 49 plus or minus 8% of that directly measured in left ventricular samples obtained shortly after ouabain uptake was complete (17.0 plus or minus 4.5 minutes after the i.v. dose). Left ventricular [O] in these samples was 11.6-fold higher than in simultaneously obtained plasma. Thus, the initial rapid efflux of ouabain, like sucrose, from the coronary circulation would appear toreflect movement into interstitial fluid, whereas the subsequent exponential removal of ouabain, occurring after equilibrium between plasma and intersitital fluid, reflects binding to myocardial cells."
1151742,"We have studied the effect of high (1-2.9 X 10(-5) M) and low 1.9 X 10(-9) M) concentrations of angiotensin on the retention and release of 3H-norepinephrine by the cat isolated nicititating membrane preparation in vitro in conjunction with their effect on the contractile responsiveness of the preparation to exogenous norepinephrine and transmural electrical stimulation. Both concentrations of angiotensin made the preparation contract, but only the high concentration affected the retention and spontaneous efflux of 3-H-norepinephrine. Retention was inhibited about 25% only when the preparation was preincubated with the angiotensin for 30 minutes (i.e., before adding 3H-norepinephrine). Under similar conditions cocaine, 2.9 X 10(-5) M, inhibited retention more than 90%. Spontaneous efflux was increased for as long as the high concentration of angiotensin was in contact with the preparation. Under similar conditions, tyramine, 5.7 X 10(-6) M, caused a much greater sustained increase in spontaneous efflux. Transmural stimulation of the preparation caused release of 3H-norepinephrine and frequency-dependent contractions. The contractions were selectively inhibited by phentolamine, 2.7 X 10(-6) M, or bretylium, 2.4 X 10(-5) M. Angiotensin had no effect on this neurally mediated 3H-norepinephrine release and contractile response or on contractions produced by exogenous norepinephrine. Since, as reported previously, angiotensin in vivo strongly inhibits contractile responses of the cat nicitating membrane to both neurally released and exogenous norepinephrine, the present results make it unlikely that such inhibition derives from angiotensin's relatively modest capacity for affecting the disposition of norepinephrine by this effector organ."
1151743,"The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, a barbiturate metabolized by the liver, was compared in normal and in hepatectomized rats. The blood concentration time curve following a single intravenous injection of pentobarbital was fitted to a two-compartment open model. Both the volume of the central compartment and the elimination rate constant were significantly reduced in hepatectomized rats. It is concluded that the liver plays a role both in the metabolism and the distribution of pentobarbital."
1151744,"The metabolism of the anticonvulsant drug primidone (PRM) was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver by a radiotracer methodology that permits nearly quantitative accounting of the dose as drug and identified metabolites. 14C-PRM and its metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromotography and quantitated by liquid-scintillation counting PRM was extensively converted to known active metabolites: phenobarbital (PB), 15%, and phenylethylmalonamide, 80%, in control livers during 120 minutes. Pretreatment of rats with PB greatly accelerated the rate of PRM metabolism, pretreatment with PRM only moderately so. There was no differential induction of the two metabolism pathways. Addition of phenylethylmalonamide to the perfusate reduced the rate of PRM metabolism but addition of PB did not. It is concluded that conversion of PRM to its active metabolites may be simultaneously influenced by the processes of metabolite induction (PB) and metabolite inhibition (phenylethylmalonamide)."
1151745,"Absorption of compounds from the biliary tree of rats was studied by a retrograde intrabiliary injection (RII) technique. After RII of a number of compounds in volumes that exceeded the maximum distended capacity of the biliary tree, only that volume of RII solution which corresponded to biliary tree capacity remained therein. Furthermore, this latter portion of RII solution was absorbed by a first-order process when the duration of bile duct cannula occlusion was extended. Thus, the present study demonstrates that absorption of retrogradely injected compounds continues during occlusion. Since excretion of i.v. administered compounds into the biliary system was also shown to continue during occlusion, we propose in the present study a concept of bidirectional exchange of solute within the biliary tree during occlusion. As an additional finding, after RII and occlusion, a temporary increase in bile flow was obtained. If the occlusion duration was 3 minutes or less, the bile flow response was of sufficient magnitude to repay alomst exactly the volume of bile that would have been expected to be produced. If the occlusion was 6 and 9 minutes the increased magnitude of the bile flow response was not great enough to repary the larger bile volumes expected and underpayments of -48 and -96 mul were incurred."
1151746,"An antibody to serotonin (5-HT) was tested on several preparations in which 5-HT is considered to be involved. The antibody was capable of effectively competing with 5-HT receptor sites for free molecules of 5-HT. It inhibited the uptake of 3H-5HT by blood platelets and may explain the reduced endogenous 5-HT concentration in blood platelets of immunized rabbits. The decreased platelet content of 5-HT was substantiated by electron microscopic studies which showed a reduction in the number of 5-HT-containing subcellular storage organelles in platelets from these animals. The 5-HT antibody inhibited the 5-HT-induced contraction of aortic strips in a tissue bath preparation. When given intraventricularly, it inhibited for a time the sedative actions of reserpine thus adding new evidence to the often postulated role of 5-HT in the actions of reserpine."
1151747,"Colchicine, desacetylmethylcolchicine and colchiceine suppress the phagocytosis of starch granules by rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Trimethylcolchicinic acid and 2-desmethylcolchicine glucoside have no effect on phagocytosis. Colchicine, at concentrations as high as 1 X 10(-4) M, has no effect on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to immune complex-activated chemotactic factors or on the motility of these cells. These results do not support the contention that the suppression of phagocytosis or chemotaxis plays a significant role in the anti-inflammatory activity of colchicine."
1151748,"Exposure of Taiwan monkeys to 38 degrees C ambient temperature caused: a) raised body temperature, b) restlessness and struggling, c) increased evaporative heat loss and d) increase in tail skin temperature. After the administration of sodium acetylsalicylate, 100 to 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 4 to 15 mg intracerebroventricularly (third ventricle) the same heat load caused: a) less increase in body temperature, b) no restlessness or struggling, c) an initially higher rate of evaporative heat loss and d) higher tail skin temperature. Larger doses of acetylsalicylate caused greater antihyperthermic effects. Intracerebroventricular injection was more effective than the intraperitoneal route. These data show that acetylsalicylate improved tolerance of animals to external heat loads. The magnitude of body temperature elevation during heat exposure was reduced in the presence of acetylsalicylate by activation of heat-dissipating mechanisms, presumably through the central nervous system."
1151749,"Recently the potential toxicity of environmental mercury has become a major concern. Human tissues contain mercury due to daily environmental exposure. Nearly all of the mercury contaminating food is in the form of methylmercury complexes, due to the biotransformation of inorganic mercury. This report compares the reproductive effects of methylmercury hydroxide and mercuric chloride in male mice. The mercuric compounds were administered intraperitoneally once at a dose of 1 mg/kg (based on Hg++ concentration), or spermatogenic cells were exposed in vitro to Hg+ concentrations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-8)M. Spermatogenic cells were separated for biochemical studies using the velocity sedimentation technique, and in vivo serial mating was used to assess fertility. The effects of CH3Hg+ or Hg++ on the uptake of 3H-thymidine by spermatogonia, 3H-uridine by early elongated spermatids, and 3H-L-leucine by late elongated spermatids were studied. These in vitro experiments indicated that at 1-(-3) m CH2HgOH reduced thymidine incorporation by spermatogonia by 40%, uridine incorporation by elongated spermatids by 39% and L-leucine incorporation by late elongated spermatids by 40%. Results obtained with HgCl2 were similar but of lesser magnitude. In vivo administration of CH3HgOH and HgCl2 significantly inhibited the uptake of thymidine, uridine and L-leucine by their respective spermatogenic cells. Fertility profiles obtained from serial mating studies indicated that the primary effect of CH3HgOH was on spermatogonial cells, premeiotic spermatocytes and early elongated spermatids, with no apparent effect on spermatozoa in testis, peididymis or vas deferentia. HgCl2 also primarily affected spermatogonial and premeiotic cells, but the effect was less than that seen with CH3HgOH. Statistical analysis indicated significant antifertility effects. Inhibition of uptake of thymidine and uridine was well correlated with the functionality of these cells as reflected in the fertility profile, excep for L-leucine uptake. Mercury ion-induced antifertility effects at the dosage used in these experiments are reversible. Thus, these results suggest spermatogenic effects of methylmercury complexes which might have important health consequences in man."
1151750,"Catecholamine-induced vascular smooth muscle contration is enhanced in female animals and in presence of emale sex hormones in vitro. Androgens appear to depress these responses. Sex steroids may also alter calcium ion (Ca++) binding and metabolism. We compared contractility as well as quantity and relative lability of tissue calcium pools in male and female rat isolated aortic strips bathed in Ca++-free solution. We also studied aortic strips from 21-day postpartum lactating female rats to determine the effects of previous high circulating levels of female sex steroids (present during pregnancy) and prolactin (present during lactation). Rat aortic strips were found to contain loosely and more tightly held calcium stores. Strips from males were unresponsive in Ca++-free solution unless previously exposed to a Ca++-rich bathing medium. They accumulated more tissue calcium when bathed in Ca++-rich solution than did strips from females. This extra calcium appears to reside in the loosely-held fraction. Tissues from males first incubated in Ca++-rich solution to enhance the loosely held fraction respond more readily in Ca++-free solution to a high potassium (K+) concentration than to epinephrine. Strips from females respond about equally to high K+ or epinephrine whereas aorta from lactating female rats are much more responsive to epinephrine in Ca++-free solution and gain less calcium in Ca++-rich medium than those of the other rats. These data suggest that in the presence of high circulating levels of female sex hormones or other female factors (e.g., prolactin) enhanced binding or sequestration of potential activator ions occurs which increases the responsiveness of the tissue to catecholamines. Male sex hormones and/or factors promote the capacity of the rat aorta to gain a more loosely held calcium fraction which is readily used for contraction by K+ depolarization."
1151751,"The precise mechanism of the antihypertensive action of beta adrenergic blocking drugs is not known. Both peripheral and central sites of action have been proposed. The comparative antihypertensive actions and tissue distribution of propranolol, pindolol and sotalol were investigated in both normotensive Sprague-Dawley and spontaneously hypertensive rats. From recordings of concurrent changes in blood pressure and heart rate it was observed that oral or subcutaneous administrations of both propranolol and pindolol, but not sotalol, consistently reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Tissue distribution of all three agents was determined after 14 days of treatment. Propranolol and a metabolite were concentrated in the hippocampus whereas pindolol was concentrated in the septum. Significant central concentrations of sotalol were not demonstrable. All three agents produced persistent peripheral beta adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that beta adrenergic blockade may not be the important mechanism of the antihypertensive action of beta adrenergic blocking drugs. A modification of central autonomic control mechanisms is proposed as a possible mechanism of action."
1151752,"The effect of dimethyl quarternary propranolol, UM-272, on myocardial oxygen consumption was determined experimentally in anesthetized, open-chest dogs in which the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries were cannulated and perfused at a constant pressure. Coronary arterial and venous blood samples were collected and their oxygen content were measured. Myocardial oxygen consumption was calculated and expressed as milliliters per minute per 100 grams of left ventricle. Mean control myocardial oxygen consumption in five animals was 11.7 +/- 1.9. This was significantly reduced to 7.6 +/- 1.1 after UM-272, 10 mg/kg (P less than 0.5). In separate experiments, hearts were excised from anesthetized dogs and were perfused with oxygenated whole blood via the aorta. Coronary blood flow was held constant and oxygen consumption was calculated and expressed as milliliters per minute per 100 g of myocardium. Mean control oxygen consumption in five hearts was significantly reduced from 3.1 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01). In addition, the effect of UM-272 on myocardial ischemic injury produced in response to acute coronary artery ligation was assessed. The sum ST segment elevations from six epicardial recording sites was reduced from 34.8 +/- 4.9 to 11.3 +/- 2.1 mV (P less than .05). These data suggest that UM-272 would aid in ischemic heart disease by reducing both oxygen utilization and ischemic damage. These data, although suggestive, do not exclude other mechanisms as being related to the reduction in ST segment elevation, mechanisms which may not involve a reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption."
1151753,"Young patients frequently require higher concentrations of digitalis per kilogram of body weight or per square meter of surface area than adults to induce digitalis effect or toxicity. In order to investigate the electrophysiologic basis for this observation, we used standard microelectrode techniques to study the effects of ouabain on action potential characteristics of cardiac Purkinje fibers of neonatal (1-7 day), 4 to 7 week and adult dogs. Purkinje fibers were stimulated at a 500-msec cycle length. Action potentials were recorded during control Tyrode's perfusion and 23.5 minutes after onset of superfusion with ouabain, 2 X 10(-7) M (10% ouabain-3H). The Purkinje fibers were then assayed for ouabain uptake. Ouabain accelerated repolarization and decreased action potential amplitude, resting membrane potential and maximum upstroke velocity of phase O. Changes were greatest in the adults, least in the neonates. Ouabain increased the slope of phase 4 depolarization in 10 to 12 adults, 7 of 16- 4 to 7-week puppies and 0 of 12 neonates. Hence, ouabain induced lesser changes in the action potentials of Purkinje fibers taken from young animals. These results suggest that Purkinje fiber sensitivity to ouabain effects increases with age."
1151754,"Recent clinical studies have suggested an association of tolbutamide therapy with an increased incidence of cardiovascular deaths. Due to the paucity of information concerning the acute cardiac actions of tolbutamide, the effects of this agent upon cardiac contractility and automaticity were examined under in vivo and in vitro conditions in rabbit, cat and dog heart muscle preparations. Tolbutamide (10(-6) to 3 x 10(-3) M) produced a biphasic inotropic response with a peak positive inotropic response at 3 X 10(-3) M which was 13.7 +/- 5.1% of the maximal obtainable increase in tension. Similar studies in cat papillary muscle resulted in a response that averaged 19% of the maximal increase in contractile force. In contrast, canine papillary muscles as well as the intact canine heart failed to develop a positive inotropic response to tolbutamide. Responses of rabbit atrial strips to isoproterenol were not potentiated by previous exposure to tolbutamide. Exposure of rabbit atria to theophylline, 2.5 X 10(-4) M, did not potentiate the inotropic effects of tolbutamide. Stidies in spontaneously beating rabbit right atria and cat papillary muscle-Purkinje fiber preparations demonstrated that tolbutamide does not have the potential to augment automaticity in these tissues. In intact dog heart, the intracoronary administration of tolbutamide did not lead to disturbances in cardiac rhythm, providing additional evidence that tolbutamide does not increase ventricular automaticity. It is concluded that tolbutamide possess a species-specific positive inotropic effect in rabbit and cat but not in the dog. The inotropic effect is small when compared to the maximum inotropic response and is observed only in vitro. Tolbutamide lacks the ability to enhance cardiac pacemaker activity. These data do not support the conclusions of previous investigatirs concerning the possible deleterious cardiac effects of tolbutamide."
1151756,"We have measured the turnover rate of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brains of mice injected with doses of oxotremorine and physostigmine that cause a prolonged increase of ACh concentration in brain. The method used to measure turnover rate of ACh is an application of principles of steady-state kinetics to the change with time of brain choline (Ch) and ACh specific radioactivities after an intravenous pulse injection of phosphorylcholine. We have found that when the concentration of brain ACh and Ch is increased to a new steady state as a result of oxotremorine and physostigmine injections the turnover rate of brain ACh decreases from 0.34 mumol/g/hr (in saline-treated mice) to 0.12 and 0.061 mumol/g/hr, respectively. The possibility that an increase of brain Ch or ACh concentrations plays a role in the control of brain ACh turnover rate is discussed."
1151757,"Gentamicin often attains inadequate therapeutic levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the present study, the possibility that gentamicin might be transported from CSF to blood by a mechanism in the choroid plexus was investigated. Rabbit choroid plexuses were incubated 15 to 120 minutes in artificial CSF containing 14C-gentamicin and 3H-inulin. The choroid plexuses accumulated gentamicin linearly up to 120 minutes where a tissue/medium ratio of 5.4 was attained. Uptake of gentamicin was inhibited by: 1) increasing the gentamicin concentration or adding kanamycin; 2) omitting oxygen and glucose; 3) adding dinitrophenol to the medium; 4) incubating at 4 degrees C; OR 5) incubating in rabbit CSF. However, uptake was not inhibited by probenecid or ammonium ion. Kinetic analysis revealed that gentamicin was transported into choroid plexus by a process that satisfied Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the transport values for the saturable component yielded a Kt of 51.8 mug/ml and a Vmax = 1.8 mug/ml/min. In vivo, gentamicin clearance from CSF, although saturable, was only 1.4 times greater than inulin because of the relatively low Kt and Vmax of the choroid plexus transport system for gentamicin and the presence of inhibitors of gentamicin transport in rabbit CSF. We conclude that the saturable transport of gentamicin from CSF, although quantitatively not large, is a factor in determining gentamicin levels in CSF."
1151758,"Physiological studies by Setchell and others have described the existence of a blood-testis barrier (BTB) surrounding the seminiferous tubules of the mammalian testis. These studies were initiated to better define the role of the BTB with regard to the penetration of exogenous chemicals to male germ cells. The rete testis was cannulated in rats and fluid was collected. Test chemicals or drugs were usually administered by continuous i.v. infusion. Permeability of nonelectrolytes of various molecular sizes, acidic compounds with varying partition coefficients and pKalpha values, such as salicylic acid, barbiturates, and sulfonamides, across the BTB were studied. Permeability of nonelectrolytes was demonstrated to be dependent upon their molecular size, suggesting bulk flow through water-filled pores. On the other hand, permeability of acidic drugs with varying pKalpha values depended upon their partition coefficients. Transport of these chemicals from blood to seminferous tubules closely resembled their transport from blood to cerebrospinal fluid. It appears that the BTB is a complex multicellular system composed of membranes surrounding the semiferous tubules and the several layers of spermatogenic cells organized within the tubules, which restrict the permeability to the male germ cells of many foreign compounds. This must be borne in mind when extra-polating data from in vitro mutagenic test systems to man."
1151759,"Pretreatment of rats with tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline and nortriptyline, at two doses (5 and 25 mg/kg) 20 minutes before administration of barbiturate markedly reduced the latent period of the response to barbital and prolonged the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital (PB) and barbital. The effects were dose-dependent. The prolonged sleeping time produced by PB was associated with decreases in the rates of disappearance of PB from the brain and plasma. The effect of tricyclic antidepressants on PB hypnosis in PB-tolerant and nontolerant rats was apparently not related to change in central nervous system (CNS) sensitivity to PB, since at the time of awakening there were no significant differences in the concentrations of unmetabolized PB in either the plasma or brain of tricyclic antidepressant-treated animals as compared to controls. As barbital is not metabolized, potentiation of barbital hypnosis by tricyclic antidepressants must be attributable to a direct effect on CNS rather than on liver microsomal enzymes. Direct evidence was provided by the findings that amitriptyline accelerated the brain uptake of barbital and that amitriptyline-treated animals lost and recovered the righting reflex at brain barbital levels lower than those of controls. Rats made tolerant to the hypnotic effect of barbital also became tolerant, in varying degrees, to the hyposis-prolonging properties of tricyclic antidepressants. It is concluded that tricyclic antidepressants prolong PB sleeping time in PB-tolerant and nontolerant rats by inhibiting its biotransformation in the liver. The action of tricyclic antidepressants to prolong the hypnotic action of barbital in normal rats is related to their direct effects on CNS sensitivity to barbital, but such effects are makedly diminished after animals become tolerant to barbital."
1151760,"A sensitive enzymatic-isotopic method based on the methylation of histamine by histamine methyltransferase has been used to measure the endogenous concentration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in mouse brain. After a single dose of imipramine, DL-dopa, pargyline or d-amphetamine, brain S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels were 50% depleted after 1 hour, but had returned to normal values within 4 hours after drug treatment. A similar but long-lasting depletion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine was obtained after chronic treatment with imipramine or after a single dose of cycloleucine, a drug that interferes with the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine from methionine. The rate of methylation of 3H-norepinephrine given by intraventricular injection suggested that the decreased levels of S-adenosyl-L-methionine after the administration of cycloleucine and after the chronic, but not the acute, administration of imipramine may interfere with the inactivation of norepinephrine in the mouse brain. These results indicate that decreased methylation may contribute to the neurochemical effects of antidepressive drugs."
1151761,"The effects of various doses of d-amphetamine were studied on the responding of two pigeons exposed to a second-order schedule of reinforcement. With this schedule, food was presented following the completion of a sequence of three 2-minute fixed-interval components. A visual stimulus was presented at the completion of each fixed interval, including the one which was terminated with food. The pigeons' behavior was characterized by a pause immediately after each stimulus presentation followed by a gradual increase in response rate as the interval progressed. d-Amphetamine was found to increase the low rates of responding which occurred early in each interval and to decrease the high rates of responding at the end of each interval. These effects occurred whether responding preceded the presentation of food or the brief stimulus alone."
1151762,"Rats and pigeons responded under three-component multiple schedules of food reinforcement. Each component was associated with a separate stimulus condition and a schedule that arranged food delivery intermittently for appropriately spaced responding. In the experiment with pigeons, three response rates were maintained with equal reinforcement frequency in the three components. With rats, the lowest response rate was associated with a higher reinforcement frequency. The effects of d-amphetamine in rats (0.05-0.6 mg) and pigeons (0.1-3.0 mg) were closely associated with the dose, and with the response rates that occurred under nondrug control conditions. Small doses of d-amphetamine increased low response rates proportionately more than moderate rates; moderate rates were increased proportionately more than were high rates. With larger doses, low rates were decreased proportionately less than were moderate rates, which in turn were decreased proportionately less than were high rates. Similar relations between drug effects and control rates were obtained in rats with scopolamine (0.0125-0.4 mg), with the exception that constant effects appeared at doses of 0.1 mg and greater. The present experiments, through manipulating response rate independently of reinforcement frequency, show that the rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine and scopolamine are primarily response-rate-dependent drug effects."
1151763,"Three rats were exposed to a variable-interval (VI) schedule of food reinforcement and three were exposed to the same VI schedule but with the added constraint that reinforcement could follow only a response which occurred at least 5 seconds after the preceding response. The rats exposed to this pacing requirement responded at considerably lower rates, but obtained only slightly fewer reinforcers than those exposed to the simple VI schedule. The effects of d-amphetamine were found to be dependent on the schedule which maintained behavior. This drug produced a dose-related decrease in rates of responding maintained by the unpaced VI schedule but a dose-related increase in the much lower rates maintained by the paced VI schedule. The effects of chlordiazepoxide were not so clearly schedule-dependent although there were some differences between the effects of this drug on responding maintained by the two schedules. These results support the view that the effects of d-amphetamine depend critically on the rate of the response under investigation, but this does not appear to be the case for chlordiazepoxide."
1151764,"Paraoxon, an irreversible organophosphorus inhibitor of cholinesterase, produces a myopathy beginning at the neuromuscular junction in rat diaphragm muscles. Thirty minutes after paraoxon was injected i.p. (0.5 mg/kg), neuromuscular cholinesterase activity was reduced to 36% of control. The frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) in diaphragms from paraoxon-treated rats was 109/sec compared with 2.9/sec in saline-injected controls. The faster frequency was seen after paraoxon gradually declined to control rates within 6 hours after injection. The quantum content of end-plate potentials was reduced to 66% of that seen in saline controls. Spontaneous and impulse-related antidromic activity was observed along the phrenic nerve after paraoxon which also gradually diminished with time. When the phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase was reactivated with 10(-3) pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide, MEPP frequency was reduced significantly and antidromic activity was abolished. Block of axonal excitability with 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin reduces the effects of paraoxon on MEPP frequency and antidromic activity, while acetylcholinesterase remains inhibited. In vitro perfusion with 6 times 10(-8) M paraoxon increases MEPP frequency and initiates antidromic activity. It is concluded that inhibition of neuromuscular cholinesterase by paraoxon leads to an alteration of transmitter release, and this may be associated with ultrastructural abnormalities observed at the motor endplate."
1151765,"Rats treated with 0.5 mg/kg of reserpine per day for 7 days were anesthetized and submaxillary saliva was collected and analyzed for Na+, K+, Ca++ and protein concentrations. Salivary secretion was elicited by i.p. injections of carbamylcholine (50-100 mug/kg), phenylephrine (5 mg/kg) and isoproterenol (10 mg/rat). Saliva was also collected from untreated controls. Submaxillary glands were excised from both groups of animals at the termination of the secretory response, homogenized and analyzed. Glands from other animals were removed in the resting state and similarly processed. Pretreatment with reserpine resulted in decreased volumes of salvia and in elevated salivary concentrations of Ca++ and protein. Saliva from the reserpine-treated animals secreted in response to carbamylcholine had higher concentrations of Na+ and K+ than control saliva, particularly at the low rates of flow. Saliva secreted after stimulation with the two sympathomimetic secretagogues had lower concentrations of these two ions. Resting glands from the treated animals showed significant elevations in protein and Ca++ content and a significant decrease in K+ content. At the end of the secretory response to the three secretagogues, glands from treated animals showed a significantly higher Na+ content and a significantly lower K+ content than control glands. It is concluded that pretreatment with reserpine alters the secretory response of the rat submaxillary gland to both parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic stimulation. This alteration results from a toxic lesion caused by reserpine in the salivary cells, which involves changes in their permeability to ions and in their energy resources. These in turn, result in an abnormal stimulus-secretion coupling mechanism. The possibility that the toxic lesion is related to alterations in Ca++ homeostasis is discussed."
1151766,"The cariac response to anesthetic doses of ketamine hydrochloride was studied in dogs, initially in the absence of other drugs and subsequently during beta adrenergic block with propranolol and combined beta adrenergic and cholinergic blockade with propranolol and atropine. Ketamine (4 mg/kg) was injected into the left atrium or the jugular vein. Administration of ketamine alone resulted in increases in heart rate (61 beats/min, P smaller than .001), cardiac output and left ventricular systolic pressure, but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and dP/dt max (maximum rate of change of left ventricular isovolumic pressure development) were unchanged. After propranolol, the increase in heart rate produced by ketamine was attenuated, and a transient fall in dP/dt max occurred. After propranolol and atropine, heart rate was not changed by ketamine, but dP/dt max fell and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose. Systemic vascular resistance was not altered by ketamine. It is concluded that administration of ketamine increases sympathetic discharge and reduces vagal discharge to the heart. In the absence of sympathetic and vegal control over the heart, the drug depresses myocardial contractility."
1151767,"Alpha,alpha-Dimethyl-4-(alpha,alpha,beta,beta-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine (MK-251) has been found to prevent certain types of experimentally induced ventricular arrhythmias and at maximally effective doses possesses substantial hemodynamic safety in contrast to standard antiarrhythmic agents. MK-251 prevented or modified ventricular arrhythmias produced by injection of tetrafluorohexachlorobutane into the coronary artery of dogs and baboons. In dogs, the dose estimated to prevent 80% of the arrhythmic impulses (ED80) was 0.5 mg/kg i.v. and 5.0 mg/kg p.o. The duration of action after oral administration of 5.0 mg/kg to the dog or baboon exceeded 5 to 6 hours. MK-251 delayed the onset of arrhythmias resulting from coronary artery ligation, reduced their severity and permitted a conversion back to normal sinus rhythm earlier than in control dogs. In cats, the doses of digoxin required to induce ventricular ectopic activity, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were elevated by MK-251. In anesthetized dogs, 4 times the i.v. ED80 produced no change in blood pressure, cardiac contractility or output, or in ventricular conduction. The only effect after 8 times the ED80 was a slight decrease in contractility. In contrast. lidocaine at its ED80 (0.21 mg/kg/min), decreased blood pressure and contractility; there was no change in ventricular conduction. Quinidine at the ED80 (8.8 mg/kg i.v.) and above produced hypotension, decreased contractility and prolonged conduction in a dose-related manner."
1151768,"The effectiveness of aprindine, N-[3-(diethyl amino)propyl]-N-phenyl-2-indanamine, was examined against experimentally induced arrhythmias. Ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia was reversed in six of six dogs by aprindine, 5 mg/kg i.v. The threshold for extrasytoles induced by a 250-msec train of 60 Hz 2-msec pulses starting 75 msec after the pacing pulse was elevated from a control value of 0.18 +/- mA to a peak of 0.29 +/- 0.03 mA 5 minutes after aprindine, 5 mg/kg (P less than .005). The similarly determined ventricular fibrillation threshold was increased from a control value of 2.45 +/- 0.78 mA to a maximum of 5.68 +/- 1.47 mA 30 minutes after aprindine, 5 mg/kg i.v. (P less than .025). Aprindine failed to protect against fibrillation associated with one-stage occlusion and release of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Conscious dogs 24 hours after two-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery showed ectopic beats averaging 107 +/- 5 beats/min. Aprindine, 5 mg/kg i.v., caused an initial reduction of the ectopic rate to 1 +/- 1 beats/min (P less than .001) returning to 57 +/- 19 beats/min (P less than .05) 30 minutes postdrug. An additional 5 mg/kg dose reduced the ectopic rate to 1 +/- 1 beats/min (P less than .001) returning to 15 +/- 8 beats/min (P less than .005) 60 minutes after drug. Evaluation of these animals at 48 hours showed a similar pattern, although one animal fibrillated after 5 mg/kg of aprindine. Aprindine is an effective antiarrhythmic agent in some experimental cardiac arrhythmias, but the appearance of central nervous system toxicity at therapeutic drug concentrations in conscious animals indicates that it may have a narrow margin of safety."
1151769,"The effect of 6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b] quinazolin-2-one hydrochloride monohydrate (BL-3459) on platelet function and experimental thrombosis was evaluated in a series of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo animal experiments. Potent inhibition of platelet aggregation for BL-3459 was demonstrated by both in vitro and ex vivo techniques. In vitro, EC50 levels were less than 1 mug/ml regardless of the aggregating substance used or the species of animal from which platelet-rich plasma was obtained. After oral administration to rats and dogs, BL-3459 was rapidly absorbed and had a long duration of action. Ex vivo ED50 values were in the range of 2 to 3 mg/kg p.o. In addition, BL-3459 (1-10 mg/kg) demonstrated significant oral activity in a variety of in vivo animal models. BL-3459 inhibited elevation in screen filtration pressure induced by hemorrhage in dogs, endotoxemic death in rats, intravascular thrombosis produced by electrical stimulation of the carotid artery of the dog and thrombosis induced by means of a biolaser in the microvasculature of the rabbit ear chamber. In contrast to acetylsalicylic acid, BL-3459 had little effect on bleeding time in guinea pigs. Oral or intraduodenal administration of BL-3459 to dogs lowered aortic blood pressure, stroke volume and peripheral vascular resistance, while elevating cardiac rate and cardiac contractile force. Thus, it had little effect on the estimated cardiac output. These cardiovascular effects were mediated, in large part, through direct-acting mechanisms. BL-3459 exhibited weak antiserotonin activity in isolated smooth muscle preparations. While the precise mechanism of action of BL-3459 has not yet been determined, indications are that the compound may prove useful in the prevention of intravascular thrombosis."
1151770,"Potassium prorenoate (SC-23992) is a water-soluble steroidal compound with the ability to antagonize the sodium-retaining and, when apparent, the potassium-dissipating effects of mineralocorticoids. A significant natriuretic response was obtained at dosages of 1 mg/kg and approximately 1.8 mg/kg in the dog and rat, respectively. Based upon an elevation in the previously depressed urinary log Na/K ratio, prorenoate possesses an oral potency of 4.6 and 8.1 times that of spironolactone (S), respectively, in the aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated adrenalectomized rat. In the aldosterone-treated dog, the compound had 3.0 times the potency of S and 2.2 times that of a related steroid, potassium canrenoate (SC-14266). Prorenoate and S are relatively inactive at the renal level in adrenalectomized rats without mineralocorticoid replacement. Prorenoate possesses no more than 2% of the natriuretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide in the intact animal. Clearance studies in dogs indicate a direct renal tubular site of interaction between prorenoate and aldosterone independent of changes in renal hemodynamics. The natriuretic response occurred within 100 minutes after a single oral dose and was sustained for at least 7 hours. Prorenoate possesses the pharmacological characteristics of an aldosterone antagonist, in common with those of S."
1151771,"The phospholipase B activity of the small intestine of mice infected with Hymenolepis nana has been studied to determine its value as a laboratory test for the presence of parasites and the chemotherapeutic effects of antitapeworm drugs. Mice infected with 500 H. nana eggs were examined on the 21st day of infection and the phospholipase B content of homogenates of small intestine was determined using lysolecithin (6.6 x 10(-3) M) as the substrate. Some of the infected animals were treated with niclosamide according to schedules and doses known to affect worm development. Presence or absence of parasites was verified by visual inspection of the intestinal content. The enzymatic and visual methods gave equivalent results in both infected-not treated and infected-treated groups. Special features of niclosamide action (relative refractoriness of the early parasitic forms, enhanced effect of multiple doses) have been confirmed. The enzymatic method is proposed as a procedure for laboratory testing in chemotherapeutic investigations."
1151772,"The activity of the hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) was compared with the content of three forms of cytochrome P-450. Measurements were also made of the activity of microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, the enzyme which generates H2O2 in microsomes and which has been considered by some to be the rate-limiting step of MEOS activity. Ethanol feeding to rats for 4 to 5 weeks significantly enhanced the activities of MEOS and NADPH oxidase by 102 and 62%, respectively. Concomitantly, form I of cytochrome P-450 was increased by 88% (P less than .001). Acute administration of a large dose of ethanol to animals pretreated chronically with ethanol enhanced MEOS activity by 21% (P less than .05), whereas NADPH oxidase activity remained unchanged. In addition, an acute dose of ethanol enhanced form I of cytochrome P-450 by 20% (P less than .05); thus its increase was comparable to that of MEOS activity. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increased the specific activity of microsomal NADPH oxidase by 40% (P less than .05) but not that of MEOS. By contrast, CCl4 administration to rats diminished MEOS activity by 33% (P less than .01), whereas NADPH oxidase activity remained unchanged. The CCl4 treatment was found to decrease significantly all three forms of cytochrome P-450: form I by 45%, form II by 56% and form III by 24%. These results suggest that in the presence of NADPH microsomes oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde by a process which involves, at least in part, the form I of cytochrome P-450 and in which H2O2 generation by NADPH oxidase is not the rate-limiting step."
1151773,"1. In anaesthetized dogs whose renal pedicles were ligated the distribution time for I.V. administered raffinose was noted. In males the plasma concentration of raffinose fell for 7-10 min from the time of injection and in females it fell for 12-15 min; thereafter in both sexes the plasma concentration remained constant. 2. During I.V. infusion of oxytocin 10 mug/kg. min, the distribution time for raffinose was 12-16 min in males and 4-6 min in females. 3. During the period before stabilization of plasma concentration the concentration of raffinose was higher in the femoral artery than in the vein in both sexes. 4. In anaesthetized rats whose renal pedicles were ligated the distribution time for I.V. injected inulin was 7-8 min in males and 5 min in females. 5. Following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine the distribution time in both male and female rats was 14-15 min. 6. The sex differences in distribution time, both in normal and oxytocin-treated dogs, may be related to the state of contraction and differential sensitivity or pre- and post-capillary blood vessels and hence, of capillary pressure."
1151774,"1. The visibility of composite stimuli (double lines, multiple lines and sinusoidal gratings) is analysed in terms of the visibility of single lines. 2. The detection mechanisms for the composite stimuli were examined by measuring the probabilities for seeing these stimuli, the probabilites of ""recognition"" near their detection thresholds and by using the method of subthreshold summation. 3. The simplest composite stimulus consists of two lines spaced apart by 15 min; it was found that both the probability of seeing this stimulus and the probability of reporting either one or two lines may largely be explained by assuming independent detection of the two lines. For a 12 min spacing some antagonistic interaction was observed between the two lines, confirming the existence of an antagonistic surround in the line detector. 4. The probability of seeing a multiple line target (rectangular grating) of spacing 15 min is slightly greater than that predicted assuming independent detection of its component lines; this probability can be calculated from the probabilities of seeing a central line (near the fixation point) and pairs of lines spaced 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min on either side of the fixation point. The observed threshold for the grating was about 0.05 log units less than the prediction. 5. The probability that a subject reports only one line from a rectangular grating was found to be consistent with independent detection of its component lines when the subject used a low (detection) threshold criterion but not for higher criteria. 6. The spatial frequencies involved in the detection of the rectangular grating were determined by subthreshold summation; the high spatial frequency selectivity was shown to be consistent with independent detection of the component lines. 7. The detection mechanism for a 4 c/deg sinusoidal grating was found to be similar to that for the 15 min rectangular grating. 8. Evidence is presented that the detection of finer and coarser gratings may be analysed in similar terms. 9. It is shown that lines are not detected by independent activation of sharply tuned grating detectors but that sub-units may be involved which are slightly more narrowly tuned than the line detector. 10. These sub-units contain both inhibitory and disinhibitory regions; the disinhibitory responses may be the basis of the deviations from probability summation noted  in 4. 11. The properties of the proposed sub-units are in reasonable accord with the results of adaptation experiments."
1151775,"1. The entry of glucose into the pectoralis major muscle of living rats was measured over a wide range of plasma glucose concentrations. A technique was used by which steady concentrations of substances are maintained in the circulation throughout the experiments. 2. Raising the concentration of glucose in the plasma caused saturation of the mechanism by which it is transported into muscle. Estimates of the values of the kinetic constants for this transport system were: Kt, 34 mumole ml-1 and V, 1-2 mumole min-1-g-1 muscle. 3. When the plasma glucose concentration was raised up to at least twelve times normal, there was no sign of saturation of the transport system in insulin-treated animals. This finding could be explained if insulin increased greatly both V and Kt for glucose transport. 4. Insulin increased the rate of entry of glucose into muscle over the entire range of plasma glucose concentrations studied (4-8 mumole ml.-1). There was evidence that endogenous insulin produced a similar increase in entry rate some 10 min after the injection of glucose. Fasting, which is associated with a decrease in insulin level, depressed the rate of entry. In hyperglycaemia insulin caused a rise in the concentration of glucose within the muscle cells. 5. The insulin-induced increase in the rate of glucose entry into muscle ensured that approximately 25% of an I.V. dose of glucose entered the muscle cells of insulin-treated animals within one minute. This illustrates the quantitatively important regulatory role that skeletal muscle plays in these circumstances in limiting the extent of a rise in circulating glucose."
1151776,"1. Quantitative histological analysis has been made of the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) from mouse submaxillary gland and from the venom of Vipera russelli on superior cervical ganglia of neonatal mice. 2. The hypertrophic and hyperplastic effects reported by other workers have been confirmed. 3. The hypertrophic effect arises from an increase in the rate at which the sympathetic neurones attain their mature size. The size at maturity is never exceeded. 4. The hyperplastic effect arises from an increase in the rate of production of neurones from less differentiated cells. In the developmental period, the number of neurones can exceed that found at maturity. If injection of NGF is discontinued the excess neurones disappear. 5. If injection of NGF is continued to maturity, the excess number of neurones is maintained."
1151777,"1. Several different types of presynaptic neurones to the giant cells of Aplysia have been found in the pleural ganglion. Some of these presynaptic neurones are common to the left giant cell in the pleural ganglion and to the right giant cell in the abdominal ganglion but others make contact only with one. 2. Interneurones of the left giant cell were studied in detail. They can be identified not only physiologically from the type of post-synapitc potential (p.s.p.) which they produce in the left giant cell, but also by their localization in the ganglion. 3. Direct stimulation of these presynaptic neurones produced not only the classical types of post-synaptic potentials known as e.p.s.p. or i.p.s.p. but also a slow e.p.s.p. and more complex post-synaptic potentials consisting of a rapid depolarizing or hyperpolarizing component (e for excitatory; i for inhibitory). According the p.s.p.s. which have been found were classified as being of eight different types: e.p.s.p., slow e.p.s.p., pseudo-slow e.p.s.p., e.i.p.s.p., i.e.p.s.p., i.i.p.s.p., to which is added the biphasic p.s.p. (b.p.s.p.) of electrical origin. 4. The monosynaptic nature of each of these p.s.p.s. was established by four criteria: (a) ability to follow one to one the presynaptic spike, (b) short and constant latency, (c) change of p.s.p. with the presynaptic spike when the duration is prolonged by iontophoretic injection of TEA, (d) sensitivity of the synaptic efficacy to presynaptic polarization. 5. For all p.s.p.s., the hyperpolarization of the interneurone was followed by a decrease in the corresponding amplitude; on the contrary depolarization produced an increase in p.s.p. amplitude. 6. The physiological role of these p.s.p.s. and their possible mechanism are discussed."
1151778,"1. Dark-adaptation of rod photoreceptors has been studied in the isolated axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) retina by intracellular recordings. Rod responsiveness was greatly reduced immediately after a 30 sec partial bleach, but partially recovered with time in the dark. 2. In parallel spectrophotometric measurements using isolated retinas, regeneration of the rod pigment could not be detected after a 30 sec bleach. 3. During rod dark-adaptation, the response of a rod to a given stimulus increased in amplitude, duration, and rate of rise but did not recover completely to the dark-adapted values. Response latency was lengthened immediately after a bleach but ultimately returned to the dark-adapted level. 4. The time courses of dark-adaptation determined on the basis of the intensity of a stimulus needed to evoke a response having a criterion amplitude, a criterion duration, or a criterion rate of rise were similar. On the other hand changes in latency of the response and magnitude of the saturated amplitude followed different time courses. Change in log threshold was found to be related to change in saturated amplitude by an exponential function during dark-adaptation. 5. After bleaching 10% or less of the rod pigment, the kinetics of both recovery of log threshold and decrease in absorbance at 400 nm (metarhodopsin II+free retinal) could be described by two concurrent first-order processes having similar time constants. However, after bleaching more than 10% of the rod pigment, changes in sensitivity and absorbance did not follow parallel time courses. 6. Metarhodopsin III cannot be solely responsible for setting the axolotl rod sensitivity since rod thresholds decrease monotonically during dark-adaptation whereas meta III concentration reaches a peak 3 min after the bleach and decreases thereafter."
1151779,"1. Some electrophysiological properties of the acetylcholine response shown by clonal rat myogenic cells were studied in vitro. Some mononucleate myoblasts showed a slow hyperpolarizing response. 2. Multinucleate myotubes showed a fast depolarizing response that was very similar to that of mammalian skeletal muscle in vivo, and differed from the hyperpolarizing response of myoblasts. 3. The depolarizing response involved Na, K and Ca ions, but not Cl ions. The dependence of the reversal potential on external ion concentrations was generally similar to that shown by frog muscle, but some quantitative differences were seen. 4. The reversal potential determined at sites of nerve-muscle interaction did not differ from those at background or non-interacted sites."
1151780,"A study has been made of the effects of changing [Ca]O and [Mg]O on the binomial statistic parameters p and n which control the average quantal content (m) of the synaptic potential due to acetylcholine release. 2. When [Ca]O was varied in the range 0-1 to 1-0 mM, p increased as the first power of [Ca]O whereas n increased as the third power of [Ca]O. 3. Increasing [Mg]O depressed both p and n, however variations of [Ca]O in the presence of high [Mg]O did not significantly change the power relationship between either p and [Ca]O or between n and [Ca]O. 4. The facilitated increase in m during a short train was due to an increase in n, whereas the post-tetanic increase in m during a tetanus was due to an increase in p. These results are considered in terms of the role of Ca ions in facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation."
1151781,"1. Direct injury to the smooth muscle of the sheep carotid artery in vivo caused large, persistent and sharply limited annular contraction, even with tetrodotoxin 10(-5)M present to block nerves. 2. Surcose gap records from artery strips showed that mechanical injury caused slow, prolonged depolarization of the smooth muscle that spread for a few millimetres in a circular direction in relation to the intact artery wall with an apparent space constant of 1-26--3.49 mm. In the longitudinal direction, no depolarization was recorded 1 mm from the site of injury. No spikes were recorded more than 1 mm in either direction from the site of injury except when procaine, which facilitates electrical activity in the smooth muscle, was present. 3. When responses of inner and outer muscle were recorded separately, injury caused comparable contraction of both parts. 4. Clotted blood caused large contractions of intact artery strips; it contracted inner much more than outer muscle. 5. The main factors in the intact vessel's response to injury therefore seem to be inner and outer muscles' direct response to injury, reinforced by spread of depolarization round the vessel wall, and inner muscle's response to vasoconstrictor agents released by clotting blood."
1151782,"1. The ionic requirements of the action potential recorded in the cell of an identified cockroach (Periplaneta americana) motoneurone following pre-treatment of the animal with colchicine have been studied. 2. Small cubes of gelatin containing 1% colchicine were implanted into one metathoracic leg near to the nerve trunk containing the axon of the identified motoneurone. 3. Electrophysiological experiments were performed 4--10 days after this treatment, when action potentials which frequently overshoot zero potential can be recorded from the cell body. Such action potentials are not normally seen in untreated animals. 4. Sodium-free solution reversibly abolished the action potential within 5 min. 5. Tetrodotoxin (10(-8)M) reversibly depressed the action potential. It was totally abolished by 10(-7)M tetrodotoxin, but this effect was not reversible. 6. Saline solution containing 40 mM manganous chloride either had no effect on the action potential amplitude, or caused a slight increase. It also caused prolongation of the falling phase and loss of the after-hyperpolarization. These effects were all reversible. 7. It is concluded that sodium carries a major proportion of the inward current of the action potential in this neurone. Some calcium probably enters also, and may, at least in part, be responsible for triggering the delayed rise in potassium conductance during the action potential."
1151783,"1. The rise in blood glucose and the fall in body temperature which follows the injection of a glucose analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) into the lateral cerebral ventricle (I.C.V) of unanaesthetized rats were studied and found to be dose-dependent. These 2-DG induced responses are elicited by the impairment of glucose metabolism within central ""glucoreceptors'. 2. 2DG induced hyperglycaemia and hypothermia were completely prevented and even the converse effects occurred when fivefold equimolar amounts of D-fructose were simultaneously injected I.C.V.; fructose, at equimolar doses, did not modify the effects of 2-DG. 3. D-xylose and D-ribose, even at high doses, did not influence 2-DG hyperglycaemia, but increased slightly the 2-DG induced hypothermia. This suggests that the pentose phosphate pathway is unable to support the metabolism within the glucoreceptors. 4. Pyruvate suppressed the 2-DG induced hyperglycaemia with a marked delay, while acetate (as ethyl ester) and a mixture of malate plus oxaloacetate did not prevent 2-DG induced effects. These results may be accounted for by the low dosage used. 5. Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate did not prevent 2-DG hypothermia and hyperglycaemia. 6. An effective prevention of the 2-DG induced hyperglycaemia and hypothermia was achieved with fumarate and glutamate, indicating that the stimulation of the Krebs cycle within ""glucoreceptors' removes the glucoprivic effects. 7. The results indicate that prevention of 2-DG induced effects occurred only with alternate source of metabolic fuel which can support high respiratory rates in brain tissue. It is concluded that central chemoreceptors are not specifically responsive to glucose, or hexoses, but to the rate of oxidative metabolism."
1151784,"1. The elucidation of the biochemical controls of growth processes is basic to understanding both normal and malignant growth. The exquisitely sensitive control demonstrated in the regenerating liver provides an excellent model system for growth studies. 2. Intraperitoneal injection of an extract from weanling rat liver into 34% hepatectomized rats stimulates [3H]thymidine incorporation into recipient hepatic DNA 2.5-fold. This stimulation is seen after a 10 hr lag period. 3. Extracts from weanling rat liver contain the highest level of the hepatic regenerative stimulator substance (SS), whereas extracts from adult liver give no significant stimulation. 4. If adult rats are partially hepatectomized, SS is demonstrated in their livers 12-15 hr after hepatectomy. 5. Partial characterization of SS shows that it is a soluble material not sedimented by centrifugation for 2 hr at 145,000 g. The stimulator activity is stable to heating at 65 degrees C and 100 degrees C for 15 min but is lost when treated with 10% perchloric acid."
1151785,"1. Responses of centre-hyperpolarizing, red-sensitive bipolar cells were studied by intracellular recording in the retina of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The identity of these cells was confirmed by Procion Yellow marking. 2. Circles of light produced hyperpolarizing waves that were graded with intensity and could exceed -30mV in amplitude. The operating intensity range was similar to that of turtle cones. 3. Flashes in the form of an annulus evoked graded depolarizations which could be greater than 10 mV in the dark-adapted state or about 30mV when applied over central backgrounds. 4. Responses proportional to intensity were produced by dim circular stimuli. For radii less than about 200 mum these responses reached peak in approximately 120 msec and were invariant with respect to wave-length or area of illumination. Absolute flash sensitivity varied greatly from cell to cell but in the most sensitive cell encountered was about 460 muV photon(-1) um2. 5. Sensitivity of both bipolar cells and red-sensitive cones was enhanced progressively for enlargements of a circular flash up to 150-200 mum in radius. 6. Increasing the radius of a circle from 200 to 1250 mum caused a decrease of about 75% in bipolar cell sensitivity. This decrease was associated with a marked shortening of the response for all colours. The same enlargement decreased sensitivity of red-sensitive cones by approximately 20% and did not appreciably alter the time course of their response. These effects are attributed to impingement from type I  red-sensitive horizontal cells because they have the requisite spatial and spectral properties. 7. Responses of a few bipolar cells were already shortened for 200 mum flashes; this property suggests impingement from type II horizontal cells. 8. For small circles the spectral sensitivity of the bipolar cells considered resembled closely that of red-sensitive cones or horizontal cells. Red backgrounds enhanced the relative sensitivity to green flashes suggesting that these bipolar cells receive input from red-sensitive members of double cones as well as single red-sensitive cones. 9. Steady depolarizing currents injected into bipolar cells decreased the response to either central or annular illumination; hyperpolarizing currents decreased the response to a central flash and increased the response to an annulus."
1151786,"1. Sugar absorption by foetal and neonatal rat intestine has been examined using an in vitro accumulation technique. 2. The capacity for active sugar absorption is present in the rat intestine by the 17th day of gestation. Considerable variation in uptake occurs during the first month post partum; the greatest uptake place during the first week. 3. The absorption of sugars by the developing gut resembles in several respects that by the mature intestine. However, the adult pattern of functional localization along the intestine is not fully established until after the 3rd week post partum. 4. Kinetic studies indicate that variations with age in the distribution of sugar ""carriers' along the intestine, rather than changes in the ""carriers' themselves, account for the observed variations in absorption."
1151787,"1. The technique of single fibre dissection has been used to study the warm and cold thermoreceptors in the rat scrotum. 2. The warm receptors showed dynamic activity during increases of scrotal temperature and static activity when temperature was constant. The static activity/temperature curve was bell-shaped, with minima at 31 and 45 degrees C and a peak at 42 degrees C. 3. The cold receptors also showed dynamic and static responses to reductions of temperature. At steady temperatures the impulses from some receptors were grouped in bursts. The number of impulses in each burst increased from zero at 30 degrees C to four at 20 degrees C."
1151788,"1. In anaesthetized rats, unit activity was recorded in the afferent somatosensory pathway leading from the scrotum. Recording sites were in the dorsal horn near the entry zone of the scrotal nerve, in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and in the somatosensory (SI) cortex. During recording, the temperatures of the left and right sides of the scrotum were varied independently. 2. Almost all (64/67) the units in dorsal horn, thalamus and cortex responding specifically to scrotal temperature were equally affected by temperature changes on either side of the scrotum. The receptive fields of these units were bilateral and large, implying a massive convergence of fibres from thermoreceptors on to each central unit. In contrast, mechanosensitive units responded only to unilateral stimulation. 3. As a consequence of the convergence in the thermal pathway, the firing rate of each central unit was a function of an additive combination, often simply the sum, of the temperatures of the two sides of the scrotum. 4. The relationship between firing rate and the temperature of one side of the scrotum was sigmoid, the position, but not the shape, of the curve depending on the temperature at which the opposite side was maintained. An increase in the maintained temperature shifted the sigmoid response curve towards lower temperatures and vice versa. 5. The convergence which this pathway exhibits would be well suited to integration of the temperature of the scrotal skin, but not to spatial discrimination."
1151789,"1. When the abomasum of the conscious calf is partially distended, rhythmic motility can readily be recorded from the e.m.g. of the smooth muscle of the fundus (body) and antrum. 2. In gastric evacuation rhythmic contractions of the antrum are reinforced by both rhythmic and tonic fundic contractions. 3. The output volume of the stomach can be directly correlated with e.m.g. activity. 4. Intragastric fluid is usually emptied in gushes coinciding with a strong contraction of the antrum but fluid may be evacuated, when the antrum is inactive, through the force generated by persisting rhythmic fundic contractions. 5. Using re-entrant cannulae so that the duodenum can be infused separately from the gastric effluent, isotonic sodium bicarbonate produced almost 100% gastric evacuation with greatly enhanced e.m.g. activity of fundus and antrum. Infusion of the duodenum with a solution of HCl, 60 m-equiv/l., produced the opposite effect, the gastric muscle becoming quiescent and 100% of the gastric test meal being retained. 6. These results show that the activating or inhibitory effects of a duodenal infusate are produced through an activating or inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle of the stomach. 7. The mechanism of the interrelation between duodenal receptor and gastric effector has not yet been elucidated but the connexion is not intramural since it continues when the duodenum is transected near to the pylorus."
1151790,"1. Human rhodopsin in vivo was flash bleached by a 600 musec xenon flash which could deliver to the retina up to 15 rod-equivalent quanta per rhodopsin molecule, and the fraction bleached measured by fundus reflexion densitometry. 2. The curve relating fraction rhodopsin bleached to intensity of flash saturates at 0.5 to 0.6. Thus, 40-50% of the rhodopsin is left photo-regenerated by the brightest flashes. 3. Three types of densitometry experiments confirm the saturation of the bleaching curve. 4. The kinetic constants required to account for the observed photo-regeneration were somewhat discrepant with in vitro and in situ estimates from infrahuman species. Specifically, (i) the quantum efficiency of the back reaction, metarhodopsin I hv leads to rhodopsin, was inferred to be nearly as high as that of the forward reaction; and (ii) the rate of the metarhodopsin I leads to metarhodopsin II dark reaction was inferred to be less than 500 sec(-1)."
1151791,"1. Rod dark adaptations after a photoregenerating flash and quantum-equivalent 30 sec bleach are found to be in exact agreement, while the measured rhodopsin regenerations are grossly different. This finding confirms and clarifies ""Rushton's paradox', the failure of the Dowling-Rushton equation (linking log sensitivity linearly with unregenerated rhodopsin) to account for human rod dark adaptation after flash photolysis. 2. The hypothesis that the agreement between rod dark adaptation curves after a photoregenerating flash and after a quantum-equivalent 30 sec bleach is coincidental is rejected on the basic of two classes of experiments. 3. Rod ""bleaching' adaptation is demonstrated to be entirely determined by the number of rhodopsin molecules which absorb at least one quantum in a temporal period T, whose range includes the time interval 600 musec less than or equal T less than or equal 30 sec. This generalization obtains over the entire scotopic energy range (congruent to 3 log units) where rod dark adaptations has been studied. 4. Thus, the state of ""bleaching' adaptation is determined by some by-product of the normal chain of events in scotopic excitation. About this by-product three important deductions are made: (i) its production is a monotonic function of the initial effective quantum absorptions; (ii) its production occurs before the metarhodopsin I leads to to metarhodopsin II dark reaction; (iii) it cannot be any photoproduct of the rhodopsin cycle."
1151792,"1. The directional selectivity of individual cones was examined by intracellular recording in the eye of the turtle. Sensitivites were determined from linear responses to dim flashes of monochromatic light incident on a cell over a range of angles to its long axis. 2. With light near the optimum wave-length, some red- and green-sensitive cones showed a high sensitivity for light entering axially and lower sensitivities for light entering obliquely. In contrast, other cells had lower peak sensitivities and less pronounced directional selectivities. The highest axial sensitivities observed in red receptors were about 320 muV photon(-1) mu2; in these cells, the sensitivity declined to half for rays 6-9 degrees off the axis as measured in the retina. Green receptors had lower axial sensitivities and broader angular profiles. 3. On the assumption that rays at all angles contribute independently to the over-all sensitivity, the sensitivity of a cell to large cones of rays was successfully predicted from the angular selectivity determined with a narrow pencil of rays. The shape of small responses to dim stimuli delivered on and off the axis of the cell was invariant, implying that a cone signals the number of photons absorbed but not their angle of incidence. 4. Short wave-lengths have previously been shown to be filtered out by the oil droplets present in turtle cones. At short wave-lengths, the angular profiles showed a depression in axial sensitivity consistent with this filtering action. 5. Diameters of inner segments, oil droplets, and outer segments were measured in red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones, since these dimensions are expected to influence the cones' angular acceptances and ability to collect light. The diameters of the structure were in approximately the same proportions for each type of receptor, but the absolute values of the diameters were found to be scaled in relation to the wave-length of maximum sensitivity. 6. Optical determinations of the efficiency with which axial rays are concentrated by red receptors gave a mean value of 55%. 7. Receptors in histological sections of the whole eye were found to be oriented with their long axes directed approximately toward the pupil. 8. The observed directional selectivities and collecting efficiencies agree well with the behaviour of a model retinal cone developed by Winston & Enoch (1971) on a geometrical optical treatment. 9. Effective collecting areas are derived for red-, green- and blue-sensitive cones; these permit conversion of observed flash sensitivities into the mean peak hyperpolarization produced by isomerization of a visual pigment molecule. The figure obtained is about 25 muV for red-sensitive cones and 21muV for green-sensitive cones."
1151793,"1. After administration of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) to anaesthetized rats, rabbits and cats, a reflex jerk consisting of three distinct components was evoked in the limb muscles by peripheral stimulation. The second component of the jerk in the forelimb muscles of all three animals was specifically abolished by lesions confined to the contralateral forelimb sensorimotor cortex. 2. These lesions had no effect on the second response in either the hind limbs or in the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion. The first and third responses were also unaffected. 3. Lesions in the cat hind-limb cortex abolished the contralateral hind-limb second response, but not the ipsilateral hind-limb or forelimb response. 4. In the rat and rabbit, unilateral hind-limb sensorimotor lesions were ineffective in completely abolishing the second response in the contralateral hind-leg muscles, and in addition, reduced the probability of occurrence of the response in the ipsilateral hind leg. Bilateral lesions abolished the response. 5. Re-investigation of the sensory and motor representation of the hind limb in the rat cortex revealed that this is bilateral in nature. Short-latency cortical responses (ca. 7-0 msec) could be evoked in one cortex by stimulation of either hind paw. The geometric centre of the cortical area from which these responses could be recorded was identical for each hind paw. 6. After catechol injection, stimulation of the cortical surface with single anodal shocks of threshold strength produced responses at similar latency (ca. 8-0 msec) in both hind limbs. 7. The behaviour of the second response after cortical lesions corresponds closely with the pattern of the somatosensorimotor cortical representation. The latency of the response is such as to allow its production by a long-loop cortical reflex, and this possibility is discussed."
1151794,"1. In cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, micro-electrodes have been used to record the discharge patterns of single neurones in the region of the nucleus interpositus. 2. Almost all cells tested could be antidromically invaded following electrical stimulation of the contralateral red nucleus, showing that they were cerebellar efferent neurones. 3. A little over half of the interpositus neurones were spontaneously active, usually at rates of less than 20 impulses/sec. 4. About 40% of the cells had no spontaneous activity, although they gave brisk responses to electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves. Such silent units were encountered most frequently in the earlier stages of an experiment, but a number were found more than 15 hr after the beginning of an experiment. 5. Stimulation of cutaneous and mixed nerves of the fore and hind limbs provoked impulse discharges of the cells and also produced phases of deceleration of the resting discharge of spontaneously firing cells. 6. The typical response of an interpositus neurone consisted of a short latency (6-35 msec) discharge, usually separated from a long latency (50-500 msec) discharge by a period of inhibition or return to the resting discharge rate. The two phases of excitation appeared to be independently generated, since in a number of cells one phase appeared without the other. In addition, the later phase of excitation was abolished in all cells tested by a small dose of pentobarbitone which produced very little effect on the earlier phase. The long latency response was quantitatively much greater, sometimes consisting of 50 or more impulses in a response which lasted several hundred msec, but was very variable from one trial to another. 7. The long latency discharge and sometimes the preceding inhibition could readily be mimicked by single shock stimulation of the region of the contralateral inferior olive. Short latency discharges were, however, rarely evoked by olivary stimulation. 8. It is suggested that the short latency responses of the interpositus neurones were a result of synaptic excitation via cerebellar afferents, while the ensuing inhibition was a result of post-synaptic inhibition resulting from the Purkinje cell excitation due to the afferent volleys. It is suggested that the long latency excitation is due to the afferent volleys. It is suggested that the long latency excitation is due at least in part to disinhibition resulting from long pauses in Purkinje cell firing following their activation by climbing fibre afferents. 9. The possibility that these long latency responses have a physiological significance in relation to locomotion is discussed."
1151795,"1. In the lizard Tiliqua the tendons of the caudo-femoralis muscle are supplied by a nerve which runs separately from the muscle nerve. 2. Recordings of afferent discharges in the tendon nerve revealed the presence in the tendon of stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors which responded to both passive changes in limb position and to muscle contraction. 3. A preparation of the tendon and its nerve were dissected free of surrounding tissue and studied in isolation while recording the activity of single functional units. The minimum tension in the tendon necessary for a maintained response from a receptor lay in the range 5-35 g (mean 16 g) and the firing rates at these tensions were in the range 5-14 impulses/sec (mean 9 impulses/sec). 4. Receptors showed a steep increase in firing rate with increase in tension up to about 120 g. The firing rate 30 sec after the onset of a tension change did not exceed 40 impulses/sec. 5. During the tension change the receptor responded with a burst of impulses whose frequency depended on the velocity of stretch. With large, rapidly rising tension steps peak firing rates of up to 300 impulses/sec were observed. 6. Tension and length changes recorded during rapid tendon-stretches were very similar, with little sag in tension at the new length. The response of all units however continued to fall throughout the stretch. Some of the possible causes of this adaptation have been discussed."
1151796,1. The exchange of 32P injected into single crab muscle fibres as either orthophosphate or ATP has been studied. The results have been analysed in terms of a simple kinetic model. 2. The exchange of 32P between ATP and arginine phosphate is considerably faster than that between ATP and orthophosphate during rest and during contraction in caffeine. 3. The rate constants obtained at rest after the injection of either orthophosphate or ATP labelled with 32P were of the same order. They were also of the same order as those which have been obtained previously for squid axons. 4. The exchange during caffeine contraction of 32P unjected as orthophosphate gave rate constants which were consistent with an increased rate of splitting of ATP and with the rate constants needed to account for the observed net formation of orthophosphate. The results obtained after the injection of 32P-labelled ATP during caffeine contraction were less clear cut.
1151802,"1. Glycyl-L-proline and L-prolyl-glycine are two dipeptides that are poorly hydrolysed by brush border peptide hydrolases in vitro. The present study was undertaken to investigate in vivo intestinal absorption of the two dipeptides in male Wistar rats. A steady-state perfusion technique has been used and jejunal and ileal absorption studied by comparing rates of absorption of constituent amino acids from dipeptide and equivalent equimolar amino acid solutions. 2. Glycine and proline were absorbed at the same or faster rates during perfusion of 10 mM glycyl-L-proline than during perfusion of 10 mM-L-prolyl-glycine than during perfusion of its equivalent equimolar amino acid solution. Conversely, the two constituent amino acids were absorbed at slower rates during perfusion of its equivalent amino acid solution. As expected very low concentrations of free amino acids were detected during the jejunal dipeptide perfusions but higher concentrations were detected during the ileal perfusions. 3. The addition of 40 mM L-prolyl-glycine to the 10 mM glycyl-L-proline solution did not affect the rates of disappearance of glycyl-L-proline. The addition of 40 mM glycyl-L-proline to 10 mM L-prolyl-glycine however had a significant inhibitory effect on the disappearance of L-prolyl-glycine. It is concluded that the two dipeptides may be absorbed by different peptide transport systems."
1151803,"1. Foetal and maternal plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured during and after hypoxia (mean maternal Pa,02 44mmHg) in chronically catheterized sheep, 118-141 days pregnant. 2. In most foetuses the initial plasma catecholamines were smaller than 0.07 ng/ml. During hypoxia plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline always rose; there was a rise in arterial pressure and a fall in heart rate. 3. The initial catecholamine concentration in the ewes was smaller than 0.05-2.3 ng/ml. During hypoxia there was no consistent change; the maternal plasma concentrations were less than the foetal. 4. Infusion of adrenaline at 0.3 mug kg(-1) min(-1) to the ewe resulted in plasma catecholamine concentrations higher than those observed during hypoxia. There was a rise in heart rate but no consistent change in arterial pressure. 5. Infusion of adrenaline 0.4 mug kg(-1) min(-1) into the foetal jugular vein caused a rise in plasma concentration similar to that seen during hypoxia. There was a rise in heart rate but no significant change in arterial pressure. 6. The half-life of adrenaline and of noradrenaline in the maternal and foetal circulation was 0.25-1 min. There was no evidence of transfer of labelled catecholamine across the placenta."
1151804,1. Small selected patches of retina (approximately 1 mm2) were exhaustively searched electrophysiologically to identify every brisk-transient unit present. The patches were then marked by electrolytic lesions. 2. Whole-mount preparations were made from which the distribution of alpha cells within and around the marked areas could be obtained. 3. A one-to-one correspondence could be demonstrated between brisk-transient units and alpha cells. 4. The correspondence was maintained within a patch of retina including the central area. 5. The correspondences were subject to about 10% of uncertainty attributed to technical limitations of the method.
1151807,"1. Membrane potentials have been recorded from cells of seminiferous tubules of rats in vitro using micro-electrodes. The value in 808 impalements was -28-2 +/- 0-3 mV (mean +/- S.E.) at 33 degrees C. 2. Increasing the potassium concentration depolarized the cells, a tenfold increase in concentration causing a depolarization of 16 mV. Removal of sodium from the bathing solution caused a hyperpolarization of 3 mV at a potassium concentration of 5-9 m-equiv/l. Removal of chloride and replacement with impermeant anions had no effect on potential. Removal of calcium from the bathing solution caused a minor but significant depolarization. 3. Ouabain (10-3 M), dinitrophenol (2-5 times 10-4 M) or removal of glucose from the bathing fluid all caused depolarization. The membrane potentials of the cells were sensitive to temperature over the range 10-33 degrees C, the apparent activation energy for the reactions maintaining the potential being approximately 6 kcal/mole. 4. Membrane potentials in seminiferous tubules were independent of age of the animal, were insensitive to previous hypophysectomy and were insensitive to a number of hormones (FSH, LH, HCG, oxytocin). In high concentration prostaglandin E1 caused depolarization. 5. Acetazoleamide (4 times 10-5 M) caused a rapid, but reversible, depolarization of the tubular cells. This was also true in conditions when the HCO'3/CO2 buffer system was replaced with Tris-buffer. Another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (p-sulphonamido-benzoic acid) had similar effects on cell potentials as acetazoleamide. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the ionic secretion produced in the tubules. 6. Occasional cells showed phasic variations in membrane potential. A possible connexion between these variations and the contractile activity of the tubules is discussed."
1151809,"1. The fine structure of rabbit rectococcygeus muscle has been studied with the electron microscope. 2. The mechanical performance and the heat production of this muscle has been investigated during tetanic contractions at 27 degrees C. 3. In isometric contractions a force of 164 +/- 27 mN/mm2 (mean +/- S.D., n = 17) is developed and the heat production is linearly related to the force. 4. There is a relationship between the duration of stimulation (t) and the total heat production (H) of the type H = A plus bt, where A and b are constants. 5. After-loaded isotonic experiments show that the relationship between force and velocity can be fitted by the 'characteristic equation' of Hill (1938). 6. The value of a/P0 (0-302 +/- 0-093, mean +/- S.D.) is slightly higher than in frog skeletal muscle but the constant b is about 50 times smaller. 7. The ratio of work/total energy production, for the stimulus conditions employed, was maximally 0-185. 8. The ratio of total enthalpy to initial enthalpy is difficult to measure accurately but is probably about 2."
1151820,"1. Included in the ensemble of synaptic input received by identified neurones in the ganglion of the marine mollusc Navanax  are biphasic synaptic potentials, consisting of a depolarization followed by a hyperpolarization. 2. Both phases are chemically mediated as judged by their susceptibility to a high magnesium medium and neither exhibits depression with repetition. 3. The hyperpolarizing phase has a reversal potential of about -50mV, which varies only with changes in the external chloride concentration. This phase is unaffected by cholinolytics. 4. The depolarizing phase reverses at a more positive potential, is probably the result of a change in sodium conductance and is blocked by hexamethonium and high concentrations of eserine. 5. The biphasic synaptic potentials are therefore similar in many respects to the biphasic response evoked by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine on to these cells, suggesting that the two types of cholinergic receptors previously characterized on these neurones are both functional."
1151828,"1. The spectral density of current noise power from 20 mm segments of giant axons of the squid Loligo vulgaris has been measured under space-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. From 4 to 1000 Hz the measured noise is larger by several orders of magnitude than the theoretical thermal noise. The amplifier's noise, which may yield appreciable contributions above 200 Hz, could be evaluated and subtracted from the total noise using direct measurements of the membrane impedance..."
1151833,"1. Cross-reinnervation was performed between the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in the cat and the SOL and fast-twitch flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles in the rat. The isometric and force-velocity properties of the muscles were subsequently determined. 2. As a result of cross-reinnervation the dynamic properties of both slow- and fast-twitch muscles in the cat were considerably altered. The isometric twitch time to peak was 33-9 msec in the X-SOL compared with 84-7 msec in the N-SOL. The intrinsic speed of shortening and a/P0 values were 25-4 mum. sec-1 and 0-34 respectively in the X-SOL and 14-4 mum. sec-1 and 0-20 in the N-SOL. In the X-EDL the twitch time to peak was 52-6 msec compared with 23-4 msec in the N-EDL; the intrinsic speed of shortening and a/P0 values were 14-1 mum. sec-1 and 0-29 respectively, whereas they were 31-9 mum. sec-1 and 0-44 in the N-EDL. 3. In the rat X-SOL there was shortening of the isometric twitch time to peak from 39-5 msec in the N-SOL to 19-7 msec and an increase in the intrinsic speed of shortening from 17-7 mum. sec-1 to 32-3 mum. sec-1, although over most of the force-velocity curve the X-SOL values were only slightly greater than those for N-SOL. The force-velocity data for the X-SOL muscles could not be fitted by Hill's equation. 4. The isometric and force-velocity results of the X-SOL of the rat suggested that the muscle contained a significant proportion of slow fibres. An examination of the motor unit characteristics of the N-FHL showed the presence of approximately 14% small, slow units. 5. It is concluded that there are no fundamental differences between the rat and the cat with regard to the effect of cross-reinnervation on hind-limb muscles. However, these, and previously published results, suggest that there may be important differences between heterologous muscles in the degree of influence that their respective motor nerves can exert on an alien muscle."
1151835,"1. Some membrane properties of endoderm and mesoderm cells isolated from late blastula stages of Xenopus laevis have been examined using electrophysiological techniques. 2. Cells were isolated by treatment of whole embryos with Ca-free EDTA containing media, or mechanically by micro-dissection, and cultured in Ca-containing Holtfreter solution (60 mM-NaCl) or Ringer solution (120 mM-NaCl). 3. Membrane potentials lay between -6 and -84 mV; specific membrane resistances ranged from 500 to 29,000 omega cm2; there was no difference between EDTA isolated and mechanically isolated cells. 4. Relative and absolute cation and anion conductances varied from cell to cell. Some cells were anion impermeable; the cation conductance ranged from 35 to 300 mumho/cm2. 5. The resting potential of some cells was largely determined by the concentration gradient and membrane permeability of K ions. In other cells the potential was maintained either by some other ion or by an electrogenic pump. [K]i came to approximately 130 mM in Ringer solution (the value pertaining in the intact embryo) and similar to 60 mM in Holtfreter solution. 6. In most pairs and small clumps of cells ionic current spread from one cell to the next; some single cells and groups of cells were uncoupled from their neighbours. 7. The junctional resistance lay between 10(5) and 10(8) omega; it behaved as a linear resistor in most cell pairs studied. In three pairs the intercellular junction showed rectifying properites. 8. By the late blastula stage of development presumptive endoderm and mesoderm cells form a heterogeneous population with widely varying passive membrane properties. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to current hypotheses for the formation of spatial patterns during differentiation."
1151836,"This isolated, perfused ear artery of the rabbit has been used to examine the effect of alterations in muscle load on the construction of arteries. The equilibrium muscle load, taken as the difference in wall stress between the relaxed and constricted artery at the same external radius, was varied by changing the transmural pressure and by constricting the artery. 2. The equilibrium muscle load increased initially and then declined with decreasing external radius when the transmural pressure was kept constant. The maximum muscle load was reached when the relaxed external radius had been reduced by 11% at 80 mmHg and by 4-5% (relative to the radius at 80 mmHg) at 160 mmHg. 3. Arteries from young rabbits (3-6 months in age) which were partially constricted by adrenaline or spontaneous activity responded better to 60 sec of 4 Hz field stimulation at transmural pressures above 100 mmHg than did relaxed arteries. Neither field stimulation nor high concentrations of noradrenaline ( is greater than 800 ng/ml.) were able to constrict most arteries effectively at pressures above 160-170 mmHg unless partial constriction was present. The partial constriction reduced the load placed on the muscle by the same transmural pressure. Constrictio n during field stimulation was due largely to the release of neurotransmitter. 4. Ear arteries from young and older rabbits differed little in their ability to constrict against different transmural pressures. The one major difference was a lesser maximum constriction of arteries from older rabbits (18-24 months in age). However, arteries from older rabbits constricted well at the higher transmural pressures only because wall thickening largely compensated for a decreased ability of the muscle to develop active tension. 5. It is concluded that a decrease in internal radius to wall thickness ratio by either sufficient partial vasoconstriction or by wall thickening favours constriction of arteries because the load placed on the muscle by the same transmural pressure is reduced. Wall thickening may be an important compensatory reaction for deteriorating muscle contraction."
1151837,"1. Illumination of B. eburneus photoreceptors with intense red light produces a membrane depolarization that persists in darkness. This quasistable depolarization (latch-up) can be terminated with green light. The phenomenon was investigated with electrophysiological, spectrochemical, and microspectrophotometric techniques. 2. Latch-up was associated with a stable inward current in cells with the membrane potential voltage-clamped at the resting potential in darkness. The stable current could only be elicited at wave-lengths greater than 580 nm. 3. Light-induced current (LIC) was measured at various wave-lengths in dark-adapted photoreceptors with the membrane voltage-clamped to the resting potential. The minimum number of photons required to elicit a fixed amount of LIC occurred at 540 nm, indicating that the photoreceptor is maximally sensitive to this wave-length of light. The photoreceptor was also sensitive to wave-lengths in the near-U.V. region of the spectrum (380-420 nm). 4. Steady red adapting light reduced the magnitude of the LIC uniformly at all wave-lengths except in the near-U.V. region of the spectrum; sensitivity was reduced less in this region. 5. The spectrum for termination of the stable inward current following or during red light was shifted to the blue (peak about 510 nm) compared to the peak for LIC (peak about 540 nm). 6. Absorbance of single cells prepared under bright, red light decreased maximally at 480 nm following exposure to wave-lengths of light longer than 540 nm. 7. A pigment extract of 1000 barnacle ocelli prepared under dim, red light had a maximum absorbance change at 480 nm when bleached with blue-gree light. 8. There was no evidence in the latter two experiments of photointerconversion of pigments with absorbance maxima at 480 and 540 nm. Rather, the maximum absorption of the bleaching products seemed to occur at wave-lengths shorter than 420 nm. 9. Since latch-up induction occurs at wave-lengths longer than 580 nm, it may depend on the 540 pigment or on an undetected red absorbing pigment. 10. A photolabile pigment at 480 nm correlated most closely with termination of the stable inward current associated with latch-up."
1151838,"1. The membrane mechanism of a quasi-stable membrane depolarization (latch-up) that persists in darkness following red light was examined in barnacle photoreceptor with micro-electrode techniques including voltage-clamp and Na+-sensitive micro-electrodes. 2. Current-voltage (I-V) relations of the membrane in darkness following red light (latch-up) and in darkness following termination of latch-up with green light, indicate that latch-up is associated with an increase of membrane conductance. 3. The latch-current (membrane current in darkness following red light minus membrane current in darkness following a gree flash that terminates latch-up) was inward at the resting potential, reversed sign at about +26mV (mean of six cells), and became outward at more positive membrance potentials. 4. Current-voltage relations of the membrane during green light (no latch-up) closely resembled those during latch-up. The light-induced current (LIC) elicited by green ligh (membrane current during the light flash minus membrane current in darkness following the light flash) was inward from the resting potential to +26mV (mean of six cells), then reversed sign and became outward. 5. The latch-current and LIC were both augmented in reduced Ca2+ solutions and decreased as Na-+ was reduced at a fixed Ca2+ concentration. 6. Both LIC and latch-current reversed sign at a more negative membrane potential (increment V equals 14mV) in solutions containing one quarter the normal amount of Na+. 7. The internal Na-+ activity (a-iNa) of a photoreceptor increased from about 10-18 mM upon illumination with long steps of intense red or white illumination. Five minutes in darkness after white light, a-iNa had recovered significantly, whereas a-iNa remained elecated following red illumination. 8. Latch-up seems to be a persistence in darkness of the same membrane mechanism that normally occurs during illumination; i.e. a conductance increase to Na+ ions. Ca2+ ions act primarily to suppress this current. There is evidence for a net Na+ influx during illumination that is sustained in darkness during latch-up."
1151839,"1. Myxicola giant axons were examined under voltage clamp in solutions with [Ca2+] ranging from 2 to 200 mM. 2. The magnitude of the shifts in the Na and K conductance-voltage curves, as well as membrane rate constants, caused by changes IN [Ca22+] were comparable and consistent with a model in which there exists a negative surface charge density of -0.013 charges/A-2, but there is no significant binding of divalent cations to the external membrane surface. 3. There was no effect of equimolar substitution of magnesium for Ca on the positions of the conductance-voltage curves along the voltage axis, consistent with the above conclusion. 4. Ca2+ has no effect on the shape of the steady-state Na inactivation relation but simply causes a translation along the voltage axis. 5. It is concluded that a simple surface charge model in which divalent cations do not bind is adequate for Myxicola axons, and that there is no evidence to support a specific involvement of Ca with gating processes."
1151840,1. Several possible mechanisms of the antipyretic action of indomethacin administered cat. 2. Indomethacin did not decrease bacterial endotoxin-induced release of endogenous pyrogen in vivo. 3. Indomethacin (5-40 mug/kg) inhibited the pyrogenic effect of peripherally or centrally administered leucocytic progen. A dose of 10 mug/kg caused a parallel shift to the right of the log dose-response curve for I.V. leucocytic pyrogen and reduced the potency of the pyrogen at least 50%. 4. Incubation of leucocytic pyrogen with indomethacin did not alter its pyrogenic potency. 5. Indomethacin exerted only a slight non-dose-related hypothermic effect in afebrile animals. 6. Indomethacin (up to 1 mg/kg) did not diminish the hyperthermic response to intraventricular administration of prostaglandin E1. 7. This pattern of activity indicates that indomethacin acts centrally to inhibit an effect of leucocytic pyrogen.
1151841,"1. Gastric acid secretion, and total gastric and mucosal blood flows (amidopyrine technique) were measured in anaesthetized cats. Oxygen contents of arterial and gastric venous blood were measured using an oximeter. 2. Splanchnic nerve stimulation (10 Hz) significantly reduced the acid output and total gastric and mucosal blood flows produced in response to maximal gastrin pentapeptide infusions. 3. The arterial haemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced during splanchnic nerve stimulation, and this is consistent with the hypothesis that the splanchnic nerve effect is directed against precapillary sphincters. 4. During the period of inhibition, gastric oxygen consumption and acid secretion were reduced to similar degrees. There was no significant change in oxygen extraction by the stomach. 5. It remains possible that the splanchnic nerves directly inhibit the parietal cell activity."
1151842,"1. Contrast sensitivity functions of isolated colour mechanisms were measured at spatial frequencies from 0-2 to 32 c/deg. The contrast sensitivity vs. spatial-frequency functions of the red (pi5) and green (pi4) mechanisms are similar, while the blue (pi3) mechanism has lower absolute sensitivity and lower resolving power. Isolation of a single mechanism never increases its maximum sensitivity. 2. The shape of the contrast sensitivity function of a colour mechanism is established within the mechanism. Little if any inhibitory interaction takes place among colour mechanisms. 3. Differences that have been reported between the sensitivities of the red and green mechanisms, as well as the apparent ""supersensitivity"" of the isolated green mechanism, may be artifacts that result from the extrapolation procedures that were used to estimate the absolute sensitivities of the colour mechanisms."
1151844,"1. A study has been made of the mechanical behaviour of isolated strips of cat and sheep oesophageal muscle. 2. At 37 degrees C, time to peak tension in an isometric twitch was about 80 ms in both muscles. Tetanic fusion frequency was 30 s-minus 1, twitch: tetanus ratio 0.4-0.47, and maximum velocity of shortening was 3 lengths. s-minus1. 3. The results are compared with the prperties of other muscles."
1151843,"1. This is a study of the receptive fields of 771 cells recorded in the visual cortex of twenty-five kittens reared normally or subjected to various kinds of visual deprivation or environmental manipulation. 2. Kittens deprived of patterned visual experience, by dark rearing or diffuse occlusion of the eyes, have a majority of cirtical neurones with little or no specificity for the orientation or axis of movement of visual stimuli. However, in such deprived animals, especially those younger than 3 weeks, there are a number of genuinely orientation selective cells. They are broadly ""turned"" (by adult standards), they are almost always of the simple type, are heavily dominated by one eye, and are found mainly in the deeper layers of the cortex, especially layer IV. 3..."
1151845,"1. In order to study descending influences of the brain stem upon the transmission of nociceptive messages at the spinal level, the activities of lumbar lamina V dorsal horn cells, induced by intra-arterial injection of brandykinin into the limbs, were recorded in unanaesthetized cats in both decerebrate and temporary spinal states (reversible cold block applied at the thoracic level). 2. In the decerebrate state, the intra-arterial injection of bradykinin had little or no effect. 3. During the reversible spinalization, the effects of bradykinin were revealed or considerably enhanced. As described in a previous study, in the C1-transected cat, three types of effects were encountered: excitatory, inhibiitory and mixed (inhibitory-excitatory). 4. These modifications observed after spinalization were generally associated with a large increase of the spontaneous firing rate. 5. These results emphasize, in the decerebrate cat, the importance of descending inhibitory controls exerted by the brain stem upon the transmission of nonciceptive messages at the spinal cord level."
1151848,"1. The Na, K, Cl and water content of faeces removed from different parts of the pig helicoidal colon were determined for 1-day-old and adult animals. Faecal Na, Cl and water content fell in both cases during passage of contents through the colon. K content increased in the distal colon of the adult pig. This did not occur in the 1-day-old animal. 2. The colon of the 1-day-old pig removed a larger proportion of water from its contents than did that of the adult. The absorption of both water and Cl was found to extend into the distal colon of the 1-day-old animal; little or no net absorption took place in this region in the adult. 3. Colons taken from new-born pigs maintained stable short-circuit currents of about 60-80 muA cm-2 with open-circuit voltages of about 10 mV. Similar values were found for proximal and mid regions of colons taken from 1-day-old, suckled animals. In the distal colon, however, both short-circuit current and open-circuit potential doubled after suckling. 4. Measurements of Na flux in vitro showed no regional difference at birth. The amount of Na absorbed, about 4.5 muequiv cm-2 h-1, was twice that predicted from the short-circuit current, supposing that to be due solely to the electrogenic transport of Na. 5. Colons taken from suckled pigs transported Na at double the rate found in the new-born animal. This applied to both the proximal region, where the short-circuit current remained constant, and the distal region, where the short-circuit was double that of the new-born. 6. Fluxes of Cl and K were also measured across the proximal colon of the one-day-old, suckled pig. There was a net absorption of Cl and secretion of K (1.3 and -0.05 muequiv cm-2 h-1 respectively). These fluxes, taken together with that for Na, could not wholly account for the short-circuit current measured across these preparations. 7. The pig colon seems well able to cope with both electrolyte and water absorption during the first 24 hr of post-natal life. Part of the absorbed sodium appears to follow a non-electrogenic, possibly pinocytotic, route, but the full ionic contribution to the measured short circuit current has still to be determined."
1151849,"1. Responses of the cerebellar cortex in anaesthetized cats were evoked by mossy fibre and/or climbing fibre inputs, and the effects of graded cooling of the cerebellar cortex were investigated. Cooling was applied either globally by flooding the exposed cortex with cooled Ringer Locke, or in later experiments locally be passing cooled fluid through a silver tube in contact with the cerebellar cortex. The cortical temperature was continuously monitored by a thermistor inserted to a depth of 0.5 mm close to the recording site. 2. In the granular layer the cooling caused a large increase in the diphasic P1N1 wave generated by the afferent mossy fibre volley. The waves generated by synaptic excitation and discharge of granule cells, N2P2, were not diminished until the temperature fell towards 20 degrees C. In contrast the N3 wave of the molecular layer was largest with cooling in the range of 35 to 25 degrees C, often several times larger than at 38 to 40 degrees C. Associated with the enhanced N3 wave there was an enhanced N4 wave, which indicates an increased discharge by Purkynĕ cells. 3. Climbing fibre inputs generate a negative field potential in the molecular layer due to the powerful excitation of Purkynĕ cells. In contrast to the N3 potential this climbing fibre wave was largest at the higher temperatures 35-40 degrees C and declined progressively with cooling, being usually suppressed at moderate coolings of 31-27 degrees C. Intracellular recording revealed that the diminution was due both to the elimination of all but the first impulses of the normal burst discharge of the climbing fibre impulses and to the diminution of the synaptic excitation of a single climbing fibre impulse. 4. It is shown that the negative potentials produced in the molecular layer by combinations of mossy fibre and climbing fibre inputs can be very effectively distinguished by this differential effect of cooling. 5. The effects of cooling even to a severe level are immediately recoverable on warming. Repeated cooling has no untoward effects and there is no sign of the hysteresis reported for the cuneate nucleus. 6. There is a discussion of the factors that could cause cooling to differentiate between the actions of the mossy fibre and climbing fibre impulses on Purkynĕ cells."
1151851,"1. Shorn sheep exposed to ambient termperatures of 5 degrees C soon learned to turn on infra-red heaters by placing their muzzles through a photoelectric beam, although before shearing they did not operate the heaters. 2. The duration of infra-red heating obtained decreased at higher ambient temperatures and at 25 degrees C very little heat was obtained. 3. When infra-red heaters totalling 900 or 1800 W were suspended above the sheep they turned on the 900 W heaters for almost exactly twice as long as they did the 1800 W heaters when exposed to 10 degrees C for 24 hr periods. 4. Loading the rumen with 1 l. water at 0-1 degree C produced an increment in the duration of infra-red heating obtained in a 1 hr period. At ambient temperatures of 0, 10 and 20 degrees C the increment observed after intraruminal loading with 2 l. water at 0-1 degree C was almost exactly double that obtained with a 1 l. loading. 5. Loading the rumen with 1 l. water at 0-1 degree C did not result in the sheep increasing the duration of infra-red heating obtained at ambient temperatures of 30 degrees C but a 2 l. loading was effective. At an ambient temperature of 40 degrees C the 2 l. load was ineffective."
1151861,"1. The effects of two positively charged local anaesthetic amines, tetracaine and propranolol, on cation permeability were studied in resealed human red cell ghosts prepared from metabolically depleted erythrocytes. 2. The K permeability was reduced by tetracaine but increased by propranolol. The effect of tetracaine was independent of extracellular Ca concentration but was raised to 2-5 x 10(-7) M. The effect of propranolol, which was enhanced when the external Ca concentration was raised, could be completely inhibited by lowering the internal free Ca to less than 10(-7) M. 3. Propranolol, but not tetracaine, increased the intracellular Ca ion concentration by releasing up to 20% of the membrane-bound Ca to the cell interior. This increase in intracellular Ca was sufficient to mediate the observed change in K permeability. 4. Tetracaine and propranolol reduced the Ca binding capacity of the ghost membrane by about 20 and 40% respectively. The Ca permeability was increased by propranolol and was  slightly reduced by tetracaine. 5. In high concentrations (2-7 mM) propranolol by itself moderately increased K and Na permeability, but supressed completely the Ca-induced increase in K permeability. Tetracaine in concentrations up to 4 mM enhanced the Ca-induced increase in K permeability. Higher concentrations of the drug caused lysis of the cells. 6. Maximally effective concentrations of tetracaine and propranolol inhibited the ATP-dependent Ca outward transport by 30 and 70% respectively. 7. The effects of tetracaine on K permeability were shared by the local anaesthetics prilocaine and lidocaine, those of propranolol were shared by practolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist and tetraethylammonium, a ganglionic blocking agent. 8. It is suggested that the differences in the effects of tetracaine and propranolol on cation permeability reflect qualitatively different interactions of the two drugs with Ca binding sites on the inner surface of the membrane."
1151878,"1. An increase in the intracellular concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) reduces the rate of the Na:K exchange catalysed by the Na pump in red cells. The inhibitory effect of Pi is exerted on the maximum rate of flux, Pi having no appreciable effect on the apparent affinity of the Na pump for either internal Na or external K. The effect of Pi is exerted along a rectangular hyperbola which tends to zero as Pi tends to infinity and is half-maximal at about 17 mM internal Pi. 2. Pi does not modify the rate of Na:Na exchange catalysed by the Na pump. 3. A reduction in the intracellular concentration of ATP reduces the maximum rate of Na:K exchange having no effect on the apparent affinity for either internal Na or external K. 4. The effects of ATP and Pi are mutually independent. 5 The lack of effect of ATP and Pi on the apparent affinity for internal Na is compatible with the idea that the affinity of the inner sites of the Na pump remains constant during a pump cycle. 6. The lack of effect of ATP on the apparent affinity for external K and the independence between the effects of ATP and Pi are difficult to explain if the only effect of ATP were its combination at a phosphorylating site. 7. The apparent affinities for K and phosphate become independent of the concentration of ATP, if it is assumed that in our experimental range the phosphorylating site is fully saturated with ATP, the rate of pumping being controlled by the state of occupation of a second non-phosphorylating site whose affinity for ATP is much lower. 8. The lack of effect of Pi on the apparent affinity for external K seems to indicate that during Na:K exchange the conformations of the pump that predominate are endowed with a reactivity towards inorganic phosphate and have the same high affinity for K in both their phospho and their dephospho states. 9. The kinetic behaviour of the Na pump in regard to its interactions with inner and outer cations, ATP and Pi seems to indicate that, in contrast with what happens with soluble allosteric proteins, in the active transport system ligand-induced changes in the reactivity are more important than ligand-induced changes in affinity. In this respect therefore the Na pump behaves as an allosteric 'V system'."
1151892,"Twenty men undergoing vasectomies completed the Tennessee Self Concept Scale shortly before the operation and again at 6- and 18-month postoperative follow-up periods. Twenty nonvasectomy comparison subjects completed the test at the same points in time. Results indicated that vasectomy adversely affects psychological adjustment, and this effect fluctuates over time as a function of preoperative level of defensiveness. In contrast, vasectomy was not found to effect changes in self-concept."
1151893,"This study examined the hypothesis that self-actualization is negatively associated with reported frequency of active involvement in religious activities. A group of 63 male undergraduates enrolled in a Catholic coeducational institution indicated the extent of their involvement in religious activities and completed Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a comprehensive measure of self-actualization. Results indicated substantial support for the hypothesis. Nine of the 12 Shostrom POI subscales were significantly correlated with the religious participation index in the predicted direction. It was suggested that self-actualizing students construe involvement in religious activities as being detrimental to thier psychosocial development."
1151895,"This study investigated the effects of warm-up activities on divergent production by young children in small group problem-solving settings, hypothesizing that game-like activities designed to develop a psychological set for creative thinking previous to group problem-solving will actually facilitate idea production. One hundred five first-grade children were randomly assigned to four conditions with number and sex equated: three differing warm-up treatments (two task-related and one not) and one condition of no warm-up for 20 minutes previous to a small group administration of an activity from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Scores obtained for fluency, flexibility, and originality showed significant treatment effects on originality, with flexibility approaching significance, for the two task-related warm-up treatments. It was concluded that these types of activities positively influence a psychological set for divergent production."
1151897,"This brief note deals with the development of alternative perspectives on the provocative, and as yet unexplained result of an earlier study in which groups of people born under different astrological zodiac signs were found to differ markedly in their scores on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) scale described as a measure of ""Femininity."" Attention is focused on (a) discrepancies between the observed pattern of high and low scores on the CPI Femininity scale, and classification of sun signs as ""masculine"" or ""feminine"" by astrologers; (b) the trend in the data indicating that the six sun sign categories for which the highest scores were obtained on the Femininity scale correspond to birthdates running continuously from July 24 to January 20, while the six sun sign categories for which the lowest scores were obtained on that scale correspond to birthdates running continuously from January 21 to July 23; and (c) speculative consideration of the kinds of climatic, dietary, and/or cyclical geomagnetic events that might affect reproduction and prenatal and/or neonatal development in such a way as to influence adult personality."
1151898,"Changes in self-esteem and belief in internal versus external control of reinforcement (skill versus chance) were investigated among 24 black male and female youngsters, aged 12 through 19, and from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations. Age, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and achievement in flight training were varied. Results showed significant gains in self-esteem by Ss under 16 years of age (p smaller than .05) and Ss from middle income families (p smaller than .005). There was no significant change in belief in internal versus external control among any of the subgroups."
1151899,"A comment is presented on a report dealing with pupillary dilation as a measure of sexual interest. Objections are made concerning the use of an earlier paper by the author as a ""straw man,"" and caution pertaining to traditional methodology is offered."
1151900,"A Phobic Response Scale was factored from responses to the Fear Survey Schedule. Subjects were 137 male and 168 female college students. A six factor solution extracted 41.78% of the trace. The factors were as follows: I (Hostile-Dependence), II(Body assult), III (Developmental Fears), IV (Performance and Evaluation), V (Death Evasion), and VI (Nuisance Animals). An analysis of sex differences by item and scale generally supported and extended previous research. Some conceptual ties were made by scale to traditional phobic response styles and diagnostic categories."
1151901,"The hypotheses that physical attractiveness is positively correlated with happiness, psychological health, and self-esteem was tested with 211 men and women undergraduates. Physical attractiveness was measured by judges' ratings, while happiness, psychological health (neuroticism), and self-esteem were measured by self-report inventories. Physical attractiveness was found to correlate positively with happiness (r equals .37), negatively with neuroticism (r equals minus.22), and positively with self-esteem (r equals .24) for women but not for men (corresponding rs equals .09, .03, and minus.04, respectively). These results were accounted for by the suggestion that physical attractiveness ""buys"" more for women than for men, and the most prominent outcomes obtained by physical attractiveness--friends and dates--are of greater value to women undergraduates than men. The superior outcomes obtained by the attractive women made them happy, psychologically healthy, and proud of themselves."
1151902,"The study was conducted in order to determine whether magnitude of reminiscence would vary consistently across different motor tasks as a function of personality factors. Twenty-eight male and female college students were all given eight trials on both the inverted alphabet printing and pursuit rotor tasks. Personality measures of extraversion and neuroticism were obtained on all Ss by means of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Results indicated that extraverts showed significantly more reminiscence than introverts on both tasks. Data argued against a ""task-specific"" account of reminiscence and suggested rather that reminiscence effects are characteristic of the individual."
1151903,"The scores on 11 Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey scales and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale of 80 male and female college students were related in four multiple regression analyses to verbal conflict resolution times for approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, double approach-avoidance, and average time for all conflicts. The multiple correlations were not significant; however, an analysis of 56 Ss who gave more than four question-mark responses on any one Guilford-Zimmerman factor produced three significant multiple correlations. A tentative personality profile of the slow conflict resolver emerged: low score on the Personal Relations and Socialibility scales. A subtle subject-experimenter interaction was proposed as an explanation of the results."
1151904,"Since the instruments for measuring most of the current leadership models have never been reconciled, it is important that the relationships between them be clearly understood before assumptions of similarity are made. A sample of 103 male working students were given a battery of tests measuring leadership orientations. The tests included role preference and role pressure measures from Sweney's Response to Power Model, the California F Scale, Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-Worker Scale and Assumed Similarity Between Opposites Scale, Costley and Downey's six scales to measure McGregor's ""Theory X"" and ""Theory Y"" constructs, modified scales for the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid, and relevant scales from the 16 PF. The results were intercorrelated and yielded 11 varimax factors based upon a Guttman criterion, as follows: Authoritarian Role Preferance, Authoritarian Role Pressure, Equalitarian Role Preferance, Equalitarian Role Pressure, Balanced Manager, People Oriented Manager, Assumed Similarity Between Opposites, Contemptuous Indulgence, Supportive Values, People Tolerance, and Organizational Tolerance. The instruments measuring authoritarianism loaded the first factor in the right direction, but most of them had their primary loadings elsewhere, suggesting greater conceptual complexity to this area than previously recognized."
1151905,"Bayley Mental scores were significantly related to several concurrent ratings of infant and maternal testroom behavior when firstborn black male infants were 14 months (N equals 49), 18 months (N equals 34), and 22 months of age ( equals 32). With increasing age, social responsiveness played a relatively less important role in successful performance, while object responsiveness became increasingly important. Bayley Motor scores were related to many fewer ratings than the Mental scores. Gross Muscle Coordination was related to performance at all three ages, and Energy ratings at two of the three ages. For both the Mental and Motor scores, fewer relationships were observed at the 18-month testings as compared to the 14 and 22-month testings. By 22 months, infants scoring higher on the Bayley Mental scale had mothers who were more highly involved with their child's achievement as judged by testroom behaviors."
1151906,"Exogenous stages of Isospora serini (Aragao) and Isospora canaria sp. n. from the canary (Serinus canarius Linnaeus) are described. Oocytes of I. serini are spheroid and average 19.2 times 20.1 mum, while those of I. canaria are larger, more ellipsoid, and average 21.8 times 24.6 mum. No oocyst residuum is present and the oocyst walls of both species are colorless, transparent, and single layered. Sporocysts average 9.4 times 15.2 mum for I. serini and 11.5 times 18.1 mum for I. canaria. The I. canaria sporocyst has a substiedal body, but none was found in I. serini sporocysts. Both species have a spherical sporocyst residuum; this was obscured in the I. serini sporocyst by scattered granules. Living sporozoites of I. canaria average 3.6 times 16.9 mum and have 1 to 3 refractile globules; those of I. serini have 2 globules and average 2.8 times 12.6 mum. A disseminated infection of the mononuclear phagocytes results from administration of I. serini while I. canaria oocysts give rise to a typical coccidian infection restricted to the intestinal epithelium. Asexual stages of I. serini in macrophages are indistinguishable from parasites previously called avian Toxoplasma, Atoxoplasma, and Lankesterella."
1151907,"The immobilization antigen (i-antigen) fraction of Paramecium aurelia syngen 4 is shown to contain a protease that is activated by mercaptoethaneol. After the protease has been heat-inactivated, the molecular weight of the i-antigen (similar to 250,000 daltons) cannot be decreased by mercaptoethanol treatment. It is demonstrated that the i-antigen is a single polypeptide chain. Reasons are also given why low molecular weight subunits were previously reported by other authors."
1151926,"The effects of ligation of an isolated loop of the ductus epididymidis in the region of the caput were compared with those of the exfoliative lesion of the epididymis that follows administration of alpha-chlorhydrin to rats. Electron micrographs of the ductuli efferentes in both cases revealed early phagocytosis of apparently normal spermatozoa by the epithelial cells, followed at later intervals by invasion of macrophages and intraluminal phagocytosis. It is concluded that epithelial spermiophagy is a consequence of obstruction, whether mechanically or chemically induced."
1151930,"Male rats given 250 mug oestradiol benzoate by subcutaneous injection on Day 4 of postnatal life showed a marked delay in the onset of the pubertal increase in the weight of the testes and seminal vesicles and in spermatogenesis but not a complete failure of sexual development. The increase in plasma testosterone concentration at puberty was also delayed in oestrogen-treated males but the eventual increase in seminal vesicle weight was closely related in time to the delayed increase in plasma testosterone concentration. Both plasma LH and FSH concentrations were reduced for about 10 days after oestrogen administration as compared to control values. After 22 days of age, plasma LH concentration did not differ significantly from the control values. The plasma FSH concentration of the oestrogen-treated males showed a delayed rise to values equal to or higher than those of controls of the same age. The delayed rise in plasma FSH concentration in the oestrogen treated males preceded the delayed rise in plasma testosterone in these animals. The decrease in plasma FSH concentration from the high prepubertal values to the lower values in adults occurred at different ages in the control and in oestrogen-treated rats but in both groups the decrease occurred as plasma testosterone levels were increasing and the first wave of spermatogenesis was reaching completion. The increase in plasma FSH concentration after castration was reduced in oestrogen-treated males during the period throughout which FSH levels in the intact animals were subnormal but the levels in oestrogen-treated males castrated after the delayed rise in FSH had occurred did not differ from control values. It is suggested that the delayed sexual maturation of male rats treated with high doses of oestrogen in the neonatal period is related principally to abnormalities in the secretion of FSH."
1151931,"Cyproterone acetate (CA) was injected daily in eleven rabbits for 3 weeks at a dose of 20 mg/day, and for a further week at a dose of 40 mg/day. After 3 weeks of treatment, the ejaculation frequency was reduced but other measures of sexual behaviour were not significantly changed. There was no reduction in the fructose concentration of the semen, but the volume of the ejaculates decreased. The vesicular glands from the experimental animals showed histological changes typical of those occurring after castration. It was concluded that CA reduced the activity of at least one of the accessory sex glands as well as sexual behaviour. This lends support to the current hypothesis that the endocrine regulation of rabbit sexual behaviour differs from that of the rat."
1151932,"A total of 112 heifers was used in an egg transfer study to examine some of the factors affecting egg survival and twinning rates following bilateral transfers. Seventy-two recipient heifers were involved and pregnancy rates of 82.0 percent, 66.7 percent and 61.5 percent were recorded for recipients in oestrus on the same day as (Day 0), 1 day before (Day + 1) and 1 day after (Day minus 1) the donor respectively. Short-term (10-day) intravaginal progesterone, or intramuscular prostaglandin treatments for synchronization of oestrus in recipient animals did not depress pregnancy rate following egg transfer. One egg was transferred to each uterine horn and twinning rates of 55.6 percent, 44.4 percent and 20.0 percent were recorded for transfers on Days 0, + 1 and minus 1, respectively. Of the recipients becoming pregnant following transfers on Day 0, 74.1 percent had twins. Embryo survival was higher (69.2 percent) in the uterine horn adjacent to the ovary containing the CL than in the opposite horn (30.8 percent). The storage period in vitro in TC199 (37 plus or minus 1 degrees C) aftected subsequent egg survival rates following transfer, with fewer eggs surviving the longer storage periods. The pH of the medium used for egg collection and storage did not affect the pregnancy rate between pH values of 7.0 to 8.6. Day of transfer (Days 3 to 7) did not seem to affect the pregnancy rate. The high pregnancy and twinning rates already reported following closely synchronized transfers were confirmed."
1151933,"A complete method of saline abortion has been presented.  This method has been well thought out, is physiologically sound, and has been proven safe and reliable.  Although we have reduced the potential for complications to a minimum, those specific to the salting-out procedure as well as those inherent in any mid-trimester labor and delivery cannot be completely eliminated.  Therefore, there can be no shortcuts.  Salting out must be performed only in a hospital where well trained specialists are available to handle any complications that may occur."
1151934,"We have just begun our study of fetal growth retardation. Prenatal influences upon fetal growth are poorly understood and little studied. One may list multiple etiologies, catalogue numerous physiologic processes, and still not know in any given child what went wrong. The questions far exceed our preliminary answers. How does maternal undernutrition significantly effect the fetal ""parasite?"" Is the syndrome of intrauterine growth retardation a manifestation of a host versus graft phenomenon, with ""runting"" in the offspring? Are deficits in cell number and size unalterable? Can these deficits be overcome with good postnatal care? How can we better detect the fetus who is undergoing deprivation in utero? What altered biochemical processes exist? Can we reverse such abnormal influences in utero and prevent their consequences to the fetus? Certainly there are numerous additional areas for investigation and thought."
1151935,"Early recognition of intrauterine growth retardation, and recognition of these compromised infants at birth, is essential, to correct, if possible, any adverse intrauterine influence; then, to provide proper nursery care, screening for abnormalities, and proper post-natal nutrition.  Improved management of both the in-utero and the ex-utero environment may offer these neonates a more favorable prognosis for their physical, neurological, and intellectual development."
1151946,"Acid hydrolases, among them cathepsins A, B, C, and D, and their intracellular distribution have been studied in mouse peritoneal macrophages, a model commonly used for the study of mononuclear phagocyte functions in host-parasite relationships and in the immune response. Thioglycollate stimulated peritoneal macrophages showed high specific activities of acid hydrolases in compatison to liver and spleen. Fractionation of these macrophages by differential and isopycnic sucrose density centrifugation showed heterogeneous enyzme distribution patterns which were different for the various hydrolases studied. Thus, these enzymes appeared to be associated with particles of varying weight and density and in the different particles the ratios of the various acid hydrolase activities were quite dissimilar. With the majority of hydrolases a portion of the enzyme activity was found in fragile heavy particles of densities higher than 1.25 that sedimented together with the nuclei. Cultured macrophages derived from the non-irrated peritoneum exhibited a less heterogenous distribution pattern for acid phosphatase than did the thioglycollate stimulated cells. The heterogeneity of acid hydrolase distributions in the thioglycollate induced macrophages was attributed to their physiologic state of stimulated endocytosis causing a continuous formation of primary and secondary lysomes. Under certain conditions macrophages might contain lysosome-like particles with cathepsin ratios unfavorable for complete proteolysis. The existence of such particles is suggested as a possible explanation for the persistence of immunogenic protein within these cells."
1151947,"Scanning electrom microscopy of guinea pig popliteal lymph nodes revealed that 3 types of cells adhered to glass and possessed extensive cytoplasmic processes. Two of these types were considered to represent extremes of a macrophage population on the basis of possession of surface receptors for cytophilic Abs, complement and immunoglobulin, as well as their distribution, quantity and morphology. The third cell type was characterized by possession of large numbers of filamentous dendritic processes. On the basis of morphology, quantity, distribution and the absence of receptors, this cell was considered to represent a cell type clearly distinct from the other cells observed in the normal lymph node."
1151948,"The radioassay technique with the 113mIndium-iron chondroitin sulfate colloid, developed in our laboratory, revealed that an isolated marrow reticuloendothelial activation takes place after bleeding 15 to 30 ml of blood per kg body weight from a rabbit. It parallels the erythropoietic response very well. The present stimulation method might deserve testing for studies where marrow reticuloendothelial function is important such as in cancer-bearing patients, the effects of anticancer chemotherapy and gross antigenization."
1151949,The topography of alveolar macrophages (AM) attached to glass or to Millipore filters was scanning electron microscopy. The cells were obtained from normal and from BCG-vaccinated rabbits. Macrophages that adhered to glass tended to spread while essentially all of the cells that adhered to the Millipore filters remained rounded. The surface morphology of AM attached to Millipore filters closely resembles the morphology of these cells when viewed in situ on the alveolar wall. The use of Millipore filters to study the effect of microbial or host products on cell surface alterations of AM is discussed.
1151952,"The NZB/NZW hybrid mouse is an animal model of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two breeding schemes were devised using NZB, NZW, B/W, and CBA mice, which permit definitive decisions regarding genetic and/or viral origin of the disease. It is proposed that at least two factors must be involved: (1) a genetic abnormality producing hyper-responsiveness to nucleic acid antigens, and (2) a DNA repair defect which results in liberation of DNA and RNA when cells are lethally injured. Evidence is presented for a DNA repair deficit in human SLE lymphocytes following in vitro irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. Lymphocytes from adult New Zealand and control mice were found to lack normal amounts of endonuclease necessary for repairing UV damage."
1151953,"The clearance of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the circulation was studied in non-immunized New Zealand rabbits and in rabbits immunized with heat-denatured, single-strand DNA (ss-DNA). Animals were injected intravenously with 1-3 mug/kg of 125-I-calf thymus ss-DNA. Initial clearance rates were -0.154 +/- 0.005 per cent (dose/ml/min) in non-immunized rabbits as compared to rates of -0.064 to -0.123 per cent (dose/ml/min) in rabbits immunized with ss-DNA. In immunized rabbits, clearance rates were inversely correlated with relative amounts of antibody, and increased amounts of circulating radiolabel were precipitable with 50 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate, suggesting binding to rabbit immunoglobulin. Thus, the presence of antibody to ss-DNA may delay the usually rapid clearance of ss-DNA from the blood. This observation is similar to that made for a variety of small molecular weight materials, such as insulin, digoxin, and morphine, and is in contrast to that for multivalent protein antigens, such as serum albumin and thyroglobulin. Persistence of DNA in the circulation may be important in the pathogenesis of DNA-anti-DNA-induced immune complex disease."
1151954,"The solid phase immunoassay for the measurement of serum antibody to double and single-stranded DNA is described. The technique allows a more accurate definition of the antibody specificity of SLE sera as defined by inhibition techniques. The clinical usefulness of immunologic assays in the management of patients with SLE is described, including measurement of urine light chain protein concentration. A core discussion is provided to illustrate how such a panel of tests is used in management."
1151957,"A series of analogs of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC)was prepared and tested for porphyria-inducing activity in chick embryo liver cells. One of the analogs tested, viz.3,5-di-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine, was found to be highly active despite the absence of a 4-alkyl substituent. It was concluded that tert-butoxycarbonyl groups are resistant to enzymic hydrolysis and that compounds containing such groups are resistant to inactivation by chick embryo liver cells. Several analogs of DDC were found with considerably higher activity. These should be useful in inducing high levels of beta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase prior to undertaking the isolation of the enzyme."
1151958,"The narcotic antagonists naltrexone (1a) and naloxone (2a) were stereospecifically reduced to the corresponding 6beta-hydroxy epimers 1b and 2b, respectively, with formamidinesulfinic acid in an aqueous alkaline medium. The reaction products were obtained with no detectable quantity of the 6alpha epimers 1c and 2c. The products 1b and 2b were formed in yields of 88.5 and 40%, respectively, and characterized by spectral methods. Compared to 1a and 2a, the stereospecific reduction products 1b and 2b and their 6alpha epimers 1c and 2c are all significantly less potent as narcotic antagonists in mice. Only 1c and 2c also possess antinociceptive activity."
1151959,"Condensation of cis-N-benzyl-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)pyrrolidine (6) and phenylacetonitrile afforded a mixture of epimers 7 and 8. Compound 8 was readily converted to the meperidine analog 1 prepared earlier by Bell and Archer. Compound 7 was converted to a new tropane analog of meperidine, compound 3. The ED50 of 1 and 3 in the D'Amour-Smith ""tail flick"" test for narcotic type analgesia, which differs by a factor of only 3 or 4 potency, supports the accumulated data that suggest that the analgesic activity of the meperidine type is not very sensitive to the conformation of the phenyl group in 4-phenylpiperidines. A proton and 13C magnetic resonance spectral comparison of 1 and 3, as well as a reevaluation of the conformational requirements of 17-19, leads to the conclusion that the differences in conformation of 1,3,17, and 18 are due to the varying degrees of flattening of piperidine ring. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR data are not consistent with the boat conformation suggested earlier for compound 17."
1151960,"The natural abundance 13C magnetic resonance spectra of a series of sulfonamide drugs(sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine,sulfathiazole, sulfasuxidine, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethiazine, and sulfapyridine) have been determined at 25.15 MHz employing the pulse Fourier transform technique. The chemical shefts have been assigned with the aid of off-resonance and selective proton decoupling techniques, as well as by long-range carbon-13 proton coupling patterns."
1151961,"A series of 34 beta-arylamidoacrylic acids was prepared and examined for antiinflammatory activity. These compounds are vinylogous carbamic acids, and several displayed activity equal to phenylbutazone in the rat pleural effusion model. Highest activity was associated with structures bearing halogen and cyano substituents. Amides were inactive."
1151962,"Phenprocoumon and all of its aromatic monohydroxylated derivatives have been synthesized and analyzed by TLC, uv, and chemical ionization mass spectroscopy. By utilization of various combinations of these analytical techniques all of the titled compounds can be uniquely identified."
1151963,"The metabolic fate of phenprocoumon [3-(alpha-ethylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin] in the rat is described. The major metabolites, 4',-6-,7-, and 8-hyproxyphenprocoumon, have been identified yb mass spectrometry, TLC, and uv and compared with authentic smaples. Metabolites are mainly excreted via the feces. The results are compared with those previously reported for warfarin."
1151964,"A procedure is described that permits the preparation of [18F]haloperidol in 140 min at specific activities ranging from 4-5 muCi mg-1. A key step in the synthetic route involves the incorporation of 18F into the molecule through a Schiemann-type reaction, which involves the pyrolysis of the diazonium tetrafluoroborate salt of 4-[4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidino]-4'-aminobutyrophenone."
1151965,Partition coefficients of 32 gaseous anesthetics in the octanol-water system have been determined. It is shown that relative anesthetic potency depends on hydrophobicity of the anesthetic (as defined by log P) and on a polar factor. The presence of a polar hydrogen in the anesthetic greatly increases potency. A quantitative structure-activity relationship is formulated based on these two factors.
1151966,Lipid-water partition values can be rapidly and reliably measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on bonded octadecylsialne supports. This method has been developed and applied to a family of hypotensive triaminopyrimidine 3-oxides. The measured column retention values for this class of compounds correlate well with the values calculated by the Hansch method. We believe that this technique is an important addition to the methodology of Hansch analysis.
1151967,"We have synthetized a series of 22 new 4-piperazinopyrimidines bearing a methylthio substituent in the 5 position of the pyrimidine ring. These compounds have been obtained by separation of the isomers formed during nucleophilic attack of the corresponding 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine by amines. Pharmacological screening has shown that this chemical series displays a very interesting profile, which includes antiemetic, tranquilizing, analgesic, antiserotonin, and musculotropic-spasmolytic properties. We have particularly selected for clinical investigations two compounds with powerful antiemetic activity: 2-methylamino-4-(N-methylpiperazino)-5-methylthio-6-chloropyrimidine and 2-isopropylamino-4-(H-methylpiperazino)-5-methylthio-6-chloropyrimidine."
1151968,"A number of nucleosides of 2-azaadenine (4-amino-7H-imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine) were prepared by a previously described route, and some of these were deaminated by means of adenosine deaminase. Alternatively, nucleosides of 2-azahypoxanthine (7H-imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazin-4(3h)-one) were prepared from hypoxanthine nucleosides by a 2-azahypoxanthine (7H imidazo[4,5]-1,2,3-triazin-4(3H)-one) were prepared from hypoxanthine nucleosides by a ring-opening and reclosure sequence. The cytotoxicity of these compounds to human epidermoid carcinoma No. 2 cells in culture and to certain resistant sublines thereof was determined. 2-Azaadenine nucleosides chan be metabolized to nucleotides, the cytotoxic agents, by two pathways, but the activity of the 2-azahypoxanthine nucleosides appears to result only from cleavage back to 2-azahypoxanthine."
1151969,"A reinvestigation of the aqueous decomposition of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas has shown that their mode of decomposition is dependent upon whether or not the solution is buffered at or near physiological pH. In distilled water, the 2-chloroethyl compounds decompose with the loss of 1 mol, or slightly less, of chloride ion per mole in nitrosourea and the formation of acetaldehyde and 3-4% of 2-chloroethanol. In buffer, the yield of 2-chloroethanol increases to 0.3-0.6 mol per mole of nitrosourea, the yield of chloride ion decreases to 0.5 mol per mole of nitrosourea, and the yield of acetaldehyde decreases to 0.1-0.4 mol per mole of nitrosourea. Evidence for the formation of the vinyl cation, a possible precursor of acetaldehyde, in these reactions is presented. In contrast to the results obtained with the N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas, the decomposition of N,N'-bis(2-fluoroethy)-N-nitrosourea in distilled water gave almost 1 mol of 2-fluoroethanol per mole of nitrosourea and only 0.04 mol of acetaldehyde per mole of nitrosourea."
1151970,"Some 2-aryloxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazines have been shown to possess marked antidepressant activity. The 1,4-oxazines were synthesized by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the readily available 6-aryloxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazin-3-ones. High antidepressant activity was associated with ortho substitution of the 2-phenoxymethyl group and with 1,4-oxazines devoid of 4-substituents."
1151971,"A series of 3,4-dihydro-1H-1,4-oxazino[4,3-a]indoles bearing basic side chains has been synthesized by a novel chemical process. These compounds have been screened for potential antidepressant activity. One of these derivatives, 3,4-dihydro-1,10-dimethyl-1-(3-methylaminopropyl)-1H-1,4-oxazino[4,3-a]indole (AY-23,673), was particularly potent in the prevention of reserpine ptosis test in mice, with an ED50 of 0.5 mg/kg ip."
1151972,"The oxidation of 17alpha-[3-furyl]estradiol derivatives and the estrogenic properties of the resulting isomeric 17,21-and 17,23-dihydroxy-19,24-dinor-17alpha-chola-1,3,5(10)20(22)-tetraenoic acid(20leads to 23) gamma-lactones as well as those of the related 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregna-1,3,5(10)-triene-20,21-dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and gamma-lactones are described. Of these, only lactones 3c,e,h and 5b retained the same degree and profile of estrogenic activity as the starting 17alpha-[3-furyl]estradiols."
1151973,"A number of 3-amino-2-benzhydrylquinuclidines were tested for diuretic activity in both rats and dogs. The Schiff base formed from 2-benzhydryl-3-quinuclidinone and benzylamine was reduced with NaBH4 to a mixture of isomers, the cis isomer being preponderants. cis-2-Benzhydryl-3-benzylaminoquinuclidine was isolated by chromatography and debenzylat:d to cis-3-amino-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine, the most active compound in this series. The corresponding trans isomer was considerably less active. It was made by reacting the mesylate of cis-2-benzhydr-l-3-quinuclidinol with Nan3 to form trans-3-azido-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine which was reduced with LiAlH4. In dose-response studies (sodium excretion as a function of dose) in rats the maximal or ceiling effect of cis-3-amino-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine was considerably greater than that of hydroflumethiazide but less than that of furosemide. An unusual biphasic dose-response was seen in dogs with cis-3-amino-2-bezhydrylquinuclidine, centering around 10 mg/kg."
1151974,The preparation of butyrophenone derivatives of 4-aryl-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-1-ylamines starting from the corresponding 4-cyano-4-phenylcyclohexan-1-ones is described. Substitution was varied with both rings; both isomers of 4-phenyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-1-ylamine were characterized. Those derivatives which carried p-fluoro substitution on the butyrophenone exhibited hypotensive activity in the rat with diminished CNS activity compared to compounds lacking the hydroxymethyl group. The effect of substitution on the 4-aryl ring is discussed.
1151975,"Alpha-Methyl-(+/-)-ornithine hydrochloride was not a substrate for ornithine decarboxylase from rat prostate glands. It produced equal inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase obtained from rat prostate glands, spleens of mice inoculated with L1210 leukemic cells, and regenerating rat liver indicating its lack of selectivity for any of these tissues. In these three tissues the inhibition was competitive with L-ornithine. A number of alpha-alkyl- and alpha-aralkyl-substituted analogs of (+/-)-ornithine were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of the enzyme L-ornithine decarboxylase obtained from prostate glands of rats. These compounds were obtained by the reaction of alkyl iodide or benzyl bromide with the anion obtained by treatment of 3-(benzalimino)piperidin-2-one with sodium hydride. The following alpha-substituted analogs of (+/-)-ornithine were obtained: ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, and benzyl. The synthesized compounds were found to be much less active than alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine as competitive inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase in vitro. The most active compound in the series was alpha-n-octyl-(+/-)-ornithine which was 60-fold less active than alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine and the least active analog was alpha-n-butyl-(+/-)-ornithine which was 270-fold less active than the alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine."
1151976,"A data bank of substituent constants of 26 ortho and 34 meta and para benzenoid substituents is presented for use in physicochemical-activity relations (PAR) studies. The distributive parameters pri and pri-, a bulk parameter based on molar refraction, and positionally weighted electronic parameters F and R are listed for the three substituent positions. There are no gaps in the table caused by missing values and the interparameter correlation are low."
1151977,"A rational method is presented for the selection of substituents to be introduced into a benzenoid ring system of a biologically active compound in order to a defined physicochemical parameter space. The method, which may be readily programmed for use on a computer, relies on maintaining a minimum distance between compounds in the multidimensional physicochemical parameter space. The series of compounds produced will then have a well-spread set of minimally correlated physicochemical parameter values and could thus be used for the reliable correlation of the variation in the biological activities of the members of the series with changes in these physicochemical parameters. Some examples of the use of the present method under various conditions are given, and it is compared with alternatives in the literature."
1151978,"In a benzomorphan bearing an antagonist side chain, introduction on the methano bridge of a hydroxyl oriented away from nitrogen has little effect on antagonist activity whereas a hydroxyl oriented toward nitrogen enhances this activity. Hydroxylation tends to decrease analgesic activity."
1151979,A quantitative structure-activity analysis concerning the progestational activity of a series of delta6-6-substituted progesterone is presented which differs from that published recently by other authors. In the current study all compounds in the data set for which parameters are available are included and activity is shown to relate to primarily lipophilic but also steric effects.
1151980,4-Amino-5-arylpyrimidines were synthesized by a variety of methods and have demonstrated antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema in the rat but displayed little activity against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats or against uv-induced erythema in guinea pigs.
1151981,"A facile N-demethylation of the narcotic analgesic, alpha-1-acetylmethadol, was accomplished by allowing it to react with mercuric acetate under reflux in dilute acetic acid. The product, alpha-1-noracetylmethadol, was isolated as the hydrochloride in 50% yield. Methadone, when allowed to react with mercuric acetate under the same conditions, did not undergo N-demethylation and was recovered unchanged."
1151982,"Four quinazoline analogs of isofolic acid were synthesized including 5-methyl-5,8-deazaisofolic acid (8a), 5,8-deazaisofolic acid (8c), as well as their 4-NH2 counterparts 8b and 8d. None of these showed significant activity against L1210 leukemia in mice at dose levels where amethopterin provided significant prolongation in survival."
1151983,"N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(cis-4-hydroxycylohexyl)-N-nitrosourea, a major metabolite of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (CCNU), and its trans isomer were prepared from the corresponding 4-aminocyclohexanols. A convenient and stereospecific precursor was found in 2-oxa-3-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene hydrochloride, hydrogenation giving pure cis-4-aminocyclohexanol hydrochloride. The metabolites were, at nontoxic levels, at least as active as CCNU in tests against murine leukemia L1210 implanted both intraperitoneally and intracerebrally and, on a weight basis, were more active and more toxic. These observations and previously reported metabolic studies suggest that the anticancer activity of CCNU is due primarily to its metabolites."
1151985,"Quantum chemical calculations including extensive conformational variations are performed on three morphine-like analgesics with varying N-substituents using the PCILO and INDO methods.  The three compounds, morphine, nalorphine, and N-phenethylmorphine, have been shown experimentally to exemplify opiate narcotic agonism, antagonism, and increased agonism, respectively.  In this study, these properties are correlated with the electronic and conformational results.  The electronic properties of the fused ring skeleton including specifically the cationic region around the nitrogen are relatively unaffected by varying N-substituents.  The properties studied include net charges, bond polarities, and the nature and energy of the highest filled and lowest empty molecular orbitals.  The conformational behavior appears to be the main cause of differing receptor binding and interaction with the active site and is discussed in these terms."
1151986,"Conformational energies of histamine and 4-methylhistamine monocations are calculated using the EHT molecular orbital procedure; the results are expressed as potential energy surfaces in which bond rotations (theta1 for ring-Cbeta, theta2 for Cbeta-Calpha) are measured along the axes, and energy variation is indicated by contours. Using the classical Boltzmann partition function and Simpson's rule for normalization, corresponding probability surfaces are generated which take account of the potential surface entropy. Comparing the two surfaces provides regions which are within a given probability contour of histamine but outside this contour for 4-methylhistamine. Thus, at the 99% probability level, three conformational regions defined by the bond rotation angles are indicated as possible ""H1-essential"" conformations of histamine: viz. trans (theta1=290-330 degrees, theta2=150-210 degrees) and gauche (theta1=260-280 degrees, theta2=30-90 degrees and theta1=290-320 degrees, theta2=270-320 degrees). This procedure provides a quantitative basis for comparison with other histamine derivatives and may have a general value for studying relationships between conformation and biological activity of closely related small molecules."
1151987,"Metabolic N-hydroxylation of the potent psychotomimetic amine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (5) by rabbit liver microsomal preparations has been investigated. Synthetic hydroxylamine 8 was obtained by sequential reduction of the corresponding nitropropene 10 with sodium borohydride followed by zinc reduction of the resulting nitropropane 11. Compound 8 in water (pH 7.4) was rapidly air oxidized to oxime 12; this oxidation was completely blocked by rabbit liver microsomes. Microsomal incubations of amine 5 or its bis(methoxy-d3)hexadeuterio analog 5-d6 resulted in the formation of 8 and 8-d6, respectively, identified as their bis(trifluoroacetyl) derivatives by GLC-MS. Quantitative estimations of metabolite formation employing selected ion monitoring with the aid of an accelerating voltage alternator were accomplished by stable isotope dilution analyses with 5-d6 as substrate and 8-d0 as internal standard. Similar analyses starting with ""pseudoracemates"" (R)-5-d0:(S)-5-d6 or (R)-5-d6:(S)-5-d0 as substrates established metabolite 8 to be enriched with its R enantiomer."
1151988,"Triarylpyridylethanols were prepared by condensing the corresponding diaryl ketones and diarylmethanes. The ethylenes were obtained by the acid-catalyzed elimination of H2O from the ethanols. In the absence of electron-donating substituents, acid treatment of the carbinols resulted in predominant cleavage to starting ketone. The compounds were tested for their antifertility effects in pregnant hamsters. The most active compound was carbinol 3, which, at 30 mg/kg, prevented all of the treated animals from maintaining their pregnancies."
1151989,"The synthesis of alpha-methyl-5-benzimidazoleacetic acid (17), its 2-amino, 2-phenyl, 2-(4-chlorophenyl), and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl derivatives (18,4,3, and 5, respectively), and alpha-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5-benzimidazoleacetic acid (19) is described.  None of the compounds were effective in reducing carrageenan-induced edema in rat paws."
1151990,"Several 1,3-disubstituted and 1-substituted derivatives of 5-propionoxy-5-(1-phenylethyl)barbituric acid were synthesized and evaluated for analgesic activity.  Three of these compounds, 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5-propionoxy-5-(1-phenylethyl)barbituric acid (2), 1,3-dimethyl-5-propionoxy-5-(1-phenylethyl)barbituric acid (7), and 1-methyl-5-propionoxy-5-(1-phenylethyl)barbituric acid (10), exhibited better oral activity than codeine sulfate."
1151991,"A series of octahydrobenzo[f]quinolines(IIIa) and hexahydro-1H-benz[e]indoles(IIIb), rigid structures related to 3-phenylpiperidine and pyrrolidine analgetics, has been synthesized.  Structure-activity relationships were investigated by varying the structural parameters including a change in the stereochemistry of the ring junction.  Several of the resulting compounds had analgetic activity on the order of meperidine."
1151992,"The tetrahydrocannabinols from marihuana were found to have moderate analgesic activity in mice by the hot-plate test (sc administration).  Of the several metabolites of these two compounds tested, only the 11-hydroxy derivatives were more potent than the parent compounds.  Analogs 1 and 2 (9-demethyl relatives which cannot be metabolized to 11-hydroxy compounds), both of which produce a pharmacological profile generally similar to that of delta8- and delta9-THC, were analgesically inert.  This suggests that metabolism to 11-hydroxy congeners may be necessary for the mediation of analgesic activity in the mouse hot-plate test but not for other pharmacologic effects produced by these substances which we have examined."
1151993,The synthesis and biological activity of a number of 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-2-quinolones are discussed and compared with their related hydroaromatic analogs.  Antiallergic activity has been assessed by their ability to inhibit the homocytotropic antibody-antigen induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in the rat.
1151994,"Selected omega-nitroacetophenones, formed by the alcoholic cleavage of 2-nitroindandiones, have been shown to inhibit the homocytotropic antibody-antigen induced passive cutaneous analhylaxis reaction in the rat.  The enzymatic cyclization of these derivatives to the parent nitroindandione has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro and this process is suggested as a possible prerequisite to biological activity."
1151995,"Two synthetic pathways are described for the preparation of 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide (2), an active hydroxylated metabolite of glutethimide (1).  Fourteen other glutethimide analogs were also synthesized and tested for biological activity.  Most of the analogs exhibited sedative-hypnotic properties and compound 2 possessed the greatest activity compared to the parent drug.  4-Amino-2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide and 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-2-phenylglutaconimide (13) exhibited the greatest potential as anticonvulsant agents.  The structure-activity relationships of the series are discussed."
1151996,"3-Hydrazinopyridazines substituted in position 6 with a primary amine, secondary amine, or an alkoxy group were synthesized and screened for antihypertensive activity.  In general, the 6-dialklamino derivatives are the most active; the (2-hydroxypropyl)methylamino chain provides the best combination of high antihypertensive activity and toxicity."
1151997,"Several acyloxy and alkyl derivatives of ellipticine have been prepared.  In addition, a modified synthesis leading to the hitherto unobtainable 8,9-dimethoxy- and 8,9-methylenedioxyellipticines is described.  Some of the derivatives described herein exhibit antitumor activity.  However, none of the compounds showed activity superior to that of the naturally occurring pyridocarbazoles, ellipticine and 9-methoxyellipticine."
1151998,"Two new analogs of bradykinin, [8-beta-homophenylalanine]- and [7-beta-homoproline]bradykinin, have been synthesized by the solid-phase technique.  In the anesthetized rat, [7-beta-HPro]bradykinin was equipotent with bradykinin and 30-100 times more potent than [8-beta-HPhe]bradykinin in vasodepressor activity.  Both analogs were resistant to degradation in vitro by dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase from rabbit lung.  Only the 7-beta-HPro analog seemed to be resistant to this type of degradation in vivo, since its hypotensive effect in the anesthetized rat was not potentiated by SQ 20881 (BPP9a), an inhibitor of dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase."
1151999,A group of amides of 6-cyano-6-norlysergic acid was prepared from their corresponding lysergamides.  None of these N-cyano derivatives showed anticancer activity against lymphoid leukemia L1210 in mice.  This is in contrast to the reported in vitro anticancer activity (P-815 mastocytoma) of 6-cyano-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide.
1152000,"9,11-Secoestradiol (9) and 11-hydroxy-9,11-secoestradiol (12) have been synthesized starting from 17-acetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether (1) and found to possess significant antifertility activity in rats.  3-Methoxy-9,11-seco-9-oxo-17beta-acetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-oic acid (2), prepared by CrO3 oxidation of 1, on hydrogenolysis gave methyl 17beta-hydroxy-3-methoxy-9,11-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-11-carboxylate (3).  The 17-O-THP derivative of 3 was treated with LiAlH4 to give 17beta-(O-tetrahydropyranyl)-3-methoxy-11-hydroxy-9,11-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (5).  The 11-O-mesylate of 5 on LiAlH4 reduction followed by mild acid treatment and demethylation under alkaline conditions gave 9. LiAlH4 reduction of 3 gave 9,11-seco-11-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether (11) which on demethylation gave 9,11-seco-11-hydroxyestradiol (12)."
1152002,"A comprehensive programmatic computer simulation planning model for a school of medicine was generated by integrating several separate simulation models with on-site cost study information. An elementary validation of the model was achieved. The model generated program costs in terms of both faculty hours and dollars. Results indicated that the size of the medical class could be increased from 75 to 100 students within the present resource limitations by transferring faculty time to education from other programs. The maximum class size was limited by the availability of clinical material. The basic science departments could handle this class size easily without significant reduction in other programs, but the clinical departments could not do so unless inpatient levels increased significantly."
1152003,"Residents need to participate more fully in decisions involving their educational process and their learning/work setting. In the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Miami School of Medicine, residents are involved in designing their curriculum, monitoring their work/learning settings, selecting their peers, and evaluating their peers and faculty. This style of residency program has significant implications not only for patient care but also for future physicians, medical departments, and medical associations."
1152004,"Pharmacological education is presented as a continuous undertaking of preclinical students, clerks, and physicians and surgeons in training and practice (1). Carrying out this activity requires five operations: (a) selecting criteria of effective and safe drug use in patients; (b) defining attitudes, knowledge, and skills of clinicians who practice effective pharmacotherapy; (c) developing these attitudes, knowledge, and skills in prescribers: (d) evaluating the proficiency of prescribers at certification and in actual practice; and (e) identifying causes of prescribing deficiencies in order to amend inappropriate methods of instruction."
1152005,"Since November 1, 1970, doctors in Quebec have been operating under a government-controlled compulsory and universal ""fee-for-service"" insurance plan. After a review of some characteristics of the new system, the author describes the impact of this social legislation on physicians' lives, control of health delivery costs, and various policy issues. He examines the implications of these changes for medical education. A qualitatively different kind of physician must be able to deal comfortably and effectively with a reality which includes: (a) the concept of ""global medicine"" and its social implications, (b) greater external control of costs and increased public concern with quality, (c) a new concept of the role of the hospital and its integration within the system, and (d) the concept of team care. Possible changes associated with the new system include a reevaluation of the criteria for a good clerkship, an acquisition of a new perspective on community health ecology, and a need to become an efficient team-worker."
1152006,"In response to the continuing pressures facing anatomy and other basic sciences in medical education, the Department of Anatomy at the University of Colorado School of Medicine has instituted a parallel two-course system of teaching gross anatomy. Students in both the longer and shorter of the two courses appear to be prepared adequately by their experiences in the courses they elected. Statistically significant differences (students in the longer course scoring higher) were, however, observed on both departmental examinations and certain national examinations administered subsequent to the completion of the courses. Student responses to both courses were extremely favorable. Since the differences between the two groups were generally small and advantages were noted in presenting two courses simultaneously, it is concluded that the concurrent presentation of two differently organized basic science courses (within a single subject area) offers an effective response to the instructional needs of our medical school and medical students."
1152007,"The utilization of selected cognitive, demographic, and personal histroy measures as predictors of academic success for Naval Hospital Corps School personnel undergoing paramedical training was investigated using a smaple of 1,448 students. A composite criterion score reflecting grade-point average as well as administrative discharge was related to a number of preservice cognitive and noncognitive predictors. Multiple regression techniques were used to weight specific variables and to predict performance in a crossvalidation sample. Findings indicated that demographic and personal histroy measures contributed uniquely to prediction of academic success."
1152021,"The factor analytic development of various measures of consumer perceptions regarding characteristics of doctors and health care services is described. Index scores meeting factor analytic and reliability criteria were used to study the importance of consumer perceptions in relation to behavioral outcomes. Numerous dimensions of consumer perceptions were identified and described, including beliefs about doctor conduct in terms of quality of care and humaneness of health care delivery as well as satisfaction with such enabling components as the continuity of care, availability and convenience of services, and various access mechanisms (cost, payment mechanisms, and ease of emergency care facilities). Measures of these perceptions were shown to be related to differences in several estimates of health services utilization. The use of the index scores which have met empirical criteria is in contrast to the common practice of using individual questionnaire items as the unit of analysis in health care research. Findings are discussed in relation to program planning and evaluation in medical education, and suggestions for future research are noted."
1152022,"In an effort to determine the most effective clinical teaching behaviors of clinical teachers or preceptors in individual or small group settings, investigators at the University of North Carolina and the University of Alabama developed an instrument to survey all clinical medical students at the two institutions. This process resulted in a compilation of the specific behaviors found to be most helpful to the responding students in facilitating their clinical learning. All items were then factor analyzed, resulting in six more general teaching dimensions or factors being identified. There were active student participation, preceptor attitude toward teaching, emphasis on applied problem-solving, a student-centered instructional strategy, humanistic orientation, and emphasis on content and research. The more specific behaviors which loaded on each factor were also examined."
1152023,"Medical education should include formal course work on the use of the medical library. The formal teaching effort of medical librarians at the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences is described. Three courses on the use of the library are offered to graduate students in basic medical sciences, dentistry, and pharmacy and to undergraduate students in medical records administration. A review of the literature covering teaching by medical librarians and the results of a questionnaire survey also are reported. A 95 percent response to a questionnaire sent to 105 health-science-related school libraries was received. Of the 100 libraries responding, only 18 offered formal course work. An additional 19 reported plans for offering formal courses on the use of the library."
1152024,"The clinical nutritional knowledge of medical students and practicing physicians was assessed. Overall, nutrition knowledge was modest. However, there were substantial variations in knowledge among closely related topics. Knowledge often was highest among nutrition topics which have received the most publicity in the popular press. The nutrition knowledge profile suggests that medical students and physicians learn about nutrition haphazardly and are highly dependent for their knowledge on nonprofessional literature."
1152064,"The description of stages of the molt cycle in mantis shrimp (emphasizing Gonodactylus but compared in a number of Gonodactylidae, Squillidae, and Lysiosquillidae) includes data on texture, hardness, and color of the exoskeleton; behavior; and the micromorphology of the integument and developing setae. After stage A1, when the exoskeleton feels soft and soapy, and A2, when the abdomen attains parchment consistency, the exoskeleton continues to harden until stage C1, when the telson carinae can no longer be depressed with a fingernail. The propodus (C2) and the merus (C3) of the raptorial appendage are the last elements to become rigid. The meral spot achieves indistinct coloration at B1 and distinct but pale coloration at B2; body color continues to intesify until C4. Changes in behavior are particularly marked before and after the molt. After the molt defensive and avoidance behaviors characterize A1 and A2. Threatening increases from low to intense levels in A2 and B1. Striking and offensive behavior increase from weak to normal intensities from B2 to C4. One or two days before  the molt, animals lower activity and dominance and feeding levels, exhibit reclusive behavior, and sometimes seal the cavity entrance. The morphology of setagenesis is particularly valuable for determining the stage of the molt after the exoskeleton hardns. The raatio of setae containing cellular contents sthroughout the lumen to those condensed into strands separates stages A2 throught C3..."
1152065,"Examinations of stages of fibril development in muscle fibers of seven Rhesus monkey and six human fetuses reveal SR tubules encircling the Z lines at all stages of fibril development. The encircling SR tubules are continuous with the SR network of tubules which is found surrounding fibrils at all stages of development observed. The SR tubules encircling the Z lines show connections (electron-opaque strands) with the Z lines. The developing triadic junction shows a progressive increase in complexity of structures within the junction. First, membranes of T and SR become apposed with no visible structure between them- Second, tenuous connections are found traversing the space between apposed membranes. Third, well developed bridges are seen traversing the space. And finally, an intermediate density midway between the apposed membranes and parallel to them is found in favorable sections. Junctions between T tubule membranes were also observed and the structures in these junctions are somewhat similar to those found in junctions between T and SR membranes. The change in orientation of triads from predominantly longitudinal to predominantly transverse is complete in the 18-week monkey fetus and incomplete in the latest stage (28-week) of fetal development observed in humans."
1152066,"Footfall patterns and time sequence of activity are described for white rats conditioned to run freely in an activity wheel (which they drive). Motion is described in terms of soft contact, hard contact, soft contact, and flip phases. Duration of stride decreases and length of stride increases from walk to trot to canter to gallop. Myographic analysis shows that the brachialis has a major tonic function after it fires strongly during the flip phase and during much of the hard contact phase. Animals running at canter or gallop show major asymmetries between forelimb muscles on the first paw and on the lead paw sides."
1152067,"Fertilized golden hamster eggs were examined between 6 and 20 hours post-ovulation to determine the events leading to the two-cell stage. Following their migration the pronuclei remain in the central region of the zygote for approximately ten hours. The morphologically, indistinguishable male and female pronuclei remain relatively unchanged during this period, i.e., they do not interdigitate or fuse with one another as described for the zygotes of other organisms. Following this period and at the time of pronuclear breakdown elongate vesicles appear along the nucleoplasmic surface of the pronuclear envelopes. Later the pronuclear envelopes fragment into elongate cisternae; these and the vesicles formed along the inner lamina of the pronuclear envelopes remain closely associated and constitute quadrilaminar structures. The chromosomes which condense prior to and during pronuclear envelope breakdown, migrate to the equatorial plate of the forming cleavage spindle. After cytokinesis the chromosomes in the blastomere nuclei disperse. Increase in the nuclear envelope to accommodate this dispersion may involve the addition of membrane from the quandrilaminar structures."
1152068,"The structure of the testis of Poecilia latipinna is described with particular reference to Sertoli cell-germ cell relationships during development and maturation of the germinal cyst. The cyst develops when primary spermatocytes become surrounded by a single layer of Sertoli cells at the testis periphery. As spermatogenesis and then spermiogenesis proceed, the cyst moves centrally in the testis toward the ducts comprising the vasa efferentia. In addition to being a structural part of the germinal cyst, the Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies cast off by developing spermatids and form an association with mature bodies cast off by developing spermatids and form an association with mature sperm, which resembles that observed in mammals, before the sperm are released into the vasa efferentia as a spermatozeugmata. The results of this investigation are discussed in view of what is known concerning testis structure in other teleosts and similarities between cell functions in teleosts and mammals. It is concluded that teleost Sertoli cells, teleost lobule boundary cells and mammalian Sertoli cells are homologous."
1152069,"This paper describes the different regions of the Malpighian tubules and the associated structures (ampulla, midgut, ileum) in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. There are about 150 tubules in each insect. Each tubule consists of at least three parts. The short distal region is thinner than the other parts and is highly contractile. The middle region comprises most of the tubule length and is composed of primary and stellate cells. Primary cells contain numerous refractile mineral concretions, while stellate cells have smaller nuclei, fewer organelles, simpler brush border, and numerous multivesicular bodies. Symbiont protozoa are sometimes present within the lumen of the middle region near where it opens into the proximal region of the tubule. The latter is a short region that drains the tubular fluid into one of the six ampullae. These are contractile diverticula of the intestine located at the midgut-hindgut junction. The ampulla is highly contractile, and consists of a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity that opens into the gut via a narrow slit lined by cells of unusual morphology. The proximal region of the tubule and the ampulla resemble the midgut in that they have similar micromal origin and reabsorptive function for the proximal region of the tubule and for the ampulla. A number of inclusions found within the tubule cells are described, including peroxisomes and modified mitochondria. Current theories of fluid transport are evaluated with regard to physiological and morphological characteristics of Malpighian tubules. The possible role of long narrow channels such as those between microvilli and within basal folds is considered, as is the mechanism by which these structures are formed and maintained. Also discussed is the role of peroxisomes and symbionts in the excretory process."
1152070,"Newly metamorphosed individuals of the Kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able completely to regenerate amputated digits, including the morphologically complex digital pad. The sequence of morphological events is very similar to that seen in the typical epimorphic regeneration of amphibian extremities. Amputated forearms typically produce hypomorphic spike regenerates. Despite the lack of underlying hand and digital structures, an apical ""digital"" pad commonly differentiates."
1152071,"Thirty-six harbor porpoises, Phocaena phocaena, were caught off the coast of Southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of a study of the biology and ecology of these animals. The formalin-preserved heart was examined first in situ, then measured and studied in detail. If the weight of the thick layer of blubber is discounted, the heart is heavy relative to the total body weight as may be expected in an animal capable of fast swimming, great agility and frequent emergence from the water to breathe. The shape of the heart, the relative size of atria and atrial appendages, the morphology of the ventricular septum, the thickness of the walls of the sinus and conus of the right ventricle and the anatomy of the pulmonary veins were found to be constant for this animal and unlike that of non-cetaceans. It is suggested that the absence of respiratory movements during diving may lead to these modifications of cardiac structure in an animal that is particularly well adapted to a totally aquatic existence."
1152072,"The effects of changing muscle length on the mechanical properties of 89 motor units from adult cat medial gastrocnemius have been studied in eight experiments. Few differences were found between the effects of length on tetanic tension, twitch tension, twitch-tetanus ratio, twitch contraction time, twitch half relaxation time, rate of force development and electrical activity for fast contracting (twitch contraction time less than or equal to 45 msec) and slowly contracting (greater than 45 msec) units. Those differences that did appear did not persist when these two groups were matched by tetanic tension. It is concluded that the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the changes in mechanical and electrical properties with length must be similar for fast and slow twitch units and not related to potential differences in their muscle fiber type. The effects of changing muscle length on the mechanical properties of the eight whole muscles suggest that changes in force output with length are of minor importance during normal movements as the muscle is found to be electrically active over a relatively narrow range of lengths close to the optimum length for tetanus of the whole muscle. The very shortest muscle lengths at which there is only minimal force development are not used in natural movements, while the declining limb of the length tension curve is at muscle lengths beyond the maximum in situ length."
1152076,"The efficacy of arteriographic triage of patients who sustained renal trauma into two groups, one optimally handled by early surgical intervention and one in whom conservative management guarantees maximal preservation of renal parenchyma, is discussed, based on a study of 190 patients. A substantial increase in the number of patients managed conservatively (73%) is attributable to use of arteriographic selection criteria. A very low rate of complications (2%) appears to substantiate the validity of the criteria on which the selection was based. Similarly, arteriographic criteria made possible substitution of hemi- or partial nephrectomy in almost 42% of patients who would otherwise have been treated by nephrectomy. A very low rate of complications resultant from this procedure justifies its use in these cases. The very low mortality rate (1.6%) of the present series suggests a bonus contribution of arteriography toward the management of associated intra-abdominal injuries. The safety of angiography and the now general availability of angiographic facilities and skilled personnel on a round-the-clock basis, and the policy-determining information derived from these studies, recommend widespread deployment of this method for the assessment of renal injury."
1152078,"Although primary intraperitoneal repair of selected penetrating colon injuries is a feasible method of treatment, injudicious use of this method, especially in wounds of the right colon, led to increased morbidity, in the group of 90 patients studied. Colostomy may be avoided in selected patients by using primary repair with exteriorization of the injured segment. The technique described is a reliable compromise which protects the patient from the danger of intraperitoneal suture line disruption and possibly avoids the inconvenience and morbidity of formal colostomy. Since exteriorized primary repair has been a safe, effective method of managing gunshot wounds of the colon in selected patients, we advocate its increased use."
1152079,"Post-traumatic empyema has occurred in seven patients despite chest tube drainage and antibiotics. Early pleural decortication resulted in complete recovery of all patients with early discharge from the hospital in most instances. The surgical procedure is technically simple to perform if carried out before the organization of the pleural exudate. Criteria are offered for early decortication of the lung for post-traumatic empyema. They are: 1) Residual air-fluid levels despite chest tube drainage. 2) A clinically deteriorating course with evidence of infection or sepsis arising from the pleura. 3) Pleural restriction with inadequate expansion of the lung resulting in compromised ventilatory function. 4) Failure of chest tubes to allow for resolution of pleural contamination within 14 days of injury. If such indications are employed, excellent results can be anticipated from early decortication of post-traumatic empyema."
1152080,Fracture of the transverse process C7 and T1 may represent another seatbelt injury particularly related to the use of a system including a shoulder harness beltmfour cases are discussed and the proposed mechanism and potential implications of this injury are outlined.
1152081,"Myelographic evidence of traumatic meningocele in brachial plexus injuries has been considered to be pathognomonic of root avulsion. Two such cases with myelographic evidence of root avulsion with excellent recovery at those levels are presented. Various diagnostic procedures in brachial plexus injuries are critically reviewed. The sequence in which these tests are of diagnostic value are: 1) clinical evaluation, motor and sensory, from the time of admission; 2) electroneuromyography at 2-3 weeks following injury; 3) axon reflex response at 2-3 weeks; 4) myelography; 5) very rarely, surgical exploration."
1152082,"A case of a large bone cyst developing in the distal femur of a 17-year-old boy requiring curettage and grafting 20 months following a low-velocity gunshot wound is reported. The etiology of such cysts remains obscure, and removal of bullets from weight-bearing bones is recommended when feasible, or followup roentgenograms of weight-bearing bones with retained missiles. The literature on civilian gunshot injuries is reviewed and implications from the present case are discussed."
1152083,"A case of traumatic thrombosis of the left subclavian and left vertebral arteries is reported which presented with signs of basilar artery insufficiency and right homonymous hemianopsia 3 weeks after the injury. The diagnosis, which was clinically unsuspected, was made by angiography. Surgical removal of the thrombus was successful."
1152085,"The fiberoptic bronchoscope is an invaluable aid in the difficult endotracheal intubation. Its successful use with three patient groups is described: those with soft-tissue contractures of the mouth or neck; those with severe fractures of facial bones and/or mandible; those with unstable fractures or fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is felt to be the technique of choice when intubation is difficult, especially when there are contractures or deformities of the larynx, manidible, or cervical spine."
1152086,"Fiberoptic bronchoscopy proved to be a simple, safe, and accurate method of diagnosing acute inhalation injury. Both the anatomic level and the severity of large airway injury were easily identified. The identification of a supraglottic and infraglottic component to inhalation injury was not only helpful in determining the appropriate therapy but also in predicting ultimate pulmonary complications. When bronchoscopy was used in conjunction with the 133Xenon scintiphotoscan, both large and small airway injuries could be identified. The only clinical situation where bronchoscopy failed to identify an inhalation injury was in the immediate postburn period if the patient wasin hypovolemic shock. In this particular clinical circumstance the characteristic mucosal alterations may be absent; yet if bronchoscopy is performed after hypovolemic shock has been corrected, mucosal changes characteristic of inhalation injury will be seen."
1152087,"Seven burn patients treated with silver nitrate dressings were studied during the first 10 days after injury. Minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and ventilatory equivalent were measured. Minute ventilation was increased two- to threefold, as was oxygen consumption. Ventilatory equivalent was only slightly increased. THree patients were initially treated with silver nitrate, and then, when clinically stable, were switched to Sulfamylon. They showed a 50% rise in ventilation, tidal volume, ventilatory equivalent, and a slight increase in respiratory rate and VD/VT. In addition, their PO2 increased and base excess fell. Five normal subjects were then given Diamox, and their minute ventilation, O2 consumption, and ventilatory equivalent were measured at rest, with a standard exercise, and with an added dead space. Diamox produced only a 25% increase in minute ventilation and ventilatory equivalent. The results suggest that, although some of the increased ventilation of Sulfamylon is due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition, another factor, such as pain casued by the topical agent, also plays a role."
1152088,"Recovery of intrathoracic and intraperitoneal blood and reinfusion by autotransfusion has been demonstrated to be safe and practical in selected trauma patients. Autotransfusion is ideally applicable to the trauma patient in whom replacement of six or fewer units of blood is required. In addition, autotransfusion provides readily available blood for patients with unusual blood types and for those in whom multiple transfusions may rapidly deplete available stores. The properties of an ideal autotransfusion device include rapid assembly, relatively low cost, ease of operation, in-line filtration, minimized air blood interface, simplified anticoagulation, and safety from air embolism and coagulopathies."
1152090,"1) Two cases of medial peritalar dislocation with accompanying foot injuries considerably altering prognosis are presented. 2) Although most cases of this uncommon injury respond well to treatment, a careful investigation for accompanying injuries should be performed. 3) The mechanism of injury is discussed."
1152091,"Nine burn patients with a mean burn size of 39% (range, 23-65%) and five normal individuals studied in an environmental chamber selected optimal comfort temperature by regulating a bedside temperature control unit. The normal individuals selected 27.8 degrees C plus or minus 0.6 (SE) as the comfort temperature and their mean skin temperature was 33.4 plus or minus 0.6 and core temperature 36.9 plus or minus 0.1 while in this environment. In contrast, the burn patients maintained a higher ambient comfort temperature (mean 30.4 plus or minus 0.7, p less than 0.05 when compared to controls) associated with an elevated core (38.4 plus or minus 0.3, p less than 0.01) and surface temperature (35.2 plus or minus 0.4, p less than 0.05). Human growth hormone response to insulin hypoglycemia and arginine infusion was measured in nine additional burn patients (mean burn size, 52%; range, 23-90%) and five normals. Fasting HGH was significantly elevated (1.7 plus or minus 0.2 ng/ml, n = 18, versus control of 0.9 plus or minus 0.1, n = 10, p less than 0.001), despite fasting hyperglycemia in the burn patients (123 plus or minus 5 mg/100 glycemia in the burn patients (123 plus or minus 5 mg/100 ml versus 91 plus or minus 2, p less than 0.001). HGH response to insulin hypoglycemia was diminished in the burn patients with peak HGH value in patients averaging 12.6 ng/ml compared to 27.8 in the recovered patients and 32.6 in the controls (p less than 0.01). Patients receiving an arginine infusion also demonstrated diminished HGH response following injury. The HGH response to known stimuli returned toward normal with time and recovery in the surviving patients. Alterations in comfort temperature, fasting blood glucose, and glucose-HGH interaction occur following thermal trauma. These changes taken together suggest that metabolic responses to injury may be the consequence of homeostatic readjustment within the hypothalamus."
1152093,"Three cases of massive right upper quadrant abdominal injury involving liver, pancreas, and duodenum are presented. The treatment of  choice for such extensive devitalizing injuries is pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with appropriate liver resection. There was no martality in this series and followup for at least 2 years shows no evidence of chronic morbidity with regard to pancreatic function. Principles of management of severe, combined injuries of organs in the upper quadrant of the abdomen are based upon rapid control of hemorrhage, repair of major vessels, pancreaticoduodenectomy when neither the head of the pancreas nor adjacent duodenum can be preserved ent-to-end inverting pancreaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy and careful evaluation of the kidney and ureter."
1152094,"Acquired astigmatism secondary to scar contracture of the eyelids was diagnosed in a burned patient, with decrease in visual acuity to 20/400. This was associated with a persistent mosaic pattern of the cornea when stained with fluorescein. Visual acuity returned to normal and the mosaic pattern disappeared after treatment of the scars. This unusual problem should be looked for in patients with scarred eyelids to decrease morbidity and prevent possible permanent corneal changes."
1152100,"The purpose of this exercise was to evaluate the efficacy of a cortico-steroid in protecting the patient suffering from Rhodesian sleeping sickness from the complications of melarsoprol treatment. It is quite clearly shown that prednisolone was not effective in offering protection against the most serious treatment problem, encephalopathy. The apparent total success of the steroid in protecting the first group from the less severe treatment complications and in minimising early death need to be interpreted with some scepticism due to the smallness of the series. Nevertheless, it does help to substantiate the observations of others that in the case of the moribund patient, the immediate use of steroids might be life saving. On the basis of these findings the routine use of prednisolone as an adjunct to the treatment of T. rhodesiense was discontinued. The use of a cortico-steroid has been continued, however, as treatment for reactive encephalopathy, arsenical dermatitis and arsenical enteritis and with patients who are moribund on admission."
1152101,"Epidemiological features as reflected by 101 patients with unequivocal sea-snake bite received in north-west Malaya are reviewed. Enhydrina schistosa caused over half the bites, including seven of the eight fatal bites. It is the most dangerous sea-snake to man. Over 90 per cent of the victims were male and 80 of the 101 patients were fishermen bitten at their job. Most victims were bitten on the lower limb through treading on the snake, and this resulted in more cases of serious poisoning than upper limb bites (caused through handling nets, sorting fish and so on). Only 14 cathers were bitten (through treading on the sea-snake; no bathers were bitten while swimming). In patients coming to hospital more than six hours after the bite, there was a four-fold increase in serious poisoning compared with patients coming within six hours of the bite. Thus, as time elapses after the bite, the victim is less likely to seek medical help unless poisoning is severe. Despite the lethal toxicity of sea-snake venom, in patients seen during 1957-61 before sea-snake antivenom became available, the mortality was only 10 per cent. Trivial or no poisoning followed in 80 per cent of the bites. On the other hand, of 11 patients (20 per cent) with serious poisoning, over half (six patients) died despite supportive hospital treatment. These epidemiological features observed in Malaya probably apply to most fishing folk along Asian coastlines where sea-snakes abound. If this is so, sea-snake bite must be a common hazard feared by millions of fishing folk, and a common cause of illness and death. But it is unlikely that the extent of this problem will be revealed to orthodox medicine for many decades because most fishing villages are far from medical centres; and even if hospitals or medical centres are available, fishing folk are usually reluctant to attend them. Only one species of sea-snake, Pelamis platurus, extends to the east coasts of Africa and west coasts of the tropical Americas, but for various reasons this species does not appear to constitute much of a hazard to fishing folk in these areas. Although bathers are occasionally bitten along Asian coasts, when they inadvertently tread on a sea-snake, the risk of sea-snake bite in this area is extremely low. The prevention of sea-snake bite and poisoning is considered. Highly effective antivenom is now available for treating victims with serious poisoning; death should not occur provided adequate medical treatment is given within a few hours of the bite. The main problem is provision of adequate medical care at rural medical centres and overcoming the reluctance fishing folk often have in attending these centres."
1152102,"Absorption of labelled vitamin A was studied in normal children and in children with round-worm infestation. Absorption of the vitamin was significantly low in children with ascariasis. In two subjects, in whom the studies were repeated, absorption of vitamin A was significantly increased after antihelminthic treatment. These results suggest that ascariasis may aggravate vitamin A deficiency by interfering with the absorption of the vitamin."
1152103,"During 1972, of 18 patients admitted to St. Luke's Hospital Anua, Uyo, in S.E. Nigeria, with diabetic metabolic decompensation, six were suffering from hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma or pre-coma. The clinical features and treatment of these patients are described. All survived. It is suggested that even when biochemical monitoring is unavailable, the overall mortality could be improved by clinical awareness of this commonly unrecognised condition, combined with replacement therapy using half strength normal saline and modest quantities of insulin and potassium."
1152144,"The structure and composition of the core of adenovirus type 2 were analyzed by electron microscopy and biochemical techniques after differential degradation of the virion by heat, by pyridine, or by sarcosyl treatment. In negatively stained preparations purified sarcosyl cores reveal spherical subunits of 21.6-nm diameter in the electron microscope. It is suggested that these subunits are organized as an icosahedron which has its axes of symmetry coincident with those of the viral capsid. The subunits are connected by the viral DNA molecule. The sarcosyl cores contain the viral DNA and predominantly the arginine/alanine-rich core polypeptide VII. When sarcosyl cores are spread on a protein film, tightly coiled particles are observed which gradually unfold giving rise to a rosette-like pattern due to the uncoiling DNA molecule. Completely unfolded DNA molecules are circular. Pyridine cores consist of the viral DNA and polypeptides V and VII. In negatively stained preparations of pyridine cores the subunit arrangement  apparent in the sarcosyl cores is masked by an additional shell which is probably formed by polypeptide V. In freeze-cleaved preparations of the adenovirion two fracture planes can be recognized. One fracture plane probably passes between the outer capsid of the virion and polypeptide V exposing a subviral particle which corresponds to the pyridine core. The second fracture plane observed could be located between polypeptide V and the polypeptide VII-DNA complex, thus uncovering a subviral structure which corresponds to the sarcosyl core. In the sarcosyl core polypeptide VII is tightly bound to the viral DNA which is susceptible to digestion with DNase. The restriction endonuclease EcoRI cleaves the viral DNA in the sarcosyl cores into the six specific fragments. These fragments can be resolved on polyacrylamide-agarose gels provided the sarcosyl cores are treated with pronase after incubation with the restriction endonuclease. When pronase digestion is omitted, a complex of the terminal EcoRI fragments adenovirus DNA and protein can be isolated. From this complex the terminal DNA fragments can be liberated after pronase treatment. The complex described is presumably responsible for the circularization of the viral DNA inside the virion. The nature of the protein(s) involved in circle formation has not yet been elucidated."
1152145,"Endonuclease activity has been detected in association with highly purified virions, pentons, and/or dodecons of adenovirus types 2, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, and 16. Only single-strand scissions in substrate DNA were detected. The nuclease activity was detected by a highly sensitive ethidium bromide fluorimetric assay procedure."
1152146,"The results presented show that horseshoe kidney is a non-fatal anomaly of renal development that can be managed successfully by standard urologic procedures. Most clinical problems are caused by hydronephrosis and renal calculi. Careful attention to the anatomy, vasculature and drainage from renal pelves at the time of operation will assure good postoperative results. The Foley Y-V pyeloplasty is a highly effective procedure for relief of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in horseshoe kidneys. As with other genitourinary anomalies the presence of a horseshoe kidney should prompt a thorough urologic evaluation."
1152147,"Experience with 207 cases of blunt renal trauma is reviewed. We have found that renal scans and selective renal arteriography are the most informative diagnostic tests. However, in a small community setting we suggest use of an infusion urogram and a retrograde pyelogram. Our accuracy rates with these 4 diagnostic tests are listed and selected cases are illustrated. We believe that if exploration is warranted, kidney salvage rates will be improved because of an accurate assessment of the extent of renal injury."
1152148,"Renal tuberculosis will continue to be a potentially lethal disease and must be considered a diagnostic possibility in all patients with infection in order to discover it in time. Multiple drug regimens have withstood the test of time and it appears that triple drug therapy is more efficacious than 2 drugs since triple drugs permit the skipping of 1 or another of the medications with less danger of relapse. Rifampin is a new drug that is well tolerated and efficacious, although expensive. We recommend continuous use of triple drugs for 2 years at least with the continuance of pyridoxine. We advise an excretory urogram, the collection of 3 urine specimens for culture and the passage of ureteral catheters every 6 months during treatment and every 12 months thereafter for 10 years. We do not consider relapse an indication for an operation but for further therapy, using medications to which the patient's organism is proved susceptible by bacteriologic means. Under modern conditions an operation is rarely necessary."
1152149,"In the last 17 years 3,150 patients have been treated by one or both of us for ureteral calculous disease. Our operative mortality is zero and our operative morbidity is 0.68 per cent, with an over-all morbidity of 0.8 per cent. We believe that stone extractions decrease the length of hospital stay and the time lost from industry, home or school. Thus, it is a worthwhile, effective and safe procedure. We agree with other investigators who believe that ureteral catheters and antibiotics are not necessary for routine stone extraction. We will await further word on the etiology of this endemic disease."
1152150,"Electron microscopic study of the autonomic innervation of the human ureter demonstrated the existence of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals. The 2 types of nerves were observed in the adventitia, smooth muscle layer and submucosa. The presence of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was confirmed with the aid of 5-hydroxydopamine, a false sympathetic neurotransmitter that may be used as a specific marker for adrenergic nerve endings at the ultrastructural level. Adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were observed to run in close contact with each other in the same nerve fiber, providing ultramorphological evidence for a possible interaction between the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system in the human ureter."
1152151,"The incidence of ureteral carcinoma in situ at the time of cystectomy for bladder carcinoma is approximately 8.7 per cent. Followup records of 27 such patients as well as records of 6 patients with other ureteral abnormalities were reviewed. Clinically, no postoperative ureteral or upper urinary tract difficulty was noted in 29 of the 30 patients whose records were complete. The ureteral status of the 3 patients lost to followup remains uncertain. One patient had infiltrating ureteral carcinoma and he is well 8 years after cystectomy. Since ureteral carcinoma in situ at the time of cystectomy for bladder cancer has had little influence on the course of these patients, conservative treatment is probably indicated when the lesion is encountered."
1152152,"Thirty patients underwent jejunal urinary diversion: 27 bilateral cutaneous ureterojejunostomies, 2 cutaneous pyeloureterojejunostomies and 1 bilateral pyelocutaneous jejunostomy. In the majority of the cases this high diversion was indicated for malignant disease with preoperative and postoperative irradiation of the pelvis. Postoperative morbidity in these cases is not different from thatin cases of ileal conduit operation, except for a high incidence of reversible hypochloremic acidosis with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and uremia. This electrolytic syndrome is the consequence of a continuous exchange of ions between the jejunal content and the extracellular fluid with resultant loss of sodium chloride and absorption of potassium and urea. An important link in the pathophysiology of the jejunal syndrome is the hypersecretion of renin-aldosterone, which aggravates the disturbance. Limited renal function (glomerular filtration rate less than 50 cc per minute), long loop and inadequate salt intake are among contributing factors. The syndrome is correctable by administration of salt. Some patients must be placed on salt supplement indefinitely. The jejunum is not recommended for urinary diversion in patients with limited renal function, those on low salt diet or those in whom a long intestinal loop would be required for diversion."
1152153,"Five patients in whom isolated ileal or ileocecal segments had been incorporated into the urinary tract suffered complications that ended in excision of the bowel segment. A bowel segment functions if it does not meet resistance or increased intraluminal pressures. In a closed system these 2 evils are working constantly against the loop of bowel, subjecting it to growing distension, dilatation and redundancy and, inevitably, residual urine, urinary tract infection, stone formation, electrolyte imbalance and progressive deterioration of the upper urinary tract ensue. What was initially meant to save kidney function causes instead renal damage and eventually total loss of function."
1152154,Lower urinary tract function was studied in patients with Parkinson's disease. A significant proportion of patients receiving levodopa manifested clinical and radiological evidence of bladder outlet obstruction. We believe that neuropharmacologic bladder neck obstruction may be caused by the alpha-adrenergic properties of the metabolites of levodopa.
1152155,A review of 34 cases of bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to carcinoma of the prostate indicates that aggressive treatment in selected cases can increase survival without an associated increase in morbidity. In our series various modalities of treatment were used in 25 patients and the remaining 9 patients received no treatment. Bilateral ureteral obstruction in cases of carcinoma of the prostate should not uniformly imply a terminal event or hopeless prognosis.
1152156,"Radical prostatectomy has a significant role in the treatment of early stage carcinoma of the prostate, with a 6-fold difference in the radically and conservatively treated groups. Since 32 per cent of carcinomas will be missed even by experienced examiners on rectal examination, we believe that open perineal biopsy of the posterior lamella as described in 1968 would increase the yield of carcinoma and the subsequent cure by a radical operation. We have found that older patients do well with the perineal surgery--the extreme lithotomy position is no great problem and the postoperative course, without a painful abdominal wound, is less complicated."
1152157,"To evaluate the effect on liver function of therapy with massive doses of synthetic female sex hormones a study was performed on the alterations in levels of serum zinc turbidity test, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase following antiandrogenic treatment with castration and synthetic female sex hormones in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Results included: 1) Irrespective or response to treatment the zinc turbidity test level tended to increase. 2) After 1 week of treatment some increase was observed in the alkaline phosphatase level and was more pronounced in poor response cases than in the fair ones. However, in general, no definite fluctuation was observed. 3) The bilirubin level tended to decrease in general but in poor response cases an early increase was observed. 4) The glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level was significantly increased in the early phase and more pronounced in poor response cases than in the fair ones. 5) An increased glutamic pyruvic transaminase level was observed after 2 weeks of treatment but was not significant to the pre-treatment level and later returned to the neighborhood of the pre-treatment level. After 1 week of female sex hormone therapy many indices studied showed abnormality. However, except for a steady increase in the zinc  turbidity test level no serious damage on liver functions evaluated was encountered during a year of massive dose therapy with female sex hormones."
1152158,"We herein report on the results of treatment of 13 men with stage D prostatic carcinoma with a non-steroidal compound, SCH-13521 (flutamide). The dosage of the drug was 750 mg. in 3 divided doses daily and treatment extended for 2 to 20 months. Two patients failed to respond in any fashion, 7 had objective evidence of response and the others had varying degrees of subjective response. Plasma testosterone was never suppressed and sexual potency was not altered by the drug. Gynecomastia occurred in several patients, 1 patient had intractable vomiting and 2 had thromboembolic disease. In tissue biopsies after therapy, cytotoxic changes in some acinar cells were noted but healthy-appearing neoplastic cells were always abundant. These observations suggest the pre-treatment existence of autonomous cells that no conventional hormonal manipulation will succeed in destorying. However, the palliation that flutamide seems to afford makes it important to conduct an appropriately designed study that will compare it in a suitable fashion to the effectiveness of diethylstilbestrol."
1152159,"The state of cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in 41 patients with prostatic carcinoma by determining their ability to demonstrate delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity with dinitrochlorobenzene and recall antigens, and to mount an inflammatory response to croton oil, as well as by measuring changes in monocyte chemotactic response. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those with localized disease and those with metastatic carcinoma. Monocyte chemotactic response provides an in vitro quantitative measure of effector cell function and was significantly depressed in the entire group of prostatic cancer patients as compared to non-cancer controls (p less than 0.05). Patients with metastatic carcinoma had a greater defect than those with localized disease (p less than 0.025). After radical prostatectomy a group of patients with localized disease tended to show improvement in monocyte chemotactic response (p less than 0.025). The ability of patients to develop a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response was impaired and correlated with the clinical stage of the disease. By using the cutaneous irritant, croton oil, the ability of these cancer patients to mount an inflammatory response was also found to be impaired and showed a close correlation between clinical stage and course of disease. Changes in response to croton oil tended to precede alterations in dinitrochlorobenzene response."
1152160,Cardiac rhythm was monitored prospectively in 69 men during 191 cystoscopies. Ectopic beats from ventricular and supraventricular foci occurred in a significantly greater proportion of procedures in men with (76 per cent) compared to men without (16 per cent) heart disease. Other arrhythmias occurred to a lesser extent but there was no significant difference between men with and without heart disease. Plasma lidocaine was detected in significant amounts following intraurethral injection used for local anesthesia. Comparison of the types of arrhythmias that occurred during cytoscopy and the type of anesthetic used showed that significantly fewer ventricular ectopic beats occurred with general (8 per cent) or epidural anesthesia (13.8 per cent) as opposed to local lidocaine anesthesia (48.7 percent). Among the 3 anesthetic groups there was no difference with respect to frequency of supraventricular ectopic beats. No permanent cardiovascular complications occurred although several potentially serious dysrhythmias were seen.
1152161,"A patient manifesting acquired factor IX deficiency in association with the nephrotic syndrome received prothrombin complex concentrate and demonstrated an accelerated plasma disappearance rate of factors II, IX and X. Amelioration of proteinuria and the plasma coagulation defect followed therapy with corticosteroids and azathioprine."
1152162,"We present herein what we believe to be the first reported case of a traumatic veno-caliceal fistula and describe our technique for surgical repair. We use a transabdominal approach for renal trauma and advocate occlusion of the renal artery alone during intrarenal surgery. We believe that conservative management of renal injuries, even with a solitary kidney, yields the highest salvage rate. Initial arteriography best delineates most renal injuries and is a safe technique for following progressive changes that may require an operation. When injury occurs in a solitary kidney medical renal consultation and facilities for interim dialysis must be readily available."
1152163,"A case of malignant pheochromocytoma of the bladder associated with renal cell carcinoma is described. The necessity for long-term followup in such cases is stressed. This case provides further documentation of the association of pheochromocytoma with renal cell carcinoma, an association which may occur more frequently than would be dictated by chance alone. It is suggested that these cases may represent von Hippel-Lindau disease with incomplete penetrance."
1152166,"An infant with pneumaturia and fecaluria was found to have a rectal duplicatation with a fistula between the duplicated rectum and the urethra. Rectal duplication, although rare, should be considered in cases of bizarre lower bowel symptoms in children. Correction in our case was effected by exclusion of the duplicated segment along with removal of its mucosal lining and division of its urethral fistula. The termination of the duplicated rectum in the urinary tract, as in cases of imperforate anus, suggests a related embryologic mechanism for the 2 types of anomalies."
1152172,Ketamine hydrochloride was observed to be an effective anesthetic for recently captured raccoons (Procyon lotor) when they were injected intramuscularly with 20-29 mg/kg body weight. Excellent anesthesia occurred from 5 to 15 min after injection. No respiratory difficulties were encountered. The only undesirable clinical sign was excessive salivation.
1152173,"Wildlife species from 38 of Florida's 67 counties were surveyed over a 10 year period for the presence of antibody to the five major arboviruses circulating in the state. The routine screening of 7891 sera from wild birds and mammals via the hemagglutination-inhibition (H1) test with selected reactors subjected to serum neutralization testing has 1) provided information regarding geographic distribution and seasonality of circulation of these viruses 2) identified enzootic foci of infection and those species of wildlife most commonly infected and 3) documented the potential value of certain wild mammals as indicators of St. Louis Encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus activity prior to the detection of human cases. Limited studies of Tamiami and Tensaw virus on sera from mammals collected for other purposed provided additional baseline information on the activity of these viruses in Florida mammals. Isolations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus were made from the heart of a loggerhead shrike (Lanius excubitor), Tensaw virus from the brain of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and Keystone virus from the heart of a bluejay (Cyanocitta cristata)."
1152175,"Four type A infleunza viruses were isolated from tracheal swabs taken from apparently healthy ducks (mallards, Anas platyrhynchos) along the Mississippi flyway in Minnesota. Inital identification of group A influenza was made possible by the use of the agar gel precipitin test."
1152176,"Pulmonary lesions associated with naturally acquired Paragonimus kellicotti infection were studied in mink (Mustela vison), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis),  red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and a coyote (Canis latrans). In ,ink a fibrous capsule was formed around mature flukes in dilated bronchioles or bronchi, and there was mild focal interstitial pneumonitis adjacent to fluke eggs in alveoli and migrating parasites. A thick wall, infiltrated heavily with mononuclear cells and eosinophils, surrounded mature P. kellicotti in skunks and an extensive inflammatory reaction was found around fluke eggs. In red foxes the wall was thin, hemorrhagic and contained little collagen; necrosis was associated with migrating parasites. Thick capsules formed by marked fibroplastic changes in the lamina propria of affected bronchi were found in the coyote.  In raccoons with pleural adhesions massive fibroplasia with eosinophil infiltration beneath the pulmonary pleura suggested a reaction to a migrating parasite entering the lung from the thoracic cavity. It was thought that immature P. kellicotti may have caused the lesion."
1152177,"Packed cell volume, haemoglobin and erythrocyte counts are given for 52 East African birds of prey of 21 species. Whilst the majority of the birds sampled were ""normal"", some were injured or diseased. The results are discussed and attention is drawn to the possible value of haematology in clinical diagnosis."
1152178,Blood was collected at slaughter from 132 adult American bison (Bison bison) raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area where the vector Dermacentor andersoni (equals venustus) is indigenous. Hematologic studies revealed no indication of clinical anaplasmosis. Card agglutination and complement-fixation tests on all bison serums were negative. Eleven anaplasmosis-susceptible calves each inoculated with 204 ml of blood pooled from 12 bison did not develop anaplasmosis. Results of this study indicate American bison have resistance to natural A. marginale infection.
1152179,"Twin white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns captured in Morris  County, New Jersey, displayed papular, darkly pigmented scabs principally on the  skin overlying the nasal bones, dentary, commissure of the lips and ears. Histopathological and bacterial examinations revealed Dermatophilus congolensis. The epidermitis caused by this bacterium apparently had developed within the first 12 to 14 days after birth and had begun to regress by one month of age. The location of the lesions suggested transmission during nursing from an infected doe. This is believed to be the first confirmed report of this zoonotic disease in white-tailed deer, with isolation of the etiologic agent, outside the State of New York. Epizootiological considerations are discussed."
1152181,"Three species of coccidia, found in American bison sampled in Wyoming, are identified. The described coccidial species, common to cattle, have not been reported previosuly from American bison, (Bison bison). Identification of the parasites was determined by oocyst structural measurements and by oocyst sporulation times."
1152182,"Anatomical dissections were done to show the innervation of the teeth and mandible of the bottlenosed dolphin (Turslops truncatus). Using structural landmarks, a method has been devised for anesthetizing the lower jaw. With this procedure teeth can be extracted and age determined by counting dentine layers in sections of etched teeth. Animals of the most desirable ages can thus be selected and the ages of animals already in captivity can be determined."
1152183,"Chronic debilitation and anemia were observed in a free-living opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) heavily parasitized by Physaloptera turgida, Brachylaima virginianum, and Cruzia americana. Chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with Capillaria aerophila and a metastrongyloid nematode also was present."
1152184,"Six hundred and twenty-two autopsies of patients with malignant neoplasm were used for this study. The incidence of cardiac involvement in relation to the sites of the primary tumor, the anatomical distribution within the heart, and the ECG findings in the patients with and without cardiac involvement were analysed. The incidence of cardiac involvement by malignant tumor was 12.7% (79 out of 622 cases). Involvement by breast and pulmonary cancer was found to be very common, while intestinal and gastric cancer uncommonly metastasised to the heart. The incidence of epicardial involvement was higher than that of the pericardium, myocardium, or endocardium. A significant difference was observed in the ECG findings recorded within 3 months before death between the groups with and without cardiac involvement. Cases of myocardial metastasis were always associated with the pattern of myocardial damage in the ECG. The findings in this study are discussed in the light of previous reports."
1152186,"In rats treated with DOCA plus high salt or with high salt alone, hypertensive rats with renal vascular lesions showed an incomplete suppression of KRA. Cathepsin activity of rat kidney was higher under high salt loading than in the control. Beta-glucuronidase activity was greatest in rats with renal vascular lesions and smallest in rats fed on normal chow. RNase and DNase activities were greater in rats with renal vascular lesions than in rats without renal vascular lesions under high salt loading. 2) In rats of both sexes SHR showed greater KRA and cathepsin activities than WK rat under high salt loading. In female rats DNase, RNase and beta-GPase activities were greater in SHR than in WK rat under high salt loading. 3) KRA was higher in SHRSP aged 10 months than in SHRSR, though KRA of SHR was smaller than KRA of WK rat. Cathepsin activity was greater in SHRSP than in SHRSR. DNase and beta-NAGA activities were greater in SHR than in WK rat. 4) In 7 weeks of age SHRSR showed more PRC than SHRSP. At the age of 10 months SHRSP showed higher PRC than WK rat. The roles renin and lysosomal enzymes in hypertensive renal vascular lesions were discussed to some extent."
1152188,"Cardiovascular responses to cold stress were investigated in hypertensive patients. There were few differences in the changes under cold stress of the serum catecholamine concentration between the juvenile group and middle-aged group. In the juvenile group, a remarkable increase in TPR was observed under cold stress, suggesting that the vascular reactivity is increased and at the same time the cardiac response to inotropic action was increased under cold stress. On the contrary, in the middle-aged group, there was less increase in TPR under cold stress and no increase in inotropic action was observed. From such results, hyperreactivity to stress in the cardiovascular system is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Such cardiovascular responses are seen more easily in juvenile hypertension or initial stage of essential hypertension. In the hypertensive patients after middle-age, organic changes will develop by the repeated pressure load to the cardiovascular system caused by various stimulations and the reactivity of cardiovascular system to stress becomes less manifest."
1152191,"CI, TPRI, PV, ECFV, Nae, PRA and a pressor response to NA and AT was measured before and after 1) sodium restriction and 2) spontaneous blood pressure fall (spontaneous fall) in the patients with essential hypertension and the following results were obtained. 1) CI did not change during sodium restriction and increased after spontaneous fall. TPRI was reduced and the degree of this reduction was positively correlated with that of blood pressure reduction under these two conditions. 2) Sodium restriction caused the decrease of PV, ECFV and Nae and the increase of PRA. The degree of the reduction of PV and Nae was positively correlated with that of blood pressure fall. After spontaneous fall, PV, ECFV and NAe  was increased and PRA did not change significantly. 3) A pressor response to NA and AT was depressed after one week of sodium restriction, and after 4 weeks the former returned to the basal response, while the latter was still reduced. NA response was correlated positively with basal Nae, ECFV and interstitielle fluid volume and negatively with basal PRA. AT response was negatively correlated with PRA before and during sodium restriction. No correlation was  observed, however, between the degree of reduction of blood pressure and that of the change in pressor response to NA or AT. After spontaneous fall, the response to NA was not reduced but increased. These results suggested that, although the fall in blood pressure under these experimental conditions was mediated by the reduction of TPRI, the changes in pressor response to NA and AT did not affect primarily the reduction of blood pressure."
1152192,"The selectively-bred substrains of spontaneously hypertensive rats with a greater vulnerability to vascular lesions rapidly developed arterial fat deposition within 1 or 2 weeks as well as a greater hypercholesterolemic response when fed on high fat cholesterol diet including 20% of suet, 5% of cholesterol and 2% of cholic acid. The ring-like arterial fat deposition at the branches of superior mesenteric arteries and cerebrobasal arteries, which was found to be good indices for the deposition of intrarenal or coronary arteries, was not observed in normotensive rats fed on high fat cholesterol diet for 3 months, greatly delayed in SHR under antihypertensive treatment and accelerated by 1% salt loading in drinking water. The horseradish peroxidase infused intravenously 1 to 4 hours before sacrifice leaked in ring-like forms which corresponded to the fat deposit in mesenteric arteries. The incorporation of 3H-proline infused 4 hours before sacrifice was enhanced in the mesenteric arteries with the fat deposition. These results clearly indicated that hypertension was a great contributory factor to rapid arterial fat deposition, which was caused by an increased vascular permeability and enhanced the arterial collagen formation, the initiation process of arterio- or atherosclerosis."
1152193,"The cerebrovascular permeability quantitatively determined by the retention of 131I-human albumin in the perfused brains was increased in SHR, especially in stroke-prone SHR compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto, and confirmed the macroscopical or microscopical findings on the leakage into the brain or trypan blue or peroxidase injected intravenously 2 to 3 hours before sacrifice. The localization of increased vascular permeability in SHR corresponded to the predilection sites of cerebral hemorrhage or softening, which developed likely following the increased cerebrovascular permeability."
1152194,"The offspring of male stroke-prone SHR, 80 in total, were divided into treated and nontreated groups at the age of 30 to 45 days. The former groups were treated with alpha-methyl dopa (2 g/l in the drinking water), or L-dopa (2 g/l) with or without peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK-486, 1-3 g/l) or apresoline (0.08 g/l) thereafter till they died a natural death during 1  and a half year observation period. So far as hypertension was controlled under about 210 mmHg, no stroke was observed, while nontreated group developed cerebrovascular lesions spontaneously in about 80 per cent. This study experimentally confirmed the importance of blood pressure control for the prevention of stroke."
1152196,"Eight patients with isolated ventricular septal defect and two patients with tetralogy of Fallot were studied by UCG. Two of these patients showed notchings and five showed flutterings on F-A portions of the anterior mitral leaflet echoes. Fluttering seemed to be recorded more frequently in patients with right-to-left shunts such as cyanotic tetralogy of Fallot. It was considered that these functional changes of mitral valve echoes during diastole would be caused by the direction and amounts of blood flow across the defect and the velocity and amounts of blood flow through the mitral valve. Fluttering of mitral valve echo during diastole may be observed in normal subjects or in patients with other cardiac abnormalities, such as aortic insufficiency, atrial fibrillation or flutter. Flutterings seen in ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot are, however, of low amplitudes and of high frequencies, and are observed mainly between F and A points."
1152198,"Intravenous (i.v.) injection of 0.1 mg/kg of ADP within one second in 13 rats caused a prompt drop in platelet count to 55.1 plus or minus 3.2% of the preinjection value with a statistical significance (p less than 0.01) at 30 seconds after the injection. At that time, mean arterial pressure and arterial PO2 decreased, while central venous pressure increased. Heart rate decreased with an appearance of sinus bradycardia and variable A-V block. Various respiratory effects such as shallow or slow respiration or apnea appeared. Such changes showed a tendency to recovery within 3 minutes. Splenectomy did not prevent these changes in 6 rats. In 6 thrombocytopenic and leukopenic rats treated with busulfan, these changes did not appear. Intra-arterial injection of the same amount of ADP induced almost no response. When ADP was injected twice 20 seconds apart in 10 rats, the second injection resulted in no effects or slight responses. In contrast, when 10 rats were injected twice 180 seconds apart, both the first and second injections showed the same effects on platelets and cardiopulmonary functions. The results suggests that the effects observed following I.V. ADP are probably due to transient obstruction of coronary and pulmonary microvessels by platelet aggregates. Reduced response following two successive injections may be due either to the reduced platelet count or to a refractory state induced by the first injection. ADP is probably rapidly metabolized in systemic microvascular beds."
1152293,"The effects of dipyridamole (Persantin) on the coronary blood flow (the great cardiac vein flow and coronary sinus ostial flow), the femoral arterial pressure, the coronary vascular resistance and the heart rate were measured continuously in man. The newly devised method of the continuous local thermodilution method enabled us to perform the exact measurement of the above mentioned variables in man. The increase of the coronary blood flow was seen definitely in the non-ischemic group and, therefore, the decrease in the coronary vascular resistance occurred in 30 sec and continued for more than 20 min. In the myocardial ischemic group, some patients showed the similar response to the non-ischemic group. However, some patients showed no increase of the flow, even though the coronary vascular resistance decreased in all cases in this group. The heart rate increased slightly in all cases."
1152294,"Fifteen patients with ventricular aneurysm were selected based on the following 3 criteria: 1) electrocardiographic evidence of old myocardial infarction, 2) presence of abnormal precordial impulse, 3) presence of dyskinesis or akinesis with diastolic bulging of the ventricular cavity by angiocardiogram. Eight patients had anterior left ventricular aneurysm and 7 apical aneurysm. The characteristic abnormal precordial impulse was diminished or absent A wave, pre-upstroke retraction, late systolic bulge, and diminished rapid filling wave, all of which were recorded over the restricted area of the broad precordial impulse. M-mode echocardiogram revealed increased or normal excursion of the posterior left ventricular wall. However, abnormal motion of the anterior left ventricular wall was detected in all, if the transducer was located over the abnormal precordial impulse or slightly inside of it. Compound M-mode echocardiographic scan toward the abnormal precordial impulse was able to detect asynergy of the anterior left ventricular wall and the apex, and distinguish it from motions of the interventricular septum and the anterior right ventricular wall. Abnormal motion of the anterior left ventricular wall was paradoxical in 13 patients and flat in the others. Systolic posterior mortion of the posterior left ventricular wall was detected in 2 patients with apical aneurysm. Cardiac ultrasonogram scanning over the abnormal precordial impulse demonstrated the bulging of the ventricular cavity in either systole or diastole depending on the site of lesion. There was a good correlation between cardiac ultrasonography and angiocardiography with respect to the site of lesion. Our study indicates that this method is useful in the diagnosis of anterior and apical aneurysm which ordinary technique failed to detect."
1152295,"The responses of blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to infusion of either angiotensin II (10 ng/Kg/min) or norepinephrine (100 ng/Kg/min) were observed in 25 patients with essential hypertension. The difference in modes of response between low renin essential hypertension and normal or high renin essential hypertension was analyzed. For comparison, 5 patients with Conn's syndrome, 4 with renovascular hypertension, and 5 normotensive subjects were also studied. Following infusion of antiotensin II the changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were +24+/-3.0 mmHg in low renin essential hypertension and +25+/-3.1 mmHg in normal or high renin essential hypertension in PRA -0.28+/-0.06 ng/ml/h in low renin essential hypertension and -0.69+/-0.02 mg/ml/h in order and in PAC +3.7+/-1.4 and +7.6+/-1.8 ng/100 ml respectively. There was a significant difference in magnitude of response in PRA between the 2 groups of essential hypertension (p  less than 0.05). Norepinephrine induced rise in DBP with decreases both in PRA and PAC. The mean changes in DPB were +6+/-1.4 mmHg in low renin essential hypertension and +16+/-2.2 mmHg in another and the pressor response in the later was significantly greater (p less than 0.01). The changes in PRA were -0.14+/-0.07 ng/ml/h in low renin essential hypertension and -0.67+/-0.26 ng/ml/h in normal or high renin essential hypertension, and in PAC -4.9+/-1.3 and -3.3+/-1.9 ng/100 ml respectively. The greater fall in PRA in normal or high renin essential hypertension was observed but the difference between the 2 groups of essential hypertension was not significant. The changes in PAC did not parallel the changes in PRA. Angiotensin II indcued essentially similar effects on blood pressure in both groups but the greater feedback inhibition of PRA was produced by this peptide in normal or high renin essential hypertension than in low renin essential hypertension. Norepinephrine induced significantly greater pressor effect in normal or high renin essential hypertension. The adopted dose of norepinephrine suppressed both PRA and PAC and a tendency to the greater fall in PRA was observed in normal or high renin essential hypertension. There was no difference in responses of PAC to both agents between the 2 groups of essential hypertension."
1152296,"Using the canine heart-lung preparation supported by a donor, the effects of ehtyl adenosine-5'-carboxylate (EAC) on the heart and coronary circulation were studied and compared with those of adenosine. EAC produced qualitatively similar effects to adenosine in this preparation. Aminophylline inhibited the effects of EAC as well as those of adenosine. Dipyridamole did not potentiate the effects of EAC, while it produced a definite potentiation of the effects of adenosine."
1152297,"Deviation of systolic time intervals (STI) from the regression lines obtained from 122 normal subjects was studied in 22 healthy adults (Group 1), 18 N.Y. functional class I cardiac patients (Group II) with ischemic (IHD) or primary myocardial disease (PMD), and 15 similar patients (pts) but N.Y. functional class II with prior heart failure (Group III). STIc (corrected for heart rate) were normal in Groups I and II. Supine exercise caused shortening of pre-ejection period PEPc and prolongation of left ventricular ejection time ETc in both groups. Group III pts had a significantly longer PEPc and shorter ETc at rest. Supine exercise caused further prolongation of PEPc and a slight prolongation of ETc in this group. In 8 mongrel dogs, the effect of controlled changes of hemodynamic variables on STI was studied with intact hearts and repeated after myocardial impairment has been induced by pentobarbital. Doubling of venous return while the heart was intact produced changes in STI similar to the effects of supine exercise in Groups I and II human subjects. With myocardial impairment, comparable increase in venous return had an effect on STI similar to the effect of supine exercise Group III patients. Controlled increase in each of heart rate or blood pressure, with other hemodynamic variables kept constant, produced changes in STI different from the effect of supine exercise on human subjects. The study suggests that the value of supine exercise induced changes in STI in reflecting left ventricular performance is attributable primarily to increased volume load. In this resepct supine exercise is probably superior to other forms of exercise in disclosing impaired left ventricular performance."
1152298,"Kidney extract from rats which were adrenalectomized and given tap water was dialyzed, salted out, ultrafiltrated or heated. A given dose of each extract or fractionized material was administered to uninephrectomized rats subcutaneously every 12 hours for 10 days. The relationship between renin content of each sample and final blood pressure level following repeated injections as an index of its hypertension-inducing potency was analyzed. There was no apparent discrepancy between the two of each sample. No evidence was obtained for the existence of other renal substance than renin which might be implicated in producing hypertension."
1152299,"1) Patients with myocardial infarction constituted 2.36% of all the hospitalized patients during 1961-1968. The mortality of the hospitalized patients with myocardial infarction during the same term was 19.1%. The ratio of the male to female patients with myocardial infarction was 5.2. 2) As the risk factors of myocardial infarction, the following items were considered to be of importance: 1. gout in past history, 2. angina pectoris in family history, 3. diabetes mellitus in family history, 4. cigaret smoking over 40 pieces per day, 5. diabetes mellitus in past history, 6. administrative occupation, 7. serum cholesterol level over 250 mg/100 ml, 8. obesity of 20% excess over standard body weight, 9. hypertension in family history. 3) According to the statistical analysis, several groups of risk factors and interrelationship of risk factors are recognized."
1152300,"A family of Holt-Oram syndrome is reported. Twenty of 41 living members in the last 3 generations were examined. The propositus expressed typically the cardinal features of this syndrome: atrial septal  defect, patent ductus arteriosus, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction block of various types, and hypoplasia of the left thumb. Two individuals were clinically diagnosed to have atrial septal defect without any upper limb anomaly, and 3 showed upper limb anomaly without any sign of congenital heart disease. Other 5 members showed only minor abnormalities, such as funnel chest or mild right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG and VCG. Some of the skeletal abnormalities observed were hitherto undescribed ones. These include generalized hypoplasia of left hand and downward displacement of right sterno-clavicular joint."
1152301,"Local footpad infection in mouse was investigated with 55 clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus. When 10(7) viable cells were inoculated into the footpad, local swelling and bacterial growth resulted after 24 hr. With a dose of 10(6) cells, moderate swelling was observed after a few hours but the reaction had almost disappeared after 24 hr. About 75% of the staphylococcal strains tested caused footpad edema in mice at doses of 10(7) cells. A statistical comparison of the virulence of the organisms on intravenous and intraperitoneal injection with that in inducing footpad swelling is also reported."
1152302,"Giant axons of crayfish were excitable in sodium-free external media containing hydrazinium, hydroxylamine, or guanidinium ions. Action potentials in these solutions were slightly smaller in size and a little longer in duration than those in standard Harreveld's solution. The resting potential was not affected in hydrazine or in hydroxylamine saline, but decreased in gaunidine saline. The membrane potential at the peak of the spike (V) was plotted against the univalent cation concentrations in the external medium. The relationship could be expressed by an equation: V = VO + (RT/F) ln ([Na] + alpha[C]), where VO and alpha are constants and [Na] and [C] are concentrations of sodium ions and the tested cations, respectively. The parameter alpha was considered as an indicator to express the ability of substitution of the cation for sodium ion. The order of the ability of the substitution was Hydroxylamine greater than Hydrazinium greater than Guanidinium greater than Choline."
1152303,"Thermoregulatory responses in four male adult Japanese macaques and four male adult crab-eating macaques, weighing 6-12 kg and 6.2-8 kg, respectively, were compared at ambient temperatures (Ta) ranging from 5 degrees C to 25 degrees C. The average values +/- S.E. for some physiological measurements made at Ta of 25 degrees C in the Japanese macaque and the crab-eating macaque, respectively, were as follows: resting metabolic rate; 47.6 +/- 5.0 and 42.5 +/- 1.7 W/M2; tissue conductance; 11.9 +/- 0.8 and 8.9 +/- 0.8 W/M2/degrees C; respiratory evaporative heat loss; 4.1 +/- 0.3 and 3.2 +/- 0.5 W/M2; rectal temperature; 38.6 +/- 0.1 and 37.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C; mean skin temperature; 34.0 +/- 0.3 and 31.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C. When Ta was lowered stepwise from 25 degrees C to 20, 15, 10, and 5 degrees C successively, and maintained constant at each temperature level for 1 hr, metabolic heat production graudually increased in both species. Whe Ta was lowered from 10 degrees C to 5 degrees C, the crab-eating macaque did not show further increase in heat production and the result was a loss of thermal equilibrium with rectal temperature continuing to fall. On the other hand, the Japanese macaque maintained thermal balance even at Ta of 5 degrees C. Tissue conductance, which was significantly higher in the Japanese macaque than in the crab-eating macaque at Ta of 5, 15, and 25 degrees C, decreased in both species at Ta was lowered from 25 degrees C to 15 and 5 degrees C. The specific differences in thermo-regulatory responses are considered to be adaptational, relative to the natural habitat of thw two species studied."
1152304,"A comparative investigation of the longitudinal and circular muscles in the pregnant rat uterus (10-15 days) was made by means of electrical and mechanical recordings. The response of the circular muscle strip was characterized in the following respects: application of stretch caused acceleration of spontaneous activity that was greater in extent than in the longitudinal muscle strip; tetanic contraction was not produced by repetitive stimuli in the range of 0.1-5 Hz; slow potential was dominant in the circular muscle cells. The longitudinal contraction of the uterine segment occurred in synchronization with the change in the intraluminal pressure. Either the longitudinal stretch or the increase in the intraluminal volume caused the acceleration of synchronized activity. Stimulation of the longitudinal muscle caused membrane response in the circular muscle cells and vice versa, suggesting electrical interference between longitudinal and circular muscle cells."
1152305,"In an attempt to determine the functional role of the component broad white and narrow red fibre types during activity, the pectroalis muscle of the adult pigeon (Columba livia) was electrically stimulated in situ after anaesthetizing the birds with sodium pentobarbital. For examination of the effect of short term exercise, the pectoral muscle of one side was stimulated through the innervating brachial plexus, using an electronic stimulator for 1 hr, and a biopsy sample was taken from the stimulated muscle. The stimulation was resumed for 17 hr more with additional doses of anaesthesia, and a muscle sample was taken after the decapitation of the birds in the long term experiment. Muscle samples from non-stimulated pigeons under identical conditions served as control. Fixed and frozen sections were made from the samples and were stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff's reagent for the demonstration of glycogen, while additional frozen muscle sections were stained with Fettrot 7B according to Pearse, A.G.E. (1960) for the demonstration of neutral lipids in the specimen. Thus histochemical examinations were made to study effects of short and long term exercises on energy stores in skeletal muscles. Short-term stimulation resulted in a selective depletion of intracellular glycogen stores from white fibre populations whereas prolonged long term stimulation resulted in the resynthesis of glycogen within these fibres and a concomitant reduction in the intracellular fat and glycogen reserves in most red fibres. It is postulated that during flight the white fibres indulge only in brief bursts of intense phasic activity such as in quick take-off, rapid accelerations or sudden manoeuvres and utilize glycogen as fuel whereas the red fibres perform sustained activity as in cruising flight and metabolize chiefly fat."
1152306,"A new reaction apparatus combining a microscope and a photometric device was developed for kinetic studies of a single red cell. A monolayer of red cells was placed in a closed reaction cuvette set on a microscope stage, a light beam of 5 to 10 mum in diameter was directed into one of the red cells, and the light transmission change in the cell was analyzed. The light beam with a wavelength range shorter than 460 nm was made by placing a narrow iris diaphragm in the light path. The space in the cuvette prevented the red cells from drying thereby providing favorable physiological conditions during measurements. The cuvette was filled with reagent gas mixtures of O2, CO2, and N2 which came in contact with the red cells. Transmission change due to the reaction was detected separately at two wavelengths of 418 and 402 nm by means of two photomultipliers mounted on the microscope. The linearity was tested by comparison between SO2 measured with a Van-Slyke apparatus and the microphotometer. Both SO2 measurements agreed well with each other, but the latter was about 3% greater than the former at around 50% SO2. Using this apparatus the oxygenation and deoxygenation velocities were measured over an entire O2-saturation range. The velocity factors showed good agreement with those obtained by using conventional flow methods."
1152307,"Pharmacological and biochemical properties were investigated on deamino-dicarba-[Gly-7]-oxytocin (Y-5350). This is a newly developed compound, in which the disulfide bond and [Pro-7] of deamino-oxytocin are substituted by an ethylene linkage and glycine respectively. Bioassayed Y-5350 exhibited 202.6 u/mg of oxytocic activity, 4.6 u/mg of avian depressor activity, 441.2 u/mg of rat milk-ejecting activity and 0.02 u/mg of rat antidiuretic activity, however, adepressor activity was also evident in rats. In particular, the diuration of antidiuretic activity was short. Moreover, the oxytocic activity in pregnant rats and rabbits was weak in comparison with oxytocin. Cumulative dose-response studies were carried out on the isolated rat uterus using van Dyke-Hasting solution. The intrinsic activity was the same level as that of oxytocin, and the pD2 value was 8.62. Oxytocic activity was much enhanced by the existence of 0.5 or 2mM magnesium ion in vitro. However, the agreement between in vivo and in vitro oxytocic activity was not complete when assay was carried out in the prescence of 2 mM magnesium ion. Oxytocin was inactivated by the serum of pregnant women. In the experiment using rats, oxytocin was also destroyed by the extracts of uterus, kidney and liver. In contrast, Y-5350 was not destroyed by any of the enzyme solutions mentioned above."
1152308,"Ascofuranone, a fungal metabolite, significantly reduced serum lipid levels, when orally administered to male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol rich diet. The treatment also resulted in a marked reduction of hepatic and cardiac cholesterol contents without affecting the body weight gain. The serum albumin/globulin ratio increased significantly in the treated rats. This increase is presumably due to the decrease of beta-lipoprotein. The mode of action differentiates from clofibrate in so far as the former effectively prevents hepatic and cardiac cholesterol deposits in the cholesterol feeding rats."
1152309,"Phospholipid metabolism in inflamed tissue of the mouse skin which had been induced by the application of 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), croton oil, or irradiation of ultraviolet rays was examined, and it was found that phospholipid levels had increased in theinflamed tissues. In the case of ultraviolet rays, the increase was temporary, and the level returned to that of control after 3 or 4 days. In the case of DNCB or croton oil, the level increased after a decrease for a short period. The pattern of the increase between physical and chemical irritation was different. Increase of incorporation of 32-P into phospholipid in inflamed tissue was examined, and it was observed that the level reached a maximum after one day. It is thus assumed that phospholipid plays an important role in the mechanism of inflammation."
1152310,"The interaction of the junction potentials in response to ortho- and antidromic hypogastric nerve stimulation in mouse vas deferens was studied, using an extracellular recording method. Ortho-dromic repetitive hypogastric nerve stimulation (10 Hz, 5 min) simultaneously depressed the amplitude of the junction potentials in response to both ortho- and anti-dromic hypogastric nerve stimulation (post-te-tanic depression). No time-lag in recovery from the post-tetanic depression was observed between the junction potentials recorded from two separate electrodes, indicating that the proximodistal axonal flow of available transmitter was not involved in the recovery process. Double shocks, with intervals from 10 msec to 1 sec, were applied to the hypogastric nerve. The junction potentials in response to ortho- and ortho-dromic or anti- and anti-dromic double shock were markedly facilitated. On the contrary, the junction potentials in response to ortho- and anti-dromic double shocks were not facilited. The findings indicate that facilitation of the junction potentials is produced by the impulses propagated in the same direction along the terminal axon and also that the origin of the facilitation may be at a pre-junctional site."
1152314,"The study investigated effects of a puppet presentation on anxiety levels of hospitalized children as measured by the Palmar Sweat Index (PSI); Subjects were 43 children, ages 5-8 years inclusive, allocated randomly to treatment and nontreatment groups. Treatment consisted of a puppet show designed to familiarize patients with hospital routines and with procedures of their operations. Four PSI measures were collected from each subject, and average difference scores of individuals among all measures were compared. Analyses of variance were used to test mean differences with data categorized by treatment, by sex, and by interaction of sex and treatment, The treatment was associated with a significant reduction in anxiety from the time of admission to both (1) the period immediately after the puppet show, and (2) the evening after surgery. In the interim, the measure of anxiety returned to near the level at admission."
1152317,"Simultaneous measurements of Pb-B, Pb-U, chelatable lead, ALA-U and EP have been made in a group a asymptomatic children with increased lead absorption. Although the group is small, the results are internally consistent and show linear dose-effect relationships between Pb-U and chelatable lead (indicators of dose) and ALA-U and EP (indicators of lead's effect on heme synthesis). The data show, however, that Pb-B in a rather narrow range (48-68 mug Pb) is not a reliable indicator of the internal dose of lead. These results, as well as others, raise questions concerning the validity of relying exclusively on Pb-B in the clinical management of groups such as young children in old houses and lead-exposed workmen who are at increased risk for plumbism; The results suggest that chelatable lead is most closely related to lead's inhibitory effect on heme synthesis and that, biologically, it may serve as the best ""chemical biopsy"" of soft tissue lead concentration; A simple AAS method for measureing chelatable lead in urine is described; A new wet digestion technique which is compatible with ASV is also described. EP is apparently a better predictor of chelatable lead than Pb-B. Micro tests for EP, especially the zinc protoporphyrin fraction, are simple and highly useful in monitoring long-term trends in soft tissue levels in individual patients."
1152342,"In four women with cyclical oedema related to the menstrual cycle, weight, leg volume, urinary excretion of sodium, aldosterone and oestrogens, plasma concentrations of progesterone, angiotensin II and plasma renin activity were measured at intervals during 4 weeks while they were taking a fixed sodium diet. In another patient, regular biphasic changes in weight and basal body temperature, disappearing after ovariectomy, were demonstrated. Changes in weight (varying between 3.5 and 5.5 kg) with corresponding changes in sodium balance were observed. In three patients, the maximum weight occurred in the second half, and in the other patient in the first half of the menstrual cycle. Plasms renin activity was in the normal range in all patients. It tended to rise when weight fell and vice versa. Aldosterone excretion behaved similarly and seems to be related to plasma progesterone in three patients. Orthostatic increase in leg volume did not significantly correlate with change in early morning weight. Thus, renin, aldosterone and orthostatic pooling of plasma fluid did not seem to be of primary importance in the pathogenesis of oedema in these patients. Oestrogen excretion in the luteal phase of the cycle was abnormally low in two patients; both had premenstrual oedema. In none of the patients could sodium retention be explained by excessive oestrogen and/or diminished progesterone production."
1152345,"In normal man synthetic somatostatin inhibits the growth hormone response to intravenous administration of endotoxin (Piromen), but exerts no influence on cortisol plasma levels. Endotoxin-induced leukocytosis in blood is significantly reduced by somatostatin. Plasma levels of insulin and the blood sugar in man receiving endotoxin are firstly reduced in a significant manner and then increasing to normal values during somatostatin infusion."
1152346,"The aim of this study was to determine the half-life of beta-acetyl digoxin in plasma after cessation of its continous oral application. 18 healthy male volunteers received 0.4 mg p.o. of beta-acetyl digoxin daily for a period of 14 days. Plasma glycoside concentrations were measured up to 108 hours after the last application utilizing a 86Rb-erythrocyte assay. Mean plasma digoxin concentration 12 hours after the alst dose was -x=1.05 ng/ml, sx=0.301. Mean half-life in plasma was 55.8 hours (sx=21.7). This corresponds to a mean daily elimination rate of abour 25.8%. These results are in good agreement with the 20% loss of effect on the heart as reported in the literature."
1152351,"Intramuscular administration of 250 mg testosterone oenanthate per week over a period of 21 weeks treatment rapidly and sustainedly suppressed serum LH as well as FSH levels in seven normal males, while serum testosterone rose by a factor of approximately two. These together with other data provide increasing evidence for a feedback control of FSH secretion by gonadal steroids in the male in addition to the already described but as yet undefined tubular testicular factor."
1152355,"The unbound fraction of diphenylhydantoin is inversely correlated with the patient's serum albumin concentration and can be accurately estimated graphically without binding analyses.  The data for this relationship was obtained from a study in which we observed that the unbound fraction of diphenylhydantoin was two times higher in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.  However, in these patients it was not necessary to diminish the dosage since the absolute concentration of unbond drug was unchanged due to a compensatory increase in the apparent volume of distribution and plasma clearance."
1152416,"Dog cages with solid and expanded metal flooring were tested while unoccupied, occupied by a 10-kg adult male beagle, and occupied by simulated loads to represent a beagle and a greyhound. Cage performances were evaluated with no direct coupling between the room air supply and the cage, and with mechanical coupling of 50% and 100% of the room air supplied directly to the cage. At each of these conditions, the room was maintained at approximately 24 degrees C and 45% relative humidity with room air exchange rates of 5, 10, and 15 changes per hr. Results indicated significant differences existed in dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures between the cage and the room. These differences, together with significant vertical gradients of air velocity and dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures within the cage were shown to be affected by room air exchange rate, cage flooring, type of coupling, and cage load."
1152417,"Postlactational estrus occurred in the opossum 6-17 da (mean 10.08 +/- 3.2da) after sucklings were removed from the pouch 1-60 da postpartum. This estrus occurred somewhat earlier in females whose young were removed later than 24 hr postpartum, rather than within the first 24 hr. Thirteen litters (37% conception) resulted from 35 initial attempts at breeding during postlactational estrus. Three of 5 females conceived when litters were removed twice in succession. The tendency forindividual females to bear large or small litters was sustained regardless of conventional or postlactational breeding. Continual rebreeding of the opossum after removal of nursing young may increase the yield of known age neonates for experimental purposes."
1152418,"Mice of 4 strains, C57BL/6J, CD2F1(BALB/cCum female times DBA/2Cum male), BRVR/SrCr and BSVS/SrCr, were monospecifically infested with an equal number of Myobia musculi. A single skin field (7mm diam) in the dorsal midline slightly posterior to the eyes was used for periodic observation of mite populations. Mite counts were made by direct microscopic examination of the skin field at 10-da intervals. Data were obtained on mice thus infested and observed for 130 da. Between-strain comparisons differed significantly in the number of Myobia maintained in all cases except between BRVR and BSVS strains. Factors bearing on heritable differences in susceptibility were discussed."
1152419,"During a 23-mo period approximately 600 litters and 2,500 offspring were produced in a laboratory colony established with wild-trapped deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii). The incidence of pregnancy and size of litters increased with domestication. Average litter size was 4.3 for all litters and 4.1 and 4.7 for litters born to wild-trapped and first generation females, respectively. Litter size increased up to the seventh sequential pregnancy for both wild-caught and first-generation females and then tapered off. In all litters more males were born than females. The departure from a 1:1 ratio was significant for the combined data and for litters of first-generation females, but not for litters of wild-caught females."
1152420,"A spontaneous case of true lateral hermaphroditism was observed in one of approximately 1000 necropsies of 12-wk-old female C3Hf-Wg mice (a substrain of C3H/He). Both the right ovary and abdominal left testis were functional as evidenced by the presence of oocytes in graffian follicles and spermatocytes maturing on sertoli cells. Both gonads communicated, the ovary via an oviduct and normal right uterine horn and the testis via an epididymus and vas deferens, with a vagina which ended in a blind pouch and was filled with squamous debris."
1152421,An outbreak of mycotic encephalitis occurred in rats 15-31 da old. Eight of 170 rats born within a 2-wk period had histologically proven mycotic encephalitis with the characteristics of phycomycosis (mucormycosis). No mycotic lesions were seen in the lungs or organs other than the brain.
1152422,"A simple apparatus was designed for simultaneous general anesthesia of a number of small laboratory animals with spontaneous respiration. Anesthesia is consistent over many hr. The apparatus consists of an oxygen tank and vaporizer, a glass distribution bottle, and a non-return circuit of separate inspiratory and expiratory valves for each animal. The equipment is inexpensive to construct and can be rapidly adjusted for exact control of gas flow and anesthetic depth."
1152423,"A compact system was designed for weighing procedures in toxicological studies on small animals that integrated 4 basic functions: data acquistion, record keeping, statistical analysis, and report preparation. An electric balance, a minicomputer, and a typewriter were incorporated into the system. Elimination of clerical work and accelerated flow of information between planning, operation, and evaluation of experiments were found to be the main advantages."
1152424,"The hematologic development of Japanese quail was studied as a function of time through the first 49 hr post-hatching. Packed cell volumes, hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as differential percentages of lymphocytes, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were determined. Additionally, the mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobins, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were calculated. Of particular interest are the increasing mean corpuscular volume and the increasing number of erythrocytes which were observed as the birds aged. Between the 13th and 19th hr after hatching, an almost 2-fold increase in the erythrocyte number was detected with a concomitant decrease in the mean corpuscular volume. These findings indicate that the state of the hematologic system in quail is highly dependent on the stage of post-embryonic maturation."
1152430,"The rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder is a vascular organ in which arterial andvenous capillaries alternate in regular fashion.  The endothelium of the arterial capillaries is high, whereas that of the  venous capillaries is thin and fenestrated.  Endothelial cells and pericytes are the only cells found in the rete.  A tubular systemin the arterial endothelial cells is connected with the organelles.  The basal laminaeof both capillaries are similiar to those of mammalian capillaries of the same type.  They present three layers of different electron density and have a high fibrillar pattern.A fine fibrillar material and dense fibrils appear in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in large vacuoles of endothelial cells and pericytes: these cells areapparently involved in the synthesis of their lamina.  Since the rete mirable ofthe eel swimbladder is a pure vascular preparation, it is most useful for the study of themorphology, the permeability, and the metabolism of the endothelial cells and for the analysis of the chemical structure of their basil laminae."
1152431,"Large amounts of basal laminae material can be extracted by sonic disruption from the capillary tissue of the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder.  The extracted basil laminae material has the same fibrillar pattern as that found in the intact tissue.  Thechemical composition is similiar to that of other basil laminae isolated from tissues inmammals, with high content of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and hydroxylysine.  The mono- and disaccharide units linked to the hydroxylysine are also present.  Of all the pathways of glucose utilization, the 'C-glucose incorporation into the basallamina glycoproteins is the most sensitive to the medium glucose concentration.  The glucosyltransferase activity seems stimulated to a plateau value of saturation when the medium glucose concentration is raised from 5 to 20 mm.  The 'C-labeled amino acid incorporation into the basal laminae glycoproteins is not affected bythe medium glucose concentration.  The results obtained in this study allow for a hypothesis which links the biochemical, morphologic, and functional properties of various typesof basal laminae in normal and hyperglycemic conditions."
1152464,"The temperature-dependent dissociation of neutral salt-soluble collagen into its component chains was measured in 0.6-1.6 M urea solutions at pH 7.3. The temperature-dependent association of the same radioactively labeled collagen into fibers was measured in 0-0.4 M urea solutions, pH 7.3. The effect of urea on the temperature, Tm(G), for half dissociation into chains was small, and the value extrapolated to zero urea concentration was 39 degrees C. In contrast, the effect of urea on the temperature, Tm(F), for half association into fibers was large, and the value at zero urea concentration was 30 degrees C. We conclude that while body temperature provides excellent conditions for the matching of collagen chains to form molecules, the conditions are not optimal for the formation of highly ordered fibers. The large effects of 0.1 M urea suggest that other factors in vivo may help to destabilize mismatched molecular association during fiber growth. Alternately this might be facilitated by parts of the extension peptides of procollagen."
1152465,"The protein products of at least 21 phage genes are needed for the formation of the tail of bacteriophage T4. Cells infected with amber mutants defective in these genes are blocked in the assembly process. By characterizing the intermediate structures and unassembled proteins accumulating in mutant-infected cells, we have been able to delineate most of the gene-controlled steps in tail assembly. Both the organized structures and unassembled proteins serve as precursors for in vitro tail assembly. We review here studies on the initiation, polymerization, and termination of the tail tube and contractile sheath and the genetic control of these processes. These studies make clear the importance of the baseplate; if baseplate formation is blocked (by mutation) the tube and sheath subunits remain essentially unaggregated, in the form of soluble subunits. Seventeen of the 21 tail genes specify proteins involved in baseplate assembly. The genes map contiguously in two separate clusters, one of nine genes and the other of eight genes. Recent studies show that the hexagonal baseplate is the end-product of two independent subassembly pathways. The proteins of the first gene cluster interact to form a structure which probably represents one-sixth of the outer radius. The products of the other gene cluster interact to form the central part of the baseplate. Most of the phage tail precursor proteins appear to be synthesized in a nonaggregating form; they are converted to a reactive form upon incorporation into preformed substrate complexes, without proteolytic cleavage. Thus reactive sited are limited to growing structures."
1152466,"The porcine neurotubule and its basic subunit were found to be modified in vitro by iodination of amino acids (principally tyrosine) using lactoperoxidase. Iodide ion, H2O2, or lactoperoxidase singly or in any pairwise combination had virtually no effect on neurotubules. However, when all three reagents were present, permitting covalent iodination, it was found that at 0.1 iodotyrosines per tubulin dimer the microtubules unravel to form structures which morphologically resemble strands of protofilaments twisted or wound around each other. These abnormal tubules are stable at room temperature and 4 degrees C. Both monomers of tubulin are labeled to approximately the same extent. Iodinated tubulin (0.1 iodotyrosines/dimer) is unable to assemble in vitro under normal assembly conditions. Heavily iodinated microtubules (8 iodines per tubulin dimer) are similar in morphology to the slightly iodinated structures."
1152467,"Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination selectively labels the two glycoproteins (VP1 and VP2) of Newcastle disease virus. The low-molecular-weight, nonglycosylated major viral protein, VP6, was not iodinated in the intact virus but was iodinated in disrupted virions, suggesting a localization on the inner, rather than the outer, envelope surface. Studies on the distribution of virion proteins labeled with 125-I and 3-H-isoleucine between detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions show that the virion proteins VP4, VP5, and VP6 are solubilized to a much lesser extent than are VP1 and VP2."
1152468,"To reveal the presence of rhodopsin on the surface of the mouse retina, a scanning electron microscope study of the immunolabeling of rhodopsin was attempted. The glutaraldehyde-fixed mouse retina was treated first with rabbit antibodies specific against bovine rhodopsin and then with hemocyanin-labeled goat antibodies specific against rabbit antibody. The distribution of hemocyanin label on mouse retina and the technique used for labeling are discussed."
1152469,"Fluorescent polymers were obtained by oxidizing partly emulsified linolenic acid with different oxidants. The speed of formation of polymers differed for the various oxidants, and the difference was not a simple function of the oxidation potential. The speed of polymerization also depended on the nature of the emulsion. The presence of egg albumen in the emulsion enhanced polymer formation with all oxidants. When the oxidants used are arranged in the order of decreasing speed of polymer formation, the order is different in the presence of albumen from what it is in the absence of albumen. With different oxidation catalysts most antioxidants and amino acids tested enhanced polymerization. In oxidation with ferric ions, with K-dichromate, and without added oxidants the only antioxidants which delayed polymerization were ""inhibitors."" ""Retarders"" enhanced polymerization. With KMnO4 slight delay was caused by some retarders. The findings indicate that not only oxidation catalysts, but also proteins, amino acids, and antioxidants enhance polymerization. The possibility is suggested that in animal cells lipid pigment formation might represent a mechanism for neutralizing free radicals."
1152470,"Bovine cerebral white matter homogenates were oxidized by various oxidizing solutions of equal molarity and subsequently extracted with water. Most of the oxidants tested (K-dichromate, FeCL3, H2O2, O2, and chloroperbenzoic, ascorbic, performic, and periodic acids) rendered the various myelin constituents less extractable than the constituents of unoxidized control homogenates. KMnO4, and to a lesser degree hemoglobin, rendered myelin constituents more extractable with water than those of the control homogenates. The findings indicate that most of the oxidants produced stabilization of the lamellar pattern, probably through cross-linking and polymerization. KMnO4 and hemoglobin caused labilization and breakdown of the membranous structure. Proof that stabilization of membranes is caused by some oxidants and that fragmentation occurs by the action of KMnO4 and hemoglobin was obtained by the light scattering technique and by electron microscopy of the oxidized homogenates. Evidence obtained indicated that formation of hydrophobic end groups during oxidation favors polymerization, while prevalence of hydrophilic groups is associated with fragmentation."
1152471,"Modern testing of pancreatic function and the diagnosis of pancreatic disease is facilitated by the addition of augmented stimulus to the standard stimulus used in secretin testing. The combined standard-augmented secretin test protocol enables not only diagnosis using the classical patterns of secretion (qualitative and quantitative defects), but also permits delineation of secretory capacity. In the abnormal patient, the augmented test increases the defect in the characteristic diagnostic parameter. Thus, there is fixation of flow in pancreatic cancer and fixation of bicarbonate in pancreatic inflammation."
1152472,"Ten unusual cases of parotid tumors are added to the literature from a series of 318 consecutive parotidectomies. These 10 cases are: 3 branchial cleft cysts; a lipoma; a lymphangioma; a hemangiopericytoma; a Boeck sarcoid; a metastasizing basal cell carcinoma; a lymphoma of the parotid; and a metastatic adenocarcinoma from the left breast to the right parotid. The lymphoma, Case 1, is also an example of some other cranial nerve taking over the function of the facial nerve when it is destroyed in early childhood. Though most tumors of the parotid gland are of the mixed type, many suprising findings are possible. The pathology report may be the first clue to a hidden systemic disease."
1152473,"Presently there are six clinical staging systems in use for carcinoma of the penis. We propose a method which compares these systems by means of a check list type of format. With the aid of this device, any penile carcinoma can readily be staged in terms of all six systems. Advantages of multiple system staging include comparing series of patients which have been discussed only in terms of a single staging system and selecting the appropriate therapeutic modality in terms of the stage of disease."
1152474,"The following is a discussion of dyspareunia and its role as an aid to diagnosing pelvic neoplasms. The great majority of cases of dysparenia are psychosomatic in origin, and in a large proportion of the remaining cases, painful coitus is an indicator of benign problems. Nevertheless, painful coitus is a symptom which requires careful pelvic examination to rule out the possibility of pelvic neoplasm and to discover treatable causes of dyspareunia."
1152491,"The range of emission from 42-K was shown, in a model experiment, to be suited to scanning with a detector positioned on the surface of the heart after intravenous injection of the isotope. This finding was verified by comparing surface counts with the activity of transmural samples of underlying tissue. Two groups of dogs were studied. In Group A, dogs with left ventricular scars produced by the agar injection technique were given 42-K 24 hours before study. In Group B, normal dogs were given 42-K immediately after ligation of a coronary artery branch. In Group A, localized counting clearly delineated scar from surrounding normal myocardium, and the values were 39 per cent of normal. When more 42-K was given, low flow in scar was indicated by markedly reduced uptake. In Group B, counts over the acutely ischemic area were as low as 20 per cent of normal. Thus, the possibility of differentiating scarred from normal myocardium was shown. Moreover, the results suggest that ischemic but still viable areas that may be suitable for revascularization can be assessed by application of the method."
1152492,"A 9 year review of patients who underwent replacement of the aortic valve with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis indicates that the operative mortality rate for aortic valve replacement continues to decline. Thromboembolic complications have been markedly lessened in newer model valves. Surgical therapy is no longer seriously questioned as the appropriate management for symptomatic aortic valvular disease. The large majority of patients who survive surgery can expect to be rehabilitated to a highly functional existence, with longevity not unlike that of the general population. The Starr-Edwards prosthesis is a very satisfactory prosthesis for replacement of the aortic valve."
1152493,"Experiences with primary closure of the pericardium in a series of 100 patients undergoing open-heart operations are described. The pericardium was kept under tension during the operation to minimize shrinkage and permit closure at the end of the procedure. In 28 patients one pleural space was opened for drainage, whereas in 72 patients intra- and extrapericardial sumps alone were used for drainage. Measurements of sump drainage revealed that most postoperative bleeding originates from outside the pericardium. There were no instances of cardiac tamponade although 19 patients lost more than 1 L. of blood after operation and 5 required reoperation for hemorrhage. Transpleural drainage tubes were shown to be ineffective and in addition were associated with a fourfold increase in postcardiotomy syndrome and a significantly greater frequency of pleural effusion and atelectasis when compared to the use of mediastinal sump drainage alone. We have concluded that closing the pericardium and using mediastinal sump drainage minimizes the risk of cardiac tamponade and allows early localization of the site of postoperative bledding. Another advantage of pericardial closure and drainage is that postoperative adhesions and postcardiotomy syndrome will be less significant. As a consequence the danger of injuring the heart in a subsequent operation is lessened."
1152494,"Since January, 1972, the authors have operated upon 4 patients with idiopathic diffuse exophageal spasm. Clinical details and barium studies are included. Extramucosal myotomy extending from the gastric fundus to the aortic arch was done in each case. Pre- and postoperative manometric studies were carried out in all. After operation in each patient the dysphagia and substernal pain disappeared and in 3 patients radiological patterns changed. The myotomy was associated with marked fall of contractile wave pressures in the body of esophagus. The basal pressures of the esophageal body elevated, in 2 cases fell after the myotomy; in 2 with normal preoperative pressure it remained unchanged. At the lower esophageal sphincter the resting and yield pressures remained similar to the preoperative readings but the myotomy produced a disappearance of the relaxation and contraction pressure. The authors conclude that with myotomy they cannot correct the nature of the functional disorder but, by reducing the amplitude of the waves and lowering the resting pressure if elevated, they can relieve the patient's symptoms."
1152495,"Ten puppies underwent deep hypothermia with surface cooling and bypass cooling. They were subjected to circulatory arrest for 30 minutes and then were rewarmed by means of bypass. There were 5 control puppies and 5 for which a Swank filter was placed in the arterial perfusion line. All puppies had some degree of lung damage, but it was more severe in those in which perfused blood was not filtered. The damage involved the lung vessels, interstitial tissue, and alveoli. Platelet-fibrin aggregates and margination and sequestration of leukocytes appeared to be important pathological findings. Apparently, the Swank blood filter protects the lung by removing leukocytes and damaged platelets from the circulation."
1152496,"The first case report of an adenoacanthoma of the endometrium with metastasis to the trachea is presented. Successful resection with primary anastomosis was done, followed by external radiotherapy. The patient has been followed for 3 years to date with no evidence of recurrence. A brief discussion of this tumor is given."
1152497,"This report presents a case of severe dysfunction of an improved Model 104 Beall valve secondary to disc wear. This type of valve failure may be extremely difficult to detect by auscultation, echocardiography, or fluoroscopic examination. Prosthesis failure with resulting mitral insufficiency should be considered in any patient with a Teflon disc Beall mitral valve in whom there is unexplained clinical deterioration."
1152498,"The pulmonary artery of anesthetized dogs was constricted until right ventricular failure occurred (decreased cardiac output and aortic blood pressure; elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure). Coronary blood flow distribution was measured by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter and radioactive microspheres. With moderate levels of pulmonary stenosis (right ventricular pressure to 60 per cent of systemic pressure), right ventricular coronary flow increased (30 per cent, p smaller than 0.01) despite a significant fall in right ventricular driving pressure (aorto-right atrial pressure). Right ventricular failure occurred when right ventricular coronary flow did not increase sufficiently to meet raised oxygen requirements. Opening a pulmonary-systemic shunt during right ventricular failure increased pulmonary blood flow but lowered coronary driving pressure further, as blood was diverted into the lungs through the low-resistance fistula. Consequently, right ventricular coronary flow fell 50 per cent (p smaller than 0.01) and right ventricular failure with pulmonary stenosis resulted in a 362 per cent (p smaller than 0.01) increase in right coronary flow plus improved cardiac output. We made the following conclusions: (1) Right ventricular failure with pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum is due to inadequate right ventricular blood flow to meet raised oxygen demands; (2) opening a pulmonary-systemic shunt may potentiate this failure and exaggerate ischemia by lowering coronary driving pressure and reducing right ventricular coronary flow."
1152502,"A new radioisotopic pulse generator has been developed. It is 6 cm. long, 4.7 cm. high, 1.92 cm. wide, and weighs 61 Gm. (2 oz.). It is the smallest pulse generator made and has a life expectancy of over 20 years. The circuit is a conventional ventricular-inhibited (V.V.I.) type. In vitro testing has passed all Atomic Energy Commission requirements. The present study is concerned with in vivo testing of the complete pacemaker system, by means of both myocardial and endocranial electrodes, in 20 dogs with and without induced heart block. Extensive testing for electromagnetic compatability was carried out on 1 animal with induced heart block and a special, fast-rate pulse generator. Based on studies to date, the Atomic Energy Commission has issued a license for limited clinical trial which has already begun at the collaborating institutions."
1152503,"This report presents a 15 year review of the surgical treatment of 9 patients with congenital mitral stenosis seen at the Columbus Children's Hospital. The over-all mortality rate was 45 per cent. Seven patients had associated lesions, mostly coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus. In the planning of the operative procedure, distal obstructive lesions of the left heart should generally be relieved first. The mitral valve should be explored with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and the anatomic type of the valve determined. Type I valves will often respond to open valvulotomy, whereas Type II and III valves must be replaced."
1152504,"Blood coagulation screening profiles were performed in 512 patients who underwent open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Severe coagulation disorders were found in 29 (5.6 per cent) patients. The most common abnormalities were low one-stage prothrombin time (PT) activities and impaired whole blood clot retractions. In the majority of patients the discrepancy between low PT's and normal or only slightly depressed factor II, V, VII, and X activities was explained by the presence of an inhibitor of the extrinsic system. Eight patients demonstrated the heparin rebound phenomenon but only 1 bled excessively. The pattern of severe hepatic dysfunction was found in 4 and severe depression of vitamin K-dependent factors due to oral anticoagulants in 2. Two had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Seventeen patients with normal coagulation screening profiles bled excessively postoperatively. Of these, 2 had moderate thrombocytopenia associated with a marked platelet functional abnormality. Revision of the wound in 13 revealed a surgical hemostatic defect and in 2 the cause of bleeding could not be determined."
1152506,"In order to determine whether myocardial oxygen consumption (MOC) is decreased during left heart bypass (LHB), two groups of 6 dogs each were subjected to 2 hours of heparinless LHB. Group 2 differed from Group 1 in that cardiogenic shock was induced by temporary coronary artery occlusion prior to LHB. In Group 1 animals (normal dogs), MOC decreased significantly during the surgical preparation but did not change appreciably during subsequent LHB. Upon completion of LHB, MOC increased slightly in all animals. This increase in MOC was insignificant, however, when adjusted to changes in mean aortic blood pressure (MAP). A highly positive linear correlation between MOC and MAP was noted regardless of whether the animals were on or off bypass. In Group 2 animals, MOC was markedly decreased after the iduction of cardiogenic shock but gradually increased during the 2 hours of LHB. Upon completion of bypass, MOC of the damaged heart increased to a remarkable degree, but not to initial control levels. However, the linear correlation between MOC and MAP, noted before the induction of cardiogenic shock, disappeared after shock and was not restored after 2 hours of apparently successful bypass. We have concluded that MOC is decreased surgical stress and is further decreased by temporary coronary artery occlusion. MOC is not, however, reduced by nearly total or total LHB in normal hearts. MOC is markedly decreased by cardiac damage but gradually increases in damaged hearts by the use of LHB."
1152507,"Recent improvements in total artificial heart (TAH) experiments have changed the pathological findings as well as the concept of the TAH. In the past 3 years, 67 experiments were performed in our laboratory. This study concerns the 11 calves operated upon most recently. Histopathological findings in the lungs, kidneys, livers and spleens of these animals were greatly improved over findings from previously studied animals. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome has been seen in only 1 calf. These improvements can be attributed to the following factors: (1) Improved management of the lumg during surgery has essentially eliminated pulmonary insufficiency;(2) liver damage has been successfully prevented by the discovery of the relationship between high right atrial pressure and anemia; (3) careful aseptic surgical procedures and optimal prophylactic use of antibiotics and anticoagulants have minimized the incidence of infection and clot formation."
1152508,"A 37-year-old man with the Marfan syndrome and chronic mitral regurgitation suffered an acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic regurgitation. Emergency replacement of the mitral valve, aortic valve, and ascending aorta was carried out, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. He is doing well 18 months after surgery. This is the first reported case of survival from such a procedure in the face of acute dissection with Marfan's syndrome. Indications for elective surgery are discussed and the uncertainties about the prognosis outlined. Continued reporting of the results and follow-up data are necessary for final assessment of the surgical treatment of the cardiovascular manifestations of this disease."
1152509,"Chylothorax may be produced by superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction, a recognized complication of the Mustard operation for trasposition of the great arteries. The chylothorax may be reduced by keeping the subject in the upright position. Conservative management is an alternative to repeat operation. This syndrome must be recognized, as it can be confused with congestive heart failure. Severe chylothorax may develop insidiously because of progressive SVC obstruction after the immediate postoperative period."
1152510,"A left upper lobectomy in a 5-month-old infant revealed a specimen whose tissue, both grossly and microscopically, was characteristic of intr- and extrapulmonary swquestration, bronchial atresia, and adenomatoid cystic malformation. This case may be considered the missing link between the various congenital lung malformations, for it illustrates their interrelationship or their common origin. Atresia or malformation of the main bronchus seems to be the defect shared by all these anomalies. A similar bronchial abnormality probably is responsible for congenital lobar emphysema and isolated congenital lung cysts."
1152511,"The dismantling of previously made anastomses between the superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery (Glenn shunts) and reconstruction of superior vena cava-right artial continuity have been accomplished in 5 patients at the time of intracardiac repair of congenital heart defects. All patients survived the hospitalization period, but 2 died late postoperatively of causes apparently not related to the cava-atrial reconstruction. Experience with these 5 patients and the intraoperative techniques employed are presented."
1152512,"We have devised a new operative procedure called atrial autotransplantation for transposition of the great vessels and applied it in 7 cases. Results were satisfactory except for one death. The bais of this technique was the experiment, using 70 dogs, in which the relationship of separation of the atrial wall and atrial septum to the development of arrhythmia was studied. It was found that reservation of the upper one sixth of the right atrial wall and the upper one third of the left atrial wall developed almost no significant arrhythmia with slow rate. By this concept and method, the left and right atria are almost completely separated, and a complete intraventricular and intra-atrial repair is made in a satisfactory operative field. Since there is no surgical intervention in the ventricular wall, postoperative cardiac function can be satisfactorily maintained. With this procedure intr-atrial conversion was performed in four cases and intraventricular conversion in three cases-the former for type I of uncomplicated transposition and type III of combined pulmonary stenosis, with or without VSD, and the latter for type II of combined large VSD. Only one patient with intraventricular conversion died of low cardiac output syndrome, probably due to incomplete relief of combined pulmonary stenosis."
1152513,"In a prospective study of 13 patients undergoing open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation, marked qualitative platelet function defects were observed in addition to the usually occurring drop of the thrombocyte count. At the end of bypass, the following test results were significantly abnormal: concentration of fibrinogen and of circulating fibrin degradation products, platelet count, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, and platelet aggregation induced by low and high doses of ADP. One to 2 hours after neutralization of heparin with protamine sulfate all abnormal test results improved, but the template bleeding time was markedly prolonged in 10 patients. There was no correlation between length of bypass and platelet fall and between concentration of circulating fibrin degradation products and extent of platelet dysfunction. An apparent correlation was found between the length of the postoperative bleeding time and the number of units of blood transfued during surgery. The results of this study suggest that dilution of the patient's own platelets by nonviable platelets contained in 3-day-old transfused ACD blood and the production of a refractory state of the patient's circulating platelets to ADP induced aggregation played a significant role in the development of platelet function abnormalities during extracorporeal circulation."
1152514,"Regional contraction of ischemic anterior and normal lateral left ventricular myocardium was measured with isometric force gauges after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of anterior descending coronary artery occlusion-each followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion. Multiple myocardial biopsies of both regions were taken at these same intervals and examined by electron microscopic techniques. Mean contraction of the ischemic area fell significantly in 15 to 30 seconds and returned to an average of 68, 51, 40, and 28 per cent, respectively, after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of ischemia. Simultaneously, focal morphologic changes were detected after 5 and 10 minutes, were more clear and widespread at 15 minutes, and diffuse and unequivocal at 20 minutes, when return of local contraction was minimal. The changes of myocardial morphology in the ischemic area as seen by electron microscopy were: reduced content of glycogen granules and mitochondrial changes. The latter began to appear at 5 minutes and consisted of swelling, disruption of cristae, and reduction of matrix. This study indicates a qualitative correlation between ultrastructural changes in regionally ischemic myocardium and diminished regional function in the intact heart. At 5 and 10 minutes the mitochondrial changes were focal, requiring multiple samples, while at 15 and 20 minutes they became more widespread, making the occasional sample more representative."
1152515,"Seveteen infants (2 1/2 to 28 months old) were continuously monitored by six-channel electroencephalography (EEG) during the entire surgical procedure of open-heart repair. They were subjected to surface hypothermia supplemented by cold extracorporeal circulation (ECC) down to an average esophageal temperature of 21 degrees C., to cardiac arrest of 40 minutes average (range 19 to 62 minutes), and to ECC rewarming. Survival time of the EEG was correlated to esophageal temperature at the time of arrest. EEG reappeared an average of 26 minutes (5.30 to 50) after the strat of rewarming ECC and became strictly continuous after 44 minutes. Reappearance latency was well correlated with the duration of arrest. Potential normalization was oberved in 13 infants, but true normalization was observed in only 2 infants during the 90 to 120 minute period after ECC. By judging the EEG and by comparing this series with two previous series of moderate and deeper hypothermia in older patients, we concluded that the immediate tolerance of the brain to deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest seems no different in infants and in older patients."
1152516,"Although transfusion of autologous blood by the method described would seem to be a safe and proctical means of reducing banked-blood requirements for open-heart operations, our experience indicates that the amount of blood needed to be added to the pump oxygenator more than negates the value in reducing intraoperative blood requirements. In fact, autologously transfused patients used more blood than did control subjects. Platelet and fresh-frozen plasma administration was not significantly different for the autologous transfusion or control group."
1152517,"With the use of the Doppler ultrasonic catheter telemetry system, phasic left coronary blood velocity was measured in 34 conscious subjects during transvenous pacemaker insertion and right ventricular endocardial pacing. Ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular tachycardia, occurring as consequences of pacing catheter manipulation and competitive rhythms, reduced peak coronary blood velocity by approximately one halft. These findings provide insight into the genesis of sudden death associated with pacemaker insertion, competitive or repetitive arrhythmias, and pacemaker ""runaway."""
1152518,"Cor triatratum is a rare congenital malformation. Problems in diagnosis and surgery arise due to associated anomalies such as atrial septal defects and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. A 21-year-old man proved to have a rare variant of cor triatiatum in which both the upper and lower compartments of the left atrium communicated with the right atrium through two separate atrial septal defects. In addition, he had anomalous drainage of the right superior pulmonary vein into the superior vena cava. Intracardiac repair was undertaken successfully."
1152519,"Fiberoptic endoscopy with directed biopsy and brush cytology was used to diagnose 73 patients with squamous carcinoma of the esophagus and 40 adenocarcinomas of the gastric fundus invading the lower esophagus. Over-all accuracy of histologic diagnosis in the esophagus was 95.8 per cent and in the cardia, 97.5 per cent. Multiple biopsies (6 to 8) and brush cytology complemented one another in providing a high index of reliable histologic diagnoses. There were no complications. Endoscopy with the fiberoptic scope as now performed is well tolerated and accurate. It appears to be the most reliable means of diagnosis in cancer of the esophagus and cardia and should be performed routinely in all patients with symptoms referable to the esophagus."
1152521,"The peritoneal fluid in rabbits fed a normal and a cholesterol added diet was analysed for a wide variety of macromolecules of different size, viz albumin, alpha-, beta- and gamma-globulins, high density lipoprotein and lipoproteins of Sf0-12, Sf12-20 and Sf greater than 20 and three acid hydrolases, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase.  The composition of the lipoproteins and the concentrations of each substance were compared with corresponding values in plasma, hepatic lymph, thoraic duct lymph and leg lymph.  The results indicate that the large lipoproteins of the thoraic duct lymph derived from the intestinal mucosa do not normally enter the peritoneal cavity probably because they do not mix with the subserous tissue fluid, that the macromolecular composition of peritoneal fluid resemble that of leg lymph, that the peritoneal mesothelium is freely permeable to these macromolecules and that the main plasma: peritoneal fluid barrier resides in the blood capillary membrane of the various subserous tissues."
1152522,"The efferent lymphatic vessels of the heart were ligated in 35 dogs and afterwards the systems of lymphatic and blood vessels were filled with various media by injection.  Twelve of these dogs were sacrificed 30 min. after ligature and the remaining 23 dogs were left to survive for two to 132 days.  After acute ligature of lymph routes, no lymphatic anastomoses could be found.  In the protracted experiment, lympho-lymphatic anastomoses had developed between the interrupted trunks and very thin ones at the sites of adhesions between the epicardium and pericardium by the seventh to 14th day.  In five out of 23 dogs, lymphovenous anastomoses of a calibre of 40-60 mum. were found between the seventh and 28th day after ligature.  After one month, these LVA could no longer be found.  Both forms of anastomoses, i.e. lympho-lymphatic and lymphovenous, may be present at the same time.  The mutual relationship between these forms was discussed in the paper."
1152523,"The preliminary results of an ongoing protocol which is attempting to determine the incidence of lymph node metastasis in unselected patients with previously untreated ""apparently localized"" carcinoma of the prostate are briefly presented.  All patients have disease confined to the prostate gland or periprostatic bed, without evidence of metastasis by standard clinical, laboratory, and radiographic (excluding lymphography) tests.  Following lymphography, a ""staging laparotomy"" is performed which permits histologic documentation of lymph node metastais and provides data for the evaluation of lymphographic accuracy."
1152529,"Lipoproteins and lipoprotein profiles were determined in 96 adult nephrotic patients. The serum cholesterol-serum albumin, serum triglycerides-serum albumin and 24-hour urine protein loss-serum albumin values were all significantly inversely correlated. The serum triglycerides and serum cholesterol levels were not significantly lower in the group of lupus nephrotic patients compared to the nonlupus nephrotics. All lipoprotein types except type I were observed. The lipoprotein types fell into three nearly equal groups--IIa, IIb, and V. Type IV, the most common lipoprotein abnormality in uremic patients, was distinctly uncommon."
1152530,"At the Mayo Clinic from 1962 through 1973, 592 cesarean sections were done among 16,181 deliveries (3.7%); 48% were primary procedures, and 52% were performed because of previous cesarean delivery.  Regional anesthesia using epidural block recently has replaced a balanced general anesthesia as the anesthesia of choice for cesarean sections.  Although the low cervical operation was performed in most cases, the classic operation and cesarean hysterectomy were used when indicated.  In our series, prophylactic antibiotic therapy failed to decrease the maternal morbidity, and the most frequent causes of neonatal mortality were prematurity and respiratory problems."
1152525,"A Monte Carlo study of the distribution functions for the end-to-end distance and radius of gyration for hard-sphere models of poly(glycine) and poly(L-alanine) random coils has been conducted in the chain-length range n = 3 to 100 monomer units for both unperturbed chains and chains perturbed by long-range interactions (excluded volume effects). The distribution functions for the radius of gyration in all cases have been very precisely calculated, those for the perturbed end-to-end distance less precisely, and those for the unperturbed end-to-end distance least precisely. Empirical distribution functions of the form W(p) = ap-b exp(-cp-d) for the reduced end-to-end distance p = r/""r-2""-one-half and a similar form for the reduced radius of gyration could be least-squares fit to the Monte Carlo data. The expansion factors alpha-r and alpha-s were calculated vs. chain length and were used to test various versions of the two-parameter theory of the excluded volume effect. To be consistent with the chain-length dependence of alpha-r and alpha-s as determined by the Monte Carlo calculations, each of these theories required two different binary cluster integrals, a beta-r based on alpha-r and a beta-s based on alpha-s, both of which were strongly chain-length dependent. Both of these results suggest that the two-parameter theory is not applicable to the models used in this study. It was also found that, except for very short chain lengths, plots of ln alphs-r vs. ln n were linear, and thus that alpha-r could be estimated for long chain lengths. Comparison of these estimates with the experimental data on four polypeptide chains in one-earth solvents that the hard-sphere models used in this study yield expansion factors that do not seriously overestimate the magnitude of the excluded volume effect."
1152531,"On 247 of the 1,711 scintiscans (15%), the appearance of renal or urinary tract areas differed sufficiently from normal to merit mention in interpretation. For 162 patients (195 surveys), the abnormalities noted were classified as ""minor."" For 39 patients (52 surveys), the abnormalities noted were classified as ""major""--that is, confirmed by other means or considered of major importance to diagnosis and management. Of these, 9 were filling defects (2 each were renal cell carcinoma, simple cyst, and polycystic disease; 3 were a mass of undetermined nature) and 30 were unilateral or bilateral urinary tract obstruction indicated by hydroureter and massive retention in renal area(s). These obstructive manifestations were associated with primary pelvic or prostatic malignancy or extension of malignant disease; in nine patients, progression or remission of obstruction was noted on sequential imaging. These changes were compatible with changes in clinical status and may afford an added means of following response to therapy in appropriate patients."
1152526,"A simplified single virtual bond scheme has been developed for the calculation of mean-square unperturbed dimensions in polynucleotide chains. As a consequence of the structural rigidity of the sugar residues in the chain, it is possible to represent the six chemical bonds comprising the chain backbone repeating unit by a single virtual bond (connecting successive phosphorus atoms). The mutual orientation of a pair of adjoining virtual bonds is determined by the angles of rotation about the phosphodiester bonds adjoining intervening phosphorus atoms and is independent of the orientation of all other virtual bonds in the chain. Computed values of chain dimensions based on the single virtual bond scheme are comparable to those calculated previously using a two virtual bond model which permits rotational flexibility in the sugar moieties of the chain."
1152527,"Dielectric dispersion measurements were made on dilute solutions of poly(epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine) in m-cresol; this system underwent a very sharp thermal helix-coil transition of inverse type around 30 degrees. Mean-square dipole moments ""mu-2"" and mean rotational relaxation times t were obtained as functions of molecular weight and helical fraction fN. It was found that ""mu-2""-one-half varied almost linearly with fN-one-half over a substantial portion of the transition. The relaxation times corrected for solvent viscosity and temperature changed only slightly with fN except in the region of small fN, while, at fixed fN, they displayed molecular weight dependence characteristic of rod-like molecules. These results can be explained if the transition is assumed to proceed almost in all-or-none fashion. This assumption is consistent with the previous finding from statistical thermodynamic analyses that the transition of the system PCBL-m-cresol is highly cooperative, with standard deviation of population one-half being 0.0025 to 0.0027, where standard deviation of population is the cooperativity parameter. Application of Nagai's theory of ""mu-2"" for interrupted helices yielded the result that standard deviation of population-one-half was in the range 0.001 to 0.005 and the monomeric dipole moment in the helical conformation was 5.4 to 6.2 D."
1152532,"The high incidence of surgically induced heart block in patients with levotransposition of the great arteries is now better understood because of recent anatomic demonstration of an unusual anterior location of the atrioventricular specialized conducting tissue.  The two cases reported herein proved electrophysiologic confirmation of this previously described anatomy.  The specialized conducting bundle was easily and consistently identified and then avoided in successful surgical correction in one patient with common ventricle, type A-3, and in another with corrected transposition, large ventricular septal defect, and valvular pulmonary stenosis.  Electrophysiologic identification of the atrioventricular conduction tissue at the time of operation may decrease the incidence of heart block and offers additional optimism for successful correction of levotransposition complexes."
1152533,"The fat embolism syndrome is a well-defined clinical entity that can usually be recognized in patients who have long-bone fractures. Cerebral symptoms of restlessness, confusion, stupor, and coma correlate with the autopsy findings of fat in the brain, but the amount of fat or amount of petechial hemorrhage cannot be quantitated with the severity of the cerebral symptoms. There is a correlation between the clinical manifestations of dyspnea and tachypnea and the autopsy findings in the lungs, which are heavy from edema and alveolar hemorrhage; however, we cannot correlate the degree of pathologic change in the lung, including lung weights, with the severity of findings clinically."
1152534,"Intravenously administered carrier-free 67Cu appeared rapidly in the bile of rats with a recently created biliary fistula; maximal excretion occurred within the first 2 hours.  However, if the biliary fistula had been created 3 or 4 days before injection of the 67Cu, only one-fourth to one-half as much of the isotope appeared in the bile.  There also was a small decrease in stable biliary copper.  When rats with biliary fistula were compared with rats with permanent biliary obstruction, over a period of 6 weeks, both exhibited a marked increase in plasma copper and an equally pronounced increase in the rho-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of plasma but no increase in hepatic copper.  Peaks in blood were reached within 2 weeks and then slowly diminished. Sham-operated rats had parallel, but much lower, copper and enzyme changes.  Correlations between these rat studies and the copper retention of Wilson's disease and of primary biliary cirrhosis are suggested."
1152528,"Cellulose microfibrils are viewed as imperfect array of elementary fibrils. We have investigated the possible defects in Valonia cellulose microfibrils, which are such that the microfibrils can be broken into elementary fibrils by deformation, but are not sufficient to allow for a small angle maximum corresponding to the elementary fibril dimension. The microfibril has been constructed by convolution of th elementary fibril with a two dimensional point lattice. Defects have been incorporated in the microfibril, first by introduction of gaps between the elementary fibrils. These regular gaps were then replaced by a statistical distribution of the elementary fibrils about the lattice points, modeled by Hosemann distortions of the first type. The cylindrically averaged transforms of such structures show that significant distortions can be incorporated within the microfibril without producing large scale changes in the equatorial intensity distribution. Larger distortions are necessary before a small angle maximum corresponding to the 35 A elementary fibril is predicted, by which stage the wide angle x-ray pattern is unacceptable."
1152535,"Echocardiographic features were studied in four patients with straddling tricuspid valve, a rare and complex cardiac anomaly that may defy diagnosis by angiocardiography. The most significant echocardiographic feature was a septal echo recorded at a depth corresponding to the midportion of the tricuspid valve with one of the tricuspid valve leaflets opening posterior to the ventricular septum in diastole. Certain of the features, which appear to be distinctive for this anomaly, have not previously been described."
1152537,"Wilson's disease usually has its onset in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The clinical picture of hepatic dysfunction without dysfunction of the central nervous system is more typical of the disease in the child or the adolescent than in the adult. We are presenting the case of a man whose age at onset of the disease was 55 years and who had the hepatic complications of Wilson's disease without clinical evidence of disease of the central nervous system. All patients with chronic hepatitis (chronic active liver disease) or cirrhosis of unknown etiology should be screened for the possibility of Wilson's disease. This screening should include slit-lamp biomicroscopy for Kayser-Fleischer rings, determination of serum ceruloplasmin concentration, and measurement of 24-hour urinary excretion of copper. If doubt exists concerning the diagnosis, either a radiocopper kinetic study, using 64Cu or 67Cu, or, if the patient's condition permits, a liver biopsy with measurement of hepatic copper concentration should be done. The rubeanic stain of hepatic tissue for copper is unreliable in making or excluding the diagnosis of Wilson's disease."
1152538,"Soft contact lenses are being applied as a therapeutic device in various diseases and postoperative conditions of the cornea. Ten cases illustrate several of the clinical conditions in which lenses of approved types may be used, with adjunctive medication in some instances."
1152539,The clinical problems encountered in the reconstruction of breasts of patients who have undergone mastectomy for cancer are presented. The indications and contraindications for reconstruction of the breast are arbitrarily defined. Various methods are available to reconstruct the breast. We favor implantation of a preformed silicone prosthesis under the skin and subcutaneous tissue overlying either the pectoralis major muscle or the chest wall. The advantages of this procedure outweigh those of other methods. Seven cases are presented to illustrate our experience in this rehabilitative procedure. It is suggested that breast reconstruction should be offered to a much higher proportion of patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer.
1152540,"In this case of Sertoli cell tumor of the testis, no laboratory or clinical evidence of hormonal imbalance was present. The histologic and ultrastructure characteristic of the tumor agreed closely with previous reports on these rare tumors of the gonadal stroma."
1152541,"A young adult with a congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula complicated by achalasia of the esophagus presented with complaints consistent with existing long-standing asthma. Only on direct questioning were esophageal aspects elicited. This combination of conditions proved difficult to diagnose even though suspected. Esophageal x-ray in the prone-oblique position proved valuable in the diagnosis and localization of the fistula. Correction of the obstruction of achalasia preceded fistula repair. Fistula repair involved sleeve resection of the trachea, with tracheal anastomosis after closure of the esophageal defect."
1152542,"Two patients with herpes simplex encephalitis had clinical courses consisting of an acute febrile illness with early onset of seizures and rapidly progressive neurologic signs evolving to coma and death within 3 weeks. The electroencephalograms of both patients were similar and showed widespread, periodic, stereotyped sharp-and-slow-wave complexes occurring bilaterally over both hemispheres, as well as transient episodes of electrographic seizure activity occurring unilaterally, with suppression of the periodic activity on that side. Although the electroencephalographic findings are not pathognomonic, when associated with an acute encephalitic process, they would suggest the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis."
1152543,"Alternate-beat Wenckebach, an uncommon dysrhythmia, usually is attributed to block within the His bundle or bundle branches (or in both). A patient with features of the ""sick sinus"" syndrome demonstrated A-V nodal (supra-His) alternate-beat Wenckebach during atrial pacing and His bundle electrocardiography. Electrophysiologic mechanisms are proposed."
1152550,"Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was followed in seven patients who had experienced primary subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. This preliminary study suggested that dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels were initially elevated following subarachnoid hemorrhage, after which they progressively declined during the first week post hemorrhage. After a minimum was reached, the activity rose again to a stable level two to three weeks post hemorrhage."
1152544,"The DNA polymerase activities in the spleens of young adult (3-8 months) and senescent (24-30 months) female BALB/c mice have been examined. Comparisons were made by direct assay of activated DNA-dependent and (rA)n-(dT)n-dependent activities in extracts from cytoplasmic and neclear fractions and also by sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of the two major forms of DNA polymerase activity was equivalent in the spleens of young and old BALB/c mice. The low molecular weight DNA polymerase activity was decreased in the spleens of old BALB/c mice. This decreased activity was reflected most markedly in the nuclear fraction of the spleens. Mixing experiments did not indicate the presence of inhibitors in the nuclear extract from the old mouse spleens. Stepwise extractions of isolated nuclei with increasing NaCl concentrations showed consistent results without revealing any difference in extractability of the low molecular weight DNA polymerase from the old mouse chromatin. Isolated low molecular weight DNA polymerase preparations from the young and old BALB/c mouse spleens are similar in chromatographic migration, sucrose gradient sedimentation, heat lability in vitro and Km of substrates. The low molecular weight DNA polymerase activity was not found to decline in livers and kidneys of 24 to 30-month-old BALB/c mice, nor in spleens of 30 to 34-month-old BC3F1 mice."
1152546,"WI 38 cells at various in vitro ages and an SV 40 virus tranformed variant were examined by (3)H thymidine autoradiography, time lapse cinematography and scanning electron microscopy. Among normal WI 38 cells it was shown that htere was a good correlation between cellular morphology, behavior, and the ability to incorporate (3)H thymidine. Small, elongate spindle-shaped cells were usually both active incorporators of (3)H thymidine, as determined autoradiographically, and dividers as determined by time lapse cinematography; larger, more spread out cells tended to be nondividers. The proportion of large, nondividing cells increased with increasing in vitro age and was correlated with changes in cell surface and behavior. Transformed WI 38 cells exhibited no such changes as a function of age. Results support the thesis that in vitro aging reflects the inability of individual cells to undertake DNA synthesis and to complete division, but nondividers continue to enlarge and unusual sizes and shapes are attained. Associated with these aging changes were conspicuous alterations in cellular curface features and behavior."
1152551,"The metabolism of [24-14C] deoxycholic acid was studied in humans with an intact enterohepatic circulation. Two metabolites were identified in hydrolysed duodenal bile: 3alpha-hydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanoic and 3beta,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoic acids. Quantitative analysis of one sample showed the amounts of these compounds to be about 2 and 0.5%, respectively, of the amount of deoxycholic acid. A small percentage of deoxycholic acid, less than 3%, was found in a fraction having the chromatographic property of conjugated bile acid sulphates. About 15% of the identified metabolites were found in this fraction, which also contained more than 50% of the biliary lithocholate and 90% of the biliary 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate."
1152552,"To estimate the effect of long-term administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) on methylation of compounds not formed from it, the urinary excretion of histamine and its methylated metabolites was studied in rats and guinea pigs fed L-Dopa in their diets and in patients with Parkinson's disease being treated with L-Dopa. In the guinea pigs, but not in the rats, L-Dopa administration decreases excretion of histamine and of its methylated metabolites, methylhistamine and 1-methylimidazole-4-acetic acid. Because excretion of 1-methylimidazole-5-acetic acid, which comes from the diet and is not a metabolite of histamine, was unaffected by the L-Dopa treatment, the decreases were due to a specific effect of L-Dopa on histamine metabolism. When compared to normal control subjects, patients with Parkinson's disease excreted less histamine and methylhistamine, both before and during treatment with L-Dopa. Administration of the peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (MK 486), decreased urinary excretion of histamine markedly. Neither L-Dopa nor MK 486 appeared to influence excretion of the imidazoleacetic acids in the patients. The results suggest that L-Dopa may decrease histamine formation or release in some species but that it does not influence histamine methylation."
1152553,"In order to study the effect of dietary manganese on the content of manganese, iron, copper and zinc in maternal and fetal tissues, six diets with different levels of manganese (4, 24, 54, 154, 504 and 1004 mg Mn/kg dry diet) were fed to Sprague-Dawley female rats from the time of weaning. The animals were mated and the offspring collected by cesarean section at day 21 of pregnancy. Non-pregnant female rats served as respective reference groups. Concentrations of copper as well as manganese were higher in the livers of pregnant rats with the highest manganese intake, whereas in non-pregnant animals the dietary manganese level had no appreciable effect on manganese or copper concentrations in the liver. On the other hand, the iron content of the livers of both pregnant and non-pregnant female rats fell as the manganese level of the diet increased. The hemoglobin values of dams on the highest levels of dietary manganese were also slightly reduced. The manganese content was highest in the offspring of dams given the largest amounts of manganese. The manganese level in the maternal diet had the opposite effect on the fetal iron concentration, and the zinc content of fetuses of dams on the highest dietary manganese level was slightly elevated. No gross malformations or bone structure anomalies could be observed in the fetuses, and the manganese intake of the dams was not found to have influenced essentially the fetal weights and the dry matter and ash contents."
1152554,"State regulation of health care costs has been increasing at the same time as criticism of governmental regulation in other sectors of the economy has been increasing. The authors examine major system elements necessary to effect cost control in health care, present normative models of value preferences which underlie alternative state cost control systems, and indicate control foci and intervention strategies for state government under the alternative models. The authors conclude that state governments should assume responsibility for controlling health care costs. Presently, state regulatory agencies should emphasize development of adequate information systems, strengthening of state regulatory capability, and implementation of experimental reimbursement programs rather than comprehensive and detailed rate setting."
1152555,"The attitude of the public toward physicians and medical services is an issue of current concern and debate.  To address this problem, an instrument was developed using Thurstone scaling methods in conjunction with a Likert format and a modified scoring technique.  Following pretesting of the instrument among both patient and population samples, a survey was conducted among the residents of a probability sample of households in a city of 200,000 people.  The attitude questionnaire was completed by 1,713 adults in 1,112 households.  Overall, attitudes were favorable toward the professional competency and the personal qualities of physicians.  Accessibility, including costs and convenience, were less highly regarded.  Men were less satisfied than women and blacks less satisfied than whites.  Particularly negative attitudes were expressed toward the personal qualities of physicians by young blacks, whereas among blacks over 60 the negative effect was toward cost and convenience.  Having a regular physician and long attendance with that physician were correlated with positive attitudes.  The most negative sentiment was expressed by women without regular source of care.  Medical services are being sought and obtained by a large segment of society, but problems of costs and acceptability for the elderly, low social class persons, members of large families, and for blacks still remain."
1152545,"The exchange of unesterified cholesterol between plasma and red blood cells of young (1.5 month) and old (1-2 years) rats was studied using [3H]-cholesterol as label. Using labeled plasma and unlabeled red blood cells, no equilibration of specific activity of unesterified cholesterol with the specific activity of cholesterol of red blood cells occurred in either young or old rats. Using labeled red blood cells and unlabeled plasma, equilibration of radioactivity of cholesterol was observed in both young and old rats. However, a more rapid exchange of free cholesterol was observed when labeled old red blood cells were incubated with unlabeled plasma. This apparent paradox may be explained by the existence of a larger, more readily exchangeable pool of free cholesterol in red blood cells of old rats than of young rats. Red blood cells and plasma of old rats contained significantly more free cholesterol than those of young rats but phospholipid levels were comparable."
1152549,"In the course of rat skin maturation, the quantity of sialoglycoproteins solubilized by collagenase-digestion increased parallel to the accumulation of insoluble collagen. This suggested the existence of sialoglycoproteins which are associated with collagen, perhaps, during the development of the extracellular matrix."
1152556,"The delivery of health care had emerged as one of the most important political issues of the 1970's, yet public attitudes about health issues remains a relatively unexplored subject.  Little is known about the public's opinion of who should control the delivery of health care, about how the costs of health care are perceived, or about how the delivery of care should be financed.  This paper relates respondent attitudes on these subjects to attitudes about criteria that determine the respondent's choice of ambulatory care facility and to socioeconomic, political, and other demographic characteristics.  The data are derived from a survey (N=521) of households representative of the area of Rochester, New York."
1152547,"The pattern of cell division, ageing and death of cultured chick embryo fibroblasts inoculated at a wide range of cell densities is described. Cell populations seeded at densities of 2.1 x 10-3 to 3.1 x 10-4 cells per cm-2 double between 39 and 17 times respectively while their life span at all densities remains 57 puls or minus 3 days. Thus, under the experimental conditions employed, the life span of cultured embryonic chick cells is a function of calendar rather than mitotic time. We also find that the duration of phase III and the generation time of the cells during this period are proportional to the density of the culture. Moreover, the division rate of cells inoculated at low densities (4.2-31.0 x 10-2 cells per cm-2) remains constant throughout their entire lifetime. It is suggested that the decline in the proliferative capacity of chick cells ageing in vitro is a function of both their density and their age."
1152557,"The factor analytic development and validation of numerous index scores to measure patient attitudes regarding characteristics of doctors and medical care services is described. Index scores meeting factor analytic criteria and found to be reliable were used to study the nature and number of attitudinal dimensions underlying patient satisfaction. The use of index scores which have met logical and empirical criteria is in contrast to the common practice of using individual questionnaire items as the unit of analysis. Four major dimensions of patient attitudes were identified and described, including attitudes toward doctor conduct (humanness and quality) and such enabling components as availability of services, continuity/convenience of care and access mechanisms (cost, payment mechanisms, and ease of emergency care). Measures of attitudes toward caring (humanness) and curing (quality/competence) aspects of doctor conduct appear to reflect the same underlying attitudinal dimension. Findings are discussed in relation to concepts and measures mentioned in the published literature and suggestions are offered for future research."
1152558,"Consumer evaluation research is defined and analyzed as an experimental model for establishing a link between social science research and public policy. The paper reports the results of an 18-month longitudinal study of an experimental citizen evaluation group. Participant observation was the method used to organize the data. The impact of the model on methodological issues, such as objectivity, researcher autonomy, and control over research decision-making are discussed. Implications of the consumer evaluation model for integrating social research and health policy formulation are analyzed and principles of citizen evaluation research are presented."
1152562,"Job analysis and tast analysis are systems methods which examine the functions of individuals and allocate these functions into job descriptions which can make for a better utilization of health manpower by a restructuring of the jobs of health professionals and a restructuring of curricula as a reflection of the jobs to be performed. These analytic methods have had limited application to the health field. This methodology was applied to the education of a nonphysician family health team for an inner-city prepaid comprehensive health center and staff development at a health maintenance organization, and has served as the basis for the curriculum of an associate degree physician's assistant program and a baccalaureate degree health associate program. Among the advantages for the application of this method are the interrelationship of resulting jobs rather than isolation and career mobility in both the work situation and curricula. Constraints include the lack of entry level jobs, the prestige of the Bachelor's Degree, the need for proficiency tests for advanced standing, tuition costs, and the traditional attitudes of health agencies on release time and educational institutions on basic requirements."
1152564,"The patients with cancer of the larynx at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department in Zagreb during the period from 1945 to 1972, and the cases of laryngeal cancer at the Institute of Public Health of Croatia, were examined epidemiologically. The patients were from all parts of Croatia (West and south part of Yugoslavia) with the characteristics of Mediterranean and Continental climate. The following factors were discussed: age and sex distribution, localization of the tumor in three compartments of larynx, relationship between the villages and cities, occupation (peasants, workers and intellectual people), histologic types and the etiological factors (smoking and alcohol."
1152565,"This report presents the findings of an epidemiological study of laryngeal cancer in Japan, based on 6,360 cases treated and registered during the 10-year period from 1960 through 1969. The number of the patients increased 1.5 times from 1960 to 1969. Geographically the absolute number of recorded cases was proportional to the population density; in other words, it was larger in heavily urbanized areas and smaller in rural regions. An anatomical classification revealed that the incidence of supraglottic and glottic cancer was about equal (3,121 and 3,176 cases), and subglottic cancer was only 1 percent of the total. Histologically, 98.6 percent were of the squamous cell carcinoma and 1.4 percent were of the basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, etc. As to the age and sex distribution, the majority of the patients were 50 to 70 years old, and those in their 60's were most numerous. The ratio between men and women was 9.6 to 1. 56.1 percent of the patients surveyed were found to have a blood relation with a history of cancer and 31 percent were engaged in occupations where they used their voices frequently. Smoking habits were found in 96 percent of the patients surveyed and as many as 52 percent came under category of heavy smokers. Cigarette smoking might be regarded as a significant factor in laryngeal cancer, while alcohol consumption was not as significant a causal factor as smoking. The living environment had no explicit relationship to laryngeal cancer in the above-mentioned period of years."
1152570,"A case report of orbital blow-out fracture with medial rectus muscle entrapment is described. Over one-third of the patients with blow-out fractures of the orbital floor also sustain medial wall injury. Five previous case reports of medial entrapment are reviewed. The mechanism of injury is hydraulic, and the medial muscle incarceration in the fracture may produce an orbital retraction syndrome. Exploratory surgery is recommended through an external orbito-ethmoid approach."
1152571,"In septo-rhinoplastic surgery it is helpful to follow a logical series of stages for correcting abnormalities of various anatomic components of the nose. A suggested order of staging of the typical nasal plastic operation is presented. By following a logical sequence of surgical stages, the least correctable components are modified first, and each successive stage of the procedure is related to the result obtained in the previous stage. Technical considerations are presented in each stage suggested, and the analysis and correction of intranasal abnormalities to restore normal nasal function is emphasized. Specific preoperative problems and the results of suggested methods of correction are presented."
1152621,"Six factor solutions (three orthogonal and three oblique) were used to extract factors from the intercorrelation matrices of 47 motor performance and physical growth measures obtained on 71 boys and 74 girls, ages six to 9.9 years. Twelve factors with eigen values in excess of 1.00 were extracted from both the boys' and girls' data. The six factors that accounted for a major proportion of the variance in both sexes were tentatively identified as (1) Strength-Power-Body size, (2) Gross Limb-Eye Coordination, (3) Fine Visual Motor Coordination, (4) Fat or Dead Weight, (5) Balance, and (6) Leg Power and Coordination. Similarity in the factor structures of the sexes was evident from the application of a procedure for the quantification of the relationships between factors extracted from data in different groups of subjects. With this sample of children substantial relationships were obtained between eight of the ten factors which were common to both sexes."
1152622,"An investigation is made into the subject of scoring tables for track and field with emphasis on the application of computers to calculate and output the tables. The resulting scoring tables represent an attempt to describe the effective quality of performance for track and field events. This paper is published in three parts. The first portion reviewed the historical development of scoring tables. This part concerns the theoretical foundation and development of a mathematical model. A set of underlying principles and construction guidelines are established as a basis for all scoring tables. In order to satisfy the goals, a model which includes an exponential term is developed. The concept of a zero offset is introduced as a boundary value for the low-level performances. The final part concerns an evaluation of the model and an analysis of the point scores for different events."
1152623,"To determine the role of blood flow in limiting maximal metabolic rate, the contralateral femoral artery was cannulated and the blood passed through a pump (controlled flow perfusion) or a bypass (self perfusion) to the artery feeding the canine gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group (N = 15). After a period of self perfusion, the pumped flow was set at the spontaneous level. The muscle was stimulated at 4 or 5 twitches per second to produce a maximal metabolic rate and the pumped flow increased until the precontraction perfusion pressure was reached. After 5 minutes, the flow was increased (perfusion pressure around 200 mm Hg) and then the flow was returned to initial levels and subsequently decreased below this. Oxygen uptake (Vo2) was determined in the fifth minute at each flow level. Isometric tension was measured with a myograph. When the flow was increased above that during the initial contraction period, tension and Vo2 increased above their initial levels. When returned to initial levels, tension and Vo2 followed. Flows below this level resulted in Vo2 and tension decreasing below initial levels. Autoregulation transients were present before and after contraction. It appears that maximal metabolic rate and contractile performance of in situ dog muscles with autoregulating vascular beds are normally limited by blood flow."
1152624,"To test the hypothesis that an intact nerve supply is essential to normal replenishment of muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise, glycogen concentration in normal gastrocnemius muscles from guinea pigs exhausted 48 hr previously was compared to glycogen in contralateral muscles that had been denervated at the muscle or high in the thigh immediately after exercise. Each animal of another group underwent tenotomy of one Achilles tendon after exercise so that any effect of disuse could be distinguished from effects of denervation. All muscles were able to replenish glycogen to normal control values 48 hr after exercise and surgery; there were no significant (greater than .05) effects of any of the surgical interventions. Therefore, it appears that glycogen concentration in skeletal muscle 48 hr after exhaustive exercise is independent of both neural phenomena and muscle tension."
1152625,"The authors have studied the alterations in cleat-surface friction of AstroTurf associated with use and exposure. Three cleat types were studied on five year old turf and on an unused, unexposed turf sample of the same production batch. Tests were carried out with and against surface grain under wet and dry conditions. It was found that with use and exposure the surface friction of AstroTurf does change, affecting both player performance and safety."
1152626,"Eight girls (12-13 years) and eight young women (18-21 years) trained for 14 weeks. The training sessions were conducted for 30 minutes, 3 times weekly and consisted of running and bench stepping. A treadmill test was used to elicit Vo2max, VEmax, and HR max and it was administered prior to training and after the 2nd, 6th, and 14th weeks of the training. The same test was administered twice, initially and after 14 weeks, to the eight girls and eight women in control groups. After training, both the girls and women had a significantly higher Vo2max regardless of whether Vo2max was expressed in l/min or ml/kg per min. The training groups also increased their VEmax values significantly, however, HR max was not influenced by the training. Not only did the girls and women increase in their Vo2max by a similar magnitude, but they also demonstrated similar rates of change in Vo2max during the training. In addition the most rapid rates of improvement occurred during the initial two weeks of training, and both training groups improved throughout the 14 weeks."
1152627,"The purpose of this investigation was to determine the comparative effects on middle-aged men of training by running, walking, and bicycling. Sedentary men (X age = 38 yrs), who volunteered to participate, were assigned randomly to one of the following training groups: I, running (n = 9); II, walking (n = 9); and III, bicycling (n = 8). All groups trained for 30 min, 3 times/week for 20 weeks at 85 to 90% of maximal heart rate. A control group of seven men of similar qualifications also were evaluated. Training heart rates averaged 90%, 87%, and 87% of maximum for groups I, II, and III, respectively. All experimental groups improved significantly in cardiovascular and body composition measures. The former was shown by significant increases in Vo2max, VEmax, and O2 pulse and a significant decrease in resting heart rate. Body composition results showed that the experimental groups had a significant reduction in body weight, skinfold fat, and abdominal girth measurements. The control group showed no significant changes for any of the variables. It was concluded that improvement in the experimental groups was independent of mode of training."
1152628,"Aerobic and anaerobic energy transformations were measured in two trained runners during 90-sec treadmill runs at 23.6 km/hr (2% grade). The runs were preceded by rest or either of two warm-ups: 1) 15-min run at 10 km/hr, or 2) 15-min run at 10 km/hr followed by 3-min standing. Compared with runs without warm-up, during the third half minute of runs following both types of warm-up 11% greater heart rates (HR), 8% greater oxygen consumption (Vo2), and unchanged ventilation were recorded. The rate constant of the approach of Vo2 to O2 in the first minute of work was unaffected by warm-up. Runs following either warm-up resulted in 25% lower lactate production; during these runs 3 to 4 degrees C higher gastrocnemius muscle temperatures (Tm) were maintained. The differences in HR, Vo2, and Tm continued throughout exhausting 5-min runs at 20.9 km/hr (2% grade). An elevated muscle temperature may therefore be requisite for the maximal aerobic response to a short exhausting run."
1152629,"Eight male subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer for one half to one hour at loads demanding 52 to 59% of Vo2max on two separate occasions, once with ambient temperature held at 0 degrees C and once in a 35 degrees C environment. Throughout exercise and during recovery in a 25 degrees C environment, measurements were made of oxygen consumption, ventilation, heart rate, muscle-rectal-skin temperatures, and blood lactic acid. In the hot condition significant increases in heart rate, blood lactates, sweat loss, muscle, rectal and skin temperature responses were observed. At 0 degrees C Vo2 was significantly elevated during exercise over that in the 35 degrees C condition. Despite the elevated Vo2 response in the cold, higher body temperatures measured in the heat were associated with a significantly higher (P less than .025) recovery Vo2 (x = 866 ml), which was of the magnitude predicted by the van't Hoff-Arrhenius relationship."
1152630,"Thirty healthy men, aged 17.5-64.0, were assigned to matched treatment and control groups an evaluated on selected anthropometric and cardio-respiratory measures before and after a twelve week at work stairclimbing intervention program. The only significant change in the treated group was a decrease of rear calf skinfold thickness. There were no significant changes within the control group, nor were differences between groups significant when taking the entire treatment group into account. When the treatment group was dichotomized according to the amount of weekly stairclimbing, the subgroup which climbed stairs the most showed significant aerobic improvements. The Baseline VO2 max was not significantly related to either pre-program stairclimbing habits or aerobic power improvements. A significant relationship was observed between baseline % body fat and pre-program stairclimbing. The correlation between pre-program and in-program stairclimbing was statistically insignificant. The experiment showed that 5500 kgm/day stairclimbing (approximately 25 flights for a 70 kg man) could result in significant improvement of maximal aerobic power."
1152631,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary function and body composition of sedentary and highly active paraplegics. Four age-matched groups of men (n = 41) were studied: wheelchair-bound sedentary (WS), wheelchair-bound athletes of international caliber (WA), able-bodied sedentary (NS), and able-bodied athletes of national Israeli teams (NA). Although of similar height, WS were significantly (p less than .05) heavier and more obese (skinfolds) than WA and NS. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max arm), as measured during arm ergometry by direct open circuit spirometry, was significantly lower in WS (19.58 plus or minus 5.53 ml/kg per min) than in WA (35.00 plus or minus 7.55). The latter had significantly higher VO2max arm than did NS (25.79 plus or minus 3.98). However, no significant difference was observed between WA and NA (38.05 plus or minus 6.25). A similar trend, favoring WA over WS, was shown for maximal minute ventilation and maximal oxygen pulse. Functional lung volumes (FVC, FEV1.0, MBC) did not differ significantly between WA and WS. Heart rates at submaximal work loads were higher in WA than in NA, but markedly lower than in WS. Clear-cut conclusions can be obtained only by a longitudinal study, but these data suggest a marked decrement in cardiopulmonary functions, related to the oxygen transport system, in men whose lower limbs have been immobilized for years. A reversed trend is shown for paraplegics who regularly activate their upper limbs and trunk muscles."
1152632,"Subjects tried to maintain 15%, 30% and 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of their handgrip for 60 sec and 70% MVC for 30 sec. When the subjects watched the tension record, they could maintain the contraction for the required time. However, without visual cues (uncued), the tests resulted in a tension decline. Ae-alpha t described the tension decline in the 15% tests, Be-beta t the 70% test, while the form in the 30% and 50% tests was Ae-alpha t + Be-beta t. In all cases alpha and/or beta were found to be dependent on the starting tension. The electrical activity obtained from surface electromyograms did not increase during the uncued tests which would be expected if muscle fatigue were involved in the tension decline. Instead the electrical activity was directly proportional to the decline in tension suggesting that the fall in tension was not due entirely to muscle fatigue. 15% MVC uncued tests in which fatigue is known not to be a factor also showed a tension decline. Precooling the hand in an attempt to alter sensory input produced no systematic change from the original uncued tests, indicating that sensory information from the hand was probably not a major factor in the tension decline. It is suggested that during the uncued tests the fast component of the tension decline may be related to a sensory adaptation involving the Golgi tendon organs. The slow component is due to forearm muscle fatigue which is related to the ischemia produced during the isometric contractions."
1152671,"From 1960 through 1972, 236 cases of amyloidosis with histologic proof were found. The amyloidosis was primary (without evidence of preceding or coexisting disease) in 132 cases (group 1) and associated with multiple myeloma in 61 (group 2). Secondary amyloidosis appeared in 19 cases (associated with rheumatoid arthritis or osteomyelitis in two-thirds of them). There were 22 patients with amyloid localized to a single organ (bladder, lung, skin, or larynx in more than half of them). Two patients had familial amyloidosis. In group 1 and group 2, the most common presenting symptoms were fatigue, weight loss, edema, dyspnea, light-headedness or syncope, and paresthesias. Symptoms of the carpal-tunnel syndrome were frequent. The liver was palpable in almost 50% of the series, but splenomegaly was an initial finding in less than 10%. Macroglossia was recorded in 26% of group 2 and in 12% of group 1. Enlargement of submandibular structures was noted in about 10% of cases; and purpura, particularly around the eyes, was a significant feature. Substantial numbers of the patients had carpal-tunnel syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, sprue, peripheral neuropathy, or orthostatic hypotension. Approximately 50% of patients had renal insufficiency at the time of diagnosis. Proteinuria was found in more than 90%. A monoclonal protein was found in the serum of 49% of group 1 and in 74% of group 2. Monoclonal proteins were found in the urine of 35% and 81%, respectively. Only 12% of patients in group 1 had no monoclonal protein when both serum and urine were analyzed, and all patients of group 2 had a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine when both were analyzed. Lambda light chains were more common than kappa. None of the patients in group 1 had more than 15% plasma cells in the marrow, whereas more than half of group 2 had more than 15% plasma cells. Roentgenograms showed no evidence of skeletal disease in 94% of group 1, but 50% of group 2 had skeletal abnormalities. Rectal biopsy was positive for amyloid in 84% of cases. Kidney, liver, and carpal-tunnel biopsies were positive in 90% or more. Follow-up of all 193 patients in groups 1 and 2 revealed that 80% of group 1 and 97% of group 2 had died. The median survival was 14.7 months in group 1 and 4 months in group 2. Cardiac failure was the most common cause of death, accounting for 30% of the fatalities. We also reclassified all cases by the method of Isobe and Osserman (105), which is based on clinical patterns: pattern I--principal involvement of tongue, heart, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, nerves, skin, and carpal ligaments; pattern II--principal involvement of liver, spleen, kidneys, and adrenals; and mixed pattern I and II. This analysis failed to reveal predictive value in the clinical pattern classification, and did not discern the survival differences between primary amyloidosis (group 1) and amyloidosis with myeloma (group 2). Consequently, for the present we prefer the classification used in this study."
1152672,"Eight patients are presented in whom obesity developed in association with documented hypothalamic lesions. These lesions included trauma, inflammatory disease, an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery, and five cases of tumor. Detailed metabolic studies were performed in four patients with hypothalamic obesity and in five age- and weight-matched patients with essential obesity(i.e., obesity with no definable etiology). Fasting insulin concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with hypothalamic obesity. During a seven-day fast the insulin levels in patients with essential obesity decreased by 24 to 48 hours, whereas patients with hypothalamic obesity showed a variety of changes; In three out of four of these patients with hypothalamic obesity there was no evidence for hyperplasia of the fat cells. Basal oxygen consumption, body composition, and metabolism of adipose tissue did not differ between the patients with essential obesity and those with hypothalamic obesity. There was no difference in activity of the enzymes in the glycerophosphate cycle. Our data on eight patients with hypothalamic obesity were compared with data on patients in literature. Most cases of hypothalamic obesity occur with space-occupying tumors arising at the base of the hypothalamus. However, trauma, inflammatory diseases, and leukemia are also associated with hypothalamic obesity. Patients with hypothalamic obesity rarely weigh more than 140 kg."
1152673,"The mean (+/- SE) peak level of serum growth hormone (GH) after intramuscular injection of glucagon in ten normal adult men was 15.1 +/- 2.1 ng/ml; glucose infusion suppressed the mean peak GH to 9.6 +/- 3.7 ug/ml (p less than 0.05). Pretreatment of eight of these subjects with propranolol caused a modest increase in the mean peak GH after glucagon (19.4 +/- 2.8 ng/ml) but did not improve the mean peak GH after glucagon when glucose was infused (8.7 +/- 2.8 ng/ml). Individual analysis of the peak GH showed that glucose infusion did not uniformly suppress the peak GH after glucagon; in seven subjects the peak GH was suppressed but in three it was not. (1) The GH response after glucagon is usually due to a fall in serum glucose after the initial rise in serum glucose induced by glucagon. (2) Nevertheless, since glucose does not consistently inhibit the GH response after glucagon, a second mechanism probably exists by which glucagon stimulates GH secretion. (3) Glucose completely suppresses the propranolol-induced increase in the GH response to glucagon; an adrenergic mechanism may be involved in the control of GH secretion by glucose."
1152674,"Filtration of basal plasma from normal, alloxan-diabetic, and depancreatized dogs on Bio Gel P-10 yielded four glucagon-immunoreactive fractions. One of them appeared in the true glycagon area with the glucagon-125I (3500 mol vt). Of the other three, one appeared in the void volume (greater than 20000 mol wt), another just before the insulin-125I (congruent to 9000 mol wt), and the last one close to the salt peak (less than 2000 mol wt). The increase of total plasma glucagon immunoreactivity observed in depancreatized and alloxan diabetic dogs was mainly due to an increase in the 3500 and 9000 molecular-weight fractions. Arginine infusion in depancreatized dogs caused an increase in the 3500 molecular-weight fraction. Somatostatin or insulin infusion in depancreatized and alloxan-diabetic dogs resulted in disappearance of the 3500 molecular-weight fraction."
1152675,"To evaluate the effect of contraceptive steroids on endogenous glucagon and insulin secretion, theta-arginine was infused intravenously in normal young women before and during selective steroid treatment. The effect of the combination of an estrogen derivative (mestranol), plus norethindrone (Norinyl, Syntex) was compared to the effect of ethinyl estradiol alone and to norethindrone alone. All three steroid schedules resulted in suppression of aminogenic insulin secretion. However, glucagon secretion was reduced only with ethinyl estradiol alone or the combination of mestranol plus norethindrone. In accordance with previous reports, treatment with an ethinyl estradiol derivative alone or in combination with norethindrone resulted in a tendency for elevated serum lipid concentration, while norethindrone alone resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipid concentration. These observations suggest an inverse relationship between aminogenic glucagon secretion and serum lipid concentration as influenced by contraceptive steroids. It is suggested that the metabolic effects of these steroids may be mediated in part by the associated alterations in pancreatic hormone secretory capacity."
1152676,"Although there exists some indirect evidence that circulating ketone bodies might inhibit their own production rate, the direct demonstration of this homeostatic feed-back phenomenon is still lacking. The present work aims at demonstrating the operation of this control mechanism in human fasting ketosis. Six obese subjects, who fasted 2-23 days, were given a primed constant i.v. infusion of 3- 14C-acetoacetate for 4 hr. After a control period of 2 hr, unlabeled sodium acetoacetate was administered as a primed constant i.v. infusion at the rate of 0.688-1.960 mmol/min until the end of the study. During both periods, the rates of inflow of ketones were estimated from the specific activity of total ketones measured under near isotopic steady state conditions. During the control period, total ketone concentration amounted to 3.98-9.65 mumol/ml and production rates of total ketones ranged between 1.450 and 2.053 mmol/min. The levels of free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, and insulin averaged respecitvely 1.30 mumol/ml, 0.11 mumol/ml, 74 mg/100 ml, and 5.2 muU/ml. The administration of exogenous ketones during the second phase of the study induced a 47%-92% increase in total ketone levels. During this period, the endogenous production of ketones (calculated as the difference between total inflow rate and acetoacetate infusion rate) amounted only to 67%-90% of control values. Among other factors, this inhibition of ketogenesis was probably partially related to the direct antilipolytic effect of infused ketones. Indeed, there was a concomitant fall in FFA and in glycerol levels averaging respectively 13.5% and 17.3%, without significant changes in peripheral insulin concentrations. Our results demonstrate that during fasting, circulating ketone bodies exert an inhibitory influence on the rate of ketogenesis. This mechanism might play an important role in preventing the development of uncontrolled hyperketonemia during starvation."
1152691,"Four cases are described in which, after apparent recovery from deliberate acute carbon monoxide poisoning, the administration of electroconvulsive therapy was associated with a relapse, with subsequent neuropsychiatric impairment. It is suggested that, as electroconvulsive therapy could aggravate acute cerebral damage, its use during recovery from acute carbon monoxide poisoning should be abandoned."
1152692,A case of adenocarcinoma developing at the squamocolumnar epithelial junction of a Barrett oesophagus is reported. This rare tumour was remarkable because of the youth of the patient and because of the signet-cell cytological pattern of the neoplasm. It is postulated that both the columnar epithelial lining of the lower part of the oesophagus and the malignant change are a consequence of long-standing oesophageal reflux.
1152699,"Prostaglandin F2alpha administered by continuous transcervical extra-amniotic infusion, and supplemented with oxytocin, given intravenously, to induce therapeutic abortion during the second trimester in 50 cases. This method was successful in all cases and has the advantages of being technically simple and requiring only a small dose of prostaglandin. The main hazard is intrauterine infection, which can be prevented by preliminary bacteriological investigation of the cervix and appropriate prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Prostaglandins are not yet available in Australia for general medical use. Our experience with prostaglandin F2alpha administered in the manner described indicates that it has an important part to play in gynaecological therapy."
1152703,"Diet and atherosclerosis are closely linked, both aetiologically and therapeutically. The aetiological association can be demonstrated most satisfactorily in animal experiments. In human beings the evidence must necessarily be more indirect and is largely based on dietary trials and epidemiological surveys linking the intake of cholesterol and saturated fat with morbidity and mortality from coronary disease. A modifying influence which has gained increasing recognition over recent years is the individual response to a given diet. This variability appears to be largely genetically determined, certainly in the defined primary hyperlipidaemic states, and possibly within the normal ranges of serum cholesterol levels. A change in food habits should be fully utilized therapeutically in any form of hyperlipidaemia, whether as a primary preventive measure before clinical diseases of atherosclerotic origin become manifest or in secondary prevention to delay further morbidity and mortality. With good dietary adherence, lipid levels may return to normal and there may be additional favourable effects on intravascular thrombosis. Many problems remain to be solved on the public health issue of advising changes in the national diet. A number of countries in which an atherogenic diet is habitually eaten have decided in favour of such a recommendation. Public education, identification of persons at risk and provision of readily available skilled medical and dietary counselling should constitute a national health project with rewarding long-term results."
1152707,"To study the effects of continous low doses of antibacterial agents after eradication of bacteriuria in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection, 31 patients with documented recurrent urinary tract infection were allocated alternately to treatment with either co-trimoxazole (400 mg of suphamethoxazole and 80 mg of trimethoprim each night) or methenamine hippurate (1 g each night). The majority of patients (79%) had underlying radiological abnormalities of the renal tract, but normal renal function (the mean serum creatinine level was 1.05 mg per 100 ml). During the study the incidence of bacteriuria and pyuria was significantly lower in the co-trimoxazole-treated group. Patients receiving co-trimoxazole also had fewer acute clinical episodes of urinary tract infection than patients receiving methenamine hippurate. There were no significant side effects from either drug. Two patients with frequent recurrences of infection developed renal calculi. No change in creatinine clearance or maximum urinary concentrating ability was observed over a follow-up period of four to 30 months (mean 10.4 months). Co-trimoxazole is an effective agent in the prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in this highly susceptible group of patients, and in the doses used was superior to methenamine hippurate."
1152708,"Meningiomas are frequently amenable to total resection. On review of a 10-year series of these tumours in Western Australia it was found that 18 out of total 78 were undiagnosed during life. Analysis of the present series is undertaken as well as comparison with other series in the literature in respect of the overall clinical picture. It is suggested that, in cases of gradual psychological deterioration, the presence of a benign intracranial space-occupying lesion ought to be excluded."
1152720,"The incidence and course of psychological reactions following natural disasters has been based on clinical impressions in the past. In the present study, 67 survivors of cyclone Tracy who had been evacuated to Sydney were studied by an objective test, the General Health Questionnaire, which has been found to be a reliable and valid instrument in determining non-psychotic psychological disturbance. Fifty-eight per cent of these Darwin evacuees scored as ""probable psychiatric cases"" when tested five to eight days after the cyclone. Psychological disturbance increased with age and was more pronounced in females."
1152721,"A case of transient situational disturbance in a Darwin evacuee is presented in order to place on record the nature of and the circumstances associated with a ""breakdown"" following the patient's evacuation form Darwin as a result of cyclone Tracy. The apparently gross behavioural disturbance was rapidly resolved after the involvement of a number of people willing, and apparently able, to provide help, without resort to hospitalization or medication."
1152731,"Compulsory seat belt wearing, first introduced in the world in Victoria in 1970, has effectively reduced the number of deaths and injuries for car occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes, whilst those for the unprotected pedestrian and pedal and motor cyclist have continued to increase. This legislation does not apply to children under the age of eight years, only 5.5% of whom travel restrained in motor cars, and their death and injury patterns remain unchanged. Seat belts offer the most remarkable protection for car occupants involved in frontal-impact collisions. However, a high percentage of car occupants who are the recipients of a side impact in a collision receive serious multiple injuries, particularly chest and pelvic injuries, and seat belts offer little protection except that head injuries are less common when a seat belt is being worn. Compulsory lateral strengthening of motor vehicles must be introduced in Australia. Ten per cent of car occupants admitted to hospital after frontal-impact collisions show injuries directly attributable to the wearing of seat belts. These include fracture of the clavicle, bruising and fracture of the sternum, cardiac tamponade, abdominal contusions and bowel lacerations. Seat belts, to be fully effective, must be fitted correctly. There is definite room for improvement in seat belt design."
1152732,"A survey is presented of injuries received in 470 road accidents involving fatal injuries to pedestrians. A comparison is made between the absolute incidence of fatal major injuries in pedestrians and that in the occupants of vehicles. Whereas head and chest injuries in combination are also major causes of death in pedestrians, the greater frequency of traumatic lesions of the spine and lower extremities in pedestrians was to be expected. As in the case of car occupants, the contribution to death of aspirated blood and vomitus was extremely high."
1152733,"In roentgenograms of the chest, it was observed that there was an increase in the difference between the right and left domes of the diaphragm in the right lateral views when compared with the difference present in the posteroanterior views. A difference of 3-5 cm in posteroanterior views and 5-0 cm in the right lateral views, could be considered normal values. The greater difference in the levels of the domes of the diaphragm in the right lateral views was confirmed in a study using hepatic models. Factors responsible for this radiological distortion have been outlined and the clinical significance of this phenomenon in respect to elevation of the right dome of the diaphragm has been discussed."
1152734,"This case report concerns a patient with chronic pancreatitis which led to extensive retroperitoneal haemorrhage from a rupture of the abdominal aorta. The rarity of this complication is emphasized, but other reported instances of bleeding in association with chronic pancreatitis are commented upon."
1152751,"Precise data on levels of prescribing of psychoactive and other drugs by general practitioners have recently become available in Australia (Rowe, 1973a, b; Bridges-Webb, 1972). However, there has been little or no research into possible determinants of prescribing behaviour, for example, age, social background, work load, the nature of the practice, education and colleague networks. Nor have the attitudes, expectations, values or information levels of general practitioners been studied. The overseas literature in this field is confusing and scanty. There would seem to be good reason to investigate these aspects in Australian practices. A pilot study carried out in Canberra in 1972 suggests that a short structured questionnaire administered in a face-to-face interview could provide the necessary data."
1152752,"A comprehensive analysis of 2,347 children with discharging ears seen between 1969 and 1972 in New Mulago Hospital, Kampala, is made. The reasons for the rare occurrence of non-suppurative otitis media are given. Finally, some suggestions are made about the aetiology of non-suppurative otitis media in the light of these findings."
1152753,"Four infants are reported who manifested severe alimentary bleeding associated with evidence of massive acute hookworm infestation. The need to remember this parasite as a possible cause of melaena in infants in areas where it is endemic is stressed, as treatment is simple and effective."
1152761,"Certain patients with bronchial asthma can benefit, often greatly, from hypnotherapy. This report is based on a retrospective analysis of 121 asthmatic patients who were treated by hypnotherapy. Hypnotic techniques and treatment procedure are described. Of the total number, 21% had an excellent response to treatment, becoming completely free from asthma and requiring no drug therapy. A further 33% had a good response, with worthwhile decrease in frequency and severity of the attacks of asthma, or a decrease in drug requirements. About half of the 46% who had a poor response had a marked subjective improvement in general well-being. Statistical evaluation of the six variables (age, sex, result, trance depth, psychological factors and severity of the asthma) confirmed the clinical impression that the ability to go into a deep trance (closely associated with the youthfulness of the subject) gives the best possibility of improvement, especially if there are significant aetiological psychological factors present and the asthma is not severe. Subjective improvement in well-being and outlood is a potential outcome at all age levels, independent of severity of the illness or entranceability of the patient."
1152762,A case is reported which illustrates the use of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of hypercalcaemia due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Control of hypercalcaemia was rapid and sustained. Removal of calcium did not completely explain the results observed. The possibility is discussed that treatment temporarily suppressed tumour growth or removed some dialysable hypercalcaemic or tumour growth factor.
1152763,"Clinical pharmacology is the scientific basis of rational drug therapy. The functions of the clinical pharmacologist comprise education, clinical practice, research and administrative duties. The functions of the department of clinical pharmacology in the modern teaching hospital have been outlined."
1152773,"A case is described of a recurrent malignant gemistocytic astrocytoma in which a diagnosis of tuberose sclerosis was made at post-mortem examination, when ""rhabdomyomata"" were found in the cardiac muscle and tubers in the cerebral hemispheres. Malignant degeneration of a cerebral lesion has not been described in association with tuberose sclerosis."
1152772,"In a group of hypertensive patients it has been shown that moderate sodium chloride restriction has a hypotensive effect that is similar to that produced by thiazide diuretics. Blood pressure changed in relation to body weight in individual patients, and appeared to correlate with their sodium balance. The more a patient was depleted of sodium, the lower was the blood pressure. The serum potassium level fell with the use of thiazide diuretics, but in this group of patients there was little change in total body potassium content. The fall in serum potassium level appeared to relate to a shift into the cells due to the accompanying alkalosis. Potassium supplementation appeared to have had little effect and was unnecessary for most patients who were given diuretics for hypertension. Amiloride corrected the alkalosis and restored the serum potassium level to normal."
1152775,"An intact pituitary gland capable of secreting growth hormone has long been considered the prime requirement for the achievement of skeletal growth potential in man. Recent studies have revealed that the growth-promoting action of growth hormone is an in-vivo phenomenon which cannot be mimicked by the addition of the hormone to skeletal tissue in vitro. The humoral agent responsible for skeletal growth has now been identified as somatomedin, a peptide produced in the liver under the stimulus of pituitary growth hormone. Serum levels of somatomedin are measured in a bioassay system by monitoring the stimulation of uptake of labelled sulphate by cartilage. Low levels of somatomedin activity are detected in the serum of children with growth hormone deficiency and short stature; the levels are high in acromegalics and low in patients with cirrhosis of the liver or chronic renal failure. Undernourished children also have low levels despite reaised serum levels of growth hormone; this suggests the presence of an inhibitor which lowers the growth-promoting activity of the somatomedin molecule. Adequate nutrition in these children results in the restoration of serum somatomedin levels to normal. Attempts to isolate and purify somatomedin have led to the identification of a group of substances sharing similar actions on skeletal tissue. Insulin has also been demonstrated to share some of these growth-promoting activities but varies in its organ specificity. Nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor and proinsulin are other molecules which form a large group of growth promoting peptides which may all be related to the somatomedins."
1152776,"A great number of unwanted pregnancies occurs annually in Australia, but more sociological data are needed to explore this current problem. If one defines unwanted pregnancy as one which was unwanted by either partner weeks before the conception, it can be estimated that approximately two in three pregnancies are unplanned and one in two is unwanted."
1152777,"An urgent social, medical and psychological problem is that of unwanted pregnancy. It is only comparatively recently that full responsibility for termination of an unwanted pregnancy has fallen fully on the medical profession and has been accepted by doctors with varying degrees of willingness and reluctance. Doctors are puzzled because in this permissive society, in which there appears to be good access to contraceptive advice and easy accessibility to the pill, women still have unwanted pregnancies; some doctors feel this is on the increase. In this study some factors have been examined which appear to have contributed to the conception of an unwanted child, in particular the women's attempts at preventing this unwanted conception, in an effort to identify groups of volnerable women by their attitudes to contraception."
1152788,"A random sample of 100 Aboriginal primary school children originally examined in February, 1970, was followed up in February, 1971, and February, 1972.  Over this period, the incidence of hearing loss dropped from 41% to 23%.  Most of the improvement occurred in the younger children, and, while this could be attributed to treatment in a few cases, the majority of children appeared to improve spontaneously.  A complete school grade of 37 children aged six years in 1970 was retested six times over a period of three years.  Again, there was a general improvement, from 60% incidence of hearing loss in 1970 to 22% in 1972.  Most of this improvement was spontaneous.  During the three years of observation (1970, 1971, 1972), 30 Aboriginal children from Cherbourg underwent surgery including myringotomy, myringoplasty and mastoidectomy.  Operative successes and failures in these children are discussed."
1152789,"In an Australian Aboriginal community, 65% of all people examined had clinical evidence of pathology in the ear drum or middle ear, but active ear disease was found mainly in children.  In most people, both ears showed similar clinical changes.  Clinical nutritional status and hygienic factors did not correlate with the presence of ear disease.  Some families had significantly more ear disease than did others, suggesting that there is some as yet unidentified familial factor."
1152790,"A survey of 212 Aboriginal and 382 European children attending two primary schools in western New South Wales revealed 60.4% of Aboriginal children's ears and 16.1% of European children's ears to be abnormal.  Perforated eardrums were found in 13.9% of Aboriginal and in 0.3% of European children's ears, and this abnormality was strongly associated with low weight and height status.  Some degree of deafness in at least one ear was found in 34.8% of Aboriginal children and in 4% of European children. Hearing loss of greater than 25 dB in the better ear was found in 11.6% of Aborigines and in 0.7% of European students in the second to the sixth classes (that is, children aged seven to 13 years).  ""Running"" ears also contributed to prejudice against Aboriginal children.  Suggestions are made about a possible medical approach to alleviate ear disease in Aboriginal people."
1152808,"Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunosorbent techniqueera from patients with atopic extrinsic asthma, from patients with chronic bronchitis and from healthy adults. 51 of 65 patients with atopic extrinsic asthma had IgE values above the mean normal. Patients who were hypersensitive to different allergens commonly showed higher IgE concentrations than those who were hypersensitive to a single allergen only. Compared with IgE values found in patients with chronic bronchitis the differences were statistically highly significant. However the measurement of serum IgE may be a valuable diagnostic tool but only in supplement to other clinical investigations."
1152842,"Most of the intracellular T4 DNA made in the presence of 9-aminoacridine is of lower molecular weight than mature T4 DNA and does not get packaged into phage particles.  Using a T4 DNA transformation assay, we have examined this intracellular T4 DNA for its content of 9-aminoacridine-induced revertants of certain rII gene frameshift mutations.  The proportion of acridine-induced revertants in the intracellular DNA population is close to that found in the phage progency made in the presence of 9-aminoacridine.  Thus, the generation of low molecular weight T4 DNA in the presence of 9-aminoacridine is not, in itself, also a mutagenic process."
1152843,"It was shown for some oncogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains that agrocin 84 sensitivity is determined by the presence of a large closed circular DNA plasmid, called the Ti-plasmid.  Whereas wild-type strain C58 is agrocin 84 sensitive, all Ti-plasmid cured derivatives were found to be fully resistant.  Moreover all independently isolated agrocin 84 resistant colonies were stably non-oncogenic and plasmid negative.  In a growth experiment carried out at 37 degrees C it was shown that the kinetics of appearance of non-oncogenic cells on the one hand and of agrocin 84 resistant cells on the other were identical.  The fact that not all oncogenic, plasmid harbouring, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains are sensitive to agrocin 84, points to the possibility that the genes determining agrocin 84 sensitivity are not essential for tumor-inducing ability."
1152844,"The antibody response of genetically inbred rats to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is controlled by a complex polygenic system which includes at least two autosomal genes and a sex influence, which may also be genetically determined. The genetic control of the quantity, binding constants, and specificity of the antibody formed linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Factors other than the major genetic ones and the sex influence also affect the quantity of antibody formed, since animals of the same genotype can make significantly different amounts of antibody, depending upon the crosses by which they acquire the major histocompatibility alleles. After immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) the low responders make fewer antibody-producing cells, are not capable of mounting a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the polypeptide and appear to be deficient in their ability to produce the specific IgM antibody. Immunization of the low responders with antigen aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin enhances the quantity of antibody formed, increases the binding constants and crossreactivity of the antibody and enhances the delayed hypersensitivity response. In contrast to the findings with the L-amino acid polypeptide, there does not appear to be any genetic control over the antibody response to the D-amino acid enantiomorph poly(DGlu52DLys33DTyr15), which is minimal in all strains."
1152855,"From cultures of V79 Chinese hamster cells, 10 independent clones of 8-azaguanine resistant cells were isolated and subcultured. Cells from all ten clones were resistant to 1 mg/ml levels of 8-azaguanine (8-AzG), contained less than 3% of the wild type levels of the enzyme, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), and were unable to grow in HAT medium. The ten clones were classified according to the conditions under which they reverted to the wild type phenotype. Clones in classes I and II reverted spontaneously with frequencies of 40-10(-5) and about 3-10(-5) respectively, and the reversion frequency was independent of the density of cells of all but one of the clones in the culture medium used. Class II clones evinced increased reversion frequencies with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and to a lesser extent with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (budR), suggesting that these clones contained point mutations in a locus which controls HGPRT activity. The processes of reversion and toxicity appeared to be associated. Class III clones did not revert spontaneously or with BUdR and MNNG, but did revert with EMS. The reversion frequency of class I clones was not increased after treatment with EMS, MNNG or BUdR."
1152859,"UV-induced pyrimidine dimers were excised from the DNA of wild-type and four mutant strains of Ustilago maydis. Excision was partially dose dependent. The kinetics of excision differed in recombination deficient strains (rec 1 and rec 2) from those found in a recombination proficient radiation-sensitive strain (uvs 3). At fluences above 100 J-m-2 excision was saturated in uvs 3 but not in rec 1 or rec 2. Fluences above 300 J-m-2 started to saturate excision in wild-type. pol1-1, a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase mutant, was excision proficient at both the permissive (22 degree) and restrictive (32 degree) temperatures. Wild-type cells were observed to excise CC before CT or TT in high dose experiments."
1152860,"Thirty-nine patients with spinal epidural abscess were evaluated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1947 and 1974. Twenty had acute symptoms, and purulent epidural collections were present; 19 had prolonged courses, and epidural granulation tissue was observed at operation. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiologic agent (57 per cent), followed by streptococci (18 per cent) and gram-negative bacilli (13 per cent). The source of infection was osteomyelitis in 38 per cent of cases and bacteremia in 26 per cent. In 16 per cent epidural abscess was due to postoperative infection. The progression from spinal ache to root pain to weakness followed by paralysis continues to be characteristic of spinal epidural abscess. Although the disease is uncommon, the complications are so serious that prompt diagnosis and treatment are of paramount importance. The combination of back pain with fewer and local tenderness is an indication for cerebrospinal-fluid examination and, depending on the results, immediate performance of myelography."
1152861,"Because some baboons repeatedly infused with somatostatin died we reviewed available autopsy material. All six animals chronically treated with somatostatin displayed gross or microscopical pulmonary hemorrhage and increased hemosiderin in lung and liver whereas only one of six untreated animals had a similar abnormality. We therefore examined the hemostatic system in living baboons. Thrombocytopenia (mean platelet count of 84,000 per microliter) was noted in six of seven baboons chronically treated with somatostatin; platelet survival was normal. Clotting factors were unaffected. Fibrinogen concentration and survival were unchanged. The acute effects of intravenous somatostatin (0.8 micrograms per kilogram per minute for two hours) in previously untreated animals transiently decreased platelet count, reduced retention of platelets on glass-bead columns and inhibited aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and epinephrine. Bleeding times were not prolonged. Somatostatin added to platelet-rich plasma in vitro was without effect. These data suggest that prolonged administration of somatostatin should be undertaken with caution."
1152862,"Preliminary evidence has suggested that somatostatin might interfere with platelet function in the baboon. Because this agent is currently being administered experimentally to human beings, we studied its effect on coagulation and platelet function in man. In five subjects, a four-hour infusion of somatostatin (500 micrograms  per hour) had no definite effect on platelet count, leukocyte count, hematocrit, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation, bleeding time, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen levels. A similar infusion for 18 hours in three subjects was likewise without effect. These studies indicate that somatostatin does not affect coagulation and platelet function in man and that its prolonged administration lacks ostensible toxicity."
1152876,"Studies of the clinical value of the limulus amebocyte lysate test for the detection of endotoxemia are inconsistent. In an attempt to define the value of this test, a total of 237 plasma samples from 111 patients were tested for endotoxin with seven different lysate preparations. A total of 48 plasma samples yielded a positive test with one or more of the seven preparations. Two of eight samples positive with all seven preparations were from ambulatory patients. A significant positive correlation of the test with bacteremia, neutrophilia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase was found. Only three of the 48 positive tests occurred by four hours of incubation, and only 12 were associated with positive blood cultures (eight contained gram-negative bacteria). The test now available has no clinical usefulness in the detection of endotoxemia or gram-negative septicemia."
1152877,"A washout technic with intestinal infusion of an inert gas mixture was used to study the relation of gas to functional abdominal symptoms. The volume of gas in the intestinal tract (176 plus or minus 28 ml S.E.M.) of 12 fasting patients with chronic complaints of excess gas did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.10) from that of 10 controls (199 plus or minus 31 ml). Similarly, there was no difference in the composition or accumulation rate of intestinal gas. However, more gas tended to reflux back into the stomach in patients who complained of abdominal pain during infusion of volumes of gas well tolerated by controls. Six patients with severe pain during the study had intestinal transit times of gas (40 plus or minus 6 minutes S.E.M.) that were significantly (P less than 0.05) longer than those of the control group (22 plus or minus 3 minutes). Thus, complaints of bloating, pain and gas may result from disordered intestinal motility in combination with an abnormal pain response to gut distention rather than from increased volumes of gas."
1152892,"To test the hypothesis that aging of human gametes within the genital tract increases the chance of abortion, we measured the probabilities of abortion after insemination on a given day of the menstrual cycle in relation to the day of the shift in the basal body temperature in 965 patients. Cases came from family-planning and sterility clinics where basal body temperature and coital records are kept routinely. The probability of abortion diminished significantly (P less than 0.001) as the shift in temperature was approached and the increased to its highest point (24 per cent) three days later. Animal experiments have shown that aging of both spermatozoa and ova before fertilization is accompanied by higher probabilities of abortion. Present evidence indicates that this higher prevalence is also true for human beings."
1152909,"One hundred and twenty-three patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a similar number of controls were tissue typed for 30 HL-A antigens to determine if there were any associations between particular HL-A antigens and the disease. None were found. However, HL-A7 was found more frequently in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis demonstrating tenosynovitis than in the population with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis as a whole. These observations fail to support the contention of others that HL-A-W27 is found more frequently than expected in such patients."
1152922,"Cell-mediated responses in patients with acute and chronic forms of Type B hepatitis were tested by lymphocyte transformation to purified hepatitis surface antigen (HBS Ag) and to phytohemagglutinin, by dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization and by response to skin-test antigens.  Although absent during acute Type B hepatitis, lymphocyte transformation by HBS Ag appeared during early convalescence and remained detectable for six years after recovery.  Patients with Type B chronic active hepatitis with increased serum transaminase levels showed a partial lymphocyte transformation with HBS Ag, whereas those with normal transaminase values demonstrated no transformation.  Patients with Type B chronic persistent hepatitis and carriers of HBS Ag did not have lymphocyte transformation.  Normal responses to dinitrochlorobenzene, intradermal skin tests and phytohemmaglutinin were found in all patients with acute, chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis and carriers.  These results indicate that recovery from Type B hepatitis is associated with the ability to elicit a specific lymphocyte response to HBS Ag."
1152923,"Internal medicine and family practice have come into conflict because both specialties consider primary care to be part of their ""turf"". Moreover, in academic medical centers there is competition for scarce resources, including patients and support for residents. Analysis of the number of physicians in practice as well as in training shows clearly that both internists and family physicians, as well as pediatricians and obstetricians, must participate in rendering primary care if the needs for this type of physician are to be met.  Internal medicine also has to achieve a better balance between generalists and subspecialists, and family practice must define its limitations, monitor its rapid growth and assure the quality of its training programs.  Most of these problems are internal to each speciality rather than between two specialties, and, where there is conflict, compromise is clearly possible."
1152936,"We treated 70 patients with gallstones with chenodeoxycholic acid over 3 1/2 years and analyzed the factors influencing the outcome of therapy. This treatment was unsuccessful in 11 patients with radiopaque gallstones and in seven with nonfunctioning gallbladders, but 64 per cent with radiolucent gallstones treated for six months or more showed partial or complete gallstone dissolution, and of those whose bile became unsaturated with cholesterol, 100 per cent had evidence of dissolution. In patients with partial or complete gallstone dissolution, the mean post-treatment biliary cholesterol saturation index--0.78 +/- 0.04 (S.E.M.)--was significantly less (P less than 0.001), and the dose of chenodeoxycholic acid (14.4 +/- 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) significantly more (P less than 0.025) than in those whose gallstones did not change (1.15 +/- 0.04 and 10.6 +/- 1.2 respectively). In patients with radiolucent gallstones, the dose of chenodeoxycholic acid should be based on body weight; 14 to 15 mg per kilogram of body weight per day effectively lowers the saturation index and dissolves gallstones."
1152953,"To study the role of commercial fishing and related factors in the development of lip cancer, a project that included a case-control study and a cohort analysis was undertaken in Newfoundland. Household survey data were linked with cancer-registry and census data. In comparison with other males, fishermen had a probability of development of lip cancer that was 1.5 times higher (by the case-control method, P less than 0.05) or 4.4 times higher (by cohort analysis, P less than 0.001). Despite the effect of pipe smoking, ""outdoorness"" and age on the development of lip cancer in general, the occupation of fishing was an additional, independent contribution to the risk. Unexpectedly, using the mouth as a third hand to handle tar-coated nets seemed to protect fishermen from the disease. It was not possible to attribute the higher risk to a particular work activity, nor was a specific responsible carcinogen identified."
1152954,"Some cases of esophageal atresia, either with or without tracheoesophageal fistula, are not suited for primary anastomosis. To avert the need for colon interposition in two such infants, intermittent electromagnetic force was used to pull together ""bullets"" placed in the esophageal ends. This method elongated and enlarged the esophageal segments enough to accomplish their anastomosis later. This approach appears feasible to use for infants whose esophageal malformation does not permit primary repair. It may also be applicable to cases of imperforate anus with a hight pouch."
1152969,"The toxic effect of fernasan (containing 25% thiram) was tested on Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani in liquid and agar media. The fungicide was more effective in liquid (at 100 p.p.m.) than in solid media, where 400 p.p.m. checked the growth of R. solani, but was ineffective against F. solani. Both fungi exhibited a zone of inversion growth in liquid culture whereby certain intermediate concentrations were less inhibitory than lower or subsequently higher doses. Similar reaction was recorded for F. solani alone in fungicide-containing agar media. Sclerotium formation by R. solani was highly significant, in relation to controls, at 40 p.p.m. The abundance of chlamydospores of F. solani was coupled with cessation of conidium formation increasing fernasan doses."
1152970,The systematic human hair degradation by Trichophyton terrestre was examined by electron and light microscopy. The cuticular and hair shaft regions were readily decomposed by the wild type or parent strain selected for phenotype studies after exposure to spaceflight parameters.
1152972,"A case of pulmonary and lymphatic paracoccidioidomycosis followed by conjunctivo-palpebral involvement is studied in Sao Paulo (Brazil). The Brazilian literature is reviewed. The most frequent clinic forms of ocular lesions in natural infection are described. The small number of human cases observed is discussed. The severity and frequency of ocular lesions in experimental animals, intracardiacally inoculated with P. brasilensis cultures suggest haematogenic ocular dissemination of the fungus, which may occur in the septicemic stage of the human paracoccidioidomycosis."
1153006,"The formation of the protein-protein interface by the insulin dimer, the trypsin-PTI complex and the alphabeta oxyhaemoglobin dimer removes 1,130-1,720 A2 of accessible surface from contact with water. The residues forming the interface are close packed: each occupies the same volume as it does in crystals of amino acids. These results indicate that hydrophobicity is the major factor stabilising protein-protein association, while complementarily plays a selective role in deciding which proteins may associate."
1153007,The chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) from pea and corn plants contains both Cairns type and rolling circle replicative intermediates. Denaturation mapping studies with pea ctDNA molecules have shown that the rolling circles initiate replication at or near the site where the Cairns replicative intermediates terminate replication. These results suggest that the rolling circles are initiated by a Cairns round of replication. A model for the replication of the chloroplast DNA is based on these results.
1153019,"The effects of a purified fraction of the venom of the Brazilian scorpion, Tityus serrulatus, were studied in isolated guinea-pig atria previously labelled with 3H-noradrenaline. Exposure to 0.3 and 1.0 mug/ml of the scorpion toxin resulted in a long lasting positive chronotropic effect which was concentration-dependent. The increase in atrial rate coincided with an enhancement in spontaneous outflow of radioactivity. The increase in outflow of radioactive products elicited by exposure to 1.0 mug/ml of the scorpion toxin was approximately 3-fold. 3H-noradrenaline accounted for 60% of the total increase in outflow of radioactivity elicited by the scorpion toxin and the 3H-deaminated glycol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-glycol) represented the main metabolite formed, accounting for approximately 35% of the total release. 20 min after exposure to 1.0 mug/ml of the scorpion toxin the overflow of the labelled transmitter elicited by accelerans nerve stimulation (4 Hz, during 60 sec. supramaximal voltage) was increased 8-fold. This effect of the scorpion toxin appears to be unrelated to inhibition of neuronal uptake, block of alpha-adrenoceptors or stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. Consequently, in addition to releasing noradrenaline, the scorpion toxin enhances transmitter overflow elicited by nerve stimulation through a prejunctional effect which appears to reflect a nove mechanism of action."
1153020,"The metabolism of 3H-noradrenaline released by nerve stimulation in the isolated nerve-muscle preparation of the cat nictitating membrane was determined under control conditions and in the presence of hydrocortisone, 28 muM, a concentration which inhibits the high affinity extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline in this tissue. In the controls the main fraction in the overflow elicited by stimulation at 10 Hz during 2 min was the deaminated glycol, 3H-DOPEG (3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol), which accounted for 45.2 +/- 2.96% of the total radioactivity. Under these conditions, 3H-noradrenaline represented 30.8 +/- 1.92%, while 3H-normetanephrine accounted for 14.5 +/- 0.94% of the total overflow of radioactivity. During exposure to hydrocortisone there was a selective inhibition in 3H-normetanephrine formation from 3H-noradrenaline released by stimulation while the other fractions were not affected significantly. In contrast to these results, there were no changes in the spontaneous outflow of 3H-normetanephrine during exposure to hydrocortisone. The results obtained support the view that 3H-normetanephrine in spontaneous release originates from the activity of prejunctional catechol-O-methyltransferase. On the other hand, 3H-normetanephrine formed during transmitter release elicited by nerve stimulation is due to the activity of extraneuronal catechol-O-methyltransferase. Access of 3H-noradrenaline released by nerve stimulation to extraneuronal catechol-O-methyltransferase is mediated through the high-affinity, hydrocortisone-sensitive extraneuronal uptake mechanism."
1153021,"The inhibitory effects of metabolites of L-tryptophan on gluconeo-genesis in rat renal cortex has been established. 1. Glucose production was inhibitied by quinolinate in vitro. The inhibition is due to the decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity. As suggested for purified enzyme systems, quinolinate seems to exert its action in tissue slices by chelating divalent metal ions. The minimum effective extracellular concentration of the inhibitor was 5 X 10(-5) M with pyruvate as a precursor for gluconeo-genesis. 2. The effect of 3-hydroxyanthranilate is stronger (minimal effective concentration 10(-5) M) than that of quinolinate. 3-Hydroxyanthranilate may be effective in its original form and/or as a dimer degrandation product. The compound(s) exert a second effect in addition to blocking the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This block is attained by conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to quinolinate. The non-quinolinate mediated effect may be due to a reduced ATP regeneration. 3. It is suggested that kidney cortex responds sensitively to disturbances in ATP metabolism by reduction of glucose synthesis, when it is not the result of blocked formation of phosphoenolpyruvate."
1153022,"A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) is presented for the determination of digoxin and its acylated derivatives. In the procedure the antiserum is covalently bound to bromacetylcellulose. Therefore the free and the immunologically bound digoxin fractions can easily be separated by centrifuging. The radioactivity in the supernatant representing the unbound digoxin is proportional to the digoxin concentration in the sample. This modification of the RIA for digoxin is far more time saving than the separation procedure using dextran-coated charcoal as an absorbent; nevertheless both methods are equally sensitive, specific and reliable. The use of the solid phase assay is demonstrated comparing the bioavailability of various digoxin derivatives."
1153024,"Some discharge characteristics were investigated for response of certain neurons of the cochlear nuclei in Rhinolophus ferrum equinum to ultrasonic stimuli filling frequency within aecholocating range. Most neurons were found to have three spearated response areas, one in the 80-90 kHz frequency band (basic characteristic frequency) and two others-1/2 and 1/3 of the first one. The response areas included the inhibitory band, one of which was located higher than the basic characteristic frequency. Two other inhibitory bands overlapped with the complementary response areas. The sensitivity of neurons to the frequency of the stimulus increased when the characteristic frequency was changed from 90 to 80 kHz with maximal sensitivity at 80-80.5 kHz."
1153035,"The effect of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine on the content of uridine nucleotides in myeloid tumor (Graffi) and myeloma MOPC-21 of mice was investigated in vivo. After treatment with aminosugars a marked decrease in UTP and UDP-glucose quantity was found. The trapping of uridine phosphates by formation of UDP-sugar derivatives was different in the two tumors and depended on the aminosugar employed. D-glucosamine provoked an increase in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pool size in myeloid tumor (Graffi) and myeloma MOPC-21. D-galactosamine administration led to formation of UDP-galactosamine and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in myeloma MOPC-21, while in myeloid tumor (Graffi) an increase in the content of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was obtained only."
1153036,"The antineoplastic substances isolated from Chamaenerium angustifolium, Chanerol, a macromolecular polyphenol, and its complex with polysaccharide, Chanerozan, have been studied in vitro in tests of haemagglutination, tumor cell agglutination, leucoagglutination and some others. The results obtained show Chanerol as a new phytohaemagglutinin (lectin) which has no group specificity for human erythrocytes (ABO system). As distinct from other lectins (proteins) Chanerol belongs to another chemical class (macromolecular polyphenols) and has no effect on lymphocytes in leukoagglutination and blast transformation tests. Both preparations have been shown capable of agglutinating tumor cells in vitro and revealed antitumor activity in the intravenous and intraperitoneal administration to mice with transplanted tumors. The toxicity of Chanerozan and its titre of human and mouse erythrocyte agglutination are considerably lower than those of Chanerol. Thus, judging by haemagglutination test Chanerozan behaves as a typical complex of agglutinin with concurrent sugar."
1153037,"The authors report on preliminary data concerning the antiproliferative activity of thymosterin upon the growth of the KB tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The experiments in vitro showed an intense antiblastic action of thymosterin, which was proportional to the administered dose. The preliminary results of the in vivo experiments suggest that inhibitory effect of thymosterin on the h 18 R tumor growth in newborn rats."
1153039,"Morphological examination of 452 Fallopian tubes removed together with the uterus for uterine cervix cancer revealed in 221 patients at the time of operation and in 5 dead on autopsy, metastatic cancer in 8 females (3.5%) in 12 tubes (right-side involvement 2 cases, left-side 2 cases, ambi-lateral 4 instances). In 37 patients there were metastases in inner organs; of these diseased 21.6% were affected by metastatic cancer of the Fallopian tube. Macroscopically, metastatic tumors were of different form in 4 cases; in the remaining instances they were only discovered on microscopical examination. In two cases the tubes were affected in their whole length, in the other case the tumor was located in the ampullary portion. The cyto- and histological structures of the metastatic cancer were the same as those of the primary uterine cervix tumor. The predominating route of tumor dissemination has proved to be lymphogenic propagation (5 cases). In two cases lymphohematogenic dissemination, in one case propagation by implantation were observed."
1153040,"On the basis of the author's own results and literary data emphasis is laid on the significance of lymphography for confirming or establishing a diagnosis, for determining the extent of a lesion and for proper considerations on indications for surgical treatment. Relymphography following a surgical intervention is capable of showing whether the latter had been successful and of revealing foci of recurrence. The case history bears on two histologically verified lymphangioma -- in the first case of the soft parts of the right leg, in the second of the soft part of the left thoracic wall, the armpit and the mediastinum. In both cases, relapse after repeated surgical interventions was verified by direct lymphography from superficial lymph vessels of the foot and the cubital fossa."
1153041,"The visceral radioisotopic lymphography, as a new technic, reveals new possibilities to investigate the lymph system of the testicle. The testicular lymph center is regularly visualized at the level of the para-aortic lymph nodes. But in 16.9% of the patients, respectively in 10.8% of the examined testes, iliac lymph nodes are demonstrated as a primary lymph center, draining the testicle. A preoperative scintigraphic search can be made for every patient with testicular neoplasma in the intention to obtain a more correct determination of the stage, the prognosis and the proper treatment planning."
1153042,"A new oral amino acid preparation was given to two groups of patients: group 1, five patients on hemodialysis; and group 2, five patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). In group 1 significant pre- and postdiet changes were: BUN 93-37 mg% (p smaller than 0.01); creatinine 13.0-9.7 mg% (p smaller than 0.001); phosphorus 6.6-4.2 mg% (p smaller than 0.05); uric acid 8.7-6.0 mg% (p smaller than 0.01); CO2 16.3-21.3 mEq/I (p smaller than 0.01); hematocrit 18.0-20.8% (p smaller than 0.05). In group 2: BUN 93-66 mg% (p smaller than 0.05); phosphorus 5.6-3.8 mg% (p smaller than 0.05); hematocrit 27.3-30.7% (p smaller than 0.05). Nitrogen balance was positive in all patients. It is concluded that this oral amino acid mixture is well-tolerated and can be utilized in CRF to attain protein anabolism."
1153043,"A group of patients whose dietary potassium was unrestricted and who received 12-18 h of Kiil dialysis twice weekly against a bath containing no potassium, had body potassium concentrations (total body potassium/intracellular volume) of 7.6% lower than normal. Despite marked hypokalemia at the end of dialysis, suprisingly few electrocardiographic changes were seen. Another group of subjects, dialyzed fro 5-6 h thrice weekly against a bath containing 1 mEq/liter of potassium in a Dow dialyzer, showed more marked electrocardiographic abnormalities despite smaller alterations in transmembrane potassium gradients. Rapidity of establishment of potassium gradients is important as well as magnitude. The following changes occur in a single dialysis: 100 mEq of cell potassium and 20 mEq of extracellular potassium leave the body; 100 mEq of extracellular sodium enter the cells and 415 mEq of extracellular sodium leave the body; 3.5 liters of water leave the extracellular fluid, 2.5 liters into the bath and 1 liter into the cells."
1153044,"Rats were kept for 4 weeks on a dietary regimen with a low or high sodium intake to increase or reduce, respectively, the renin activity of the kidneys and plasma. Fibrinolysis was inhibited by intravenous injection of AMCA and thrombin was infused into the jugular vein, giving rise to heavy intravascular fibrin deposition in the kidneys. Shortly after the thrombin infusion the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased equally in saline-loaded and normal rats. 48 h after the thrombin infusion the GFR was still markedly reduced in saline-deprived and normal rats but had returned to preinfusion values in the saline-loaded rats. The results might indicate that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the presistence of the renal functional impairment after intravascular coagulation in the rat kidney."
1153045,"Renin secretion has been hypothesized to be inversely related to the tubular sodium concentration or load. Using rat kidney cortex slices, in vitro renin secretion was measured as a function of sodium concentration of the medium. We found, as have many others, that renin secretion increases with increasing medium sodium concentration. However, in the presence of 10(-3) M ouabain, renin secretion decreased with increasing medium sodium concentration. We also found that intracellular sodium concentration varied directly with medium sodium both in the presence and absence of ouabain. Furosemide, a known renin stimulator in vivo, had no effect on renin secretion from tissue slices. Although obvious differences exist between in vitro and in vivo results, no simple relationship may exist between intracellular sodium concentration and renin secretion."
1153046,"Analysis of 47 renal biopsies performed on adult patients with nephrotic syndrome in Bahia, Brazil, shows a peculiar distribution of the histologic types with a preponderance of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The possibility of a regional influence is discussed, particularly with regard to Schistosoma mansoni infection which is endemic in this area and probably an important cause of glomerulopathy."
1153047,"Two cases of pericardial pseudocyst which developed in the course of maintenance hemodialysis are reported. Both patients were usually free of complaints, although there was evidence of the previous pericarditis with recent accumulation of pericardial effusion. As a possible mechanism leading to pericardial pseudocyst formation, distension of a weak area of the thickened pericardium due to an increase in intrapericardial pressure was assumed. Therefore, pericardial pseudocyst is one of the likely complications of patients on maintenance hemodialysis."
1153048,"In this study, rats recovering from glycerol-induced acute renal failure were found to be protected from mercury-induced nephropathy, and HgCl2 poisoning protected rats from developing myohemoglobinuric renal failure. In view of the widely disparate nature of the renal failure models used, refractoriness appears to relate to an altered sensitivity of the organism itself rather than reflecting resistance to a particular nephropathic challenge. Renal renin content of the rats at the time of rechallenge was normal or high, a finding which contrasts sharply with that of chronically saline-loaded animals which also are refractory to ARF but have a maximally suppressed renal renin content. Renal renin depletion is not essential to the prevention of acute renal failure in the rat."
1153049,"Two and three Dow Cordis Hollow Fiber and Gambro Lundia artificial kidneys were used for high efficiency dialysis in large patients, intoxications, and for rapid ultrafiltration. BUN clearances of up to 240 ml/min were achieved. One episode of severe neuropathy occurred during high efficiency dialysis, and hypotensive episodes were more common. High efficiency dialysis has certain indications particularly in intoxication cases. However, because of possible side effects more experience is needed before its ultimate place in the treatment of uremia can be ascertained."
1153129,"Nonpuerperal  alactorrhea and amenorrhea have been reported following the use of oral contraceptives. Treatment of this condition with ergot alkaloids has proved to be of great therapeutic value. Pretreatment plasma hLH and hFSH concentrations in 13 women with postqill galactorrhea-amenorrhea (PPGA) were 6.6 plus or minus 0.6 (SE.) and 5.0 plus or minus 0.8 mlU/ml, respectively. The mean prolactin concentration was 80.7 plus or minus 13.2 ng/ml. After complete evaluation in which diagnostic evidence of pituitary tumor was absent, the patients were treated with ergocryptine (CB-154). The mean hPRL concentration at 14 days of therapy was 7.8 p;us or minus 1.9 ng/ml. Cyclic gonadotropin secretion resumed in all but one instance; ovulation was confirmed on the basis of a biphasic temperature chart and in 5 cases, endometrial biopsy. Measurement of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity indicated a significant decline at the end of 8 weeks of CB-154 therapy. The fall in hPRL was not necessarily associated with a fall in DBH. The majority of women in this study exhibited a consistent personality suggesting varying degrees of anxiety unrelated to the PPGA  and usually antedating the use of oral contraceptives. PPGA was found in women without hyperprolactinemia, but altered hPRL secretion was evident in all instances. The data suggest that the disorder of cyclic gonadotropin secretion is related to altered hPRL secretion, but the mechanism is possibly related to a catecholamine abnormality. The data support the presence of an inherent cyclic mechanism for the secretion of gonadotropins. CB-154 therapy does not affect conception, and no teratogenic effects were observed in 2 infants born to  women who had received CB-154 during the first 40 days of gestation."
1153132,"The occurrence of breast secretion more than 1 year postpartum was studied in 800 healthy, parous women of childbearing age. Among of 418 women who were using a combination-type oral steroid contraceptive, the incidence of breast secretion was lower than among the nonusers. The incidence of bilateral secretion decreased with increasing duration of use of the oral contraceptives. Statistical material is presented for the incidence of breast secretion as related to age. time elapsed since last delivery, and duration of nursing the last child. Brownish secretion rather than white or yellowish is seen more often in women over 30 years of age. Various menstrual irregularities (excluding amenorrhea) do not appear to be associated with an increased incidence of breast secretion."
1153133,"Eighteen patients hospitalized for excessive ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are reported. In 14 cases the ovarian hyperstimulation was induced by human menopausal -onadotropins and in 4 cases by combined treatment with clomiphene and HCG. In 5 patients the hyperstimulation was associated with conception, which resulted in 1 quintuplet delivery, 1 early quintuplet abortion, 1 twin abortion, 1 normal delivery, and  1 missed abortion. The regimen of treatment was a conservative one. The patients were hospitalized and treated with infusion of plasma expanders. Anticoagulant therapy was administered only in cases that showed clinical evidence of thromboembolic pheomena or laboratory evidence of severe hemoconcentration. The pathogenesis of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, prevention, and management are discussed. This syndrome should be diagnosed early and treated intensively."
1153135,"Micronized 17beta-estradiol (E2) was used as oral replacement therapy in 369 patients with estrogen deficiency and related menopausal symptoms. Over 95 percent of 319 patients evaluable for efficacy gained satisfactory relief of their symptoms from cyclic (on 21 days/off 7 days) E2 therapy. Approximately 77 percent required no adjustment of their initial daily dose, viz, 1 mg (5 or less hot flushes per day) or 2 mg (6 or more flushes daily). In addition, 80 percent (58/72) of the patents who did not obtain adequate control from their starting dose were successfully titrated, either upward to a maximum of 4 mg/day or downward for maintenance. Overall, a higher percentage of patients were treated successfully with 2 mg daily (209/319; 66 percent) than with 1 mg/day (22 percent). About 8 percent of the patients required 3 or 4 mg daily, while 4 percent failed to derive adequate benefit from micronized E2. Oral E2 therapy was well tolerated; hence, the attrition rate due to side effects or lack of control was only 6 percent (22/369). Moreover, all laboratory fingings were within normal limits, even in patients treated with E2 for over 12 months. Coincidental endometrial changes were found in 9 patients, all of whom had received long-term (9 months-3 years) estrogen therapy prior to entering this study. Thus, the stste of the endometrium should be determined before any estrogens are given for the monopause. It is concluded that micronized E2 is highly efficacious, well accepted, and safe for oral estrogen-replacement therapy in menopausal women."
1153136,"An open cuff technic was employed in 2421 consecutive patients with total abdominal hysterectomy. Extraperitoneal drainage was purpose of the method. The two most serious complications were postoperative hemorrhage (7 cases, 0.28 percent) and intestinal obstruction (6 cases, 0.24 percent). The morbidity rate was 20.8 percent. Of those without colporrhaphy (two-thirds), the morbidity rate was 18.2 percent. Prophylactic antibiotics were not used in the latter group. In no instance was a pelvic abscess or cluff abscess recognized. Death occurred in 1 case (0.041 percent). This method may diminish the occurrence of apical infections above a closed vagina by allowing immediate extraperitoneal drainage. Postoperative bleeding and intestinal obstruction, along with other rare conditions, continue to represent occasional but severe complicantions."
1153137,"Pregnancy performance of 471 patients under age 15 who delivered between 1968 and 1972 was compared with that of the same number of control patients between 19 and 25 years of age. The control group was selected by the paired method technic, whereby each study patient was paired with a control patients utilizing identical race and contribution to hospital cost as the economic determinant. The results of the study showed that young patients differed significantly from the control group in having an earlier menarche and a greater number of recurring pregnancies within 18 months of the initial one. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pelvic inlet contraction were pregnancy complications occurring more frequently among study patients than control patients."
1153139,"A recorder is described which is capable of continuously measuring intervals between two events of the fetal cardiac cycle, as well as functioning as a routine intrapartum monitor. We have primarily measured the interval between the R wave of the fetal ECG  and the second fetal heart sound (R-S2), but the recorder is also capable of measuring R-R, R-A0 (opening of aortic valve), R-Pl (placenta), and R-Sc (scalp) intervals. In the discussion, we endeavor to show that these intervals reflect fetal cardiac performance, which is altered by drugs and acidemia."
1153140,"In order to evaluate the most reliable means of determining fetal maturity, six amniotic fluid components were analyzed from 99 women who were 22 to 40 weeks pregnant. The six parameters investigated were: amylase activity the lecithin to sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, percentage of fat cells, and the concentrations of protein, creatinine, and bilrubin. In general, single components and combinations of two or three of the tests did not significantly enhance the predictive accuracy or reduce the error from that obtained with the L/S ratio used alone."
1153141,"An evaluation and a critique of prognostic parameters and criteria involved in the classification and clinical staging of epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva are presented, comparing the FIGO system and a proposed more definitive system. Biostatistical as well as clinical evidence for an improved system is presented. The proposed system is based on statistically valid data, has good patient distribution, and an orderly progression for therapy and prognosis. In addition, it is well suited for computer programming and for the comparison of patients and therapy, as well as for delineating the natural history of vulvar cancer."
1153142,"Needle aspiration of a breast mass, a procedure widely employed in Scandinavia but neglected in the United States, has an imporant role in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the breat. Five hundred and ninety-seven patients has aspirations from 706 lesions, 415 solid and 291 cystic. There were 83 malignancies, with abnormal cells in 73. In the majority the diagnosis could be made readily. There is no known contraindication to the procedure. Aspiration at the initial visit may alert the physician to malignancy, thus avoiding undue delay in treatment."
1153143,A case of gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic female with XY genotype associated with ovarian gonadoblastoma is reported. Endocrinologic studies suggest that the normal female secondary sex characteristics could be due to estrogen production from luteal intersitial cells.
1153144,The authors point out the difficulty in recognizing puerperal myocardiopathy and the necessity for standardizing the diagnostic features. The patient described here was all the more unusual because of the coincidental occurrence of a second rare condition-simultaneous uterine and tubal pregnancies. Our data may add support to the theory that all ill-defined myocardial lesion resblts from an autoimmune response.
1153145,"A clinical and histopathologic study of material from a series of 17 patients with basal cell carcinoma of the vulva are reviewed. The tumors occurred primarily in elderly patients (average age, 59 years), the majority of whom were Causasian. Presenting symptomatology consisted primarily of pruritus vulvae and/or the presence of a vulvar mass (79%) of long duration (average, 6 years, 7 months). The lesions were described grossly as ulcerations or masses located on the anterior labium majus. Etiologies were indeterminate although 2 patients had previously received vulvar irradiation. Therapy consisted primarily of wide local excision and was effective in that follow-up studies in 16 patients revealed no deaths attributable to basal cell carcinoma. These data indicate that basal cell carcinoma is a locally invasive nonmetastasizing tumor best treated by wide local excision providing the tumor edge does not extend to the margin of excision."
1153146,A series of 343 consecutive cases with the preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix treated by cervical conization is presented. In 93% of these patients cervical cytology returned to normal. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 5 years. There was significantly greater chance for an apparent cure in cases in which histologic evaluation indicated free margins of resection (98%) than in those where the margins were involved by the neoplastic process (70%). Colposcopic evaluation to determine the site for punch biopsies and adequate resection margins could greatly enhance the success of therapeutic conization. The urgent need for conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia because of its predominance among young women is discussed.
1153147,"Outpatient uterine curettage has proved to be an effective diagnostic tool and could replace the need for many hospital curettages. The materials needed to perform an outpatient curettage are described. The method was evaluated on 300 patients who underwent conventional hospital curettage under anesthesia 24 hours after the outpatient curettage. The outpatient curettage was evaluated for safety, reliability, economy, effectiveness, and patient acceptance. The results of the two methods compared favorably."
1153148,"A number of patients with severe vasomotor symptoms of menopause, specifically hot flashes, are unable to take exogenous estrogens because of intolerance of contraindications. Others achieve less than satisfactory relief of symptoms with extrogen. A double-blind study was established to determine whether depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable (Depo-Provera, Upjohn) could be used as a satisfactory substitute in these patients. The basis of the study was to evaluate clinical impressions that some menopausal patients taking DMPA for other purposes achieved relief from these distressing symptoms. Fifty-seven patients were treated with DMPA, 150 mg IM monthly, and 12 controls were given 1.5 ml sterile saline IM monthly. Serum FSH and LH were measured initially and serially. Clinical response was determined by the patients' estimates of the frequency and severity of their hot flashes. Of 57 patients in the treatment group, 51 (89.5%) were relieved of symptoms compared to 3 of 12 (25%) in the control group. DMPA can be an effective alternate to estrogen therapy in selected menopausal patients."
1153149,"Routine electronic monitoring has been performed on 2411 labor patients at Booth Memorial Medical Center. Most recently, 88% of all patients delivered were monitored. As a direct result of this program, intrapartum stillbirths have been dramatically reduced from 1.2/1000 livebirths to 0.5/1000 livebirths. Perinatal mortality for fetuses over 1000 g has fallen to 8.8/1000 deliveries. Apgar scores below 6 at 5 minutes have decreased from a rate of 24/1000 to 14/1000 livebirths. No increase in cesarean sections for fetal distress has occurred although the primary cesarean section rate has increased over the past 10 years, apparently unrelated to fetal monitoring. It is strongly recommended that all patients in labor be monitored by currently available technics."
1153150,"A case of human fetal renal maldevelopment following the administration of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone in early pregnancy for therapy of Hodgkin's disease is reported. While these agents have been shown to be teratogenic in animal experiments, adverse fetal effects following their use during early human pregnancy have not been described. In spite of this previous experience, it has generally been recommended that these agents be withheld during the first trimester of pregnancy because of their presumed teratogenic potential. This case would seem to reinforce this recommendation."
1153151,"In order to estimate the human placental lactogen (HPL) level and its value as an indicator of fetoplacental function during labor, we determined HPL levels (N equals 225) before, during, and after labor in normal (N equals 16) and preeclamptic (N equals 14) subjects or in patients with benign intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (N equals 5). During labor, greater decreases in this value were found in preeclamptic than in normal subjects and similarly in mothers with fetoplacental dysfunction than with normal fetoplacental function. The rupture of the membranes had no effect on the level of HPL, which was not related to parity, oxytocin infusion, time interval from rupture of the membranes to delivery, nor to relative placental weight. The half-life of HPL varied in the range of 20-23 minutes immediately after delivery and in the range of 30-39 minutes some time later. During labor, greater decreases in HPL level in cases of preeclampsia or fetoplacental dysfunction may be caused by relative uteroplacental ischemia during uterine contractions, but from this finding it is hard to expect any advantage of HPL as a monitor of fetoplacental function during labor."
1153152,"Oxytocin, 5 to 10 units, is frequently given as a bolus injection following term delivery or elective termination of pregnancy. It is not general knowledge that this has any untoward effects. In the present study in young, healthy women undergoing elective termination of pregnancy, mean arterial blood pressure decreased approximately 30% and the total peripheral resistence 50%, 40 seconds after injection. However, heart rate increased 30% and stroke volume 25%, so that the cardiac output was elevated more than 50% above control. Oxytocin given as a dilute solution produced no circulatory change; hence, we suggest that this drug be administered in such fashion rather than by bolus injection."
1153153,"The obstetric outcome (abortions, stillbirths, prematurity, mature births, and congenital abnormalities) in a group of 1522 consecutive pregnant patients who had smallpox vaccinations during recent pregnancies was compared to that in a similar control group of 2024 consecutive pregnant patients who did not receive any antenatal vaccination. Results showed that smallpox vaccination during pregnancy did not increase the rate of stillbirths, premature births, or congenital abnormalities in patients who had been vaccinated at least once before. However, it was noted that women vaccinated during the first trimester of pregnancy more often had children with clubfoot. Therefore, unless there is an immediate risk, we recommend delaying smallpox vaccination during pregnancy until the second or third trimester. However, during epidemic, vaccination should be done regardless of gestational age."
1153154,"The spontaneous development of total vaginal occlusion as the result of postmenopausal atrophy is unusual. This poorly described entity may give rise to diagnostic confusion, as the site of vaginal occlusion resembles an atrophic cervix flush with the top of a stenotic vaginal vault. Fluid collections above this site of occlusion may produce pelvic masses with a characteristic physical sign. The absence of any history of vaginal injury or disease distinguishes these cases from other types of acquired vaginal occlusion."
1153156,"General anesthesia permits surgery involving large operative fields without limit to time. It is essential in children and uncooperative adults and provides an immobile, quiet patient who does not recall the operative procedure. Local and regional anesthesia re indicated when the surgical field is limited in size and extent. Neuroleptanesthesia in ophthalmology usually involves the administration of droperidol followed by fentanyl followed in intubation, sometimes using a muscle relaxant, and maintenance of anesthesia with nitrous oxide. The terrifying dreams produced by ketamine may be minimized by preoperative administration of diazepam and a quiet recovery period. Attempts to eliminate the oculocardiac reflex are unpredictable and unreliable and, with careful monitoring of anesthesia, elimination does not seem essential. Malignant hyperthermia is an autosomal dominant disorder occurring mainly with the administration of halogenated fluoroethane and depolarizing muscle relaxants. It is often signaled by sudden and prolonged muscle spasm following the injection of the muscle relaxant. Treatment must be directed toward hyperventilation using oxygen, correction of the metabolic respiratory acidosis, and reduction of fever."
1153157,"Seventy-two cases of malignant melanoma of the iris treated surgically have been reviewed from Wilmer Institute records with respect to the age, sex, and race of the patients and the clinical and histologic results. Clinical features studied include location and extent of tumor, duration, presence of preexisting lesions, and associated features such as hyphema, glaucoma, cataract, pupillary distortion, and vascularity of the tumor. Surgical therapy included iridectomy, iridocyclectomy and enucleation. Complications of iridectomy included cases of hyphema, cataract, wound dehiscence and episcleral seeding of the tumor. Complications of iridocyclectomy included cases of vitreous loss, cataract, high astigmatism and incomplete excision. Histopathologic features were studied, and the relationship of cell type and tumor cohesiveness to tumor behavior was stressed. Tumor deaths were observed in two of the 72 cases. Clinicopathologic and statistical features in this series of 72 patients were compared with those previously reported series of iris melanomas, and the therapy of these lesions was discussed."
1153158,"The characteristic clinical findings of pseudoparalysis of the medial rectus muscle include exotropia in primary position, widened medial fissure on the affected side, limitation of adduction on the affected side, an A-pattern exotropia, and a paradoxical forced-traction test. We have devised a surgical technique to restore good movement of the eye in adduction. The priniciple behind the technique is that all adhesions between Tenon's capsule covering the muscle and conjunctiva, and between muscle and sclera must be found and cut posterior to the fornix. This will allow the muscle to be brought forward easily so that it can be resected and advanced for restoration of function."
1153159,For many years the standard surgical treatment for chronic dacryocystitis has been the anastomosis of the lacrimal sac mucosa to nasal mucosa over the margins of an ostium through the lacrimal bone. Failures of this standard procedure have been attributed to many factors and complications frequently require reoperation. The procedure described in this paper was developed as one means of overcoming some of these difficulties. It consists of the implantation of a specially shaped nasolacrimal duct prosthesis from the base of the sac through the interosseous canal into the inferior nasal meatus. This procedure gives reasonable assurance of permanent drainage and is recommended as a primary procedure of choice. The operation is described.
1153161,"There are three basic needs for a vitrector or vitreophage. One is for the anterior segment surgeon so that he may have a machine available when vitreous is lost during anterior segment surgery and may spare himself the hazards and potential complications of doing vitrectomy solely with cellulose sponges. The simplified vitrector which is disposable, sterile, and rapidly made ready ideally serves this need in a way which is not served by any other technique. Two, the removal of normal vitreous may be necessary in patients with vitreous contact, and any type of vitreous removing machine may be useful for this. The vitrector we have worked with is simple and satisfactory, and has the potential advantage of having blades which are always sharp and always pushed firmly against the cutting edge of the hole since they are disposable and inexpensive. An infusor as well as simple cutting tips are available. Three, vitrectomy for serious vitreous pathology can be done with the simple vitrector through the anterior segment approach if the lens is absent or will be removed, and if heavy pre-retinal and vitreous bands are not present. For the handling of diabetic retinopathy and sheets of vitreous membranes which appear organized, other equipment may be superior."
1153162,"An analysis of 54 cases of ARD, and a PRD control group, revealed that retraction of the posterior vitreous hyaloid was more severe in the aphakic eyes. On the basis of retinal break morphology, the ARD cases could be divided into two groups: (1) detachments that had resulted from small tears situated along the posterior slope of a peripheral retinal traction ridge and (2) detachments that had resulted from breaks that resembled those encountered in the PRD group. The yearly incidence of retinal detachment, in the 38 and over age group, was calculated to be 12 times greater for an aphakic eye. That increase in risk was thought to be due to the changes in vitreous morphology which follow cataract extraction."
1153165,"The authors present the results of their color fluorescein angiographies carried out with a pocket retinograph equipped with new interferential filters. After the graphic examination, they propose to use these same filters mounted on different instruments for binocular and monocular angioscopy. Their results show that retinal vessels are translucid and that their color changes according to their background. The authors termed this change 'versicolored effect'. Moreover, color angiography with these new filters eliminates pseudofluorescence and adds to the fluoroscopic examination an element of analytic perfection, thus giving a new opening to differential diagnosis in endo-ocular diseases."
1153166,"The authors examined the effect of calcium dobesilate (Doxium ¿) on 85 subjects with diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of the central vein of the retina and other retinopathies of vascular origin. Capillary resistance measured on the skin and conjunctiva showed, as compared with 100 healthy subjects, a significant decrease. The efficacy of long-term treatment with Doxium was highly significant in restoring CR to normal. Visual acuity improved in 45.8% of simple DR cases, and became stabilized in 27.5% of cases with malignant DR. Hyperpermeability of retinal vessels decreased in 60% of simple DR cases. It is pointed out that glaucoma did not develop in cases of venous occlusion and the diagnostic value of capillary resistance measurement in diabetes. As a highly effective vasoprotective drug, Doxium¿ is the treatment of choice in all retinopathies of vascular etiology."
1153169,"Processes of the scar formation after Xenon arc photocoagulation in the rabbit retina were studied. Electron microscopic autoradiography using tritiated thymidine identified the proliferating cells in the reparative tissue as Müller's cell, retinal pigment epithelial cell, and choroidal fibroblast. The Müller cell and the retinal pigment epithelial cell, which proliferated in and around the lesion, formed the retinal scar tissue, while the proliferated fibroblast in the choroid did not participate in the formation of the retinal scar. The Müller cells extended their cytoplasmic processes toward the pigment epithelium to form the interdigitating adhesion. This process seemed to be secondary step of the scar formation following the cell proliferation. Migration of cells from the edge of the lesion into the damaged retina seemed to be also a secondary step after the proliferation. Phagocytic activities to engulf the retinal debris were observed in Müller's cells and the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Whether or not astrocytes in the retina do proliferate and are involved in the scar formation after the photocoagulation still remains unanswered. Electron microscopic autoradiography using tritiated thymidine after photocoagulation in the monkey retina might answer the question."
1153173,"In 77 normal and 65 glaucomatous eyes the influence of body position on the intraocular pressure was studied, using the pneumatonograph. The pressure increment when changing from the seated to the supine position averaged 2.9 mm Hg in normal eyes and 3.9 mm Hg in glaucomatous eyes. The pressure increase occurred immediately upon lying down and was reversible after returning to the seated position. Comparative measurements with the Goldman tonometer in the seated position showed good agreement with the results obtained by the pneumatonograph. The Schiotz tonometer did not reliably reveal the true supine intraocular pressure. The postural response (seated to supine) showed considerable variation in individual normal and glaucomatous eyes, and it did not correlate consistently with the intraocular pressure in the seated position. It should be taken into account that the results in the glaucomatous eyes were obtained while the patients were on glaucoma medication. In a series of six lowtension glaucomatous eyes the postural response was significant as a probable pathogenetic factor in that disease, because the intraocular pressure could rise from a normal to a glaucomatous level upon changing from the seated to the supine position."
1153174,"Pilocarpine was infused into the conjunctival sac of glaucoma patients with the Sage Model 216 pump. Doses as high as 20 mg were given in 30 min without ocular or systemic toxicity. The ocular hypotension effect, in the same group of patients, was doubled over 4-percent pilocarpine drops given four times daily. In addition to increased efficacy the duration of the ocuoar hypotensive effect was markedly prolonged. Return of ocular pressure to baseline values after a single pump infusion of 20 mg required an average of 33.9 h."
1153175,40 patients with primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina were investigated for the possible coexistence with glaucoma. 12.5% established primary glaucoma cases and 7.5% suspicious glaucoma cases were found. In primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina with no glaucoma the intraocular pressure and the parameters of Leydhecker's test showed the same distribution as that of the controls selected at random. The intraocular pressure and the tonographic parameters except for CL3-7 were slightly lower on the average in the group with retinitis pigmentosa than in the controls.
1153176,"The formation of HCN, ammonium cyanide, alkylnitriles, aminoacetonitrile and its C- and N-methyl homologs was demonstrated earlier in a simulated Jovian atmosphere. The polymeric material resulting in these experiments was shown to give glycine, alanine, sarcosine, aspacrtic acid and some imino dibasic acids on acid hydrolysis suggesting thereby the participation of the monomeric nitriles into the formation of the polymeric product(s). Further examination of products resulting from semi-corona and arc discharge through a mixture of methane and ammonia has provided evidence for the formation of alkylaminopropionitriles as a complex mixture and also some pyridyl and pyrimidyl type heterocyclic compounds. A GC-MS examination of the heterocylics showed resemblance with those found in some carbonaceous chondrites. The significance of these findings in relation to chemical evolution will be discussed."
1153177,"Several polypeptides prepared by means of pyrocondensation have been the subject of structural investigations. Attention has been focused on the constitutional characterization of homo-and co-polymers containing Asp and Glu residues, whose role is essential for the formation of the so-called proteinoids. Contrary to the literature data based on chemical degradation, nmr studies show conclusively that in thermal poly-aspartic acid only beta-peptide linkages are present. This result casts serious doubt on the role thermal condensation might have played in prebiotic polypeptide syntheses."
1153178,"Evidence for the molten Earth at its accretion time has been accumulated through the geochemical investigations and the observations of the surfaces of planets by space probes such as Venera 8, Mariner 9, Surveyor, Luna, and Apollo. The primitive terrestrial atmosphere might have been derived from the volcanic gases, as suggested by Rubey, but of a higher temperature than so far assumed. A thermochemical calculation of the composition of the volcanic gas suggests the following possibilities: (1) Large amounts of H2 and CO were present in the primitive atmosphere. This gives a theoretical basis for the HCN-production experiment by Abelson. (2) HCHO and NH3 existed in the primitive oceans, of the amount comparable with the weight of the present biosphere. (3) Plenty of NO3-, SO4, and PO4 were expected in the primitive oceans. The NO3- ions might have been useful for the nitrate respiration advocated by Egami. In an appendix, it is argued, on ;he basis of the observational evidence of the exospheric temperatures of planets by space probes, that a highly reducing atmosphere would (if it existed on the primitive Earth) have disappeared very quickly due to the thermal escape of hydrogen from its exosphere."
1153179,"Racemic amino acids can be separated into their enantiomers by means of gas-liquid chromatography. The most applied technique, today, is the conversion of chiral compunds into diastereoisomers with optically active reagents and subsequent chromatography on conventional optically inactive stationary phases. In previous studies it has been realized that this technique is associated with various problems. We studied the use of optically active stationary phases for separating enantiomers directly via a diastereoisomeric association complex. The optically acitve stationary phases employed are N- and C-terminal substituted dipeptides of the type N-trifluoroacetyl-dipeptide-cyclohexyl esters and have been synthesised by the I-hydroxibenztriazole dicyclohexylcarbodiimide method. The quality of these phases with respect to separation factors, resolution factors, and thermodynamical properties have been evaluated. All synthetic phases show excellent properties; however, when attempting separation of mixtures of naturally occurring amino acids extensive overlap in the elution diagram was detected. Only one phase - N-TFA-L-chi-amino-n-butyryl-L-chi-amino butyric acid cyclohexyl ester - gave complete resolution of the naturally occurring amino acids alanine, valine, glycine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, serine and proline on a 400 ft x 0.02 in capillary column. Less volatile amino acids such as aspartic acid, phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, and tryptophan can be resolved at a 100 ft x 0.02 in column."
1153180,"Spontaneous production of optically active compounds can occur through kinetic instability of an asymmetric steady state in open systems, in which two enantiomeric autocatalysts compete for a common prochiral substrate in a stereoselective reaction of order n greater than 2. For the case of n=3, a proof of instability of a symmetric reacting state in the general case, and functions of reaction parameters ('Chemical Reynolds Numbers') governing the existence and stability of 7 different steady states are derived. The 'extinct state' (without autocatalyst) is stable; a finite amount of products is required to shift it into one of the reacting steady states. A mutation from one state into another in such system ('bioids') involves an amplification of different 'kinds of information', as 'stochastic' (noise into dissipative structures), 'molecular' (autocatalysts), and 'stoichimetric' information. Stereospecific third order kinetics are believed to be realizable on octahedral metal complexes with two-dentated ligands and to have played a role in the prebiological evolution of optically active compounds."
1153181,"The entropy of the amino acid sequences coded by DNA is considered as a measure of diversity of variety of proteins, and is taken as a measure of evolution. The DNA or m-RNA sequence is considered as a stationary second-order Markov chain composed of four kinds of bases. Because of the biased nature of the genetic code table, increase of entropy of amino acid sequences is possible with biased nucleotide sequence. Thus the biased DNA base composition and the extreme rarity of the base doublet CpG of higher organisms are explained. It is expected that the amino acid composition was highly biased at the days of the origin of the genetic code table, and the more frequent amino acids have tended to get rarer, and the rarer ones more frequent. This tendency is observed in the evolution of hemoglobin, cytochrome C, fibrinopeptide, immunoglobulin and lysozyme, and protein as a whole."
1153182,"For bigenesis-a particular kind of systmogenesis-to occur, certain physical and informative requirements were indispensable, especially: (1) the selforganization of new kind of negative feed-backs supported by the trans-substantial channels of information. These were certainly at first organized only on the submolecular level, each of them consisting of many charge-transfer connections. The accomplishment of requirement (1) depends on (2) and (3): (2) the organization of a sufficiently complex structure inside the agglomerated system. We should mention here the desagglomerated inorganic systems according to the archaic models: 'A' (Atoms) and P (astro-Planetary systems). In these prebiotic models the selfregulation background consists of the kind of negative opposing forces). (3) the availability of molecules in which the structure complexity is sufficiently high to be able to contribute to the organization of the trans-substantial channels. Biogenesis of spontaneous trans-substantialization of information channels in feed-backs. The trans-substantial channels are spontaneously organized in the biotic model, but they are also present in many technical electronic models of systems constructed by man. Therefore, it is no wonder that biogenesis probably occurred at the 10--6 m size level (compare the diameter of the microspheres of Fox and the concept of Ponnamperuma who mentions the size of the contemporary Micrococcus). Such a system position - inside the biotic unicellular sub-band (extended actually from 10--6 to 10--1 m) is faviourable for the organization of the high complexity of the structurogenic processes trajectories. It is at the nearest possible level to this region on the dimensional scale where a maximal plurality of the different joining forces exists..."
1153183,"Soils of the terrestrial planets form at the boundaries between lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Biogenesis occurred in these zones; thus, it is axiomatic that some, perhaps many, stages of biogensis occurred in intimate association with the mineral constituents of soils. Because of a high surface to mass ration and, consequently, a high surface reactivity, the layer lattice clay minerals are the most important of these. According to the geological record, clay minerals appeared very early on the primordial Earth. Recent investigations have confirmed their presence in carbonaceous meteorites and have indicated their occurrence on Mars. In this paper we collect pertinent physico-chemical data and summarize the organic reactions and interactions that are induced or catalyzed by clays. Many clay-organic reactions that do not occur readily at high water contents proceed rapidly at adsorbed water contents corresponding to surface coverages of one or two molecular layers. One or two monolayers of adsorbed water correspond to extremely dry or cold planetary environments. Some consequences of these facts vis á vis biogenesis on Mars are considered."
1153184,"There is no evolutionary continuity between photochemical abiosynthesis and bacterial photosynthesis. Rather, the photosynthetic bacteria are descendants of fermenters that did not use light. Photosynthesis and respiration, both using electron flow coupled with phosphorylation, have a common origin ('conversion hypothesis'), but photosynthesis came first. Anaerobic (nitrate or sulphate) respiration cannot have preceded photosynthesis as neither nitrate nor sulphate existed on the early earth. Sulphate was made first by photosynthetic sulphur bacteria. Nitrate arose even later, namely, in the aerobic biosphere produced by the blue-green algae, the first 'phytotrophs'. Photophosphorylation may have originated through the combination with membrane function of substrate level phosphorylation in reactionsand function of substrate level phosphorylation in reactions of photoproducts. Cyclic photophosphorylation arose while the biosphere was still reducing. It was supplemented later by processes for the light-based production of reducing power (NADH), ATP-powered electron flow, and subsequently light-powered electron flow with ATP production (noncyclic photophosphoryaltion). These later processes served the assimilation of CO2."
1153185,"The process of water decomposition by plants is discussed in connection with biosphere evolution. This process consists of two parts: water oxidation and oxygen evolution. The origin of the water oxidation process took place after the synthesis of chlorine-type pigments, the structure of which corresponds to a more oxidized state than the bacteriochlorophyll type. The ability of plants to evolve oxygen is the result of a long evolution process. The capability of decomposing water in the lung wave length spectral region by algae and higher plants, which can be only seen under anaerobic conditions was discovered. This mechanism was suggested to be a reflection of a relict form of plant apparatus having operated under ancient, strictly anaerobic, conditions."
1153186,"The main conclusion from abiotic syntheses is that modern organisms prefer molecular units that are easy to make. This could be the result of selection pressures during very early evolution rather than a reflection of the large scale molecular environment within which life first arose. As previously discussed (Cairns-Smith, 1971) there seems to be no good reason to limit our thinking on initial hereditary systems to those with chemical similarity to modern forms."
1153194,"In summary, fluctuant hearing loss is defined as a disorder of the inner ear characterized by fullness, roaring tinnitus, and fluctuations in hearing. It is believed to be caused by an inadequate absorption of endolymph from the endolymphatic sac, with or without one or more metabolic disorders, that interferes with the delicate balance between the production and absorption of endolymph and thus produces cochlear hydrops. This triad of fullness, roaring tinnitus, and fluctuant hearing loss resulting from cochlear hydrops is much more common than the quadrad of true turning vertigo, fullness, roaring tinnitus, and fluctuant hearing loss due to vestibular and cochlear hydrops known as Meniere's disease. Although patients with fluctuant hearing loss only may eventually develop vertigo as the chief complaint and then be said to have Meniere's disease, it is remarkable how many patients continue to suffer mainly from cochlear symptoms at all times. It would appear, because of the greater frequency of fluctuant hearing loss than in Meniere's disease, that the cochlear labyrinth is more susceptible to hydrops than the vestibular labyrinth. For the purposes of diagnosis and treatment it is very useful to separate patients into those with fluctuant hearing loss and those with Meniere's disease."
1153188,"The contemporary genetic code and the process of protein biosynthesis most assuredly evolved from a simpler code and process. We believe that there was obligatory coevolution of the two and that the earlier code and process must have involved a more direct linkage between the amino acids and the information macromolecule. We propose that an early form of translating existed in which amino acids were attached directly to the 'messenger' RNA along the backbone as 2'OH aminoacyl esters. These esters then condensed with each other on the RNA backbone yielding a peptide covalently attached to the RNA, without the use of tRNA's and ribosomes. THis presentation is concerned with experimental data which indicate that such a simple translation system is possible and must have involved the following steps: (1) formation of the aminoacyl adenylate anhydride, (2) transfer of the amino acid from the adenylate to immidazole, (3) transfer of the amino acid from imidazole to 2'OH groups along the backbone of RNAs, (4) condensation of the amino acids to yield peptides. Steps (1)-(3) have been confirmed in chemical systems. Our preliminary evidence indicates step (4) is also possible. The aminoacylation of polyribonucleotides and the subsequent formation of peptides is a dynamic and experimentally accessible system for studying genetic coding specfities and our present studies are now concentrated on step (4), looking for such specifities."
1153195,"The three parts of the inner ear have been reviewed: the membranous (endolymph containing) labyrinth surrounded by the osseous (perilymph containing) labyrinth, and the otic capsule of bone that encases the osseous labyrinth. This is a brief survey of the normal anatomy, but one must always remember that the hallmark of the temporal bone is variation."
1153189,"For almost 20 years laboratory experiments have advanced the concepts of chemical evolution, particularly with regard to formation of the amino acids. What has been generally lacking is concrete natural evidence for this chemical evolution hypothesis. The recent development of sophisticated analytical techniques and availability of carbonaceous chondrites with a minimum of terrestrial contamination has resulted in the identification of amino acids which provide strong evidence for a natural extraterrestrial chemical synthesis. Since the initial find in the Murchison meteorite (a type II carbonaceous chondrite) of both protein and nonprotein amino acids with nearly equal abundances of D and L isomers, further studies have been carried out. These studies have revealed the presence of at least 35 amino acids; the population consists of a wide variety of linear, cyclic and polyfunctional amino acids which shows a trend of decreasing concentration with increasing carbon number. Investigations of the Murray meteorite (a type II carbonaceous chondrite) has produced similar results, but studies of the Orgueil meteorite (a type I carbonaceous chondrite) show only a limited suite of amino acids, some of which appear to be indigenous while others appear to be terrestrial contaminanats. A sample of the Murchison meteorite was extracted with D2O and in addition of 'free' amino acids, showing no deuterium incorporation, some amino acids showed the presence of deuterium suggesting either a 'precursor(s)' or hydrogen-deuterium exchange which require(s) formation of carbon-hydrogen bonds."
1153197,"With careful techniques it is possible to demonstrate three electric potential regions of the inner ear: an intracellular negative potential, a high positive potential in the endolymph that appears bounded at the scala media side of the tectorial membrane rather than at the reticular lamina, and the extracellular spaces, which contain a fluid at near zero potential. The tectorial membrane is also found to be at zero potential. Further research may yet uncover more details of the resting potential distribution as we become expert at placing microelectrodes and learn better ways of correlating potential with position. Surely the study of these resting potentials would contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of fluctuant hearing loss because these first order potentials are intimately related to the state of health of the inner ear."
1153191,"The inner planets were formed from smaller objects that had no gases associated with them. These objects contained relatively small amounts of water and carbon in a form similar to that found in carbonaceous chondrites. The first forms of life must have originated during the time when the water reacted with the carbon (and also with nitrides, phosphides, etc.), while the hydrogen formed by this reaction was continuously lost from the gravitational field of the Earth. About 10-44 atoms of carbon reacted with water during less than 10-17 s. The crucial question is whether some form of life will always develop under these conditions, or whether the origin of life is an improbable, perhaps an immensely improbable event. At present it is still impossible to answer this question."
1153192,"In order to understand the role of sulfur in the primitive atmosphere, we have studied the action of a silent discharge on mixtures of CH4 and H2S at low pressure. The nature of the products formed in the gaseous phase, and the influence of several parameters, especially the H2S percentage, on the yield of the products are reported. The analysis of the products is carried out by gas liquid chromatography and infrared spectrometry. The formation of sulfur-containing compounds, such as thiols and sulfides, is reported. CS2 is formed in high yield (a few percent) in mixtures containing 40-50% of H2S, while the maximum concentration of thiols (i.e., CH3SH and C2H5SH) is reached with lower percentages of H2S. The formation of hydrocarbons decreases rapidly with increasing proportions of H2S. These results show the important inhibitor effect of H2S on the formation of hydrocarbons and the possibility of occurrence of many sulfur compounds in prebiological evolution."
1153193,"The effects of chemical quench reactions on the formation of organic compounds at a water surface under simulated primordial earth conditions were investigated for the study of chemical evolution. A mixture of gaseous methane and ammonia over a water surface was exposed to an arc discharge between an electrode and the water surface. This discharge served as a source of dissociated, ionized and excited atomic and molecular species. Various organic molecules were formed in the gaseous, aqueous, and solid states by a subsequent quenching of these reactive species on the water surface. The effects of these water-surface quench reactions were assessed by comparing the amounts of synthesized molecules to the amounts which formed during the discharge of an arc above the water level. The results showed that: (1) the water-surface quench reaction permitted faster rates of formation of an insoluble solid and (2) the quench discharge yielded twice as much amino acids and 17 times more insoluble solids by weight than the other discharge. The highest yield of amino acids with the quench reaction was 9 x 10-7 molecules per erg of input energy. These observations indicate that quench reactions on the oceans, rain, and clouds that would have followed excitation by lightning and shock waves may have played an important role in the prebiotic milieu. Furthermore, the possibility exists that quench reactions can be exploited for the synthesis of organic compounds on a larger scale from simple starting materials."
1153190,Various processes for the production of carbon dioxide by microorganisms are presented. It is postulated that a 'microniche' developed in a reducing environment; a symbiotic relationship between alga-like organisms and bacterium-like organisms in the 'microniche' governed the production of carbon dioxide resulting in the establishment of the steady state carbon dioxide system in the sea.
1153201,"1. In 161 consecutive cases of fluctuant hearing loss and 13 control cases of other causes of deafness, patients were examined for their ability to metabolize a 100 gm. oral dose of glucose. 2. The plasma glucose level in response to the oral dose of glucose was measured at hourly intervals for three hours. 3. Insulin and proinsulin levels were measured in 46 cases of fluctuant hearing loss and in 13 control cases. 4. None of the control group showed borderline or diabetic tolerance curves. 5. Fourteen per cent of the patients with fluctuant hearing loss had borderline glucose intolerance curves and 19 per cent showed diabetic glucose tolerance curves. 6. In patients whose insulin and proinsulin levels were determined, the insulin response to an oral glucose load was typical of adult onset diabetes, i.e., delayed hyperinsulinemia with concomitant hyperglycemia. The hyperinsulinemia was not associated with hyperproinsulinemia. 7. We conclude that in patients with fluctuant hearing loss there is a significantly higher incidence of borderline or diabetic glucose tolerance than in the ""control deafness"" or ""normal population"" group."
1153205,"Vascular embolic and thrombotic problems postulated to be the cause of inner ear sudden deafness have been reported with decompression sickness also. Decompression sickness has been found to lead to cochlear potential loss in the guinea pig, and these losses are minimized by the prophylactic administration of heparin. Preliminary results show that inner ear hemorrhage may be associated with diving deafness, but plasma protein leakage into the perilymph of the ear may precede the hemorrhage. Inner ear hemorrhage in diving deafness seems to be restricted to the microcirculation. Until we gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of diving induced deafness, it would be premature to consider agents such as heparin for the treatment of the problem in man."
1153206,"Fluctuant hearing loss, a very real and common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, is probably due to cochlear hydrops resulting from an anatomically inadequate endolymphatic sac, poor circulation, and one or more metabolic disorders. In the early stages at least, it often responds to treatment."
1153207,"Fluctuant hearing loss is a very complex matter, which involves not only neurological and physiological concepts but considerable acoustic factors as well. Fluctuant hearing loss is perhaps more visible with the use of pure tone audiometry because of the nature of its effect, the variation in the compliance properties of cochlear tissues. This visibility is due to impedance factors that bear on the inner ear as well as on the middle and external ear regions. It is suggested that changes in compliance of the cochlear tissues play a significant role in the existence of reduced sensitivity to low frequency pure tones. This indicates that sensorineural conditions with loss of hearing in the low frequency region may be a composite of conditions: sensory cell damage, which is only seen by high frequency response, and disturbance in the cochlear tissues, increasing their stiffness and resulting in loss of sensitivity for low frequency tones. When hearing damage is found in the inner ear exclusively because of permanent destruction of sensory cells, this theoretical model predicts that the fluctuating nature of certain types of hearing impairment ceases."
1153208,"In general, many similarities are seen between cerebral blood flow and cochlear blood flow in response to vasodilating drugs. Cochlear vessels appear to be weakly controlled by the adrenergic nervous system. Cholinergic agents dilate cochlear vessels, although the vasodilation in the cochlea does not necessarily cause an increase in cochlear blood flow because of the associated hypotension. The effect on the systemic circulation is too profound to make these agents clinically useful. Papaverine, dipyridamole, amyl nitrite, and the plasma kinins produce transient increases in cochlear blood flow. Ten per cent carbon dioxide and 90 per cent oxygen product progressive vasodilation as long as the mixture is inhaled. Hydralazine produces too profound an effect on systemic blood pressure. Histamine and betahistine increase cochlear blood flow but only in doses that produce bronchiospasm in the guinea pig. Nicotinic acid and nicotinyl tartrate have no effect on cochlear blood flow. If one considers safety and efficacy as well as patient tolerance, papaverine appears to be the drug of choice for increasing cochlear blood flow clinically. Histamine and betahistine appear to be acceptable alternatives. Betahistine is no longer available for clinical use because of the failure to demonstrate clinical efficacy of therapy."
1153212,"A method for the selection of patients with fluctuating hearing loss and Meniere's disease for allergic evaluation is presented. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of these problems is reviewed. Seventy-two patients with Meniere's disease who met the criteria of the American Academy Subcommittee on Equilibrium and Its Measurements were evaluated. Thirty-two per cent of the 62 patients receiving allergy therapy or allergy and metabolic therapy responded to treatment. Half required a combination of metabolic and allergy management, whereas the other half responded to allergy therapy alone."
1153219,"A new herpesvirus recovered from the kidneys of mature ground squirrels (Citellus citellus) produced an effect in tissue culture cells resembling that of herpesviruses, including the formation of multinucleated syncytia and type A intranuclear inclusions. The isolate caused latent infection in the natural host, but it proved fatal for intracerebrally inoculated suckling mice and it produced pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. Electron-microscopic examination of infected cells revealed intranuclear virus particles exhibiting a size and ultrastructure characteristic of herpesviruses. The isolate was ether-resistant and a DNA nucleic acid type was inferred from observations on inhibition by fluorinated pyrimidine. This ground squirrel herpesvirus was found to be antigenically distinct from Herpesvirus hominis and from ground squirrel cytomegalovirus, with no detectable cross-reactivity."
1153220,"In order to disclose the source of ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis, normal and cirrhotic rats were injected with fluorescein into the paracecal vein. The green fluorescence was then evaluated on the surface of the liver, the intestine and the peritoneum. Among healthy rats and in those with anascitic cirrhosis a very slight fluorescence was detected on the liver capsule whereas among rats with ascitic cirrhosis a distinct fluorescence was shown on the liver surface, the small intestine and the peritoneum. Therefore, the peritoneum is a source of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis of the rat."
1153222,"Fifty-four rhabdomyosarcomas in children affected mainly the pelvis and scrotum, 22 cases, head and neck, 19, and limbs and limb girdles, 11. Rhabdomyosarcomas of the female genital tract occurred only in children under 2 years, and those in the lower eyelid presented in the first year of life. A leiomyosarcoma-like appearance, and an undifferentiated small cell sarcoma sometimes mimicking Ewing's tumour, were patterns giving rise to diagnostic difficulty. Many fine gradations from undifferentiated embryonal to almost purely differentiated ""pleomorphic"" examples, made microscopic classification arbitrary. However, the histological pattern had no bearing on prognosis in children in this series. Of the 46 cases adequately followed, 43 are dead. Two of the 3 long-term survivors had paratesticular tumours."
1153223,"Many hypotheses as to the causes of disease, for example some of those for coronary heart disease, depend on statistical correlations. It is well known that correlations do not prove a cause-and-effect relationship, yet it is often tempting to ignore this axiom."
1153225,Banded structures identified in a cauda equina biopsy from a patient with compression are identical to those seen in schwannomas and several other conditions and identified as fibrous long-spacing collagen. They are present in relation to the basement membrane with a periodicity of about 1200 A. It was not possible to identify their substructure further. It is postulated that the initiating factor in their formation in this instance is compression of the spinal nerves.
1153226,"Ovarian abnormalities have been reported as a rare feature of the trisomy 18 syndrome. Gross and histological examination of autopsy material from 13 female infants with this syndrome revealed that ovarian dysgenesis, in varying degrees of severity, is more common than is indicated by the literature. The characteristic changes are reduction in germ cells due to necrobiosis, and the presence of mesothelial clefts and abnormal masses of stromal cells."
1153227,Faecal bile acid excretion was estimated in a clinical laboratory using gas liquid chromatography. The original method of Grundy et al was simplified so that quantitative thin layer chromatography was not required. Rigid dietary control or inpatient facilities were unnecessary for clinical studies. Control patients studied under these conditions had a daily faecal bile acid excretion of 0.37 +/- 0.13 g/day. Patients with ileal resections varied markedly with bile acid excretions ranging from 0.25--6.32 g/day (mean 2.36 +/- 1.11).
1153228,"Primary cutaneous melanoma has a tendency to disappear spontaneously. Histologically the active phase is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes similar to that seen in spontaneously disappearing naevi. The regression process may continue until the tumour has been completely destroyed, or it may cease when only a part of the tumour has been destroyed. The lymphocytes disappear when the process halts leaving vascular scar tissue with a variable number of pigment-containing phagocytes. As a result of this a certain number of distinctive clinical patterns can be recognized: (1) An inflammatory nodule with or without pigmentation; (2) scarring in the tumour; (3) several foci of melanoma simulating multicentricity; (4) pigmented lesion with a depigmented halo; (5) pigmented scar with surviving melanoma cells; (6) pigmented scar without surviving tumour cells; and (7) metastatic melanoma with no demonstrable cutaneous primary. Only melanomas with a component of superficial spreading type have been found undergoing spontaneous regression."
1153238,"Liver biopsy samples from the patients with hyperphenylalaninemia have an average of 5 percent of the normal hydroxylase activity. The parents of the patients have between 7.3 percent (excluding the value for one parent) and 10 percent of the normal hepatic hydroxylase activity. An explanation for these findings involves negative interallelic complementation, which involves protein-protein interaction between subunits in a multimeric enzyme. In support of this model is the evidence that rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase is a multimeric protein composed of two electrophoretically distinguishable subunits."
1153239,"The formation and specific activity of a catecholamine-binding brain protein were studied in mice exposed to perinatal malnutrition and neonatal infection. In the malnourished group, the total norepinephrine (NE)-binding protein was less than in the control group (malnourished 7.1-10.0 mg; control 13.0-14.0 mg), but the dopamine (DM)-binding protein was not significantly affected. In the infected group, the quantity of NE-binding protein was also decreased (infected 6.4-8.0 mg), but the DM-binding protein was higher than in the control group. The specific and total binding activity of [3H]NE to brain protein was greatly reduced in the infected group (infected 22.6 pmol/mg protein; control 88.4 pmol/mg protein), and decreased also in the guanidine-HCl eluate of the malnourished group (56.5 pmol/mg protein). The binding activity of [14C]DM was decreased markedly in the infected group (infected 131 pmol/mg protein; control 330 pmol/mg protein), but its specific binding activity was not as severely affected in the malnourished as in the infected group. The molecular weights of the catecholamine-binding protein were 75,000 in the control, 70,000 in the malnourished and 65,000 in the infected groups. There were no marked differences between the malnourished and control groups with regard to the amino acid composition of the NE-binding protein. The DM-binding protein in these animals had decreased amino acid content. The infected group exhibited remarkable changes in NE- and DM-binding brain protein."
1153240,"The two pathways of de novo lecithin synthesis, choline incorporation (I) and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation (II), were examined in lung slices from rhesus monkey fetuses throughout the last half of gestation. Incorporation rates of pathway-specific radioactive precursors were used as a measure of lecithin production. At all stages of development studied, pathway I incorporated 10-50 times more precursor ([14C]choline) into lecithin than did pathway II ([14C]methionine or [14C]ethanolamine). In addition, although methylation activity did not change significantly during gestation, choline incorporation showed three distinct phases: (1) a stable, relatively low rate in early gestation, (2) an abrupt, twofold increase at approximately 90 percent of term, and (3) a return to lower activity levels in late gestation. This correlates with reports that lung lecithin concentration in fetal primates increases significantly in the last 10 percent of gestation. The lecithin to spingomyelin (L/S) ratios measured in amniotic fluid samples obtained at abdominal delivery were compared with pathway activities in lung slices from the same fetuses. Significant correlation was found between the amniotic fluid L/S ratio and pathway I activity (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001); in contrast, pathway II activity showed no relationship to the amniotic fluid L/S ratio. Thus, the L/S ratio appears to be a reflection of lung lecithin synthesis through the choline pathway. The conclusion that the choline pathway is the primary route of de novo lecithin synthesis in the nonhuman fetal primate lung is supported by three lines of evidence, (1) the predominance of choline incorporation into lecithin, (2) the late gestational rise in conversion of choline to lecithin, and (3) the correlation between pathway I activity and both lung lecithin concentration and amniotic fluid L/S ratio."
1153242,"Certain common but seldom recognized clinical features of renovascular hypertension peculiar to infancy are emphasized in this communication from the observations made in a 9-month-old infant. Failure to thrive, extreme irritability, hypotonia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, and congestive heart failure are common clinical findings. Unless the physician is aware of this symptomatology or blood pressure is routinely obtained in all infants, the condition is likely to be missed. Renovascular hypertension is malignant and carries a high mortality but if diagnosed early may be cured by surgical intervention."
1153243,"Thirty percent of 37 consecutive surviving premature infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth were noted to develop inguinal hernias. Incarceration occurred in two infants. One infant suffered a cardiac arrest during repair of the hernia. In view of the increased survival now being reported in these tiny prematures, it is important that physicians recognize the high incidence and potential hazards of this congenital anomaly in surviving premature infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth."
1153244,"In this paper we report a child who had extensive neoplastic infiltration of the meninges which defied clinical detection. We believe that any patient with a past or present history of tumor who presents with increased intracranial pressure should be presumed to have intracranial neoplastic involvement, even in the face of negative diagnostic studies. As in this case, other causes of increased intracranial pressure should be systematically excluded."
1153249,"American women are entering the labor force in increasing numbers; currently 53% of women in intact families are in paid employment as are 41% of those with children under 18; this despite the fact that women earn less than 60% of the wages paid men in similar occupations. Women are responding to the pressures of an inflationary economy, to the costs of higher education for their children, to opportunities for personal fulfillment, and to a growing market for service occupations. Yet married women continue to carry 70% to 80% of child care and household duties when both parents work. Conventional stereotypes of feminine passivity, formalized in the last century, grossly misperceive women's roles and abilities and constitute a psychological barrier to self-realization for both men and women. Social innovations in child care will be necessary if we are to provide optimal conditions for child development at a time when family roles are in sharp transition. The pediatrician, as family counselor, can help to support mothers and fathers seeking to fulfill parental, occupational and personal needs in a rapidly changing society."
1153250,"Fifteen asymptomatic children with benign rheumatoid nodules, followed up to 12 years, are described. Nodules are characterized by subcutaneous location with predilection for pretibial regions and scalp, occasional large size, spontaneous regression, and frequent recurrence. Granuloma annulare was present in two patients. All 15 children were healthy and free from rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, or any other recognizable systemic disease at followup and none had positive tests for antinuclear antibodies or rheumatoid factors. Histologically the nodules closely resembled those seen in adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Though biopsy may be useful for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of benign rheumatoid nodules, wide surgical excision, skin grafting, and treatment with medication are unnecessary in this self-limited syndrome."
1153252,"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in the male neonate has been considered to be invariably fatal because of the severity of the hyperammonemia. An extreme degree of hyperammonemia in a male neonate was brought under control by a series of exchange transfusions, prolonged peritoneal dialysis, adequate caloric intake, and a mixture of essential amino acids with an excess of aspartic acid and arginine. After the initial phase, it was possible to maintain the plasma ammonia level with dietary therapy alone, in spite of a number of complications that might be expected to cause tissue damage and increase the hyperammonemia."
1153253,"Goiter examination was performed on 7,785 children aged 9 to 16 years in four areas of the United States--Michigan, Kentucky, Texas, and Georgia. Urinary iodine and creatinine, thyroxine, protein-bound iodine, and plasma inorganic iodide determinations were made on 377 matched pairs of goitrous and nongoitrous control children. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.8%. Most children with goiter had palpably but not visibly enlarged thyroids and showed no evidence of clinical or biochemical thyroid abnormalitymmean urinary iodine excretion was 452 mug/gm of creatinine, many times the 50 mug/gm of creatinine level used to define deficiency. Children with goiter and areas with high goiter prevalence tended to have higher rather than lower iodine excretion. These findings are consistent with other data indicating high iodine intakes in the United States and suggest that goiter in American children cannot be assumed to be related to iodine deficiencymthe possible role of high iodine intake in the causation of goiter is discussed."
1153278,"An acrosomal defect in the spermatozoa from a platinum fox was studied under light- and electron microscopy. The defect, occurring in about 40 % of the sperm cells appeared under phase-contrast and bright-field microscopy as a knob-like irregularity, mostly rounded or slightly triangular in outline and situated in the apical part of the sperm head. Electron microscopy of the sperm head revealed a marked deviation from the normal development of the acrosome. In most of the cases this structure contained a large membrane bounded vacuole filled with numerous small vesicles and some membranous material. In spermatids studied in the cap-phase, the developing acrosome exhibited a high degree of abnormal morphology, indicating that the development of the defect must have started rather early during the formation of the acrosome."
1153330,"Aspects of the metabolism of RNA have been studied in enzymatically isolated protoplasts from cotyledon and first leaf mesophyll tissue of two cultivars of cucumber. The first leaf mesophyll protoplasts incorporated (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA at a constant rate for up to 25 hr in a simple salts medium and for up to 45 hr in a growth medium. Pulse-chase labelling experiments on such preparations showed a rapid dilution of the intracellular (3H)-uridine pool(s) and a high metabolic rate in the cells in one cultivar but not in another. Gel electrophoretic analysis of the RNA from both cotyledon and first leaf protoplasts showed that both protoplast types incorporated either (14C)- or (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA species. Incorporation of (3H)-uridine into chloroplasts RNA was minimal in cotyledon protoplasts, but significant in leaf protoplasts. Greater incorporation into the chloroplast RNA species could be achieved by longer pulses. Synthesis of all of the ribosomal RNA species was sensitive to actinomycin D at 10 and 25 mug/ml concentrations in all protoplasts tested."
1153331,The stepwise synthesis of oligomers derived from 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine 3'-phosphate and 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-3'-O-mono-p-methoxytrityl-thymidine is described. The internucleotide phosphoramidate links were formed by condensation of nucleoside 3'-phosphates with aminonucleosides by means of triphenylphosphine and dipridyl disulfide.
1153332,Experimental results are reported showing the dependence of the U.V. induced enhancement of recombinants on the presence of the functional O gene product. This fact is tentatively interpreted as a replication dependence of the U.V. induced recombination.
1153333,"RPC 5 (Reversed Phase Chromatography) of aminoacyl-tRNA's from healthy and crown gall (induced by Agrobacterium tume-faciens strain B6) tobacco tissues were compared for eleven amino acids. For ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and valine, no qualitative or quantitative differences could be detected between aminoacyl-tRNA's from both sources. Phenylalanyl-tRNA's from crown gall tissues gave two peaks on RPC 5; the minor early eluting species (peak 1) was always absent in elution profiles of phenylalanyl-tRNA's from healthy tissues or from tobacco leaves. After the ""Y"" base was removed by pH 2.9 treatment, peak 2 of phenylalanine tRNA was shifted to the position of peak 1."
1153334,"The level of deoxyadenylate (da) regions in human DNA was estimated from formation of poly(U)-poly(da) triplexes on nitrocellulose filters that were RNAase resistant. The (dA) rich sequences were determined following mild ribonuclease treatment of the poly(U)-DNA hybrids (5 mug/ml at 25 degreesC for 30 min), where as exhaustive ribonuclease treatment (5 mug/ml at 25 degrees C for 6 hr) estimated the more (dA) pure sequences. The level of (dA) rich regions was 0.39% of the DNA and for the more (dA) pure regions it was 0.07%. The (dA) regions were widely distributed throughout human DNA regardless of base composition or sequence repetition. However, a concentration of (dA) regions into main band CsC1 gradient fractions of DNA and into repeated DNA was observed."
1153349,"The effects on cardiovascular system of a new compound, 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-7-chlorobenzo-(b)-(1,8)-naphthyridone-5-monohydrochloride (IF-C-45) were investigated in rats, dogs and cats and compared to the effects induced by imipramine. Within the range of the analysis of peripheral cardiovascular effects IF-C-45 acts in a similar way as imipramine does. Its hypotensive and cardiodepressive action is significantly weaker than that of imipramine."
1153350,Appropriate conditions for the indirect measurement of blood pressure in rat were determined. The value of 0.78 was found as a correlation factor between the direct and the indirect measurement methods. The direct and indirect methods were compared on hypertensive phenylephrine effects. Good dose-effect correlation of hydralazine by the indirect measurement was found. Our results indicate that the indirect measurement is suitable for the determination of hyper- and hypotensive drugs.
1153352,"Three isomeric 4-(carboxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (III) were prepared by condensation of bis(alpha-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazine (I) with  ethyl aminobenzoate and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the ethyl esters (II) of III. III were also obtained by hydrolysis of the cyano compounds (IV) and by oxidation of the methyl derivatives (VI). A similar condensation of I with aminopyridines led to 4-pyridyl-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (VII). Reduction of three isomeric 4-(nitrophenyl)-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (X) (Fe/AcOH) gave the corresponding amino derivatives (XI). In the preparation of X, the method employing N-(nitrophenyl)-benzimidoyl chloride (VIII) and benzhydrazide (IX) proved to be most advantageous. Slight bacteriostatic activity of the triazoles prepared was observed in standard in vitro tests."
1153353,"A series of 23 3,4,5-triaryl-1,2,4-triazoles with various substituents in one, two, or all three aromatic rings were prepared for screening tests as potential antibacterial, mostly antituberculotic agents. The synthesis, depending on the nature and position of the substituents, was accomplished by one of the following methods; (A) condensation of symmetrically substituted bis(alpha-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazine with an aniline derivative; (B) reaction of an aniline derivative with a symmetrical diaroylhydrazine in the presence of PCL3; (C) direct condensation of aroylhydrazine with an appropriately substituted N-phenylbenzimidoyl chloride. The latter method was considered to be most advantageous; it warranted highest yield and purity of the products and made it possible to prepare triazoles with three different aryl groups."
1153354,"Distribution and elimination constants, half-times, plasma clearance and volume of distribution for 2-p-methoxy (AID) and 2-p-bromophenylindandione-1,3 (Br-PID) were estimated, basing on a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic models. Differences were found when similar processes of distribution and elimination of PID and its p- chloro, bromo and methoxy derivatives were compared."
1153355,"The rate of release of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) coated and uncoated from suppositories in vitro, and the bioavailability of ASA in vivo were examined. The coating reduces the rate of release of activite drug from suppositories. In vivo the coating delays the obtention of the maximum concentration of salicylates in urine, but doesn't have any essential effect on cummulative amount of salicylates in urine."
1153368,"Patients with sexual problems often seek help first from their family physician. Before referring these patients, the physician should determine the kind of dysfunction present and whether it might successfully be treated in the general office setting. Secondary impotence can often be overcome by simple reassurance or by a program of frequent sexual foreplay and avoidance of actual intercourse. A stop-start method of reconditioning has had some success in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Anorgasmia is a commonly reported female complaint. If caused by inadequate foreplay, counseling and interpersonal discussion should lead to successful resolution. There is some evidence that anorgasmia in some cases may result from clitoral adhesion or underdevelopment of the pubococcygeus muscle. Both conditions may be simply remedied."
1153369,"In a two year comparison of shallow insemination (two  cm.) and deep insemination (seven cm.) involving both Large White and Bronze hens shallow insemination was superior to deep insemination for Large White hens. Shallow insemination of Large White hens resulted in a longer duration-of-fertility and a higher total fertility (P less than 0.01) than deep insemination. The mean fertiltity in a 51 day duration-of-fertility trial during early production was 56.1% following shallow insemination and 43.1% following deep insemination. Late in the breeding season the mean fertility was 39.7% and 27.4% for shallow and deep insemination, respectively. The mean duration-of-fetility was 40.4 days after shallow insemination and 31.2 days after deep insemination. Shallow insemination was superior to deep insemination whether hens were inseminated at 14 days or 28 day intervals. Fertility following shallow insemination of Bronze hens was not different from fertility following deep insemination. In a duration-of-fertility trial of Bronze hens, the mean fertility was 37.3% for shallow insemination and 39.8% for deep insemination. The mean duration-of-fertility were 51.2 days after shallow insemination and 47.0 days after deep insemination."
1153370,"Coturnix quail were placed in an environmental chamber maintained at 21 degree C. and rectal temperatures taken. The birds were subjected to an abrupt change to 36 degree C. and the temperatures taken hourly for eight hours and at 25, 38 and 72 hours. Females had higher temperatures than males. When birds were moved to 36 degrees C. their temperatures rose rapidly and then dropped to a level higher than when birds were in the 21 degrees C. chamber. The genetic and total variation estimated from the analysis of variance method decreased under this sudden thermal stress condition. Birds kept in 36 degrees C. for three weeks were shifted to 21 degrees C. Their body temperature dropped sharply and then increased to a level lower than that obtained in the 36 degrees C. environment. The genetic variation was essentially zero when shifted to a lower temperature while the total variation increased."
1153371,The mucosal surface of the chicken crop was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The proximal region in relation to the esophagus differed markedly from the distal region. The region nearest the esophagus showed a slightly folded surface with a very dense surface bacterial population while the region located in the apical region of the diverticulum was smoother with numerous sloughing cells and a sparse bacterial population. A potential for significant microbiological fermentation and digestion of feed in the crop is indicated.
1153372,"Potential for increasing contamination of water supplies with such materials as dissolved inorganic solids suggests more precise water quanlity standards for poultry. Commercial strain S.C.W.L. hens were supplied water containing sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (250, 1,000, 4,000, or 16,000 p.p.m.) on a total sulfate basis in Exp. 1 and on a total salt basis in Exp. 2. All data are expressed as percentages deviated from pre-treatment performance. Four thousand p.p.m. of total sulfate as Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed feed consumption and hen-day production. Magnesium sulfate (4,000 p.p.m.) had a more depressing effect than Na2SO4 (4,000 p.p.m.) on hen-day production (-80.4 vs. -24.4%). At that level, Na2SO4 significantly increased water consumption and fecal moisture content, while MgSO4 significantly decreased water consumption. All hens on 1l,000 p.p.m. of either salt died during the experiment. No effect on egg quality was observed before the hens died. On a total salt basis (Exp. 2) 16,000 p.p.m. of either Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed hen-day production, body weight, and feed comsumption, but increased water consumption. Hens receiving 16,000 p.p.m. Na2SO4 increased water consumption more than those receiving 16,000 p.p.m. MgSO4(146.7 and 24.6%). No significant differences between treatments were observed for mortality (Exp. 2). Mortality data suggest that lethal levels of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 are between 16,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively."
1153373,"The effect of two levels each of methionine (0.0 and 0.07 percent), thiouracil (0.0 and 0.05 percent), dienestrol diacetate (0.0 and 0.007 percent), and thyroactive casein (0.0 and 0.0125 percent) on the performancy, organ changes, and liver composition in 640 pullets of two strains was studied in a 24 factorial arrangement of treatments. Egg production, egg characteristics, feed conversion, organ weights, and liver composition were parameters measured. Supplemental methionine increased the phosphorus content of liver fat in strain A, but other parameters in the two strains were mot affected by the increase in dietary methionine. The thiouracil increased weight grains, gram of fat per total liver, percent of liver fat, thyroid weight, and heart weight but decreased the phosphorus content of liver fat. Nine typical cases of fatty liver syndrome with large liver hematomas occurred in the thiouracil treated birds and one case occurred in an untreated pullet. Dienestrol diacetate did not affect egg production, egg characteristics, organ weights, and liver composition in the two strains. Thyroprotein decreased weight gain, abdominal fat, liver weight. liver fat, thyroid weight, and percent red cells, but decreased percent blood sports in eggs and adjusted weights of the kidney and heart in both strains."
1153374,"Eimeria tenella was passaged in the presence of suboptimal and optimal concentrations of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) in feed. Lasalocid was equally active at concentrations of 0.006 and 0.0075% against the 10th and 15th passage of E. tenella lasalocid exposed strains. Resistance to lasalocid could not be induced. Lasalocid administered in the feed at 0.0075% was tested in controlled battery experiments against E. tenella strains resistant to known anticoccidials in chicks. These studies demonstrated that lasalocis, at the optimal feed concentration of 0.0075% was highly effective against coccidiosis induced by strains of E. tenella resistant to sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, emprolium, clopidol and 4-hydroxyquinoline. Lasalocid medicated chicks were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed less pathologic lesions, and had lower mortality (P less than or equal to .05) than the infected unmedicated controls as well as sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, amprolium-ethopabate, clopidol, buquinolate, decoquinate and nequinate medicated groups. Cross-resistance to lasalocid was not demonstrated."
1153375,A multichannel recording system is described which offers the advantages of accuracy and low cost. The system was a commercially digital printer and clock mechanism. Switch decoding circuitry is presented in the article. The system described will reocrd from 200 switches connected to egg trip levers on bird cages. An example of data obtained from two Japanese quail illustrates the smooth patterns of lay seen when recorded to one minute accuracy.
1153376,"In the first experiment, higher body weight gain and feed comsumption were attained with water at a temperature of 23.9 degrees C. as compared with 35.0 degrees C. No significant differences in feed efficiency due to water temperature were evident. Livability was significantly reduced during brooding for the birds given warm water (35.0 degree C). A significant interaction for body weight gain was observed between the initial ambient air brooding temperatures and water temperatures during the growing period. In the second experiment six water temperatures during brooding to three weeks of age were studied. Body weight gain and feed comsumption were significantly depressed at a drinking water temperature of 40.6 degrees C. as compared with drinking water temperatures between 17.8 degrees C. and 35.0 degrees C. No differences in livability were noted which was in contrast to the results of the first experiment. A drinking water temperature below ambient air temperature is apparently beneficial to the growth of the broiler chick. The placement of the waterers in relation to the brooder stoves could influence water temperature which would affect the growth of broilers."
1153377,"Fowl cholera has been reported in turkey poults in South Carolina between 5 and 6 weeks of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the earliest age that poults could be vaccinated with the Clemson University Pasteurella multocida strain (using the drinking water route) that would result in an effective immunity at 5 to 6 weeks of age. In group of vaccinates challenged with a virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) at 5 weeks of age, none were infected in groups vaccinated at either 20 days or at 25 days, 1 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 3 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 6 of 10 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 10 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. Eight of 10 of each of 2 group of nonvaccinates developed evidence of infection. In groups of vaccinated challenged at 12 weeks of age, 2 of 10 turkeys became infected that had been vaccinated at 25 days of age, 4 of 10 that had been vaccinated at 20 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 8 of 9 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 9 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. All 10 of one group of nonvaccinates and all 9 of a second group developed evidence of infection. These results suggest, under the conditions of this experiment, the turkey poults vaccinated at 35 days of age and poults vaccinated at 20 days of age experienced an excellent immunological respone by 5 weeks of age. This response was less evident but, for the most part, still present, at 12 weeks of age."
1153378,"Two experiments were conducted with chicks to compare the effectiveness of vitamin E,selenium and cystine in preventing the deleterious effects of dietary silver. Adding 900 p.p.m. silver to a diet marginal in vitamin E and selenium significantly depressed growth and caused a high mortality during the four-week experiment. Most of the mortality was due to exduative diathesis. Including either 1 p.p.m. selenium or 100 I.U. vitamin E per kg. in the diets with silver prevented the growth depression and mortality. Adding 0.15% cystine stimulated growth, but failed to rpevent mortality. In a second experiment, chicks were grown on the diet containing silver with and without cystine to 15 days of age, at which time approximately 50% of the chicks exhibited signs of exudative diathesis. At that time they were either continued on the same diet of fed diets supplemented with selenium or vitamin E. Both vitamin E and selenium reduced mortality during the following two-week period, but vitamin E. was more effective than selenium."
1153379,"Average liver lipid values were determined for 20 varieties of 71-week old laying hens managed in 3 confinement systems of the 1972-73 North Carolina Random Sample Laying Test. There were highly significant differences in liver lipid atrributable to variety, to confinement system, and a significant variety X system interaction. Four varieties had consistently high and five had  consistently low liver lipid values in all 3 confinement systems. Varietymeans ranged from 25.8 to 49.0% liver lipid on a dry weight basis. Hens confined 2/cage had slight but significantly higher liver lipid than hens 7/cage or in floor pens. Liver lipid was positively correlated with body weight in hens 2/cage and in floor pens. There were no significant correlations of liver lipid with egg production or mortality. A frequency distribution of individual liver lipid values revealed a continuous distribution from 15.4 to 65.4with a pronounced skew to the right of the mean of 38.2%. Neither a fatty liver syndrome nor liver hemorrhage syndrome was reported for any of the flocks during the laying year. The normal range of liver lipid values for hens 71 weeks of age appears to be between 25 and 49 g. of lipid per 100 g. of dry liver weight."
1153380,It is evident that the five so-called pigeon pox viruses manifest differences in growth patterns. All produced some interruption in the secretory activity of the allantoic membrane. All produced cytoplasmic bridges and distorted the cellular membranes with protoplasmic loops. Only the Amdal virus strain actively ejected virus particles outside the cell membrane. The other virus strains exhibited this tendency to a lesser degree.
1153381,"Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of the method of adding (fraction or bulk) and/or holding temperature (41 degrees, 25 degrees, 10 degrees) of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide or ethylene glycol to the fertilizing capacity of chicken spermatozoa during cooling. No significant effect on fertility was observed when sperm were washed, suspended without dilution in phosphate buffer or milk and cooled to 15 degrees in 30 min. With phosphate buffer as the medium, fertility was comparable with that of the control only when glycol was maintained at 41 degrees or 25 degrees prior to addition in fractions (3 equal parts at 10 min. intervals). Similar effects were observed when 4% DMSO at 25 degrees was added in bulk after cooling. However, when DMSO was added to sperm suspended in milk, fertility was significantly reduced regardless of treatment. None of the methods were successful in eliminating the contraceptive action of glycerol. The results indicate that a number of in vitro techniques can be used to maintain the fertilizing capacity of chicken spermatozoa in the presence of 4% ethylene glycol or DMSO."
1153382,"For flock vaccination, B1-type LaSota Newcastle disease water vaccine was used in chicken under commercial cage layer conditions using two different methods, Swish Corporation pipes and cups, and stainless stell troughs, in an effort to determine their effectiveness. The concentration of virus in trough and cup samples collected at the beginning and the end of the lines were the same except in one instance where little or no virus was transported to the end of the trough. Satisfactory results were obtained when the test was repeated a year later. Serum HI titers determined before and after vaccination demonstrated adequate flock serum titers and indicated that both methods of application were reasonably effective. In laboratory trials, different water pipes (black, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Hart cups, green, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Swish cups, and old, rusty, galvanized pipe) normally used in cage operations were tested. Our findings indicated that dried skim milk powder (DSMP) was essential in stabilizing vaccine virus in the containers tested and that an adequate vaccine virus concentration was maintained in the three types of pipe tested when DSMP was used. Without DSMP the vaccine titers were adversely affected."
1153383,"In 3 successive years (1971, 1972, and 1973) semen productivity and quality were measured for medium size Broad Breasted White turkey males kept under 3 different systems of management (cages, cubicles and floor). Biweekly semen volumes were obtained for each male from 30 to 52 weeks of age. Semen concentration, sperm motility, and normality determinations were made on individual males when 52 weeks of age. In one of the 3 test years (1973) a significantly lower volume of semen was produced by males kept on the floor as compared with comparable males kept in cages or cubicles. There were no appreciable differences in quality criteria of semen produced by males kept in the different systems of management. Males kept in individual cages were approximately 1 kg. lighter in body weight at 52 weeks of age than comparable males kept in cubicles and on the floor. Average feed intake measured over a 12 week period in 1973 showed that a ratio of daily feed comsumption to average body weight was approximately the same for males in all housing systems. There was some variability in mortality within test years but no trend over the 3 test years was evident."
1153384,"Three experiments were conducted to determine the temperature required to initiate blastoderm development of Bobwhite quail eggs. In the first two experiments, groups of eggs were incubated for eight days at the following temperatures: 24.4 degrees C., 25.6 degrees C., 26.7 degrees C., 27.8 degrees C. and 28.9 degrees C. At the end of the incubation period, the diameter of the blastoderm was measured with a vernier caliper. In the third experiment, the same procedure was used except that a group of eggs which had not been incubated were used as controls. Results from the first and third experiment showed significant increases in blastoderm size of eggs incubated above 24.4 degrees C. In the second experiment there was a numerical increase in the blastoderm size when eggs were incubated above 24.4 degrees C., and significant increases in the size of blastoderms of eggs incubated above 25.6 degrees C. On the basis of the results of theses experiments, it was concluded that the temperature required to initiate blastoderm development of Bobwhite quail eggs was between 24.4 degrees C. and 25.6 degrees C."
1153385,Hens injected with 1-2 mug. of either prostaglandin E1 or F1 alpha into the third cerebral ventrical had significantly higher (P LESS than .05 at 60 and 90 minutes post injection) rectal temperatures (0.4 degrees C.) as compared to uninjected control hens. Those injected with 0.9% saline had significantly lower (P less than .05 at 60 and 90 minutes post injection) rectal temperatures (0.2 degrees C.) than hens injected with prostaglandin.
1153386,"An experiment was conducted to ascertain if supplementing a completely purified diet with tin, vanadium chromium and nickel would enhance chick performance between hatching and 27-days posthatching. No effects on rate and efficiency of gain or on feather development were noted. A level of 350 p.p.m. magnesium, all in inorganic form, was found adequate for chick growth during this period."
1153402,Male Japanese quail castrated and treated with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for 3 wk were more resistant than sham-operated males to the necrogenic effects of massive doses of isoproterenol. The estrogen-treated castrate also weighed significantly more and had significantly lower hematocrit ratios than either the sham-operated male or the intact male. These results indicate that there is a definite sex-related protective effect this type of cardiac necrosis which cannot be explained on the basis of differences in body weight.
1153403,"After an overnight fast and oral hydration with water, hypertensive subjects developed a significant natriuresis (mean urine sodium excretions increased from 130 to 291 mueq/min. The incidence of a natriuresis (greater than 200 mueq sodium excreted per minute) was 75% in the hypertensive group (16 subjects) compared to 27% in a previously studied normotensive group (22 subjects). The incidence of a carbohydrate-induced antinatriuresis (greater than 30% decrease in urinary sodium excretion) was 62% in the hypertensive group compared to 41% in the normotensive group. No decrease in plasma volume (131I-labeled albumin concentration) due to a shift of solute and water intracellularly could be documented to explain the antinatriuretic effect of glucose. An incidental observation was a significant decrease in plasma zinc concentrations after glucose ingestion."
1153404,Radiophosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid is decreased in the red cells of lead-poisoned humans and rabbits. The decrease in activity is not related to the length of red cell survival nor to the differences in osmotic fragility observed in the lead-poisoned cells. Incorporation of radiophosphate into phosphatidic acid of normal red cells is sulfhydryl dependent and occurs at the cell surface. Lipid composition of the red cell membrane of the lead-poisoned humans and rabbits is normal.
1153405,"The ability of 2 Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) to suppress serum prolactin levels was examined in animals under the influence of continuous estrogen stimulation. A single injection of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin) once every 21 days produced a constant elevation of serum prolactin. The simultaneous administration of 1 mg/day of CB-154 to estrogenized animals suppressed serum prolactin levels below that of Estradurin alone but the levels were significantly greater than those of animals receiving CB-154 alone. It was suggested that, while CB-154 prevents the release of prolactin, estrogen stimulates prolactin synthesis despite the block of its release. Ether anesthesia may be capable of partially overriding  the block of CB-154 and released the stored hormone from the gland."
1153406,"The metabolic inhibitors, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin dihydrochloride, puromycin aminonucleoside, and p-fluorophenylalanine did not inhibit the release of leukocytic pyrogen whether endotoxin was preincubated with cells for 20 min at 37 degrees C before addition of inhibitor or inhibitor was preincubated with cells for 1 hr before addition of endotoxin. On the other hand, cortison inhibited release of pyrogen under both experimental conditions. Poly(I): poly(C) was not effective in inducing rabbit leukocytes to produce an endogenous pyrogen."
1153407,"Proliferation rates and cellular protein content have been measured in cultured fibroblasts derived from the skin of normal volunteers and cystic fibrosis patients. Three methods of measuring growth indicated that under our conditions, CF fibroblasts divide normally with a  mean doubling time of 29 hr. During the logarithmic growth phase, however, lower cell protein/DNA ratios were observed consistently in CF cultures. This difference was not present in contact-inhibited, confluent fibroblasts. The finding of an apparent reduction in protein synthesis during rapid division, coupled with an observation by others that CF fibroblasts fail to normally induce collagen formation, suggests the possibility of a disturbance in the biochemical regulation of protein synthesis."
1153408,Chemical and endocrine parameters were investigated in commercially available fetal bovine sera intended for use as culture media supplements. A high degree of serum variability was present both within and between suppliers in all major categories investigated. It is suggested that caution be employed in the interpretation of results from experiments utilizing serum supplements without specific quantitation of possible interfering or modulating factors.
1153409,"The effects of four F series prostaglandins on the pulmonary vascular bed were compared under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow in the intact spontaneously breathing dog. PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha increased lobar arterial pressure whereas PGF1beta and PGF2beta had little if any effect when infused into the lobar artery. The increase in lobar arterial pressure in response to PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha was associated with a significant increase in lobar venous pressure but no change in left atrial pressure. These data indicate that PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha increase pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting lobar veins and vessels upstream to small veins, presumed to be small arteries. It is concluded that in the pulmonary vascular bed the configuration of the hydroxyl group at carbon 9 is an important determinant of pressor activity."
1153411,"DPH has a colchicine-like action on metaphase arrest of cultured human lymphocytes. The first step in detoxification of DPH increased its power to accumulate metaphases 3-fold. This hydroxy derivative [5-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-5-phenylhydantoin, HPPH] 3.6 X 10(-4) M was equivalent colchicine 1 x 10(-5) M in its power to inhibit metaphase completion. The effect of HPPH on mitosis was reversible; colchicine effect was not reversed and vincristine effect was partially reversed by washing drug from the medium. Hydroxylation of DPH did not change its inhibition of DNA synthesis and enhanced inhibition of protein synthesis to a minor degree. Detoxification increased the colchicine-like action of DPH."
1153412,"Virgin mice were treated with gonadotropic hormones in order to induce superovulation; at term the embryos were removed by cesarean section. This treatment induced malformations (mainly forelimb defects and to a smaller extent central nervous system anomalies) as well as an altered sex ratio in the offspring. Both phenomena were statistically significant. These hormone-induced effects on the progeny were significantly dependent on both the dosage of hormones and the time (season) of administration. Because the time of administration (before mating) of gonadotropic hormones does not coincide with the critical period during embryogenic development for the teratogenic induction of malformations in the limbs and in the central nervous system (ca. 8th-12th day of gestation), the investigated defects are interpreted as of mutagenic origin."
1153413,"Microtubules were successfully illustrated in thyrotrophs and thyroidectomy cells of rat pituitary glands. In contrast, microfilaments were mostly seen in the nonglandular follicular cells. Numerous microtubules were observed in the early stages of development of the thyroidectomy cells. In thyroidectomy cells microtubules were located in close proximity to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, secretory granules, and membranes of Golgi complexes. Consequently, it is suggested that microtubules may play a role in degranulation or other processes associated with the hypersecretory state."
1153415,"In order to investigate the role of C3 in host defense in vivo, normal AKR/J mice, genetically deficient in C5, were depleted of serum C3 by the injection of purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Concurrent with their C3 depletion, their serum opsonizing activity decreased to a level less than 20% of normal. When these mice were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of pneumococci 2 hr after the CoVF treatment, the LD50 was from 30 to 80 times lower than the LD50 in saline-treated control animals. When the CoVF was given only 6 hr after the pneumococcal challenge, the LD50 was the same as in the control mice. If the pneumococci were first preopsonized in vitro and then injected into CoVF-treated animals, the LD50 was the same as that in control animals. These experiments demonstrate that C3 plays a significant role in vivo in the host's defense against infection and that a major part of that role is through its action as an opsonin. Furthermore, these experiments demonstrate that the role of C3 is most significant during the early stages of bacterial invasion."
1153416,"The effect of various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) on the in vitro secondary antibody response of rabbit lymph node and spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied. Complete suppression of the IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of both lymph node and spleen cultures was observed when 10 mug/ml of Con A was added at the time of initiation of the cultures whereas only partial suppression was observed when 1 mug/ml of Con A was added. Moreover, marked suppression of the immune responses of both spleen and lymph node cultures was observed when 10 mug/ml of Con A was added at 24 hr after antigenic challenge and to a lesser extent when added at 48 hr. Suppression of the IgM PFC response was also detected when spleen cultures were exposed to 10 mug/ml of Con A for as little as 2 hr after antigenic challenge. However, substantial increases in DNA synthesis were observed only in those cultures which were in contact with Con A for at least 24 hr. Finally evidence is presented that the Con A-induced suppression is mediated by a soluble substance(s)."
1153417,"The androgen content of amniotic fluid, plasma, and gonads from 107 fetal lambs was determined by radioimmunoassay in an attempt to understand the ontogeny of gonadal function. Testosterone (T) was too low to be reliably measured in the amniotic fluid from fetuses of either sex. Ovaries were without T activity at any of the stages of gestation studied. Testicular T-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (T-DHT) concentration steadily decreased from 1.4/ml near term. It is suggested that nongonadal testosterone production increases during fetal life and that T secretion by the fetal testis may contribute steadily less to the plasma pool of T as gestation proceeds."
1153418,"Oral contraceptive steroids, norethynodrel and mestranol, were fed to 11-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, in combination and in quantities proportional to those used by women for contraceptive purposes. Three experiments were performed. The first experiment, demonstrated that 10 wk of treatment, impaired the animal's glucose tolerance, but not its insulin response to glucose. The second experiment demonstrated that 6 wk of steroid feeding, decreased the in vivo conversion of blood U-14C-labeled glucose into adipose tissue fatty acids and into diaphragm glycogen, although the effect on the diaphragm was not statistically significant. In the third experiment, it was found that the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose-1-14C by the adipose tissue removed from rats after 6 wk of treatment, was not different from that of control tissue, but the uptake by the hemidiaphragms was slightly lower."
1153419,"Assessment of certain parameters of renal function were carried out before and 1 wk after total denervation of the heart by a method which leaves nerves to other organs intact. No changes in mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, GFR, or RPF were noted after cardiac denervation. UNaV after a low sodium diet was similar during a control period before and after denervation, but in response to expansion of the plasma volume a 3-fold greater natriuresis was seen in the denervated group. Alterations in the filtered load of sodium, the secretion of aldosterone, or most of the recently described physical and compositional factors known to influence sodium excretion cannot adequately explain this natriuresis. Expansion of an already augmented plasma volume after denervation or the possibility of a natriuretic or antinatriuretic factor with afferents interrupted in the process of cardiac denervation must be considered as etiologic factors."
1153420,"Fluoxymesterone, a C-17 methylated derivative of testosterone employed in the treatment of renal-failure patients with refractory anemia, was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects on plasma triglyceride (TG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels and the rate of hepatic triglyceride secretion (TGSR) into plasma determined (Triton). Animals treated with fluoxymesterone demonstrated significantly lower TG (less than 0.05) and no alteration in TGSR. These findings are consistent with other observations which suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect of androgens results from an accelerated rate of removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from plasma."
1153421,"The relative role of specific liver cells in the uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was ascertained by utilizing enzymatically isolated rat hepatic Kupffer and parenchymal cells. Kupffer cells demonstrated the ability neither to remove BSP from the incubation medium nor to form a BSP-glutathione conjugate. In contrast, parenchymal cells removed BSP from the medium and formed a BSP-glutathione conjugate. The rate and maximum uptake of BSP by the parenchymal cells were inversely related to the concentration of serum or albumin in the incubation medium. In an effort to evaluate the influence of ethanol on BSP uptake, parenchymal cells were incubated in the presence of varying concentrations of ethanol. No alteration in BSP uptake was induced by the prior addition of ethanol to the incubation medium. The uptake and conjugation of BSP are exclusive functional expressions of the hepatic parenchymal cell population."
1153422,The radioactive microsphere technique is a simple method for measurement of RBF and intrarenal blood flow distribution in the rat that does not require surgical manipulation of the kidney or general anesthesia. The results are reproducible and compatible with other established techniques.
1153423,This study was undertaken because of uncertainties regarding the influence of hormones on myocardial glycogen metabolism of fed and fasted rats. The results indicate that adrenal hormones exert a stabilizing effect on myocardial glycogen levels in fed animals but are not necessary for synthesis to occur. Hypophysectomy eliminates the glycogen increase that occurs from fasting in normal animals while insulin deficiency leads to elevated glycogen stores in both fed and fasted conditions. These findings suggest that changes in myocardial glycogen metabolism are the results of a synergetic relationship between a variety of hormonal and nutritional factors.
1153424,"Glucose production was studied in isolated hepatocytes using various substrates and with increasing substrate concentrations (0-10 mM). Fructose was the best gluconeogenic substrate while other substrates studied stimulated net glucose production in the following decreasing order: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, galactose, alanine, and succinate. Studies on oxygen consumption showed that endogenous respiration was linear for 60 min and was not altered by extracellular calcium. Studies on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein was linear for only 3-4 hr in cells containing low glycogen. However, cells containing high glycogen incorporated 14C-leucine into protein linearly for 8-10 hr. About 3 mg of protein per g per hr was synthesized by isolated cells when incubated for 4 hr with amino acids mixture, glucose, lactate, and insulin."
1153425,"The effects of a 500 mug injection of T3 on the renal handling of citrate by the albino rat was studied by measuring citrate synthase activity, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, and plasma, kidney, and urine citrate concentrations 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hr after injection. Kidney citrate synthase activity of the T3-injected rats was significantly lower than the controls in the 24- and 36-hr treatment groups, while NADP-IDH activity was significantly lowered only in the 36-hr treatment group. The injection of T3 resulted in hypercitricemia in the 12-, 18-, and 48-hr experimental animals while there was no significant change in citrate between the control values and treated values in the 24- and 36-hr experiments. There was no significant change in renal citrate levels in any of the treatment groups and hypercitrauria was not observed. The results of the present study suggest that T3 can control citrate utilization by increasing the levels of circulating citrate and then increasing the utilization of citrate by the kidney. This is facilitated by a decrease in NADP-IDH activity resulting in a decrease in biosynthesis and a decrease in citrate synthase activity resulting in a decrease in FFA metabolism. It is proposed that this system functions in providing fuel (citrate) for the increased Krebs cycle flux occurring in hyperthyroidism."
1153426,"Experiments were designed to determine how varying levels of plasma lipids affect tissue deposition of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Hypolipemia was induced by feeding orotic acid, and hyperlipemia was obtained using genetically obese rats. With equal dietary intakes of alpha-tocopherol, hypolipemic rats had lower plasma and tissue concentrations than rats with normal plasma lipids. An exception was liver, which due to fatty enlargement from orotic acid had more alpha-tocopherol. Hyperlipemic obese rats had plasma total lipids and alpha-tocopherol three times those of normal rats with the same intake of alpha-tocopherol. Tissue concentrations of the vitamin, however, were considerably lower in obese rats. Due to their large adipose mass, obese rats had considerably more total body alpha-tocopherol than normal rats. It was concluded that both plasma lipid levels and degree of adiposity are important factors in determining tissue deposition of alpha-tocopherol."
1153428,"We have studied several parameters of prostate function in two inbred lines (2.4 and SsLak) of young and old LSH hamsters. These included weight, acid phosphatase, and [3H]testosterone uptake as influenced by age, castration, and androgen treatment. In the hamster, prostatic acid phosphatase concentration was found to vary inversely with androgen levels, contrary to the usual assumption that this enzyme is androgen dependent. Prostatic uptake of tritiated testosterone was enhanced by castration and by treatment of castrates with doses of androgen which induced a moderate increase in gland size. With advancing age, the prostates of LSH hamsters (both strains) became atrophic rather than hyperplastic, in contrast with a previous report (1). This atrophy appeared to be a consequence of decreased testicular function. The LSH hamsters appear to be a suitable model for the study of senescent changes in the male reproductive system."
1153429,"We determined both basal and induced AHH activity in livers of six partially inbred strains of rabbits. Strain III rabbits had the highest enzyme activity upon induction by 3-MCA, i.e., four to five times that in strain WH (noninducible), which has the lowest enzyme activity. AHH induction was also ""low"" in strains X, OS, ACEP, and AC. F1 hybrids between strains III and WH revealed a differential response to the induction of liver AHH activity by MCA: the levels of induced hydroxylase activity were consistently higher in (III X WH)F1 rabbits than in the reciprocal (WH X III)F1 hybrids. All possible crosses between these two ""extreme"" strains are now being analyzed to estimate the number of genes involved in their response difference to MCA."
1153430,Human diploid fibroblasts cultured in vitro weremonitored for amino acid uptake in preconfluent and confluent cultures under conditions amenable to growth and in confluent cultures arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state. Preconfluent and confluent cultures in growth medium showed similar uptake patterns for leucine and alpha-aminoisobutyrate; arrested cultures exhibited a reduced uptake of both amino acids. Kinetic measurements revealed a 4-fold reduction in apparent Vmax for alpha-aminoisobutyrate influx in arrested cultures. These results suggest that the culture conditions used in this study to produce restrictions in mitotic activity likewise influence amino acid accumulation.
1153432,"The growth and metabolic activity of cultured cells derived from human adipose tissue (CAT cells) were studied and compared to cultured skin fibroblasts. The morphological appearance of the CAT cells was distinctly different from that of fibroblasts. The growth rate of CAT cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation was much slower than the fibroblast growth rate. Cultured CAT cells synthesized significantly 14C-glucose, while fibroblast cultures had a higher metabolic rate as measured by CO2 production. Insulin stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation in both CAT and fibroblast cultures. The CAT cells did not show a consistent insulin response of lipid or CO2 production, but this may be a reflection of donor age or nutritional status. Even though the CAT cell may be a type of stromal cell peculiar to adipose tissue rather than a preadipocyte or adipocyte, it may prove useful in studies of human obesity."
1153433,"The ability of penicillin pretreatment to increase PAH accumulation by slices of newborn rabbit renal cortex was dissected into two components, uptake and runout. The oxygen-requiring component of the uptake process was significantly enhanced by penicillin treatment, whereas runout was unaffected. Kinetically, the data suggest that penicillin alters the affinity of the transport system for PAH. Due to the limitations of such a kinetic analysis, no conclusions may be drawn from such a suggestion. However, it may be concluded that penicillin pretreatment increases renal accumulation of PAH solely by stimulating the uptake process. Elucidation of the molecular changes involved will require techniques more sophisticated than uptake into renal cortical slices."
1153434,"Instillation of liver extract into antral pouches produced an increase in the serum concentrations of both little (G-17) and big (G-34) gastrins. The molar fraction of G-17 plus G-34 represented by G-17 was about 0.9 in antral mucosa and about 0.3 in serum 3 hr after initiating release with liver extract. The predominance of G-34 in serum can be accounted for only in part by its slower rate of removal from the blood so other factors probably also contribute. Although G-17 contributed only about 30% of the total molar concentration of gastrins in serum, it accounted for about 70% of the acid stimulatory activity because on a molar basis it is about five times more bioactive than G-34."
1153435,"The hepatic K+-mobilizing effects of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were studied in dogs equipped with chronic indwelling portal vein catheters. Animals anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, received intraportal injections of these sympathomimetic amines, alone or in combination, before and after alpha, or beta, or combined adrenergic blockade. Hepatic K+ movements were assessed by measuring systemic arterial and hepatic venous K+ levels. It was concluded that adrenergic blockade exerted no significant influence on the ability of these agents to provoke the initial release and subsequent uptake of K+ by the liver."
1153436,"Within 24 hr after intravenous administration of isotopic 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to three normal adults for kinetic studies, one-third of the radioactivity was secreted into the lumen of the duodenum, probably with the bile. The subsequent intestinal reabsorption of over 85% of secreted radioactivity suggests that this major metabolite of vitamin D has a hitherto unrecognized enterohepatic circulation. Our observation of a dynamic hepatic secretion and intestinal reabsorption of radioactivity administered as 3H-labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D-replete man is indicative of an enterohepatic circulation that may be of physiologic importance. It is conceivable that interruption in the recycling of 25-OH-D3 may be an important mechanism of acquired deficiency of vitamin D in gastrointestinal disease."
1153437,"The acoustic startle response was measured in rats after depletion of central catecholamines either chronically (through intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine) or acutely (through intraperitoneal injections of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine). Chronic depletion resulted in an augmented startle response which could not be attributed to a failure of habituation or enhanced sensitization, while acute depletion depressed startle amplitude. The results were interpreted as evidence that catecholamines normally exert a facilitatory influence on the startle response and that the enhanced response seen in the chronically lesioned animal reflects the potentiation of the role of catecholamine-containing neurons through the development of denervation supersensitivity. This interpretation is consistent with other observations which suggest that catecholamines play a general role in modulating thresholds to aversive events."
1153438,"The present investigation sought to determine whether drugs which produce markedly different perceptual effects in man, barbital and mescaline or LSD produce different stimuli in rats. In a standard 2 lever operant test chamber, rats received sweetened milk for correct responses according to a variable interval schedule. All sessions were preceded by 1 of 2 treatments; following Treatment A, only responses on Lever A were reinforced and, in a similar fashion, Lever B was correct following Treatment B. No responses were reinforced during the first 5 min of a daily 30 min session. It was found that barbital can serve as a discriminative stimulus when this drug is paired with saline. Previously, we had demonstrated that mescaline or LSD can serve as discriminative stimuli. When barbital was administered to animals trained to discriminate mescaline or LSD and saline, they made either random responses or responses appropriate to saline treatment. This observation suggests that the stimulus properties of barbital are difference from those of the hallucinogens. A subsequent demonstration of discriminated responding when barbital and mescaline or LSD were paired as discriminative stimuli supports this conclusion. The present results extend previous findings which suggest that the degree of similarity or difference of drug stimuli in rats is congruent with the degree of similarity or difference of perceptual drug effects in man."
1153439,Rats were trained on a Sidman lever-pressing avoidance task. Half the animals received 0.4 mg nicotine/kg before each avoidance session. Rats which were successful performers had heavier adrenal glands. Nicotine facillitated avoidance and increased adrenal weight. Successful avoiders also tended to have higher hippocampal 5-HT levels. Hypothalamic 5-HT was elevated in animals which had just received many shocks during the final avoidance session but not in rats which had received a comparable number of unavoidable shocks. No effects of nicotine on noradrenaline or corticosterone were detected nor were these measures related to avoidance performance.
1153440,"Rats chronically implanted with push-pull cannulas were injected with a pulse of 14C-norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral cerebroventricle under a variety of pretreatment and behavioral conditions. Animals pretreated intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine (Group A) or ascorbic acid vehicle (Group B) were subsequently perpised imder fpur conditions: (1) presentation of a novel, visual stimulus in a one-way avoidance chamber; (2) presentation of the light (CS) followed by shock; (3) training to a high level of avoidance behavior, after which the CS was presented in the absence of opportunity for an avoidance response and in the absence of shock; and (4) after forced extinction, followed by CS without opportunity to aboid and with out presentation of shock. Samples of perfusate from rats subjected to the four test conditions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography for total 14C in a scintillation counter and for proportion of NE and normetanephrine (NM). During Tests 1 and 4 the 14C perfusion wash-out did not differ from control values for either Group A or B. During Test 2, total radioactivity as well as the proportions of NE and NM increased in the perfusate for both Groups A and B. Presenting the CS without shock (3) resulted in 14C and NE and NM for Group B (vehicle), but not for Group A (6-OHDA). To test for non-specific release unrelated to a brain catecholaminergic function, another group of rats was subjected to identical treatments with the exception that 14C-urea replaced 14C-NE as a pulse-label. In these animals Test 2 (shock) induced an increase in 14C in the perfusate, while Tests 1, 3 and 4 yielded wash-out curves essentially identical to controls."
1153441,"Ethanol (10% w/v) was infused intraventricularly at a rate of 11 mul/hr, delivered over 50 sec every 10 min for 10 days into 5 Sprague-Dawley and 5 Wistar rats. Thereafter, preference testing with ascending concentrations of alcohol solutions vs . water vs. food gave no significant differences between treated and sham-operated controls, in contradiction to previously reported increases in alcohol consumption. Ethanol's rate of elimination from the ventricle and its pattern of diffusion into the brain were determined using radioactive ethanol: elimination from the brain is rapid with a half-like of 24 to 35 sec, and the amount diffused throughtout the brain small, with a maximal concentration in any one section of 0.004% (such a concentration is at least 20 times less than would result from a moderately intoxicating parenteral dose of ethanol). The character of the elimination and the lack of effect on alcohol intake found here indicate that intraventricularly administered ethanol is a technique with no usefulness in elucidating the processes affecting alcohol addiction."
1153442,"Male Mongolian gerbils were trained to escape electric shocks in a T-shaped maze contingent upon the presence or absence of certain drug effects (state-dependency; StD). The drug discriminative cues used were those of either delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or pentobarbital (P-barb.) vis-à-vis the respective vehicles. Several doses of THC (0.5-16.0 mg/kg) were used and compared with P-barb. (20.0 mg/kg), a dose at which the most rapid drug discrimination occurs in the rat. When drug discrimination was established dose-time- and transfer characteristics for the training drugs were studied. Possible potentiation and antagonism was also examined in the pentobarbital trained gerbils. It was found that none of the THC doses were discriminated as rapidly as that of P-barb. Decreasing the amounts of training drug administered or increasing the injection-test intervals resulted in a decline of the number of drug associated choices. There was a maximum of 40% drug choices between THC and P-barb at the transfer tests. Mixtures of the two compounds increased the number of drug choices in an additive or even more than additive manner. Amphetamine (4.0 mg/kg) did not interact with the P-barb. induced choice responding. The analeptic drug, bemegride was found effective in antagonizing the P-barb. cued choice behavior."
1153443,"Prolonged exposure of male C. S. F. rats to irregular signalled footshick from which they could escape for up to 71 days produced profound morphological changes. Retardation in growth, adrenal hypertrophy associated with an increase in the zona fasiculata a-nd zona reticularis, and changes in the microcirculation of the heart were observed. There was a significant degree of congestion and dilatation of the microcirculation which was most marked in large venules, collecting venules and veins. An increase in PAS +ve material marginated in the venous endothelium was observed also, together with a suggested increase in mast cells and presence of vacuoles in the intima-media of the coronary arterioles. No pathological changes were observed in the renal cortex and medulla or the gastric lining. The changes in the microcirculation of the heart are discussed in terms of an oedematous reaction and a histamine type leakage of the endothelial lining."
1153444,"Rats subjected to either a frontal cortex lesion or to a sham operation were trained to discriminate between a lighted and unlit alley in order to escape shock. Following intubation with either placebo or LSD-25 (1.0 MG/KG), they were given discrimination trials 24 hr, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 5 weeks later. During the last 3 sets of trials, the discrimination task was increased in difficulty each week. A relatively long-term single-dose drug effect was observed in decreased accuracy of performance, with a drug-lesion interaction reflected in slower running time upon initial increase in level of task difficulty."
1153445,"Changes in endogenous norepinephrine (NE) levels after bilateral olfactory bulb section have been found to occur in the rat brain. Since olfactory tract projections are confined to the ventral adrenergic pathway, and this pathway projects to the pyriform cortex, it was decided to examine the distribution of endogenous NE between the pyriform cortex and the remaining neocortex. It was demonstrated that significant reductions in NE content occurred in both brain regions, although the greater reduction occurred in the pyriform cortex. there were no significant changes in hypothalamic NE. It is concluded that sensory deprivation plus olfactory system damage induce specific changes in central function, which relate to noradrenergic pathways."
1153446,"Number of ethanol reinforcements obtained and ethanol intake (mg/100 g body weight/hr) of 3 food-deprived rats were measured over a range of dipper volumes during daily 1 hr sessions. The rats had free access to water in their home cages between sessions. Ethanol concentration was 8 percent (W/V); each response was reinforced. As the volume per reinforcement increased, ethanol intake tended to increase while the number of reinforcements obtained decreased systematically. Responding was maintained by 8 percent (W/V) ethanol but not by water."
1153447,"Volunteer chronic alcoholic subjects were exposed to a discrete-trail choice procedure within a residential research setting. Twelve daily trials occurred at 20 min intervals. In each trial a subject chose between 2 mutually exclusive options involving either receipt of money or the opportunity for socializing. The effect of ethanol self-administration was evaluated by requiring randomly over days that a subject consume either 8 drinks of orange juice or 8 drinks of ethanol (89.12 g ethanol total). For all 4 subjects, the mean rate of choosing socialization over money was significantly greater on sessions involving ethanol self-administration than on sessions involving orange juice self-administration."
1153448,"Operant schedules were used to isolate component parts of a training task and rates of incorporation of 3H-uridine into the brain and brain RNA were determined. Rats that developed a discrimination in responding to a visual stimulus absorbed more radioactivity into the brain and incorporated a higher percentage of this radioactivity into total and cytoplasmic RNA than littermates exposed to the visual stimulus only. Of the component parts of the training task, the discrimination accounted for the greatest increase in absorption of radioactivity and incorporation of it into RNA. The schedule change had the second largest effect and the stimulus change the least."
1153449,Operant schedules were used to isolate component parts of a training task and specific activities were determine for nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species separated by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Rats exposed to a stimulus or schedule change incorporated more radioactivity into nuclear rRNA and mRNA and cytoplasmic rRNA and tRNA than littermates exposed to no change from baseline training. Rats developing a change in response probability to a stimulus in the environment incorporated more radioactivity into cytoplasmic mRNA.
1153450,Operant schedules were used to isolate components of a training task and the distribution of radioactivity into various brain areas was studied using high resolution autoradiography. Rats exposed to a visual stimulus change showed more labelling in hippocampal area CA1 than littermates exposed to no stimulus change. Rats exposed to a non-cued contingency change showed higher labelling in hippocampal areas CA2 and CA4 than littermates exposed to a cued contingency change. The results suggest that hippocampal changes in RNA synthesis may be related more to the aversive conditions of the training task than to specific learning changes.
1153451,"To determine if repeated daily doses of nicotine induces tolerance to both its EEG and behavioral activating effects, rats implanted with sets of bipolar cortical elecrodes and carotid cannulae received intracarotid injections of either (1) 6 daily doses of nicotine (as tartrate, 30 mug/kg) (Group 1) or (2) 3 daily doses of saline followed by 4 days of nicotine (Group 2). From an exercise-induced resting state, nicotine produced immediate EEG and behavioral arousal, both of which disappeared in Group 1 by Day 6. Saline administered to Group 2 rats produced little or no response but subsequent nicotine resulted in responses similar to those produced by Group 1 animals. It is concluded that tolerance development to nicotine activation is reflected not only in behavior, but also in the EEG."
1153453,"Every third day animals were offered either 3 or 7 percent ethanol in place of water during the 1 hr drinking session. Three doses of sodium phenobarbital were administered subcutaneously to 3 groups of animals - 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg. Results indicate that the drug indreases ethavol consumption following the injection but decreases consumption of ethanol on subsequent postdrug days. There was an attenuation in these effects from the first to the third injection. Although a dose effect was not determined, changes in ethanol consumption were greater with the higher concentrations."
1153452,"The bilateral application of crystalline 6-hydroxydopamine to the ventral anterior head of the corpus striatum of rats severely suppressed responding for electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. This suppression lasted for days or weeks, after other behavioral deficits in food and  water intake and activity had recovered. Application of crystalline dopamine through the same cannulas temporarily reversed the impairment. Applications of crystalline dopamine to the same striatal region of untreated rats were more effective in enhancing self-stimulation than similar applications of norepinephrine."
1153454,A method was developed for the electrophoretic application of ethyl alcohol through one capillary in a multibarrel microelectrode array in the vicinity of the recording electode. Effects of ethyl alcohol and angiotensin II applied by means of electrophoretic ejection and ethanol administered intravenously on the frequency of extracellularly recorded action potentials of brain cells were determined. A total of 87 neurons in four different parts of the brain in female hooded rats anesthetized with a mixture of urethan and chloralose were tested. Results reveal that a most sensitive neurons appear to be those of the lateral hypothalamus within the medial forebrain bundle. Cells of the zona incerta and thalamus were also sensitive to ethanol. Cells of the cerebral cortex appear to be relatively less sensitive. Many of the ethanol sensitive cells also responded to angiotensin II and when tested the effects were potentiated by Na.
1153455,"A device is described in which spontaneous motor activity of animals can be measured quantitatively in a capacitance field. By using multilevel detection in a homogeneous field the motions of the animals can be categorised according to their amplitudes and irrespective of the position of the animal in the cage. The effects of lithium ions, methamphetamine and scopolamine were assessed and compared with data in the literature."
1153456,"The purpose of this experiment was to determine the importance of handling to the expression of hyperemotional behaviors, i.e., rage, known to occur after chronic depletion of brain norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) following central injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. Five min of handling per day for 6 consecutive days reduced resistane to capture as well as the magnitude and frequency of startle responding following one 300 mug injection of 6-OHDA intracisternally. Both 6-OHDA-handled and 6-OHDA-unhandled rats showed comparable levels of brain NE, DA, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), comparable resting levels of plasma corticosterone, and comparable adrenal weights. These data demonstrate the importance of handling to the expression of 6-OHDA-induced rage and emphasize the importance of controlling for handling as a variable which can significantly affect the assessment of rage by behavioral criteria in this animal model of hyperemotionality."
1153457,"The study was designed to assess the effects of Methaqualone (MTQ) on learning, as well as the effects of 15 days of pretask drug exposure on performance. Forty CFE rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I received daily IP injections of MTQ for 15 days prior to and throughout the duration of the task; Group II served as a control for Group I, receiving injections of the carrier vehicle; Group III received MTO at the start and throughout the duration of the task; Group IV served as the control for Group III. The task consisted of two pretraining days of swimming down a straight, all-white alleyway, followed by 5 trials/day for 4 days on a black-white discrimination task in a water T maze, with the white side being reinforced for all animals. Analyses revealed that MTQ animals made significantly more errors than controls. Pretask drug exposure did not significantly alter Group I performance versus Group III. Furthermore, continued injections for half of the animals in Group I and II for eight days following the last learning day did not improve Group I performance when retested on the same task. Thus MTQ adversely affected learning with prolonged drug exposure failing to reverse such debilitation."
1153458,"C57BL/6J mice showed dose dependent devreases in locomotor activity with increasing IP doses of ethanol (0.0, 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25 g/kg), while BALB/cJ mice showed dose dependent increases in activity; both strains were equally active with saline. Whether this finding represents decreased CNS responsivity in C57BL mice to ethanol's excitatory effect or increased response to its depressant action at sub-hypnotic doses is unclear, since anesthetic doses produce anesthesia of far shorter duration in the C57BL strain than in the BALB strain. It is possible that the biphasic action of alcohol is under the control of separate and distinct mechanisms, rather than a common one, and that these two mechanisms are differentially affected by alcohol. Endogenous as well as ethanol-induced neurochemical differences in biogenic amines may also be correlated with the gentic variation in CNS responsivity towards alcohol."
1153471,"A quantitative method for the determination of vitamins A and E is proposed based on the direct densitometry of thinlayer chromatographic spots. An appropriate solvent system for the chromatographic separation of the vitamins and the conditions under which a linear relationship between the absorbed light and the logarithm of concentration exists (1--10 mug range) are found. The precision of the method is evaluated by a statistical treatment of the results.  Satisfactory reproducibility is established-- the variation coefficient for the determination of the two vitamins is about 4--5%. The method is applied for the analysis of oil and aqueous injection solutions, mixtures containing the three vitamins A, E and D2 and some pharmaceutical preparations (Pharmavit¿ and Devitforte¿). The presence of the decomposition products and other substances (other pharmaceuticals, stabilizers, solubilizers etc.) does not affect the determination. The analysis is performed without preliminary treatment of the sample."
1153473,"Studying the metabolism of drotaverin (No-Spa¿), we have elaborated a method for the isolation, purification and separation of metabolites and of drotaverin excreted in unchanged form in the urine and feces. The structure of the chief metabolites was cleared by t.l.c., polarography, UV spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry. It was stated that beside drotaverin excreted in unchanged form, the biotransformation of the molecule results in the formation of oxidation and desalkylation products."
1153475,"Four substances were evaluated for their potential usefulness as dry binders for direct compression techniques in tablet making. The flow properties of these substances including angle of repose, timed delivery through an orifice and compressibility were determined. The effect of particle size of the binder on its flow properties was investigated. Comparative rates of water sorption demonstrated by the various substances evaluated as dry binders were also determined."
1153483,"The condensation of 2-methyl-3-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinone and 2-phenyl-3-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinone with different aldehydes is described. Reacting equimolecular amounts of these two amino compounds with p-nitrobenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and 5-nitro-2-furfuraldehyde diacetate afforded the respective Schiff's bases. Condensation of benzaldehyde, anisaldehyde, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and o-nitrobenzaldehyde with the former quinazolinone afforded the corresponding condensation products while with the latter no condensation took place. Furthermore, condensation of cinnamaldehyde with methylaminoquinazolinone in pyridine and in glacial acetic acid afforded the mono- and di-condensation products respectively while furfural, thiophenaldehyde, resorcinaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, veratraldehyde, and salicylaldehyde, the condensation ended in failure."
1153485,"The hydronium ion catalyzed racemization of L-noradrenaline bitartrate solutions was studied as a function of ionic strength and polarity of the medium. On the grounds of the findings obtained, it was assumed that the racemization of the drug involves an ionic reaction between ions of like charge. The water/propylene glycol system dielektric constant 60 was found to furnish optimal stability conditions for the drug. In addition, attention must be given to avoiding the incorporation of electrolytes into the solution."
1153487,Regulating the cooling rate of paracetamol melt resulted in the formation of different microcrystalline structures of the solidified melt. Dissolution rate studies were carried out on powdered samples prepared from fused paracetamol that was crystallized under different conditions. Rapid cooling associated with stirring the melt during crystallisation produced a fast rate of dissolution in the order of two times greater than the untreated drug. Increased dissolution rate data were masked to some extent when working with tablets prepared from the corresponsing solidified and powdered melts. The present study represent a new method of physical modification of drugs as a means of increasing rate of drug dissolution and absorption.
1153489,"Comparative self-binding qualities of four substances studied as potential dry binders for direct compression applications in tablet making were investigated. The effect of particle size of these materials on hardness, friability and hardness-friability ratio of disks made with mere binders was studied. The results showed that for comparable particle sizes, values of hardness-friability ratio of the various disks were in the following descending order: Plasdone, tragacanth, Carbowax 4000 and then mannitol."
1153499,"Histamine in doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited mitotic activity of the stomach, duodenum and colon of rats. With the above doses this effect is not dose dependent. However, only the highest dose produced acute gastric mucosal ulceration. It is suggested that decreased mitotic activity is not causally related to ulcer provocation."
1153500,"The effect of fenfluramine, administered orally in a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 40 days, on the disposition and rate of elimination of antipyrine was studied in 15 obese patients. Although the plasma half-life of antipyrine was unchanged, the apparent volume of distribution (1/kg) fell by 11.6% (p less than 0.001) and the plasma metabolic clearance rate (1/kg/h) of antipyrine was reduced by 14.1% (p less than 0.01). No correlation occurred between change in clearance, on the one hand, and change in patient weight or apparent volume of distribution of antipyrine, on the other. In vitro drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in the rat was measured using rate of aminopyrine and hexobarbital metabolism as indices. Fenfluramine inhibited the metabolism of both substrates. It is concluded that fenfluramine can diminish the rate of elimination of drugs which are extensively metabolized by reduction of microsomal enzyme activity. Also, drug clearance may be diminished by reduction of apparent volume of distribution."
1153501,"Contrasting with the hypertension resulting consistently after DOCA implantation, mature female rats given Enovid daily for 20 weeks had only slight and occasional increases in blood pressure. The pressure elevations remained infrequent and transient even when drinking water was replaced with isotonic saline solution but they became more pronounced when Enovid treatment was initiated at an earlier age. Despite the failure to cause sustained hypertension, the data indicate that Enovid affects blood pressure and that both mestranol and norethynodrel are essential for this effect. Pressor responses to norepinephrine or angiotensin were unaffected even after 20 weeks of pretreatment but those to electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus were increased in rats pretreated with Enovid. Enhanced responsiveness to hypothalamic stimulation occurred only in the awake state and was not demonstratable after the central nervous system (CNS) had been depressed with urethane. These results can be explained by an increased sensitivity of hypothalamic pressor areas produced by Enovid prior to the development of hypertension and the mechanisms involved may be similar to those occurring in spontaneously-hypertensive rats. However, the possibility of hypersensitivity at other sites in the sympathetic vasomotor outflow cannot be ruled out."
1153502,"The metabolic effects of guanethidine were studied in anaesthetized rats. The drug 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) produced a significant rise in serum free fatty acids (FFA) without significant changes in serum glucose and lactate levels. Epididymal fat pads excised from guanethidine-treated (20 mg/kg body weight) rats and incubated in vitro, exhibited an increased release of FFA and diminished uptake of glucose. Fat pads from normal rats similarly incubated in vitro in presence of various concentrations of the drug showed only a significant increase in FFA release."
1153503,"Phentolamine was used as a pure alpha-adrenergic blocking agent in the study of the arterial plasma potassium responses to adrenergic stimulation in dogs. Both the hyperkalemia and hypokalemia evoked by the intravenous infusion of noradrenaline, 5 mug/kg-min-1, were reduced by phentolamine (1-3 mg/kg), the response being completely abolished by increasing the dose of this alpha-blocker (9 mg/kg). The decrease of both parts of this dual response was parallel, and it  was not possible to abolish the secondary hypokalemia without abolishing the early rise. The secondary decrease in arterial plasma potassium evoked by the intravenous infusion of the same dose of adrenaline was reduced, but not abolished, by the pretreatment with increasing doses of phentolamine, although the initial increase was completely abolished. These results agree with those that attribute an alpha-adrenergic nature to the adrenergic-evoked hyperkalemia, and a complex origin to the secondary hypokalemia. The different interpretations of the results obtained for these kalemotropic adrenergic effects are discussed, in the light of the Ahlquist hypothesis for adrenergic receptors. It is concluded that the alterations in the metabolic state of the effector cells observed during the administration of either adrenergic agonists or antagonists may influence the results obtained and may be considered as one of the factors responsible for interpretative difficulties described."
1153504,"Electrical and mechanical activity was recorded from totally isoltted porcine stomachs perfused with homologous blood, The electrical control activity, response activity, and mechanical reaction to various hormones and drugs stimulationg these activities were recorded. The drugs were injected directly into the gastric artery of the isolated organ. Normal response to cholinergic stimulants and to pentagastrin was observed. The effect of blockers such as atropine, hexamethonium and tetrodotosin on the action of stimulants was also assessed. The results of this study suggest that the release of acetylcholine is involved in the mechanism of action of pentagastrin. They also demonstrate the usefulness of the isolated porcine stomach approach to the study of gastric myoelectrical and mechanical activity."
1153505,Perfused livers obtained from rats fasted for 24 or 48h show a marked impairment of the N-demethylation (substrate aminopyrine) without major changes of the O-demethylation (p-nitro anisol) and hydroxylation (aniline). The infusion with nicotinic acid restored N-demethylation but it inhibited O-demethylation and hydroxylation.
1153506,"The metabolism of acetophenone oxime was investigated in liver homogenates obtained from rats, rabbits, mice and hamsters. Significant species variations were observed in anaerobic metabolism studies both in qualitative and quantitative respects. In all cases, the oxime was initially reduced to the corresponding hydroxylamine. Whereas, the hydroxylamine was resistant to further transformation in rat, subsequent reduction to amine was observed in rabbit, mouse and hamster. Hydroxylamine reduction in rat was however observed in animals pretreated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or carbon tetrachloride. Enzymes catalyzing oxime and hydroxylamine reduction were present in both microsomal and cytosol fractions of liver. Highest reductase activity was observed in rat and mouse. Oxime reductase was not stimulated by either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, but was inhibited by carbon tetrachloride."
1153507,"The effect of environmental temperature on the toxicity of cyclizine, trimethobenzamide, and Aspirin were studied in mice. LD50s were compared at 30 degrees C (warm), 22 degrees C (normal), and 15 degrees C (cool). At 30 degrees C the toxicity of all three drugs increased, with that to aspirin being affected most. Cooling decreased the toxicity of cyclizine and had no significant effect on that of trimethobenzamide or Aspirin. These findings indicate that alterations in environmental temperature markedly affect drug toxicity. They emphasize that such alterations, and particularly increases in temperature, do not have to be particularly drastic, but that ""mild' variations in the environment are effective in altering an animal's sensitivity to a drug."
1153508,"Biotransformation of chlordiazepoxide was studied in mice following a single 1000-rad dose of hepatic irradiation. Meabolic N-demethylation of chlordiazepoxide in irradiated mice was impaired when tested 3 days after irradiation. No such effect was observed in mice tested 3 weeks or 6 weeks after irradiation. Thus, hepatic irradiation appeared to produce short-lived, reversible impairment of drug-metabolizing function. The effect was small and of uncertain biological significance."
1153509,"Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) from bovine fibrinogen were obtained in vitro by trypsin digestion for 3 and 120 min, respectively. FDP-120 min applied i.p. and i.v.c. stimulated the CNS, while FDP-3 min did not. The FDP increased the potency of amphetamine, caffeine, thiopental, and chlorpromazine by enhancing their level in the brain. Peptides from 120 min digestion were more effective. A possible mechanism of observed changes has been discussed."
1153510,"In anesthetized rats the glucose release of the kidneys was estimated from the glucose concentrations in the arterial and renal venous plasma, urinary glucose excretion and the total renal plasma flow. Net renal glucose release was found in control experiments. The glucose release of the kidneys decreased with rising arterial plasma glucose values. Epinephrine (220 mug/kg s.c.) and isoprenaline (10 mu/kg s.c.) enhanced arterial plasma glucose levels and increased mean renal glucose production significantly. The enhanced arterial plasma glucose levels and increased mean renal glucose production significantly. The enhanced glucose release after isoprenaline could be abolished by propranolol (1 mg/kg s.c.). The glycogen content of the kidney was found to be too small to account for the observed renal glucose release by glycogenolysis. Therefore, these in vivo data indicate enhanced renal gluconeogenesis after adrenergic stimulation. This effect is thought to be mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptors."
1153511,"An attempt has been made to clarify the two most important issues relevant to personal eye dosimetry. This involves the identification of the cells which are most at risk from radiation and the specification of their position in the eye. A survey of the radiobiological literature concerning animals and humans shows that the epithelial cells in the equatorial region of the lens are those which are involved in radiation cataract induction. The depth of these cells has been evaluated in the human eye by means of geometrical construction. The relevant dimensions have been determined from a survey of published anatomical data and supplemented by new data obtained by slit-image photography. In a normal adult population (20-65 years) the minimum depth of the incriminated cells is 2.3 plus or minus 0.4 mm; the upper and lower values are associated with young and old subjects respectively. Approximate calculations for isotropic 90Sr/90Y and 106Rh beta-radiation fields indicate that a planar dosemeter, which integrates the tissue dose between depths of 2.5-3.5 mm, should give a reasonable measure of the mean equatorial dose for the variety of eye and irradiation geometries likely to be met during a life-time exposure. The long established, but tentative, value of 3 mm for the effective depth of the lens is thus confirmed."
1153512,An analytical solution of the thermal conductivity equation describing the surface temperature distribution over a buried heat source is given in tabular form. The solution is applicable to experimental models for studies of the surface temperature over an implanted artificial heat source. The results can also be used for the analysis of the skin temperature over biological heat sources such as breat tumours.
1153513,"Neutron production from targets of Be, C, Mo, Cu, Ta and Au bombarded with deuterons of 16, 33 and 50 MeV has been studied at the isochronous cyclotron at Louvain-la-Neuve. Neutron spectra were measured by the time of flight method. The yields of neutrons and gamma rays were also measured, and the greatest ratio of neutrons to gamma rays in the forward direction was found to occur with 50 MeV deuterons on a Be target. The angular distribution of neutrons from Be was measured at 16, 33 and 50 MeV, and neutron spectra were measured as function of angle with 50 MeV deuterons on Be."
1153514,"The dose given to a polythene energy absorber in the radiation field from a 14 MeV neutron generator has been measured calorimetrically. The calorimeter was calibrated by giving the energy absorber a known dose of gamma-rays. The dose measured in this way was compared with that determined with a polythene-ethylene ionization chamber, and the two results agreed to better than 1%, though the estimated uncertainties on the calorimeter and ionization chamber results were each about 4%. This result can be used to determine a value of the ratio Wn/We, for 14 MeV neutrons in ethylene, where Wn is the W value for the charged particles generated in the neutron field in ethylene, and We is the W value for electrons in the same gas. The measured value of Wn/We was found to be 1.07 plus or minus 3.9%. The significance of the 'thermal defect' in polythene is discussed."
1153515,"Dosimetry theory related to volume sources containing uniformly distributed beta-emitting radionuclides predicts a rapid drop in dose at the outer surface to approximately one half of the maximum dose within the volume. The purpose of this study was to determine if this reduction in surface dose could be observed using a measurable biological endpoint. In this study rats were injected with radiocolloids of either 198Au, 113In-m or 99Tc-m, to produce liver irradiation from their decay, or their livers were treated with external X-irradiation. After irradiation, a portion of the liver was surgically removed to stimulate cell division in the liver remnant revealing radiation damage in the form of chromosomal aberrations. The percentages of dividing cells with bridges were scored in the outer edges (0.45 mm) of the tissue sections and were compared to levels obtained from the central portion of the liver lobe. No significant difference was observed with X-irradiation or from 99Tc-m irradiation. However, irradiation with 198-Au and 113In-m (which emit large numbers of energetic electrons) produced significantly fewer aberrations in the outer layer when compared to the central portion. These differences in the distribution of biological damage allowed us to detect the predicted dose reduction at the surface of volume sources containing beta emitters."
1153517,"The penetrameter method makes use of the attenuation in copper of a heavily filtered X-ray beam to predict the generating kVp. This is derived from the matching step or copper reference number (CRN) of a film density matching process in which a fast and slow screen combination is employed. In the present work, theoretical spectra resulting from chosen representative kV and mA wave-forms have been derived by computer analysis, assuming Kramers' expression for the bremsstrahlung emission from a thick target. The CRN appropriate to each spectrum has been found and its relation to kVp recorded. The uncertainty in the use of the penetrameter is expressed in terms of the spread of the CRN as a function of kVp and waveform. The computer predictions agree well with experiment, provided a fall in the fast-slow screen ratio with energy is postulated - a fall verified by separate experimental work in screen ratios. Since Kramers' expression relates only to bremsstrahlung radiation, the theoretical analysis has been extended to include the effects of K characteristic and extrafocal radiation. An expression has also been derived for the sensitivity of the penetrameter."
1153518,"Theoretical calculations have been made of the efficiency and uniformity of light collection at one end of a large rectangular liquid scintillation counter (80x20x18 cm). Three different arrangements were considered; (1) a system in which all surfaces of the counter other than the collecting surface were transparent to permit total internal reflection, (2) a similar system with a mirror placed close to the end opposite the collecting surface and (3) a system in which external reflectors were placed close to surfaces other than the collecting surface. In all cases, the effects of attenuation of light in the counter medium, inefficient total internal reflection and the reflectivities of external reflectors were considered and illustrated for selected values of these parameters. In an experimental counter of the same dimensions, the amplitude of the spectrum of a collimated 42-K source was used to measure the relative efficiencies of light collection for various reflector arrangements. In general the experimental values agreed with theory and the non-uniformity of response was within the predicted range. It is estimated that about 30% of scintillation light can be collected at one end of such a counter, with a non-uniformity not greater than 10%, if magnesium oxide is used as the external reflector at all other surfaces."
1153524,"Natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, in D2O, were obtained for the following: pantoyl lactone, beta-alanine, cysteamine hydrochloride, cystamine dihydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, beta-aletheine oxalate, pantetheine, pantethine, pantetheine 4'-phosphate, oxypantetheine 4'-phosphate, desulfopantetheine 4'-phosphate, N-acetyl-aminodesthiopantetheine 4'-phosphate, adenosine 2',5'-diphosphate, adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate, and coenzyme A. A complete assignment of the 13C chemical shifts in the NMR spectrum of CoA is reported. Comparison of spectra indicates that CoA most likely exists in an extended conformation."
1153526,"The nature of the nascent DNA-membrane complexes isolated from synchronized HeLa cells was examined. It was found that membrane-associated DNA is not the result of repair replication. A study of the stability of the complexes to various degradative agents and enzymes suggest that the DNA is associated with a structure which is composed of a lipoprotein. An examination of the physical structure of this DNA indicates that it might be a ""nicked"" duplex with a base content similar to that of the bulk DNA."
1153527,"A computational method for calculating the dynamic distensibility of the vessel wall in vivo, developed on the basis of the pressure pulse transmission, is proposed. Distensibilities of descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, and femoral artery in normal dogs, and of femoral artery of a typical dog under the action of vasoactive drugs, have been calculated. In femoral artery it is compared with the values of the diameter change/pressure change. Comparison of the results clearly indicate the feasibility of the proposed method. The order of distensibility found is: descending thoracic aorta greater than abdominal aorta greater than femoral artery."
1153528,"The nutrition of the intraocular tissues is accomplished by the retinal vessels, the uveal vessels, and by the aqueous humor. Both morphologically and physiologically the retinal vessels are similar to those in the brain. The endothelial cells of the capillaries are attached to each other by tight junctions, the resistance vessels respond poorly to a large number of drugs, and the blood flow through the retina is autoregulated and very little affected by the sympathetic nervous system. The blood vessels of the iris also have morphological and permeability characteristics similar to those in the brain but they are under a strong influence from the sympathetic nerves and react to many drugs. The blood flow is autoregulated. The blood vessels of the choroid and the ciliary processes are similar to those in the small intestine and in the kidney. The endothelial cells of the capillaries are fenestrated; the vessels respond to sympathetic nervous stimulation and to a large number of vasoactive drugs. Autoregulation of the blood flow is intermediate in the ciliary body and very poor or absent in the choroid..."
1153529,A detection system is described which is capable of monitoring animal movements without apparent effect upon the behavior of test animals. Data demonstrate its successful application in measuring either open field activity or freezing behavior in several species of animals. The system can be constructed at low cost and has proven to be both sensitive and reliable.
1153530,A simple device constructed from inexpensive components enables spike activity to be integrated and displayed in a convenient scale (spikes/sec) on a pen recorder. An input voltage threshold detection circuit is employed to eliminate any random baseline noise from being integrated. A pulse output is provided to drive a counter or accumulator so that quantitative as well as qualitative results may be obtained. A monostable multivibrator is used to insure that the integrated output is a function of the frequency of spike activity and not the amplitude or pattern of the spikes. An output isolation and buffer stage is provided to eliminate any loading effect on the filter section and also provide a gain or scaling adjustment so that the integrator may be used with practically any pen recorder.
1153531,"Heart rate (HR) responses to open field (OF) exposure were compared between rats previously exposed to intense, inescapable electric shock (preshock, PS) and Controls. Results indicated that (1) Control animals showed a steady increase in HR across a 3 min exposure on each of 4 days of testing, while PS animals showed an initial HR deceleration followed by partial recovery on each day; (2) the HR response of PS animals in the OF was not related to any HR response to shock during treatment; and (3) the HR responses of both PS and Control animals were specific to the OF situation, with both groups showing steady HR deceleration across 3 min after being placed in their home cages. Results were discussed in terms of (1) the apparently altered perception of environmental change produced by PS, and (2) the possible role of HR acceleration in Controls in terms of minimizing the impact of aversive stimulation."
1153532,Normal rats were given 1000 training trials in a discriminated lever-press avoidance task. Those animals which exhibited consistent escape behavior but minimal avoidance responding were subjected to either septal lesions or control operations. One week later they were retested in the avoidance apparatus for an additional 1000 trials. Rats with large septal lesions exhibited an immediate increase in avoidance performance relative to the control rats. This increase occurred without a concomitant increase in number of lever-press responses. The performance of 3 out of 4 rats with smaller more dorsal septal lesions was unaffected by the surgery.
1153533,"The effect of dexamethasone phosphate (DEX) administered in rats' drinking water on running activity and open field behavior was investigated. In Experiment 1 males were given DEX continuously from either five days or one day prior to and throughout testing. Only 5 day treatment significantly increased running wheel activity. DEX had no significant effect on males' 4 day open field activity, but significantly reduced open field and home cage defecation. In Experiment 2 females given DEX defecated significantly more in the open field than controls. This effect on females does not appear to be due to a general metabolic change, since DEX females, like males, defecated significantly less than controls in the home cage. Females' open field activity was not significantly affected. Weight loss and plasma corticosterone analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the dosage used. There appears to be a sex difference in the effects of DEX on open field defecation, possibly due to interaction with gonadal hormones."
1153534,"The amount of food eaten in a two hour trial by male Sprague Dawley rats was recorded after periods of food deprivation up to 42 hr in length. Rats ate 50-78% more when refed during the dark phase than when refed during the light phase. This occurred even when light fed animals were fasted for longer periods than the dark fed animals. Rats eat in a rhythmic pattern after deprivation. These data are in good agreement with data previously reported and extend it by increasing the number of observations, increasing the length of deprivation, and comparing different age groups."
1153536,"In the first experiment gonadectomized male rats were injected daily with various combinations of vehicle (V), estradiol benzoate (E), dihydrotestosterone (D) and/or the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate (CA). The eight treatment combinations consisted of V, E, D, CA, E + D, E + CA, D + CA and E + D + CA. Only those males treated with both E and D were found to display ejaculations. Concurrent treatment with CA completely blocked ejaculatory behavior and it significantly reduced both mount and intromission frequencies. Examination of peripheral androgen target tissues indicated that following stimulation with D, CA effectively reduced seminal vesicle and penile weights, and penile lengths, but it did not reduce penile spines. In the second experiment gonadectomized female rats were treated with two daily injections of E, E + CA or E + the anti-estrogen CI-628. A second set of gonadectomized females received three daily injections of testosterone (T), T + CA or T + CI-628. On the day after completion of these injections all females received progesterone and were tested for sexual receptivity three hours later. Both E and T treated females were found to display the lordotic posture in response to mounting stimulation while both CI-628 and CA were found to block this behavior. In E treated females, CI-628 and CA were also found to reduce uterine weight. Thus, CA was shown to have anti-estrogenic as well as anti-androgenic properties. These results were discussed in terms of the aromatization and 5alpha reduction theories of testosterone action in sexual behavior."
1153537,"Rats with bilateral lesions of the anterior caudate nucleus or the dorsolateral frontal cortex were tested against sham-operated rats in a straight-alley dominance situation. In 91% of encounters the caudate lesion rats forced the sham-operated animals to retreat. The frontal lesion rats won only 56% of their encounters, a proportion no different to that expected by chance. The performance of the caudate-damaged rats could not be explained satisfactorily in terms of increased motivation, changes in activity, motor impairments, or perseverative tendencies. It seemed more likely that the apparent increase in dominance was associated with changes in the level of aggression."
1153538,"Locomotor activity was studied in rats with lesions of the basomedial hypothalamus following food deprivation (0, 1, 2, and 4 days) and amphetamine (0, .5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg). Control animals showed the normal potentiation of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by starvation. Animals with lesions, however, did not differ, when deprived, from satiated control animals in their response to amphetamine. These results suggest that behavioral arousal produced by food deprivation is mediated by the basomedial hypothalamus."
1153539,"Psychophysical experiments measured both olfactory sensitivity to 1-butanol and sodium chloride and taste sensitivity to sodium chloride in normal children and in children with cystic fibrosis. The sensitivity of the children with cystic fibrosis fell within the normal range. These results stand in contrast to those of Henkin and Powell, who found children with cystic fibrosis to be hypersensitive to both olfactory and taste stimuli. Apparent hypersensitivity to taste stimuli could have resulted from the adapting effects of the relatively high level of sodium in the saliva of children with cystic fibrosis. If the contaminating effects of saliva are removed, children with cystic fibrosis yield, on the average, a taste threshold identical to that of normal children. There appears to be no simple explanation for why Henkin and Powell found hypersensitivity to odorants. The present results indicate that, in fact, children with cystic fibrosis display a slight hyposensitivity to odorants."
1153540,"Serotonin was introduced, by means of a fine cannula, into the lateral geniculate body of cats immobilized with Flaxedil and artificially ventilated, while the electrical activity at the point of injection was monitored by means of microelectrodes. Doses of 1.25 to 30 mug dissolved in 0.5 to 2.0 mul of saline produced, in 2-30 min, changes in electrical activity characteristic of synchronization: increase in the rhythmicity and in the amplitude of the spontaneous gross waves and increase in the clustering of the spontaneous neuronal action potentials. At the same time the activity of neurons which produced action potentials of high amplitudes was decreased, the activity of neurons which produced action potentials of low amplitudes was increased. Action potentials of different amplitudes were produced, in this case, by neurons of different types. Thus, in the lateral geniculate as in other thalamic nuclei studied in previous investigations, the synchronization of spontaneous activity seems to require the simultaneous excitation and inhibition of two different types of neurons. The action of serotonin on activity evoked by stimulation with brief flashes of light was limited to the decrease in the amplitude of the average gross response and the inhibition of only one type of neuron. This suggests that, in the lateral geniculate body, serotonin may be implicated in different ways in the different network structures responsible for the development of spontaneous as contrasted with evoked activity."
1153541,"The coronal incision approach to Le Fort III fractures gives excellent exposure for anatomical reduction and internal fixation of the fracture sites. Either an extracranial, or a combined intracranial procedure, is feasible. The exposure obtained not only facilitates the reduction and the fixation but, with the addition of transconjunctival incisions, the patient benefits by not having multiple surgical scars in the face."
1153542,"An accurate preoperative analysis of the size and contour of asymmetrical breasts allows proper surgical planning and correction. Consideration of the existing defects in each breast and the chest wall, and their relationship to body size, can be combined with the patient's desires for size and contour restoration. Our experience with 14 cases has shown that attention to these principles can give a result that will usually satisfy the patient and the surgeon."
1153543,"The foregoing study attempts to document the course of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Inc. during the period 1964-1973, inclusive. A special attempt has been made to delineate the current trends. Trends, when recognized, may be enhanced, modified, or prevented-as deemed appropriate by the membership."
1153544,"The survival of melanoma patients is directly related to the involvement of regional nodes and to the microscopic level of invasion of the tumor. During the past 10 years, with the increased use of aggressive surgical therapy (wide local excision or re-excision of the primary tumor and prophylactic dissection of predictably involved regional nodes) the 5-year survival rate has more than doubled. The 5-year survival has doubled in those patients with regional lymph node involvement who were infused for 5 days with L-phenylalanine mustard. Perfusion of the lower extremities with L-phenylalanine mustard has been abandoned at Vanderbilt. The potential aggressiveness of a specific melanoma can be predicted, and thus an appropriate treatment may be planned."
1153546,"Valvular nasal obstruction may occur in the postoperative rhinoplasty patient. One may anticipate a dropping of the tip, from residual redundant or inelastic skin, in some older patients with long noses. Measures to correct (or avoid) this may be undertaken at the time of the primary rhinoplasty. However, an overcorrection may be necessary if there is much redundant skin. Discretion may indicate the need for a secondary procedure. Lateral wall valving is unusual-but it may occur in the long, high, thin nose (where a suggestion of this action may be observed preoperatively). Maintenance of continuous cartilage along the alar rim, at the time of alar cartilage resection, appears to be important in prevention of postoperative valvular obstruction in these few patients."
1153550,"We describe a case of congenital popliteal pterygium in conjunction with other specific congenital malformations. This syndrome has been called the quadruple syndrome. The literature is reviewed. A rationale for more aggressive treatment of this deformity is discussed. One child who has undergone major multiple nerve grafts as a part of the primary corrective surgery is reported. Her result has been pleasing to the patient, the parents, and the surgeons."
1153551,"Two children suffered injuries of the nasal columella and septum because, since infancy, their mother had obsessively scoured the nasal secretions from their noses with a metal Kirby grip. The reconstruction of the columellar loss in one child is described."
1153552,"The need for a microirrigator and the requirements for one are outlined. The method of construction is described. This instrument has been used in a variety of situations, both experimental and clinical, for nerve and vessel repairs. Probably its greatest value has been as an irrigating probe, both for hydrostatic dilatation of vessels and for floating away small clots of blood."
1153602,The temporal course of exploratory behaviour in male mice from two selected lines SRH (showing frequent rearing responses) and SRL (with less frequent rearing) following injection of methylscopolamine into the hippocampus was studied. The anticholinergic drug decreased exploration in the SRH line and prolonged it in the SRL line. The experiment supplies further proof that a cholinergic system in this brain area regulates responses to novelty and that this system is controlled by genetic factors.
1153603,"Chlordiazepoxide and amphetamine, given separately or in combination, were tested in mice subjected to 5 100-trial avoidance sessions in the shuttle-box. Facilitation of avoidance responding was much more evident and statistically significant when the two drugs were combined. Drug mixtures produced effects which could not be obtained when the drugs were given separately."
1153604,"The effects of delta6-THC on the frequency spectrum of the hippocampal EEG were examined with the assistance of an electronic integrator. Six rabbits bearing chronically implanted cortical and hippocampal electrodes were dosed intravenously with delta6-THC (2.5 percent solution in polyethylene glycol 300; doses of 10, 50, 100, 250 and 1000 mug/kg) once a week. A comparison of epochs of arousal in the pre-drug control and post-drug periods demonstrated that a dose as low as 50 mug/kg produced a consistent, statistically significant diminution in ""power"" of the 7,8,9 Hz frequencies of the hippocampal EEG, with 8 Hz the most sensitive. Doses above 250 mug/kg produced an overall decrease in the ""power"" spectrum from 7 to 22 Hz. Spectral analysis of the EEG offers a method which is sufficiently sensitive to reveal a central effect of detla6-THC in rabbits at doses equivalent to the human threshold for psychic effects."
1153605,"The effects of injections of monoamines, alone and in combination with different antagonists, bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens of nialamide-pretreated rats were investigated. Dopamine was found to produce a stronger stimulation of locomotor activity than noradrenaline, whereas serotonin was effective only in a small number of animals, in which the duration of locomotor stimulation was shorter than after dopamine or noradrenaline. The effects of both dopamine and noradrenaline were completely antagonized by administration of a small dose of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol, administered bilaterally 15 min after the catecholamines. The alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine did not inhibit the effect of noradrenaline but, on the contrary potentiated and considerably prolonged the duration of locomotor stimulation. Aslo, the effect of dopamine was potentiated and prolonged by phentolamine. Bilateral injection of phentolamine alone had no influence upon locomotor activity. The effect of noradrenaline was not clearly inhibited nor potentiated by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. It is suggested that the stimulation of locomotor activity induced by injection of noradrenaline into the uncleus accumbens of nialamide-pretreated rats is brought about via dopaminergic mechanisms."
1153606,"The effect of a dexamphetamine-amylobarbitone mixture (1;6.5 by weight) on a sensory-contingent bar pressing (SCBP) for different sensory changes was investigated. The aim was to examine the role of (a) reward value of contingent change per se (non drug) and (b) stimulus properties in enhanced SCBP under the drug mixture. The sensory reinforcers used were light Onset, light Offset, and sound offset combined with the light changes contemporaneously. In the first two phases the sensory stimuli were given as continuous reinforecement and in the third phase on an FR2 schedule. The results from the first two phases were consistent with the notion that the drug mixture responding under the drug was enhanced was not significantly related to the kind of sensory change. Instead, responding under the mixture was enhanced in proportion to the level of non drug responding, especially in Phase 1. However, in Phase 3, SCBP was enhanced proportionately more, to a significant extent, in those treatments receiving the combined light and sound change. It was concluded that properties of the sensory stimuli other than their reward value per se (non drug) may also be related to the extent of SCBP enhancement under the drug mixture. In particular, properties of the sound offset reinforcer appear to make it more amenable to enhancement under the drug than the two light reinforcers."
1153608,"A genetic analysis of morphine-induced analgesia and activity was conducted in mice belonging to the strains BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and to their F1 and backcross progenies. The results support previous findings showing that a negative correlation is evident between these two behavioral measures and support that their mode of inheritance is characterized by dominance or partial dominance. The biometric analysis conducted on the parental, F1 hybrid and backcross populations indicates very clearly that the effects of morphine are genetically determined."
1153610,"Nicotine, in doses of 0.15 and 0.45 mg/kg, induced hypophagia and hypodipsia in 20 hrs-deprived rats and elevated the threshold currents for hypothalamically induced feeding and drinking in satiated rats. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with 0.5 mg/kg mecamylamine, but not by pretreatment with 3.0 or 9.0 mg/kg hexamethonium. These results indicate a centrally-located mechanism for the hypophagic and hypodipsic effect of single injections of nicotine."
1153611,"Previous work has shown that gerbils that could discriminate the effects of an injections of pentobarbital and the effect of saline, as shown by the animals' differential responding (left or right turn) in a T-shaped maze (state-dependent behavior), choose the saline associated position of the maze when challenged with bemegride in conjunction with the barbiturate. The present study examined whether differential responding in a T-maze would appear when gerbils were required to differentiate a pentobarbital (15 mg/kg)-bemegride (20 mg/kg) mixture from a saline condition (group 2) from the start of the discriminative training. The acquisition rate for this group was compared with that of another group which was required to discriminate the barbiturate, when given alone, from the no drug condition (group 1). Complete discrimination had occurred after 20 training sessions in group 1 whereas none was noted for group 2. Hereafter the bemegride was withdrawn and group 2 continued the regular training with pentobarbital solely vis-a-vis saline. Complete discrimination appeared within the next 10 sessions. After session 20 group 1 were given challenge trials which were interposed in the regular training with bemegride, metrazol, and cocaine. Bemegride (20 mg/kg), metrazol (40 mg/kg), but not cocaine (40 mg/kg), antagonized the pentobarbital (15 mg/kg) produced discrimination."
1153612,"Haloperidol (0.08 mg/kg) or fentanyl (0.16 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously suppressed bar-pressing for brain-stimulation in rats, implanted with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamic area of the medial forebrain bundle. Increasing doses: 0.04, 0.16, 0.63 and 2.50 mg/kg of the central anticholinergic dexetimide gradually antagonized the haloperidol effects. The highest dose of dexetimide did not reduce the fentanyl-induced inhibition. The results, together with a literature survey on the anticholinergic effects on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and inhibition of avoidance behavior, are related to biochemical findings and clinical effects."
1153613,"Successive daily injections of LSD-25 and UML (1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide) caused progressive depression of brain 5-HT levels in the rat.  On the fourth day, the decrease was significant with respect to the highly significant fall observed after a single administration, whereas it had been shown earlier that conditioned behaviour is no longer affected by LSD-25 after 3 days and that simultaneous administration of a single dose of LSD-25 and UML is equally ineffective in this respect.  Its depression of 5-HT levels, however, has now been shown to be equal to that of LSD-25 alone at doses that influence conditioned behaviour.  The findings indicate that changes in such behaviour are not dependent on brain 5-HT levels and that no link exists between such levels and the psychotomimetic effect of LSD-25 in man."
1153614,"In an operant procedure of lever pressing at FR10 schedule of food reinforcement, rats were trained to respond differentially in order to discriminate the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injections from those of saline injection. These rats learned to press a lever on one side after morphine injection and a lever on the opposite side after saline injection. In subsequent testing, these rats reliably emitted responses on the morphine lever after 10 or 20 mg/kg of morphine IP, 50 mg/kg of morphine given orally or 2 mg/kg methadone. Two mg/kg of morphine (or 10 or 20 mg/kg given orall) was recognized as saline. In contrast, after either loperamide (an antidiarrheal drug) given in doses up to 10 mg/kg or haloperidol (a neuroleptic) given in doses up to 0.32 mg/kg, all responses were made on the saline lever. Higher doses suppressed responding. Since neither the antidiarrheal activity nor the neuroleptic activity was sufficient to provide the discriminable cue associated with morphine, it is suggested that specific central effects produced only by narcotic analgesics are the basis for these morphine cues."
1153615,"SKF 525A was found possess sedative properties in rats at doses of 25 and 50 mg per kg, when injected intraperitoneally.  The behavioural effects of the drug were assessed in two ways.  Firstly, by ""Time Sampling Behavioural Categorisation"" of explatory behaviour; and secondly by activity measurements obtained with an ultrasonic motion recorder.  The results clearly demonstrate that SKF 525A has sedative properties in rats at doses which are conventionally used to inhibit metabolism of a wide range of drugs.  The implications of these results for the use of SKF 5251 in the study of the actions of psychotropic drugs are discussed."
1153616,"The effect of ouabain and digitoxin upon the duration of loss of righting reflex produced by hexobarbitone in mice pretreated with the liver microsomal enzyme inhibitor SKF 525 A was studied. Both ouabain and, to a greater extent digitoxin, produced a dose dependent potentiation of the activity of hexobarbitone. These results confirm and extend previous observations and may be explained by a direct interaction at the level of the CNS and by a modified distribution of the barbiturate. Furthermore, they re-emphasize the possibility of such an interaction in the clinic."
1153618,"A restraint cage with a strain gauge attached to a movable roof to record the isometric force exerted by rats during restraint is described. The isometric activity score, an integral of the total upward force exerted during restraint, correlated significantly with plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in rats following restraint. Phencyclidine 5 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally to rats 15 min prior to 1/2 hr restraint has been shown to produce muscle damage associated with large increases of plasma CPK activity. Dose-response curves for the effects of phencyclidine on isometric activity score and plasma CPK activity were essentially parallel, and isometric activity scores were linearly related to plasma CPK activity. Rats restrained and painfully stimualted on the tail developed both elevated isometric activity scores and elevations of plasma CPK activity. Slopes of the curves relating isometric activity to plasma CPK activity were identical for painfully stimulated and phencyclidine treated rats. Phencyclidine has been reported to produce large increases in locomotor activity. Thus, increased isometric muscle tension developed during phencyclidine plus restraint is related to the production of muscle damage and increased efflux of CPK in rats."
1153619,"A new phenylpiperidine derivative, FG4963, and several tricyclic antidepressants were compared in various in vitro and in vivo tests for central 5HT- and NA-uptake inhibition. FG4963 was found to be a 5HT-pump blocker with activity similar to that of chlorimipramine. FG4963 inhibited NA-uptake less than the most potent tricyclic thymoleptics. In contrast to imipramine derivatives FG4963 was a weak inhibitor of peripheral NA-uptake. FG4963 seems to produce central 5HT-potentiation without affecting organ functions regulated by the autonomic nervous system as much as tricyclic antidepressants."
1153620,"Rats were given dl-amphetamine 16 mg/kg twice daily for 15 days. Complete tolerance to the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine developed from day 7--11. A single injection of 16 mg/kg amphetamine was given to the amphetamine pretreated rats and to saline pretreated controls at different time-points after withdrawal, and their food intakes were compared. Signs of tolerance were present in 16 but not 20 days after withdrawal."
1153621,"This investigation sought to determine if the discriminative stimulus properties of barbital are reflected in the pattern of spontaneous motor activity induced by the drug. Rats were trained in a Skinner box to discriminate the effects of sodium barbital (80 mg/kg), injected 60 min prior to training, from those of saline. Half of the animals (Group I) were taught the drug discrimination by rewarding them for bar pressing only when they were in the drug condition. The other half of the animals (Group II) were rewarded only in the absence of the effects of barbital. Spontaneous motor activity was monitored during the 20 min period from 40--60 min after injection of the drug or saline. After several months of drug discrimination training, the patterns of spontaneous activity displayed by all animals suggested that the treatments had become conditioned to signal the forthcoming availability or non-availability of food in the Skinner box. The data also suggested that chronic exposure to barbital may induced adaptations which allowed the drug to increase spontaneous motor activity."
1153622,"Effects of 10,20, and 30% N2O on decision-making strategy, reaction-times, sustained attention, the Digit Symbol Subsititution Test (DSST), short-term memory and the Clyde Mood Scale were assessed in 12 test subjects. Decision-making strategy, as measured by 2-choice probability-learning, was unaffected by 30% N2O once a strategy had been formulated, but reaction-times were increased. Sustained attention was significantly affected in 33% of our subjects, whereas performance on the DSST and on the short-term memory task was impaired in virtually all subjects. Changes were noted in several mood-scale factors with 30% N2O. No residual drug effects were found."
1153623,"The acid metabolites of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a new procedure. After gas chromatographic separation, the pentafluoroprionyl 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propionyl esters of DOPAC and HVA were analyzed by electron capture detection. Normal HVA levels were quantitated in as little as 0.1 ml CSF. No significant amounts of DOPAC (less than 1 ng/ml) were found in any of the drug-free samples analyzed. Levels of DOPAC increased only marginally in the CSF of patients receiving acute or chronic doses of L-Dopa. Baseline HVA levels ranged from 4.5--50 ng/ml with a mean value of 23 ng/ml. These studies demonstrate that HVA is the major dopamine metabolite in human CSF."
1153624,"Using a tail immersion technique in mice, the anti-nociceptive activity of some narcotic agonists (diamorphine, etorphine, morphine and pethidine), partial agonists (cyclazocine, nalorphine and pentazocine) and naloxone have been determined alone, and after the intracerbroventricular (ICV) injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or noradrenaline (NA). In common with morphine, the anti-nociceptive effects of each agonist and partial agonist studied were significantly increased by ICV 5-HT, and significantly attenuated by ICV NA. The marginal anti-nociceptive activity of naloxone was not significantly affected by the ICV injection of either amine. It is concluded that the anti-nociceptive effects of all narcotic agonist and partial agonist agents are determined by the balance within the brain of the activities of the two amines, 5-HT and NA."
1153625,"1. The administration of 15 mg/kg tranylcypromine sulphate (Tc) to rats which have been given lithium chloride (LiCl) in the diet (30 mmol/kg dry food) for 14 days produces hyperactivity within 4 hrs, and this lasts for at least 4 further hours. 2. If LiCl is replaced by rubidium chloride (RbCl) at the same dose, the hyperactivity following Tc is increased and it appears within 2 hrs. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) accumulation after a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (Tc) is increased 46% and 85% respectively above control values by LiCl and RbCl administration. 4. The hyperactivity produced by the above combinations is inhibited by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphampt). The inhibition is more effective following LiCl than RbCl treatment. 5. After sodium chloride (NaCl) and LiCl treatment, but not after RbCl treatment, the combination of alphampt and Tc produced rat brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) significantly below control values. 6. The smaller increase of brain noradrenaline (NA) after Tc and RbCl suggests that a lower percentage of NA is being metabolised by MAO. The greater decrease of NA after giving alphampt to RbCl and LiCl treated rats suggests an increased ""turnover"" rate of Na. 7. The hyperactivity syndrome seen in rats after the administration of LiCl or RbCl and Tc is dependent upon both 5HT and dopamine mechanisms."
1153626,"Pigeons were trained to peck a response key that briefly produced stimuli correlated with the passage of time in a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation for pecks on another response key. Pecks on the key that produced food were not likely near the end of each fixed interval, whereas pecks on the key that produced the discriminative stimuli were most likely to occur during the middle portion of each fixed interval. Chloropromazine (3.0--30.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.03--3.0 mg/kg) produced inverted U-shaped dose-effect curves with response rate on the food-producing key as the dependent variable, and monotonically decreasing functions were obtained for the discriminative-stimulus producing responses. A ""rate-dependency"" interpretation adequately described the drug effects on the temporal distributions of pecks on the food-producing key, but was not consistent with the disruption of the temporal distribution of pecks on the key that produced the discriminative stimuli. The pecks on the discriminative-stimulus producing key had some of the properties of schedule-induced, or adjunctive, behavior. The effects of amphetamine and chlorpromazine on the rate of adjunctive behaviors may not be predictable from control rates."
1153627,"Behavioural suppression was induced in rats by either previous experience alone or by a combination of previous experience and electric footshock. The effects of atropine (10 mg/kg) were compared with saline on a number of behavioural parameters suppressed by the above treatments. Atropine antagonised habituation and shock-induced suppression, which suggests that behavioural suppression however induced, may depend upon a common neuropharmacological mechanism."
1153688,"Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in a series of patients with the nephrotic syndrome and compared with a similar number of normal controls. The nephrotic syndrome was associated with a smaller secretion of insulin in response to intravenous glucose and tolbutamide than occurred in normals. In the syndrom fasting serum growth hormone (G.H.) concentrations were increased and did not show the characteristic suppression after glucose administration, and the disappearance rate of glucose (k value) was lower.  well marked correlation existed between serum G.H. concentrations and the total urinary protein excreted. These abnormal findings returned to normal in a patient who underwent a repeat study when the nephrotic syndrome had resolved."
1153689,"Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease has recently been recognized as a distinct pathological entity and a cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Twenty previously reported cases and a new patient are here reviewed. The majority presented with breathlessness and in the early stages of the disease, when the abnormal signs were not striking, some patients were wrongly diagnosed as suffering from an anxiety state. The condition usually has an insidious onset but is remorselessly progressive and since no effective treatment is available at present, invariably fatal and the majority of patients have died within two years. The fully developed clinical picture is dominated by symptoms and signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension, similar to those found with other diseases causing a raised pulmonary arterial blood pressure. However, some patients with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease show, in addition, signs of pulmonary venous and capillary hypertension, which can lead to its clinical recognition when associated with a normal left atrial blood pressure. In this condition the pulmonary wedge pressure would appear to be unreliable as a record of the left atrial blood pressure. Pulmonary angiography and lung scanning will differentiate pulmonary veno-occlusive disease from massive thromboembolic pulmonary arterial hypertension but not from primary pulmonary arterial hypertension or micro thromboembolism. Although in some patients it should now be possible to recognise pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in life, there will be others where, even after full investigation, it will still be impossible to differentiate the condition from primary pulmonary arterial hypertension or micro thromboembolism and in these the diagnosis will only be made when the distinctive histological pattern of the disease is demonstrated. In pulmonary veno-occlusive disease there is a widespread occlusion of the pulmonary veins and venules by a loose intimal fibrosis which is often basophilic. Recanalization of the occluded veins is common and in some cases may be very striking. These occlusive lesions in the pulmonary veins lead to an elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure with associated disease of these vessels, and are also responsible for chronic oedema of the elveolar walls with subsequent development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. In the present case organised thrombi were present in the pulmonary arteries in addition to the pulmonary venous lesions."
1153690,"All (151) adult patients in north-east Scotland newly diagnosed in one year (1967) as having a supposedly benign definite gastric ulcer crater were studied after a minimum of four years, with a 98 per cent follow-up. Incidence and male to female ratio both increase with advancing age. Ulcers of the body of the stomach were twice as common as ulcers of the antral region. Major coincidental disease was present in 59 per cent of all patients and in 97 per cent of those dying, and was the chief cause of death. Twenty-one patients presented with bleeding but only one other bled subsequently. One patient presented with perforation of gastric ulcer. Two ulcers proved to be malignant. The effect of associated duodenal ulceration on presentation and course was not great. There was a direct correlation between short durations of symptoms and increasing age and mortality. Fifty-five per cent of the medically treated and 60 per cent of the surgically treated patients were alive and entirely free from gastric ulcer symptoms at the end of four years; the respective mortalities were 18-2 per cent and 20-3 per cent. For the whole series, life expectation was significantly reduced in the females, but not in the males."
1153691,"Experience in the management of 100 cases of acromegaly is described. Three quarters of these had been referred directly to the endocrine clinic at the Middlesex Hospital. The remainder were referred from the Royal Post-graduate Hospital because they were thought unsuitable for yttrium implantation. The patients were studied by clinical assessment of severity, by measurement of basal growth hormone levels on three separate mornings, and by a review of possible complications. Particular attention was paid to diabetes, hypertension, cardiomegaly, respiratory, vascular and skeletal changes as well as visual field defect. Aggressive treatment was recommended in 77 patients. It was not recommended in the remainder on account of age, intercurrent illness or the apparent mildness of the condition. Fifty-nine patients were treated by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. In 46 of the 59 patients the mean basal growth hormone level has been reduced to 5 ng/ml or less. In 39 this followed operation, in five operation and subsequent X-ray therapy and in two operation and the continuing effect of previously implanted yttrium. Of these 46 patients in whom the growth hormone level has been reduced to normal, 26 do not show any deficiency of anterior pituitary trophic hormones, 13 have gonadotrophin defect (in eight of these it was present before the operation) and seven require full replacement therapy. One patient died at home six weeks after the operation from a pulmonary embolus. There was one case of CSF rhinorrhoea which stopped spontaneously and three of acute frontal sinusitis. Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy is shown to be an effective means of treating acromegaly. If the basal level of growth hormone is not reduced to normal by six weeks after operation, it is recommended that a course of X-ray therapy should be given. This does not apply if irradiation has been used before operation."
1153692,"Twenty-six patients are described who had otherwise unexplained hepatitis after halothane anaesthesia. Twenty-four (92 per cent) had multiple exposures, and 11 (42 per cent) died. In eight patients a characteristic pattern of delayed postoperative pyrexia has been found. Obesity was common, but the clinical features and complications were those of any severe hepatitis. Obesity, early onset of jaundice after anaesthesia, and low thrombotest, were associated with a fatal outcome. None of those who were followed up after recovery developed clinical or biochemical evidence of chronic liver disease. The differential diagnosis of postoperative jaundice is discussed, and it is shown that halothane patients with hepatic encephalopathy are significantly older (25.4 plus or minus 11.6 years) than those referred to this unit with viral hepatitis of equal severity (34.1 plus or minus 16.4 years). Unexplained jaundice or delayed pyrexia after a previous administration of halothane should be a contraindication to its further use."
1153728,"The morphological concept of an end-stage lung implies a pathologically and radiologically nonspecific appearance of diffuse lung disease which can be caused by many different disease processes. The lung can respond to injury in only a limited and stereotyped fashion; with persistent injury, these pathological changes telescope toward a common appearance, the end-stage lung, which is characterized by cystic spaces of variable size and extent throughout both lungs caused by alveolar septal dissolution, bronchiolectasia, and obstructive emphysema. The most important radiological manifestation is cystic spaces, a sign of severe, irreversible damage to that portion of the lung. Pleural thickening, cor pulmonale, spontaneous pneumothorax, calcific nodules, or scar carcinoma may also be seen."
1153729,"An extrinsic indentation on the anterior left wall of the esophagus, about 4-5 cm below the carina, is a relatively common finding and should be considered a normal variant, although rarely it may be due to an aberrant insertion of a pulmonary vein into the left atrium. The indentation is best seen in a steep left posterior oblique horizontal position. In most cases it is caused by pressure of the left inferior pulmonary vein or a common confluence of the left pulmonary veins near the insertion into the left atrium. Generally, it does not cause any symptoms and should not be mistaken for a mediastinal mass."
1153730,"In some patients with right-lower-lobe collapse a triangular shadow was seen in the right upper lung field, continuous with the mediastinum and with its apex pointing toward the right hilus. This represents a shift of the upper anterior mediastinum to the right and may be mistaken for right-upper-lobe collapse or an infiltrate by the unwary observer. This finding, which the authors call the ""upper triangle sign,"" occurs frequently enough in cases of significant right-lower-lobe collapse to be a useful diagnostic sign."
1153732,Double pyloric canal produces a recognizable roentgen pattern. A split barium column at the pyloric canal results in an interposed pseudo-defect which must not be confused with tumor mass. The condition is usually caused by a tunnel ulcer extending from the distal stomach to the duodenal bulb and is probably more common than the small number of reported cases would suggest.
1153731,"The value of selective, high injection rate, pancreatic pharmacoangiography was assessed in 114 patients. Opacification of the pancreas was graded on a 0-4+ scale. Selective injection of gastroduodenal and small pancreatic arteries gave the best results, 3.7+. Celiac injection rating without drugs was 0.9+, with epinephrine 2.2+, and with Priscoline 2.7+. Average ratings of hepatic artery injections were 2.6+ with epinephrine and 3.0+ with Priscoline; splenic artery injections were 2.5+ and 3.5+, respectively. Although superselective injection was possible in only 50% of the cases, addition of epinephrine and Priscoline resulted in an average grading of 3.4+ (yielding a preoperative diagnostic accuracy of 94%)."
1153733,"A case of acquired double pylorus, incident to peptic ulcer disease, is described. Fiberoptic gastroscopy confirmed a scarred antrum, a shallow prepyloric ulcer and a pylorus consisting of two large openings divided by a septum. The duodenum was visualized through each channel. This appearance probably represents a pyloroduodenal fistula caused by penetration of a prepyloric ulcer into the duodenum."
1153734,A quantitative study of the normal position of the vessels of the posterior fossa was made. The centroid proved to be the most accurate reference point for vessels near the midline. The presence or absence of antomical constraints is important in evaluation in significance of an unusual measurement. A combination of unusual measurements which are not intercorrelated and which make sense anatomically suggests that a mass is present.
1153736,"The kinked or ""hockey stick"" deformity of the aqueduct of Sylvius has long been considered pathognomonic of a mass in the posterior fossa. Five patients with kinking of the aqueduct of Sylvius are described. All had intracranial abnormalities but none had a mass in the posterior fossa."
1153737,"Six cases of possible diastematomyelia studied by air myelography with tomography were thought to involve fibrous or bony septa, but in each case no septum was found. Surgical findings included prominent midline posterior fissures in the cord associated with fibrous bands, an unusual tentlike extension of the arachnoid over the spinal cord, and hemicords with no intervening septum. Recognition of an osseous septum on the plain film does not necessarily mean that the cord is completely divided by bone, as other structures derived from the mesoderm, such as fat or cartilage, may contribute to the septum. The importance of defining tethering of the cord posteriorly at the septum or conus level is stressed. Air myelography with appropriate projections appears to show posterior fixation of the cord to best advantage."
1153738,"Computed tomography (CT) with the EMI scanner has been demonstrated to possess a wide spectrum of capabilities in the diagnosis of suspected intracranial disease. This review of 418 dual CT and radionuclide (RN) brain images indicates that RN and CT are complementary in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction, but that CT has a greater capability in brain tumor detection. The classical RN static brain image does not detect cerebral atrophy, hydrocephalus or intraventricular hemorrhage; these conditions are clearly defined by CT."
1153739,"Thirty-six brain scans and biopsies from 34 patients with histologically verified oligodendrogliomas were evaluated. Twenty-nine of the 36 scans were positive (80.6%) but the abnormal uptake produced by these neoplasms had no distinguishing features. The levels of endothelial proliferation-vascularity, necrosis, and mitoses were significantly different between the positive and negative scans. In the oligodendrogliomas, the relationship between histologic malignancy, detectability on scan, and prognosis remains unresolved."
1153740,"Of the 67-Ga scans obtained in 42 patients with fever and suspected inflammatory lesions, 17 were positive. In 9 patients the scans yielded information about localized inflammation not provided by previous studies. Four patients did not have an inflammatory lesion at the positive site. Ten of 13 abscesses or inflamed wounds visualized and those not demonstrated were resolving without complication. Scans were normal in most patients with viral illnesses and nonlocalized inflammatory lesions. In 8 of 9 patients with fever of unknown origin the scan was normal.  normal scan did not rule out inflammatory lesions but no significant localized pyogenic lesions were missed."
1153741,"169-Yb-citrate was used as the tumor-scanning agent in 360 patients with malignant tumors and in 55 others with benign lesions and the results compared with 67-Ga-citrate studies in other series. In malignant tumors, the overall  positive detection rate for ytterbium was 65.3%; in benign lesions, the false-positive rate was 29.1%. Good results were obtained in the extremities, head and neck, and pelvic area. Of all tumors visualized, squamous cell carcinoma was detected most effectively (77.5%). 169-Yb-citrate has a long shelf life, photon peaks of 178 and 198 kev, clears from the blood more rapidly than 67-Ga-citrate and has an extremely low soft-tissue background uptake. Its main disadvantage is its high radiation dose: 1.74 R/500 muCi whole-body and 5.77 R to the bone."
1153742,"The relationship of thoracic spine length and birth weight was evaluated in newborn infants of 26-41 weeks gestational age, and standards of thoracic spine length were established. Thoracic spine length is an accurate index of trunk length in the: if the gestational age is known, a markedly lengthened thoracic spine suggests that the mother is diabetic, while a markedly shortened thoracic spine suggest retarded intrauterine growth."
1153743,"Sonograms obtained during the 32nd and 34th weeks of a pregnancy complicated by severe Rh isoimmunization demonstrated features diagnostic of fetal-hydrops-scalp and body wall edema, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly and placental enlargement. The earliest sign that can be detected sonographically is placental enlargement."
1153744,A total of 219 patients with proved lung cancer were studied to determine whether postresection irradiation improves survival. The results showed that postresection irradiation improved survival among patients with hilar and mediastinal lymph-node metastases of all histological types but did not improve survival among patients without node metastases. The authors recommend that patients with resectable lung cancer involving the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes be treated by a combination of surgery and radiotherapy.
1153745,"The serum immunoglobulin-A level was elevated in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (mean 526 plus or minus 188 mg/100 ml) and paranasal sinus carcinoma (mean 451 plus or minus 124 mg/100 ml) prior to radiation therapy. After treatment, the IgA levels were lower in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Elevated serum IgA values were also noted in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Serum IgA determinations may be useful as an additional diagnostic test for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal and oropharynx."
1153746,"A white male teenager with carcinoma of the breast had received radiation therapy for an asymptomatic enlarged thymus on the second, fourth and seventh days of life. The dose delivered to the infant breasts, the latent period, and the unusually young age of the patient suggest that the malignancy was related to the course of radiotherapy."
1153747,"The basic ideas of electrostatic imaging with special reference to ionography are reviewed. The concept of edge contrast is explained in terms of calculated powder particle trajectories and methods for controlling edge contrast are presented. Also, methods for reading a foil from outside the ionography chamber using the electric field extending through the foil are described. An example of an image taken with liquid in the chamber (liquid lonography) is presented, and the possible extension of liquid ionography to nuclear medicine is discussed."
1153748,Intravenous injections of 131-I-labeled anti-EL4 lymphoma antibodies showed progressive localization of radioactivity in EL4 transplants but not in B16 melanoma in mice carrying both tumors. Normal rabbit globulin labeled with 131-I did not localize in either tumor and cleared more slowly from the internal organs. Metastatic localization of intravenous 131-I-labeled anti-tumor antibodies was also observed in 2 cancer patients.
1153749,"A new method for marking the R-wave of the EGG on ciné film was developed. The system utilizes the absence of one control pulse from the camera immediately after R-wave. The missing pulse causes one unexposed frame on the film, which in turn acts as a marker. The equipment costs about 500 Fmk. (similar to $132.00)."
1153751,"An improved technique of selective cerebral angiography for infants and small chicken is described. The needle is inserted approximately 45 degrees to the skin in order to avoid subintimal placement of the tip. After good backflow is established, the guidewire is advanced to a position in the descending aorta. A No. 3 polyethylene catheter and 21-gauge scalp vein needle were most successful."
1153753,"Knowledge of the roentgen anatomy of the aortic-pulmonic window will minimize confusion of pathologic and normal radiographic appearances. When deep intrusion of lung into the window is seen or when the window is outlined by far within it, gross enlargement of ductus nodes or masses in this area can be excluded with a reasonable degree of certainty. If masses or lymph nodes are present in the window, the mediastinal pleura ""closing"" on its lateral side will show on abnormal configuration with convexity directed laterally. Medial extension of masses or enlarged lymph nodes may cause impression on the left lateral wall of the esophagus and may compromise the left recurrent laryngeal nerve."
1153754,"Powdered tantalum was blown onto the surface of blood clots from 10 dogs. After autologous, tantalum-labeled clots were injected into a systemic vein in each dog, the dogs were sacrificed at varying times over a 5-week period. Microscopic sections showed the tantalum remained attached to the intraluminal clots throughout this period. No appreciable dispersion of label into extravascular parenchyma was observed. Serial roentgenograms demonstrated (a) initially, the labeled clots in the pulmonary arterial tree, (b) lysis of the clots, as indicated by progressive decrease in the breadth of the tantalum labels, (c) peripheral movement of the labeled clots, and (d) eventual fragmentation of the labels."
1153755,"In conventional receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of visual detection performance, the observer is credited with a true-positive response if a visual signal is present somewhere in a radiograph called ""positive"" by the observer; however, the measured true-positive rate can be different for a given false-positive rate if the observer is required to identify the correct location of the visual signal in order to receive credit for a true-positive response. The authors describe and have confirmed experimentally a model which can be used to predict observer performance in an experiment requiring both detection and localization on the basis of the conventional ROC curve determined in a detection experiment. Implications for the use of signal detection theory in the assessment of radiographic image quality are discussed."
1153756,"Perforation of pulmonary hydatid cysts into the bronchial tree was seen in 56 of 239 cases. The resulting radiological signs are much more specific than those seen prior to perforation. These signs are described and correlated with the cystic structures that give rise to them. Perforation into the pleural cavity, seen in 5 cases, may result in secondary hydatidosis, as happened in one case."
1153757,"A total of 1,250 selective coronary arteriographic procedures were performed by the percutaneous transfemoral technique. There were no deaths. Local complications included delayed hemorrhage in 14 patients, peripheral emboli in 2, and thrombosis in 1. Cerebral complications included fibrin or air emboli in 3 and dislodgement of a mural thrombus by the catheter in 1. Cardiac complications included ventricular fibrillation in 11, myocardial infarction in 3, and profound hypotension in 1. With routine use of a transparent manifold and removal of the guide wire distal to the arch vessels, no cerebral emboli or myocardial infarctions have occurred in the last 500 examinations."
1153758,"Coronary arteriography was performed during preoperative investigation of mitral valve disease in a 62-year-old woman. ""Vascular puddles"" arising from the left coronary artery were seen within a large filling defect in the left atrium, raising the suspicion of myxoma. At surgery, the filling defect proved to be partially organized thrombus. ""Tumor vascularity"" can be a feature of left atrial thrombus as well as myxoma."
1153759,"Pseudolymphoma of the stomach is a benign proliferation of lymphoid tissue which can be mistaken histologically for malignant lymphoma. The etiology is unknown but in most cases it is believed to be a reaction to chronic peptic ulcer disease. The clinical records and radiographs of 18 patients with pseudolymphoma of the stomach were reviewed. The radiographic findings fell into 3 relatively distinct groups: tumor masses, enlarged gastric rugae, and well-defined benign-appearing ulcers. All but 2 cases demonstrated ulcers radiographically and all cases had ulcers or erosions on pathological examination."
1153760,"Cathartic colon has been described radiologically, but the pathological characteristics have not been reported. The authors describe a case in which radiological/pathological correlation was possible, with emphasis on the pathology of the colon. The disease simulates chronic ulcerative colitis radiologically and pathologically."
1153761,A benign episode of pneumatosis intestinalis developed in a 54-year old black woman with rapidly progressive systemic lupus erythematosus. This case illustrates that pneumatosis intestinalis in association with the various collagen diseases can have disparate prognostic implications.
1153762,"Magnification hepatic wedge venography and manometry were evaluated in 40 patients with portal hypertension and in 6 normal individuals. Venography (alone or in combination with manometry) generally facilitated prediction of histology in cirrhosis, hepato-venular occlusive disease, periportal fibrosis, congenital hepatic fibrosis, and portal vein obstruction. The magnification wedge venograms demonstrated a number of histological features of cirrhosis that have not previously been described in vivo, including porto-hepatic vein shunts, micro- and macronodular regeneration, and obstructive changes which were more severe in hepatic than in portal veins."
1153763,Most types of arteriographic procedures are performed on an outpatient basis at Knox County General Hospital. Four years of experience indicates no increased incidence of complications between the inpatient and outpatient groups. No patient had to be admitted to the hospital for delayed complications. Observation within the radiology department or short-stay recovery area for up to four hours seems adequate postarteriographic management and safely avoids routine overnight hospital admission.
1153764,"The distribution and severity of osteoarthritis were investigated in 56 knees by history and physical examination, assessment of knee function, radiography with and without weight-bearing, double-contrast arthrography, and 99mTc-polyphosphate bone imaging. Compartmental involvement (medial, lateral, patellofemoral) was graded independently by 2 or 3 observers for each modality and was correlated with that observed during arthroscopy or direct surgical inspection. The more involved compartments were graded abnormal by all methods. In the less involved compartments, the gamma camera image was most sensitive to pathology, followed by arthrography. The choice of surgical technique and the prognosis depend upon accurate preoperative knowledge of the extent of disease."
1153765,"The occurrence of stress and insufficiency fractures in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis has not been sufficiently emphasized. Osteoporosis due to rheumatoid arthritis and corticosteroid therapy, joint stiffness, contracture, and angular deformity of the extremity, and the unaccustomed exercise after reconstructive joint surgery combine to predispose to the occurrence of these fractures in these patients. The pain and disability caused by these fracture is often attributed to rheumatoid joint involvement. The fracture may not be visible on radiographs obtained near the onset of symptoms, and serial examinations may be needed for diagnosis."
1153766,"Arthrograms of the shoulder were evaluated in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The arthrographic findings common to all joints consisted of nodular filling defects, irregular capsular attachments, bursal filling defects and visualized lymphatic drainage. Findings unique to the shoulder joint consisted of rotator cuff tear, frozen shoulder, and biceps sheath dilatation. Since the agents used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis have profound side effects, it is important to exclude an associated rotator cuff tear and/or confirm the presence of glenohumeral rheumatoid involvement."
1153767,"Trephine bone biopsies were performed in 67 patients. Routine radiography, laminagraphy, and radioisotopic techniques were employed to determine areas of involvement and exact sites for biopsy. Sites were selected on the basis of accessibility, possible complications, and chances of recovering diagnostic material. The biopsy material was informative in 81% of patients. One controllable hemorrhage, one temporary sinus tract, a small pneumothorax requiring no therapy, and two benign vasovagal responses were the only complications. Widespread malignant disease and osteomyelitis, particularly disk-space infection, are the most suitable lesions for trephine biopsy."
1153768,The radiographs and medical records of 29 professional basebell players from several teams were reviewed. Each player had been selected because of radiographic abnormalities. Abduction views of the shoulder were employed in pitchers and outfielders who complained of shoulder pain. Upper extremity abnormalities predominated and accounted for 22 injuries including avulsion injuries of the origin of the long head of the triceps at the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and traction injuries at the origin of the pronator muscles at the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Trauma to the lower extremities was caused by collision with a fixed barrier in one man and by running and sliding in 13 others.
1153769,Arthrography revealed an abnormal tract of contrast agent dissecting from the suprapatellar bursa into the soft tissue anterior to the patella and downward to a level 9 cm beneath the tibial plateau in a patient with complete rupture of the quadriceps tendon. The bursal anatomy of the anterior portion of the knee is reviewed in relation to the capsule-forming structures of the quadriceps expansion. The use of knee arthrography for the assessment of quadriceps tendon injury is advocated.
1153770,"Radiographic changes produced in the male urethra by instrumentation were studied by pre- and postoperative urethrograms in 50 consecutive men as well as in several hundred selected patients. All 50 patients showed postoperative changes in the urethra. Obvious findings developed in 30% without symptoms while 14% of the men suffered severe symptomatic strictures. In our total operated cases, patients who were entered through the urethral meatus showed a 17.2% rate of stricture formation, while those entered transperineally showed only an 8.5% stricture rate. We conclude that all transurethral instrumentation produces trauma as evidenced by varying degrees of radiographic change."
1153772,Injection of water-soluble contrast medium into a foot vein in a 5-month-old infant was complicated by intense edema and vesicle formation above the site of injection. This was due to local toxic effect of contrast medium entering the lymphatic system with backflow into the skin. The method by which the contrast medium entered the lymphatics could not be determined.
1153773,It is generally believed that properly constructed high ratio grids are very efficient in removing radiographic scatter. The authors show that grids inherently transmit substantial amounts of contrast-degrading scatter and suggest a better method of eliminating it. A system of moving paired slits produces radiographic images with higher contrast than do grids at the same tube voltage. The diagnostic implications are discussed.
1153774,"Two cases of relapsing juvenile chronic subdural hematoma with late relapse in adult life are presented and the literature reviewed. Both patients contracted subdural hematoma early in life; its persistence resulted in characteristic skull deformitites. The patients led an asymptomatic life until a second head trauma caused rebleeding into the old hematoma sac with recurring symptoms and signs. The source of rebleeding is the outer subdural membrane. Radiographic features vary, depending on the location and size of the subdural hematoma. The significance of localized thickening of the cranium is stressed in refining the differential diagnosis."
1153775,"Post-traumatic leptomeningeal cysts involving the occipital bone are intraosseous lesions which do not erode through the outer table, in contradistinction to leptomeningeal cysts elsewhere in the calvaria. In two of four reported cases, communicating hydrocephalus was associated with the intraosseous cyst. The clinical and radiological findings suggest that intraosseous leptomeningeal cyst of the posterior fossa represents a distinct entity. Resection of the cyst and closure of the dural defect may be less important than treatment of the communicating hydrocephalus."
1153776,"The pathophysiology of epidural hematomas is considerably different from that of subdural hematomas. Epidural hematomas are well-localized intracranial masses under high pressure, whereas subdural hematomas are more widespread collections of blood under lower pressure. The underlying small cortical vessels are normal in both acute and chronic subdural hematomas but are severely distorted in epidural hematomas. The appearance of these vessels, seen best in the lateral projection, can help differentiate the various types of extracerebral hematomas."
1153777,"Skull films of 5,570 patients older than 40 years of age admitted to the neurological (4,308), ophthalmologic (1,151), and otorhinolaryngologic clinics (111) of the University of Milan over a period of 20 years were reviewed for carotid siphon calcification. The 485 positive findings were divided into intimal and medial calcifications on the basis of morphological criteria. Signs of cerebrovascular disease in the territory of the internal carotid artery were seen in 35.1% of the intimal group and 37.2% of the medial group. These findings suggest that the two types of calcification do not have different prognostic values as theorized previously."
1153778,"Widening of an intervertebral foramen in the cervical spine is a striking radiogical finding and generally denotes a patient with a dumbbell spinal tumor. Other, rare causes can also produce widening, such as expansion, tortuosity or elongation of the vertebral arteries, and congenital absence of a pedicle."
1153779,"Both 99mTc-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate brain scans were performed in 93 patients with cerebral neoplasms and in 70 others with cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Tumor detection was clearly better with 67Ga(96%) than with 99mTc(85%). Cerebral infarctions consistently either failed to concentrate 67Ga(67%) of revealed a much lower concentration than the 99mTc study (27%). In 6% of the infarction patients, gallium and technetium scans were equivalent."
1153780,"Clinical, angiographic, scintigraphic and pathologic observations in myocardial contusion were correlated. Radionuclide imaging of the injured heart with 99mTc-Sn-polyphosphate provides an accurate diagnosis in acute, even mild, myocardial contusion. The study can be carried out without danger to the critically ill patient. The coronary angiographic findings in this study explain what is occurring pathologically in the heart. Since arteriography is a more invasive technique than radionuclide imaging, its use is recommended only when the image is negative if it is neccessary to establish the clinical diagnosis for treatment or when more than one week has elapsed since the injury."
1153781,"After removing resectable lesions at operation, residual cancer nests were sterilized by irradiation before surgical closure. The great advantage of intraoperative radiotherapy lies in the treatment of lesions such as gastric cancers located near radiosensitive organs, and radioresistant tumors, such as soft-tissue sarcoma. Since the lesion is exposed directly to irradiation, a cancerocidal dose can be delivered without affecting normal structures. Clinical results have shown that cure can be expected following excision of the primary mass."
1153782,Routine radiographic examination of the paranasal sinuses and facial bones does not adequately demonstrate the posterolateral margin of the orbital floor. An anteroposterior projection with a 20 degrees cephalo-caudad angulation centered at the glabella adequately demonstrates the posterior and lateral orbital floor and the posterolateral margin of the orbital floor in all patients.
1153783,A treatment accessory for use in CNS radiotherapy of small children enables the head and spinal fields to be treated while the child lies supine. Children are not moved during therapy which minimizes the problem of gaps between the head and spinal fields.
1153785,A system employing an opaque projector mounted on a steel-framed cart was constructed to provide full-scale enlargement of ultrasound echograms for use in radiation therapy planning. Anatomical outlines from the enlarged echograms are traced directly into a minicomputer. Life-sized isodose curves for a selected treatment plan are overlayed on the enlarged echogram to produce a permanent record for treatment field adjustments and retrospective analysis.
1153789,"Although no deleterious effects have been reported to date with the use of clinical ultrasound, the AAPM urges caution, especially regarding its prolonged use on any individual for research, training or commercial demonstration purposes. The development of suitable phantoms is suggested."
1153790,"In his review of the AAPM statement on ultrasound, the author feels that allowing ""some"" research or demonstration on normal persons in the face of cautionary statements on as yet unknown side effects is an inconsistent position.  The use of videotapes and the development of simulators hacked by data banks are offered in place of tissue phantoms."
1153791,"Rather than spending scarce research funds on the construction of ultrasonic tissue phantoms (as suggested in the AAPM statement), the author recommends the use of videotapes in place of live models for commercial sales demonstrations. While agreeing with AAPM safety standards, the author feels that an unduly conservative approach could impede the development of newer instrumentation."
1153794,"3-H5,6-Prostaglandin F1alpha is largely eliminated from the circulation during a single passage through the pulmonary vascular bed. Its elimination requires cellular uptake. The volume of distribution and the mean transit time of the radioactivity are greater than those of an intravascular marker, blue dextran. The lungs retain 25-30% of the radioactivity, most in the form of a metabolite less polar that PGF1alpha itself. The pulmonary venous effluent contains the same metabolite along with some unmetabolized PGF1alpha. The metabolite can be distinguished from prostaglandins of the A, B, D, E and F series. It is reduced on reaction with borohydride, but reduction does not yield PGF1alpha. NaOH has no effect on the metabolite, a finding that rules out the presence of a beta-hydroxy-ketone configuration of the ring structure. The chromatographic behavior of the metabolite and its reaction with borohydride are those expected of 9,11-hydroxy-15-ketoprostanoic acid."
1153795,"In rat adrenal glands incubated in Locke's solution in vitro norepinephrine and phenylephrine inhibited the release of epinephrine. PGE2 and PGE1 also inhibited the release of catecholamines but PGFalpha1 had no effect on the adrenal. Thus, catecholamine release from adrenal cells may be regulated by the same mechanisms as in adrenergic nerve endings."
1153796,"Investigations were made into the effects of crude and pure preparations of cholera toxin on the release of prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) from rabbit ileum. Perfusion of ileal loops in vivo with buffer containing crude toxin was followed by a release of PLS into the perfusate, in amounts up to 37.5 ng/30 min (PGE2 equivalents). In contrast, no detectable PLS was released when ileal loops were perfused with pure toxin. Similarly, pieces of ileum opened longitudinally released PLS in amounts up to 107 ng PGE2/g tissue when incubated with crude toxin for 1-4 hr, but no release of PLS was detected in the presence of pure toxin under comparable conditions. Treatment of rabbits with indomethacin, 1.6 mg/kg p.o., had no effect on the accumulation of fluid in ileal sacs injected with crude or pure cholera toxin. These results support the view that prostaglandins do not play an essential role in the action of cholera toxin."
1153797,"Six mature female rhesus monkeys were treated with HMG-HCG in control cycles at doses adjusted to induce ovulation while avoiding superovulation. Occurrence of ovulation was determined by observation of fresh ovulation points at laparotomy 48 to 120 hours following HCG. In subsequent cycles animals were treated with indomethacin (treatment days 4 through 10) together with the established dose of HMG-HCG. In 8 cycles indomethacin 5 mg/kg was given i.m. once daily; in 9 cycles 10 mg/kg i.m. was administered in 2 divided doses. Following this, PGF2alpha (3 mg t.i.d. s.c.) was administered for 3 days together with indomethacin 10 mg/kg and HMG-HCG, beginning on the day prior to HCG. Determinations of progesterone were performed by RIA on treatment days 4, 7, 10, and 11. Eleven of the 13 control cycles were ovulatory. With indomethacin 5 mg/kg/day, 5 of 8 cycles were ovulatory but ovulation was delayed in 2 instances. Of 9 cycles using indomethacin 10 mg/kg/day only 1 was ovulatory. When PGF2alpha was administered in susequent cycles along with indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and HMG-HCG, ovulation occurred in 13 of 19 cycles. These data suggest that local ovarian PGF2alpha may be essential in the mechanics of follicle rupture in gonadotropin-treated rhesus monkeys."
1153798,"Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 68 of 69 patients with serial intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 suppositories behind a contraceptive diaphragm. The mean abortion time for the successful inductions was 13.07 hours; multiparous patients aborted somewhat faster, mean 12.72 hours, as compared to nulliparous patients, mean 14.22 hours. In 36 patients the PGE2 suppositories were placed behind an intact diaphragm and the mean abortion time was 14.89 hours. In 33 patients the PGE2 suppositories were placed behind a diaphragm modified by having an opening incised in the center, the mean time in these patients was 11.96 hours. Of the 68 successful abortions 59% of the patients aborted in 12 hours or less and 88% aborted within 24 hours. The most frequently encountered side effect was temperature elevation of 2 degrees F or higher which occurred in 68% of the patients. Temperatures returned to normal levels within 4 to 6 hours after the last adminstration of PGE2. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 45% of patients, but these side effects were well tolerated and did not require termination of drug administration in any of the patients. Intravaginal administration of PGE2 suppositories is a very effective abortifacient technque during the midtrimester, however the use of PGE2 in conjunction with a diaphragm did not appreciabley improve the technique although the amount of drug administered and the incidence of side effects was somewhat lower than when the PGE2 suppositories are used alone. If a diaphragm is to be used, a modified diaphragm is indicated since it simplifies the clinical management of the abortion, eases administration of the suppositories and permits a more accurate estimation of cervical changes, vaginal bleeding and abortion."
1153799,"The frequency of spontaneous in vitro contractions of seminiferous tubules of the rat appeared to be increased in a dose-dependent manner by prostaglandin F1alpha. PGF1alpha treatment increased the tonus of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the tubules as indicated by a reduction in the diameter of the tubules. When the tubules were rinsed successively with fresh Tyrode's solution, the contractile frequency was diminished. Returning the original bathing medium to the tubules restored their contractile frequency, as did treatment of the rinsed tubules with PGF1alpha (10(-7) M). Preinjecting ther rats with indomethacin tended to reduce the contractile frequency of the extirpated tubules. Treating the tubules with a solution of indomethacin for 90 min. in vitro was more effective than pretreatment in vivo in reducing contractile frequency, but a combination of these two procedures produced the greatest inhibition. PGF1alpha restored the contractile frequency of the indomethacin-treated tubules. Our results indicate that PGs modulate the in vitro contractility of the tubules."
1153800,"Non-pregnant pigtail monkeys (M. nemestrina) were given ICI 80996 subcutaneously and ICI 81008 and PGF2alpha subcutaneously or intravaginally, once daily on days 20-30 inclusive, or two or three times on days 24 or 26 only. Doses of 50 mug/kg of ICI 80996, 100 mug/kg of ICI 81008 and approx. 1 mg/kg of PGF2alpha were used. In the majority of monkeys treated subcutaneously a rapid fall in circulating progesterone concentrations and earlier than normal menstrual bleeding occurred. When given per vaginam, ICI 81008 was as effective as when given subcutaneously, though PGF2alpha was less effective intravaginally than by the subcutaneous route."
1153802,"The p-nitrophenacyl esters of a number of closely related and isomeric prostaglandins were resolved by HPLC on a microparticulate silica gel column (Zorbax-Sil, DuPont). Ten F-series prostaglandin analogs, eight E-series prostaglandin analogs, the isomeric 15(R)- and 15(S)-methyl prostaglandins of the E- and F-series and, lastly, PGA2 and PGB2 were chromatographed under conditions generating 2,000 to 7,000 theoretical plates. Conditions are described for quantitative conversion of prostaglandins to p-nitrophenacyl esters in less than 6 minutes at room temperature. Linear peak height and peak area plots were obtained for in-situ esterified PGE2 p-nitrophenacyl ester over the range of 0.4 - 3.1 mug. The lower limit of detection of this ester is about 1 ng. A linear relationship is observed between silica gel TLC 1/Rf values and HPLC retention times as predicted by theory."
1153803,"The anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs, aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, mefenamic acid ibuprofen and flurbiprofen are shown to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the force of contraction of isolated human pregnant myometrial strips which have been stimulated to contract by adding prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha to the tissue bath. These drugs and also flufenamic acid and salicin show a similar antagonism of the action of PGF2alpha with isolated rabbit non-pregnant myometrium. The ratio of the inhibitory concentration in vitro to the maximum plasma level after a normal dose in vivo suggests that phenylbutazone and possibly ibuprofen may be capable of inhibiting human uterine contractions in vivo. Patients who were treated with aspirin during induction of abortion using PGF2alpha during the second trimester of pregnancy showed no significant change in the induction-abortion interval compared with patients not taking aspirin."
1153805,"The synthesis of prostaglandins by rheumatoid synovial tissue in organ culture was studied utilizing radioimmunoassay, with antisera to PGB1, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha. It was established that PGE2 and PGF2alpha were the major prostaglandins formed by analyses of culture media with the two antisera to PGF, before and after alkali treatment. Indomethacin at 5 mug/ml suppressed prostaglandin synthesis, usually to less than 1% of control cultures. Colchicine, 0.1 mug/ml resulted in marked stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis, in some cases over 10 fold. It is suggested, because of the colchicine effect, that the state of the microtubules may regulate the rate of prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is possible that prostaglandin E2 produced by rheumatoid synovia may contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction and lead to destruction of juxta-articular bone in rheumatoid arthritis."
1153806,"The ability of various prostaglandins (PGs) to affect the in vitro anamnestic immune response of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed rabbit popliteal lymph node cells was investigated. Of the four PGs studied (PGA1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha), PGE1 was found to have a stimulatory effect, whereas PGA1, PGE2 and pgf2alpha were ineffective in stimulating or inhibiting the in vitro anamnestic response. Under the conditions studied, a 3.5-fold increase in antibody production was obtained in PGE1-treated, KLH-stimulated cultures. Maximum enhancement was obtained when 0.2 mug of PGE1 were added at the time of culture initiation and were allowed to remain in contact with the lymph node cells for 24 hours."
1153807,"The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs incorporating the 3-hydroxycyclohexenyl moiety in place of the natural C13-C20 side-chain has been accomplished via copper-assisted conjugate addition of the cycloalkenyllithium 2 to the cyclopentenous intermediates 4, 7 and 10."
1153809,"Antibodies directed toward PGF2beta were prepared in rabbits. The serologic specificity of the immune reaction was determined by inhibition of sodium borohydride-reduced (3H) PGE2 anti-PGF2beta binding by several prostaglandins. The antibodies to PGF2beta recognize the beta-hydroxyl configuration in the cyclopentane ring of PGF2beta. With the use of both anti-PFG2alpha and anti-PFG2beta, the product of PGE2 reduction by 9-ketoreductase purified from chicken heart was identified as PGF2alpha. Guinea pig liver and kidney homogenates were examined for PGE 9-ketoreductase activity. Although enzyme activity was present, no evidence of PGF2beta production was found."
1153810,"Prostaglandin E2 has previously been shown to enhance the shape transformation of sickle prone erythrocytes (8) and to reduce the oxygen resaturation of Hemoglobin SS within intact sickle cell erythrocytes after deoxygenation (15). In view of the recent importance attributed to calcium transport in maintaining erythrocyte shape and viability (10) and the suggestion that prostaglandins may act via a calcium ionophore mechanism (9) on cell membranes, erythrocyte ghosts were prepared following the method of Lepke and Passow (12) from normal and sickle cell anemia erythrocytes. These two classes of ghosts are shown to display differing patterns of sodium and calcium transport, whith calcium influx being preferentially stimulated by prostaglandin E2 in sickle cell ghosts. It is suggested that in hypoxic, stasis conditions in vivo, prostaglandins may play a role in accelerating sickling of sickle prone erythrocytes via stimulation of calcium influx."
1153811,"A technique is described whereby elevated temperature and HCG injection yield a high percentage of ovulation in gravid goldfish. Indomethacin (10 mug/g; i.p. injection) completely inhibits ovulation if given within 6 hours following HCG (4 IU/g); the unovulated oocytes develop rapidly into corpora atretica. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha (5 mug/g; i.p. injection) induce ovulation in fish treated with indomethacin and HCG; PGE2 was most effective when given 11 hours after HCG. The results suggest that the ovulatory action of prostaglandins following HCG stimulation is at the level of the ovary and that it is restricted to a period between 7 and 12 hours after the gonadotropin injection."
1153812,"Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in a series of 20 patient by intraamniotic instillation of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha with a mean abortion time of 17.78 hours. The patients in this study was divided into two groups, Groups 1 received an initial dose of 2.5 mg 15-ME-PGF2alpha and aborted in a mean time of 16.26 hours. The patients in Group II received 3.0 mg 15-ME-PGF2alpha and aborted in a mean time of 18.94 hours. There was no significant difference in the abortion time, occurrence of side effects or the initiation of uterine activity between Group I and Group II. Parous patients aborted somewhat faster than nulliparous patients but this difference was not significant. In this study 80% of the patients aborted in 24 hours or less, and the intra-amniotic instillation of 15-ME-PGF2alpha was an effective abortifacient technique from the 15th to the 23rd week of gestation. The uterine response to intra-amniotic instillation of 15-ME-PGF2alpha was characterized by the gradual appearance of low amplitude, high frequency contractions accompanied by a rise in baseline intrauterine tonus. Uterine activity developed gradually and peaked at 1:50 hours after intraamniotic instillation of 15-ME-PGF2alpha. In this small series 15-ME-PGF2alpha administered via intra-amniotic instillation did not appear to have a distinct advantage over the naturally occuring PGF2alpha administered by the same method for the induction of midtrimester abortion; a large series in indicated to define the advantage of either technique."
1153813,Dilatation of the cervix with prostaglandin analogues prior to vaginal termination of pregnancy was attempted in 125 nulliparous women in the first trimester of pregnancy. The patients were divided into five groups (25 in each group) and given a single extra-amniotic dose of one of the following prostaglandin analogues 14-16 hours prior to the evacuation of the uterus by vacuum aspiration. (Group A) 15 (S) 15 methyl PGE2 (free acid); (Group B) 15 (S) 15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester; (Group C) 15 (S) 15 methyl PGF2alpha (free acid); (Group D) 15 (S) 15 methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester and(Group E) a mixture of 15 (S) 15 methyl PGE2methyl ester and 15 (S) 15 methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester. Evacuation of the uterus without mechanical dilatation of the cervix was possible in 111 (90%) of the patients. In an additional 10 patients (8%) there was some degree of cervical dilatation and further mechanical dilatation could be performed easily. With the combination of 15 (S) 15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester and 15 (S) 15 methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects and pyrexia were considerably reduced.
1153814,"The investigation was designed to study the influence of indomethacin on gonadotropin induced ovulation in the rhesus monkey. Six mature female monkeys were treated with HMG-HCG for at least 2 control ovulatory cycles at dosage levels adjusted to induced ovulation while avoiding superovulation. Ovulation was confirmed by observation of the ovaries for fresh ovulation points at laparotomy. Following establishment of an appropriate dosage schedule, treatment was begun with indomethacin (5 mg/kg/day) starting 5 days prior to HCG and continuing to the time of laparotomy. In a second treatment cycle, indomethacin was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.i.d. together with the established dose of HMG-HCG. Ovarian inspection was carried out as in the control cycles. Venous blood was obtained on treatment days 4, 7, 10 and 11 for determination of serum estrone, estradiol and progesterone. Indomethacin administration resulted in ovulation inhibition at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day when ovulation inducing doses of gonadotropins were administered. Peripheral blood steroid levels suggest that follicle maturation and estrogen production was unimparied by indomethacin. These findings indicate that the ovarian synthesis of prostaglandin may be essential in the process of ovulation."
1153836,At a dose of 1 g/kg i.v. ethanol induced in the cortical EEG of rabbits a synchronization which lasted 2-3 hours. Thereafter a pronounced hyper-stimulation occurred which persisted up to 4 hours. Pre-treatment of the animals with reserpine reduced markedly the initial synchronization and abolished the delayed stimulant effect. These findings are discussed in terms of possible interaction between acetaldehyde and biogenic amines.
1153837,"After extraction by ether from acidified plasma or urine and concentration into basic phosphate buffer, furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA) were separated on a high pressure liquid ion-exchange system and measured fluorometrically. Sensitivity is 0.2 mug/ml of ether compound in plasma and 0.1 mug/ml in urine with an 8% coefficient of variation. Interference by porphyrins in urine was eliminated by subtracting a second fluorometric measurement at a different wave-length from that used for furosemide. No quenching at this wave-length is seen with concentrations of furosemide up to 50 mug/ml. Standard curves of furosemide and CSA are linear from 0.2 mug/ml to 50 mug/ml."
1153838,"When analyzing the effect of substrate concentration on the reaction rate of aminopyrine N-demethylation, aniline p-hydroxylation, and 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation by human fetal and adult liver samples we found that Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee analyses yielded mostly linear lines with fetal liver, but nonlinear lines with adult livermthis may be taken to indicate that a qualitative change in drug-oxidizing enzymes of the human liver occurs during ontogenetic development, of the human liver occurs during ontogenetic development, possibly so that during the fetal period liver contains one ana during the adult period two enzymes metabolizing aminopyrine, anilinw, and 3,4-benzpyrene."
1153840,"The possibility of employing liposome-entrapped actinomycin D for the treatment of AKR mice inoculated with AKR-A cells was examined. It was found that injection of actinomycin D after its entrapment in liposomes prolonged the survival of such mice to a greater extent than did similar amounts of free actinomycin D. Data from in vitro experiments suggest that entrapped actinomycin D could localize in the nucleus of AKR-A cells presumably following endocytosis of the liposomal carrier and subsequent liberation of the drug in, and its diffusion from, the lysosomes."
1153842,"The influence of phenobarbital pretreatment on tissue catecholamine content was studied in various animal species. The results reported in this communication whow that such pretreatment increases the catecholamine content of the adrenal and the male accessory sexual tissues of the guinea-pig and the rabbit, while with the rat and hamster, only the adrenaline content of the adrenals was increased. In the female guinea-pig, there was an increase in the catecholamine content of the adrenals and the female accessory sexual tissues. It was concluded that the difference observed among species may be related either to the different type of adrenergic innervation or to a different influence of the adrenal gland on the sexual accessory tissues."
1153843,"The formation of DMI after incubation of IP-C-14 with supernatant fractions prepared from brain and liver of male Wistar rats were studied to determine the sources of DMI in brain tissue. IP and its metabolites were isolated by thin layer chromatography, eluted and counted in a Geiger-Muller counter. A substantial amount of DMI was formed when the liver supernatant fraction was used, whereas the brain fraction did not form DMI even at low level. Under the incubation condition used, about 2.7% of IP was converted non-enzymatically to a DMI-like substance. Based on the results presented it appears that at least most of the DMI reported by other authors to be formed in rat brain after IP administration, reaches the brain via the blood stream."
1153844,"The effect of phenylbutazone on the disposition of warfarin was studied in a subject given warfarin daily for one month. During concomitant phenylbutazone administration, the total plasma warfarin concentration declined from 4.2 to 2.0 mg/L. In contrast, the unbound warfarin plasma concentration rose from 0.020 to 0.033 mg/L. The plasma concentration and daily urinary excretion of 7-hydroxywarfarin fell during phenylbutazone administration. Warfarin is administered as a racemate. Exclusive to and the major metabolic route of the more potent S-isomer is 7-hydroxylation. It is concluded that inhibition of S-warfarin metabolism can help explain the increased anticoagulation seen when phenylbutazone is added to the dosage regimen of a patient stabilized on warfarin."
1153845,Comparative study of dithioerythritol-reducible (DTE) disulfide bonds in glomerular basement membranes (GBM) isolated from normal rats and from similar groups of rats treated with the nephrosis-producing aminonucleoside of puromycin emphasize not only the importance of such linkages in the interaction and structural organization of the macromolecular GBM collagen-glycoprotein matrix but also suggest a modality by which GBM semi-permeability might be engendered. Although DTE-reducible disulfide is significantly reduced in GBM of rats as early as the fourth day after administration of a nephrosis-producing dose of the aminonucleoside it has not been possible to demonstrate an unequivocal in vitro or direct effect of the drug on DTE-reducible disulfide in normal GBM. Several-fold increases in DTE-reducible disulfide in GBM subjected to the denaturing action of guanidine-HCl or the proteolytic action of pronase indicates that most of the disulfide lies buried in the GBM. Location of disulfide crosslinks in the innermost regions or core of the GBM might be expected to not only stabilize the membrane but also to protect the GBM from a considerable array of disulfide cleaving (reductases) within the kidney cortex.
1153846,"A study of SGPT levels in individuals with and without (HBsAG) was conducted in the village of Plati, Greece. The levels were higher in those with HBsAG  than without (p equals .007). The levels were higher in males than in females. From this and other studies it is concluded that at least some asymptomatic carriers had mild but detectable liver damage."
1153847,"Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity is as much as several hundred fold greater in acute leukemic lymphoblasts than in unstimulated or phytohemagglutinin stimulated normal lymphocytes, and in leukocytes from other leukemias or from acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in remission. On the other hand, acute leukemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts  as well as phytohemagglutinin stimulated normal lymphocytes have DNA polymerase activity an order of magnitude higher than that in unstimulated normal lymphocytes, and in leukocytes from chronic leukemias or from acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in remission. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase thus appears to be a useful index for the detection of leukemic lymphoblasts."
1153848,"Microscope immersion oil, applied to the skin of rats or injected intraperitoneally, led to a substantial increase in the biliary excretion of intravenously injected 125-I-thyroxine (T4), elevated the bile: plasma 125-I ratio, enhanced the biliary clearance rate of plasma 125-I-T-4 and increased the proportion of biliary 125-I present as T-4-glucuronide. Immersion oil applied to the skin was at least as effective as injected intraperitoneally. Skin application also elevated bile flow, liver weight, thyroid 131-I uptake and Sephadex uptake of serum 125-I-triiodothyronine (indicating reduced binding of thyroid hormone to serum proteins) and depressed serum T-4 concentrations. These effects were similar to those previously observed after intraperitoneal injection of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture."
1153849,Substitution of one or two fluorine atoms on the B carbon of phenethylamine progressively reduced the pKa of the amine and increased its rate of methylation by N-methyltransferase from rabbit lung. The methylation of other amines (amphetamine and benzylamine) was similarly increased by decreases in pKa. The results suggest that the neutral nonprotonated amine is the molecular species attacked or preferred by this enzyme.
1153850,"T-2 toxin administered ip to mice at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg caused significant maternal mortality and decreased prenatal survival. Fetal weights were reduced on days 7, 10, and 11. Gross malformations involved the tail and limbs, exencephaly, open eye and retarded jaw development particularly in fetuses from females treated on days 9, 10, and 11. Ribs and vertebral malformations were seen in fetuses exposed on days 9 and 10."
1153851,"After an oral administration of 5 mg/kg pentoxifylline (3, 7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthine, Trental -R) increases significantly total adenine nucleotides content, ATP and AMP, and decreases significantly ADP in rat's erythrocytes. This increased ATP level is likely partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline in the disturbed peripheral circulation."
1153854,"The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in one cerebral hemisphere of rabbit was damaged by the ipsilateral infusion of hypertonic (3 Molar) urea into the carotid artery. Using the indicator diffusion technique, the clearance of the glycine (by simple diffusion) and phenylalanine molecule (by facilitated diffusion) was enhanced in the urea infused cerebral hemisphere. The experimental methodology is a nondestructive and sensitive method for evaluating the integrity of the BBB."
1153855,"Into the Heidenhain pouches of 3 dogs 30 ml of 0.1N HCl was instilled and removed at 30-minute intervals for 6 hours. During the 3rd and 4th periods the acid instillate contained 4.5 mg/ml or 12.4 mM of ASA, indomethacin or fenoprofen. All 3 agents affected the functional integrity of the mucosal barrier, but the characteristics of their actions were different. The H+ concentration was decreased by ASA and fenoprofen and increased by indomethacin when the instillate contained drug. All 3 drugs increased the net flux of Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++. Following initial augmentation of instillate volume and H+ concentration, indomethacin caused sustained back diffusion of acid from lumen to mucosa; this was accompanied by mucosal bleeding. Peak effects of ASA on the net flux of ions occurred during or immediately after drug infusion and were greater than those of indomethacin and fenoprofen. Fenoprofen at 12.5 nM had no effect on concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ while both were significantly increased by equal molar dose of ASA or indomethacin. In onset of action indomethacin was slow but once disruption of functional integrity started, it continued for hours showing no signs of returning to normal condition. In this sense, the total disruptive action of an equal weight or molar dose of indomethacin was greater than that of ASA or fenoprofen. At pH 1, the absorption of ASA from the Heidenhain pouch was greater than that of indomethacin and fenoprofen; their respective concentrations in the plasma were 53.9, 14.2 and 13.7 mumol."
1153856,"An auto-immune origin was postulated previously for ulcerative colitis. The present results do not support this hypothesis. Crohn's disease has been compared to sarcoidosis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Crohn's disease may be a virus infection coming from the bowel content. The virus may multiply, for instance, inside the submucosal lymphocytes."
1153857,"The effects of prostaglandin E2 and of indomethacin on the responses of the circular muscle of the isthmus of rabbit oviduct to (-)-norepinephrine and to transmural stimulation were determined. At 26 degrees C, 10 ng/ml prostaglandin E2 significantly reduced responses to transmural stimulation but had little effect on responses to (-)-norepinephrine. At 26 degrees C, 5.6 x 10(-5)M indomethacin slightly reduced responses to both transmural stimulation and to (-)-norepinephrine. At 37 degrees C, spontaneous desensitization to both stimulation and to (-)-norepinephrine occurred but transmural stimulation was more inhibited. Addition of 2.8 x 10(-6)M indomethacin prevented this desensitization. These results suggest that responses of the isthmus of rabbit oviduct to (-)-norepinephrine were not dependent on prostaglandin generation. Adrenergic transmission to the oviduct was, however, inhibited by prostaglandin E2. Evidence was also obtained for the spontaneous liberation at 37 degrees C of prostaglandins that inhibited the contractility of the oviduct."
1153858,A single dosage of sodium pentobarbital (5.0 mg/0.1 ml) given during the embryonic period inhibited the body weight of the chick embryo from 10 through 18 days of incubation. The mean wet and dry weight of the barbiturate-treated embryos were lowered significantly. This weight-decreasing effect was not observed in the hearts or livers of the barbiturate-treated specimens.
1153859,"Sixteen substitued benzylidinohydrazines were evaluated for morphine-like analgesic activity by mouse tail-pinch test while aconitine-induced writhing test in mice was used to determine their ability to possess aspirin-like analgesia. All benzylidinohydrazines exhibited analgesic activity where protection against tail-pinch and aconitine-induced writhing response ranged from 16.7-83.3% and 16.7-66.7%, respectively."
1153861,"The toxicity of the herbicide paraquat in mice, measured by the single dose lethal to 50 per cent of the animals after 7 days, was significantly enhanced by prior exposure to diets deficient in selenium or vitamin E and by pretreatment with diethyl maleate. These data suggest lipid peroxidation to be an important in vivo biochemical mechanism of paraquat toxicity as both selenium and vitamin E have antioxidant functions."
1153862,"Methaqualone pretreatment for 3 or 6 days caused an induction of hepatic enzymes in the young male rat as measured by a reduction in hexobarbital-hypnosis. However, methaqualone pretreatment had no effect on the hexobarbital-hypnotic response in older male rats. Phenobarbital was a more potent enzyme inducer than methaqualone, and caused induction of liver enzymes in both age groups."
1153863,Palytoxin (PTX) inhibited phasic tension production and initiated tonic contracture in isolated paced ventricle strips at concentrations greater than 10(-10) M. PTX-induced contracture was associated with increased 45Ca2+ uptake. PTX-induced additional 45Ca2+ uptake was completely blocked by 2 mM La3+. All observed PTX effects were enhanced by elevation of [Ca2+] o from 1.9 to 6 mM and this threefold increase in [Ca2+] o resulted in a threefold increase in isotope-determined Ca2+ uptake in presence of 10(-8) M PTX. It is concluded that the observed effects of PTX could be mediated by an increase in calcium permeability of myocardial cells.
1153864,"The role of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic systems in morphine-induced motor activity was investigated in mice using both blockers and stimulators of the receptors of the respective systems. The dopaminergic blocking drugs, spiroperidol and clothiapine, significantly reduced while stimulating dopaminergic receptors with amantadine significantly increased morphine-induced motor activity. Blockade of noradrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine and cholinergic receptors with atropine significantly reduced morphine activity whereas stimulation of either of these systems with DOPS and physostigmine respectively, had no effect. These data suggest that a dopaminergic system mediates morphine-induced motor activity and that this can be modified by interrupting either noradrenergic or cholinergic systems."
1153865,"It was observed that either propranolol or iproveratril could increase the succinate oxidation activity by rat heart mitochondria to 444% and to 371% respectively. Both drugs decreased the respiratory control coefficient and ADP/O ratio. No effect on mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase-Co Q-reductase and malic dehydrogenase was observed. It was pointed out that these drugs would act preventing the reoxidation of NADH+ + H+ through the respiratory chain."
1153866,"Previous procainamide pharmacokinetic studies have involved the use of colorimetric and fluorimetric methods for the determination of drug concentrations in plasma and urine. However, recent evidence shows that N-acetyl procainamide, the major metabolite in humans, is hydrolyzed during these assay procedures. As a result, a specific gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of procainamide in biological fluids. Using this assay procedure, the pharmacokinetics of procainamide were studied in 7 normal subjects following intravenous administration of the drug. The values of half-life (2.08 +/- 0.52 hr), volume of distribution (4.3 +/- 0.6 1/Kg) and total body clearance (1344 +/- 238 ml/min) found in this study differed from those previously reported. These discrepancies could be understood in terms of differences in assay specificity."
1153867,A published method for the recovery of procaine from human plasma using 5M NaOH gave very poor recoveries. Investigation showed that under the recommended extraction conditions procaine was rapidly hydrolysed. Extraction into benzene of samples buffered to pH 9.0 with borate buffer allowed essentially 100% recovery of procaine from equine plasma and urine.
1153868,"In the unanesthetized cat, an injection of 0.01 or 0.03 M 5-hydroxytryptamine into the rostral hypothalamus produced an immediate, short-lasting increase or decrease in body temperature. A delayed and long-lasting hyperthermia often followed the initial response. When indomethacin, 10 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally 3 hours prior to an injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine at sites which produced an initial increase in body temperature, the secondary hyperthermia was reduced or abolished but the immediate response remained undiminished. Pretreatment with methysergide, 2 mg/kg i.p., attenuated or abolished the initial temperature increase but did not reduce the delayed hyperthermia. The results suggest that the initial rise in body temperature produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine is mediated by activation of methysergide-sensitive 5-HT receptors and that the response is independent of prostaglandin release. The secondary hyperthermia, on the other hand, is apparently mediated by a sustained release of prostaglandins."
1153869,"The metabolism of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, after administration of the epoxide to rats has been studied. The iminostilbene epoxide and the 10,11-dihydrodiol of the iminostilbene have been identified as metabolites of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide by means of gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques."
1153870,"Using a crossover experimental design, the absorption profile of griseofulvin was assessed in human volunteers after oral administration of a 500 mg dose of the antifungal antibiotic as capsules of the anhydrous (nonsolvated)-and monochloroform solvate forms of the drug. The maximum body level of drug and the rate and extent of griseofulvin absorption (or bioavailability) were significantly increased after administration of the chloroform solvate as compared to that observed after administration of the nonsolvated form of the drug. The enhanced absorption of griseofulvin chloroformate correlated well with its enhanced solubility and dissolution rate at 37 degrees C in simulated intestinal fluid (20 mM sodium deoxycholate, pH 7.5). This is the first demonstration of a drug-organic solvate displaying improved gastrointestinal absorption characteristics over the anhydrous form of a drug."
1153871,A method is described for determination of liver arylamidase activity in homogenates of the small amount of human as well as experimental animal tissues (approx. 5-15 mg wet wt.) obtained by needle biopsy. One milligram of human liver contains 90-130 mug protein. The arylamidase activity in normal liver was 0.2 to 0.6 nmoles benzylhydrazine formed/mug protein/hr. The microdetermination of an arylamidase described in this paper is worth in the diagnosis of hepatic injury because of the use of biopsy sample.
1153872,"A 25-year old Caucasian with uniquely severe and chronic periodontal disease, requiring extraction of all teeth, was treated with hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 which functions like naturally occurring coenzyme Q10 in gingival tissue. During the fourth and fifth examinations after the seventh and eighth weeks of treatment, three dentists separately and independently scored clinical improvements of five symptoms by significances of essentially P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001. The initial benefit of the treatment was observed at the second examination after three weeks of treatment. The administration of coenzyme Q could be an important therapeutic adjunct to periodontal therapy for certain patients."
1153873,"The specific activities (S.A.) of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) reductase of a control group of 65 Japanese adults and 59 patients having essential hypertension were determined. The mean S.A. of the hypertensive group was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) and the mean % deficiency of enzyme activity was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the values for the control group. These data on Japanese in Osaka agree with data on Americans in Dallas. Some patients showed no CoQ10-deficiency, and others showed definite deficiencies. Emphasizing the CoQ10-enzyme for patient selection, CoQ10 was administered to hypertensive patients. Four individuals showed significant but partial reductions of blood pressure. Monitoring the CoQ10-enzyme before, during, and after administration of CoQ10 indicated responses. The maintenance of high blood pressure could be primarily due to contraction of the arterial wall. Contraction or relaxation of an arterial wall is dependent upon bioenergetics, which also provide the energy for biosynthesis of angiotensin II, renin, aldosterone, and the energy for sodium and potassium transport. A clinical benefit from administration of CoQ10 to patients with essential hypertension could be based upon correcting a deficiency in bioenergetics, and point to possible combination treatments with a form of CoQ and anti-hypertensive drugs."
1153874,"Cycloheximide, pactamycin and tenuazonic acid inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is the purpose of these studies to determine whether these agents would be effective in vivo inhibitors of epidermal DNA synthesis. Single I.P. administration of 1.5 mg/kg cycloheximide, 0, 1 or 3 hours prior to a 45 minute pulse of thymidine-3H inhibited epidermal DNA synthesis by 68%, 63% and 88%, respectively. This response was dose related at 3.75 hours after cycloheximide with no effect at 0.375 mg/kg and maximal inhibition at 1.5 mg/kg. Epidermal DNA synthesis was inhibited 18, 29 and 62% at doses of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg pactamycin administered 3 hours before thymidine-3H. Similarly, at doses of 70 and 140 mg/kg tenuazonic acid, epidermal DNA synthesis was inhibited by 50% and 60%, respectively. These data suggest the possible use of protein synthesis inhibitors in epidermal disorders."
1153875,"Indomethacin was vulcanized in dimethylpolysiloxane, an inert silicone suitable for tissue implantation. The drug is released from this polymer matrix gradually in amounts that can inhibit endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. The method is simple, rapid and inexpensive and eliminates repetitive administration in studies where prolonged inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is desired."
1153876,"Intravenous infusion in conscious beagle dogs of either kanamycin or amikacin to doses of 30 mg/kg resulted in little or no detectible dose related effects on mean aortic blood pressure, cardiac rate, the surface electrocardiogram or gross behavior. Increasing doses of kanamycin and amikacin resulted in dose-related increases in the plasma levels of the two antibiotics. These results indicate that in the conscious dog high plasma levels of kanamycin (64 mug/ml) and amikacin (78 mug/ml) were not associated with depression of systemic blood pressure."
1153877,The effect of cortisol and estradiol on the stimulation by growth hormone of liver mitochondrial protein synthesis in hypophysectomized rats has been studied by measuring radioactive leucine incorporation in vivo and in vitro. Estradiol inhibited the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on incorporation into mitochondrial and microsomal proteins. Cortisol blocked the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on mitochondrial protein synthesis. The stimulatory effects of cortisol and growth hormone on microsomal incorporation were not additive. Gain in body weights corresponded with their effects on mitochondrial and microsomal protein synthesis. These results show that steroid hormones may act as regulators of the growth hormone effect.
1153878,Nickel and chromium significantly depressed the circulating antibody response of rats immunized with a viral antigen (T-1 phage). Consistent suppression of antibody was observed in all metal-treated animals; the greatest decrease in antibody titers was noted in animals receiving metals two weeks prior to the initial antigen dose.
1153879,"An antiserum raised in sheep against a conjugate of tetrahydrocannabinol with bovine serum albumin has been used as the basis of a radioimmunoassay for cannabinoids in the blood of rabbits given tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol or cannabidiol by rapid intravenous injection. In the case of both 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol plasma cannabinoid concentrations fell exponentially from an initial peak plasma level attained immediately after the completion of intravascular distribution of the injected bolus. In the case of tetrahydrocannabinol itself, however, there was a progressive rise in plasma cannabinoid concentration between five and fifteen minutes after the rapid intravenous injection. The reasons for this rise in plasma cannabinoid concentration are discussed."
1153880,"The in vivo transformations of cannabinol (CBN) in the mouse have been studied and a pattern of metabolism established. As with other cannabinoids, the 7 position and the side chain are hydroxylated followed by further oxidation to acidic metabolites. Two of these CBN metabolites have been isolated previously as metabolites of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) suggesting that CBN may be a transformation product of delta1-THC."
1153881,The ethanol level in brain and blood and the blood level of acetaldehyde upon waking from an anesthetic dose of ethanol were found to be significantly higher in C57BL/6J mice which prefer to drink ethanol solution over water than in DBA/2J mice which avoid the drinking of an ethanol solution. The brain level of acetaldehyde did not differ significantly between the two mouse strains. Possible explanations for the difference in brain sensitivity toward ethanol are discussed.
1153882,"The stability of methadone plasma levels during steady drug intake and the effects of a single dose omission on the methadone plasma level, were studied in 3 reliable patients (Group I) and in a nonselected group of 11 clinic patients (Group II). The plasma levels of methadone were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In Group I patients receiving an average dose of 1.13 mg/kg (range 0.45-1.6 mg/kg) little day to day variation was seen: the average plasma level was 0.358 ug/ml with a variance of +/- 3.6% measured in 4 different days. Forty-eight hours after the last dose (after omission of a single dose), methadone plasma levels declined on the average by 0.179 ug/ml which represents a 50% decrease form the preomission average level. In Group II patients during the presumed steady methadone intake (average dose 1.25 mg/kg, range 0.57-1.75 mg/kg), the average plasma level of methadone was 0.377 ug/ml with a variance of 48.5% measured in 4 different days. A fall in methadone plasma levels occurred mainly after weekends in some of the Group II patients suggesting possibly nonconsumption of the prescribed dose of medication. The rapid and substantial decline of methadone plasma levels following a single dose omission is apparently a parallel to the observed rapid loss of methadone induced cross tolerance."
1153883,"The vulnerability of aortic strips from 50-52 week old Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls to the inhibitory or relaxing effects of the calcium antagonists verapamil and diazoxide was studied. Verapamil produced concentration-dependent inhibition (antagonism) of KCl, PGE2, and methoxamine-induced contraction of aortic strips from SHR and WKY. KCl and PGE2-induced contraction of SHR tissue were less readily antagonized by verapamil compared to WKY preparations. The reverse was seen with methoxamine-induced contraction. The slope of the verapamil inhibition curve of KCl-induced contraction was significantly steeper for aortic strips form WKY. Verapamil and diazoxide also produced concentration-dependent relaxation of KCl-induced contraction of aortic strips, no significant differences being noted in SHR and WKY responses. Results are compatible with the hypothesis that arterial smooth muscle from SHR is characterized by a more tightly bound pool or source of activator Ca++ which is released by certain agonists. Failure to observe a significant difference in verapamil or diazoxide induced relaxation of KCl contracted tissues from SHR or WKY suggests that in the tonic phase of KCl contraction, transmembrane fluxes of Ca++ in SHR and WKY are equally vulnerable to the Ca++ channel inhibitory effect of the antagonists."
1153884,"The preparation of deuterium-labeled cocaine and benzoylecgonine by a site-specific method is reported. This method involves the reductive dehalogenation of appropriately substituted derivatives by a NaBD4 - PdCl2 system. By the judicious choice of halogen-substituted aromatic systems, a wide variety of specifically deuterated compounds of biological interest can be prepared."
1153885,"Rats with hereditary hydronephrosis and littermates with normal kidneys were given 1% saline solution instead of drinking water, and renal excretory function, blood pressure, fluid volumes, and plasma renin activity were monitored. A marked increase in blood pressure and positive correlation between blood pressure and plasma volume were found in hydronephrotic rats after five weeks of salt loading, while animals with normal kidneys remained normotensive. No involvement of the renin-angiotensin system could be demonstrated in the observed phenomenon. It is suggested that the impairment of renal excretory function along with the deficiency of antihypertensive reno-medullary factors are responsible for the greater sensitivity of the hydronephrotic rats to the hypertensive stimulus of salt overload."
1153886,"The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives and heterocyclic agents administered s.c. daily for the first 7 days or as dietary supplements was ascertained on the extent of liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized male rats over a period of 10 days. The monoalkylbenzenes proved ineffective by injection except for ethylbenzene and possibly n-propylbenzene and the introduction of the double or triple bond in the side-chain as exemplified by styrene and phenylacetylene, led to little change over the respective controls. A number of noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons accelerated the regenerative process but much higher s.c. dosages were required as compared to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. As tested by the dietary route, the optimum effect among the phenylmethanes was reached with diphenylmethane, toluene, tri- and tetraphenylmethanes and the Sn analog, tin tetraphenyl being inactive. With the diets, carcinogens as BP or DBA at 0.10% were without effect whereas acenaphthene or fluoranthene at this level accelerated the regeneration. Although diets supplemented with anthracene or octahydroanthracene led to little change in liver increment, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, anthraquinone and anthrone comprised liver stimulants, an activity which did not extend to phenanthraquinone. Aniline and triphenylamine did not alter the control increment but diphenylamine was active as was also the case with o- and m-terphenyls, the p-isomer being ineffective. Although naphthalene lacked activity by either route, 1- and 2-phenylnaphthalenes proved stimulatory by injection and 1- and 2-naphthylamines, by diet. Among other derivatives, phenyl sulfide and its sulfoxide and sulfone were quite stimulatory in addition to heterocyclic S compound as benzothiophene, phenothiazine, phenoxathiin and thianthrene but not thianaphthene at the dietary levels screened. Several series were conducted with intact rats under the above conditions; ethyl-benzene and phenathrene injected s.c. at high levels did not alter the control dry- or wet liver-body weight ratios. The findings are summarized in Table 4."
1153887,"Little information is available on the effect of storage on hepatic mixed function oxidases. Livers from male New Zealand White rabbits were excised, frozen and maintained at -74 degrees C. Assays were conducted immediately on samples of unfrozen liver (day 0) and on thawed samples of the frozen liver at days 49, 92, 142, 181, and 221. Influence of storage on microsomal protein content, aniline hydroxylase activity, cytochrome P-450, and metabolism of digitoxigenin were determined at each time point. After day 92, homogenates gradually began losing the ability to metabolize digitoxigenin to 6beta-hydroxy-3-epidigitoxigenin, with 50% of the original activity at day 221. The amount of 3-epidigitoxigenin increased after day 92 in an amount equal to the loss of formation of 6beta-hydroxy-3-epidigitoxigenin. Microsomal protein content, aniline hydroxylase activity, and cytochrome P-450 content did not significantly change over the course of 221 days."
1153888,"A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measurement of generation angiotensin I (renin activity) in plasma is reported. The angiontensin I antisera were attached to diazotized arylamine and N-hydroxy succinimide controlled pore glass, and reacted with labelled and unlabelled angiotentin I for saturation analysis before and after one hour incubation. Chelating agents were used to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in vitro. The assay is accurate, rapid and reproducible."
1153890,"Mice were used to obtain LD50's for methamphetamine and pentobarbital at 282, 380, 760, 1520, 3040, 3800 and 4560 mm Hg of room air. The animals were allowed to stabilize at the test pressure 15 min. prior to drug injections. The lethality of both methamphetamine and pentobarbital was significantly increased over sea level determinations only at 282 mm Hg. Most previous research in this area has utilized drug injections given prior to ascent or descent. The relative lack of increased toxicity under conditions of altered atmospheric pressure observed in this study compared to previous research suggests that the temporal relationship between drug administration and pressure changes is important."
1153892,"Corticosteroid concentrations in maternal plasma from pregnant sheep and goats increased during the preoperative starvation period, anaesthesia and surgery, and reached maximum values when the animals regained consciousness. During the operation the vaginal temperature fell 2-3 degrees C. Postoperatively, corticosteroid levels took two to four days, while glucose concentrations took five to seven days in sheep and 10-12 days in goats to return to prestarvation levels. Feed intakes returned to prestarvation levles three to four days after operation in sheep and five to seven days after operation in goats."
1153893,"Fenbendazole (methyl-5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) at dose rates of 5 mg/kg and above was 100 per cent effective in eliminating a naturally acquired Dictyocaulus filaria infection in sheep. The drug was 100 per cent effective in eliminating concurrent infections of adult Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia ostertagii, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia mcmasterii, Nematodirus spathiger, Neumatodirus filcollis, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Chabertia ovina. Fenbendazole was 93 per cent and 97 per cent effective at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively in removing infection with adult T colubriformis, and post-treatment worm-egg production was completely suppressed in surviving female worms. No adverse side-effects were observed in treated sheep at either of the two dose rates used."
1153894,"Nineteen African buffalo were short in the Mara region of Kenya. Leucocytes were separated from the buffalo samples by sedimentation and centrifugation. In leucocyte smears of six buffalo, trypanosomes were detected and in two of them, high levels of phagocytosis of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense by circulating macrophages were demonstrated."
1153895,"Viable Haemonchus contortus larvae used as a source of antigen in complement fixation tests showed a decrease in antigenic potency following storage for approximately two months at 5 degrees C. In contrast, larvae killed by freezing and stored at --15 degree C showed no such decline over a similar period. It is suggested that this loss of potency with ageing may be partly responsible for increased worm populations in sheep in spring."
1153896,"Eight sheep were given daily oral doses of copper sulphate until haemolysis occurred. Three of the sheep developed further periods of haemolysis after dosing ceased. Serum enzyme and urea levels were measured throughout the experiment and compared to those obtained from three undosed control sheep. Serum enzyme levels rose prior to haemolytic crises and urea levels rose subsequent to haemolysis in animals that died or were killed in extremis. Severe morphological changes were seen in liver, kidney and brain. Tissue levels of copper and iron were markedly elevated. It is concluded that tissue damage continues even after the cessation of ingestion of copper and that the damage can be severe enough to lead to repeated haemolytic crises."
1153897,"Of 211 consecutive thoroughbred foalings, 145 satisfied a set of criteria for normal parturition and foal viability. The fetal membranes from these and from 10 pony foalings have been systematically examined morphologically and quantitatively and the findings compared to those of other authors. Five sites on the allantochorion were consistently devoid of villi. Expulsion usually occurred with the non-villous side outermost. In 24 per cent of allantochorions the non-pregant horn was of equal length or longer than the pregnant horn. These placentae tended to be shed with the villous side outermost. All membranes contained a hippomane in the allantoic cavity. Remnants of the yolk sac placenta and extra-embryonic coelom were always present. Large vestigeal yolk sacs have previously been confused with anomalous twins. In most cases the endometrial cup sites were site recognisable, usually arranged around the umbilical cord attachment. This attachment was found on the dorsal aspect of the uterine cavity either at the junction of the horns or within the pregnant hor; rarely, it was in the non-pregnant horn. A degree of twistng of the umbilical cord is normal. In 6.2 per cent of cords small urachal dilatations were noted, resulting from flight stenosis of the urachal luman at the site of a twist. Ninety-five per cent of cords measured between 36 and 83 cm."
1153898,"The oral and intra-osseous development of each of the six manidibular cheek teeth found in the permanent dentition of cattle was studied. The animals used were all British Friesians, of varying sex, and slaughtered at different weights at ages between 13 and 22 months. The various stages of development observed in each tooth together with the mean age and age range at which they were seen are recorded. Significant differences were found between the ages at which several of the developmental stages were seen in most of the teeth and indicated that tooth formation in the Friesian cattle studied tended to fall within well defined age limits."
1153899,"Significant resistance to a second infection with Fasciola hepatica was obtained in splenectomised and sham operated rats (P less than 0.001, 78 and 76 per cent respectively) when compared with singly infected splenectomised or sham operated control groups. For both the stimulating and challenge infections, there were no significant differences in the number of flukes recovered from rats that had been splenectomised as compared to those receiving the sham operation. Thus, splenectomy did not significantly affect the ability of rats to develop an acquired immunity to F hepatica, nor were fluke recoveries from a particular schedule of infection significantly affected by the presence of absence of a spleen. It is concluded that the presence of a spleen is not necessary for the development of acquired immunity to F hepatica in the rat."
1153900,"In the pig, needle renal biopsy proved a safe and simple procedure which caused little discomfort to the animal. It proved a valuable method for following serial changes in renal histology and can therefore be applied to the study of both spontaneous and experimental renal diseases in pigs."
1153901,"Chicks with fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were given oral doses of one of the following test solutions: water, glucose, maltose, starch. Plasma glucose concentration was measured during the four subsequent hours. All FLKS-affected chicks were hypoglycaemic before treatment. Although in some cases plasma glucose concentration increased slightly in the FLSK-chicks given water alone, significantly greater increases were invariably observed following the administration of carbohydrate to sick birds. Results obtained from dietary experiments in which starch was replaced by glucose in a ration causing high mortality from the syndrome revealed no beneficial effect due to the substitution. It was concluded that FLKS does not involve any major impairmant of carbohydrate digestion or absorption."
1153902,"Chicks were injected, from one to 21 days of age, with either L-adrenaline (500 mug/kg) or the solvent three times a week. Birds treated with adrenaline showed an imparied growth rate. Relative (mg/kg0.75), but not absolute (mg) adrenal weight was significantly increased. No changes in adrenal cholesterol content or concentration were noted."
1153903,"In vitro techniques have been developed to study the invasive processes of Fasciola gigantica. The conditions necessary for excystment were identical with those required by F hepatica. The ability of larvae to penetrate mouse gut in vitro was influenced by the composition of the fluid within the gut, and by the region of gut wall to which the larvae were exposed. Larvae remained viable on spleen cell monolayers for at least 60 days."
1153904,"In vitro techniques have been developed to study the invasive processes of Fasciola gigantica. The conditions necessary for excystment were identical with those rquired by F hepatica. The ability of larvae to penetrate mouse gut in vitro was influenced by the composition of the fluid within the gut, and by the region of gut wall to which the larvae were exposed. Larvae remained viable on spleen cell monolayers for at least 60 days."
1153917,"The growth-hormone-release-inhibiting hormone somatostatin was infused in seven juvenile diabetic subjects during an arginine infusion test and in six juvenile diabetic subjects during an L-dopa stimulation test. The plasma growth hormone response to arginine and L-dopa was completely inhibited by somatostatin. The plasma pancreatic glucagon response to arginine was also inhibited by somatostatin. The plasma pancreatic glucagon level was not changed by L-dopa, but somatostatin induced a significant fall in this level. The plasma glucose increase after arginine and L-dopa administration was slightly inhibited by somatostatin. The arginine-induced fall in free fatty acids was prevented by somatostatin, and the L-dopa-induced rise in free fatty acids was enhanced by somatostatin. The growth hormone- and glucagon-surppressive effect of somatostatin may prove useful in controlling the metabolic state and in preventing the development of angiopathy in diabetic patients. A somatostatin preparation with prolonged activity is needed for lifelong administration, but the presently available compound may be of value as an adjunct in the standard treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and coma."
1153918,"The catabolism of 5'-adenine nucleotides in the cortex of the rabbit kidney was studied during normothermic and hypothermic ischaemia. Changes were found in the cortical content of ATP, ADP, AMP, and SAN (the sum of 5'-adenine nucleotides) during ischaemia; those changes were delayed by hypothermia. The loss of SAN was found to be significantly correlated to the duration of normothermic as well as hypothermic ischaemia. The oxypurines hypoxanthine and xanthine and the nucleoside inosine were shown to be the final products of the catabolism of 5'-adenine nucleotides. An accumulation of hypoxanthine-xanthine and inosine in the tissue and a corresponding excretion in the perfusion fluid occurred simultaneously with the catabolism of 5'-adenine nucleotides, in equivalent amounts. It is concluded that determination of the amount of oxypurines excreted during kidney preservation is an indirect measure of the loss of SAN in the tissue, and a reflection of the changes in the metabolic state."
1153919,Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and renal venous renin activity (RVRA) were determined for the two kidneys separately before and after intravenous administration of dihydralazine in 50 cases of suspected unilateral renovascular hypertension. A ratio above 1.4 between the ERPFs of the two kidneys and an RVRA ratio above 1.5 were used as signs of lateralization. The two procedures showed agreement about presence or absence of lateralization in 36 cases before and 44 after dihydralazine administration. Eleven patients underwent surgery. ERPF and the changes in ERPF induced by dihydralazine gave important prognostic and preoperative information. Data on renin release rates are presented.
1153920,"The extraction of triglycerides (TG) by the working forearm was determined in eight healthy fasting men, both by the measurement of chemical arterial-deep venous (a-dv) TG differences and by the a-dv differences in TG radioactivity after endogenous labeling with tritiated palmitate. Measurements were made before and then during nicotinic acid infusion. Correction for plasma water shift in the forearm vasculature was made by estimating the (125I)albumin activity after an intravenous injection. The overall mean value +/- S.E.M. without and with nicotinic acid was for TG arterial concentration (mumol/1) 713 +/- 153 and 695 +/- 140, TG a-dv concentration difference (mumol/1)-14 +/- 7 and -6 +/- 4, TG arterial radioactivity (cpm/ml) 1650 +/- 469 and 1471 +/- 342, TG a-dv radioactivity difference 12 +/- 24 and -2 +/- 13. The average standard errors for the determinations of triglycerides were 0.85% and 1.5% for the chemical and the isotope methods, respectively. In conclusion, no significant average a-dv difference in TG concentration as determined by either the chemical or the isotope method was detected. With the standard errors achieved, however, a-dv differences of less than around 20 mumol/lcould not be discovered. Such an extraction of endogenous plasma TG could, if oxidized, account for about 25% of the oxygen extraction by the eercising forearm."
1153921,"Free triiodothyronine (T3) in serum has been measured directly in dialysates of serum, using a wick chromatographic radioimmunoassay. Adequate sensitivity was attained by the use of [1251]T3 with very high specific activity (2,000 to 3,000 muCi/mug). Sera were dialysed against a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer modified so as to be similar to plasma water. Dialysis took place under carefully controlled circumstances. The influence on the equilibrium of total to free T3 of temperature, serum dilution, and dialysis time was studied. By the present method, free T3 in serum from groups of subjects including 20 men, 10 women taking oral contraceptives, and 20 women with normal menstrual cycles were identical, averaging 5.2 pg/ml. A chromatographic radioimmunoassay of total T3 using high specific activity [1251]T3 and very small test samples is also described."
1153922,"A method is described for the determination of metabolites in liver biopsy samples. Normal values of lactate, pyruvate, and adenine nucleotide content of human liver are presented. Infusion of D-fructose, 5.9 mmol9kg-minus l.h-minus l, for 70 min resulted in a 22.5 per cent decrease of the adenine nucleotide pool (mainly by ATP depletion), increased content of fructose 1-phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. The extent of adenine nucleotide depletion varied greatly between subjects and appeared related to the degree of increase in plasma urate. Infusion of glucose at the same rate did not affect the hepatic content of adenine nucleotides."
1153923,"A procedure for determination of serum alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) in diethanolamine (DEA) buffer with an AutoAnalyzer II apparatus was designed. The buffer used was 1.0 mol/l DEA-HC buffer, pH 9.8 at 37 degree C, containing 0.5 mmol/l of MgCl2 and 10 mmol/l of substrate 4-nitrophenyl-phosphate. The reaction time was about 3 min at 37 degree C. The enzyme activity (U/l) was calculated by determining the amount of 4-nitrophenol formed in reaction. A sampling rate of 70 samples per hour can be used with good linearity up to 1000 U/l. The results obtained by the new continuous-flow system were compared with those measured by the kinetic method according to the Scandinavian recommendation (10). A close correlation between the two methods was observed."
1153924,"The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1, L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutartate aminotransferase, ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2, L-alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, ALAT) were determined in the sera of 1484 apparently healthy subjects using kinetic methods according to the Scandinavian recommendation (33). In the adult sera the mean activity of ASAT was 21.4"
1153925,"The degree of mineralization can be evaluated from the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio in bone biopsies. A small but significant rise in the ratio with increasing age was observed in 137 persons without bone diseases, aged from 20 to 89 years. No significant difference between men and women was found with regard to the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio. The study indicates that with increasing age, in addition to senile osteopenia, there is also a change in the form of an increase in the degree of mineralization."
1153927,"Ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum by a subserous injection of 0.3 ml of a 20% acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres 15 plus or minus 5 mu in diameter and labelled with 169Yb were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach. Approximately 2-3 million microspheres were injected into the left ventricle of the heart. Simultaneously a blood sample was drawn from the distal aorta at a flow of 1 ml/min. Standardized tissue samples were punched from the lesser curvature and the anterior and posterior walls of the antrum, corpus, and fundus. In each sample the mucosa was separated from the muscularis. The radioactivity of the blood and tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. Three groups of animals were examined: 1) anaesthetized control animals, 2) animals laparotomized one week before examination, 3) animals with a one-week ulcer. In the control animals the blood flow was found to be the same in corresponding regions of the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach. The flow was slightly lower in the antrum than the fundus. The flow was similar in the different regions of the muscularis. The muscularis flow was markedly lower than the mucosa flow. In the laparotomized animals the blood flow was found to be increased in the muscularis of the corpus. In the ulcer animals the mucosa flow was increased in the anterior wall of the antrum, and the muscularis flow was increased in the antrum and the anterior wall of the corpus."
1153928,"The effects of fasting and feeding and pilocarpine on Paneth cells (PC) of the mouse were studied by labelling the secretory granules of PC with dopamine and by counting the number of granules. Pilocarpine stimulated the extrusion of granules from the cytoplasm of the cells and significantly decreased their number, whereas fasting for 2 days significantly increased the granule count of cells. Standard food did not have any effect on PC of the duodenum, whereas in the jejunum resuming eating after 2 days fasting significantly decreased the number of granules when compared with the mice deprived of the food."
1153929,"The examinations were performed on 10 medical students, 22-23 years old, of whom 5 were women. Directed biopsies were taken from the antral mucosa and the mucosa of the greater and lesser curvatures, average number being 6.7. Gastroscopy showed a normal mucosal folding in all students. None had mucosal reddening or mucus covering of more than slight grades. The examination concluded with a normal gastric mucosa in 4 and probably normal in 2 students. In 4 students a superficial gastritis was supposed to be present. Bioptical histology showed a normal mucosa in the antrum in 6 students, at the lesser curvature in 7, and at the greater curvature in 8 students. In the others a slight superficial gastritis in the antral mucosa. There was a fairly good correlation between the gastroscopic observations and the findings by histology on directed biopsy in 6 of the students."
1153930,"In an attempt to examine the response of the ileal mucosa to different noxious environments and to correlate the results with findings in human continent ileostomy reservoirs, cat intestine was subjected to various operative procedures: first, ileal reservoirs were constructed in continuity with the small intestine, a technique that was slightly different from that employed in human subjects, and secondly, segments or patches of ileum were transposed to the colon, the urinary bladder, or the jejunum. Morphometric evaluation was subsequently performed on these samples. The mucosa of the reservoir revealed a decrease in villus height accompanied by an increased mitotic index. Identical changes were observed when ileal segments or patches were inserted in the colon, whilst transposition to the urinary bladder resulted in similar but more pronounced alterations. When ileal patches from the colon or urinary bladder were replaced in the jejunum, the villi were once again enlarged. The epithelial cells remained normal in all cases except following transposition to the urinary bladder, where flattening of the cells or partial denudation of the villus tips was encountered. The changes observed represent a classical hyper-regenerative transformation of the mucosa, and correspond closely with the changes recorded in human continent ileostomy reservoirs. Furthermore, the reversibility of such alterations has been demonstrated. The experimental design permitted the exclusion of intraluminal pressure, dilatation, and nervous and vascular derangements as the cause of the transformation; it is concluded that the intraluminal environment is the factor most probably responsible for such structural alterations."
1153931,"A regional epidemiologic investigation comprising one-tenth of the Danish population showed that from 1963 to 1968 the annual incidence of new duodenal ulcer cases averaged 1.4 per 1000 inhabitants aged 15 years and over. The corresponding incidence of new cases in previous ""non-ulcer"" patients was 1.3 per 1000 inhabitants. Similar incidence rates have been registered in England and Norway, while rates from Scotland are much higher. The total frequency and age fractions were constant during the period. The male:female ratio was 2.2 to 1, but varied with the morphologic base of the diagnosis. Thus, the sex ratio for pyloric ulcers was 1:1. The sex ratio generally was not influenced by the patient's age. The age-specific incidence rates increased in an almost linear manner in men and in women from the age of 15 to the maximum age of 75-79 years, where it reached 3 per 1000. The clinical debut of duodenal ulcer in males showed conversely an equal incidence in all age groups over 20 years. In females the corresponding probability rates increased until 40 years of age, after which they remained constant."
1153932,"An esterase activity was purified from rat pancreatic juice by DEAE cellulose chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and filtration through Sephadex G-100. After this procedure the enzyme was purified 200 times with a yield of 12%. The enzyme had a molecular weight of around 70,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.0. It had a wide substrate specificity and hydrolysed water-soluble esters as well as water-insoluble esters when dispersed with bile salt. Bile salt strongly stimulated the esterase activity, caused aggregation of the enzyme monomer into a polymer form, and protected the activity against proteolytic inactivation. On the basis of the low substrate specificity, the enzyme should be classified as a carboxylic esterase. It most probably is identical with sterolester hydrolase."
1153933,"Liver biopsy and liver function tests were performed in 17 obese patients before and 14 months after intestinal shunt operation for obesity. In another 20 patients liver biopsy was performed postoperative only, in 12 patients preoperatively only. Steatosis was present in 85 per cent. of the patients before the operation. After the operation steatosis decreased in half the patients and increased in the other half. In patients with biopsy twice postoperatively there was a significant trend of decreasing steatosis up to 56 months after the operation. No patient developed cirrhosis during the time of observation. Within the first postoperative year there was a substantial and significant increase in serum alanine-aminotransferase and a minor increase in alkaline phosphatases and BSP. There was no correlation between the rate of weight loss and the change in steatosis or liver function."
1153934,"During a 10-year period toxic megacolon occurred in 21 patients out of 296 with ulcerative colitis. The majority had a brief history, and half were over 40 years. A barium enema, which presumably may provoke dilatation of the colon, had been performed within the past week in 8 cases. The ulcerative colitis involved the entire colon in 85%, whereas the dilatation affected predominantly the transverse segment. Fourteen patients were on steroid medication when the dilatation developed. Operation was indicated in 20 patients (colectomy with ileostomy and preserved rectum). Six patients died postoperatively, half of pulmonary complications. Only one death occurred among 6 patients with perforation of the colon. Postoperative complications arose in 80%. Both complication rate and mortality were independent of steroid medication. Mortality was lowest among patients treated by a team of internists and surgeons specialized in gastroenterology. This was presumably due to an earlier recognition of the colonic dilatation, intensive medical treatment of severe attacks even before the dilatation had developed, and careful supervision for timing the operation, which should never be delayed in favour of attempts at steroid treatment."
1153935,X-ray examination of the small bowel was performed in 52 patients by means of the conventional barium meal as well as the duodenal intubation method - Sellink modification - as a comparative study. The visualization of the jejunum and ileum except the terminal ileum was significantly better by the Sellink method compared to the routine examination. The intubation modification seems to be a valuable diagnostic supplement.
1153936,"Before 1 February 1967 patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis were usually operated on after a prolonged period of medical treatment, and the mortality was 22%. During a 7-year period, beginning 1 February 1967, early colectomy has been perfomed in 21 patients with toxic megacolon and 58 patients with fulminating colitis. Immediate mortality in these 79 patients was 1.2% (one death). Two more patients died in connection with secondary operations. Thus the overall operative mortality in the present series was 3.7%."
1153937,"A method for measurement of gastrin in gastric mucosa has been developed, and distribution of gastrin in the stomach of pig, dog, cat, rabbit, and man was examined. Measurable amounts of gastrin were found in corpus of all species, but the content in the antrum was considerably higher. The highest concentration of gastrin was seen in man. The borderline between corpus and antrum was abrupt, and in both parts of the stomach gastrin was evenly distributed. In 44 patients with duodenal ulcer the antral gastrin concentration was 21.3 mug eqv. per g mucosa, in 15 patients with prepyloric ulcer 23.0, in 10 patients with gastric ulcer 5.9, and in 16 patients with gastric carcinoma 7.9. The control group consisted of 10 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with minor abdominal complaints. Mean antral gastrin concentrations were 28.1 and 20.7 respectively. No significant relationship was observed between PAO and gastrin content of antral mucosa in any group."
1153938,"Experimental studies carried out in 11 dogs have shown that, with the aid of a high frequency diathermy probe, satisfactory papillotomies can be performed. On the basis of these results, endoscopic papillotomies have been carried out in 23 patients. Indications for papillotomy were biliary calculi in 11 high-risk patients, in 6 cases calculi overlooked during bile duct surgery, and in 3 patients recurrent calculi after previous cholecystectomy. In 3 patients circumscribed papillary stenosis indicated endoscopic papillotomy. Papillotomy was successful in all 23 cases. In 9 cases the calculi had been passed spontaneously after 3-5 days. In 10 patients the stones had to be extracted using the Dormia basket or a wire loop, and in one patient the stone had to be removed surgically. In one of these patients endoscopic papillotomy was followed by an attack of pancreatitis which subsided after 3 days. Further complications, in particular the occurrence of massive bleeding after papillotomy, were not observed."
1153939,"Following a standard test meal, tryptic activity was measured in the duodenal aspirate in 26 cases of giardiasis. Twenty normal subjects were studied to serve as controls. The mean of tryptic activity values in the control and giardiasis group was 17.1 muEq/min/ml (S.D. +/- 1.4) and 12.3 muEq/min/ml (S.D. +/- 6.9) respectively. The difference in the two groups was highly significant (p less than 0.01). Out of 10 patients who showed decreased tryptic activity, 9 were restudied after eradication of the parasite and the tryptic activity returned to normal in all of them. The post treatment values were significantly higher than the pretreatment values (p less than 0.01)."
1153940,"For three years (1970-72) endoscopic gastric biopsies from 883 lesions in 862 patients were histologically examined, every single biopsy (4088) separately. In 38% of the cases, namely 142 malignant and 194 benign lesions, the diagnoses could be verified. If the criterion for a positive examination was that one of the biopsies showed unambigous carcinoma, the sensitivity of the examination was 76%, the specificity 99%, the PVpos 98%, and the PVneg 85% for the first examination, using the terms of Vecchio. If the biopsy diagnoses carcinoma with some uncertaincy and precancerous biopsies were considered positive too, and if all examinations prior to verification were included, the corresponding figures were 88%, 98%, 97%, and 91%. The most common number of biopsies used in an examination for diagnosing carcinoma was 4 (range 1-11). Fewer biopsies were used if the carcinomas were localized to the whole stomach, were protruded or had a largest diameter of more than 7 cm. The characteristic 'protruded' was the only tumour criterion which significantly was found most common among positive examinations. Ulcer-like carcinomas were common among the false negative. On the basis of pathoanatomy no special number of biopsies to be taken per examination could be recommended."
1153941,"Human gallbladder epithelium was disintegrated to complete loss of microscopic structure. The material obtained - an extract - was incubated at 37 degrees C together with a mixture of lecithin and lysolecithin, phospholipids known to be present in bile. During such incubation a change in the phospholipid composition occurred, indicating that lecithin was converted to lysolechitin. This conversion increased in the presence of CaCl2. Heating the disintegrated epithelium (70 degrees C for 10 min at pH 4) considerably increased the phospholipid conversion. The results are consistent with the presence of phospholipase A activity in human gallbladder epithelium. The possible significance of this activity is discussed in view of the inflammation-mediating activity of lysolecithin in the gallbladder epithelium."
1153942,"Sodium carboxyl-14C acetylsalicylate was injected intravenously into fasted rats in which gastric secretion was either inhibited by atropine or stimulated by histamine. After one hour blood samples and specimens from the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa, muscle, liver, and kidney were taken. The 14C activity in the blood and specimens was determined by liquid scintillation counting after combustion. The drug concentration was lowest in muscle and gastric mucosa, intermediate in the liver, and highest in the kidney, where it equalled that in the blood. The concentrations were proportional to the amount of drug injected in all the examined tissues. There was no difference between rats given histamine and those given atropine. The secretory state of the gastric mucosa thus did not affect the concentration of the drug in this tissue when acetylsalicylate was given intravenously."
1153943,"Glucagon concentrations in the portal and peripheral venous blood were measured in 3 patients after an ordinary meal. A brief increase in glucagon concentration was found in the portal blood but not in the peripheral blood. As the glucose concentrations rose, the glucagon levels fell. The secretion of pancreatic glucagon therefore seems to depend largely on the blood glucose level."
1153944,"Although it has been shown that gastrin and gastric alkalinization affect the lower esophageal sphincter, in vivo studies have not demonstrated a measurable effect of pentagastrin on esophageal peristalsis. In 9 patients with diffuse esophageal spam and in 10 control subjects esophageal peristalsis was recorded before and after pentagastrin infections. Subcutaneous pentagastrin increased peak amplitude significantly more in patients, 31.2 +/- 8.1 mm Hg (mean +/- S.E.M.), than in controls, 12.1 +/- 5.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.02). Max. duration of contraction waves in patients showed a rise of 11.3 +/- 2.7 sec as compared to controls, 1.9 +/- 0.9 sec (P less than 0.01). The effect of pentagastrin on esophageal peristalsis in patients with diffuse esophageal spasm may be explained as denervation supersensitivity."
1153945,"Urinary indican excretion was studied in 5 patients with steatorrhoea of pancreatic origin, 4 patients with steatorrhoea due to other causes, and 5 normal subjects. Treatment with pancreatic extract resulted in an immediate increase in indican excretion to above the normal range in patients with steatorrhoea due to pancreatic insufficiency. Administration of pancreatic extract did not result in a rise in the patients with steatorrhoea not due to pancreatic insufficiency, or in the normal subjects. In one patient with pancreatic insufficiency maintained on a low protein diet, the rise in indican excretion on replacement therapy was much slower and did not reach as high a level as in the patients on a normal protein diet. The possible mechanisms underlying these observations are discussed. It is suggested that the finding of a low indican excretion in the presence of steatorrhoea and its rise to above normal on pancreatic enzyme therapy is strongly suggestive of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency."
1153946,"Four patients are described in whom anicteric hepatitis appeared to be related to the use of nitrofurantoin. All the patients had increased serum transaminase levels, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and liver biopsies suggestive of chronic active hepatitis. Three patients showed cirrhotic features in the biopsy and two had circulating albumin-IgG-complexes ('tailing-albumin'). The serum transaminases became normal within weeks after withdrawal of the drug whereas the hypergammaglobulinaemia and the liver biopsy findings persisted essentially unchanged during two to six months of observation. One patient was re-challenged with nitrofurantoin, which resulted in recurrence of elevated serum transaminases after nine weeks medication."
1153947,"Jejunal biopsies from 19 adult Greenland Eskimos were studied regarding disaccharidases, two intracellular beta-galactosidases, and morphological appearance. Fifteen of the patients (79%) had low lactase activity, and 3 of these (16%) had sucrase-isomaltase deficiency as well. Two patients had low trehalase activity. Microscopical appearance was essentially normal in all the biopsies, except for a certain stromal plasma cell infiltration. All the patients with low lactase activity had a measurable residual activity of brush border lactase, which was localized in the middle and apical parts of villi, as normally seen for digestive enzymes. Lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase and cytosol hetero beta-galactosidase were not altered. In the patients with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency there was a complete absence of active sucrase-isomaltase complex. The residual maltase, as well as the very weak residual isomaltase, was exerted exclusively by the heat stable maltases (maltase II and III). The material is the first one in which multiple, but not generalized disaccharidase deficiencies are demonstrated."
1153948,"Closed duodenal loop was created in the rat by obstructing the duodenum on both sides of the common bile duct. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis developed in these animals within 24 hours. Increased serum amylase activity, pancreatic acinar cell necrosis, pancreatic oedema and haemorrhages, and intra-abdominal fat necroses, together with formation of ascites fluid containing high levels of amylase, were observed in the experimental animals. The findings support the view that reflux of the duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct is an important early pathogenetic mechanism in the development of acute pancreatitis. The closed-loop technique in the rat offers a simple and reliable experimental model for studies on acute pancreatitis."
1153949,"This study represents a prospective, epidemiologic study dealing with patients from a geographically well-defined area of Denmark who had both a gastric and a duodenal ulcer diagnosed during the years 1963-1968. The average annual incidence of new cases was 1.6 per 10,000 inhabitants aged 15 years and over, which is a higher incidence than any registered so far, especially compared with the frequencies of solitary gastric and duodenal ulcers. The incidence was 20 times as high as might be expected if the occurrence of the syndrome was incidental only. In both sexes the incidence increased with age in a manner similar to that seen in solitary gastric ulcers. The male:female ratio was 2.2:1. The incidence of cases in which both ulcers appeared simultaneously at the first 'positive' diagnostic examination was 0.7 per 10,000 at risk. Certain observations indicate, however, that even in those cases, the two ulcer components have arisen at different times."
1153950,"Nine different serum proteins from 50 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis were quantitated by means of Laurell's rocket-electrophoresis. The periods of study extended for up to five years. Twenty-six patients were seen at brief intervals from days up to two months; 18 patients were seen at intervals from two to six months. As surgical intervention was urgently required in six cases, few determinations were made in these patients. The disease was classified into five phases according to its clinical activity (as assessed by temperature, blood via the rectum, and number of episodes of diarrhoea). The phases are designated: active febrile; active afebrile; unstable; remission; and restitution. The concentrations of orosomucoid and haptoglobin were found to rise in parallel with intensified clinical activity, while the concentration of pre-albumin falls, thus making these proteins particularly useful for determining changes in the clinical status of the patients. The concentration of pre-albumin during the active phase was especially useful in cases where it was to be decided whether or not surgery was indicated. Concentrations of orosomucoid and IgG were not as useful as pre-albumin in these cases. In patients who escaped operation, the concentration of pre-albumin was seen to rise from low values up to normal before clinical improvement set in."
1153951,"The concentration of benzylpenicillin has been studied in serum and in homogenates of the subcutaneous tissue from abdominal operation wounds in 13 patients who underwent surgery of the colon and/or rectum. An intravenous bolus of 5 megaunits benzylpenicillin gave rise to a serum median concentration of 128.0 i.u./ml and a corresponding tissue median concentration of 29.6 i.u./ml in the operation wound. The serum concentration never fell below the tissue level in sequential periods, and a significant correlation between the concentrations in serum and tissue supports a hypothesis of penetration of penicillin into the wound tissue by diffusion. The results indicate that administration of benzylpenicillin initiated at the time of colo-rectal surgery ensures concentrations in the operation wound inhibitory to a variety of contaminating bacteria, thus being an adjunct to the tissue defences in combating the development of postoperative wound infection."
1153952,"The pool size, half life, and daily production rate of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was determined by the isotope dilution method upon intravenous injections of about 10 muCI OF 24-14C-CDCA in 7 patients with radiolucent gallstones in functioning gallbladders, and 9 healthy controls. Bile was obtained by duodenal intubation. The method also allowed measurement of the CDCA percentage of total bile acids (TBA) and an indirect calculation of the TBA pool size. The pool size and daily production rate of CDCA were slightly, but not significantly, diminished in the gallstone patients. The half life of CDCA was almost equal in the 2 groups. The CDCA percentage of TBA was significantly higher in the gallstone patients (0.02 less than P less than 0.05), and the TBA pool size was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the gallstone patients. It is concluded that the CDCA metabolism is similar to that of cholic acid in gallstone patients. Thus the formation of gallstones is hardly due to specific alterations in CDCA metabolism, suspected on account of the specific cholelitholytic effect of CDCA ingestion. The significance of increased CDCA percentage in bile is discussed in relation to the results from other study groups, and it is pointed out that a relative increase in the bile content of dihydroxy bile acids may lead to reduced cholesterol holding capacity of bile, and thus favor the formation of gallstones."
1153953,"Human endothelial cells were isolated from the umbilical cord vein by collagenase treatment and cultured for periods up to 6 weeks. The cultured cells were identified as endothelium by cell morphology and growth pattern, the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies, and their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes (Hirschberg et al 1974). Cultured fibroblast-like cells derived from the umbilical cord were clearly different in all three respects. Approximately one third of the primary endothelial cultures showed clear evidence of proliferation during the first 3-4 days in culture as judged by cell counting. Replicating ability in a culture was correlated with cell density at the time of seeding. Autoradiography of endothelial cells after exposure to 3-H-thymidine showed a 30-fold increase in nuclear labelling from day 1 to day 3 in culture. The endothelial cells have so far been subcultured three times."
1153954,"A new case of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency was described. - A 9 year-old male patient was hospitalized because of anaemia, jaundice and splenomegaly. Diagnosis was made primarily on the basis of the erythrocyte enzyme studies. Because the pyruvate kinase of this patient demonstrated certain different characteristics from the other variants described previously, it was tentatively designated PK ""Maebashi""."
1153955,"Spleen size, stomatocytosis, macrothrombocytopenia, haemoglobin level, white cell count, and abdominal pain episodes were assessed in a coded study of healthy Mediterranean immigrants to Australia. Spleen size was estimated from a length measurement, L, on a standardized plain abdominal radiograph and expressed both as spleen weight and as a spleen length index, L/square root BSA; the platelet count and size parameters were determined electronically and the presence of stomatocytes was evaluated in stained blood films. In relation to 16 Northern European control women 12 of 25 Mediterranean women had radiographic splenomegaly, 10 had macrothrombocytopenia, 9 had stomatocytosis, but none had episodes of abdominal pain. The median spleen weights of the two groups were estimated as 157 and 247 g with ranges from percentile 2.3 to 97.7 of 75 to 328 and 112 to 669 g. Within the Mediterranean group splenomegaly correlated with macrothrombocytopenia (P less than 0.001) but not with stomatocytosis, haemoglobin values or white cell counts. Thus, mild splenomegaly may be expected in Mediterranean macrothrombocytopenia, Mediterranean stomatocytosis appears unrelated, and all of these apparently benign anomalies may be incidental findings in patients from the Italian and Balkan peninsulas."
1153957,A potent inhibitor of factor V was discovered in a middle aged woman shortly after streptomycin therapy. The patient suffered from severe bleeding over a period of 10 days and the inhibitor was demonstrable for 6 weeks. By use of specific antisera the anticoagulant was found to be of an IgG nature. In agar electrophoresis the inhibitor mowed with the immunoglobulin fraction and was separable from factor V activity in the pathological plasma although no factor V activity was demonstrable in untreated patient plasma. It is suggested that this method should be used to distinguish between cases of inhibitors in patients with congenital factor V deficiency and cases of transient inhibitors in patients with normal factor V production.
1153958,"In a patient with eosinophilic leukaemia, serial chromosome studies using the Giemsa banding technique revealed a similar marker chromosome, identified as an isochromosome 17, in all bone marrow metaphases analysed. There was no Ph-1-chromosome. The cytogenetic data support the view that eosinophilic leukaemia is a specific disease entity, and suggest that both eosinophilic and neutrophilic cells are involved in the leukaemic process."
1153959,"Cell-mediated immunity of lymphocytes to group A, type T 12, streptococcal cell wall extract was evaluated by measurement of DNA synthesis in cultures of lymphocytes from healthy controls and from glomerulonephritic patients. Cells from adult healthy persons regularly responded to this antigen, whereas cord blood lymphocytes did not. Several additional experiments suggested that the response in normal controls was due to a specific immune response and was not caused by a nonspecific mitogenic effect of the cell wall antigens. In a group of 17 patients with progressive glomerulonephritis (PGN) and 10 with nonprogressive glomerulonephritis (IRGN) the level of response was comparable to that of healthy controls. In the PGN group the response was significantly lower after 4 days, but this difference disappeared after 6 days. Thus, this method failed to differentiate between health and disease. The presence of anti-streptococcal cell wall antigen antibodies was tested using a passive hemagglutination technique. Only 1 of 6 controls had a demonstrable antibody titer, whereas 15 of 26 nephritic patients had detectable antibodies and 10 of them had titers greater than 1/64. Our findings suggest the possibility of a relationship between streptococcal bacteria and progressive glomerulonephritis."
1153975,"Estimates of medical need in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are rarely based on data from population surveys. In a population survey of RA in Stockholm City, 293 RA sufferers were identified in four random samples of four age-groups in the adult population, age-range 31-74 years. The influence of age, sex, and severity of disease on the number of pervious hospital admissions was slight, indicating that diagnosis, rather than rehabilitation, is the impetus to hospital admission. Hospital patient inventories might give quite misleading information as to need. Need for hospital admission, out-atient care, reconstructive surgery, ADL-devices, physical therapy, and rehousing were all considered. 17% of the RA group accounted for 48% of the need. Steinbrocker functional classes I and II contributed to 61% of individuals in need of hospital care greatly exceeded those previously having enjoyed such care and possible availabel resources. Estimates of need for outpatient care for joint disease exceeded provided treatment by only 1.7 times. It is concluded that the psychological distance between doctor's decision to choose inpatient or outpatient treatment in the case of RA is generally fairly short. Figures are given for estimates of need based on a population of 100 000 with known age and sex distribution and prevalence of disease."
1153976,"The prevalence rate of hyperostosis, defined as the presence of complete bony bridges linking two vertebrae in at least two separate sites in the dorsal spine, was studied in a sample of some 9 000 persons who were 40 years of age or older and were representative of the general population of Finland. The standardized rates of hyperostosis were 3.8% for men and 2.6% for women. The prevalence rates rose sharply with age, and depending on the age group, the male-female ratio varied between 1.4 and 2.1. The adjusted rate of hyperostosis was higher in East Finland than elsewhere. There was a suggestion of hyperostosis being associated with a higher mortality rate as judged by regional variations and by analysis of matched case-controled pairs. There was no evidence that locomotor symptoms occurred in excess in subjects with hyperostosis; nor was prior traumatic experience more common."
1153978,"The blood concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, lead and chromium were measured in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in a ""normal"" control group. The values of hemoglobin and the effect of some drugs on the metals studied were also estimated. In metal analyses the atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique was used. The mean concentration of copper in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly higher than in the control group. This was not true in females taking conteceptive drugs that cause elevated serum copper concentrations. Chromium concentrations were significantly lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The mean concentrations of zinc was higher in rheumatoid females than in female controls. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and lead were not found to be different in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from those in the control group."
1153980,"An account is given of a viscometer which can be used for measuring the viscosity of synovial fluid when only small quantities are avaliable (0.15 ml) and taking into account the non-Newtonian character of the fluid. A technical description of the apparatus is given. A series of experiments are reported in which bovine synovial fluid was used to study whether and what changes took place in connection with storage, alterations in temperature, and post mortem. It was shown that storage at 4 degrees C for up to 2 weeks did not cause any particular changes, that alterations in temperature from room temperature to body temperature resulted in a moderate decrease in the relative viscosity, and that changes found 6 hours post mortem seemed to be insignificant. The conclusion drawn from the experiments is that the apparatus can be regarded as suitable for use in a more comprehensive study of the changes in viscosity which occur in various joint diseases."
1154010,"The need for adequate methods of measuring symptoms in obsessional disorders is stressed, particularly since, owing to the comparative rarity of the condition, a multicentre approach will be necessary if controlled studies are envisaged. A new method of measurement, the Lynfield Obsessional/Compulsive Questionnaire, is described. The questionnaire is derived from the Leyton Obsessional Inventory and may be of value in showing response to treatment."
1154009,One of the major problems encountered in research into the value of a new treatment for obsessional states is the small number of patients seen in any one centre. Another problem is the great diversity of symptoms which obsessional patients display. These two problems may be partly overcome by the use of the method of rating devised by Shapiro. The technique is described and its application to the treatment of obsessional disorders illustrated.
1154011,"A brief rating scale for use in assessing patients with phobic and obsessional states is presented. The scale concentrates on the measurements of general anxiety, avoidance, interference and physiological accompaniments in phobias and an anxiety, resistance and interference in obsessions. It also includes a section on other psychiatric symptoms."
1154012,"Research into the effect of treatment on phobic and obsessional disorders has been hampered by the need for agreed and acceptable criteria in clinical evaluation and therapeutic comparison. Methods of measurement now available, including two recently developed scales, are described."
1154013,"In a small series of patients, suffering from obsessional disorders, it was found that there seems to be a type of depression which occurs during the course of clomipramine therapy. As clomipramine is an antidepressant, this may seem to be an anomaly but it is suggested that depression is secondary to agitation and tension which are recognised side-effects of clomipramine. The patients nevertheless showed improvement in their obsessional symptomatology. The finding seems to reinforce the view that clomipramine has an antiobsessional effect which is distinct from its antidepressant property."
1154014,The results of intravenous clomipramine therapy in 118 patients suffering from obsessional syndromes and phobic anxiety states are reviewed. A remarkable consistency of improvement was observed especially in those patients suffering from obsessional symptoms. Better results were obtained in patients lacking hysterical personality traits. A brief reference is made to a pilot study involving the use of the 16PF personality test in assessing the effect of clomipramine.
1154015,"In the assessment of phobic and obsessional states three approaches have been adopted--self rating scales, observer rating scales and physiological measurements. A comprehensive approach utilising all methods is suggested in the evaluation of new treatment techniques."
1154016,"A pilot study of the use of Anafranil in the treatment of phobic disorders is described. Twenty-two patients were included in the investigation, 16 receiving intravenous and oral Anafranil combined and six oral Anafranil alone. After one month, four were free of phobic symptoms and 13 only mildly disabled. At six month follow-up 10 were free of symptoms and seven only mildly disabled."
1154017,"A multicentre clinical trial of clomipramine in the treatment of obsessional and phobic disorders in general practice is described. All phobias showed an improvement in situational anxiety, interference and autonomic side effects. With the exception of two cases of animal phobia there was also improvement in general anxiety and avoidance. Obsessional cases showed an overall improvement in all symptom areas."
1154019,The various physiological measurements which can be made in obsessional and phobic disorders are described. Useful information can be obtained about the effects of acute stress and the changes that medication can produce in anxious patients and the clinical progress of behaviour therapy can be monitored. When physiological measurements are made it is important to record the emotional state of the patient simultaneously so that the level of physiological arousal is related to the subjective experience of the patient.
1154020,Pulses of relativistic singly charged particles entering the eyeball induce a variety of visual phenomena by means of Cerenkov radiation generated during their passage through the vitreous. These phenomena are similar in appearance to many of the visual sensations experienced by Apollo astronauts exposed to the cosmic rays in deep space.
1154021,"Water-soluble membrane proteins may be analyzed by a new, rapid technique that combines electrophoresis on high-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels and immunoelectrophoresis. After separation in the first dimension by electrophoresis in SDS, the proteins are subjected to a second electrophoresis at right angles through a two-layered buffered agarose gel. They first pass through a layer containing Lubrol PX which forms complexes with free SDS and then into an antiserum layer where antigen-antibody precipitates form. Precipitin arcs appear at positions corresponding to the antigens separated in the first dimension. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated with frog and cattle opsins, human erythrocyte membrane proteins, and their rabbit antiserums and for several water soluble proteins. By this method two fundamental parameters, molecular weight and antigenicity, may be readily used for analysis of membrane proteins."
1154018,The use of clomipramine in a large suburban general practice is reviewed. Three hundred and fifty patients have been treated to date out of a total practice population of twenty-one thousand. It is argued that phobic anxiety states are much commoner than is normally supposed and that they are usually associated with a history of separation or rejection in childhood. A combined treatment regime is employed for one month thereafter clomipramine alone is used. Side-effects may initially present a problem although they may not all be truly drug induced. Some patients use side-effects to manipulate the clinical situation. However proper interpretative management of side effects can assist the clinicians in persuading patients to continue therapy. Some impressive results have been obtained with clomipramine therapy. Illustrative case histories are provided.
1154024,"Mild tail pinch reliably and rapidly induced eating, gnawing, or licking behavior in all animals tested. Eating was by far the predominant response. Pharmacological analysis of the involvement of the brain catecholamines in tail-pinch behavior suggests that it is critically dependent on the nigrostriatal dopamine system."
1154025,"In single muscle fibers, small (1 percent) changes of length have a marked effect of both the calcium activation and the tension elicited by a constant current stimulus. The decrease in tension with shortening is accounted for almost entirely by a decrease in calcium release, rather than by changes in mechanical factors, such as filament geometry."
1154027,"The vaginal secretion of female hamsters serves as a sexual excitant or attractant for the male even in the absence of previous sexual experience, but attraction to the secretion can be altered with surprising ease by pairing ingestion of the secretion with gastrointestinal illness."
1154028,"Rats given intravenricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus do not show the normal increase in food intake in response to large decreases in glucose utilization or exposure to severe cold stress. However, they will eat more during chronic glucoprivation that is less intense, or during exposure to more moderate cold stress. Thus, the feeding deficits of these lesioned rats may not reflect an inability to respond to certain qualitatively different stimuli, but rather an inability to respond to quantitatively different intensities of the same stimulus."
1154030,"The radioimmunoassay of digoxin is one of the most important services of the nuclear medicine laboratory. Precision and accuracy in the performance of the test are especially critical. A number of commerical kits are available and reliable. Pitfalls to be avoided includelimited availability or delay in performance of the assay; failure to consider senitizing factors; drawing the blood sample too soon after a digoxin dose; failure to consider desensitizing factors; forgetting that renal function is a major determinant of blood and tissue digoxin levels; assuming patient compliance and uniform intestinal absorption (bioavailiability with all digoxin preparations in all patients; attempting to interpret digoxin levels without the necessary clinical information; and failure to deliver the result to the proper person. If one avoids these pitfalls, and important service will be rendered in the evaluation of the patient requiring digitalis therapy."
1154031,"Serum gastrin radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive and specific method suitable for measurement of circulating concentrations of this peptide hormone, which is a major regulator of gastric acid secretion. When performed under optimal conditions this RIA permits measurement of low and normal serum gastrin levels and changes that occur after physiologic stimulation. Hypergastrinemia may be secondary to atrophy of the acid-secreting gastric mucosa. This form of pypergastrinemia is appropriate and leads to no seriousequences. Hypergastrinemia associated with gastric acid hypersecretion is inappropriate. The major cause is a gastrinsecreting tumor (gastrinoma) that produces the clinical picture of the Aollinger-Ellison syndrome. The differential diagnosis of inappropraite hypergastrinemia includes antral G-cell hyperplasia and ISOLATED RETAINED ANTRUM. Accurate diagnosis of these conditions may be aided by ancillary studies including feeding, secretin, and calcium stimulation tests. Distinction among these conditions is important in planning appropriate surgical tratment."
1154032,"The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein that can be measured by radioimmunoassay and other immunologic techniques. The CEA reagent is currently commercially available in kit form and has been found to be satisfactory for laboratory use. The highest percentage of elevated plasma CEA and the highest CEA titer have been found in patients with entodermally derived tumors. CEA has also been detected in patients with other tumors and in patients with nonneoplastic disease, as well as in heavy cigarette smokers. The present CEA assay cannot be used to screen for cancer in the general population. The greatest clinical usefulness of current CEA assay is in assessing prognosis, in the detection of residual tumors and recurrent disease, and in monitoring chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The use of anti-CEA antiserum as a tumor-localizing agent may be of potential value in the future."
1154048,"A care is reported in which an isolated metastatic lesion of the spleen was discovered one year after a modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast, and seven years following total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for carcinoma of the left ovary. Splenectomy was followed by significant clinical improvement of the patient who remains alive and well four years after operation. Regular physical and roentgen examinations have revealed no evidence of recurrent disease. The factors relating to the occurrence of solitary splenic metastasis are discussed briefly. This case is apparently the fifth reported in the literature."
1154049,"Cerebral cysticercosis is a neurologic disease with myriad manifestations. Three basic types of infections occur: localized, widespread, and proliferative inflammatory reaction. A case is reported illustrating the first type of infection and one type of clinical presentation,--focal seizures. The worldwide distribution of the disease suggests that as global travel increases we will have to consider the diagnosis more often. The diagnosis is established principally through thorough examination of the CSF plus signs of parasitosis in other parts of the body. A history of living in an endemic area should strengthen suspicion. Definitive treatment is currently limited to neurosurgical intervention."
1154050,"Chordomas are tumors originating from remnants of the notochord, most commonly found in the cranial and caudal regions. This is a report of the seventh intrathoracic chordoma in the world literature and the second to be reported in a woman. Histologically the physalipherous (blister-bearing) cell is characteristic of the tumor. Complete surgical excision is rarely successful and recurrence with or without metastasis is the rule."
1154051,"A case of a 52-year-old white woman who developed hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia after receiving D-penicillamine is presented. Although there appears to be a causative relationship, it cannot be documented at this time. No other case of hemolysis has been suggested in patients treated with penicillamine. Since penicillamine is being used more frequently and in an ever-growing list of conditions, it is advisable to be alert to the possibility of hemolytic anemia as another of the complications of therapy."
1154054,"A simplified classification of the porphyrias is given which is thought to be advantageous to the anesthesiologist in determining those patients who are predisposed to acute attacks. These acute attacks may be precipitated by the administration of barbiturates, but may also be spontaneous. The current theory for the precipitation of the acute attack is described, with the probable mechanism being a decrease in uroporphyrinogen synthetase levels and the resultant interference in heme production. Increased formation of cytochrome  P-450 with barbiturates also produces increased levels of delta aminolevulinic acid, which may be a cause of the acute attack. The significance in anesthesia and suggested means of anesthetic management are discussed."
1154055,"Intranasal papilloma is an uncommon, benign tumor of the nasal cavity and, by extension, the paranasal sinuses. It occurs only once for every 25 cases of ordinary nasal polyps. A recent case is reported, followed by a summary of the cases treated at the Emory University Hospitals in the last ten years. The histologic classification is reviewed, as well as current treatment, with an emphasis on wide surgical excision through the lateral rhinotomy approach. Because about 10% of these tumors will have associated malignancy, guidelines are given to insure that this malignant transformation is not missed."
1154057,"Endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography (ERCP) was attempted in 77 patients. Of 33 patients suspected of having bilitary tract disease, ductograms were obtained in 21. Of 56 patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, ductograms were obtained in 35. Since 12 patients were thought to have disease of both ductal systems, the total number of suspected ducts exceeds the number of patients. It is concluded that ERCP is a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of pancreatic or biliary tract disease. Additional data from a prospective study are necessary to determine its clinical relevance."
1154058,"The results of seven laboratory tests of liver function, including spleen/liver activity ratios obtained by densitometric analysis of scans, are analyzed in 50 patients with proven Laennec's cirrhosis. In this series, the liver scan not only disclosed the liver gross anatomy and structural abnormality and established the best possible site for biopsy examination, but also, the increased splenic activity served as a useful diagnostic indication of Laennec's cirrhosis. Of 50 proven cases of Laennec's cirrhosis, 41 (82%) had abnormal spleen/liver ratios. An abnormal spleen/liver ratio in combination with abnormal results from any one or two other tests was relatively effective in the detection of cirrhosis. The accuracy is improved if the other laboratory tests are chosen from among tests for serum albumin, serum bilirubin, and SGOT. (Liver abnormalities other than cirrhosis can also present an abnormal spleen/liver ratio.) This simple determination extends the value of the liver scan commonly requested in search of metastases, primary lesions, or inflammatory processes, or in preparation for needle biopsy examination."
1154066,"Symptoms and incapacitation due to abnormal aggregations of pacinian corpuscles are uncommon. Indeed, only three reports have been found in the scientific literature. A case is presented in which the patient's chief complaint was pain and localized tenderness in the hand which interfered with normal activity. Surgical exploration of the palm showed abnormalities of pacinian corpuscles attached to the median digital nerve in the form of a grape-like cluster and a single enlarged corpuscle beneath the epineurium; the abnormality attached to the ulnar digital nerve appeared as an offshoot of hyperplastic corpuscles lying in tandem. The abnormal corpuscles were excised. The symptoms have not recurred to date. These abnormalities in size, position, and number of pacinian corpuscles are compared to the findings of the few other reports in the literature. The neuroma formation found attached to this ulnar nerve has not been cited previously."
1154070,"Pentazocine (Talwin) originally was believed to be a safe, nonaddictive analgesic, but further experience has shown that severe mental and emotional disturbance, as well as addiction, may occur. This survey documents the experience in the Texas Medical Center and elsewhere. The accumulated data show the following: (1) Depressive states are reported most frequently, while toxic psychoses, hallucinogenic reactions with panic, and paranoid states on withdrawal of the drug are less frequent. (2) Of the 197 cases of addiction reported to date, only six were related to oral use of the drug. The abstinence syndrome is mild, consisting usually of restlessness, nausea, cramps, and insomnia. (3) Convulsions have been reported on four occasions. Euphoria and psychotomimetic effects may relate to rapid release of noradrenaline and dopamine. Oral use of the drug is advised to avoid euphoriant effects and addiction, and physicians should alert patients to report unusual visual phenomena. Tranquilizers are of value in cases of severe reactions."
1154071,"An early evaluation of the Chiari pelvic osteotomy done on 19 hips in 16 patients is presented. Indications were: (1) congenital hip dysplasia, where conservative or other surgical treatment had failed or where the patient's age contraindicted conservative treatment, and (2) hypoplastic hip joints associated with neuromuscular disorders. Results were classified according to pain, limp, Trendelenburg sign, range of motion, and radiographic appearance. Follow-up, averaging 16 months, revealed the relief of pain and an increase of hip motion in many cases. However, the limp and positive Trendelenburg sign frequently persisted. The overall success rate was 69%."
1154072,"Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment of proven efficiency for a variety of disorders. Experience with 53 peritoneal dialyses performed on 28 patients over a three-year period at two community hospitals without permanent house staffs is summarized. Proper adherence to a few basic principles can lead to a very low incidence of complications, especially those of an inflammatory nature. This form of dialysis has considerable potential for the small community hospital. Training programs should make the knowledge and skill of this technic available to those wishing to learn it, and especially to those considering practice in communities removed from the medical center."
1154073,"Of 12 cases of acute slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis (representing 11 patients), results were satisfactory in nine cases and poor in three cases at follow-up (in two of the three cases with poor results, reduction was lost postoperatively). Five of nine patients with prodromal symptoms were seen by a physician but were undiagnosed or untreated before the acute slipping. An additional patient had roentgenographic evidence of an early (asymptomatic) slipping capital femoral epiphysis one year before the acute slipping. Preferred treatment is gentle manipulation and fixation with multiple threaded pins, followed by crutch walking for three to four months. Spica casting is not recommended because of an increased incidence of acute articular cartilage necrosis and the possibility of late recurrence of slipping."
1154074,"A case of spontaneous rupture of the spleen with hematoma is presented. The spleen presumably with ruptured while the patient was in the hospital, during a severe coughing episode secondary to viral pneumonia. The time interval between splenic rupture and operation was 31 days. Along with pertinent diagnostic acids, difficulty in making the diagnosis is stressed. Knowledge that this condition exists is a major factor in making the diagnosis."
1154075,"The present survey compares the treatment preferences of New York and Texas psychiatrists using a questionnaire report of a single psychiatric case. The characteristics of this approach enable the investigator to hold and symptoms and syndromes of the patient constant. All clinicians respond to identical stimuli. What varies naturally, then, is the judgment of the clinician in developing his treatment procedure, thereby enabling estimation of the degree of standardization in treatment preferences. Three hundred twelve psychiatrists from New York and 133 from Texas provided data for comparative purposes. On the first admission 41% of the New York respondents and 24% of the Texas psychiatrists preferred a regimen that included more than one drug. When a combination of drugs was selected, chlorpromazine-trifluoperazine was preferred. But ten other specific combinations also were selected. Most were of potent neuroleptics, but some included antidepressant-neuroleptic combinations. None of the variables included in the study provided tangible systematic variance for these treatment preferences. A year and a half after first admission, followed by treatment in and out of hospital, the patient's clinical course continued to deteriorate. At this point more than 50% of the respondents in each state selected a regimen that included a minimum of two drugs. As many as 24 different combinations were selected for this single case. Nineteen percent of the New York respondents and 13% of the Texas respondents selected a regimen that included three or more psychoactive medications. The existence of these treatment preferences requires a more basic understanding of treatment preferences, for these seems to be no basis for them."
1154076,"Following significant burn injury, severe translocations occur in the distribution of water and solute. These result in major deficits in functional extracellular fluid and circulating water volume which may result in shock. The weight of evidence suggests that resuscitational regimens must contain large quantities of water which should be at least isotonic with respect at sodium; and some evidence suggests that current resuscitational regimens may not provide sufficient potassium to maintain the normal relationship between intracellular and extracellular solute and to prevent sodium sequestration. It is clear, however, that most of the currently used resuscitational ""formulas"" are effective in restoring and maintaining water balance, renal function, cardiac output, and in preventing or correcting shock."
1154079,A case of chronic thallium poisoning of 10 to 15 years' duration is presented in detail. The exact duration could not be determined. Treatment of the choreiform sequelae with levodopa is described for the first time. A system for classification of thallium poisoning is proposed.
1154080,"An unusual volar and radial perilunate transscaphoid fracture dislocation is reported. Treatment of perilunate transscaphoid fracture dislocations by closed reduction often produces a poor result. Early open reduction may be followed by a good result, but if open reduction is impossible, proximal row carpectomy is advised."
1154125,"A critical analysis of the aims and achievements of the multiple-choice type of examination for Part 1 of Memobership of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists is provided. In addition to a description of the system of marking and an evaluation of the results to date, comments are offered on reciprocity between South Africa and the United Kingdom in regard to the Part 1 examination."
1154126,"Population figures for the Republic of South Africa are given, with projected figures to the year 2000. The population status of the Municipality of Johannesburg, its birth rate and infant mortality rate, are presented. Points affecting the acceptance of contraception and family planning clinics are made and the unique situation of family planning clinics is emphasised. Figures relating to attendence at family planning clinics in Johannesburg are presented. Aspects such as consent for contraception, sex education for adolescents, abortion and sterilisation are commented on."
1154127,"Adoption of family planning practices involves two decisions--acceptance or rejection of, firstly, the concept of voluntary fertility control, and secondly, of the use of contraceptives. Modern contraceptives are a medical innovation. The diffusion process is influenced by social, economic and political factors in the country."
1154128,The implantation of fibroblasts over the denuded endometrium in rabbit and rat uteri was followed by the inhibition of endometrial regeneration. The fibroblast  proliferation led to development of intra-uterine adhesions and endometrial fibrosis. These observations were the rationale behind a clinical trial which attempted to reduce uterine blood loss by the replacement of the endometrium by connective tissue.
1154133,"Glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 35 recently discovered Indian and Black maturity-onset diabetic patients. Differences were found between the two ethnic groups although they were of comparable age, body weight, and probable duration of diabetes at the time of investigation. Glucose tolerance was worse among Blacks and was associated with low plasma insulin levels. Blacks also had lower plasma triglyceride and cholesterol values than Indian diabetics. Plasma growth hormone respone was similar in both groups. The possible role of these factors in determining the relative frequency of ischaemic heart disease in the two racial groups is discussed."
1154134,"The clinical findings in 49 patients (27 males) who had histologically confirmed amyloidosis of the kidney, are reviewed. In 28 patients, the diagnosis was arrived at by percutaneous renal biopsy, and in 21 patients it was made at autopsy. The youngest patient was diagnosed at the age of 16 years. In 11 patients (22,5%) no associated disease was found, in a further 11 patients the amyloidosis was of the type connected with familial Mediterranean fever, and in 27 patients (55%) the amyloidosis was of the secondary type. Forty-six patients (94%) presented with proteinuria at some stage of their disease. Twenty-one patients developed the nephrotic syndrome. Thirty-two patients died, and in 18 instances uraemia was the cause of death. In 18 patients there was evidence of renal pathology other than amyloidosis, and in some patients this may have contributed to the impairment of renal function and the appearance of proteinuria."
1154135,"An incidence of the genetic recessive disease cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) far in excess of that reported recently from other countries, has been encountered in the South West African Afrikaner. This has probably resulted from the immigration of a segment of the South African Afrikaner population rich in the gene, into South West Africa, where, for religious reasons and reasons of geographical isolation, the gene has persisted and, perhaps, increased in frequency. Malaria, which killed many of the early settlers, might have selectively spared carriers of the gene, thus enriching its occurrence in the population. Details of patients, particularly with regard to the criteria of diagnosis, are given with the relevant population and birth figures, from which an estimate of the incidence of the disease and of its carrier rate has been made. Screening of the newborn for the condition and the compiling of a register of potential and obligatory carriers are also discussed."
1154136,"Known and suspected medically important Southern African spiders are reviewed in terms of their distribution, identification, action of the venom and treatment of the bite. Simple diagnostic characteristics of each species are provided to assist the non-specialist in identifications."
1154137,"The second case of a functioning phaeochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl has been treated at Edendale Hospital. A young Black woman was admitted as a case of juvenile hypertension and a pre-operative diagnosis of a functioning phaeochromocytoma was made. The case, the importance of pre-operative preparation and the proposed follow-up are described."
1154140,"The clinical, cytogenetic and dermatoglyphic findings in a patient with a ring chromosome 21 are presented. This anomaly acts as a deletion of chromosomal material and results in specific congenital defects. A comparison is made with 24 cases of deletions involving chromosome 21 described in the literature. Six of these have been studied by means of recently developed chromosome banding techniques. Cases presumably arise through somatic non-disjunction or chromosome breakage. When the chromosomes of both parents are normal the recurrence risk is negligible."
1154141,"In an attempt to detect biochemical evidence of metabolic bone disease in the aged, we measured plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations, in addition to plasma calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine levels, in elderly White, Black and Indian women. All three ethnic groups demonstrated raised mean PTH concentrations. The Black patients, however, showed the greatest mean PTH elevation and the lowest plasma calcium level. Increased PTH secretion in elderly females may reflect either an age-related decline in renal function or subclinical osteomalacia. Elderly Black women seem particularly susceptible to the latter disorder, probably because of dietary and environmental factors."
1154142,"A case of orthostatic hypotension is presented, as well as postmortem neuropathological findings. The features of this case are consistent with those of the Shy-Drager syndrome, which comprises primary orthostatic hypotension and neurological manifestations caused by degenerative disease of the central nervous system."
1154143,"The levels of factor VIII-related antigen (ERA) in normal White females, in White and Black obligatory haemorphilia carriers and in possible haemophilia carriers compared with the functional factor VIII activity. The results obtained compared favourably with those previously reported, in that the obligatory carrier group demonstrated excess antigen compared with functional factor VIII activity. The F VIII/ERA ration obtained for each obligatory carrier was compared statistically with the ratio of normal group. A ratio of 0,65 was the level below which haemophilia carrier status could be predicted within the 95% confidence limits."
1154151,"Exercise conditioning is a safe, effective therapeutic weapon in coronary heart disease (CHD) if correctly applied. This correct application presupposes, as would be the case in other forms of medical or surgical management, that the prescriber has a thorough knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, both of the disease and of the cure. The physiology of exercise in normal persons is described in some detail, since similar effects apply in CHD patients. The training phenomenon, too, is similar in CHD sufferers, although it is less extensive than in athletes. Lastly, the alterations in physiology by which the patient can expect to benefit, are discussed."
1154154,"Lysosomal disruption with release of lysosomal enzymes has been described in shock. Our study was designed to demonstrate the release of lysosomal enzymes in the liver and lung in addition to determining circulating serum lysosomal enzyme values. Terapeutic means of reducing or inhibiting lysosomal disruption were also investigated. Five groups of baboons were investigated: Group A: (control group) - no endotoxin or treatment administered. Group B: (endotoxin only) - liver and lung tissues showed an increase in free lysosomal enzymes, and a similar increase in curculating serum lysosomal enzymes was demonstrated. Group C: (chloroguine treatment (lysosomal stabiliser) following endotoxin administration) - the liver and lung tissues showed a smaller increase in free lysosomal enzymes and a corresponding lesser increase in circulating serum lysosomal enzymes was demonstrated. Group D: (dexamethasone treatment (lysosomal membrane stabiliser) following endotoxin administration) - the rise in lysosomal tissue and serum enzyme values was less than that in group B. Group E: (combination of chloroquine and dexamethasone treatment following endotoxin administration) - the rise in lysosomal tissue and serum values was less than that demonstrated in group B. The survival of the animals in the various groups correlated well with the lysosomal enzyme tissue and serum values, as did the monitored haemodynamic, hoematological and other parameters."
1154158,"A new view of the electrocardiogram, first proposed by Posel and arising from Craib's travelling dipole concept, predicts an electromechanical relationship between S-wave amplitude changes and cardiac mechanical function changes.  In an attempt to determine whether the S-wave voltage changes with increasing work rate, 10 male subjects were tested at rest and at maximum exercise.  A statistically significant increase in the S wave occurred with increased mechanical work.  The theoretical prediction of an electromechanical S wave is thus validated and a request is extended to other workers to verify or refute its existence."
1154159,"Sodium pentosan polysulphate is a polymer of beta-D-xylopyranose which possesses some of the biological properties of the endogenous acid polysaccharides such as heparin. The actions of this compound on plasma lipids, carbohydrate metabolism and fibrinolysis have been studied using the human forearm technique. Ten healthy volunteers were investigated in the fasting state, and blood flow measurements and blood samples were taken before and at 60 and 90 minutes after 100 mg sodium pentosan polysulphate by intramuscular injection. Following administration of the drug, significant changes occurred in plasma triglyceride, free fatty acid (ffa) and glycerol levels. Triglycerides fell (P less than 0,001) and glycerol and FFA rose (P less than 0,001. Changes were largely owing to activation of intravascular lipolysis, although an effect on stored triglycerides was also noted. Fibrinolytic activity also increased after drug administration, but no changes were noted in insulin exchange or glucose metabolism."
1154160,"A case is reported of a giant cell tumour of the sacrum, an infrequent but well-recorded site for this tumour.  The relatively benign histology of this neoplasm was not consistent with its natural history in this patient, nor with its resistance to treatment.  An additional feature of interest and concern was the intense vascularity of the lesion."
1154161,A review of the literature indicates that the study of dyslexia has been almost exclusively confined to the higher cortical processes.  The suggestion is made that more thought should be directed to the attentional functions underlying these processes.  It is further suggested that medication should be more extensively used and that dosages higher than those usually prescribed should be considered.
1154164,"The results of corrective surgery in 32 patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are reviewed. Patients with TGA and associated defects comprised 47% of the series. The over-all long-term mortality rate was 31%. An acceptable mortality rate of 17,5% was achieved in simple TGA by using a Mustard repair. Good results were obtained with the Rastelli operation for patients with TGA, ventricular septal defect and severe pulmonary stenosis. Results were poor in patients with TGA and unrestricted ventricular septal defects, in whom palliative pulmonary artery banding or corrective surgery under 6 months of age is advocated. The major late complication was patch contraction resulting in pulmonary or systemic venous obstruction."
1154165,"Three hundred and ninety patients with peripheral vascular disease, who were neither eligible for, nor fit to undergo, surgery, have been studied in a prospective trial to assess the effectiveness of adequate active conservative therapy. These patients were followed up from 4 to 72 months, the duration of the average follow-up being 24 months. There was a 72% over-all improvement rate. The most striking feature of the trial was the correlation between smoking and failure to improve."
1154166,"This study investigated the reliability of 4 commercially available methods for the assay of plasma triglycerides. The kit methods were those of Boehringer, Dade, Haury and Oxford. The Boehringer method showed a high degree of precision, acceptable accuracy, and consistent day-to-day reproducibility."
1154167,"An aetiological survey of a Cape Peninsula school for the deaf, in which 366 Cape Coloured and Asiatic children were examined, is reported. The relevant hereditary factors and the abnormal clinical findings are documented, and the more important of these are discussed. In 20% (74) of the children, the deafness was genetic; in 36% (132) it was acquired, and in 44% (160) it was cryptogenic."
1154168,"The recognition of the child abuse syndrome in the Republic of Sout Africa is briefly mentioned. The aims of setting up a Child Abuse Unit in a children's hospital are detailed; the procedure for the education of staff, details of training and the establishment of a programme are outlined, and the outcome is considered. The co-operation of the medical profession is sought in setting up programmes for the prevention of child abuse."
1154169,The number and nature of the calls received by the Cape Town Flying Squad Service during 1972 are compared with those received from 1954 to 1960. A threefold increase in the total number of calls received per year is related to a fall from 74% to 30% in calls connected with postpartum complications. Reasons for these changes are suggested.
1154171,"Yersinia pestis fraction l passive haemagglutination studies on human sera obtained randomly during a plague epidemic showed a 10-fold increase in occurrence of antibodies compared with the results obtained on sera from the same population 11 months earlier during a quiescent phase. The pre-epidemic population antibody rate was lower than that in a comparable population tested simultaneously in another endemic region, where a recrudescence of plague was not experienced during the following year. The human plague epidemic was preceded and accompanied by a rodent die-off. A serological survey of the small mammals 2 years prior to the human survey also showed that Y. pestis was present in the environment. Otomys unisulcatus was indicated as being an important rodent in the plague cycle in the area."
1154172,"A review of the differential diagnosis of the lumbar disc syndrome, based on patients seen and treated during the past 10 years, provides discussion of the unusual cases. A survey of 285 patients treated in a consecutive series from 1964 to 1972 was done, which showed that 253 patients had prolapsed lumbar discs, 20 were treated for spondylolisthesis and 62 (23%) required consideration because of unusual features in association with the disc lesion or because of other pathology. The need for lateral and complete exposure of the nerve root in some instances is reaffirmed."
1154173,"The ST-segment appearance, PR interval, corrected QU time and T-wave amplitude from standard electrocardiograms of 70 patients were correlated with serum digoxin levels done on the same day. The absence of a digtalis effect on ST segments, upright T waves and PTQ scores (a combination function of PR, QT and T) of one or less, correlated well with the absence of ""toxic"" serum digoxin levels (greater than 1,8 ng/ml). PTQ scores showed a significant linear correlation with serum digoxin levels, and PTQ scores of more than 3,0 were in all instances associated with ""toxic"" serum digoxin levels. These observations merit futher investigation and could be useful in clinical situations."
1154174,"A successful pregnancy occurring in a woman after the insertion of three cardiac valve prostheses, viz. aortic, mitral and tricuspid, is described. It appears that pregnancy in such circumstances is not an unacceptable hazard for the woman. Oral anticoagulant drugs increase the perinatal morbidity and mortality."
1154176,A prospective evaluation of the haemostatic mechanism was undertaken in 15 normal primigravidas and in 12 primigravidas with mild to moderately severe pre-eclampsia in order to further examine the possibility that disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur in this clinical syndrome. The only coagulation abnormality demonstrated was a prolongation of bleeding time. The data do not support the suggestion that significant disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with pre-eclampsia. The addition of the heparinoid drug sodium pentosan polysulphate to the therapeutic regimen resulted in a significant fall in platelet factor 3 availability and in decreased aggregation against ADP but conferred no objective clinical improvement. We conclude that the drug has no place in the management of established pre-eclampsia.
1154177,"The incidence of bilharziasis of the Fallopian tube was studied in a control group of patients and in patients with ectopic pregnancies and severe salpingitis, but no significant difference was found. Two groups of 55 patients, each of which comprised 17 with ectopic pregnancies and 38 with severe pelvic sepsis, were studied for parity, symptoms and signs. Patients in one group suffered from tubal bilharziasis and those in the other did not. The findings in these two groups were similar and a typical clinical picture for bilharziasis was not found."
1154178,"Sixty-three cases of obstructed labour encountered at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, are analysed for the period April 1972 - December 1973. For the same period there were 27 348 deliveries and 1 432 Caesarean sections. The management of choice was Caesarean section, because of a lack of experienced medical staff and the poor results obtained, together with the serious complications which follow destructive operations before vaginal deliveries. Eighty-five per cent of the babies were delivered alive. There was no maternal death. Twenty-six mothers remained in hospital for longer than 10 days. There was 1 case of a burst abdomen."
1154179,"The optimal treatment for endometrial carcinoma is radical hysterectomy and hemivaginectomy with pre-operative caesium sources in the uterus and vaginal vault. Block pelvic lymphadenectomy is unsatisfactory, and gland extension is best treated by radiotherapy to the lateral pelvic and para-aortic fields. Surgery has a definite place in the treatment of advanced cases."
1154180,"Folate metabolism is sometimes deranged in the early weeks of pregnancy at the time of placentation and organogenesis. Maternal folate deficiency may result in general impairment of fetal growth, which is reflected in low birthweight. Such women also have a high incidence of abortion, abruptio placentae and fetal malformation. Megaloblastic anaemia is the commonest and most easily recognised manifestation of folate deficiency."
1154182,"The incidence of tuberculous, bilharzial and amoebic cervicitis in Black patients at Baragwanath Hospital for the past 5 years is presented. The clinical presentation and the macroscopic and microscopic features of each type of cervicitis are discussed. The treatment of each condition is described, and the importance of differentiating cervical carcinoma from granulomatous cervicitis is stressed."
1154191,"The causes of deafness in osteitis deformans are various.  One of these, stapediovestibular ankylosis, can be treated by stapedectomy, and hearing can therefore be improved.  Experience with 3 such cases treated by stapedectomy is reported, and the related literature is reviewed."
1154195,"The maximal rate of fall of left ventricular pressure (peak negative dp/dt) was measured in 4 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (primary myocardial disease), in 5 patients with constrictive pericarditis and in 3 controls. Measurements were made at rest, with leg raising, after a bolus of 6 mug intravenous isoprenaline, and in patients with constrictive pericarditis during pulsus paradoxus. Peak negative dp/dt was 1810 +/- 234 mmHg/sec in controls; it was reduced in patients with constrictive pericarditis (1337 +/- 514 mmHg/sec) and greatly decreased in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (812 +/- 190 mmHg/sec). There was close linear correlation between resting peak positive and peak negative dp/dt and there was little change with leg raising. Isoprenaline caused an increase in peak positive dp/dt, but there was only a small change in peak negative dp/dt. In patients with constrictive pericarditis, peak negative dp/dt varied during pulsus paradoxus: the linear relationship to peak positive dp/dt was maintained throughout the respiratory cycle. Peak negative dp/dt may be a useful index of myocardial function."
1154196,"Epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been carried out in two South African Negro populations: one rural people in the north-western Transvaal, and the other an urban community in Johannesburg. Altogether 1352 subjects over the age of 15 years were examined clinically and radiologically; serological tests for rheumatoid factor (RF) were carried out in 920. Rheumatoid arthritis was graded 'definite' or 'probable' on the basis of a modification of the 'Rome criteria' of 1963. A marked difference in the prevalence of RA was encountered in the two populations. Among the rural Blacks only 1 respondent had definite RA and 6 had probable RA, giving a prevalence of 0,87% for combined definite and probable RA. Among the urban group 5 respondents had definite RA and 13 had probable RA, a combined prevalence of 3,3%. This difference is statistically highly significant (P less than 0,01). Moreover, the form and severity of the disorder differed markedly in the two populations. In the rural community such changes as were encountered were invariable mild and no-one had clinical features resembling classical rheumatoid arthritis; by contrast, among the urban Blacks the changes resembled those of rheumatoid disease in White populations. Such marked differences in genetically closely related communities point to the importance of sociological and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis."
1154198,"Two cases of cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree in Black patients are described. Both patients presented with extremely short histories of abdominal pain, and one patient had an associated jaundice. Biliary tree pathology was confirmed by physical examination and biochemical investigation in one patient while in the second patient cystic dilatation of the biliary tree was an incidental finding."
1154199,"Two cases of familial haemophagocytic reticulosis occurring in sibs are described. The disease is characterised by a widespread proliferation of histocytes showing haemophagocytosis and it usually manifests clinically with haematological abnormalities. The initial presentation may be that of a meningo-encephalitic illness, the result of a lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the meninges and cerebral tissues. The clinical course and pathological features are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed."
1154200,"The majority of the world's population is of poor economic status, and this is commonly associated with high fertility levels and high infant mortality and morbidity. This population can be divided into two main groups: those in over-populated urban areas and those in scattered rural areas. Both groups have their peculiar problems and comprehensive maternal and child health is a formidable task. This paper is an account of the obstetric services in an urban population in the municipality of Salisbury, Rhodesia, where there is close co-operation between hospital and municipal authorities and all high-risk maternity patients are delivered in hospital and low-risk ones in municipal maternity units. Methods of selection of patients and results obtained are shown."
1154203,"A series of 7748 leiomyomas of the whole body is presented. Ninety-five per cent of lesions occurrred in the female genital tract. Sixty-one of the remaining 371 were rejected because of inadequate histology or uncertainty as to exact site of origin. The 310 cases thus selected were analysed for histology, sex, race, site and age distributions. Comparisons are made between 230 skin lesions, 42 gastric lesions and 5 oral lesions. A further 43 cases of oral lesions were found in an extensive review of the world literature."
1154204,"This publication describes a relatively simple transnasal and trans-septal surgical approach to the sphenoid sinus, that assists in the diagnosis of pathology in this region and in some circumstances permits the correct treatment. Eight patients on whom this technique was used, are briefly reported. The importance of adequate radiological assessment of this area is illustrated."
1154205,"A patient was investigated for painless haematuria, and a highly vascular renal cell carcinoma was shown on angiography. When this neoplasm was surgically removed, there was a remarkable improvement in the signs and symptoms of heart failure, from which the patient had been suffering for some time."
1154206,"Regionalisation is urgently needed to provide the best possible maternal, fetal and newborn care. In practice this means organising perinatal care of three specified levels and referring the high-risk problems to the regional centre, preferably before labour and delivery. The programme requires careful planning and constant teamwork."
1154207,"Two synthetic absorbable sutures were implanted in rats for a comparative evaluation of breaking strength, tissue reaction and absorption. Polyglactin 910 suture was stronger than polyglycolic acid suture in both sizes tested and at all time periods from zero to 35 days. Both suture types elicited minimal tissure response. Based upon histologic examination, virtually all remnants of the polyglactin 910 were absorbed by 90 days, while considerable quantities of polyglycolic acid persisted at 120 days. The difference in absorption rates was a highly significant feature of the comparative biologic profiles of the two suture materials."
1154208,"Contractile fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, are common cellular components of immature human hypertrophic scars. The contraction of these cells, could play a significant role in the elevation of the scar tissue. The appearance of such cells within granulation tissue suggests that the tissue is pre-disposed to hypertrophy at an early stage of repair."
1154209,"Total hepatic and portal blood flow as well as hepatic and splanchnic oxygen consumption was measured in pigs in the normal fasted state and in the septic fasted state induced experimentally by cecal ligation. Pigs in the septic state were divided into two groupds, a septic high output state and a septic low output state, according to whether or not a pig showed a higher or lower cardiac output in the septic state than in the normal fasted state. In the septic high output state, the average cardiac output was 155 per cent of that during fasting; hepatic arterial flow increased 96 per cent, while portal flow decreased 19 per cent. Total hepatic blood flow increased slightly, 14 per cent. The ratio of total hepatic blood flow to cardiac output decreased from 42 per cent in the normal fasted state to 30 per cent. The total hepatic oxygen consumption increased 26 per cent because of significantly elevated oxygen transport by hepatic arterial flow. In the low output state, hepatic arterial flow significantly dropped, 74 per cent, while portal flow decreased slightly, 23 per cent, and total hepatic blood flow decreased 38 per cent. The decrease of cardiac output was less, 18 per cent. The ratio of total hepatic blood flow to cardiac output was 31 per cent. Total hepatic oxygen consumption decreased remarkably, 29.1 per cent, due chiefly to the decrease of hepatic arterial flow, and splanchnic oxygen consumption also decreased significantly, 22 per cent. Dissociation of hepatic arterial response to sepsis from the other gastrointestianl vessels caused a great difference in the hepatic oxygen consumption between the septic high output and the septic low output state, contributing in part to the difference in mortality between these two states."
1154210,"Foci of experimental septic osteomyelitis became radioactive after the intravenous injection of 67Ga citrate. With this method, bone infection can be detected much earlier than with roentgenography. Because of its short half-life, 67Ga may be a suitable isotope for the detection of clinical, primary osteomyelitis in its early stages."
1154211,"Bone scans using 99mTc polyphosphate have been obtained in 174 patients with newly diagnosed carcinoma of the breast. This number represents 68 per cent of all patients registered with the disease in northern Alberta during the 12 months of the study. In nine patients, the roentgenograms were abnormal, but in 18, there was scintiscan evidence of metastatic disease involving bone, although one false-negative interpretation is included in this number. In another eight patients with normal or equivocal initial bone scintiscans, metastatic disease involving bone developed during a 12 months' period of observation."
1154212,"The cystic duct remnant can be an etiologic factor for distress after cholecystectomy, justifying reoperation and excision of the stump. In connection with cholecystectomy, it is not justified to leave any cystic duct stump unless there is a special reason for it. Stones in the cystic duct remnant, overlooked or newly formed, scar tissues and cystic duct syndrome of whatever cause--inflammation and stasis of the bile, a poorly healing stump end and neuroma--can also be factors producing the discomfort. Unresorbable suture material which provokes foreign body granulomas should be avoided in operations upon the biliary tract since, together with even a normal nerve under pressure, it may cause biliary distress. For the same reason, special attention should be devoted to careful trimming of the cystic nerve in cholecystectomy, and ligation or cautery of nerve tissues should be avoided. The cystic duct remnant is more often visualized in peroperative cholangiography than in an intravenous examination but even then not unfailingly. The cholangiographic finding alone does not justify surgical intervention, since in a number of patients troubles deriving from elsewhere in the biliary tract or from adjacent organs persist and not all cystic stumps apparently produce discomfort."
1154213,"The clinical manifestations of Gardner's syndrome were studied in 280 patients from 11 families. Forty-five per cent of the patients at risk inherited the syndrome. Forty-one patients had carcinoma of the intestine develop, with only a 27 per cent survival rate for this type cancer. Eight per cent of the patients with the syndrome showed peritoneal fibrosis and fibrous tumors. They also had carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater, liver, bldder and ovary develop as well as osteogenic sarcoma. The patients without the syndrome had carcinomas of the pancreas and breast develop as well as melanoma and leukemia. Twelve of the 16 patients having had a colectomy and ileoproctostomy showed regression of the remaining polyps of the rectum."
1154214,"The reproductive history in 13 patients with uterine malformations was reviewed. Following plastic repair, there was a high incidence of pregnancy salvage. Of 19 pregnancies, 14 resulted in term deliveries, four in premature deliveries and one in abortion; there are 14 living children. The surgical repair in two patients with primary sterility was the contributing factor in achieving pregnancies with full term deliveries."
1154215,"A prospective evaluation of emergency portacaval shunt has been conducted during a 12 year period in 138 unselected, consecutive patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varies. An extensive diagnostic evaluation was completed within seven hours of hospital admission, and the shunt operation was undertaken within a mean of 8.5 hours. Follow-up study was conducted in a special clinic, and the current status of 97.1 per cent of the patients had jaundice, ascites or encephalopathy alone or in combination on admission. Systemic intravenous administration of posterior pituitary extract temporarily controlled the hemorrhage in 94 per cent of the patients, and the emergency portacaval shunt promptly and permanently controlled the varix bleeding in 96 per cent of the patients. Contrary to recent proposals, patients with the highest portal perfusion pressure and, presumably, the largest hepatopetal portal flow had the highest survival rate and those who were presumed from pressure measurements to sustain the smallest portal flow diversion from the shunt had the lowest survival rate. The operative survival rate was 51 per cent, the predicted seven year survival rate for those operated upon seven or more years ago was 42.5 per cent. Encephalopathy requiring dietary protein restriction developed at some time in 17 per cent of the survivors. Sixty per cent of the survivors abstained from alcohol, and 53 per cent resumed gainful employment or full time housekeeping. Preoperative factors that adversely influenced survial rate were ingestion of alcohol within one month of bleeding, ascites, severe muscle-wasting and a small liver. Postoperatively, the single most important factor that compromised long term survival was resumption of alcoholism. In comparisons with our previous prospective studies, emergency portacaval shunt resulted in a significantly greater long term survival rate than did either emergency medical therapy or emergency varix ligation, followed by elective shunt. It is concluded that emergency portacaval shunt is the most effective treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Criteria for exclusion of those patients who are unlikely to derive long term benefits from portacaval shunt remain to be defined by further studies."
1154216,"A departmental routine has been evolved wherein intravenous infusions are administered for a maximum daily period of 12 hours. Exceptions are made for patients with poor peripheral veins. Results of a prospective study of 376 patients for a period of one year demonstrated a markedly reduced incidence of thrombophlebitis, namely, 4.4 per cent in 297 patients treated by the intermittent method versus 20.3 per cent in 79 patients who received continuous intravenous infusion therapy for more than 24 hours."
1154217,"Two-thirds of all preoperative patients had some degree of fatty metamorphosis of the liver; at least 8 to 10 per cent had marked steatosis prior to performance of the jejunoileal shunt. In preoperative patients, marked fatty metamorphosis was seen most prevalently in the heaviest patients, while the incidence of moderate to minimal fatty infiltration was highest in those not as massively obese. Nevertheless, marked degrees of fatty metamorphosis were seen in patients just meeting the minimal weight criterion for operation, and minimal steatosis or normal livers were seen in more massive candidates. Subsequent to the bypass operation 95 per cent of patients had a moderate to severe degree of fatty metamorphosis apparent within the first 300 days. Subsequently, the incidence of fatty infiltration rapidly decreased so that by 1,500 to 2,000 days the incidence of severe steatosis had returned to that seen preoperatively. In fact, only those patients having associated problems late in the course showed a severe degree of fatty metamorphosis after 1,000 days. A screen of liver function studies was not found helpful in detecting minimal to moderate degrees of fatty metamorphosis and showed only inconsistent changes in those patients with severe steatosis. These tests were not helpful in detecting a quiescent cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis of the liver was seen in two patients. In one, it occurred late in the course after the liver had completely cleared of fat. The cause was thought to be acute alcoholism, and steatosis cleared when drinking ceased. A second patient had a degree of cirrhosis at the time of the bypass operation. There has been slight progress in the ensuing seven or eight years that may be unrelated to the presence of the shortened intestine. Liver function studies do not indicate activity. Because the severe degrees of fatty infiltration seen in patients having previously normal or minimally infiltrated livers occurred during the time of rapid weight loss, it is presumed that the extensive mobilization of depot stores of fat to fulfill caloric requirements of the patient results in accumulation of triglyceride in the liver. Steatosis may be further aggravated by the fact that protein absorption  is reduced and, therefore, the formation of low density lipoproteins by the liver is curtailed. In this series, no patients have died as a result of fatty infiltration and liver failure alone."
1154221,"Following insertion or prolonged pumping, intraaortic balloon position is occasionally found well below the desired site with the concomitant loss of mechanical advantage. Repositioning may mean having to advance a semisterile catheter into the arterial lumen. To alleviate this risk, a new technique of balloon catheter insetion is suggested whereby a 10 inch length of prosthetic material is sewn into the artery. The redundant length is allowed to protrude beyond the skin closure. If prolonged pumping is envisaged, the cuff may be left intact altogether or else it is amputated upon satisfying oneself that the balloon is placed in the desired position."
1154222,"Since massive hemorrhage from the traumatized liver is usually caused by disruption of the deeply situated hepatic veins, repair or resection is seldom practical. Instead, after appropriate debridement has been accomplished, such venous bleeding can rapidly and effectively be controlled by packing autogenous omentum, based on its respective gastroepiploic vessels, into the hepatic fracture crease. The liver edges are then oversewn, and sump drainage is installed. An experience with the use of this technique in 37 patients has demonstrated its almost uniform success."
1154225,"Selective ligation of sundry hepatic arteries in patients with hepatic trauma obviated death from hepatic bleeding in 59 of 60 patients treated with this method of hemostasis.  Hepatic insufficiency did not occur in survivors.  Reconstitution of intrahepatic arterial flow is rapidly accomplished by collateral arteries.  When the source of hemorrhage is perihepatic, that is, hepatic veins and retrohepatic vena cava, hepatic artery ligation is ineffective.  Two patients died from this kind of hemorrhage."
1154226,"It is well known that large intestine anastomoses tend to leak much more frequently than do small intestine anastomoses.  These studies were undertaken to elucidate the pathophysioplogic basis of this phenomenom.  Single layer interrupted silk suture anastomoses were performed in both the distal part of the ileum and the distal part of the colon in 29 dogs.  The anastomoses were resected at one through eight days and 19 to 31 days after operations.  Collagen response, vascular response and bursting strength at the site of anastomoses were investigated.  The results demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the collagen and vascular response of the large versus the small intestine.  This differential response may play a role in the mechanism of the relatively high incidence of suture line separations observed after colonic anastomoses."
1154227,Two patients in whom corrosion failure of stainless steel implants occurred had the surgically removed implants subjected to metallurgic analysis.  Both implants showed marked pitting corrosion and required removal due to adverse tissue reaction.  Analysis of the failed implants showed them to be fabricated of alloys with a chemical composition that resulted in inferior corrosion resistance.  A simple magnetic test is suggested to indicate this type of stainless steel.
1154228,"The records of 28 patients with duodenal and 31 with jejunoileal intestinal atresia or stenosis were studied. Vomiting and abdominal distention were the most prominent symptoms; an unusual colon may be present in jejunal as well as ileal obstruction and is not pathognomonic for ileal obstruction. Intestinal atresia is associated with a high incidence of preterm babies but with a low incidence of intrauterine growth retardation. Fifty-three infants were operated upon; the overall survival rate was 79 per cent. The high percentage of mortality in duodenal obstruction is due to associated malformations. Theories of the pathogenesis of intestinal atresia do not seem to fit current clinical and experimental evidence in all patients. Possibly, different factors play a role in separate situations."
1154229,"The Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector and the strain gauge plethysmograph were used to differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively primary from secondary varicose veins.  Studies were performed in 21 limbs of 14 normal persons, nine limbs of eight patients with varices secondary  to deep venous disease.  The latter group of patients was identified by ultrasonic evidence of venous reflux through imcompetent deep venous valves.  There was no significant difference  in the maximum venous outflow of the limbs of the three groups of persons as determined by plethysmography.  The primary hemodynamic abnormality in patients with varicose veins was significant venous reflux through imcompetent venous valves.  This reflux was obliterated by tourniquet compression of the varices in patients with primary varicose veins.  However, secondary varicose veins are distinguished by persistent abnormal deep venous reflux after compression of the varices.  These diagnostic techniques not only provide accurate noninvasive diagnostic information but also may facilitate determination of prognosis and therapy of patients with varicose veins."
1154230,"The immunologic status of 24 male patients admitted for acute alcoholic detoxification was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro parameters.  In vivo reactivity, as measured by skin testing with a denovo antigen, dinitrochlorobenzene, as well as a recall antigen, tuberculin, was inact.  However, both qualitative and quantitative defects were seen in vitro in the thymus-derived lymphocyte population.  These defects were not seen in recovered alcoholics, that is, they appear reversible.  The defects seen in the cell-mediated immunity of alcoholics may, in part, be responsible for the high incidence of head and neck cancer observed in this patient population."
1154231,The direct effect of mannitol on the renal artery was studied using spiral cut strips of canine renal arteries.  Spiral strips were equilibrated in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C.  The strips contracted when challenged with increasing doses of mannitol.  The force of contraction was directly proportional to the dose of mannitol used.  Vasoconstriction is a direct effect of mannitol on the renal artery in the dose range of 10 to 70 milligrams per milliliter.  This observation may explain some of the seemingly contradictory data which have accumulated in studies using mannitol.
1154233,"Of the 89 patients with disseminated carcinoma of the breast treated with combination or sequential cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and vincristine, 63 had received evaluable course of endocrine therapy and chemotherapy.  The response to endocrine therapy, regardless of its nature or duration, failed to predict response to subsequent chemotherapy.  Selection of the patients on the basis of pretreatment disease free interval, menopausal status or metastatic pattern showed the groups of patients to be homogeneous in distribution.  In addition, evaluation for a disease free interval greater or less than two years, menopausal status and visceral or nonvisceral metastasis did not allow identification of groups predicting responsiveness to combination chemotherapy."
1154234,"A device to track and record the motion of the left ventricular border of the heart has been designed and is undergoing validation in human beings.  The system involves the use of track-while-scan-techniques applied to video signals from a fluoroscope image intensifier.  Results of studies obtained from the animal laboratory as well as from human beings indicate good correlation with standardized contractility indexes as well as with systolic time intervals, an alternative noninvasive technique."
1154235,"Parathyroid echograms were carried out in ten patients with clinical hyperparathyroidism.  In seven patients, the preoperative examination was capable of detecting and localizing enlarged parathyroid glands.  The echograms of parathyroid adenomas as well as carcinoma showed a characteristic cystic pattern, for which the term hollow pattern is the most suitable expression.  In preoperatively detected instances using echography, the parathyroid tumors were oval-shaped and larger in size and weight.  This method is a safe, simple and noninvasive technique that produces no discomfort to the patient.  The reliability rate of 70 per cent in our study is acceptable.  Therefore, echography of the parathyroid is applicable as a new diagnostic procedure for preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors."
1154236,"Intestinal adsorption of triolein, Risa and d-xylose was determined before and after reduction of blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery.  Absorption of d-xylose did not change, but absorption of triolein and Risa appeared to be slightly improved after arterial constriction, even if the artery was completely thrombosed.  Enhancement in absorption of Risa and triolein was probably the result of extensive collateral formation around the constricted superior mesenteric artery."
1154237,A method of azygography has been used in a study of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus prior to thoracotomy.  Total blockage or progressive reduction of venous caliber at the actual level of the lesion with contralateral filling of the azygos vein or back pressure signs on the azygogram indicates that the growth is not resectable at operation.
1154238,"The effect of bilateral nephrectomy was examined in ten patients with severe hypertension in whom dialysis and multiple drug therapy had not resulted in blood pressure control and was compared with that in 15 patients undergoing nephrectomy solely in preparation for transplantation. A highly significant, P less than 0.0005, and clinically impressive reduction in mean blood pressure occurred in the first group of patients, permitting discontinuation of all drugs. Although impossible to quantitate, these patients also demonstrated a reversal of a failure-to-thrive syndrome which had seriously compromides prenephrectomy management. Nephrectomy resulted in a reduction in mean hematocrit values of greater than 20 per cent and less than or equal to 20 percent showed a significant fall in the former but not in the latter. No increase in transfusion requirements developed in these patients. Until more potent and reliable medical therapy becomes generally availabe, nephrectomy will remain an important treatment modality in those patients requiring dialysis and having severe unremitting hypertension."
1154239,"Modified bovine carotid artery grafts have been used for maintenance hemodialysis in 44 patients during an 18 month period.  The technique of constructing an arteriovenous fistula in the leg and in the forearm is described.  The common femoral artery and saphenous vein in the leg and the radial artery and basilic vein in the forearm are the preferred vessels.  The complication rate has been low, consisting primarily of thrombosis and false aneurysms at the dialysis needle puncture site.  Oversized grafts should be avoided because of resultant turbulent flow and the tendency of thrombosis.  Bleeding after withdrawal of the hemodialysis needle must be properly controlled to minimize complications.  Eighty-two percent have various problems and 18 per cent have failed.  Bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas provide excellent vascular access in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis."
1154243,"A case of Moyamoya disease is discussed, presenting in a young adult with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moyamoya is a rare form of crebro-vascular occlusive disease, characterized by specific arteriographic findings. The etiology of the disorder is unknown."
1154244,"During the past four years, 36 hydrocephalic patients were treated by  shunting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the proximal segment of an occluded neck vein. When the CSF is shunted in this fashion it takes a complex pathway back to the heart. During its flow to the venous circulation, the CSF washes the blood away from the vein and converts it into an extension of the shunting catheter. The CSF that continuoussly fills the vein forms a barrier which separates the shunting tube from the circulating blood and prevents blood clotting around the end of the tube. Observations revealed that the intraventricualr pressure was maintained within normal limits, no siphonage effect developed when the patient assumed a sitting position, and reflux of blood into the shunting catheter did not occur. Valveless catheters were used in the first 29 patients; in the last seven patients, specially designed valved catheters were used."
1154246,"Five cases of suprasellar teratoma are presented. The characteristic clinical symptoms consist of diabetes insipidus, visual distrubance, hypopituitarism, and occasionally increased intracranial pressure accompanied by mild erosion of the sella turcica and separation of cranial sutures. A suprasellar mass lesion was demonstrated in all four cases examined by carotid angiography, and fine vascularization was found in three. Removal of the tumor is the treatment of choice, but if carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, or germinoma tissues are contained in the tumor, irradiation therapy should follow surgical treatment."
1154247,"Optic glioma associated with bilateral subdural effusion in a four-month-old male infant is reported. Review of the cases with subdural effusion or hematoma and brain tumor in the world literature was made. When subdural effusion is found in a newborn or an older infant, the possibility of an associated brain tumor must be considered. Care also should be taken to search for an underlying brain tumor and to exclude dural metastasis when we deal with chronic subdural hematoma in an adult."
1154248,"Previous studies by the author have demonstrated a hyperemia in the lateral funiculus of the Rhesus spinal cord following experimental traumatic spinal cord injury which has sufficient to render the animals permanently paraplegic. This absence of ischemia in the lateral funiculus, coupled with a reappraisal of available data from other investigators, has prompted the author to formulate a theory of primary neuronal dysfunction to explain the observed pathophysiology. It is suggested that the initial injury causes a pathologic biomolecular rearrangemant within the neuronal membrane which interferes with its ability to restrict sodium conductance at rest,nd in effect, makes the membrane nonexcitable."
1154249,Seven patients with bowel perforations secondary to ventriculo- or lumbo- peritoneal shunts are described. Five additional patients histories were found reported in the literature making a total of 12 cases. The shunt tubing presented in the anus in seven of 12 patients. Clinical peritonitis was present initially in two patients but developed in four others. Gram negative ventriculitis was present in five of 12 patients. Suggestions for diagnosis and treatment of this complication are made based on analysis of these 12 patients.
1154252,"This retrospective study of 55 shunted patients with ""normal pressure"" hydrocephalus evaluates the surgical results. Sixty percent of these patients had objective improvement following cerebrospinal fluid diversion but 44% had shunt-related complications of which 9% were fatal. Those patients who received a single theco-peritoneal shunt had a higher improvement rate and a lower incidence of postoperative complications. Successfully treated complications did not preclude postoperative improvement."
1154256,"The effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on lung water, blood volume, hemodynamics, and oxygen transport were studied. The subjects were six patients undergoing major operations, with prebleeding and hemodilution under fluoroxene and nitrous oxide anesthesia. The menatocrit was reduced form 43 to 25 percent in one step, with simultaneous infusion of Plamanate and lactated Ringer's solution. Blood volume was expanded by 5 percent by the hemodilution. The major compensation was a striking rise in cardiac output to 161 percent. Systemic oxygen transport (CO times arterial O2 content) increased despite the marked fall in oxygen-carrying capacity, and the arteriovenous O2 content difference decreased. Lung water the aveolararterial (A-a) oxygen differences were reduced. The procedure was well tolerated by this group of selected patients and homologous blood utilization was reduced."
1154257,"Serious upper abdominal hemorrhage can be both frustrating and frightening. Most major vessels in the upper abdomen can be readily dealt with within the abdomen. The upper end of the inferior vena cava is an exception. Control above the liver, below the diaphragm, is difficult and hazardous. The maneuver described here for temporary occlusion within the pericardium is simple and safe. By its use and with control of the lower end at the appropriate level, the main vessel and/or its intrahepatic tributaries then can be approached under direct vision in a relatively bloodless field for safe, accurate ligation and/or reconstruction."
1154258,"In 14 patients an oblique view of the aotoiliac region was obtained in addition to the conventional anteroposterior view. Angiograms in oblique projections are indicated in the following situations: (1) where the symptoms cannot be explained by the findings on the conventional anteroposterior view (2) where the patient has had previous anoroiliac grafts and has redeveloped ischmic symptoms, and (3) where patients with unilateral limb ischemia due to unilateral aotoiliac occlusive disease are being considered for a femororfemoral bypass graft procedure. In six patients appreciation of the true significance of the suspected occlusive lesion was of great value in planning the proper surgical procedure. In the remaining eight, angiographic corroboraion of the absence of significant occlusive disease was equally helpful in managing the patient's condition. Examples of each group are presented."
1154259,"Soluble melanoma antigens were prepared by 3M KCl extraction. These antigens were tested by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (DCHR) in 52 patients. Maximum reactivity was noted at 24 hours. DCHR was greater than or equal to 10 mm. of induration in 20 of 34 melanoma patients whereas only three reacted to an autologous muscle extract. Five of 18 patients with other tumors reacted to this antigen. The availability of soluble tumor antigens now permits further purification, chemical characterization, and clinical evaluation of these antigens."
1154260,"Tissue oxygen tensions in healing anastomoses of rabbit abdominal aortas were measured with ultramicro-oxygen cathodes with 1 to 3 mum tips. Two days after constructing the anastomosis, the over-all profile of intramural oxygen tension was different markedly from that of normal aortic wall, showing a progressive fall of Po2 from adventitia to media and no increasing gradient from media to intima. One week after operation to intimal Po2 increased and the oxygen gradient due to diffusion from the lumen was re-established.  By the end of the second week adventitial and medial oxygen tensions reached their minimum. Six weeks after operation the oxygen tensions in the anastomosis resembled those of an intact aortic wall, suggesting that the availability of oxygen to the injured area had been re-established fully."
1154261,"Six patients with traumatic aortic arch injuries have been repaired with distal aortic perfusion maintained with femerofemoral bypass (three patients) and the heparin-bonded ascending aorta-to-femoral artery shunt (three patients). The two groups are compared regarding pre- and postoperative changes in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and platelet counts, as well as required blood replacement, days in the hospital, and rapidity of setting up the technique of distal aortic perfusion. No significant difference in the two techniques was demonstrated regarding the above parameters. Both the heparin-bounded shunt and femoral vein-to-femoral artery bypass with the pump oxygenator provide acceptable spinal cord and renal protection. The two techniques should be equally rapid and safe for the larger institution employing cardiopulmonary bypass procedures on a routine basis. The heparin-bounded shunt, however, may provide a more rapid and reliable means of lower aortic perfusion for the smaller institution with less available means of cardiopulmonary bypass support."
1154262,"Repeated intratumor injections of SV-40 virus-induced and transplaned syngenic fibrosarcomsa in hamsters with bradykinin (BK) has produced markded slowing of tumor growth in comparison with control saline injections. Growth slowing was greatest when the injections were daily, with a decrease in growth slowing as injections became less frequent. The growth slowing also was dose dependent (greater with 250 mug BK injections than with 50 mug BK injections). BK-injected tumors, on histological study, were found to have marked infiltration with mononuclear cells. This was not encountered in noninjected or saline-injected tumors. Significant mononuclear cell infiltration of noninjected tumors was found in two tumor animals which had had one tumor injectecd with BK. Splenic histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity was higher in BK tumor-injected animals than in saline tumor-injected animals. Splenic HDC activity was higher when studed nearer the period of daily intratumor injections. The findings of this study suggest a potential role of inportance for inter-related vasoactive substances which act as mediators of inflammation in the study and therapy of neoplasia."
1154263,"In this study 217 patients with proved abdominal aortic aneurysm were reviewed and the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was assessed in comparison with physical examination, plain abdominal roentgenography, and aortography for the evaluation of patients with a suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ultrasonography is most accurate in detecting an aneurysm and in defining the size of the aneurysm. Routine aortography to evaluate the renal and iliac artery is not justified in the preoperative evaluation of patients with an abdominal aneurysm since the renal artery infrequently is involved by the aneurysmal process (3.7 percent) and the surgical results are consistently successful in those patients with renal and/or iliac artery involvement. If preoperatively needed, the renal status can be evaluated accurately with an isotope renogram combined with photoscan of the kidney. A practical approach to the diagnosis of pulsatile abdominal masses is proposed."
1154264,"The effects of saline, D5W, D10W, dextran, penicillin, cephalothin, and the Renografin ""dyes"" on vascular fibrinolytic activity were evaluated in in vitro experiments and in caninne preparations. Saline, D5W, D10W, and dextran did not affect fibrinolytic activity. High concentrations of the Renografin ""dyes"" and penicillin decreased fibrinolytic activity in vitro. Cephalothin, with an increased association of postinfusion in vitro studies but demonstrated minimal effect during the in vivo studies during which sufficiently high local concentrations of drug may not have been obtained. It is concluded that, although intimal damage, stasis, and/or hypercoagulability are responsible for the development of post infusion thromboses, local hypofibrinolytic activity is induced by some infusions and might contribute to the persistence and propagation of the thromboses."
1154265,"Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is an entity that is being recognized increasingly, chiefly by radiologists. The pathogenesis, pathology, and indications for surgery are not well understood. This report is a study of 27 patients seen in the last 6 years, all of whom had proved histologic features. Patients ranged from 21 to 72 years of age, with a preponderance of women. Thirteen patients had no gallstones. The disease was confined to the fundus in 15 patients, to the neck in one patient, and was generalized in 11 patients. Bile cultures were obtained in the last six consecutive patients and all were negative. Histologically there was evidence of thickening of the gallbladder wall, glandular elements in the mucosa, and invagination of glands into the muscularis. The clinical, radiological, and pathologic features supported a hyperplastic and degenerative disorder which should be distinguished from cholecystitis. Associated with these morphologic changes is a dyskinesia similar to that seen in diverticular disease of the colon. Follow-up studies after cholecystectomy have shown that over 90 percent of all patients were completely relieved of symptoms. Adenomyomatosis should be identified as a distinct entity, probably of a degenerative nature. Cholecystectomy is indicated and beneficial when the symptoms suggest biliary tract diseases."
1154266,"The effects of various combinations of streptokinase-induced hyperfibrinolysis, electric shock, myocardial ischemia, and ventricular fibrillation on cat pericardial and epcardial fibrinolytic activity were studied. Streptokinase alone or electric shock alone slightly increased the periepicardial fibrinolytic activity but epicardial rebleeding did not occur. However, streptokinase infusions followed by electric shock and/or myocardial ischemia and/or ventricular fibrillation significantly incrased the periepicardial fibrinolytic activity and rebleeding of the epicardium occurred. Topical application of the fibrinolytic inhibitor epsilonaminocaproic acid (EACA) prevented the epicardial rebleeding."
1154267,"An evaluation of the accuracy, perdision, and clinical safety of the IBC indwellling catheter electrode for the continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen tension during and after general anesthesia was made in a total of 62 patients. A comparison of the standard bench-type electrode (Radiometer) with the International Biophysics Corporation (IBC) electrode for the measurement of oxygen tension in tonometered blood also was performed. Three hundred and fifty comparisons in 51 patients were made of the indwelling electrode with a standard Radiometer unit and, while there was good correlation, there also was ome scatter. An additional small series of 44 comparisons in 11 patients was performed, the primary difference being that the electrode was maintained intr-arterially for approximately 1 day. In both in vivo studies there was excellent correlation but questionable precidion. Four IBC electrodes and eight Radiometer Pao2 electrodes in an additional study were compared at 11 different tonometered oxygen tensions in blood. The IBC electrodes measured oxyygen tension more accurately than did the Radiometer, and standard deviations were consistently smaller at all of 11 different oxygen tensions for the IBC unit. The authors believe that the poor precision within both in vivo studies might be due to the fact that the IBC probe, which was of unknown accuracy and precision, was compared to a standard device (the Radiometer) which in the in vitro investigation proved to be less accurate and less precise. No complications due to the insertion and maintance of this in vivo electrode were encountered. The authors suggest that the IBC method for measuring Pao2 continuously in vivo be considered as an alternative to intermittent gas analysis of oxygen tension."
1154268,"The clinical history and surgical findings of an adenocarcinoma of the jejunum in an 18-year-old black man are recorded. The world literature on this subject has been reviewed, revealing a total of six cases of adenocarcinoma of the jejunum and ileum in patients under 20 years of age. This seventh case is recorded for its rarity and the findings which should alert the clinician: cramping abdominal pain, weight loss, and occult blood in the stool."
1154269,Cardiac tamponade has not been reported previously as a complication of central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring catheters inserted via the percutaneous subclavian vein approach. In one patient perforation of the vein by the catheter resulted in the catheter lying free in the mediastinum. Deterioration of the patient prompeted increasing infusion of fluids through this catheter with incresing cardiac compression. Relief was obtained after a thoracotomy. Ti is suggested that this complication may be recognized in the future and corrected without thoracotomy if radiopaque dye is infused through the CVP catheter.
1154271,"Television serves a number of useful purposes in the operating room. For the operating room supervisor, television surveillance provides an easy, economical method of keeping abreast of surgical and turnaround activities in each operating room. For the surgeon it provides an excellent vehicle for teaching, record keeping, remote viewing, and two way communication with the clinical pathology and x-ray departments, as well as with other consultants."
1154272,"In a prospective randomized trial of 16 patients undergoing abdominal vascular reconstructive procedures, changes in plasma volume, serum oncotic pressure (pis), serum albumin and total protein concentration, alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences (AaDO2, FIO2 = 1.0), creatinine clearance, body weight, and fluid and sodium intake were examined. By random assignment patients received either an albumin- or a sodium-rich intraoperative fluid regimen. Pulmonary arteriovenous admixture was significantly less in the albumin group (n = 7) than in the electrolyte group (n = 9) on the first postoperative day. The change in AaDO2 correlated positively with the total sodium intake in the electrolyte group. Despite the larger fluid load and significantly greater gain of body weight, patients in the electrolyte group had a postoperative plasma volume significantly lower than the preoperative value. Postoperative values of albumin concentration, circulating albumin mass and pis were significantly greater in the albumin group in comparison to the electrolyte group. Creatinine clearance values were not different between the two groups. The change in pis correlated significantly with sodium intake and circulating albumin mass. Pulmonary shunting and expansion of the extracellular fluid volume may be minimized without adverse effects on renal function by administration of fluids rich in albumin in preference to sodium."
1154273,"To clarify the changes in glucose homeostasis which occur following injury, pigs were subjected to hemorrhagic shock. During shock increased levels of free glucose occurred in red blood cells and muscle tissue, suggesting that inhibition of glucose phosphorylation was occurring. Simultaneously systemic plasma glucose levels were noted to be higher than portal plasma glucose levels while levels of free glucose within the liver fell, indicating that the liver was mobilizing glucose. Plasma insulin and phosphate levels were observed to rise throughout the experiment. From this study it was concluded that the hyperglycemia of injury in these animals was caused by a combination of decreased cellular glucose utilization due to diminished phosphorylation and increased mobilization of glucose by the liver."
1154274,"Thirteen of fourteen dogs developed marked increases in hepatic hemosiderin (postshunt siderosis) after construction of portacaval shunt, whereas only three of 12 dogs developed such siderosis after construction of a portacaval shunt and end-to-side gastrojejunostomy with duodenal exclusion. Splenic hemosiderin was increased markedly in dogs with portacaval shunt but increased minimally in dogs with portacaval shunt and gastrojejunostomy. Rib marrow fat increased slightly in dogs with portacaval shunt and decreased slightly in dogs with portacaval shunt and gastrojejunostomy. Thus continued iron absorption appears to account for the development of postshunt siderosis and the addition of gastrojejunostomy ameliorates postshunt siderosis by diminishing iron absorption."
1154275,"A significant association between carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay titers and peripheral lymphocyte counts was observed in 148 simultaneous determinations. The association was present in a high cancer risk study group of patients with myasthenia gravis and in a control group of patients with granulomatous disease of the bowel, ulcerative colitis, and colonic neoplasms. A highly significant difference in the percentage of positive CEA assays in relation to lymphocyte counts was noted both in the study and control groups. In the study group CEA was positive in seven of 41 patients (17 percent) with counts above 2,000 per cubic millimeter, and in 26 of 56 (43 percent) of those with lower counts (X2 = 9.06, p smaller than 0.005). The corresponding percentages in the control group were 20 and 61 percent (X2 = 5.60, p smaller than 0.025). A significant difference between the means of lymphocytes in groups with different CEA titers also was found (F = 6.77, p smaller than 0.05). The finding of lower peripheral lymphocytes and/or higher titers of CEA in groups with increased risk of cancer, i.e., severe myasthenia gravis, patients with thymomas and patients with long history of granulomatous disease of the bowel, suggests on association between the results of the two tests and cancer risk. The observations indicate that the yield of CEA assay in cancer detection may be higher in patients with lwo lymphocytes, and that these determinations used in conjunction may serve better as diagnostic and prognostic aids in patients with known neoplasms or in high cancer risk groups."
1154276,"We have presented both early and late results in 236 extremities revascularized by aortofemoral, axillofemoral, or femorofemoral bypass grafts for severe atherosclerotic disease. The superficial femoral artery was occluded in all patients and initial outflow was provided solely through the profunda femoris system. Five different categories have been defined based on the procedure utilized to insure patency of the proximal profunda system. Subsequent patency rates are determined for each category. In reviewing our total experience the profunda femoris system was adequate to maintain both graft patency and limb viability in 90.3 percent of extremities in the early postoperative period. This declined to 78.5 percent at 5 year follow-up. Femoropopliteal bypass was required in 16 patients within the first postoperative month to maintain graft patency or relieve persistent ischemia. It is suggested that the addition of femoropopliteal bypass may improve inmediate and long-term patency rates and offer greater assurance that ischemia will be relieved."
1154277,"Basic defects in performance of committees are described and guidelines for more effective committee functioning are suggested. To date most experiences with management technology have been with industry. Hopefully, the principles used will be found to be partly applicable to medical schools."
1154279,Left sided pleural effusion was found in a human fetus spontaneously aborted at 20 weeks postmenstrual. Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with the effusion suggested that the fluid had been present for some time before delivery. Absence of other anomalies supports the view that the effusion was due to maldevelopment of the thoracic lymph channels.
1154280,"The formation of cysts has been studied in kidneys removed from day-15 and day-18 rat fetuses and cultured in a mixture of medium 199 (Morgan et al., '50) for periods of up to 15 days. Gas phases of 95% O2 and 5% CO2, and 95% air and 5% CO2, were employed, the latter being considered more satisfactory. In day-15 kidneys cysts formed from the ampullary portions of the collecting tubules after 2 days whereas cysts derived from nephrons were not seen until 9 days of culturing. The latter arose from developing juxtamedullary nephrons. In day-18 kidneys cysts from collecting tubules and nephrons were both present after 3 days of culturing. The latter, in this instance, originated mostly in immature midcortical nephrons, the juxtamedullary mephrons having undergone rapid degeneration. The tubular portion of the nephron seemed to be the primary site of dilatation. Under culture conditions cysts of nephrons thus formed from immature actively developing nephrons and not from those that were mature. Cysts associated with collecting tubules arose from the ampullary (terminal) portions of the latter in both day-15 and day-18 cultured kidneys. The study of cultured mammalian fetal kidneys can provide information on the nature and genesis of renal cysts. It is possible that the same technique also may be helpful for examining the effects of teratogens directly on the kidney."
1154281,"Beta-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) retarded or suppressed epithelial changes in the medial edge of the palatal process in later stages of gestation in rats. Programmed cell death did not follow the usual pattern, and only a few lysosomes were observed on day 18 of gestation. The sensitivity of the medial epithelium to BAPN appeared to be different in various areas of the palatal epithelium; the epithelium on the anterior region of the palatal process was hypertrophied and keratinized, while posteriorly the medial or neighboring epithelium was very thin and, in neonatal rats, the covering was absent. A basal lamina was distinct in the anterior region and indistinct or fragmented posteriorly. Collagen fibers did not develop adjacent to the basal lamina, and an amorphous material was scattered throughout the mesenchymal tissue. These findings suggest that BAPN decreases the ""connecting capacity"" between mesenchyme and epithelium, and results in a modification of epithelial changes."
1154283,"Fertilized eggs of single-combed White Leghorn hens were each injected through a shell window directly beneath the embryo at 70 or 96 h of incubation with 2 mg of the sodium salt of 6-MP dissolved in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and at 11 days of incubation the embryos were examined for gross morphological abnormalities. Various gross malformations and growth retardation were found, the most frequently and severely affected structures being limbs, beak, and eyes. Treatment at 70 h caused more severe abnormalities than at 96 h, but the spectrum of defects was not very different."
1154282,"Hydroxyurea was given to pregnant rhesus monkeys and pregnant rats in regimens adjusted to produce similar degrees of teratogenicity, for the purpose of comparing the distribution of the drug in the females and their embryos. According, in rats 137 mg/kg/day ip on days 9-12 resulted in a drug half-life in maternal plasma of about 15 min and in embryos about 85 min, after the last injection; and in monkeys 100 mg/kg/days iv on days 23-32 resulted in drug half-life in maternal plasma estimated to be 120 min and in embryos 265 min, after the last injection. Using as a baseline of biological effects the minimal concentration known to inhibit DNA synthesis in rat embryos and cancer cells, namely 10(-4) M, it was calculated that the rat embryos in the present study were exposed to this level or more for approximately 12 h whereas the monkey embryos were exposed for approximately 100 h. Although the teratogenic effects were not identical in the two species, these data are interpreted to mean that rat embryos are teratogenically much more sensitive to hydroxyurea than monkey embryos. These observations have important implications in the selection of appropriate species for tests to estimate human teratogenic risks. The rat, which is currently the most widely used animal for such tests, displays sizeable differences from rhesue monkeys, which is one of the animals thought to be most like man in teratogenic susceptibility."
1154284,"Chick embryos were explanted at stage; 4-7 and cultured for 20 h with or without LSD. At any stage 10 mug/ml LSD or higher caused abnormalities in axial structures, particularly somites, in over 50% of the embryos. LSD had no apparent effect on morphogenesis of the heart, but significantly lowered the pulse rate. Cellular degeneration occurred in severely affected structures, but LSD at embryotoxic doses caused alterations in neither cell morphology nor mitotic activity. The effects of LSD were not permanent, i.e., the embryos retained the ability to undergo normal morphogenesis when, after 4-5 h of treatment with 10 mug/ml LSD, they were subcultured on plain nutrient medium."
1154285,"The formation of the secondary palate in mice is accompanied by intensive mitotic activity, which is mainly concentrated at the medial edges of the palatal processes. In control H-Velaz randombred fetuses the mitotic activity culminated approximately 24 h before palatal-shelf horizontalization, so that the period of intensive cell proliferation coincided with the period when cleft palate could be induced by cortisone administration. Effects of teratogenic doses of corticoids, injected directly into amniotic sac of embryos on day 13 (0.3 mg hydrocortisone) or im to pregnant females on day 12 (7.5 mg cortisone acetate), on the proliferative peak in palatal processes were studied using intraamniotic injection of colchicine. Counts of colchicine-blocked mitoses in histological serial sections revealed both a significant decrease in overall mitotic density and a posterior shift of the proliferative peak in the palatal processes of fetuses treated with doses of corticoids producing cleft palate."
1154286,"On day 12 of pregnancy Wistar rats were each given a single ip injection of 5, 8, 16, 25, or 50 mg/kg 6-mercaptopurine. The embryos were removed 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 24, 48, or 72 h after injection or on day 20 and studied by light and electron microscopy. After 25 or 50 mg/kg all embryos showed no mineralization in the lower extremities. By electron microscopy condensation, shrinking, and fragmentation of cells in the limb bud blastema could be seen after 5 h. The fragments were phagocytosed and broken down by neighboring cells or remained in the extracellular space. After 25 or 50 mg/kg the damage was so extensive that the number of undamaged cells and of cells transforming into phagocytes was not sufficient to remove the debris or to compensate for the defect by mitotic activity. Epithelial cells, nerves, and blood vessels, show no morphological signs of damage. The ""critical period"" was the time cartilage just starts developing, i.e., when the blastema begins to differentiate."
1154287,"Imipramine hydrochloride was administered orally twice daily to 18 bonnet and 3 rhesus monkeys between days 23 and 45 of pregnancy for 1-3 or 18-22 days at 1, 2, and 10 times the recommended human dose. No teratologic changes were observed, although signs of maternal toxicity occurred at the high dose level, and the abortion rate was higher than in controls."
1154288,"Thirty and 60 mg/kg captan, administered in the diet during the entire gestation period or during gestation and an 8-week lactation period, caused no adverse effects in either mothers or progeny, and captan is thus judged to be nonteratogenic in beagles."
1154289,"Pregnant Syrian hamsters were placed in a 100-1 static inhalation chamber for 30 min twice daily on days 5-10 of gestation and exposed to 8.0 +/- 0.13, 11.6 +/- 0.11,or 13.23 +/- 0.49 g of ""Foil Art Adhesive"" and killed on day 14. Controls were placed in adjacent identical chambers but received no spray. The spray adhesive was toxic but not teratogenic at the doses administered. Maternal alopecia occurred upon exposure to the 2 highest dose levels, and 1 female died during exposure to the highest dose level. Fetal survival was not affected. Mean fetal weight was significantly decreased after exposure to all 3 dose levels, and delayed skeletal development occurred but was not dose related."
1154290,"Pregnant Long-Evans rats were subjected to a teratogenic regimen, i.e., were fed a synthetic diet lacking folic acid and containing 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid on the 11th to 14th days of gestation. Experimental and control pregnant rats injected with 10 muCi of [2-14C] ethanolamine on the 14th day were killed 1 or 2 days later. The total radioactivity and radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) were determined in chloroform extracts of homogenates and subcellular fractions prepared from hemochorionic and yolk sac placentas and maternal liver. The distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of control and experimental yolk sac placentas was similar, and paralleled the distribution in maternal liver. However, the distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of the hemochorionic placentas did not parallel that of the maternal liver, and radiolabeled PC accumulated faster in experimental placentas than in controls. We suggest that the ability of the hemochorionic placenta to synthesize PC from PE was impaired by the teratogenic regimen, and that the organ took up relatively more PC from the maternal plasma. We propose that this teratogen-induced shift from placental lecithin synthesis to selective lecithin uptake underlies the previous finding of an increased accumulation of radio-labeled PC in embryos from pregnant females subjected to this teratogenic regimen (Chepenik and Waite, '73)."
1154291,"An unusual instance of congenital isolated absence of carpal bones, in a 38-year-old woman, characterized by total lack of the scaphoid, lunate, and pyramidal and a massive fusion of the distal carpal row is reported. This condition is thought to have been the result of an embryonic error exclusively involving the portion of the autopodic blastema from which the carpus originates."
1154292,"Wistar rats were administered single doses of 16 or 50 mg/kg 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on day 12 of pregnancy. Necrosis in the fetal forebrain and spinal cord was studied by light microscope 6, 12, 14, 48, 72, and 81 h and 8 days afterward. The extent of necrosis was dose dependent. The first necroses were seen after 24 h, regardless of location (brain, spinal cord) or dose; but the extent was greatest after 48 h. All necrotic cells had a typical appearance; they were ballooned and often fragmented, their nuclei were darkly colored and frequently pyknotic, and they were often karyorhexic. Necroses appeared almost exclusively at sites of beginning cellular differentiation, i.e., in the intermediate zone. In the spinal cord the ventricular zone was also necrotic and the alar plate (dorsal horn) always affected. Phagocytizing cells (macrophages) appeared in the spinal cord after 48 h and in the brain after 72 h. After 81 h all the necrotic material had been phagocytized, at which time there was a massive congestion of the extra- and intracerebral vessels. Hemorrhages appeared in defined localizations. Eight days after exposure to 16 mg/kg 6-MP fetuses no longer showed any visible deviations. Fetuses exposed to 50 mg/kg showed deviations in the cytoarchitecture of the neopallium: an extremely broadened ventricular zone, few cells in the intermediate zone, and extensive rarefaction cells in the cortical plate with no clear layer structure. In the spinal cord, cleft formations were especially noticeable in the dorsal-horn region. All fetuses showed a hydrocephalus externus after 50 mg/kg. The mechanism leading to necrosis is discussed."
1154293,"During the prenatal period of development of the rabbit skeleton (days 21-30) the successive phases of fetal maturity can be distinguished by reference to the progress of ossification, particularly in the distal limbs and sternum. In the present study absent or incomplete ossification of sternebra 5 occurred in 8% of term fetuses. The incidence of anomalies of prenatal ossification of the axial skeleton was 1.9%. The relevance of delayed and disturbed ossification with regard to teratological tests is discussed."
1154294,"Newborn A/J and CL/Fr mice with congenital cleft lip usually have an atrial septal defect of the secundum type, often associated with cyanosis. Their littermates without cleft lip rarely have a septal defect. The atrial septal defect results from a delay in growth of the atrial septum primum."
1154295,"Single doses of 100-400 mg/kg or multiple doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg of the phenothiazine derivative methophenzaine were given per osto Wistar rats at various times on the 7th-14th days fo gestation and the fetuses examined near term. Results indicated that methophenazine was mainly embryolethal when administered on the 8th-11th days, and was teratogenic at later times, producing types of malformations that depended on the day of treatment, the most susceptible period being the 13th and 14th days of gestation. Teratogenicity occurred only when the dosages were highly toxic to the pregnant rats. Ribovlavin given ip on the 14th day significantly reduced the embryolethal but not the teratogenic action of methophenazine."
1154305,"Recent studies of the role of platelets in blood coagulation have shown that platelets can trigger intrinsic coagulation by two alternative pathways, protect platelet-associated active clotting factors from inactivation by plasma inhibitors and catalyze intrinsic coagulation reactions on the platelet surface to form fibrin. These platelet coagulant activities (i.e., contact product forming activity, collagen-induced coagulant activity, intrinsic factor Xa forming activity and platelet factor 3 activity) were found to be increased in patients with deep vein thrombosis developing after hip surgery, in patients with established retinal vein thrombosis and in patients with established deep vein thrombosis. It is suggested that increases in platelet coagulant activities concerned with triggering and catalyzing intrinsic coagulation reactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis."
1154306,"There appear to be at least three ways in which the blood, and particularly  the platelets, may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications: 1. In the mechanism causing endothelial injury and the response of the smooth muscle cells to vessel injury. 2. Through the formation of persistent mural thrombi which are organized into intimal thickenings. 3. Through the formation of thrombi in association with advanced atherosclerosis that may be either (a) mural thrombi which fragment and shower the distal circulation with platelet emboli or (b) occlusive thrombi."
1154307,"In 16 of 24 anesthetized mongrel dogs a standardized bone trauma was performed to both hind legs by open osteootmy. During the following 6 hours the most important hemodynamic parameters, total platelet count (GTZ) and its separate fractions (NKF, KF) were continously monitored. Five hours after the trauma 50% of the total blood volume (taken to be 80 ml/kg body weight) was withdrawn from two of the four groups of animals. The trauma caused no direct effect on the pulmonary hemodynamics. In the following hours there was a slight decrease of cardiac output (HZV) in the traumatised animals. Besides a moderate increase in mean pulmonary pressure (MPP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by 72% of the pretraumatic values. The application of intravascular catheters diminished the total platelet count markedly in the injured, as in the uninjured animals. The increase in PVR was caused less by a mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary capillary bed than by vasoactive substances released by the platelets. The following hemorrhage led to a more marked hemodynamic reaction in the injured animals. All these animals died before the end of the calculated hemorrhage. All animals without trauma survived. Irreversible aggregation of platelets developed in the pulmonary capillary bed caused by the marked pulmonary hypocirculation. Histological examination showed a marked disseminated pulmonary microthrombosis in all animals with trauma and hemorrhage. The initial phase of experimental pulmonary microembolism caused by trauma was characterized by pulmonary hypocirculation and an activated coagulation with simultaneously diminished total platelet count."
1154308,"Simultaneous platelet and fibrinogen survival with 75Se selenomethionine was determined in eight patients with acute infectious hepatitis of intermediate severity. Fibrinogen survival alone was estimated in another nine patients, seven of whom were receiving heparin treatment. Platelet survival was found to be normal (7-9 days) in seven of the 8 patients; it was reduced 4,6 days) only in one patient, who was also affected by measles. Fibrinogen survival was markedly reduced (1-3.7 days) and fibrinogen turnover sharply increased (0.59-2.80 mg/ml/day) in all but one patient, who had thalassaemia major, with normal fibrinogen survival and fibrinogen turnover. Heparin treatment did not affect either platelet survival or fibrinogen turnover. In all patients the coagulation defect was mild and no sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation or of increased fibrinolytic activity could be demonstrated by routine tests. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in acute infectious hepatitis the decreased survival and increased turnover of fibrinogen might be due to a pathological pathway of defibrination in dependent of thrombin of plasmin."
1154309,"Comparative morphology of platelets of the dog, cat, cow, horse, sheep, and goat was studied with the scanning electron microscope and was found generally similar. Most of the platelets were slightly biconvex of flat with relatively smooth surface and even contour. Some of these platelets had few short marginal filaments, oriny protuberances on the surface. A small number of platelets exhibited surface irregularity and few long pseudopods which were thought to result from platelet activation during the processing of blood. The number os such irregular platelets increased in stored blood and in blood fixed at 4 degrees C."
1154310,"The effects of pantethine on circulating platelet counts and platelet functions were studied in normal and experimentally produced thrombocytopenic rats. Administration of pantethine to normal animals did not cause any alterations in both platelet count and function except for a slight enhancement of intravascular platelet aggregation induced by collagen or neuramindase. Injection of anti-rat platelet rabbit serum into rats resulted in acute thrombocytopenia. Administration of pantethine prior to the antiserum promoted recovery from the thrombocytopenia in a dose dependent manner, but administration of the drug after development of the thrombocytopenia was not effective. A similar result was obtained with a transietnt thrombocytopenia induced by exchange transfusion with platelet poor blood. Regardless of whether animals were treated with pantethine or not, the platelets newly generated during the course of recovery from thrombocytopenia were essentially normal in the function tested in vitro. A more chronic thrombocytopenia induced by repeated injections of the antiserum was prevented, to some significant degree, by daily administration of pantethine throughout the experimental period. In contrast to these, such effect of pantethine was not observed with the thrombocytopenia models produced bynitrogen mustard N-oxide and neuraminidase. These findings were idscussed in relation to mechanism of the action of pantethine and to possible clinical application to the drug to thrombocytopenia."
1154311,"A mixture of adsorbed normal human plasma and chicken plasma was prepared as reagent for factor IX measurement using a one-stage method. The substrate was found to be specific for factor IX. Its performances tested on samples displaying factor IX activity ranging from less than 1%-2,000% compared favorably with those obtained when using the plasma of severe haemophilia B patients as substrate."
1154312,"Antithrombin III (AT-III) was studied in a thrombophilic family with an abnormal AT-III molecule (antithrombin III Budapest) using a modified crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique, gel filtration, 'rocket' immunoelectrophoresis and a heparin cofactor assay. When agarose was applied in the first phase of the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, the normal and the pathological AT-III revealed identical electrophoretic mobility. However, when heparin was mixed with agarose in the first phase of electrophoresis, the propositus' plasma displayed a different AT-III pattern from normal plasma. His plasma contained the first component of the normal plasma (Immune Antithrombin III1, IAT-III) in a concentration of only 5% of normal, and a protein in high concentration which although immunoreactive to AT-III antisera, had an electrophoretic mobility similar (but not identical to that of IAT-III2. This abnormal protein had no heparin cofactor activity and a molecular size greater than normal plasma AT-III. Unlike AT-III, the addition of heparin did not change the molecular size of the pathogic AT-III molecule significantly. The abnormal protein was present in lower concentrations in the patient's children and at the time of study they had no clinical or laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation."
1154313,"The activity drop of 5 u streptiokinasewas measured in 1 ml each of various solutions (9.9% NaCl solution, 5% glucose solution, 5% levulose solution, 10% dextran solution, gelatin solution, 3% albumin solution, michaelis buffer, glucose (5%)-heparin (750 u/ml) solution) at different incubation temperatures (-20 degrees C, 4 DEGREES C, 20 DEGREES C, 37 DEGREES C), and over different observations periods (15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h). Solution media tested for streptodinase-protecting quality were broken down into three groups. Group I: Solvents displaying excellent stabilizing properties gelatin and albumin solutions). Group II: Solvents displaying medium stabilizing properties (dextran and levulose solutions). Group III: Solvents displaying poor stabilizing properties (NaCl and glucose solutions, Michaelis buffer). In testing streptokinase concentrations as used for therapeutic purposes (1500 u/ml, 50,000 u/ml), no decay was found to take place over observation periods of up to 48 h, and no invluence by different solvents (Group I. II or III) was traceable. Heparin stored with streptokinase at room temperature over a period of 48 h did not alteranisms concerning the stability pattern of striptokinase are discussed. It appears that low streptokinase concentrations need negatively chargedcolloids to keep the protein structure intact. The streptokinase-protecting macro-molecules tested so far were albumin, gelatin, and streptokinase. Obviously, streptokinase by itself was able to preserve its own stability provided its concentration was of a certain order magnitude (1500 u/ml, 50,000 u/ml) ."
1154315,"Among sera from 160 patients with hemophilia B from 9 centers in Europe and North and South America, 2.5% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 60for antibody to HBsAg, and 31% for antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen. Evidence of exposure to the hepatitis B virus appeared to be related to severity of disease and age rather than the source and method of manufacturer of factor IX concentrate."
1154317,"Factor XI concentrates manufactured from human plasma and intended for therapeutic infsuion in man have been suspected for some time of being potentially thrombogenic. In the current studies, assays were carried out in vitro and in vivo for potentially thrombognic materials. It was possible to rank the various materials tested according to the amount of thromboninic material detected. For concentrates not containing heparin, there was substantial agreement between the in vivo and in vitro assays, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.77. There was no correlation between the assays for thrombogenicity and the antithrombin III content. We conclude that many presently availabel concentrates of Factor IX contain substantial amounts of potentially thrombogenic enzymes, and that this fact must be considered in arriving at the decision whether or not to use them therapeutically."
1154360,Further data on the Gb - HL-A linkage relationship are presented. All three GBG informative recombinants investigated are Gb - first HL-A recombinants; therefore Gb must be situated on the second HL-A side of the first HL-A locus. Ninety additional apparently Gb - HL-A non-recombinant offspring from 23 matings indicate that the Gb locus is situated in clsoe proximity to the second HL-A locus.
1154362,"The status of the W4, W6 system as related to the HL-A system was re-evaluated by means of segregation and mating studies in 200 Dutch families with 755 children. Inclusion analyses were performed on the Fifth Workshop human populations and related to a reference analysis on the main file in Leiden. The results of the mating and segregation analyses showed a good fit for W4 and W6 as a genetic system. The inclusion analyses showed a high degree of concordance. Based on those results, and other cited evidence, it was suggested that W4 and W6 may represent the basic substance of the HL-A antigens in the FOUR series."
1154363,"In Caucasoids the third locus antigen Hu (FJH or T-2) shows a 91% association with W27 and W10. Less than 10% of the Hu positive cells had an unknown antigen at the second locus. In a Negroid population from Zambia studied with 1972 Workshop data W27 was absent and W10 present in low frequency. Hu in contrast was present with twice the frequency seen in Caucasoids. Eighty-six % of positive cells had an unknown antigen at the second locus. Data from the use of platelet complement fixing sera suggests that this unknown allele was Da(6), an antigen present in very low frequency in Caucasoids. Recombination between second and third locus alleles has been proposed as an explanation for these associations. Associations of HL-A12 and Hu with 4a, W5 with 4b in Caucasoids and vice versa in the Negroids was demonstrated, and the possibility that this finding may be an indication of recombination between a separate 4a/4b locus and the second and third loci was discussed."
1154366,"The incidence of HL-A8 was significantly increased in 64 Caucasian patients with thyrotoxicosis compared with 700 Australian blood donors (42% versus 24%). No significant correlation was observed between HL-A8 and autoantibodies to thyroid components in thyrotoxic patients; thus the association of HL-A8 must be either with the disease itself, or possibly with immune responses not tested for this study."
1154368,Target cell specificity of a human cytotoxic lymphocyte-dependent antiserum correlated with the presence of HL-A7 on target cells. Target cells from 10 of 11 HL-A7-positive donors were damaged in vitro by this antiserum together with lymphocytes from normal donors. Target cells from six donors lacking HL-A7 were not damaged. Cytotoxic activity was removed by adsorption of the antiserum with lymphocytes from any one of four HL-A7-positive donors. Adsorption with lymphocytes from any one of three HL-A7-negative donors failed to eliminate cytotoxic activity.
1154369,"Eighty cases of sarcoidosis have been investigated. In all except eight patients a histological verification of the diagnosis was obtained by mediastinoscopy or liver biopsy. The HL-A7 antigen was not increased in the entire group. However, in the group of patients with a negative sensitivity to tuberculin after the appearance of the disease there was a significant increase compared with controls. In the patients with a positive reaction, there was a complete absence of HL-A7. The HL-A system therefore does not seem to influence the liability to contract sarcoidosis, but once this condition has developed HL-A7 positives are more likely to lose cellular immunity to tuberculin and to reveal symptoms."
1154370,"Fourteen pancreatic calculi from the corresponding number of pancreatic lithiasis patients were examined mineralogically and histochemically. The following results were obtained. The main components of calculi were calcium carbonate in 13 of the 14 cases, and calcium phosphate in the remaining one. Calcium carbonate calculi were all so-called intraductal calculi, with acidic glycoprotein apparently enwrapping the component particles. Acidic glycoproteins acted to bridge calcium carbonate particles, as in the cases of gallstone and urinary stone. The calcium phosphate calculus had a histochemical feature of pathologic calcification with degenerated collagen fibrils as the matrix, suggesting the calcification of the fibrotic pancreatic parenchyma after pancreatitis."
1154371,"Although many cases of hepatitis associated with aplastic anemia have been described, the nature of hepatitis is not fully understood. There has been so far no report of hepatitis-B-antigen-positive case. A case of acute viral hepatitis B developing aplastic anemia is presented."
1154372,"The physical growth, the development of orienting behavior and neuromotor reflexes of offspring of rats that received an irradiation of a diagnostic level of ultrasound on the 9th day of gestation were estimated and compared with those of two control groups (untreated control and sham-irradiated or immobilized control). Results showed no significant group differences in terms of either physical development or development of orienting behavior. In the reflexological tests, however, a number of those reflexes that developed after 6 days of postnatal life of the offspring of irradiated rats showed significant delays in maturation when compared with those of the untreated control rats, but showed no difference from those of the sham-irradiated group. From these findings it is suggested that under certain circumstances such as in stress, the prenatally irradiated ultrasound of even a low-intensity may affect the development of the brain of offspring."
1154373,"Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was found to increase more markedly in patients with liver cirrhosis than in patients with peptic ulcer and this increase was found to be influenced by blood types. After testing several amino acids and bile acids, phenylalanine and cholic acid were chosen and their inhibitory effects upon serum alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in 66 patients with various liver diseases. It was found that the combination of both agents demonstrates different patterns of inhibition between the patients with liver cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice. This inhibitory effects were also variable among cases of different blood types. Basing upon the present observation, the possible source of the elevated alkaline phosphatase activity in liver cirrhosis was discussed."
1154374,"The kinetics of catalase synthesis and degradation were determined in acatalasemia and normal mouse livers during recovery of catalase activity after inhibition with aminotriazole. Catalase turned over with a half life of 10.0 hr in acatalasemia mice and of 19.2 hr in normal mice. The rate of catalase synthesis (Ks) was 0.168 (PU/mg protein/hr) in acatalasemia mice and 0.271 in normal mice. The rate of catalase degradation (KD) was 0.069 and 0.036 per hour in acatalasemia and normal mice, respectively."
1154375,"The cow snout epidermis consists of two different parts. The one has the granular cell layers, and the other not. Electron-microscopically, the generation of the lamellated granules and the thickened cellular envelope of a horny cell were noted in both regions. In the horny cell layer the remnant of the lamellated granules were observed locating in the intercellular space, that is, outside of the thickened cellular envelope. The thickened cellular envelope was generated by the precipitation of electron dense material along the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, but neither by the attachment of small keratohyalin granules to the plasma membrane nor by the coating of the plasma membrane with the content of lamellated granules."
1154376,"Immunosuppressive effect of pregnant serum obtained in the second and third trimesters was demonstrated in the PHA-induced homologous lymphocyte stimulation system, where 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was measured. Such an inhibitory factor was not present in the first trimester serum. The immunosuppressive principle detected in the second trimester serum was characterized by a potent inhibitory activity even at an increased concentration of PHA up to 75 micrograms, whereas the inhibitory activity found in the third trimester serum at optimum PHA concentration (15 micrograms) was not detectable when the PHA concentration was raised to 75 micrograms. Thus, the second and third trimester sera must contain different immunosuppressive principles."
1154377,"Hydroxyproline content was chemically determined on 45 human hearts obtained at autopsy in order to study whether hydroxyproline contents vary in proportion to heart weight or not. There were no significant differences in the mean hydroxyproline content between the epicardium and the endocardium, between the left ventricle and the right ventricle, or among cardiovascular and renal disease group, malignant disease group and miscellaneous disease group. Total hydroxyproline content per mg dry weight of the left ventricle increased proportionally with heart weight. Hydroxyproline content in neutral salt soluble fraction increased more proportionally than that in acid soluble fraction. This tendency was more evident in the endocardium than in the epicardium of the left ventricle. These results seem to be well consistent with those of histometrical estimation of scar tissue in human heart muscle. Hydroxyproline content in acid soluble fraction of the right ventricle was increased proportionally with heart weight."
1154378,"Since the half-life of 99mTc is only 6.04 hr, its massive dosing for an elevation of diagnostic accuracy is possible with reduced radiation exposure to the body. On 11 impotent cases, radioisotope penogram was performed with 99mTcO4. The results indicate that the penogram curves obtained are satisfactorily favorable for diagnostic discrimination between organic impotence and functional impotence."
1154379,"Eight normal subjects and ten diabetic patients were studied to compare the response of plasma insulin to glucagon with that to glucose and tolbutamide. Oral glucose tolerance test, glucagon test and tolbutamide-glucagon test were performed at intervals of several days. In glucose tolerance test, insulin response was reduced in the patients with severe diabetes. Plasma insulin increased and reached the peak 3 min after glucagon injection (glucagon I) in the normal controls, while plasma insulin response was reduced in diabetic patients, especially in the severe diabetics. In the normal controls plasma insulin rose and reached the peak 6 min after the tolbutamide injection and thereafter fell to the initial level. Glucagon injection following tolbutamide (glucagon II) caused the rise in insulin in the control subjects. In diabetics insulin response to either tolbutamide or glucagon I was reduced. Tolbutamide or glucagon II caused a significant difference in plasma insulin response in all the diabetic groups compared with the normal subjects, while glucose or glucagon I showed a significant increment of plasma insulin between the normal subjects and the severe diabetics. These results suggest that injection of tolbutamide as well as glucagon II provides a definite discrimination of insulin response in diabetics from the normal controls. The usefulness of the tolbutamide-glucagon test in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was discussed. -- glucose tolerance test; glucagon test; tolbutamide-glucagon test; plasma insulin."
1154380,"Ingestion by mononuclear cells in bone marrow, peripheral blood and the peritoneal cavity of red cells treated with antibodies and various chemicals was studied in an attempt to characterize these cell lines during development and to clarify the interrelationship among them. Bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes became intensively phagocytic during the second day of culture, indicating that the maturation time from progenitor cells to macrophages was about 48 hr. Blood monocytes exhibited very active erythrophagocytic activity after 24 to 48 hr cell culture. Uptake of sensitized red cells by both the cell lines was markedly inhibited by IgG irrespective of time periods of cell culture. Majority of peritoneal lymphocyte-like cells (LLC) separated from other forms of mononuclear cells were shown to become capable of erythrophagocytosis with maturation time to macrophages between 24 to 48 hrs. Under non-stimulated steady state, uptake of sensitized red cells by peritoneal macrophages was far less sensitive to IgG inhibition than that by bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes and blood monocytes, suggesting that IgG receptor does not play main role for the erythrophagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal cells collected under inflammatory stimulus exhibited a character similar to bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes and blood monocytes with regard to IgG receptor. It was suggested that under steady state peritoneal macrophages arise and mature from local proliferative pool with some different phagocytic mechanism from that of bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes."
1154381,"Glutathione reductase activity of both serum and liver tissue homogenates was measured in normal controls and in cases of hepatic parenchymatous diseases, and the results were compared with those from animal experiments in which hepatic damage was produced by CCl4 injection. Glutathione reductase showed a different attitude from those of transaminases and alkaline phosphatases under these clinical and experimental conditions. Glutathione reductase activity increased in both serum and liver in patients with hepatic damage, and this increase occurred earlier than the changes in alkaline phosphatase activity."
1154382,"Plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral and renal vein blood was determined in 25 patients with renovascular hypertension. Significant elevation of resting peripheral vein PRA was observed in only 9 (36%) of them. 11 (61%) out of 18 patients whose conditions were improved by surgery had shown normal levels of resting peripheral vein PRA preoperatively. Provocation test for renin secretion was done in 20 patients. 10 patients showed a hyper-response. 7 out of 15 patients who benefited from surgery had shown no response in PRA on the stimulation. Renal vein PRA was determined in 23 patients. In 16 significantly higher renal vein PRA was found on the affected side. However, measurement of renal vein PRA failed to predict the surgical results in one-third of the patients. Postoperative PRA and blood pressure were followed serially in 10 patients. PRA became normal within 3 days postoperatively in 9 patients. While the normalization of blood pressure following operation was more rapid in 3 revascularized patients than in 7 nephrectomized, the normalization of PRA was quicker in the latter patients than in the former. These data indicate that measurement of PRA in peripheral and renal vein is not an infallible mean to determine the functional significance of renal arterial lesions."
1154383,"In an attempt to study the collagen formation in the liver occurring in association with obstructive jaundice, the authors carried out an experiment with liver slices from common bile duct-ligated rats. Hepatic collagen was fractionated into the neutral soluble, acid soluble and insoluble fractions, and the hydroxyproline synthesis rate of each fraction was measured using 14C-proline. Determination was also made for hexosamine content in the same liver tissue. The hydroxyproline content of hepatic collagen increased as biliary obstruction was prolonged, particularly from the 4th week, which is the transitional period of liver histology into biliary cirrhosis. The hexosamine content of hepatic collagen showed a similar tendency. The neutral soluble, acid soluble and insoluble collagen fractions all increased as biliary obstruction was prolonged. The collagenosynthetic activity of the neutral soluble fraction, attained a peak in 1 to 2 weeks of biliary obstruction, which indicates that collagen fibers are formed actively in the early stage of jaundice, although there is only a slight increase in the absolute amount of fibers developed then. Serum monoamine oxidase level tended to be parallel to collagenosynthetic activity but not to collagen content."
1154384,"Plasma gastrin response to the intravenously administered secretin was investigated in various clinical entities. The marked increase of plasma gastrin was found in response to secretin in a case of suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in contrast to various degrees of plasma gastrin decrease seen in patients with ordinary or postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer. The diagnostic value of secretin provocation test was stressed especially in relation to differentiation between Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and recurrent ulcer due to retained pyloric antrum kept away from the food-passing route, both of which are characterized by hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion."
1154385,"The amino acid composition of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers was examined for further structural analyses. The protein of HBsAg sperical particles was characterized by the high contents of cystine, proline and tryptophan residues. A high a-helical content of HBsAg was discussed on amino acid composition."
1154386,"Left subclavian artery-left coronary artery end-to-end anastomosis was successfully performed on a six-month-old female infant with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and severe mitral regurgitation. A piece of pulmonary arterial wall including the opening of the anomalous left coronary artery (ALCA) was isolated and was used for anastomosis instead of utilizing the left coronary arterial wall itself. Her postoperative course was uneventful and mitral regurgitation disappeared 6 months after surgery. This improved technique seems to be applicable for this anomaly, regardless of the age of patient or size of the left coronary artery."
1154387,"The adrenal scintigram was performed after administration of [19-131I] cholesterol. A high/low ratio of both adrenal glands was calculated to evaluate whether there is a difference between the left and right sides in adrenal diseases. During scanning, information was stored in a 64 X 64 matrix and then punched out on a computer compatible paper tape. This paper tape was processed with a small digital computer. The areas of interest were selected over adrenal glands. The computer decided mean counts per unit area. After subtraction of background counts, a high/low ratio of adrenal gland was calculated. In five patients with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral hyperplasia, a high/low ratio ranged from 1.0 to 2.0. In four patients with primary aldosteronism due to adenoma, a high/low ratio ranged from 1.33 to 4.0. This method may be useful to differentiate bilateral hyperplasia from unilateral adrenocortical adenoma."
1154388,"Testosterone levels in the seminal plasma of 5 normal males, and 30 male sterility patients were measured by radioimmunoassay. In 9 random cases, seminal plasma levels of FSH and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The average level of seminal plasma testosterone for the normal males was 72 +/- ng/100 ml, higher than that of the patients: 52 +/- 41 ng/100 ml. The average levels of FSH and LH in the seminal plasma of the 9 random cases were 4.4 +/- 2.0 mIU/ml and 35.4 +/- 5.4 mlU/ml, respectively."
1154389,"A colorimetric method for the determination of carnitine and its derivatives is described. Free carnitine, acetylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine were extracted with chloroform-methanol. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in n-butanol and water; palmitoylcarnitine in the organic phase, and free carnitine and acetylcarnitine by passing the aqueous phase through a column of Amberlite CG-120 (H+). Separated carnitine derivatives were hydrolyzed to free carnitine which was followed by the Amberlite column chromatography. After eluting with 2N NH4OH solution, the samples were esterified and determined colorimetrically."
1154420,"Malthion, DDT, kelthane and their mixture (3 : 10 : 5) were applied to pear fruits at the rate recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. The rate of disappearance of their residues on pear fruits was investigated under refrigerated conditions (2 +/- 1 degree and 47% relative humidity (RH)). The same insecticides were tested in higher concentrations (1.5 and 2 times) to determine the effect of insecticides on the black spots usually found on pears after storage. No relation was found between the tested insecticides and the appearance of the black spots. Residue-disappearance curves of the three tested concentrations of these insecticides and their mixture were drawn on semi-log paper. The residues of each material found on pear fruits after one hour, 1, 8, 15, 30 and 45 days' storage in a refrigerator, estimated biologically by C. pipiens larvae and D. magna were recorded. The highest concentrations of the mixture and of the individual insecticides left higher residues on pears than the lower ones of all the insecticides either as a mixture or alone. Stored pears, refrigerated under the above conditions immediately after treatment with the mixture of insecticides recommended for the pest control of pears, cannot be consumed fresh after 45 days."
1154421,"In 17 anaesthetized dogs effects on blood pressure, respiration and biochemical changes in blood, i.e. serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk.Pase), and urea, after intravenous administration of pyridine at various dose levels of 88 to 880 mg/kg body weight (LD5 to LD50) are reported. Commonly observed toxicity signs and symptoms are due to action of pyridine on the nervous system. There is no direct evidence of lowering of blood pressure. Lowering of blood pressure is noticed only at lethal doses and is accompanied by marked tachycardia. Death is due to respiratory failure. The significant biochemical changes are increase in SGOT and blood urea (p less than 0.01) and decrease in serum Alk,Pase (p less than 0.01)."
1154422,"Accumulation of [14C]3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol ([14C]TFM) by chironomid larvae from sublethal aqueous concentrations is rapid and dependent on hardness of exposure water. TFM is readily biotransformed to at least two more polar derivatives, including sulfated TFM and TFM-glucuronide or galacturonide. Some TFM is also reduced to the phenol amine. Chironomids can quickly eliminate all TFM derivatives as well as the parent [14C]TFM."
1154423,"Using data obtained from pharmacokinetic experiments with bromide, illustrations are given of the application of pharmacokinetics to toxicological studies. Analog computers may be helpful, though not indispensable. The significance of ancillary pharmacokinetic investigations in the evaluation of toxicity studies is discussed."
1154424,"In evaluating the toxicological significance of such contaminants as trace metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, mycotoxins, pesticides and nitrosamines, analytical chemistry plays an important role. The detection and identification of these in various foods at the mg/kg or mug/kg levels has posed some difficult analytical problems. Considerable progress has been made in this field in the past decade, however, an opportunity is taken to review the achievements in terms of specificity and sensitivity for each class of contaminant."
1154425,"Elimination, distribution and metabolism of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were studied in the rat by the tracer technique. About 80% of the dose was excreted in the urine and faeces in 5 to 7 days following intravenous or oral administration. Excretion in the urine was generally slightly greater than that in the faeces. After intravenous administration of [14C] DEHP the radioactivity was preferentially localized in the liver for a short period. Delayed excretion of DEHP was observed in particular in adipose tissue. After oral dosing no significant retention was found in organs and tissues. Radioactivity measurements showed that affinity was lowest for testicles and brain regardless of whether [14C] DEHP was administered orally or intravenously. Orally ingested DEHP was excreted unchanged in the faeces and four major metabolites were detected in the urine."
1154426,"Potatoes exposed either to gamma-rays at a dose of 20 krad, or irradiated with a beam of fast electrons at a dose of 30 krad to inhibit the sprouting of tubers, were studied for mutagenic effects. Toxic action and influence on the fertility were also investigated. Extracts of irradiated potatoes (10 krad gamma-rays), stored and then boiled, were also studied for their mutagenic effects. The induction of dominant lethal mutations (DLM) was used as indicator of mutagenic action of potatoes in male rats, that of the extracts of potatoes in male mice. Experimental animals (white rats) were fed with irradiated potatoes. Neither a toxic, nor a mutagenic action was found. Oral treatment of male mice with extracts of irradiated potatoes also did not increase the frequency of DLM in male mice."
1154427,"The effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on the developing rat embryo was studied. Female rats were exposed to smoke prior to and after mating at miximal tolerated doses. Male rats were ezposed to smoke to prior to mating to investigate the influence upon sperm. On the 21st day of gestation pregnant females of all groups were killed and implantations, litter sizes, foetal resorptions and abortion, foetal weight and length recorded: no significant differences were observed for these parameters between smoke-exposed and control animals. Total maternal wight gain during gestation was lower for smoke-exposed animals than for non-smoke-exposed animals. Examination of foetuses stained according to the method of Frohberg and Oettle resulted in normal variation in the skeletal development in smoke-exposed and control groups as well as in placebo groups. No skeletal malformations could be found."
1154428,"Coumarin and 4-methylcoumarin constitue chemicals widely available in foodstuffs and coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity has been characterized in laboratory animals. The present studies were undertaken to analyze the effects of these compounds on the structure of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The liver of rats treated for seven days with 1 mmole/kg of either coumarin or 4-methylcoumarin were subjected to quantitative sterologic analysis and various morphometric parameters were determined. Coumarin induced cytoplasmic enlargement while 4-methylcoumarin produced changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi aratus (GOL) without altering cell size. Both compounds caused a significant overall reduction of smooth-surfaced (SER) membranes. Since 4-methylcoumarin stimulates drug metabolism, this indicates that conformational changes must have taken place in the membrane arrangement. On the other hand, the reduction of membranes by coumarin is accompanied by reduced enzyme activity and phospholipid metabolism, suggesting an impairment of membrane synthesis mircosopical examinations provides a useful and sensitive tool to study the effects of foreign compounds in the liver."
1154429,"Chronic rat feeding studies were conducted on a 10: 1 cyclamate/saccharin (C/S) mixture to supplement previous investigations which had established the safety of the individual components. The test mixture was fed at dietary levels designed to furnish 500, 1120, and 2500 mg/kg body weight to groups of 35 male and 45 female rats. The protocol included observations of physical condition, growth response, food efficiency, blood, urine, and postmortem pathology. Reproduction and lactation performance was examined through 2 litters. Teratology was also investigated. Since conversion to cyclohexylamine (CHA) was found to occur in many of the rats, particularly in the higher dosage groups, it was included as an added insult in the diets of about half the animals during the last quarter of the 2-year test period. The only positive finding in these studies which proved to have crucial significance was the occurrence of papillary carcinomas in the bladders of 12 of the 70 rats fed the maximum dietary level of the mixture (equivalent to about 2500 mg/kg body weight) for periods ranging from 78 to 105 weeks (except for one earlier death). This finding was the principal reason for the removal of cyclamates from the ""generally recognized as safe"" (GRAS) group of non-nutritive sweeteners by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. In the opinion of the authors, the sequelae following this precipitate ban on cyclamates, prompted by a verbal report of the preliminary findings, warrant placing the study on record for the information of toxicologists and regulatory agencies throughout the world."
1154430,"Pilinskaya showed that the fungicide ziram induced chrocosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of exposed industrial workers and also in lymphocyte cultures treated in vitro. Ziram is chemically similar to the drug Antabuse (disulfirm) which is used in the treatment of alcoholics. To establish whether disulfirm can also cause chromosome aberrations, we have examined the chrocosomes of lymphocytes from treated and untreated alcoholics and normal controls, and also the chromosomes of lymphocytes treated in vitro. Our results show that disulfirm is 800 times less toxic than ziram and suggest that it is at least 10 000 times less active as an inducer of chromosome aberrations. We found no significant increase in aberrations in vitro or in vivo with disulfiram and conclude taht if it is an inducer of aberrations in lymphoctes then they must be induced with a very low frequency indeed."
1154432,"Eleven Nubian goats were fed with Jatropha curcas seeds at doses ranging from 0.25 g to 10g/kg/day. All dose levels were found to be toxic with fatal conswquences within 2 to 21 days. Liver biopsy samples taken 2 days after the start of feeding and subsequent biopsies showed congestion, varying degrees of fatty change, considerable reduction in glycogen content and necrosis of the hepatocytes. Lack of appetite, reduced water consumption, diarrhoea, dehydration, sunken eyes and a steadily deteriorating condition were important clinical signs of Jatropha intoxication goats. In all animals there was a decrease in the level of glucose and a marked rise in the concentration of arginase and glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT) in the serum. Post-mortem examination revealed haemorrhage in the rumen, reticulum, kidney, spleen and heart, catarrhal or haemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis, congestion and oedema of the lung and excessive fluid in serous cavities."
1154433,"The in vivo effect of a single oral dose (30mg/kg body weight) of dieldrin on proteolipid and phosphatidopeptide content of liver and brain and on total protein of liver, brain, plasma, muscle and kidney of rat was studied. Incorporation of (14C)leucine into total protein of liver was increased whereas labelling of total protein of muscle was decreased. Labelling of total protein of other tissues was unchanged. Incorporation into liver phosphatidopeptides was increased and this was consistent with an involvement of group. Proteolipid protein content of brain was increased and that of liver unchanged. There was, however, no change in the labelling of brain or liver proteolipids."
1154434,"Two different smoking systems were tested by exposing Syrian golden hamsters to the smoke of cigarettes labelled with (14C)dotriacontane-16, 17 (DOT). In 3 experiments, the activity of mainstream and sidestream Total Oarticulate Matter (TPM) and of butts and ash was determined. Comparing the results, the system involving individual exposure was shown to provide the animals with higher amounts of mainstream TPM than the system using simultaneous exposure of numerous animals."
1154435,"Male and female Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to the smoke of [14C]dotriacontane-16,17 ([14C]DOT)-labelled cigarettes in 2 different exposure systems. These 2 systems differed in terms of the smoke concentration drawn into the exposure chamber. To compare the effectiveness of the exposure systems, the inhaled dose of 14C-labelled cigarette smoke was determined in the different parts of the hamster respiratory tract by liquid scintillation counting. About 6 times more smoke particles were deposited in the respiratory tract after exposure to high smoke concentration with intermittent puffs of fresh air (closed system) than after exposure to smoke diluted with air (open system). About 80% of the diluted smoke reached the bronchi and lung compared to approximately 60% of the concentrated smoke. The remainder of the dose was trapped in the upper respiratory tract, mainly by the nose and larynx. Additionally, in the open system the total dose of inhaled smoke was dependent upon the position in the exposure chamber. The results are discussed with respect to the use of the exposure systems for chronic cigarette smoke inhalation studies in experimental respiratory tract carcinogenesis."
1154446,"The results of pneumatic pressure treatment of 45 cancer patients with swelling of an extremity after operation and irradiation are presented. The treatment of the oedema was carried out with a Jobst pneumatic pressure device. 37 patients obtained relief according to evaluation made immediately after treatment, and 17 patients maintained a favourable result for more than 12 months. The treatment had no effect in 8  cases. As an oedematous extremity is the main debilitating factor in patients with cured breast carcinomas, pneumatic pressure treatment is highly recommended."
1154450,"Following i.v. administration of [4-14C]cortisol, various sulfate conjugated metabolites of cortisol in urine were identified and their respective excretion rates measured. The results obtained demonstrated the following: 1) sulfate conjugates as a group are excreted considerably slower than glucuronide conjugates; 2) sulfate conjugates of steroids with non-reduced ring-A (C-21 sulfates) are excreted (and presumably formed) much faster than steroid-3-sulfates, which require reduction of the ring-A prior to the conjugation; 3) the excretion of C-3 sulfates of ring-A reduced steroids with glycerol side-chain (cortols and cortolones) is significantly faster than those of the corresponding steroids with dihydroxyacetone side-chain (THF, THE and their 5alpha-isomers); 4) the relative concentrations of C-21 sulfates of steroids with ring-A intact (FK, EK, ER, epiER and 6beta-hydroxycortisol) are much higher than the concentrations of C-21 glucuronides of these steroids."
1154451,"The deltaROxo-values, i.e., ratios of retention data for 3-oxo derivatives to those for the corresponding free sterols have been determined for fourteen 4-desmethylsterols, six 4-monomethylsterols and twenty-one 4,4-dimethylsterols on SE-30, OV-17, QF-1 and HiEFF-8B stationary phases. The QF-1 phase is found superior to the others in affording the values which are the most effective for differentiation between the three sterol groups. Within the same sterol group, the values for individual sterol members on any of the stationary phases differ to some extent due to minor variations in their skeletal structure. 4-Desmethyl-delta-5-sterols have strikingly large deltaROxo-values and are distinguishable definitely from other members of the 4-desmethylsterol group. The relative deltaROxo-values, i.e., ratios of deltaROxo-values of individual sterols to the deltaROxo-values of beta-sitosterol, also have been calculated from the deltaROxo-values of individual sterols."
1154452,"The component sterols in the lipid from a yeast, a species of Picia, grown on n-alkanes have been studied. Ergosterol and zymosterol in the 4-desmethylsterol fraction, 4alpha-methylzymosterol in the 4-monomethylsterol fraction and lanosterol in the 4,4-dimethylsterol fraction are present as the major components in the respective fractions. Among the minor components, the presence of 24-methylene-lanostenol, in addition to fecosterol and 4alpha-methylfecosterol, is indicated."
1154453,"Serum testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in young, adult and old Albino Wistar male rats using a sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay, after separating T from DHT by thin layer chromatography. The mean plus or minus S.E.M. for T in young, adult and old rats were 62 plus or minus 11, 250 plus or minus 27 and 125 plus or minus 25 (ng/100 ml) respectively. Serum T was increased in adults (P less than 0.001) and decreased in old rats (P less than 0.01). The mean plus or minus S.E.M. for serum DHT was 8 plus or minus 2, 19 plus or minus 2 and 17 plus or minus 1 (ng/100 ml) for young, adult and old rats respectively. DHT was increased in adults (P less than 0.001), but did not change in old rats."
1154454,"Following I.V. injection of 3H-aldosterone, the rates of clearance of plasma 3H-radioactivity was demonstrated to be sex-dependent in intact rats. Even though the percentages of CH2Cl2-extractable plasma radioactivity are greater in female than in male rats, the quantities of CH2Cl2-extractable label are similar until 60 min post-injection. However, the quantities of non-extractable, polar metabolites of aldosterone (NEPD) are markedly greater in the plasma of males and rapidly reach peak levels 10 min post-injection of aldosterone. In females, these polar metabolites (NEPD) are rapidly cleared from the blood. After bile-duct cannulation, the rate of excretion of aldosterone radiometabolites was demonstrated to be rapid and sex-dependent. Within 1 hr., female rats excreted via the bile 82% of the injected dose of 3H-aldosterone, compared to 49% in male rats. In both sexes, greater than 95% of the total radioactivity excreted in the bile are non-extractable polar metabolites of aldosterone (NEPD). The sex hormones appear to influence not only the nature of metabolism of aldosterone in the liver, but also the rates of clearance of aldosterone and its metabolites from the plasma into the bile."
1154455,"A method for the radioimmunoassay of ethynylestradiol in plasma is described. The sensitivity is 18 pg/ml, recovery 86.5%, and precision 10.9% (coefficient of variation). Normal women, five at each dose level, were given 50 or 80 mug ethynylestradiol or 50, 80, or 100 mug mestranol of uniform bioavailability. Peak plasma levels were consistently obtained in the 1-hour plasma sample with the former compound. With mestranol, the peak levels of ethynylestradiol were lower than with the same quantity of ethynylestradiol and the time-curve of plasma levels much more variable. With this procedure, it is now possible to study certain aspects of the pharmacokinetics of these clinically important compounds."
1154456,"The synthesis of 17-acetoxy-11-oxaprogesterone, the 11-oxa analogue of the orally active progestational and anti-fertility agent 17-acetoxyprogesterone, is described. An intermediate in the synthesis of 11-oxaprogesterone, 11-oxa-5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, available from hecogenin, was used as starting material and the 17-hydroxy function was introduced by a modified Barton oxidation. The new hormone analogue shows only extremely weak progestational activity in the oral Clauberg assay."
1154457,The effect of metyrapone on the activity of the steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase from rat testis was evaluated. A competitive pattern of inhibition was observed after analysis of data using a least mean squares computer analysis. The substrate for the hydroxylase induced a Type I difference spectrum in an active suspension of Triton treated microsomes. The magnitude of this spectral change was dependent on steroid concentration and was diminished by metyrapone. The effect of metyrapone was abolished at infinite steroid concentration. These results confirm the participation of cytochrome P-450 as a reactant in the 17alpha-hydroxylase reaction.
1154458,"The mass spectral fragmentation of a number of 17alpha-hydroxy-, 17alpha-acetoxy-, and 17alpha-methoxyprogesterones have been examined. Unlike other steroidal delta4-3-ketones, fragmentation reactions associated with the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketonic function are not particularly significant; rather, abundant ions are formed by decomposition processes occurring in and around ring D. Reactions of diagnostic significance include complete or partial loss of ring D, and elimination of the C-17 side chain (CH3CO), followed by loss of the C-17 oxygen function together with a hydrogen atom (H2O, CH3COOH, CH3OH)."
1154460,"The enterohepatic circulation and metabolism of ethynodiol diacetate (3beta,17beta-diacetoxy-17alpha-ethynyl-estr-4-ene) in baboons were studied following the intravenous injection of this contraceptive steroid labeled with 14C (4-position) and with 3H (in either the 3- or 17-acetoxy moieties). Bile and urine from four baboons with biliary fistulas and urine from four intact baboons were collected for 7 hours. On the average, 40% and 44% of the injected dose were excreted in the bile and urine, respectively. Only 48% was recovered in the urine of intact baboons. Analysis of these excretion rates indicates an insignificant enterohepatic circulation of this compound. The steroid was excreted mostly (over 80%) as a glucosiduronate in urine and bile. Very little excretion of the 3-acetoxy compound was detected in the urine or bile at any time interval. 17-Monoacetoxy compounds, however, were detected both in urine and bile, suggesting a difference in the rate of in vivo hydrolysis of the 17beta- vs. the 3beta-acetate."
1154462,"A method is described for estimating the clearance rate and fractional blood flow of the fast (gray matter) compartment of the brain from the first ten minutes of 122 XE clearance curves, following a one-minute inhalation. Computer-simulated data were used to test the adequacy of the two-compartmental model employed, and to evaluate the stability of the parameters in the presence of random noise. A comparison was made between this approach and the previously reported three-compartmental analysis. Regional cerbral blood flow data were obtained on 48 young control subjects and 20 elderly demented patients. Hemispheral, regional, and test-retest variations were determined, as well as differences between the groups."
1154463,"One hundred twenty two patients ahd carotid compression tonography (CCT) followed by bilateral carotid arteriogaraphy. Inthe group (82 patients) which was felt to have significant occlusive disease of internal carotid at the level of carotid bifurcation (smaller than 50 percent stenosis), the CCT showed a 92 per cent correlation with arteriography. Of the group (48 patients) that underwent endarterectomy, there was a 94 per cent correlation with CCT testing. In  40 patients, with normal arteriogram or with less than 50 percent stenotic lesions on arteriography, there was a larger number (25% of patients with a CCT test which appeared to indicate decreased flow. Various reasons for this are discussed. The high correlation of the CCT test and carotid arteriography in the patients with surgically amenable lesions would suggest that the CCT test is a good noninvasive screening technique for the detection of significant occlusive disease of the extracranialcarotid vascular system."
1154465,"The lipid content of cerebral vessels from American Negroes, Caucasians and Nigerian Africans living in urban areas was chemically quantitated. There are significant differences between the total and free cholesterol content of the vessels among the three population groups. The american Negroes have the greatest amount of cerebral vascular cholesterol compared with American Caucasians and Nigerians. This confirms previous morphological observations that the severity and extent of cerebral atherosclerosis are greater in American Negros than in American Caucasians and aftricans. However, there is no significant difference in the phospholipid content of the cerebral vessels except among the female Negro groups. Chemical quantitation of lipids in vessels may be utilized for assessment of degree of atherosclerosis and may prove to be an acceptable and reliable alternative methodology for epidemiological studies."
1154464,"Prostaglandin F2alpha constricted pial arterioles when locally applied to the cerebral surface. Norepinephrine and serotonin each elicted similar contractile effects. The constriction produced by F2alpha in combination with either biogenic amine was greater than the constriction elicited by F2alpha or amine acting alone. The effect of one agent on the other was additive rather than potentiating. Since F2alpha norepinephrine and serotonin are all naturally occurring agents, it is possible that their combined effect is important under pathological circumstances and this combined effect should not be overlooked in the search for single spasmogens of great potency. Before ascribing a pathologically important effect of F2alpha, either alone or in combination, evidence is required showing that doses effective in experiments are similar to the concentrations occurring during disease states and/or that vessels may become hypersensitive to F2alpha during such states."
1154467,"Methods for implatation of cranial windows for the direct observations of the pial microcirculation in experimental animals are described in detail. These techniques are suitable for both acute experiments in anesthetized animals and chronic implantation permitting several months of observation in awake animals. Experience over several years shows that these techniques have an acceptably low rate of failure, are low in cost and can easily be mastered in most laboratories. They make possible observation of the microcirculation and accurate measurement of the diameter of pial vessels, and permit study of the effects on the microcirculation of a variety of maneuvers and vasoactive agents which can be studied by direct application as well as by intravascular administration. Because they preserve the intergrity of the skull, the techniques permit study of the cerebral microcirculation under conditions closely approximating the normal environment of these vessels."
1154466,"Serum lipids and serum uric acid have been studied in 50 patients with ischemic thrombotic cerebrovascular disease. Patients having diseases known to predispose to hyperuricemia were excluded. Abnormalities of large vessels were present in 14 or 30 cases (46.6%) as a whole, and in 9 of 16 cases (56.5%) below 40 years of age. Thirty percent of the cases showed hyperuricemia. A statistically significant rise in serum triglycerides, pre-beta lipoproteins and serum uric acid was found in all 50 patients and in patients below 40 years of age. In patients above 40 years of age, only the rise in serum triglycerides and pre-beta lipoproteins was found to be statistically significant. A statistically significant rise in serum triglycerides, pre-beta lipoproteins, cholesterols and uric acid was found in patients with abnormal angiograms. A statistically significant correlation was observed between serum uric acid and serum triglycerides in all the groups, between serum uric acid and pre-beta lipoprotein in patients below 40 years of age, and between serum uric acid and serum phospholipids in patients with abnormal angiograms. These factors may be playing a role in the causation of ischemic thrombotic cerebrovascular disease in general and especially in patients below 40 years of age."
1154469,"Acute occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was accomplished without anesthesia and inside an intact cranium containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ten cats five to nine days after implantation of an occlusive device through the orbit. Immediate neurological deficits included forced ambuxlation, circling, and tonic deviation of the head and neck toward the side of the occluded artery; weakness of the opposite limbs; and an apathetic or akinetic state. Two cats died within 24 hours. The other eight cats improved but secondary deficits developed in two, causing death. In two of the remaining six cats no deficits were apparent seven days later. The cerbral infarcts regularly involved the basal ganglia, internal capsule, and cortical regions, and were larger and less variable than those produced by MCA occlusion through and open optic foramen or craniectomy with cranial decompression by drainage of CSF. This model of acute focal cerebral ischemia may be of value for studies of physiological and biochemical factors uninfluenced by sedatives, anesthesia, or recent surgical procedures."
1154472,A study of the supply to the feline brain by the carotid-middle cerebral arteries was conducted using in vivo transcardiac injection with a mixture of micropaque and carbon black. Modifications in the filling pattern of the arterial vessels were visualized following short-term occlusion of a middle cerebral artery. A modified surgical method to induce occlusion of the M-l segment of the middle cerebral artery is also described.
1154468,"Twenty-six patients under 20 years of age having cerebrovascular disease were studied from 1968 to 1972. Common risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and heart disease were not present. Angiographical study showed a variety of abnormalities. No consistent defect was present. There was a high incidence of pyrexia and convulsions in the early stages of stroke and it appears possible that some form of arteritis might have been important in the production of the cerebral infarction."
1154471,Scanning electron microscopic observations of the luminal surface of the rabbit common carotid artery subjected to occlusion for 30 minutes or two hours revealed crater-like and balloon-like defects in the endothelial surface. The frequency of occurrence of these abnormalities was significantly decreased by pretreatment with heparin or aspirin in doses considered to have antiplatelet aggregating activity.
1154470,"A retrospective study of 141 patients whith ischemic brain stem infarction admitted to the Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, during 1966 to 1973 was performed. The patients were contacted by mail in January and February, 1974; in case of death, the death certificates were procured. The follow-up period was from 4 to 99 months (median 46.5 months), during which a total of 39 patients had died. A life table analysis gave a 50% probability of a seven-year survival after the stroke. Survival was similar for men and women, and age appeared to have little influence on the prognosis with only a slightly higher case fatality in old age. Soft palate paralysis, disturbed sensorium, need of special treatment measures (feeding by gastric tube intravenous infusions, etc.) during the acute phase, abnormalities in the ECG (T-wave negativity, S-T segment depression), fasting blood glucose 100 mg/100 ml or higher, and an abnormal eeg (slowing down of alpha rythm alone or in association with paroxysmal and/or focal disturbances) were all associated with high case fatality. Preceding TIAs, blood pressure level, serum cholesterol and triglyceride values, and aortic arch angiogram findings, on the other hand, had no effect upon the prognosis. The effects of body build on prognosis remained obscure."
1154475,"Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias can occur in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The arrhythmias are secondary to acute dysfunction of the central nervous system and possibly to sudden increase in intracranial pressure. The autonomic nervous system is the mediator in the production of these disorders. The clinical significance of these rhythm disorders is discussed, particularly in regard to the sudden, unexpected death seen in this type of patient. The possible mechanisms of production are analyzed and their therapeutic implications are stressed."
1154476,"Cerebrovascular insufficiency in infancy and childhood is well documented and has a diverse and often unknown etiology. Reported here is a polycythemic, microciphalic infant girl of 43 week's gestation with bilateral cerebral infarction occurring in the perinatal period. Infarction was the result of bilateral carotid artery stenosis produced by massive reduplication of the internal elastic lamina. Review of the literature failed to reveal any reports of similar arterial lesions. The angiographical picture was also unique. The etiology of this unusual defect is not known, but we believe the problem was congenital perhaps due to an intrauterine infectious process."
1154473,"A digital model study has been developed for quantitative assessment of experimental errors in the analysis of 133Xe clearance curve from the brain. A small computer synthesized a model of the clearance curve, varying combinations of fast and slow components. The curves were convoluted with Poisson random digits to simulate statistical fluctuations. Identical curves were overlapped with varying intervals to study the influence of remaining activity. The height over area method to ten minutes was confirmed to overestimate CBF by 10% to 15% with a slow component of 20 ml/100 gm per minute, and the overstimation was increased with a lower slow flow component. The initial slope value was shown to have a close relationship with the fast flow component when the latter was less than 100 ml/100 gm per minute. Errors due to statistical fluctuations were determined only by the initial height (Ho cps), as the percent standard deviation was deltaHo/Ho in the height over area method and 2 deltaHo/HologHo in the initial slope method, where deltaHo equals square rootHo. Remaining activity caused errors of 1% to 3% in the initial slope method with an injection interval of 15 minutes. The influence of remaining activity can be eliminated with an injection interval of more than 25 to 30 minutes in the initial slope method and more than 40 minutes in the height over area method."
1154477,"Hydralazine is shown to have a very complex cerebral hemodynamic effect. It raises the intracranial pressure which, together with its effect upon systemic blood pressure, reduces the cerebral perfusion pressure. In spite of this and a concomitantly induced hyperventilation by hydralazine, CBF increases with some delay. The conclusion is that hydralazine is a cerebral vasodilator acting immediately upon cerebral capacitance vessels but later upon the resistance vessels as well."
1154478,"The lumbosacral spinal cords of 28 patients with atheromatous emboli to abdominal viscera and/or grafts to the abdominal aorta were examined by serial sections. In 12 patients, atheromatous emboli were found in spinal arteries, most commonly in the sacral cord, and most frequently in the anterior spinal artery. The general absence of spinal cord infarctions was attributed to the nature of the emboli, apparent good collateral circulation, and the absence of diffuse atherosclerosis. However, 38% of the patients had arteriosclerosis; this was generally focal and not associated with significant luminal narrowing. Only one patient had infarction, which was limited primarily to the gray matter. It would appear that hypoperfusion must exist in conjunction with atheromatous emboli in order for infarction to develop. Organized atheromatous emboli also caused focal ischemic atrophy of neurons. It is postulated that this change may be the morphological basis for some of the atypical lower motor neuron diseases found in the elderly."
1154479,"One hypothesis on the pathogenesis of post-ischemic-anoxic encephalopathy is impaired cerebral perfusion or the no-reflow phenomenon. Therapies aimed at preventing the development of this phenomenon are increased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and hyperventilation or hypercapnia. Using a dog model in which we have described the progressive development of post-ischemic (PI) cerebral hypoperfusion after 15 minutes of global ischemia induced by aortic and vena cavae clamping, our aims in this study were to determine during the PI cerebral hypoperfusion period: (1) cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, and (2) cerebral blood (CBF) autoregulation. Post-ischemic cerebral hypoperfusion to about 50% of normal was not accompanied by raised intracranial pressure (ICP) but cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was markedly attenuated while maintaining some kind of autoregulatory phenomenon. Cerebral uptake of oxygen was not significantly affected by changing PACO2 from 20 to 60 torr at constant CPP or by changing CPP from 64 to 104 torr at constant PaCO2. These results suggest that increasing both CPP and hypocapnia/hypercapnia would not significantly attenuate PI neurological deficit after global cerebral ischemia. However, in two dogs inadvertently hemodiluted in the PI period, increasing CPP from 50 to 200 torr increased CBF by 200%, suggesting that hemodilution plus increased CPP may be effective therapy for amelioration of post-ischemic-anoxic encephalopathy. The significance of our findings on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and autoregulation with respect to the mechanism of the no-reflow phenomenon is discussed."
1154474,Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured after intracarotid injection of 133Xe concurrently with measurements of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) after injection of 133Xe directly into the distal stump of the occluded middle cerebral artery (MCA) by the use of the gamma camera after producing experimental ischemia in baboons by occluding the MCA. Regional MCA stump pressure (rMCAP) was also measured. Regions of ischemia assessed by intracarotid injection of 133Xe correlated well with the territory of infarct defined by injection of 133Xe into the distal MCA stump. Flow values in ischemic regions obtained by direct injection of 133Xe into the MCA were 15% to 20% lower than those obtained by intracarotid injection of 133Xe. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed. During induced hypertension autoregulation in ischemic areas was abolished and paradoxical responses of LCBF and rMCAP to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were confirmed.
1154486,"Spleen cells from a C57BL/6 mouse allografted with DBA/2 skin may release a macrophage arming factor when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. This in vitro nonspecific release is observed only when the recipient cells are collected during a limited period preceding or coinciding with graft rejection. The phenomenon disappears if the skin allograft has been removed before cell collection. It appears if an i.v. injection of donor cells is given to the recipient after graft removal, on the day preceding cell collection. These data suggest that this in vitro apparently nonspecific macrophage arming factor release by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated recipient cells may in fact disclose a previous specific in vivo immune cell triggering by graft antigens."
1154546,"Two standard Doppler ultrasonic devices, currently used for detecting bubbles in vivo, have been evaluated and compared in vitro using carefully calibrated uniform micro-bubbles rising at terminal velocity through a static aqueous medium. Two unexpected findings were observed: (a) the focal length of the transducer apparently decreases for smaller bubble sizes, and (b) a significant horizontal convection current was produced by one of the instruments. When the medium was in motion, it was found that the sensitivity varied markedly with bubble velocity, varying from a minimum detectable diameter of 40 mum at 55 cm/sec to 170 mum at 20 cm/sec. These findings are discussed with regard to the limitations of the Doppler technique for monitoring gas emboli in vivo and as an early warning for decompression sickness in divers."
1154547,This article deals with the reproducibility of the ultrasound pulse echo method for the measurement of intra-ocular distances. It analyses individual kinds of errors and evaluates the minimum size of an intra-ocular pathological formation which still could be traced by the pulse-echo method.
1154554,"Renal vein renin determinations, in contrast to isolated peripheral venous renin determinations, provide great help in the selection of patients who can benefit from an operation for renal hypertension. Patients with essential hypertension usually have renal vein renin ratios, larger/smaller, close to unity, but the available cumulative data show that, statistically, ratios as large as 2.0 may occur in this group (95 per cent confidence limits). In patients with unilateral stenosis of a main renal artery, large renal vein renin ratios (stenotic/normal) have been followed by operative success in more than 90 per cent of patients. However, many operative successes have also been achieved in patients without a large renal vein renin ratio. This may be explained by inaccurate renal vein catheterization, inactive renin secretion, nonsimultaneous sampling, assay variability, and problems related to bilateral or segmental lesions. Recent refinements in the interpretation of renal vein renin data (contralateral suppression, ipsilateral hypersecretion in absolute terms, and a combination analysis scoring system) appear to increase the accuracy of the test. Detailed anatomic information, provided by arteriography, is essential for proper interpretation of renal vein renin data."
1154555,"It is apparent that the split function study and renal vein renin determination are complementary and afford valuable information for selecting patients with potentially curable renovascular hypertension. The split function study, when interpreted with the recently defined split function ratio, offers the clinician a highly accurate means of diagnosing significant renal ischemia. Because the split function ratio shows the disparity between the ischemic and contralateral kidney to a greater degree, the chance of misdiagnosis due to laboratory or physician error is minimized. The split function study, however, is of limited value in patients with pyelonephritis since the water- and salt-losing characteristics of the pyelonephritic kidney may mask significant renal ischemia. In these patients, as well as those with a nonfunctioning kidney or hydronephrosis, the renal vein renin determination is the test of choice. In addition, the added morbidity of the split function study is not warranted in a patient with an elevated peripheral renin which, for interpretation, requires an accurate 24 hour urine for sodium, a renal vein renin ratio outside the range of patients with essential hypertension (renal vein renin ratio greater than 1.7) and evidence of suppression of renin secretion from the contralateral kidney. If, however, the renin determination does not afford convincing evidence of significant renal ischemia in a patient with radiographic evidence of renal arterial stenosis, a split function ratio definitely should be determined to more completely define the pathology. The attendant morbidity of a carefully performed split renal function study does not approach the morbidity and mortality associated with unnecessary surgery or inadequately treated hypertension."
1154631,"One hundred and eighty-six cases of milk fever in 80 herds spread over five counties were used to compare treatment with 8g calcium plus 500 mg magnesium in aspartate with the conventional 12-36g calcium as borogluconate. The data obtained from both the herds and their individual cases show that the treatments gave broadly similar results, and a single intravenous treatment cured 74-7 per cent of cases. It appeared that milk fever was not likely to recur with each succeeding parturition. No breed susceptibility was recognised. No correlation was found between the severity of the clinical signs and the inorganic phosphate concentrations. An incidence of milk fever of 8-79 per cent was recorded."
1154632,"On a thoroughbred stud four foals were born with greatly enlarged thyroids and leg weakness. Two foals died within 18 hours of birth, the others subsequently recovered. An enlarged thyroid was also evident in one of the resident mares. The thyroids from the dead foals were hyperplastic. Feed analyses showed that the mares had an iodine intake of about 83 mg daily, 8-8 ppm of the dietary dry matter, due almost entirely to the high iodine content of a proprietary compound horse nut which had been fed at the daily rate of 12 lb per head. It was concluded from the histology of the thyroids, the high intake of iodine, the lack of response to treatment with potassium iodide and the elevated levels of serum protein bound iodine that the condition of the foals on the stud was caused by an excess of iodine fed to the mares during pregnancy."
1154640,"Central venous pressure measurements were made in 74 horses and ponies free from clinical evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. Using the sternal manubrium as the zero reference point, the mean value obtained was 12 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6). There was a significant correlation with body weight (r=0.6, p less than 0.001) but there was none with age, sex, breed or type. During halothane anaesthesia, using the same reference point, the mean value was 24.5 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6) in 28 animals in right lateral recumbency, 29 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 8) in 17 animals in left lateral recumbency and -6 cm H20 (S.D. +/- 4) IN 27 supine animals. The use of the sternal manubrium as zero reference point did not allow comparison of values in standing and recumbent animals and it was considered that serial measurements were of more value than isolated  determinations in assessing the circulatory state of an animal."
1154641,"Chromosome preparations were made from lymphocyte cultures on 52 head of British White park cattle. A translocation chromosome was found at a frequency of 60 per cent. The translocation was concluded to be 1/27, but was assumed to be the same translocation identified as 1/29 in several breeds of European continental cattle."
1154757,Four septic patients with suspected subphrenic abscess were evaluated with gallium-67 citrate and technetium-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Gallium-67 scintigraphs proved instrumental in correctly diagnosing and localizing one left and three right subphrenic abscesses. Gallium-67 scintigraphy can be a useful noninvasive technique for evaluating patients with suspected subphrenic abscess.
1154758,"In 27 children and young adults with hemophilia presenting acutely painful distended intra-articular hemorrhages of the knee, aspiration was carried out and the patients were followed for a minimum of 24 months. Seventeen patients with classical hemophilia were found to have less than 1 percent of normal plasmal level of antihemophilic factor (AHF). Of the remainder, five were Factor IX, plasma thromboplastin component (PTG), deficient, whereas two patients had Von Willebrand's disease. Aspiration was routinely done in an outpatient clinic, followed by immediate discharge with return to regular activity levels within 48 hours. There were no infections nor rehemorrhages attributable to aspiration technique."
1154778,"This report describes the first antenatal diagnosis of an XXX female. Over 150 postnatal cases of XXX females have been described. There is no specific phenotype associated with the sex chromosome abnormality and most such persons are fertile. The frequency of XXX females in mental institutions is 3.9 per 1,000 female subjects whereas the frequency in consecutive newborn infants is 1.1 per 1,000 newborns. Chi-square analysis shows this difference cannot be due to chance. On the other hand, data from consecutive newborn studies suggest that intellectual development in XXX newborns is within normal range. Available evidence favors normal development in XXX female infants although the risk for developmental disabilities may be higher for the XXX than for the XX infant."
1154779,"Travelers, particularly those whose tastes or occupations lead to deviation from the usual tourist routes, are at a small but significant risk of acquiring certain diseases they would be unlikely to encounter had they remained in the continental United States. Many of these infections can be rendered unlikely even for the most adventuresome traveler through the appropriate use of immunization and chemoprophylaxis. Other infections are currently unpreventable and the physician's responsibility lies in their premorbid detection."
1154791,"Of 250 patients referred to the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic, 35 were diagnosed for a sleep induced apnea syndrome. Thirty of them (27 adults and 3 children) were nonobese and complained of a sleep disorder. In 12 patients (9 adults and 3 children) extensive cardiorespiratory workups were done during sleep and wakefulness. Three types of sleep induced apnea syndrome were identified: diaphragmatic (or central), obstructive and mixed. The diaphragmatic type was predominant in sleep apnea insomnia; obstructive was predominant in sleep apnea hypersomnia. Hemodynamic changes were documented during sleep. Tracheostomy, done in two cases, improved the sleep induced symptomatology."
1154794,"Newborn intensive care has come of age in California. Twenty-one newborn intensive care centers and 11 community level units are now approved by Crippled Children Services in California. In 1973 there were more than 6,863 patients admitted to the 20 centers surveyed, over half requiring transport from referring hospitals. This paper provides information on the distribution, admission and occupancy rates, length of stay, costs and admission diagnoses for these high risk infants."
1154793,"To determine how adequately patients who participate as subjects for clinical investigation understand their commitment, 50 patients admitted to the Clinical Research Center of the University of Washington were interviewed. Their responses were compared with the detailed statements in the consent forms for the 23 specific protocols under which they were being studied. In spite of careful controls in accord with guidelines of a review committee, only half the patients were able to describe accurately their expectations of the studies to which they had given signed consent."
1154795,"1. Aniline p-hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities were measured in liver microsomes prepared from the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and compared with analogous preparations from rat. All had lower activities in birds than in rats, when expressed in terms of microsomal protein. 2. Hepatic parenchyma of the bird was observed by electron microscopy to contain less endoplasmic reticulum than that of rat. This morphological difference may partially explain the species difference in enzyme activities. 3. Cytochrome P-450 levels were not sex-dependent in the red-winged blackbird, unlike rat, but the opposite was true for the rate of hydroxylation of aniline. 4. There was no species difference in the activity of aniline p-hydroxylase when expressed in terms of activities per unit of cytochrome P-450, but the activity of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase was higher in red-winged blackbird than in rat; the reverse may be true for the activity of aminopyrin N-demethylase."
1154796,"1. A washed whole-cell suspension of bacteria prepared from the faeces of rats regularly fed oral cyclamate incorporated 35S into bacterial protein when challenged with [35s]cyclamate. Control preparations showed low-level incorporation of label. 2. Radioactivity was also accounted for as volatile 35S-containing compounds (s), soluble in sodium hydroxide. 3. Addition of cysteine to incubation mixtures inhibited incorporation of 35S into proteins. 4. The results suggest that the bacterial conversion of cyclamate to the suspected bladder carcinogen, cyclohexylamine, is controlled by the prevailing sulphur metabolism of the intestinal bacteria."
1154797,"1. After a single oral dose of d-limonene (200-1200 mg/kg) no effects were observed on liver triglyceride, microsomal protein, cytochrome b5, and the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Glycogen content was slightly decreased at doses higher than 800 mg/kg, and cytochrome P-450 and delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase activity was slightly increased at 1200 mg/kg. 2. After repeated treatment (400 mg/kg/day) for 30 days, the relative liver weight and hepatic phospholipid content were only slightly increased, and liver and serum cholesterol were decreased 49 and 8%, respectively. Of the phospholipid fatty acids, palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were increased, and stearic acid was decreased. Aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were increased 26 and 22%, respectively, and cytochrome P-450 and b5 were likewise increased 31 and 30%."
1154798,"1. The metabolism of vanillin, isovanillin and the corresponding alcohols and acids in rats was investigated using t.l.c., g.l.c. and combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Oral dosage (100 mg/kg) of the aldehyde resulted in urinary excretion of most metabolites within 24 h, mainly as glucuronide and/or sulphate conjugates although the acids formed were also excreted free and as their glycine conjugates. In 48 h 94% of the dose of vanillin was accounted for as follows (%) : vanillin (7), vanillyl alcohol (19), vanillic acid (47), vanilloylglycine (10), catechol (8), 4-methylcatechol (2), guaiacol (0-5) and 4-methylguaiacol (0-6). Similarly, 89% of the dose of isovanillin was accounted for as follows: isovanillin (19), isovanillyl alcohol (10), isovanillic acid (22), vanillic acid (11), isovanilloylglycine (19), catechol(7) and 4-methylcatechol (1). Protocatechuic acid was also formed from both aldehydes. 3. By means of (a) investigation of biliary metabolites, (b) prevention of biliary excretion, (c) suppression of intestinal bacteria with neomycin sulphate and (d) inhibition of intestinal beta-glucuronidase with saccharo-1,4-lactone, it was found that glucuronides of the aldehydes and their respective alcohol and acid derivatives are excreted in the bile and that the conjugates are metabolized by the intestinal bacteria to toluene derivatives and decarboxylated products."
1154799,"1. 2-(2-Ethoxyphenoxymethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (I.C.I. 58,834) in three 14C-labelled forms, given orally to two male volunteers, was completely absorbed, extensively metabolized and rapidly eliminated via the kidney. 2. O-Dealkylation, the major metabolic pathway in the rat, was not significant in man. 3. The major component in blood at all times was I.C.I. 58,834, which had a blood half-life of 4 h. The level of 14C in blood at 31 h was near the limit of detection. 4. The observed activity of the drug appears to be due to the parent compound alone."
1154800,"1. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone, its mono- and di-methyl ethers are inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidases. The dimethyl ether is a competitive inhibitor of aminopyrine demethylase with the others displaying mixed kinetics. The metabolism of all three ketones has been studied. 2. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone is excreted unchanged and as conjugates. 3. 2-Hydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone is largely excreted unchanged and conjugated but small amounts of the 3- and 5-hydroxylated derivatives are formed. 4. 2,6-Dimethoxyacetophenone is demethylated to 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-acetophenone. In addition 3-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone were identified as metabolites. 5. Quantitative data on the excretion of metabolites were obtained with 14C-labelled ketones."
1154801,"1. Lofepramine hydrochloride (N-methyl-N-[4-chlorobenzoylmethyl-3-(10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepin-5-yl)]-propylamine hydrochloride) labelled with 3H in the dihydrobenzazepine moiety and 14C in the chlorobenzene moiety was synthesized and its distribution, urinary and biliary excretion were studied in female rats after oral administration. 2. For both isotopes, high ratios were established between tissues and blood. 3. Extensive N-dealkylation of lofepramine occurred in the rat. One of the metabolites, desmethylimipramine, was found in high concentrations in most tissues, especially the lungs and brain. 4. Desmethylimipramine was further metabolized to 2-hydroxydesmethyl-imipramine and 2-hydroxy-iminodibenzyl, and the corresponding glucuronides. These metabolites were mainly excreted via the bile. 5. p-Chlorobenzoic acid was found in the liver and lungs but not in the urine where most of the excreted 14C-activity was found. The identity of the major urinary metabolite is discussed."
1154802,"1. [14C]Metronidazole was rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract of rats giving maximum blood levels of radioactivity, equivalent to 6-4 and 6-7 mug metronidazole per ml blood, 1 h after oral dosing. 2. There was rapid equilibration between blood and most tissues, although radioactivity was concentrated in the liver, kidney, gastro-intestinal tract and vaginal secretions. 3. The half-life of clearance of radioactivity from the majority of tissues was between 3 and 4 h, although it was longer in the skin (8 h) and gastro-intestinal tract (14 h). 4. Fourteen radioactive excretion products were detected in rat urine and all the major products were identified. These all contained a nitro group and represented 97 degrees of the total radioactivity excreted in urine. 5. Unchanged metronidazole was secreted throughout the entire length of the gastro-intestinal tract and into the vagina of rats. 6. A hypothesis has been proposed to explain the high clinical efficacy of metronidazole in treating trichomonal and amoebic infections."
1154803,"1. Following a subcutaneous dose (4mg/kg) of [3H]methadone, peak levels of drug occurred in plasma, tissues and selected areas of the central nervous system (CNS) 2h after injection in both non-tolerant and tolerant dogs. Highest concentrations of methadone were attained in bile and lung compared to other tissues. 2. Levels of methadone in plasma, tissue and CNS of tolerant and non-tolerant animals were not markedly different up to 8h after injection, but a much faster rate of egression of free drug (lower t1/2) was observed subsequently in tolerant dogs. 3. Peak levels of methadone in various areas of the CNS ranged between 2-7 (spinal cord) to 3-6 (thalamus) mug/g in non-tolerant and 3-0 -rebellum) to 4-1 (thalamus) mug/g in tolerant dogs 2h after injection. No marked accumulation of methadone occurred in selected areas of the CNS in spite of the persistence of drug in these areas. 4. The plasma protein electrophoretic profiles did not differ between control, non-tolerant and tolerant dogs. 5. Similar qualitative patterns of metabolites were observed in non-tolerant and tolerant dogs and the development of tolerance did not appear to modify the metabolic pathways of methadone."
1154804,"1. Nimetazepam distributed more rapidly in the brain than its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam). The brain concentration of the active metabolites of the former was about twice that of the latter at 1h after oral administration. 2. At least four kinds of reactions were involved in the biotransformation of nimetazepam and its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam) : (i) demethylation at N-1, (ii) hydroxylation at C-3, (iii) reduction of the nitro group at C-7 to the amino group and (iv) subsequent acetylation of the amino group. 3. The 1-N-demethylation of nimetazepam was slow compared with the other three reactions. 4. Nimetazepam was rapidly hydroxylated at C-3, while the 3-hydroxylation of its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam) was very slow. 5. The reduction of the nitro group at C-7 and subsequent acetylation were important routes for the excretion of these drugs."
1154805,"The nephrotoxicity of a number of aminophenols, quinols and catechols has been assessed from the extent of necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules produced by intravenous injection  in rats, and the toxicity correlated with the oxidation-reduction potentials of the compounds."
1154806,"1. The metabolism of fomocaine following its oral administration to male and female Wistar rats and male beagle dogs has been qualitatively investigated. 2. The drug is metabolized in both species by aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation, splitting of the ether link and, in the dog, by removal of the morpholine group. 3. The rat and dog excrete some unchanged fomocaine in the urine together with p-hydroxyfomocaine (free and conjugated), fomocaine-N-oxide, p-hydroxyfomocaine-N-oxide and p-(gamma-morpholinopropyl)benzoic acid. In addition, the dog excretes morpholine in the urine."
1154807,1. The metabolism of several alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted pyrazines in the rat has been investigated. 2. Alkyl substituted compounds were oxidized to the corresponding acids which were excreted in the urine as such or as their glycine cojugates. The extent of oxidation was reduced when two adjacent alkyl groups were present. In the latter case ring hydroxylation also occurred. Methoxy-substituted pyrazines underwent O-demethylation and ring hydroxylation. 3. Little or no biliary excretion of the pyrazines or their metabolites occurred. 4. Some preliminary results on the metabolism of 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine (the major characteristic flavour component of bell pepper) have been obtained. 5. For comparative purposes the metabolism of some similarly substituted pyridines was investigated.
1154808,"1. After hydrolysis with glusulase of bile from rats treated with papaverine, four metabolites (A, B, C and D) were separated. 2. The structures A, B and C were established as monodemethylated compounds, 4'-desmethyl-, 7-desmethyl-, and 6-desmethylpapaverine, respectively. 3. D was formed from papaverine by bis-desmethylation. Since it was found in cat bile after administering either A or C, but not B, it was identified as 4', 6-desmethylpapaverine."
1154809,"1. The urinary and biliary excretion of radioactive products in a 6 hr period after intravenous administration of [3H]papaverine was studied in rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, cat and dog. All species excreted metabolites extensively in the bile; only in rabbit and guinea-pig is urinary excretion important. 2. Metabolites in urine and bile of all species studied are mainly monophenolic compounds conjugated to glucuronic or sulphuric acid. Differences in the excretion patterns of the metabolites between different species are only quantitative. 3. Blood or plasma levels of papaverine after intravenous injection decreased with half-lives of approximately 12, 15, 22, 60 and 60 min for rabbit, rat, guinea-pig, cat and dog, respectively. The metabolites disappeared much more slowly than papaverine from the plasma. 4. Binding of papaverine to plasma proteins, as studied by equilibrium dialysis, was more than 90% in all species."
1154810,"1. The metabolism of papaverine was studied in vitro using the 9000 g fraction of rat liver. Apparent Km and Vmax values were 1.6 X 10-5 M and 34 nmol/g/min. Three monodemethylated metabolites were found by t.l.c. 2. Pre-treatment of rats with phenobarbital enhanced the activity of papaverine O-demethylase, whereas pre-treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not. Pre-treatment with SKF 525-A, or addition of AKF 525-A invitro markedly inhibited the enzyme. 3. Pre-treatment of the rats with phenobarbital enhanced the biliary elimination rate of papaverine metabolites, whereas SKF 525-A pre-treatment slowed this elimination."
1154811,"Mechanisms are proposed for the removal, during metabolism, of the aminoalkyl side chain from chlorpromazine and promethazine and for the subsequent formation of nitroxides, N-hydroperoxides, N-oxyhydroperoxides and hydroxylamines from the phenothiazine nuclei."
1154902,"By means of a questionnaire, official animal disease reports and complementary interviews, the epidemiological situation was comparied in each district of the Land with the post-exposure treatment as practised by the physicians. A close relationship was found between the occurrence of rabies and the geographical distribution of antirabies treatment. This relationship was mainly due to the fact that the majority of patients received antirabies treatment after rabies had been diagnosed in the animal. In 50% of persons showing no visible lesions at the site of exposure, treatment was not started until the fourth day after exposure. About 50% of patients reporting bites or scratches received specific treatment on the day of exposure or the following day. There was no significant correlation between severity of exposure and number of vaccine doses given. To improve the immediate treatment, including local treatment of wounds, to provide the best treatment where actually needed and to avoid unnecessary treatments, it is suggested that a central advisory service be established in Nordrhein-Westfalen which should be contacted immediately by physicians in case of rabies exposure."
1154903,"1. Leptospires of mozdok serotype of the Pomona serogroup possessed specific pathogenic properties for a definite subspecies of Apodemus agrarius. They caused carriership in rodents of a European population, but were unable to cause such a process in Far East mice. However, leptospires of monjakov and pomona types were also unable to provoke leptospiruria in these small mammals. 2. The intensity of the formation of antibody to leptospires in different subspecies of Apodemus agrarius was dependent on the degree of their susceptibility, determined by the presence of renal leptospirosis. Leptospira-carriers among animals reacted by antibody formation 6-40 times more intensive than in those not susceptible to the infection. 3. Leptospires of pomona, monjakov and mozdok serotypes of the Pomona group taxonomically can be designated as separate subspecies, on the basis of differences in biological properties as related to their natural animal reservoirs."
1154904,"Transformability of Leptospira was investigated with the two genetic markers, streptomycin (SM) resistance and the ability to grow in SHENBERG's synthetic medium. DNA was extracted from the two mutants of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura, which were SM-resistant and able to grow in SHENBERG's medium. Recipients were 5 strains of L. icterohaemorrhagiae and 1 strain of L. copenhageni. Studies taking careful consideration of the growth phase of the recipient cells, transformation medium, and incubation temperature did not produce the appearance of transformant. Transformation of L. kremastos with SM resistance also showed a negative result."
1154915,"Persistent infection by Sindbis virus (SV) can be induced in cultures of BHK-21 cells. In a persistently infected cell line only 5% of the cells produced virus. Virus titers in the medium reached 10(5) PFU per ml. A persistent infection could be eliminated from cultures by seeding at most 100 cells per bottle. Compared with the original line decontaminated lines differed in several properties. After infection with SV ten times less virus was released into the medium, and an infection persisted without producing periodic cell destructions as observed in establishing a persistent infection in the original line. In decontaminated lines plaques formed by different viruses were either not visible or smaller than those in normal cells. Persistently infected as well as decontaminated lines had lost three chromosomes. The altered cell type of persistently infected lines apparently originated by selection of a cell mutant which was not destroyed by SV. Results suggested that a small number of cells susceptible to the virus continuously arises from the population of altered cells, and that virus infection is transmitted and maintained in the cultures by these sensitive cells."
1154920,"Effect of UV-irradiation in vitro on metabolism of adenine nucleotides: ADP, ATP and AXP, osmotic properties and submicroscopic structure of nucleated pigeon red blood cell was investigated. Irradiation carried out for 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes. Hanau S-500 lamp with efficiency 4.34-10(8) erh/sec was used. A decrease of ATP content with a stimultaneous increase of ADP and AXP contents and a rather constant level of the sum of adenine compounds was observed. UV-irradiation caused a decrease of reversal of hemolysis and osmotic resistance to hypotonic NaCl solutions. An equivalent exchange of Na+ and K+ ion and an increase of hematocrit value, following UV-irradiation was observed. Electron microscope studies demonstrated changes of ultrastructure concerning both cell nucleus and thickness and granulation of cell membrane."
1154944,"Polymerization of 2'-O-methylcytidine-5'-diphosphate (CmDP) with polynucleotide phosphorylase in the presence of Mn2+ proceeds with 65% yield after 72 h, and in the presence of Mg2+ the yield does not exceed 10%. Phosphorolysis of poly 2'-O-methylcytidylic acid and poly 2'-O-methyluridylic acid, as well as exchange of the beta-phosphate group of CmDP in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, proceed with a yield of only a few percent. A possible mechanism of Mn2+ action on CmDP polymerization is discussed."
1154954,"Cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, SP-Sephadex C-50 chromatography, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The purified enzyme is homogeneous by ultracentrifugal and SDS-gel electrophoretic analyses. The enzyme is a flavoprotein with FAD as the prosthetic group and produces cellobiono-delta-lactone as the product of cellobiose oxidation. Cellopentaose is also oxidized but no oxidation of cellulose could be detected. The enzyme oxidizes lactose and 4-beta-glucosylmannose but not 4-beta-mannosylglucose which implicates the C-2-hydroxyl of the non-reducing end of the disaccharide as important for substrate specificity."
1154957,"131I-albumin transfer into isolated segments of the small intestine has been determined following the intravenous injection of human 131I-albumin in 23 dogs. The importance of different intestinal segments in the normal degradation of albumin has been established. The slope of the serum disappearance curve was unaltered with proves that the applied technique had no damaging effect. Albumin leakage was not uniform in the whole length of the small intestine. It was highest in the duodenum (0.241 +/- 0.014 ml/10 cm intestine/hour). This was followed by the jejunum (0.142 +/- 0.022 ml/10 cm intestine/hour), and the smallest vally quantity of albumin leakage corresponded to a plasma volume of 14.49 ml in the duodenum, 27.16 ml in the jejunum, and to 23.76 ml in the ileum. The relationship of albumin leakage and catabolism revealed that protein bound activity (transferred and regained) in the dudodenum, in spite of the shortness of this section of the intestine, was responsible for 11.72 +/- 1.70% of total catabolism, that in the jejunum for 21.28 +/- 3.69%, and that in the ileum for 19.24 +/- 3.64%. The sum of the catabolism of the three intestinal segments yielded 52.26 +/- 6.65% of the total catabolism. After correction with a proteolytic factor, this value was 68.44%. Our examinations have established that the small intestine is the main region of normal albumin breakdown."
1154958,"The effect of a simple, low intestinal obstruction has been investigated in dogs on the leakage of 131I-serum albumin from the circulation into the intestine. An increase leakage has been demonstrated. In the distended segment of the intestine above that ligation a significant increase in protein-bound radioactivity, from the normal value of 0.082 plus or minus 0.012 ml/10 cm intestine/hour to 0.276 plus or minus 0.068 ml/10 cm intestine/hour, was obseved which means a more than 3fold increase. The values for albumin leakage did not change in the more proximal segments of the intestine less involved in the distension namely in the duodenum and the jejunum, furthermore in the ileal segment below the ligation. The increase in albumin liadage observed during intestinal obstruction resulted in 33% rise of total catabolism."
1154960,"A method of in situ preformed auto-alloplastic replacement for the treatment of long femoro-poplitela vascular obstructions is described on the basis of highly promising experimental results. A macropouous tube made of aplastic net and obturated with a silicone rubber mandril was implanted next to the obstructed vascular section. The two ends of the live auto-alloplastic tube formed in situ around the mandril were joined in a second operation to the femoral and popliteal arteries. Early experience is described on grounds of four cases, together with the current and possible future indications of the operation."
1154964,"Postoperative hyperaemia in the calf was studied in 25 patients successfully operated for obstructing atherosclerosis of the lower limbs. The calf flow was measured by strain gauge plethysmography. No difference in the preoperative calf flow between the patients and the control group was found. The flow at rest in the operated limb increased to a maximum on the 5th postoperative day, at which time it was 2.4 times the flow in the control leg. A significant correlation was found between the postoperative hyperaemia and the preoperative ankle pressure. These findings support the theory of Husni & Manion (1966), that there is a greater postoperative hyperaemia in patients with severe atherosclerosis. No significant correlation was found between the postoperative hyperaemia on the one hand and (1) the preoperative arterial flow increase after reconstruction, (2) the maximum flow increase in the artery after intra-arterial injection of papaverin or (3) clinical symptoms and angiographic findings on the other."
1154965,The present study reports the changes of foot volume and venous reflux in a material of 20 cases with varicose veins after radical surgery as assessed by a new method (foot-volumetry). Parameters characterizing venous reflux (incompetent valves) were reduced by a factor of 0.3-0.7 following surgery. These changes were statistically significant. Some remaining abnormality can be explained by concomitant residual deep venous insufficiency. The result of the examination supports the opinion that foot-volumetry is a valuable method for examination of patients with venous insufficiency.
1154966,Bile acid composition of hepatic and gallbladder bile was examined in a group of 18 patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis and a control group consisting of 13 patients with healed duodenal ulcers. Bile specimens were taken during laparotomy. Molar concentrations of the different bile acids in hepatic and gallbladder bile were determined. The ratios between the molar concentrations of the different bile acids were calculated. In order to compare these molar ratios in hepatic and gallbladder bile the quotients between identical molar ratios of hepatic and gallbladder bile were calculated in each subject. Bile acid concentration of the gallbladder bile was found to be lower in the gallstone patients. Trihydroxy or dihydroxy bile acid molar ratio was lower in the gallstone group. Hepatic to gallbladder relative trihydroxy to dihydroxy and cholate to deoxycholate bile acid ratios were elevated in the gallstone patients. This might indicate that an increased formation of deoxycholate is the main cause for the decreased trihydroxy to dihydroxy bile acid molar ratio observed in the gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones.
1154967,"Pancreatico-jejunostomy end to side after resection of the pancreatic tail, or side to side following longitudinal cleaving of the pancreatic duct, was performed in 29 patients suffering from chronic relapsing or acute recurring pancreatitis. A follow-up study with observation time ranging from 6 months to 10 years is presented. The patients were allotted to three groups according to the severity and extent of the inflammatory involvement at operation. The diagnostic findings obtained at the preoperative evaluation correlated well to these groupings. In some patients, however, the inflammatory process was mainly confined to the ductal system, as revealed by pancreatography, while in others the changes were most marked in the parenchyma, as found at histologic examination. 21 caudal pancreatico-jejunostomies and 8 longitudinal anastomoses were performed. Overall results were excellent in 20 patients, good in 6, fair in 3, and poor in none. The rate of postoperative complications was low; no mortality, one spontaneously healed anastomosis insufficiency, subphrenic abscess developed in 2 instances and postoperative diabetes in 5. Only one patient had a recurrent attack of acute pancreatitis postoperatively. Re-anastomosis was successfully performed."
1154969,"A non-direct ureteral lesion following operations on the colon and rectum is described. The complication was observed 10 to 64 days postoperatively, and is characterized by a unilateral or bilateral, relatively long stenosis. A total of 8 cases are presented: 7 of ulcerative colitis and one, a rectal prolapse. The main symptoms were unilateral abdominal or lumbar pain, moderate fever, and a pronounced ureteral stenosis revealed at i.v. urography. In 7 cases, full restitution occurred after antibiotic treatment, supplied by ureteral catheterisation in 4 cases, while operation was necessary in one case. The discrepancy between the seriousness of the roentgenological picture and the good final result of conservative treatment was striking."
1154970,"Spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula is a rare disease. The characteristic clinical picture is a pulsating tumour in the upper abdomen, repeated moderate haemorrhages often combined with severe epigastralgia. The patient very seldom succumbs because of a large first haemorrhage, and there is often time for roentgenologic examinations. The present paper described a case where the diagnosis could not be established until autopsy in spite of angiographic investigation because of clinical suspicion. The only way to treat a patient with any hope of curing him is to perform a grafting of the aorta and suture of the duodenum."
1154971,"A case of splenic-gonadal fusion is described. In this case, as in most cases reported previously, the malformation was discovered accidentally. An ectopic spleen attached to the left testis is a rare differential diagnosis to left-sided testicular tumour."
1154972,"Foetal connective tissue regeneration was studied by implanting 3 x 10 mm cylindrical viscose cellulose sponges subcutaneously in foetal, newborn, and full-grown rabbits. The implants were removed 2 to 7 days later, the foetal implants all being removed after delivery, and were analysed biochemically. In foetal implants a rapid accumulation of soluble forms of collagen took place, while the relative amount of other tissue proteins remained rather low. Connective tissue regeneration of the newborns ressembled, in this respect, that of the full-growns. The results suggest an enhanced production of miniature type collagen in the context of foetal connective tissue regeneration."
1154973,"A review of the experience gained after 300 consecutive femoral head replacements using the Christiansen Endoprosthesis is given. The arthroplasties were performed mainly for fresh, displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients and for complications of these fractures, such as pseudarthrosis and aseptic necrosis. The patient material is divided into 2 groups. Group 1: Patients who had the older prosthesis model with plastic capitulum pieces inserted, and Group 2: Patients who had the present prosthesis model with metal-capped capitulum pieces inserted together with acrylic cement fixation. While the results initially were promising in the first group, a longer follow-up was very disappointing. Wear of the plastic material resulted in a pronounced foreign body synovitis with pain and reduced mobility. Furthermore, there were osteolysis and fractures related to the prosthesis in a great number of patients observed for more than 2 years. This led to a change in the construction of the capitulum piece of the prosthesis which was now equipped with a metal cap and to the use of acrylic cement fixation of the shaft piece. The follow-up results in these patients (Group 2) have been most encouraging, with absence of the above-mentioned complications after up to 6 years' observation. The mortality and complications encountered are discussed. It is concluded that femoral head replacement on the indications outlined, using the present prosthesis model with acrylic cement fixation, represents a very good alternative in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures and their complications."
1154974,"A series of 444 patients with multiple blunt injuries were analysed with respect to the incidence of symptoms and signs generally described in connection with the fat embolism syndrome. During hospital treatment, a diagnosis of fat embolism was established for 47 patients and suspected in 23 patients. In retrospect, the latter patients had a morbid picture similar to that of the former. Hypoxia, anemia, disturbances of consciousness, and hyperpyrexia were constant signs. A high incidnece of petechiae and snowstorm infiltrations of the lung was also found. These six signs showed a marked tendency to combine; and placed the fat embolism patients in a distinctive group. The most susceptible patients were young adults with diaphyseal fractures of the lower extremities. Hypoxia was the most important early sign and the most important factor in terms of treatment. We conclude that the fact embolism syndrome is a clinical entity and that its diagnosis can be made on the basis of the symptom complex."
1154975,"In previous papers it has been shown that simultaneous transplantation of conjunctiva to the corneal-scleral region, and skin to the inside of the pinna will afford good opportunities to follow both the onset and the terminal phase of the allograft reaction. It has also been stated that conjunctiva grafted alone will have a longer survival time (12.1 days), than when grafted simultaneously with skin (7.5 days). In order to find out whether the localization to the corneal-scleral region per se had anything to do with this prolongation of the survival time, conjunctiva was grafted in 8 dogs to the palpebral surface of the nictitating membrane, i.e. more peripherally in the type used as grafts in previous experiments were weighed and examined histologically to compare the ""tissue doses"" --quantitatively and quanlitatively--transferred to the recipient when transplanting conjunctiva plus skin, or conjunctiva alone. Conjunctiva alone grafted to the nictitating membrane had a mean survival time of 10.5 days which does not significantly differ from the mean survival time of conjunctiva grafted to the cornealscleral region. Various possible reasons for the significantly prolonged survival time of conjunctiva alone, compared with that of conjunctiva when grafted with skin, are discussed in some detail. The author suggests that the most likely explanation of the prolonged survival time of the conjunctival grafts applied alone is that this operation means transfer of an antigen dose so low that the mobilization of the immune defence system is delayed."
1154976,"Dexon has been used in 375 operations of various types on 360 patients. No wound infection was observed in the group of 'clean' cases. As Dexon is absorbed completely but relatively slowly and at an even rate, it can even be used in most instances instead of non-absorbable suture and ligature materials. When used for sutures and ligatures in operations of various types, Dexon costs about the same as catgut."
1154977,"Reactive hyperaemia was measured with electromagnetic flowmetry of the terminal aorta in rabbits. The aorta was occluded just above the bifurcation for periods from 10 seconds to 5 minutes. Maximal flow and recovery time of reactive hyperaemia increased significantly with increasing periods of circulatory arrest. Percentual repayment was higher after brief occlusions (10-30 seconds) than after long occlusions (1-5 minutes), when a percentual repayment of about 40% was found. A slight decrease of ascending aortic flow was observed when reactive hyperaemia was induced in the hind limbs. Several mechanisms may play a part in reactive hyperaemia, and the relative importance of the different mechanisms may vary with the length of occlusion."
1154978,"The effect on reactive hyperaemia of variations in oxygen content of the inspired air and in tissue temperature, was studied by electromagnetic flowmetry in the hind limbs of rabbits. Flowmetry was used together with oxygen polarography to compare recovery time of blood flow and recovery time of oxygen tension in muscle tissue during reactive hyperaemia. After occlusions lasting more than 10 seconds; recovery time of oxygen tension was much shorter than recovery time of blood flow. Breathing of different oxygen concentrations induced relatively small changes of reactive hyperaemia. After increasing tissue temperature all variables of reactive hyperaemia were reduced following 10-60 seconds' occlusion. On the other hand, after 5 minutes' occlusion percentual repayment and recovery time increased significantly. During hypothermia, percentual repayment and recovery time were reduced significantly after 5 minutes' occlusion. Thus, the time-response curves for percentual repayment and recovery time during hyper-and hypothermia crossed each other when occlusion time was extended beyond 60 seconds. Normalization of oxygen tension when blood flow was still increased seems to exclude that oxygen deficiency per se is the only cause of reactive hyperaemia. Oxygen deficiency may be a contributory factor in the initiation of vasodilation during circulatory arrest and may possibly be of importance in the first part of reactive hyperaemia. The results of changing the tissue temperature suggested that metabolites which are accumulated during circulatory arrest, maintain the increased blood flow, at least after release of longer occlusions."
1154979,"Venous gangrene is not a common disease. It develops as the extreme, irreversible phase of total thrombosis of the veins of an extremity. The literature is reviewed and 7 new cases are reported. Symptomatology, aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed. It is concluded that there is a significant causative relationship between malignant disease and venous gangrene."
1154980,"The present paper describes constriction of the femoral vein following hernioplasty ad modum McVay. In five cases, constriction of the femoral vein was demonstrated by phelbography, and pulmonary embolism by pulmonary scintigraphy. It is suggested that a number of postoperative thromboembolisms following hernia repair are caused by a unobserved constriction of the femoral vein. Moreover, constriction of the femoral vein following hernia repair occurs in a number of cases without thromboembolism."
1154981,"Rupture of the diaphragm is an unusual injury following blunt abdominal trauma. Due to its rather discrete initial symptoms, the diaphragmatic rupture is frequently overlooked in the acute stage. Of 11 patients operated on, only four ruptures were detected in association with the accident. The clinical picture was dominated by the patient's other injuries. Symptoms referable to the diaphragmatic rupture were pain in the upper abdomen and dyspnoea, especially in the recumbent position. The diagnosis was usually established by serial chest roentgenography, in a few cases supplemented by barium contrast studies, angiography or air insufflation in the abdomen (pneumoperitoneum). In the initial phase, an elevated and paradoxically moving diaphragm was usually seen on the injured side. Later, hermiation of viscera into the chest ensued, causeing respiratory impairment and, in about half of the cases, also gastro-intestinal disturbances. Early operation is advised in all cases of diaphragmatic rupture. Late complications are then avoided and the repair is technically easier to perform. In the presence of associated intra-abdominal injuries, e.g. rupture of the spleen, an abdominal incision is preferred. In isolated diaphragmatic ruptures, particularly in the late phase, the operation is more easily carried out through a low thoracotomy. The diaphragmatic rupture should be repaired with interrupted non-absorbable sutures--otherwise a risk of recurrence exists."
1154982,"Precursors of proteolytic enzymes were demonstrated in the peritoneal inflammatory exudate during acute experimental pancreatitis of the rat. This was done by separating the proteinase inhibitors and proenzymes by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. After elution the proenzymes could be demonstrated by activating them with enterokinase or with trypsin. The proenzymes were eluted after the main protein bulk and proteinase inhibitors. Enzyme precursors were absent from the exudate of formalin-induced peritonitis, which suggests that the proenzymes present in the exudate of pancreatitis are of pancreatic origin. The demonstration of proenzymes in perripheral blood during pancreatitis was tested with the several modifications of the same methods, but the results were not convincing, probably owing to the insensitivity of the methods used."
1154983,"The effect of intravenous glucose on pentagastrin-induced submaximal gastric acid secretion was invesgated in 8 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and normal glucose tolerance. 50 ml of a 50% glucose solution, injected over approximately 3 minutes, was completely without effect on volume, acidity, and acid output. These findings seem to rule out the possibility that the marked inhibition earlier demonstrated after intrajejunal glucose is caused by hyperglycemia."
1154984,"In a prospective study, patients resected for benign ulcer disease 20 years previously were followed up. Of 100 patients operated with anterior gastro-jejunal anastomosis and entero-anastomosis 51 were examined with gastroscopy and multiple biopsies taken from the stoma and gastric fundus. Acute and chronic inflammation of varying degrees were general findings. Single or multiple polyp-like changes at the stomal ring were found in 4 cases and in one patient an asymptomatic low differentiated, adenocarcinoma was found. Intestinal metaplasia and cystic dilatation of the gastric glands were most frequently found in the stomal biopsies and less frequent in biopsies taken from the gastric fundus. In order to evaluate these possibly precancerous changes all patients will be continuously controlled. Nineteen patients were dead at the time of the follow-up. One of these had died of carcinoma of the gastric remnant."
1154985,"A test substance containing 51CrO--4 was administered to the duodenum of vagotomized or sham-operated, conscious rats for 5 hours at a rate of 3.3 mul/min. The distribution of 51Cr in the stomach, small bowel, caecum and colon was measured with a scintillation counter. Data reduction was made with automatic methods. The activity distribution in the small bowel was found to be irregular. A transit time of about 3 hours was observed between the duodenum and the caecum. The proximal 40% of the small bowel was passed in about 30 min at a constant rate. No differences between vaotomized animals and controls could be demonstrated. The passage from ileum to caecum in vagotomized animals indicated a process, with constant portions, each discharge containing about 11% of the total administered activity, implying two discharges per hour."
1154986,"A total of 270 concecutive patients were examined for anastomotic leakage following resection for cancer of the colon and rectum. A 2-layer anastomosis was established 215 cases and a 3-layer one in 43. Twelve patients underwent the resection during manifest ileus. The total frequency of anastomotic leakage after elective resections was 14% significantly higher in the left than in the right half of the colon, irrespective of the anastomotic technique used. Age and sex per se did not influence the frequency of leakage. On the other hand, the presence of various complications at admission (cardiopulmonary, weight loss, metabolic disorders and anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, or electrolyte disturbances) was attended by an increased frequency of anastomotic leaks after left-sided resections. Pallative resection as well as resection of left-side tumour during manifest ileus was accompanied by an increased frequency of anastomotic leakage. There was also an increased tendency for leakage to occur when left-sided tumours were treated by a temporary defunctioning caecostomy rather than by transverse colostomy."
1154991,Changes of skeletal robusticity result from a mosaic response of various parts of the skeleton to given endocrine changes. The character of these reactions corresponds to that of muscles which act as selective target areas for specific hormones. Robusticity changes are mediated by increases or decreases of the length and weight of the bones. The changes are probably species- or even subspecies-specific.
1154992,"Body growth using weight and length parameters have been examined following the introduction of the rice rat to laboratory conditions and a history of breeding covering some 15 generations. The pattern of growth shows a characteristic enphasic form which appears to be determined by the interplay of the external environment and the genetic endowment. The external environmental factors include the waxing and waning of the lactational performance of the mother and the intake of solid food, resulting in the first phase being mainly controlled by the maternal environment, the second phase being mainly controlled by a lessening maternal environment + external (solid food) environment + some genetics, the third phase being influenced by external environment + genetic endowment."
1154993,"Exogenous sex steroids were administered to adult males of the monitor lizard Varanus during the retrogressive and inactive phases of their annual reproductive cycle. Androgen treatment renews spermatogenetic activity and causes an increase in the number of Leydig cells of the testis during the retrogressive phase; during the inactive phase the testicular response to androgen is only slight. In either reproductive phase oestradiol treatment has an inhibitory action on the germ tubules. Progesterone has no effect on the testis in the inactive phase. The vasa deferentia are well developed during the retrogressive phase and thus the effect of androgens is not appreciable. However, during the inactive phase testosterone highly stimulates the deferent ducts. In the inactive phase oestrogen and progesterone also seem to stimulate slightly the deferent tubules; progesterone increases the interstitial tissue of the deferent ducts. Renal sexual segments hypertrophy and become secretory by androgen treatment in either phase of the reproductive cycle, whereas oestrogen and progesterone have no effect. The hemipenes are also stimulated by androgen treatment."
1154996,"Regeneration of the nasopharyngeal epithelium in Macaca fascicularis occurs as a result of migration of epithelial cells from the margins of the lesions as well as from the neighbouring glandular ducts and epithelial crypts. The study further reveals that the basal cells are the progenitors of both goblet and ciliated cells. The regenerating epithelium at first consists of mucus-containing cells which are finally converted into normal globlet and ciliated cells. The formation of centrioles and concurrent reduction in the amount of 'mucus' droplets, and rearrangement of centrioles towards the luminal surface of the cells along with simultaneous development of cilia in some of these mucus-containing cells are stages in the differentiation of ciliated cells. However, some cells which do not possess secretory droplets may also develop into ciliated cells directly."
1154997,"The development of the lymphoid tissues in a macropod marsupial is described. The liver is the only functional haemopoietic tissue at birth. Large lymphocytes first appear in the cervical thymus at 2 days, and in the thoracic thymus at 4 days after birth. Small lymphocytes appear 1-2 days later. The histological development of the two glands is similar, but the thoracic thymus develops much more slowly than the cervical. The appearance of Hassall's corpuscles in both thymus glands correlates with the onset of humoral immune responses in this animal. Lymph nodes first appear as aggregates of lymphocytes around the lymphatic vessels at 5 days, differentiate into cortex and medulla at about 14 days, but do not develop germinal centres until about 90 days. Small lymphocytes are not observed in the spleen until the 2nd week, and reactive centres do not appear until after 90 days of pouch life. Peyer's patches are not found until 60 days of age. Large lymphocytes are seen in the bone marrow at 14 days, but small lymphocytes are not found until the 1st month. Although the sequence of lymphoid development is similar to that seen in other animals, the rapidly with which it becomes functional suggests that it is an adaptive response to early contact with environment pathogens."
1155000,"A comparative study of the intrinsic innervation in desert rodents (kangaroo rats) and others (albino rats) was carried out in an attempt to understand the functional anatomy of the bladder in these animals which are known to sustain severe water restraint. The bladder of the albino rat was innervated by predominantly thin nerves, more numerous beaded endings and few ganglia. That of the kangaroo rat had more numerous thick nerves (pre-ganglionic), large verve trunks, and ganglia which were extensively distributed in the wall. These findings indicate that the bladder of the albino rat depends mainly on the intrinsic innervation and facilatory micturition reflexes, while that of the kangaroo rat is intrinsically regulated, depending on a short neuron system. It was concluded that all the structural differences found might be essential for constant urine retention."
1155001,"As remnants of pupillary membrane, some albino rat eyes revealed vascular loops starting from arteriovenous bridges near the pupillary margin and crossing the pupil. These vascular loops bend in miosis and straighten in mydriasis, which prevents them from being broken during pupillary movement. The vessel wall reveals endothelial cells and pericytes. The lumen contains red blood cells, which means that they are functional vessels. They may function as vascular shunts between opposite sides of the albino rat iris."
1155002,"Carbon tetrachloride was administered to male albino rats for varied intervals. It was found to have no significant adverse effect on spermatogenesis after 10 and 15 days of treatment. Severe damage to the spermatogenic cycle was observed after 20 days of treatment, leading to exfoliation of the germinal epithelium, depletion of germ cells, and shrinkage of the tubules."
1155003,"Vascular inclusions regularly occur in the lingual dentin of the constantly erupting teeth of the pocket mouse (P. longimembris). The inclusion of a capillary loop and surrounding perivascular tissues is associated with odontoblasts whose cytodifferentiation is relatively immature. These same cells produce dentinal tubules which are more irregular in their course, more arborescent, with more lateral branches, wider in diameter and less numerous than are the tubules of the labial orthodentin. The patent vascular inclusions are surrounded by a broad halo of incompletely mineralized dentin. With further maturation complete obliteration of the vessels occurs, accompanied by complete dental matrix mineralization. A literature review supports the contention that vasodentinogenesis is related operationally to lower stages of odontoblastic cytodifferentiation although the processes by which this occurs are not yet clear."
1155004,"The structure of the claustrum was studied in the dog brain using Weigert's, Klüver-Barrera's, Manns' and Nissl's methods. It consists of two main parts arranged one above the other. The dorsal part is situated in the depth of the neocortex and extends from the gyrus orbitalis to the gyrus compositus posterior. The ventral part of the claustrum underlying the olfactory cortex continues from the cuadal fragments of the olfactory peduncle to the entorhinal area, where it fuses with its deep layers. The claustrum can be regarded as a fragment of a bigger cellular formation present in different parts of the hemisphere."
1155005,The relationship between the lateral nasal gland and sacs of the maxillary recesses was investigated. The nasal sacs possess a well-defined aperture communicating with the nasal cavities. It was concluded that the sacs and not the body of the gland produce mucous secretions that moisten the inhaled dry air of the desert and may also act as reservoirs. A possible function of the body of the nasal gland is water economy by excretion of concentrated salts.
1155006,"Electron-microscopic studies were made on the appearance of synapses in the intramural ganglion (Auerbach) and findings were correlated with the onset and development of intestinal peristalsis in 6- to 30-week-old human and rabbit fetuses from the 12th day after conception until birth. At stage I, in which the small intestine shows no indication of a muscle layer or spontaneous peristalsis, primitive synapses containing several clear vesicles and a few cored vesicles are seen on neuroblasts and their processes (dendrites). At stage II, in which the circular muscle is developed and bidirectional peristalsis occurs, synaptic profiles can be classified into 3 types. Type 1 is the most numerous but seldom shows membrane specificity on the synaptic portion. Types 2 and 3 have small flattened vesicles and small round vesicles, respectively. They are further characterized by thickening of snyaptic membranes and aggregation of small clear vesicles associated with the presynaptic membrane. At stage III, the longitudinal muscle layer develops in the small intestine. At this stage, nerve terminals containing mainly cored vesicles have been observed and classified into types 4 and 5, according to their morphology. At stage IV, antiperistalsis no longer occurs and type 6 nerve terminals in the intramural ganglia can be recognized by their densely packed, large-cored vesicles. The possible physiological significance of the nerve terminals has been discussed."
1155007,"Two human embryos which were immediately before and soon after the appearance of the cerebral vesicle were cut into complete serial sections in almost the same direction and studied comparatively. The findings on these two sets of serial sections indicate that the rostral continuations of subthalamus and ventral thalamus along the ventral thalamic sulcus continuing from the sulcus limitans of the midbrain are destined to give rise to the formation of the cerebral vesicle. The rostral continuation of the subthalamus becomes the floor of the interventricular foramen, and that of the ventral thalamus the pallium. The rostral end of the continuation of the subthalamic matrix is not only the site of the beginning of evagination of the cerebral vesicle, but also the site of elevation of the ganglionic hill or striatum. As the evagination of the cerebral vesicle proceeds exceedingly dorsocaudolaterally from the rostral end of the continuation of the ventral thalamus, the elevation of the striatum occurs also in the same direction, getting in touch with the folding of the hemispheric stalk of Kuhlenbeck to enclose the interventricular foramen. Tt is noticed that, at the beginning of evagination, the grade of depression of the nasal pit was always parallel with that of evagniation of the cerebral vesicle."
1155008,"New Hampshire eggs were injected with iproniazid into the yolk sac at day 2 of incubation by means of a tiny hole in the shell. A control group was injected with normal saline and a second group was left unopened. Iproniazid in the doses we used proved to be lethal for approximately 50% of the chick embryos, while we cannot demonstrate other developmental alterations, either in the macroscopical or in the serial histological study."
1155009,"The insertion of the annulus fibrosus and of the perivertebral ligaments into the lumbar vertebral body is studied by histology and microradiography, in post-mortem human material from 0 to 34 years of age. The annulus lamellosus is attached to the edge ring, whose origin is endochondral, and ends in a calcified cartilage. The perivertebral ligaments are fixed to the cortex, that derives from those ligaments; they join the vertebral body via bundle bone."
1155010,"The authors performed an allometric study of the growth of the rat's lachrymal and Harderian glands, during postnatal life. From the analysis of the results, they could conclude: (1) the growth of these glands in relation to body weight, during postnatal life, could be considered similar, following the allometric law; (2) the differential growth of the glands occurred in two stages: from birth until the 15th day and from the 15th day until the final period of life studied; (3) the two stages of development were separated by a critical period, during which an abrupt modification of the allometric coefficient occurred; (4) during the first days of postnatal life, the development of the Harderian gland was characterized by a high rate of growth and, just after eyelid disjunction and during rest of postnatal life, by a rate of allometric of growth less than 1. It is interesting to observe that the lachrymal and Harderian glands' critical period of development on the 15th day of postnatal life coincides with the time at which the eyelids of the animal open."
1155011,"Fiber count analysis was performed with the electron microscope on the motor root of the facial nerve in six mice. On an average, 3,433 (84.9%) of the total nerve fibers (4,046) were myelinated and 592 (14.6%) unmyelinated. The motor root consisted mostly of large myelinated fibers (large fiber group), but a part of the root consisted of small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (small fiber group). The nerve fibers of the small fiber group appear to correspond with those of the intermediate nerve, and to pass through the motor root and enter the intermediate nerve near the geniculate ganglion."
1155012,"The authors studied the pineal glands of chickens (Gallus gallus) between the ages of 2 and 5 days with the electron microscope. They described two distinct areas in the parenchyma of the organ: the follicles, formed by two cellular categories, the pineal A and B cells, and the parafollicular zone, which surrounds and separates the follicles from the connective walls. This area is formed, fundamentally, by two types of cells and nerve fibers. These cells occasionally delimit cavities. We propound the hypothesis of the possible transformation of the parafollicular zone into follicles."
1155013,"Intraepithelial fibers do occur in the mucosa of the esophagus, as demonstrated by the osmium tetroxide-zinc iodide method in cats and rhesus monkeys. The esophagus is divided into three parts, in order to study the penetration incidence, and the uppermost and the lowest show the greatest density of penetration, while in the middle portion only occasional fibers in small numbers are found. The specific characteristics observed in this type of fiber, such as their distribution along the wall of the esophagus, the levels reached by their endings within the mucous epithelium itself and this same epithelium considered as the specified destination of the endings, lead to the belief that they may be functionally regarded as structures of a sensory character."
1155016,"The outline of the arcuate nucleus in the human medulla oblongata was studied in a series of serial sections of brain stems of newborn and young children. The nucleus lies on the ventral aspect of the pyramid. At higher levels the nucleus lies on the ventral and medial aspect of the pyramid. In the upper regions of the medulla the two nuclei fuse together, giving rise to a median dorsal extension, which in the uppermost part of the medulla extends to the floor of the fourth ventricle. The nucleus sends numerous branches to the corticospinal portion of the pyramidal tract, while the dorsal extension of the arcuate nucleus sends numerous transverse rays on either side which consist of nerve fibres and cells. These rays extend in the areas of the medulla occupied by the medial lemniscus, tectospinal portion, and medial longitudinal bundle. The significance of the findings is discussed."
1155017,"Skulls of 100 male and female subjects of various ages and with unimpaired dental arches were examined with respect to the morphological features of the mandibular condyle. A certain number of typical shapes were distinguished. Dental abrasion was also assessed and three parameters were calculated: (1) total abrasion index; (2) working:balancing abrasion ratio, and (3) frontal abrasion index. These data were then related to condylar shape and subject age. The results show that abrasion influences changes in condyle shape due to bone remodeling. The forces applied on this bone segment are distributed over functional areas that vary both in extent and in their different characteristics."
1155018,The transverse process C2 plays an important role in the stabilization of the vertebral unit C2/C3 and the protection of the vertebral artery and the cervical spinal cord. The anatomical disposition of the transverse processes C2 and especially the lateral processes may be different from one subject to another. Certain anatomical variants of the transverse process can exert a negative effect on the stabilizing and protective function of the same. Our observations suggest that a maldevelopment or a lesion of the transverse process of the axis may induce extra stresses in the vertebral unit C2/C3 with subsequent development of a zygapophyseal arthrosis at this level. Any zygapophyseal arthrosis (uni- or bilaterally) should lead us to think of this possibility too.
1155019,"The authors studied 48 dog hearts, using the injection-corrosion-fluorescence method to study the topography of thebesian veins in all the walls of the cardiac cavities. The thebesian veins are small, situated deep in the myocardium, opening after a short course into the cardiac cavities, by small openings with diameters in general not exceeding 1 mm, known 'foraminula'. They have a centripetal course, while every other vein in the heart has a centrifugal one, to reach the subepicardial zone. In the heart of the dog five types of thebesian veins were served: arboriform, sinuous, brush-like, canaliculated and stellate. The thebesian veins are almost regularly found in every wall of the cardiac cavities. The authors also observed that they predominated in the right ventricle (81.24%) and in the right atrium (77.43%)."
1155025,"The significance of the intracranial acceleration pressure pattern at impact to the intact skull in production of brain damage is discussed, particularly as regards the contre-coup pressures. A rigid fluid-filled cylinder was connected to the skull cavity of rabbits; the cylinder was impacted and the intracranial contents acted as a contre-coup end. The pressure pattern was also modified by injection of small quantified air volumes. The pathophysiological effects of ""experimental brain concussion"" with vasomotor and respiratory disturbances which occurred were related to the contre-coup pressures produced, particularly the magnitude of subatmospheric pressures and the duration of late positive pressures. Some implications on their significance for brain tissue flow are discussed."
1155026,"""Contre-coup"" lesions occurring particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes following head injury have been claimed to be caused by sudden negative pressure transients, as part of the ""contre-coup"" end pressures occurring in the brain tissue at an occipital impact. With a new experimental model such impact acceleration pressure (near-1 atm) could be generated in the rabbit brain through a parietal opening. Resulting morphological changes were evaluated with various microscopical methods, including Evan's blue-albumin technique for observations on vascular permeability changes. Regardless of the magnitude of the negative pressure transients no changes characteristic of ""contre-coup"" lesions were seen in temporal lobes, i.e. in areas where preparative artefacts are absent in control animals. Therefore such negative pressure transients per se do not appear to be of major importance for the development of contre-coup lesions. However, vascular permeability changes were frequently observed in the brain stem and upper cervical cord and are presumably related to the flow of tissue in the cranio-spinal junction."
1155027,"The endocrine function was evaluated in 50 patients a minimum of 3.5 months after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function was assessed by studying the circadian rhythm of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and with the metyrapone test. In addition, screening methods were used to evaluate thyroid and gonadal functions. The results indicate that hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal disturbances may occur in patients surviving a subarachnoid hemorrhage. In patients who have survived a subarachnoid hemorrhage more than 3.5 months, however, frank hypopituitarism is rare."
1155028,"The significance of the intracranial acceleration pressure pattern at impact to the intact skull in production of brain damage is discussed particularly as regards the contre-coup pressures. Sudden pressure changes within the cranial cavity of the rabbit were studied by means of a new impact acceleration model. The rabbit skull was connected with a cylinder. Impact acceleration was applied to the model with the skull contents serving as a ""contre-coup end"". Skull deformation was minimized by reinforcement of the skull vault. Acceleration, velocity and displacement of the system were recorded at various sites and could be predicted within wide ranges. Simultaneous recordings were also made of the pressure changes in the skull cavity and cylinder contents. By adjusting the acceleration course and by introducing a quantified air bubble 050, 100, 150 mm3) at the impact of the cylinder, it was possible to produce and vary an intracranial pressure pattern of ""contre-coup type"", including predictable subatmospheric transients. The mechanics of the intracranial pressure changes and displacements are discussed. The method seems to be suitable for studying the relations between brief negative-positive pressure variations (about 5 ms) of ""contre-coup type"" and pathological alterations similar to those reported in other head injury models and in human head trauma."
1155023,"In an effort to cross-validate the Elizur Test of Psycho-Organicity (performed on adults), a combined test used for the diagnosis of organic brain condition, 96 subjects were tested. The test can differentiate the ""organic"" and ""non-organic"" groups in a statistically significant manner. Eighty-five percent of the organics and 81% of the non-organics can be correctly identified by the test. In addition there is a significant correlation between the test findings and the electroencephalographic and radiographic results."
1155029,"Muscle blood flow (MBF) during exercise was determined in both anterior tibial muscles of 12 rabbits by the local 133-Xe method before and after embolization of 20 to 80 mum dextran particles into the right femoral artery. With a relatively low dose of particles (dry weight: 8.7 mg), MBF was significantly decreased up to 4 days after each embolization, and mild histologic abnormalities were observed in the embolized muscles. A four-fold higher dose resulted in a marked and permanent decrease of the MBF, ischemic necrosis of the distal leg muscles and toe gangrene. In the light of these findings and the previously demonstrated normal MBF in Duchenne dystrophy, the validity of the assumption that Duchenne dystrophy is caused by small vessel occlusions is questioned."
1155030,"Using the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test, the in vitro effects of oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acid, as well as Naudicell oil and methyl gamma-linolenate, on lymphocyte response to various antigens (PPD, thyroid antigen and EF) were studied in patients with mutiple sclerosis, patients with other neurological diseases, and in normal subjects. In all three groups, linoleic and arachidonic acid showed a significant inhibition; the latter was greater than the former, when tested at physiological concentrations, suggesting that unsaturated fatty acids may exert an immunoregulatory effect in vivo. The methylester of gamma-linolenate is the most powerful suppressing agent yet tested. The inhibitory activity of linoleic and arachidonic acids was consistently greater in MS than in other subjects and forms the basis of an in vitro test for the disease. The possible relationship of these findings to widespread alterations in the fatty acid composition of the tissues and to the pathogenesis of MS is discussed."
1155031,"5HIAA and HVA were determined in successive samples of CSF withdrawn at the lumbar and cisternal levels in connection with gas myelographic examinations in 16 patients. The mean of 5-HIAA in the first cisternal samples were 83 ng/ml (n equal to 8) and of HVA 143 NG/ML (N equal to 7). A sharp increase in the concentration of both metabolites, but particulary of HVA, was seen in successive lumbar samples. The ratio of cisternal/lumbar 5-HIAA was 3/1, and of HVA 10/1 in one patient in whom lumbar and cisternal CSF were obtained with 2 weeks' interval. The concentrations of monoamine metabolites in CSF obtained at lumbar puncture are thus highly dependent on the amount of fluid withdrawn. This fact should be taken into consideration when different materials are compared."
1155032,"During a study comparing levodopa with and without benserazide in Parkinsonism, 19 of 41 patients (42 per cent) receiving concomitant anticholinergic therapy developed abnormal involuntary movements (AIM), in contrast to 11 of 58 patients (19 per cent) receiving only levodopa. This difference is statistically significant. Discontinuation or dose-reduction of anticholinergics in 10 patients without altering the levodopa-dosage resulted in disappearance or amelioration of the AIM in nine cases. The Parkinsonism, however, aggravated subsequently, necessitating resumption of anticholinergics in five cases. These results establich further the facilitating effect of anticholinergics on the emergence of AIM."
1155033,"In a controlled therapeutic trial, serum calcium and serum alkaline phophatase levels were measured levels were measured during treatment with different doses of vitamin D2 in 45 epileptic inpatients. The results demonstrate that, in spite of the curative effect of vitamin D2 with regard to total body calcium, this vitamin has no effect on serum calcium or serum alkaline phosphatase in anticonvulsant osteomalacia."
1155034,"In order to elucidate the cause of brain damage in head injuries experiments are often designed to cause impacts to the intact skull of animals. To study the injurious significance of the contre-coup part of the impact acceleration pressure pattern we have previously applied direct loading through a parietal opening to the rabbit skull cavity. In order to evaluate the effects of the acceleration, similar impacts were delivered with greater magnitudes of such movements of the intact reinforced rabbit skull with the same equipment attached but without trephine opening. Varied and predictable acceleration, velocity and displacement of the head, and minimized skull deformation were possible with this model. Threshold levels of such impact acceleration were studied with regard to changes in respiratory and vasomotor activities (""concussive response""). Vascular permeability changes in the brain and spinal cord were studied with Ean's blue-albumin injection before the impact. Morphological observations were also made at the end of the experiments. No significant pathophysiological or morphological effects were elicited below peak acceleration of 2000 gn (duration 0.7 ms), peak velocity of 5 m/s or total dislocation of the head of 30 mm. At higher levels of impact a ""concussive response"" was elicited without fractures of the skull bone or significant brain lesions. Thus, in impact tests resulting in acceleration magnitudes far below those levels the signs of brain damage induced might mainly be related to the mechanical effects added--i.e. the fluid pressure loading."
1155035,"A prospective study on 61 previously healthy patients with acute mono-symptomatic optic neuritis is reported. Interest was focused on changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and the clinical course with possible development of multiple sclerosis. At the beginning of the disease, a mononuclear pleocytosis was noted in 51 per cent of the patients, an elevated IgG level in 18 per cent, and an oligoclonal IgG distribution in 41 per cent. These results are in sharp contrast to those in multiple sclerosis. Eleven patients have so far developed definite multiple sclerosis. At onset only five of these had cerebrospinal fluid findings indistinguishable from those in multiple sclerosis, with pleocytosis and bands on electrophoresis. In five more patients, who subsequently developed multiple sclerosis, the cerebrospinal fluid IgG was normal at onset, but an oligoclonal IgG appeared during the follow-up; there was no correlation in time between the appearance of new symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid changes. In six patients with normal cerebrospinal fluid and four patients with only mononuclear pleocytosis at the onset of disease, the IgG pattern became oligoclonal on electrophoresis during the follow-up period, although the patients had no further symptoms or signs of disease. It was concluded, therefore, that the cerebrospinal fluid was often normal in the first attack of what later proved to be multiple sclerosis, and that a normal fluid did not preclude a development into definite multiple sclerosis. Sometimes IgG bands appeared in previously normal cerebrospinal fluid, although the patients had not experienced new symptoms."
1155036,"Evidence has been presented that optic neuritis partially reflects benign cases of MS which are lost in the epidemiological investigation of the disease. As part of a large epidemiological investigation of MS, 221 patients with pure optic neuritis were identified during the period from January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1971. The mean annual incidence for the whole of Finland was 0.94 per 100,000 population. The female to male ratio was 1.7. The mean age at onset was 31.2 years. The distribution of optic neuritis by counties showed the highest mean annual incidence in the southwestern county of Turku and Pori (1.69) and in the western county of Vaasa (1.68). The prevalence data for MS were highest in these counties. A highly significant deviation from a random distribution according to place at onset and place of birth was obtained. Even the geographical distribution by smaller units, i.e. the combined clerical districts, revealed a firm accumulation to the western districts in the county of Vaasa and to the southwestern districts in the county of Turku and Pori. Thus, optic neuritis showed a similar geographical distribution of Jalasjärvi with several familial cases of MS did not increase the familial percentage when both conditions were considered as a single group. The risk of getting optic neuritis seems to depend on the influence of factors present during childhood. The epidemiological data point to a common factor in the aetiology of optic neuritis and MS."
1155037,"Mortality statistics were used to check the previously observed uneven geographical distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Finland, and also to compare the distribution of tuberculosis and MS with each other. In total, 331 MS deaths which could be regarded as deaths primarily due to MS were registered during the period from 1963 to 1971. The mean age at death was 49.9 years. The mean annual mortality rate was 0.8 per 100,000 population. The highest rates due to MS were registered in the western county of Vaasa. The cumulative mortality and birth rates showed a significant accumulation of MS cases to the western county of Vaasa and the southwestern county of Turku and Pori. A previous study revealed a high percentage of familial cases of first-degree kinship in the selected district of Jalasjärvi in the county of Vaasa. The mortality material revealed one additional MS case which raised the familial percentage to 13 among the living patients in this district. Statistics of tuberculosis have shown a constant accumulation of the disease in the western part of the country for more than 100 years. The mean annual mortality rate for tuberculosis was 17.1. The highest rate (23.0) was found in the western county of Vaasa, where the mortality rate (1.34) for MS was highest. Previous immigrant studies in Finland suggest that the uneven geographical distribution of tuberculosis is due to hereditary factors. The population of Finland consists of varying degrees of isolates, and the similarity of the distributions of MS and tuberculosis may thus reflect a common genetic factor in their aetiology."
1155038,"We have designed this investigation to determine whether naftidrofuryl has an effect upon metabolism in vivo in man. Five subjects were studied during and after steady exercise on a bicycle ergometer. On the first occasion they received naftidrofuryl (300 mg orally) 20-40 min before exercise; and on the second they exercised without the drug to provide control observations. Blood samples were taken for the estimation of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Exercise with naftidrofuryl caused a significantly greater rise in blood pyruvate concentration during the exercise and post-exercise period compared with the controls. Changes in glucose, lactate, glycerol and ketone-bodies were not significantly different from the control values. Lactate/pyruvate ratios were significantly reduced with naftidrofuryl during the post-exercise period. Exercise causes a rise in intracellular anaerobic metabolism with associated increases in blood lactate/pyruvate ratios. This is followed by enhanced oxidative capacity during the recovery period as adduced from falling lactate/pyruvate ratios. The greater decline in lactate/pyruvate ratios with naftidrofuryl during the post-exercise period is evidence that naftidrofuryl is able to enhance cellular oxidative activity in vivo in man. Further studies in clinical situations are therefore indicated."
1155039,"A previously healthy middle aged man died following a 6 month illness which presented with middle ear symptoms, apparently resolved, and then 2 months later manifested as encephalitis. The illness was characterized initially by depression and intellectual deterioration. No family member or working associate was affected. The clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis was confirmed by brain biopsy but no virus was isolated in the laboratory. Numerous intracisternal toroidal virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the perikarya and dendrites but not in glia. The particles resemble, but are not identical to, the oncornaviruses associated with spontaneous and induced murine neoplasms. The resemblance of these structures to the intracisternal toroidal type ""A"" virus of murine leukemia is noted and other possible causes for this atypical meningoencephalitis are discussed."
1155040,"The authors describe in biopsies from 6 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, including 2 of the more benign type, the ultrastructural typical aspects of denervation. They compare their findings with those of other workers. The striking points are the great variation in the diameter of the muscle fibres and the myofibrils, the disorganisation of the myofibrils, the sarcomeres and the filaments, with persistance of the relations between thick and thin filaments at various levels, the modifications of the Z-band and the triads in chains. The folds and the basement membrane are examined. Centrioles are present in a muscle fibre and in a satellite. Glycogen is very abundant. The nerves seem normal but some Schwann cells contain pi granules which are not observed usually at the age of the patient. The end plates and a muscle spindle are normal."
1155043,"A bilateral reflex contraction of the tensor tympani muscle has been obtained in man by electric stimulation of the tongue (1-2 mA). The stimulus is well tolerated and always effective. The advantage is stressed of eliciting a contraction of this muscle without involvement of the stapedius, as occurs with other methods. An analysis has been subsequently conducted in normal subjects and in patients affected by pathology of the tympano-ossicular system: tympanosclerosis, otosclerosis, suprastapedial facial paralysis; in cases of interruption of the afferent arch: section of the homo-lateral lingual nerve; in cases of involvement of its central portion: cerebello-pontine-angle tumours; and in cases of section of chorda tympani. A chiasm-like central nervous pattern is suggested."
1155042,"The EMG of the stapedius muscle and visible movements in the stapedius tendon during the subject's own vocalization of an [a:] and during contralateral acoustic stimulation were studied in subjects with eardrum perforation. The threshold for stapedius activity was near the lowest vocal intensity that the subjects could produce. At normal vocal effort the stapedius muscle was activated to about 50% of its maximum value. The EMG often started before the vocal sound, indicating that the stapedius muscle can be activated from the central nervous system as a part of the vocalization process. It is suggested that the contraction of the stapedius muscle during vocalization reduces the masking caused by the low frequency components of the person's own voice even at normal vocal effort and thereby improves intelligibility of simultaneous external speech."
1155044,"6-OH-DA is an isomer of noradrenalin which is selectively taken up by adrenergic axons. Noradrenalin stores are displaced by 6-OH-DA and at a certain intraneuronal concentration, degeneration of the terminals occurs and results in a chemical sympathectomy. The effects of 6-OH-DA on the rabbit cochlea were studied with fluorescence and electron microscopy after systemic administration of the substance and after local perfusion of the cochlea. Doses of 25 to 200 mg/kg were used. After intravenous injection there was an initial accumulation of 6-OH-DA in noradrenalin storage vesicles. A dose of 50 mg/kg 6-OH-DA initiated marked signs of degeneration in adrenergic nerve terminals but did not cause breakdown of their cell membranes. Higher doses did not seem to increase the damage. Local perfusion with 6-OH-DA gave rise to extensive degeneration of adrenergic nerve terminals and after 7 days all terminals had disappeared. These findings indicate the presence of a blood-perilymph barrier to 6-OH-DA. Some degeneration was also evident in cholinergic axons of the inner spiral bundle and of the tunnel spiral bundle."
1155046,The hypothesis that cardiovascular risk factors might be of importance in the development of sensori-neural hearing loss was tested in a material of 1000 fifty-year-old men. No significant correlations were found. The present study confirmed the well-known observation that the left ear usually is poorer than the right. Hearing loss in the right ear was found to be related to the smoking habits in the groups with no history of noise exposure. The explanation for this is discussed. Hearing loss was more common in social class 3 than in the other social classes. This difference was principally referable to noise exposure but also to conductive hearing loss. A prospective study of this material will further analyze the question concerning a possible relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and hearing loss.
1155045,"The vasculature of the chinchilla cochlea was demonstrated with injected Prussian blue contrast. By and large, the vascular pattern is similar to other mammals. The vasculature appears to be richly developed, but separate types of vessels appear to be of small caliber. Particular findings for the chinchilla cochlea were the veins of the scala tympani, formed by a merging of collecting venules, running parallel to the spiral modiolar vein. Furthermore, no vessel of the basilar membrane under the tunnel of Corti was found, and which, when present, is of such great presumed importance for the oxygen supply to the organ of Corti. The scala vestibuli wall appears to be supplied completely arterially, in contrast with that of other mammals. The stria vascularis is broad and well developed, both at the apex and at the basal end."
1155048,"Audiometric and radiological assessments of 5 patients with deafness due to Paget's disease of the skull are presented. It was found that all patients had a mixed deafness. The conductive element was demonstrated in all ears by both negative Rinne tests and by pure-tone audiometry. A variety of radiological changes was found in the middle ear in all cases, and all ears had abnormal tympanometry. Sensorineural loss was shown to be limited to end organ disease. Four patients were then treated for 18 to 22 months with synthetic human calcitonin with an improvement in those biochemical parameters which reflect skeletal disease. No improvement in the hearing occurred."
1155051,"In a previous report it was suggested that intravenous administration of furosemid followed by a comparative caloric test (the furosemid test) could be utilized for detection of endolymphatic hydrops (Kitahara et al., 1973). As a result of the further application of the furosemid test upon 161 patients with vertigo, positive results were observed in 80% of patients with typical Menière's disease, 6% of atypical Menière's disease, 42% with labyrinthine syphilis and 27% with sudden deafness. In patients with labyrinthitis, results were negative. It is thus concluded that the furosemid test provides positive evidence for determining the etiology of vertigo."
1155057,"This study describes the development of renal control of salt and water homeostasis. Twenty-three infants aged 3 weeks to 13 months were studied with respect to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using single injection technique, ability to excrete an oral salt load, ability to excrete water, and diluting capacity. GFR developed exponentially, salt excretion linearly, water excretion was unchanged and diluting capacity actually decreased. A hypothesis is presented for the theoretical basis of this functional development taking into account the interdependence of the functional parameters studied. This theory might well explain the high incidence of hypernatremic dehydration in infants."
1155053,"From our experience in the treatment of immunological diseases with a tendency to the formation of granulomas, we conceived the idea of treating pharmacotherapeutically the scar-tissue formation in recurrent tracheal stenosis. We have combined two medicines with different modes of action, namely, klorokin and penicillamine. Two patients with recurrent tracheal stenosis have been treated with remarkable results. After several unsuccessful operations it has now been possible to decannulate both of them and enable them to regain a normal way of living."
1155049,"An experimentally controlled compression of the facial nerve was induced in 32 cats by applying polyethylene tubes of different diameter on its main trunk. The effect of decompression (removal of the compressing tubes) was investigated by clinical evaluation of the eye blinking reflex, by recording the summation potential of the orbicularis oculi muscle and by histological investigation of the nerve specimens. The results obtained demonstrate that even in presence of degenerated nerve fibers, disrupture of the endoneural tubes can be avoided if decompression is performed within 12 days after injury. The release of circumferential pressure over the degenerated facial nerve within the above-mentioned delay is thus beneficial for optimal regeneration. The possible implications of these findings for the treatment of Bell's palsy are discussed."
1155058,"Cord blood from 125 newborns of various gestational ages has been analysed for the ratio foetal haemoglobin to total haemoglobin, using an alkali denaturation method. The quotient, percentage of foetal haemoglobin divided by birth weight correlates well with gestational age. Thus the percentage of foetal haemoglobin in cord blood can be used as a method for estimating maturity in newborn infants. Foetal haemoglobin has been compared with other methods for maturity assessments and seems to give the same precision in estimating gestational age as the best of these, which is the scoring of external characteristics. However, the latter method is considerably less time-consuming and more suitable for routine use."
1155059,"The standardized Swedish health examination of 4-year-olds was performed in a residential suburb of Stockholm with a high percentage of young families and immigrants. Emphasis was placed on identifying children in need of pedagogic and psychological measures. Psychological problems were identified by: a structured interview with the parents, and an examination of the child, including developmental screening tests and the parents' assessment of the child's behaviour at home. We have placed more emphasis on the findings and evaluation at the examination than on interview data when arriving at a psychological diagnosis. The somatic part of the examination revealed only minor problems, confirming previous studies on four-year-olds in Sweden. Twelve percent of the 257 children were referred for further psychological investigation, and 16% were recommended early admittance to preschool because of psychological problems. Among the 46 immigrant children who did not have any Swedish parent, more than 50% did not speak Swedish and were recommended early admittance to preschool. In the whole material, 41% needed or were already (17%) in preschool or day nurseries. This indicates unfulfilled demands on such services within the community. The mother's perception of her lack of social contacts in the neighbourhood correlated with the presence of psychological problems and the need for subsequent measures for her child."
1155050,"As a continuation of our previous work, where we have demonstrated that in chronic otitis media the picture in the submucosa-bone marginal zone is dominated by capillary proliferation and occurrence of a mononuclear, histiocyte-like cell containing lysosome-like cytoplasmatic bodies, we now report the presence of considerable activity of acid phosphatase in close relation to the eroded bone. The activity was localized both extracellularly, spread along the bony surface, as well as intracellularly in mononuclear, histiocyte-like cells. The acid phosphatase is the ""marker"" enzyme for lysosomes, and cells with these lysosomes guarantee the presence of enzymatic activity capable of attacking bone collagen. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the lysosomes and their enzymes are directly involved in the processes of bone resorption."
1155060,"Among 116 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria detected at urinary screening, renal parenchymal reduction was found in 10.3%, while reflux was found in 20.7%. Only 30% of the 116 patients had a history referable to earlier urinary tract infection and there were remarkably few girls with an increased sedimentation rate (4.4%), C-reactive protein (9.5%), pyuria (25.8%) or lowered concentrating capacity (3.4%) at the time of detection of their bacteriuria. No method was found efficient in predicting lesions on the pyelogram and urethrocystogram, but determination of renal concentrating capacity and C-reactive protein was of some value in predicting parenchymal reduction. The girls with pyelonephritic changes on the pyelogram had a mean renal concentrating capacity significantly lower than the girls without changes. The concentrating capacity of the girls with reflux but without renal scarring and those bacteriuric patients without radiologically demonstrated defects did not differ significantly from the age-related normal values."
1155061,"Residual urine volume (RUV) has been measured in 70 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria using 121I-hippuran. The mean volume of residual urine was 23.7 ml. More than 5 ml RUV, the highest value found in 14 girls without bacteriuria or a history of urinary tract infection, was found in 47% of the patients. The mean volume for residual urine in the control girls was 1-1 ml. Among the 44 girls cured for their bacteriuria be a bladder wash out test or antibiotic treatment, recurrence was significantly more common (p less than 0.001) in those greater than 5 ml in RUV (45/20, 75%) than in those with less than or equal to 5 ml (4/24, 17%). In 5 of 22 patients not treated, the bacteriuria disappeared spontaneously during a one year observation period. The RUV was less than 3 ml in 4 of these 5 girls. While the presence of residual urine per se may not be the primary event leading to bacteriuria, it may increase the risk of recurrences, by facilitating bacterial growth and impairing the wash out of bacteria from the bladder on micturition."
1155056,"Six groups, each containing 50 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis, were treated with ampicillin plus nasal decongestant, ampicillin plus irrigation, cephradine plus nasal decongestant, cephradine plus irrigation, erythromycinestolate plus nasal decongestant, erythromycinestolate plus irrigation. The diagnosis was radiologically established and the healing likewise radiologically assessed on the fifth, tenth and fifteenth day. Treatment was given for 10 days. All groups demonstrated a similar radiological healing except cephradine plus nasal decongestant which was inferior to the others. Contrarily, side effects were least frequent in the cephradine groups and most frequent in patients cured with ampicillin. The difficulty in choosing the best treatment is discussed in relation to such factors as therapeutic results, side effects, long-term consequences of antibiotic treatment, establishment of any bacterial etiology and penetration characteristics of antibiotics into the diseased sinus."
1155062,"Thirty infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of 10 babies each. Group A were used as controls. Group B received glucagon 300 mug/kg i.m. and Group C received glucagon 300 mug/kg i.v. at birth. Hypoglycemia developed in 6 infants in Group A and 4 infants in Group B. None of the infants in Group C had hypoglycemia. Mean blood glucose was higher in Group C in the first 3 hours than Group A, and higher in Group B in the first (/2-1 hour. I.v. glucshon, 300 mug/kg when given in the first 15 minutes after birth prevented hypoglycemia in IDM in the first hours of life."
1155063,A study has been made of plasma tocopherol concentrations in normal children and in children with intestinal abnormalities. A positive correlation between plasma tocopherol and age is shown between the ages of 4 months and 10 years. Most patients with cystic fibrosis or coeliac disease were found to have markedly reduced plasma tocopherol concentrations in comparison with the normal children of similar age.
1155052,"Experimental in vitro studies have been made on the intracellular electrical activity and the extracellular wave movements of ciliary cells in rabbit trachea. The following results were obtained: 1. Surface light reflections from the mucous layer and from the ends of moving cilia showed about the same frequency and amplitude pattern as the intracellular action potential oscillations at 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C. At lower temperatures, however, there was a considerable discrepancy between them. 2. Surface light reflections from mucociliary wave movements had the same frequency in two areas 20 mum apart, but amplitude variations were out of phase. 3. Intracellular oscillations with a frequency of 18-21 per sec and a maximum amplitude of 1 mV have been recorded. Amplitude variations indicating rhythmical frequency variations have also been recorded. 4. The mean frequency of the intracellular action potential oscillations showed no remarkable differences at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C."
1155054,The importance of receptor stimulation by saliva for the elicitation of the swallowing reflex in man was investigated by testing the capacity for repeated dry swallowing at maximum frequency in two controlled series: one with stimulated and one with inhibited secretion of saliva. The swallowing response was recorded manometrically. A positive correlation was found between the secretion of saliva and the capacity was found between the secretion of saliva and the capacity for repeated dry swallowing. It was concluded that the swallowing reflex in man is dependent on an adequate stimulus. The importance of an intact saliva secretion specially in cases with swallowing dysfunction is pointed out.
1155064,"Sequential blood coagulation studies were performed on samples from three newborn infants with venous haematocrit values of over 65%. Combinations of thrombocytopaenia, circulating fibrin monomer and evidence of intravascular thromboplastic activity were found. Reduction of the haematocrit value by partial exchange transfusion in each infant was followed by improvement of the abnormal coagulation findings. Some possible mechanisms for the origin of the coagulation abnormalities are considered."
1155065,"Nineteen exchange transfusions were performed via the umbilical artery using blood preserved with acid-citrate and dextrose in 8 infants of 34-40 weeks gestation (larger infants) and 9 very small infants of 26-33 weeks gestational age. The plasma glucose rise which was similar in both groups stimulated insulin secretion from the larger infants but not the very small infants. No significant differences occurred between the groups in the fall in mean free fatty acid levels or increase in growth hormone secretion. Following transfusion there was a sharp rise in mean plasma insulin concentration in the larger infants and a smaller rise in the very small infants. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the maximum posttransfusion plasma insulin and the birth weight of the infants. Plasma glucose levels of less than 30 mg/100 ml occurred in 2 larger and 5 very small infants during the first 3 hours after transfusion. One infant of birth weight 0.98 kg received four transfusions; in 2 where he received ACD blood via the umbilical artery or vein, insulin secretion was not stimulated but in the other 2 in which glucagon or arginine was added to the ACD donor blood, insulin secretion was stimulated. Feeding practice should take account of the fact that although very small infants secret less insulin than larger infants during exchange transfusion they are more likely to become hypoglycaemic in the immediate posttransfusion period."
1155066,"Two hundred and seventy-one infants with acute diarrhoea were studied for the presence of carbohydrate malabsorption and 110 infants (40.6%) were found to have carbohydrate intolerance. Malnutrition and severe diarrhoea were found to increase the predisposition to carbohydrate intolerance. The incidence of major complications, protracted diarrhoea and mortality were significantly higher in the carbohydrate intolerant infants as compared to those with carbohydrate tolerance."
1155067,"Lipid analyses were performed on cerebral tissue from three children who had died of a progressive encephalopathy and from one living child in an early stage of the disease. In the terminal stage of the disease, the cortex and white matter content of all lipid classes, particularly the sphingolipids, were very low. The concentration of gangliosides of the cerebral cortex was 10%, and of cerebrosides in white matter, 2-3% of the normal values for the age. The porportion of the minor gangliosides with short carbohydrate chains was increased because the reduction affected mainly the four major brain gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1. In the child from whom the biopsy specimen was obtained in an early phase of the disease the cerebral lipid pattern appeared to be normal. A patient who had died of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Janský-Bielschowsky) did not show any major lipid changes. The fatty acid patterns of the phosphoglycerides showed such changes as have never been observed in any other disease. In the three advanced cases the fatty acid compositions in cerebral cortex and white matter were identical. In ethanolamine phosphoglycerides the proportions of 18: 1 and 20: 4 (n-6) were increased, while those of 22: 4 (n-6) and 22: 6 (n-3) were markedly diminished. Similar changes in the fatty acid patterns were found in the other phosphoglycerides. In the early phase of the disease 22: 4 (n-6) was decreased and 18: 1 increased. We propose that this new disease be termed polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis (PFAL)."
1155068,"By means of 86Rb uptake inhibition assay, the distribution and tissue concentrations of digoxin in various tissues during maintenance therapy were studied post mortem in 12 infants (aged 5 days to 8 months) and 17 adults (aged 49-91 years). The mean maintenance dose for infants was 0.014 mg/kg bw/24 h and for adults, 0.005 mg/kg bw/24 h. The same relative distribution of the glycoside found in infants and in adults was: choroid plexus greater than ventricular myocardium greater than kidney greater than liver greater than skeletal muscle. Between infants and adults, the mean digoxin concentrations in choroid plexus, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle did not differ significantly; however, significant differences were found in the glycoside concentrations in ventricular and in atrial myocardium. Both infants and adults showed a difference in the content of the glycoside within the heart, the concentration in ventricular muscle being significantly higher than in atrial. There seemed to be no direct relation between the tissue concentrations of the glycoside (myocardium, skeletal muscle) and the daily maintenance dose/mg/kg bw/24 h). The results suggest that the myocardial binding of digoxin is higher in infants than in adults."
1155069,"The plasma concentration of phenobarbital given as anticonvulsive treatment in the newborn period has been followed in 18 infants. With constant daily doses, the drug accummulated for at least 5 days. After intramuscular injection of a single dose, 90% of the peak concentration was reached within 4 hours in 8 of the 10 infants. The peak concentration (in mug/ml) approximately equalled 1.3 x the dose (in mg/kg). Absorption after oral administration was less reliable. In 12 of the infants the clinical course allowed attempts to evaluate the anticonvulsive effect of phenobarbital. In 4 cases the convulsions continued. In those 8 infants where phenobarbital seemed to be effective, the approximate range of phenobarbital concentration when convulsions ceased was 12-30 mug/ml. Phenobarbital half-life ranged between 59 and 182 hours. In some infants the rate of phenobarbital disappearance from the plasma varied considerably from day to day. The pathological conditions causing seizures probably influence the distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug. For the often seriously ill infants with convulsions it is therefore difficult to construct rational maintenance dose schedules, and optimal dosage must be based on repeated determinations of the plasma concentration."
1155070,"The rate of gastric emptying was measured in newborns and young infants by a new radio-isotopic method. 28 control babies and 6 infants with projectile vomiting were given a 50 ml standard milk feeding containing 15 muCi of Indium-113m-microcolloid. The radioactivity in the stomach was counted at regular intervals with a gamma-camera. The gastric emptying followed an exponential pattern with a ""half-life"" of 87 plus or minus 29 minutes in 24 out of 28 control babies. In 6 patients with projectile vomiting gastric emptying was impaired severely. Three of them with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis showed complete stasis of gastric contents. Gastric emptying returned to normal 8-16 days after pyloromyotomy. It is suggested that the radioisotopic technique is helpful in evaluating the severity of pyloric stenosis and that it is of value in studies of the action of pharmacological substances on gastric emptying."
1155071,The management of low birthweight infants in the developing world is complicated by the lack of criteria for distinguishing between preterm and small gestational age newborns. Clinical gestational age assessment has been applied to 850 normal singleton neonates in a rural Nigerian community. The technique used was sufficiently accurate to enable centile curves for birthweight and gestational age to be constructed. Comparison with a European community showed that in the African babies weight gain was reduced in late pregnancy and had ceased by 40 weeks gestation but that the median birthweight was less at each week of gestation studied. The preparation and use of such reference curves for birthweight and gestational age for the study of the reasons for these differences is discussed.
1155072,"A further 18 children who acquired respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus infection on general paediatric wards have been identified, bringing the total number of hospital cross-infections by this virus to 46 for the last 3 annual R.S. virus epidemics on Tyneside. 25 of these 46 illnesses involved the lower respiratory tract. Carriage of R.S. virus by staff and visitors was studied on one ward, and appeared to be responsible for at least 2 and probably 4 of the 6 cross-infections detected on this ward. Methods for controlling the transmission of virus by adults on children's wards are discussed."
1155073,"Localised disturbance of aeration in children is as often the result of mucosal swelling due to infection as resulting from an inhaled foreign body. The present report adds another cause: tracheal bronchus. Elucidation of this cause of localised disturbance of aeration usually includes bronchoscopy, the anesthesia and direct trauma involved being highly  undesirable if i infection is the cause. The case for limited, careful bronchography, before or instead of bronchoscopy, when the history of foreign body is lacking is presented."
1155074,"The clinical and pathological findings in a 6-month-old boy with III-IV pharyngeal puoch syndrome are reported. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including absence of the parathyroid glands, maldescent of the thymus, aberrant right subclavian artery and dysfunction of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Because of persistence of the thymus in the cervical area, a thymic shadow was not found on roentgenographic examination of the anterior mediastinum. The weight and histology of the thymus were normal, as were studies of humoral and cellular immunity."
1155075,"Urinary excretion of adrenalin has been reported to be reduced during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a significant proportion of children having ketotic hypoglycemia. By employing a sensitive double-isotope derivative technique, plasma adrenalin and plasma noradrenalin were determined in a boy 6 years 9 months old who had had ketotic hypoglycemia with intermittent hypoglycemic symptoms from the age of 10 months. Bilateral calcifications of the suprarenal glands were present. The adrenocortical function was normal. The plasma adrenalin response to hypoglycemia were practically absent, being only 4% of the value obtained in healthy children. The results were related to previous findings of a low plasma adrenalin response in patients with ketotic hypoglycemia without adrenal calcifications and support the assumption that ketotic hypoglycemia is associated with hypoadrenalinemia."
1155076,"Height and weight measurements of the school children of Oslo in 1970 (aged 7 to 19 years) are reported. Weights show considerably skewed distributions with long tails towards higher weights. Weight precentiles are calculated by interpolation in the empirical distributions. Percentiles and tables for both sexes, showing height for age, weight for height and weight for age, are presented. A comparison with existing Norwegian data from Sundal, 1956, Bergen shows that the application of statistics based on normal distribution for weight, has introduced considerable error in these percentiles. Oslo children in 1970 are taller by 5-6 cm at age eighteen, than USA (Iowa) standards and 4-5 cm taller compared to Tanner-s English percentiles. Oslo children are also taller than Swedish children, and have reached a stature higher than found in any other comparable study."
1155077,"Sex differences in childhood urinary-tract infection have been looked for by reviewing the medical records of all patients who were admitted to one medical centre during a certain time period. There were 240 patients; 26 males and 214 females, all under 14 years of age. The disease in boys-as compared with that in girls-was found to be characterized by an earlier onset, a shorter delay in diagnosis, and a shorter duration; but a higher frequency of malformations, a greater number of rehospitalizations, and a greater need for surgical intervention. Proteus infection was found more frequently in boys, while Enterococcus and Staphylococcus were more frequent in girls. The initial symptomatology did not show any significant sex difference except in late childhood where the non-specific symptoms were more common in females. No sex difference was noted with respect to the frequency of vesico-ureteric reflux or of bacteriuria without pyuria. It seems that the sex variable in this disease is worth considering in dealing with individual patients as well as in presenting data on a series of patients."
1155078,"Cortisol and corticosterone were determined in mixed umbillical cord plasma of 43 healthy full-term newborns. The method consisted of a combined thin-layer chromatographic-fluorimetric procedure which proved to be specific and reliable. The mean concentration in cord plasma of cortisol was 10.6 plus or minus 4.9 mug/100 ml, of corticosterone 1.8 plus or minus 0.8 mug/100 ml. The mean ratio cortisol/corticosterone F/B was 6.3 plus or minus 2.5. Neither the duration nor the time of day of delivery appeared to influence the concentration of cortisol or corticosterone in umbilical cord plasma. Also, there was no significant difference between male and female infants. In 18 instances of a pathological course of gestation and/or delivery the mean cortisol level was 9.1 plus or minus /.7 mug/ml, the mean corticosterone level 2.2 plus or minus 9 mug/100ml. The mean F/B ratio was slightly but not significantly decreased (4.2 plus or minus 1.4 mug/100 mo; p larger than 0.05). It is speculated that the high corticosterone concentration in umbilical cord plasma reflects a defect in cortisol biosynthesis (17 chi-hydroxylase deficiency) in the newborn, compared with later life."
1155079,Anal tonometry was performed during the first days of life in twelve premature and fourteen mature children without signs of gastrointestinal disease. A new tonometer with small dimensions was used. A pressure decrease of the internal anal sphincter after distension of the rectum could be demonstrated in all children examined and as early as two hours after birth. This was to be expected as the relaxation of the internal sphincter is part of the normal defecation reflex. Thus anal tonometry can be used in the early diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease presumable already from the very first days of life.
1155080,"The results of a one to 19 year follow-up study of 9 children with supraventricular tachycardia of more than one month's duration are reported. The ECG diagnosis of tachycardia was made before birth in one patient and between the ages of 8 months and 12 years in 8. Four had sustained and 4 had repetitive tachycardia, while one patient had both patterns at different times. Reciprocal rhythm was diagnosed in 3 patients and exit block in 2. Severe symptoms had occurred in 2 patients, but as a rule symptoms were mild or absent. No treatment abolished the arrhythmias but digitalis reduced the overall ventricular rate in 6 patients. After a duration of 1-7 years, 3 patients still had tachycardia at the follow-up. In the remaining 6 patients the tachycardia had subsided 7 months to 10 years after the onset."
1155081,"In a boy 4 years old with clinical hypopituitary dwarfism, high plasma and urinary levels of immunoreactive growth hormone were found. Somatomedin A levels in serum were low and failed to respond after short-term treatment with human growth hormone. The parents were first cousins. In the arginine and insulin tolerance tests the initially high immunoreactive growth hormone levels were later followed by a decrease to high normal values. Insulinopenic response was present during the arginine and glucose tolerance tests. As a growth hormone molecule defect is not found in these patients and no growth or other metabolic response to exogenous HGH can be demonstrated, it is concluded that a defective somatomedin generation may be present, probably in conjunction with a generalized receptor defect and deficient feedback system with abnormal release of HGH. The lack of somatomedin A is responsible for the severe growth retardation and the disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism is probably caused by sustained high growth hormone levels."
1155082,"Follow-up examination was carried out in 37 children who had been hypoglycaemic during the neonatal period. Mean age was 3 1/2 years. Five out of 7 children with asymptomatic hypoglycaemia neonatally were completely normal, while minimal brain dysfunction was evident in one, and another child showed pathological EEG. Symptomatic, transient hypoglycaemia seemed to carry a poor prognosis as only one out of 9 individuals was normal. Four patients in this group had convulsions after the neonatal period; two of these had recurrence of hypoglycaemia. One had infantile spasms and was severely mentally retarded with spastic diplegia and epilepsy. One girl was blind due to optic nerve atrophy. Four cases of cerebral palsy were detected in this group. Among 21 cases of secondary hypoglycaemia there were no cases of serious neurological sequelae. It is reasonable to assume that neonatal hypoglycaemia is an important prognostic factor. The deleterious effect on the CNS seems to be related to the duration and severity of the hypoglycaemia."
1155083,"The feeding pattern, calorie intake, weight and height were studied at various ages during the first 12 months in 243 infants born in Sweden. The feeding pattern and calorie intake was close to that recommended. 0-6% in each age group were found to be obese (20-40% above the standard weight) and 15-23% overweight (10-20% above the standard weight). The mean calorie intake during the months before and when obesity and overweight were diagnosed exceeded the normal by 10% or less. When re-examined at age 2 plus or minus 1/2 years, 50% of those children obese up to 1 year remained so, and only 2 earlier overweight had become obese. 25% of the obese children had one obese parent, compared with 10% of the normal children and overweight ones. The low incidence of overnutrition and the low freqency of obese and overweight infants in this study compared with previous studies support the idea that high calorie intake is of importance in the development of obesity during infancy. Accordingly, overnutrition seems to be one factor, in the multifactorial aetiology of obesity, and reduction of overnutrition can reduce, but not abolish, infantile obesity. Whether the reduction of this will subsequently prevent adult obesity remains to be proved."
1155084,"Neutral ceramide-hexosides and gangliosides in cerebral cortex and white matter of children who had died in Krabbe's disease were quantitatively isolated and characterized. The concentrations of galactosylceramides; lactosylceramides and glucosylceramides were normal or slightly increased in cerebral cortex, but all the three glycolipids were diminsihed in white matter, particularly the galactosylceramides. More complex ceramide-hexosides, globotriose, globotetraose and blood-group substance H, present in trace amounts in normal brain, were much more abundant in cerebral cortex and especially in white matter of brains affected by Krabbe's disease. The composition of the ceramide portion suggested that these glycolipids as well as a portion of the lactosylceramides and glucosylceramides were structural components of the globoid cell. The ganglioside distribution was severely altered. GD1a and GM1 were severely reduced in cerebral cortex and white matter, while GD1b and GT1 were slightly decreased in cerebral cortex, but increased in white matter. Normally minor brain gangliosides metabolically related to GD1b and GT1, i.e. GD2, GD3 and GM3, were strongly increased in cerebral cortex and in white matter. For the first time galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) was demonstrated in normal infant brain. In cerebral tissue affected by Krabbe's disease the concentration of psychosine was at least 10 times higher. The large increase in this cytotoxic substance might be the primary lesion in Krabbe's disease."
1155085,"Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase and lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activities were investigated in normal human brain, leu-kocytes and amniotic fluid cells. The enzymatic assays were performed on brains from 11 patients with Krabbe's disease, on leukocytes from 16 patients and 18 obligate heterozygotes, and on amniotic fluid cells from 9 foetuses at risk. The brain enzyme was solubilized from a 900 g-100000 g pellet. With this enzyme preparation a profound deficiency of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity in brain, approximately 1% of that in age-matched controls was shown. The lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity of brain was also strongly reduced, but not to the same extent as the other beta-galactosidase. Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity in leukocytes from patients with Krabbe's disease was generally less than 5% of that in age-matched controls and there was no overlap between the patients and the obligate heterozygotes. Carrier detection by the leukocyte enzyme was, however, not possible because of considerable overlap between heterozygotes and normal controls. The lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity was only moderately reduced in leukocytes, but strongly reduced in cerebral tissue from patients with Krabbe's disease. The changes in the glycolipid pattern of cerebral tissue, recently described by us in patients with Krabbe's disease, offers an explanation to the serious glycolipid beta-galactosidase deficiency in CNS."
1155087,"A case of cardiorespiratory syndrome secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction from hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids, involving a three-year-old boy, is presented. The haemodynamic changes were verified by heart catheterization. The possible role of steroids in the treatment of the syndrome is suggested."
1155089,A newborn infant with congenital neuroblastoma complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation is described. At birth the infant showed liver and spleen enlargement and shortly thereafter malignant cells were found in the bone marrow. On the fifth day of life the infant started to bleed and coabulation analysis indicated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Heparin therapy corrected the coagulation anomaly and irradiation and chemotherapy temporarily improved the general condition of the infant. The infant finally succumbed from tis primary neoplastic disease.
1155090,"A 9-year-old girl presented with tetralogy of Fallot and moderate metabolic acidosis. Despite a Blalock's fistula there was evidence of chronic hypoxia with cyanosis, clubbing of fingers and toes and very elevated blood hematocrit values. Renal acidification and bicarbonate titration demonstrated the existence of proximal renal tubular acidosis: renal bicarbonate threshold was low (18 mmoles/1) and normal urinary acidificaiton was present at subthreshold serum bicarbonate levels. Following corrective heart surgery, blood acid-base values and renal reabsorption of bicarbonate became normal. A causal relationship between extracellular fluid volume expansion dependent on the high hematocrit and proximal renal tubular acidosis is suggested."
1155091,"Two cases of Ewing's sarcoma and two neuroblastoma, rosette forming and round cell type, were studied electron microscopically and their fine structures were compared.  The neoplastic cells of Ewing's sarcoma were characterized by aggregated glycogen particles in the cytoplasm.  They had pseudopod-like cytoplasmic processes having tight junctions, which never contained microtubules or mitochondria.  Ewing's sarcoma cells exhibited several stages of cell maturation and some mature cells possessed a large amount of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi complexes and numerous phagosomes containing glycogen particles as well as cytoplasmic organelles.  The neoplastic cells of neuroblastoma, rosette forming type, were characterized by synaptic junctions and numerous cytoplasmic processes with production of neurites containing microtubules, neurofibrils, mitochondria and a few catecholamine granules.  A few cytoplasmic processes containing mitochondria were observed even in the round cell type."
1155092,"The experiments we described in this paper demonstrated that the myocardiac lesions without hypertension could be produced by renal failure in rabbits; after this experimental renal failure, increase in blood urea nitrogen and various functional and morphological changes suggestive of heart lesions appeared. The main structural changes in the heart were cellular edema with dilatation of the sarcotubular system, destructive changes of the mitochondria and contractile elements, and coagulative degeneration. These myocardiac lesions are induced by renal failure, and are probably caused by electrolyte imbalance, metabolic disorder, and/or hemodynamic abnormality rather than by hypertensive or toxic factors."
1155093,"Crescentic glomerular changes developed in goats 16 to 46 weeks after immunization with homologous or heterologous glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant.  Mesangial widening, accumulation of migrant cells, fibrin deposition, and GBM thickening became manifest with time.  The GBM was then attenuated and ruptured at a local area.  Through the ruptured GBM, the influx of fibrin and blood cells occurred in the Bowman's space (BS) accompanying proliferation of epithelial cells lining the BS.  The crescent thus formed was mainly composed of the capsular epithelial cells.  The visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) and migrated blood cells contributed to the crescent formation to a lesser extent.  Basement menbrane-like material appeared later between the crescentic cells and the crescent underwent a fibroepithelial form.  The results indicate that the crescent develops in relation to the characteristic GBM damage with a resultant severe exudative change in the BS."
1155094,Two surgical cases of retinal dysplasia are reported.  The one is unlateral (left-sided) with microphthalmus and the other bilateral.  Chromosome test in the latter case showed no abnormality.  In both cases the left eye was enucleated under the clinical diagnosis of retinoblastoma.  There was a mass of loose connective tissue behind the lens which was covered by a completely detached retina.  Histological examination revealed the presence of branching tubes of primitive retinal structure and large rosettes.  The use of the term retinal dysplasia in distinction from Reese's syndrome is mentioned and some morphological characteristics of primitive retinal structure are described.
1155095,"A histopathological analysis of six cases of Castleman's tumor by means of light and electron microscope was performed, with a review of literature.  All cases were hyaline-vascular type as described by Keller et al.  The morphology of lymphnoid follicles in the lesions varied according to the presence or non-presence of the germinal center which was from large active to amaciated hyalinized.  The lymphnoid follicle was essentially similar to that of normal lymph node undergoing some reactive process.  Depending on the observation  of serial sections, the lesions had lymphatic sinuses around the blood vessels in the tumor parenchyma, some of which were proved to be connected to the abortive marginal sinuses.  These findings and some clinical records suggest that the lesion originates from the lymph node and is a result of its reactive hyperplasia."
1155096,"The effects of both early mobilization and immobilization on the healing of a crush injury in the rat gastrocnemius muscle were studied histologically. A preproducible injury was induced on the left calf of 242 rats. The histological observations were made 2 to 42 days after the injury and the intensity of the changes was estimated semiquantitatively by scoring. During the first week, the histological changes were especially dependent on the post-traumatization treatment. The inflammatory reaction and haemotoma formation were more pronounced in the mobilized muscles and the amount of necrotic and degenerated muscle tissue was more in the immobilized muscles. The disappearance of the haematoma and of the inflammatory cells occurred more rapidly with mobilization. Scar formation was more pronounced in the mobilized injuries. immobilization for the first 2-5 days after the trauma was followed by aslight delay in the maturation and contraction of the fibrous scar. Muscle regeneration was more extensive and occurred more rapidly in the mobilized muscles. The penetration of regenerated muscle fibres throughh the scar was more pronounced in the immobilized muscles, but the orientation of the new fibres was more parallel with the original muscle fibres after mobilization. The histological differences between the treatment groups diminished markedly towards the end of the observation period."
1155097,"Tissue from 40 oral premalignant lesions were investigated for the presence of blood group antigens A and B. The material included 18 leukoplakias, 1 erythroplakia, and 3 lichen planus, all with varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and 18 leukoplakias without histological evidence of impending malignancy. Thirty-eight benign keratotic oral muscosal lesions were included as a control group. The antigens were demonstrated by a double layer immunofluorescence technique, and the reactivity was compared, by titration, to the reactivity of adjacent normal epithelium from the same patient. All 22 lesions with dysplsia showed decreased reactivity for blood group antigen. Among the 18 leukoplakias without any signs of impending malignancy 4 cases demonstrated loss of antigen reactivity. None of 38 benign control lesions showed any change in antigen reactivity as compared to normal adjacent epithelium."
1155098,"In 23 cases of perimembranous glomerulonephritis (PGN, membranous nephropathy), the juxtaglomerular cell complex (JGC-complex) in early postmortal (2 cases) and bioptically obtained specimens (21 cases) was investigated quantitatively by planimetry. The results were correlated with the stage of the PGN and the clinical findings. A statistically significant increase in mean size of the JGC-complex was found in perimembranous glomerulonephritis compared with the control group (p smaller than 0.005). Comparing the different morphological stages of PGN, the size of the JGC-complex was increased and the serum creatinine level raised in stages 3 and 4. In hypertensive patients with perimembranous glomerulonephritis, the serum creatinine levels were significantly raised as compared with the normotensive group."
1155099,"The pathology of primary familia amyloidosis with polyneuropathy is described on the basis of post-mortem examination of six cases from Northern Sweden. Clinically the disease is characterized by progressive sensory and motor disturbances with loss of sensation, muscular wasting and flaccid paralysis. Impotence, urinary bladder dysfunction, motility disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract and postural hypotension indicate affection of the autonomic nervous system as well. Malabsorption, cardiac insufficiency and vitreous opacites also occur. As regards the distribution of amyloid, the following findings seemed to be characteristic. Usually there were no gross lesions indicating the amyloid disease. Histopathologically, amyloid deposits were observed in great extent in the peripheral nervous system and in various parts of the peripheral autonomic nervous system as well. It occurred extensively in the walls of blood vessels of various calibres, in the perivascular collagenous connective tissue and adjacent to the smooth musculature. Amyloid deposition was also found more or less abundantly in various other organs and tissues. No deposits, however, or only insignificant amounts, were found in the central nervous system, either in the parenchyma of the liver, in the islets of Langerhans, or in the bone marrow. Clinical manifestations seemed to be related to the local deposition of the amyloid substance. Our clinical and pathological findings in this particular type of familial amyloidosis conformed mostly to those previously described."
1155100,"The effect of temperature on the development and maintenance of long-term cell adhesion was studied. Cell metabolism appeared to be essential for the maintenance of long-term cell adhesion at 37 degrees C. The maintenance of cell adhesion at low temperatures, however, was less dependent on cell metabolism."
1155101,"The transplantabilities of trypsin and neuraminidase-treated 101-AA cells were compared with untreated cells. The cell doses required for growth were similar for enzyme-treated and control cells. Yet, trypsinized cells injected i.v. gave rise to less lung tumours and, in one experiment, they produced more extrapulmonary tumours than control cells or neuraminidase-treated cells. These findings were collated with some data on the effect of enzyme treatment on the tumour cell membranes, obtained by particle size analysis, cell electrophoresis, lectin agglutinability and sialic acid determinations. The importance of cell surface characteristics for specific metastasis patterns, in this case a peculiar ""myotrophism"", is discussed."
1155102,"Two elderly women with gradual enlargement of the leg following paralytic poliomyelitis are reported. From the clinical appearance, plain radiograms and angiographic studies the enlargement was thought to be caused by adipose tissue. On exploration the muscles within the calfs were found to be entirely replaced by adipose tissue. Histological examination revealed diffuse lipomatosis involving skeletal muscle, fasciae and in one case even periosteum and bone. Peripheral nerves exhibited fibrosis and myelin degeneration and vessel walls showed unusual angioma-like changes. Since it is known from the literature that peripheral nerve lesions of different kinds can be followed by adipose overgrowth we believe that there is a pathogenetic relationship between poliomyelitis and the diffuse lipomatosis in the present cases."
1155103,"Electron microscopic examinations revealed the presence of myxovirus-like tubular structures, 200A in diameter, in the endothelial cytoplasm of the glomeruli in four dogs with chronic interstitial nephritis and in one healthy control dog. The structures were found inside the endoplasmic reticulum and in some longitudinal sections, the tubuli seemed to have a helical or spiral substructure. The morphology and cellular localization of the structures resembled those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus in man, and in cultures of cells from tissue infected with canine distemper. Precipitating canine distemper virus antibodies were not in evidence in dogs in which such structures were demonstrable by electron microscopy while these antibodies were found in other dogs."
1155104,The mucosal surface pattern of surgical specimens from small intestine affected by Crohn's disease are studied using Alcian-green staining of whole mounts. The semimacroscopic appearance of the mucosa is described. Our findings include i.a. malformation and enlargement of villi-often to extreme degree-villi frequently showing small vesicles on their apical region. Polypoid structures were found to be avillous as well as covered by normal or abnormal villi. The semimacroscopic observations are compared with observations from conventional light microscopy. The villus enlargement is in the first stages caused by lymphatic dilatation and later by oedema and inflammation.
1155105,"A method giving highly purified zymogen granules from Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops parotid glands in reported. A 0.3 M sucrose medium for homogenization was supplemented with 10 mM tris/HCl, pH 7.3, and 0.1 mM lauric acid to stabilize the fragile monkey zymogen granules. Nuclei and cell debris were sedimented at 150 times g. A ""crude"" zymogen granule fraction was trapped in the 1.0 M sucrose layer of a discontinuous sucrose gradient at 1000 times g. Equilibrium centrifugation in a continuous sucrose gradient gave a fraction of zymogen granules at 1.85 M sucrose. Compared to the homogenate, this fraction exhibited about two-fold increase in zymogen granule marker, whereas mitochondrial marker was reduced to 1/4 and lysosomal marker to 1/2. A low level of contamination from other cell organelles was confirmed by electron microscopic investigation."
1155106,"As a part of an experimental study of the spread of urogenital infections, male guinea pigs and mice were intravenously injected with a sublethal dose of Candida albicans in a long-time experiment. The kidney was the organ of maximum infection. Spread in the kidney was observed from the cortical and glomerular capillaries, where the injected yeast cells first lodged, but after pseudomycelial transformation penetrated into the Bowman's space and into the lumen of the tubuli. Guinea pigs recovered from the infection. In mice the renal candidiasis progressed and two types of the disease could be distinguished: an acute type with cortical abscesses and a chronic type with partly necrotic tips of the pyramids and adhering fungal masses in the pelves. A similar picture has been observed in man. The pathogenesis of renal candidiasis seems to resemble that of renal tuberculosis."
1155107,"A 52-year old man with recurrent, persistent tuberculosis developed a tuberculous epididymitis. No inflammatory changes were found in the ductus deferens. It is likely that spread of infection from the prostate to the epididymis occurred via the lymphatics in the funiculus spermaticus."
1155108,"The influence of therapeutic concentrations of phenylbutazone on human granulocyte function has been examined using a method which facilitates a precise in vitro evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Phenylbutazone caused a marked reduction in intracellular killing of bacteria by the granulocytes. Whether this inhibition of granulocyte function also takes place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection, remains unknown."
1155109,"Negatively stained preparations of 16 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were examined in the electron microscope. Five of the strains did and 11 of the strains did not exhibit twitching motility. Two of the non-twitching strains were substrains of twitching wild-type strains. All twitching strains were found to possess fimbriae with a diameter of approximately 50 A. These fimbriae were shown to be of polar origin except in one strain where, for technical reasons, the origin could not be determined with certainty. Polar fimbriae could not be demonstrated in any of the strains that did not exhibit twitching motility. The demonstration of polar fimbriae was only regularly possible during the exponential growth phase, presumably because the fimbriae are shed by the bacteria during later growth phases. During the study, methods were developed for securing exponentially growing bacteria in concentrations suited for the preparation of negatively stained cells for electron microscopy. Peritrichously arranged fimbriae with a diameter of approximately 30 A were demonstrated in nearly all strains studied, especially on cells in late growth phases. The occurrence of this kind of fimbriae was therefore not correlated with the occurrence of twitching motility."
1155110,"A strain identified as Pasteurella multocida (""dog type"") grew on blood agar with spreading and corroding colonies; it was found to be fimbriated. A non-fimbriated variant of the strain which did not produce spreading and corroding colonies was isolated. The fimbriated strain regularly formed surface growth by static incubation in broth. The mode of surface translocation of this strain appeared to be twitching."
1155111,"T. pallida extracted from infected rabbit testes were purified from different tissue particles by equilibrium density centrifugation at 25 degrees C after layering on a column of Ficoll-sodium metrizoate solution. After centrifugation, 32 per cent of the treponemes were present in a visible band and about 57 per cent were concentrated in the three ml suspension just above the interface between the Ficoll-Na metrizoate cushion and treponeme-containing medium. The treponemes were viable, virulent and retained their morphological integrity, infectivity, and antigenicity. Purity of the different fractions was studied by immunodiffusion experiments. The purified preparations of virulent, viable treponemes will provide a better antigen in the FTA-ABS tests and possibly in the TPI and TPHA tests; in cellular immunity studies, electron microscopic investigations of the ultrastructure of treponemes, vaccination studies and in tissue culture investigations."
1155112,"If only conventional laboratory tests are used, the widely occurring species Pseudomonas cepacia may, due to its variability, sometimes be difficult to differentiate from the dangerous pathogen Pseudomonas pseudomallei. In a comparative study using fresh isolates it is shown that animal inoculation seems to be a useful additional method in the differentiation. Also the determination of the ability to utilize selected carbon sources such as starch, hydroxybenzoate and uracil is helpful in reaching a correct identification."
1155113,"The immunoperoxidase technique together with electron microscopy has been examined for the ultrastructural localization of staphylococcal protein A, the immunoferritin method being included for comparison. The results show that protein A is uniformly distributed in the whole cell wall. Both the direct and indirect methods, Fab- as well as Fc-reactions, showed identical results. tthe immunoperoxidase method was superior to the immunoferritin method, especially when applied to thin sections of the bacteria, and the clear specificity demonstrated indicates a useful method for localization of cellular antigens."
1155114,"Negatively stained preparations of 30 different strains of gram-negative rods representing 20 different taxa were examined in the electron microscope. Thirteen of the strains studied exhibited twitching and six of the strains exhibited motility. Additionally, non-twitching substrains of two of the twitching strains and a non-gliding substrain of one of the gliding strains were examined. A variety of cultural media, preparations for negative straining and negative strains were used. It was found that all strains with twitching motility possessed fimbriae, the diameter of which was approximately 50 A in all but one strain; the fimbriae of this strain had a diameter of approximately 40 A. The fimbriae were judged to be of polar origin in all cases where the origin could be determined with certainty. On none of the strains without twitching motility could fimbriae be demonstrated. Only one of the six strains with gliding motility possessed fimbriae."
1155115,"Almost 1000 strains representing well above 50 different species or groups of gram-negative bacteria were examined for twitching motility. This kind of motility was mainly found in strictly aerobic cocci and rods (viz. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Moraxella spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Pseudomonas spp., phenon 3 of Thornley that is closely related to Acinetobacter, and marine, yellow-pigmented rods), but also in the facultative Eikenella corrodens and in anaerobic strains presumptively identified as ""Bacteroides corrodens"" earlier. Strains of species known to possess polar fimbriae were shown to exhibit twitching motility. None of the strains of species known to possess peritrichously arranged fimbriae exhibited twitching motility."
1155116,"Previously published reports have established a correlation between twitching motility and the possession of polar fimbriae in all cases examined. Twitching motility was shown to be highly dependent on the availability of liquid at the agar surface. In the present paper experiments are reported that establish: 1) the dependence of twitching on the existence of a layer of liquid of a particular thickness, 2) the production of such a liquid layer surrounding areas of growing organisms, and 3) the affinity of twitching bacteria for the air-water interface. Reasoning from these facts, it is postulated that the demonstrated affinity for the air-water interface is conferred upon the cells by the polar fimbriae. It is also suggested how the movements might be generated."
1155117,Buffalo pox virus (strain BP 4) has been studied by electron microscopy of sections of infected chorioallantoic membrane cells. The ultrastructure of the virus has been described and compared with the ultrastructure of vaccinia virus. No differences between the two viruses were found. In relation to the ways of release two forms of mature virions have been described. These are probably analogous to the previously described C- and M-form of vaccinia.
1155118,"Rubella has been a notifiable disease in Iceland since 1888. In this century rubella epidemics of increasing size have occurred at intervals of 5-10 years. The disease has spread throughout the country. About 75% of the patients were below 15 years of age at the time of the last two epidemics. Females account for 51-61 per cent of the reported cases. In this first study of the sero-epidemiology of rubella in Iceland, epidemiological data and blood samples were collected from 1464 women from 13 locations. The group of 1464 women was further divided into 12 age-groups (range 5-49 years), so as to make correlations with the last six epidemics. The immunity status was determined by measuring HI-antibodies in serum. 67.8 percent of the sera were positive (HI-titre greater than 20). 81.1 per cent of women of child-bearing age (16-42 ys.) were seropositive. Two of the age-groups have gone through only one epidemic '63-'64. Children who were then 1-3 ys. old have an immunity ratio of 46.1 per cent, this ratio being 73.3 per cent in the case of children who had attained school age. The immunity ratio is slightly lower among subjects from rural districts than among those from urban districts. Most of the women have caught the disease at the time of the first or second epidemic to occur in their lifetime. 11.6 per cent of persons giving a positive history were seronegative, 52.1 per cent of seropositive subjects gave a positive history. According to population statistics and the serological results it is estimated that appr. 1 out of 7 cases was reported in the epidemic '63-'64."
1155119,"The fatty acid accumulation in a lipid emulsion broth was examined after growth of S. aureus strains incubated for 18 hours at 37 degrees C. Among 40  strains from acute infections and from nasal carriers, Tween 80-positive staphylococci in phage group III caused accumulation of significantly larger amounts of fatty acids than did Tween 80-positive strains in phage group I and Tween 80-negative strains in phage groups I and III. Eight out of 17 S. aureus strains isolated from chronic osteomyelitis gave rise to a low amount of, or total lack of, fatty acids in the lipid broth. Seven of these 8 strains were isolated from cases showing relapse after intensive and prolonged antibiotic treatment. The lipid metabolism of 4 strains showing fatty acid accumulation in lipid broth, ranging from zero to the highest value found in the investigation, was further studied. Results of examination of lipolytic action on trioleinphospholipid and incorporation of 14C-labelled oleic acid suggest that the degree of accumulation of fatty acids in lipid broth depends on variations in the lipolytic activity of the strains rather than on differences in incorporation of the produced fatty acids. The significance of fatty acid accumulation is discussed in relation to the prognosis of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis."
1155120,"The purpose of the present investigation was to study the occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) among small rodents and shrews (Soricidae) from Norway, Sweden and Finland. During a period of one year beginning in the autumn of 1973, animals from seven localities were examined. Twenty-four strains of Y.e. were isolated from 551 small rodents. Isolations were made from six of the seven localities and from six of the nine small rodent species examined. Pooled faeces samples from 397 animals yielded 12 strains. Faeces from 154 small rodents were separately investigated: Twelve (8 per cent) of these animals harboured Y.e. No isolations were made from 52 shrews. Most of the strains showed antigenic relationship to O-serotypes previously reported from untreated drinking water in Norway. Two strains were antigenically related to O-serotype 3 but differed biochemically from the strains found in man and swine. The results indicate that Y.e. has a widespread distribution among small rodents in Norway, Sweden and Finland."
1155121,"The catabolism of glucose in selected Neisseria species was studied by radiorespirometry. The Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways were operating in all species, the greater part of the substrate being routed through the former, somewhat dependent on the medium used. Acetate was oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In all species, a fraction of the triose was recycled through fructose phosphates to glucose 6-phosphate. Phosphate inhibited the oxidation of acetate. In media devoid of phosphate and sodium (N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae) or of phosphate and potassium (other saccharolytic Neisseria), the conversion of triose to pyruvate was inhibited. In these media the catabolism of glucose proceeded slowly, and no substrate was used for biosynthetic purposes. The results point to a difference in the regulation of glucose metabolism in pathogenic and non-pathogenic Neisseria."
1155122,"Two hundred and seven urinary strains of staphylococci and micrococci were classified biochemically according to Baird-Parker (1963) and by means of a simplified schema. One hundred and thirteen strains belonged to Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermids or S. saprophyticus (64 strains) according to the simplified schema, respectively to Baird-Parker's sub-groups SI, SII or M3. S. saprophyticus was isolated from young, female out-patients, was relatively resistant to novobiocin and contained poly AbetaC (beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid and beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl glycerol teichoic acid). S. aureus and S. epidermidis were isolated from older, male in-patients, were sensitive to novobiocin and contained poly A (N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid), respectively poly B (glucosyl glycerol teichoic acid). Ninety-four strains belonging to other Staphylococcus or Micrococcus subgroups could not be classified by the simplified schema. With few exceptions, these strains were sensitive to novobiocin and either gave a precipitin reaction corresponding to poly C or were non-typable with the teichoic acid reference systems used. The simplified schema is recommended for the classification of coagulase-negative strains of Micrococcaceae."
1155123,"In order to test the hypothesisthat ACh mediates the transmission of pain stimuli from dentin to sensory intradental nerve endings the following experiments were performed. Intradental nerve impulses were recorded by means of low impedance electrodes inserted in dentinal cavities in the tooth of the cat. An air blast proved to be an efficient physical stimulus to excite the intradental nerves. Local application of acetylcholine caused a similar response. This respinse to acetylcholine was followed by a transient blockage to repeated application. The response to acetylcholine could be blocked by d-tubocurarine, atropine, succinylcholine and hexamethonium administered locally. In contrast, the response to physical stimuli (air blasts) could not be blocked by these drugs. Moreover, during the period of depression following acetylcholine the preparation responded to physical stimuli. These findings suggest that acetllcholine is not a mediator in the intradental pain transmission provoked by physical stimuli."
1155124,"The effects of moderate arterial hyperosmolality (+20 mOsm/kg H2O), produced by short term intravenous hypertonic infusion, on vascular resistance in skin, skeletal muscle, intestine, and kidney were analyzed in the anesthetized cat. Vascular resistance decreased in all four regions in response to the hypertonicity both before and after regional sympathectomy and the effects were not significantly altered by beta-adreno-ceptor blockade. Arterial blood pressure rose during the hypertonic infusion despite the decreased vascular resistance and an unchanged heart rate, indicating an increased stroke volume and cardiac output. Similar increases of arterial osmolality are known to occur in heavy exercise and in hemorrhage. The present results may therefore suggest that blood borne hyperosmolality is a factor which can contribute to the overall cardiovascular adjustments in these situations."
1155125,"Relationship between isometric endurance performance at 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MCV) and skeletal muscle fibre composition has been elucidated in 19 physical education students. This was found to be linear and the equation corresponded to: y=9.35 + 1.093x; r=0.70 (endurance time expressed in seconds and fibre composition as percent slow twitch muscle fibres (ST) of the vastus lateralis muscle). As it is assumed from previous studies that similar isometric tensions preferentially recruit fast twitch muscle fibres (FT) and that the muscle at the point of exhaustion exhibits maximal values for lactate accumulation, it is suggested that lactate formed in FT fibres is released and stored in nonrecruited ST fibres. The ability to sustain similar isometric tension would then be depending on how large the fraction of ST fibres is that can serve as a lactaterecipient for lactate producing FT fibres."
1155128,"The isolated rabbit heart was perfused according to the Langendorff technique. Prostaglandins in the effluent from the organ were identified by use of thin layer chromatography and assayed on the rat stomach strip. The effect of alterations of the physical and chemical conditions of the perfusion medium on the overflow of prostaglandins from the heart was studied. In addition, the capacity of noradrenaline and acetylcholine to release prostaglandins was tested. Acidosis, hyperthermia, hypothermia, hypotension, hyperosmoaarity and increased [K+] OR [Ca++] levels, while all inducing marked changes in the mechanical activity of the heart, did not induceporstaglandin release. Hypoxia, on the other hand, stimulated the liberation of prostaglandins. Noradrenaline was a potent agent for stimulation of prostaglandin release, in the absence of alpha- and betaadrenergic receptor blockade. Acetylcholine was also found to liberate prostaglandins, by activation of muscarinic receptors. The prostaglandin releasing capacity of acetylcholine was about 3 times weaker than that of noradrenaline. It is concluded that the release of prostaglandins from the rabbit heart is not dependent on the mechanical activity of the organ. Furthermore, it is suggested that prostaglandins released by hypoxia may play an important roli in the development of reactive hyperemia. Finally it is stated that the release of prostaglandins from the heart caused by acetylcholine may constitute the negative link in an endogenous prostaglandin mediated feed-back inhibition of the release of acetycholine from parasympathetic nerve endings."
1155129,"Arterial and venous plasma glucose concentration was determined at intervals in cats subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension at 50 mm Hg. The rapid rise of arterial plasma glucose after hemorrhage could be attributed to an increase release of glucose from the liver. This hyperglycemia could not be eliminated by bilateral adrenalectomy or by sectioning of the hepatic sympathetic nerves, although the response was somewhat depressed by the latter procedure. On the other hand the hyperglycemia was virtully abolished after adrenalectomy when combined with bilateral sectioning of the major and minor splanchnic nerves. The level of plasma glucagon during hemorrgage increased in cats with an intact sympatho-adrenal system, but was unchanged in animals with combined splanchnic sympathectomy and adrenalectomy. It is concluded that, during hemorrhage, the sumpatho-adrenal system influences the glucose output from the liver by three different reflex mechanisms: (a) release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands; (b) direct sympathetic nerve influence on the liver; and (c) release of glucagon from the pancreas."
1155130,"Cardiovascular responses to carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation were followed in the 'curairzed', vagotomized, artificially ventilated cat. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors  by perfusion of the carotid sinus regions with venous blood induced a reflex vasconstriction in skeletal muscle, kidney, intestine and skin, and, in most cases, an increased heart rate. A comparison of the chemoreceptor reflex responses with those obtained by direct electrical stimulation of the regional vasomotor fibres indicated that in chemorecptor reflexes the vasomotor fibre activity increased to the same extent in skeletal muscle and intestinal resistance vessels and, probably, in the nutritional skin vessels but to a smaller extent in the renal vessels and the skeletal muscle capacitance vessels. The renal vessels and the muscle capacitance vessels seemed, however, to respond more during chemoreceptor stimulation than when the barorecptors were unloaded, indicating that anexcitation of the bulbar vasomotor centre is more effective than the withdroawal of an inhibitory restraint in activating the vasomotor fibres to these vascular sections."
1155131,"The administration of egg albumin to rabbits sensitized to this antigen caused marked increases in the arterial concentration of lactate, glucose and glycerol, but no change in the arterial FFA level. Antigen administration had no effect in non-sensitized rabbits. Phentolamine (3 mg/kg) or propranolol (1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the responses to egg albumin in sensitized rabbits. Noradrenaline or sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased blood flow but caused no significant change in lipolysis in rabbit epigastric adipose tissue in situ. It is therefore questionable if catecholamines are the major cause of the observed metabolic consequences of the anaphylactic reaction in the rabbit. These metabolic events, i.e. increased lactate levels, lipolysis, and reesterification of fatty acids, are similar to those reported during hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock in dogs, in spite of specied-differences and the difference in the genesis of the shock."
1155132,"Previous reports on the fetal hypoxic bradycardia in animals have indicated, that there is vagal influence, especially when asphyxia is induced by umbilical cord occlusion. In the present study hypoxia was induced via the mother, thus keeping the fetal circulation intact. The experiments were conducted on mature fetuses of three different species, namely 20 guinea-pig 3 cat and 3 lamb fetuses. The ECG was recorded continuoulsy and used for measuring the fetal heart rate. The vagal influence on the fetal hypoxic bradycardia was tested by comparing the time for the onset of the bradycardia with of without vagal activity. There was no indication of any vagal component in the fetal hypoxic bradycardia, which is therfore to be regarded rather as a sign of myocardial hypoxia and failing fetal circulation. The ECG recordings showed that the fetal bradycardia initially is an AV-block, type II, and that there are progressive changes in the S-T interval as an early sign of hypoxia."
1155133,The effect of bradykinin on gastric and colonic motility was studied in anaesthetized cats with volume recording devices and compared with the effects of vagal nerve stimulation. When administered intrarterially bradykinin caused a profound and prolonged gastric relaxation. Stimultaneously there was a marked and likewise prolonged colonic contraction. The gastric relaxation closely mimicked the atropine resistant relaxation elicited by vagal nerve stimulation. These effects could not be blocked by antiadrenergic drugs and it is suggested that bradykinin and the unknown transmittor substance(s) released on vagal stimulation act in a similar way on the gastric smooth muscles and that a kinin mechanism may be involved in the vagal response. As regards the colonic motor response it was shown that bradykinin does not reproduce the vagal motility effects on colon smooth muscle but mimicks closely the atropine resistant expulsive contraction elicited by activation of the pelvic nerves.
1155134,"The possible central integrative mechanisms, responsible for the earlier reported, differentiated reflex engagement of the renal and muscle vessels and the heart from cardiac ventricular receptors and arterial baroreceptors, respectively, were analyzed in atropinized cats. The reflux renal vessel, muscle vessel and heart rate responses, expressed as per cent of maximum, to graded activations of arterial baroreceptors (sinus pressure variations) and stimulations of ventricular receptor afferents in the cardiac nerve were systematically compared. Cardiac nerve stimulation with low frequencies was found to elicit more pronounced reflex renal vessel responses than muscle vessel and heart rate responses. In contrast, elevations of sinus pressure induced equally pronounced renal and muscle vessel responses. High frequency cardiac nerve stimulation elicited maximal reflex renal vessel responses, but only submaximal effects on muscle vessels and heart rate, while intense baroreceptor stimulation induced maximal reflex effector responses throughout. The submaximal heart rate response to cardiac nerve stimulation is probably due to a simultaneous activation of excitatory afferents. On the other hand, the less pronounced muscle than renal vessel responses when the cardiac nerve was stimulated probably reflect a relatively sparse innervation of muscle vasomotor neurons by ventricular receptor afferents, which seem instead to be preferentially oriented towards renal vasomotor and, possibly, cardiac motor neurons."
1155135,The in vitro incorporation of labelled leucine into human skeletal muscle proteins was studied with the aim to elucidate the relationship between the amino acid tissue pools and protein biosynthesis. The distribution volumes of leucine and cycloleucine in skeletal muscle tissue were similar but the equilibration time was shorter for leucine than for cycloleucine. The cellular uptake of leucine and cycloleucine was competitively inhibited by increased concentration of amino acids in the medium indicating an active transport. Optimal stimulation for incorporation of leucine into proteins was obtained at an amino acid concentration in the medium corresponding to 10 times that of normal human plasma. The incorporation of 14C-leucine into skeletal muscle proteins was linear before the total pool of free intracellular 14C-leucine and the incorporation rate of leucine calculated from the specific activity in the medium versus the amino acid concentration in the medium were different in the same experiment indicating a re-utilization of amino acids released at protein degradation. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the proteolytically released amino acids have a competitive advantage for incorporation as compared with extra- and intracellular free amino acids. It is concluded that the amino acid pool which is in the immediate continuity with the protein biosynthesis sites equilibrates rapidly with the extracellular amino acid pool.
1155136,"The dynamic properties of inhibition and excitation of single units in the cochlear nucleus were studied using tones that were amplitude modulated either sinusoidally or with pseudorandom noise. The cross-correlation analysis of the unit discharge rate and the pseudorandom noise modulation of the stimuli showed that the dynamic properties determined from the responses to a single modulated excitatory tone (at CF), to a modulated excitatory tone together with an unmodulated inhibitory tone (above CF), and to a modulated inhibitory tone together with an an unmodulated excitatory tone were almost identical with regard to latency as well as to delay of the peak of the cross-covariance function. On the basis hereof it is inferred that the inhibition is either a cochlear phenomenon or that it is transmitted over pathways with identical temporal properties as those of the excitation. When 2 tones were presented simultaneously the modulation of the excitatory tone usually gave a higher degree of modulation of the discharge rate than did modulation of an inhibitory tone. Addition of an unmodulated inhibitory tone to a modulated tone at CF resulted in an extension of the range of intensities over which the maximal gain was relatively constant. In many units this range extended from about 10dB above the unit's threshold to 60 dB or more above."
1155137,"Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which inherently display exaggerated cardiovascular defence reactions to environmental stimuli (Hallbäck and Folkow 1974), and normotensive control rats (NCR) were kept isolated after they were weaned to reduce such environmental influences which normally induce psychological activation. Mean arterial pressure was followed until 7 months of age, when the cardiovascular defence reactions to acute mental stress were compared and an analysis of cardiovascular design was made. The isolated SHR but no the isolated NCR, had significantly lower pressures than their unisolated controls. Likewise, judged by the relative weight of the left ventricle and the hemodynamically evaluated design of the hindquarter resistance vessels, the structural cardiovascular adaptation was about proportionally less pronounced in isolated than in control SHR. However, their cardiovascular responses to acute ""psychological stress"" were equally intense, and clearly exaggerated when compared with NCR. Thus, a prolonged reduction of excitatory environmental influences implies a relatively less pronounced development of hypertension in SHR, even though an inherent hyperreactivity concerning neurohormonal pressor responses to alerting stimuli is present. These findings tress the importance of interacting intrinsic-hereditary and extrinsic neurogenic influences for the initiation of primary hypertension."
1155138,"A peptide with a molecular weight of about 5000 has previously been shown to affect the output of semen in frogs and probably also in mammals. This sperm-releasing substance is not part of any known gonadotropic hormone. The tissue distribution of this substance has been investigated. The iodinated substance has been injected into rats and the radioactivity content of the different tissues has been determined. Iodinated rat albumin has been injected into other rats, to determine the content of blood in the different tissues. A formula has been derived to obtain a figure for real accumulation, using the radioacitivity content of the blood and of the tissues after injection of the sperm-releasing substance and albumin, respectively. The sperm-releasing substance is incorporated into the adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, liver, kidney, lung, ovary, uterus and some male sexual organs. The causes for this distribution are discussed."
1155139,"In pre-hydrated goats, an urge to drink persisted for approximately half an hour after combined infusions of angiotensin II and hypertonic (0.5 M) NaCl into the lateral or third cerebral ventricle. The intraventricular infusion of angiotensin/glucose solution, having no dipsogenic action of its own, markedly accentuated the dipsogenic and antidiuretic effects of the subsequent intraventricular infusion of hypertonic NaCl. The possibility is discussed that angiotensin may be bound at periventricular receptor sites where it continues to interact with Na+ in eliciting thirst and ADH release for about half an hour."
1155140,"When a single electrical shock is applied to either the parasympathetic or to the sympathetic nerves a pressure rise is seen in the parotid duct of the cat, probably due to myoepithelial cell activation. No secretion occurred on single impulse stimulation. When repetitive stimulation was used both divisions of the autonomic nervous system could evoke secretion. The motor response to sympathetic stimulation was mediated via alpha-receptors while secretion mainly was mediated via beta-receptors."
1155141,"15 mum labelled microspheres were used to determine the effect of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain on blood flow through different parts of the brain and through some extracerebral tissues of the head in monkeys. Unilateral stimulation at 10 Hz for one min caused mean reductions in blood flow through the masseter muscle, the parotid gland, and the tongue of 76-94 percent in 9 monkeys, while in the same animals there were no convincing effects on regional cerebral blood flow."
1155142,"Recently Oldendorf developed a method for measurement of the early uptake of substances from the capillary bed into brain tissue after a single capillary passage of a bolus injected rapidly into the common carotid artery of the rat. The uptake of a test substance is expressed relative to the uptake of a highly diffusible reference substance, tritiated water. In this study experimental data are presented allowing to correct the uptake values for the unknown loss of tritiated water, so that the fractional unidirectional uptake (Extraction, E) can be calculated. This method is used to investigate the uptake kinetics for D-glucose, L-leucine, and L-tryptophan. For the three substances investigated the uptake kinetics involved both saturation and linear kinetics. Km values of 11 mM for D-glucose, 0.16 mM for D-glucose, 0.16 mM for L-leucine, and 0.19 mM for L-tryptophan were found. The uptake capacity, Vm, was calculated using a blood flow value of 0.85 ml/(g x min); Vm was for D-glucose 1.6, for L-leucine 0.027, and for L-trytophan 0.024 mumol/(g x min). The D-glucose Vm in the present study is comparable with Vm values in the literature, and indicates that the method may be employed for quantitative analyses of the blood-brain transfer of solutes."
1155143,"The metabolism of colon smooth muscle from normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits was studied in vitro. Glucose uptake, incorporation of glucose minus14-C into glycogen and incorporation of leucine minus-14C into protein were determined. These three parameters were all depressed in diabetic smooth muscle incubated in a medium containing 5.6 mM glucose. Raising the glucose concentration in the medium to 22.2 mM almost doubled the glucose uptake both in diabetic and normal smooth muscle and at this glucose concentration no significant difference in this parameter was found. Insulin (0.1 U/ml) added in vitro stimulated glucose uptake, incorporation of glucose minus14-C into glycogen and incorporation of leucine minus14-C into protein in diabetic colon smooth muscle. Insulin stimulated glucose uptake to the same degree in normal and diabetic colon smooth muscle, while its effect on glucose minus14-C and leucine minus14-C incorporation tended to be somewhat more pronounced in diabetic colon muscle."
1155144,"The influence of acute normovolemic anemia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) was studied in normocapnic rats under nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The arterial hemoglobin content was reduced to values of about 12, 9, 6 and 3 g.(100 ml)(-1) by arterial bleeding and substitution with equal volumes of homolgous plasma. The CBF increased in proportion to the reduction in hemoglobin content to reach values of 500-600 per cent of normal at extreme degrees of anemia, but CMR02 remained unchanged. Cerebral venous PO2 and oxygen saturation did not decrease below normal values, indicating that tissue hypoxia did not develop. However, since the increase in CBF at hemoglobin concentrations of below 9 g(100 ml)(-1) was far in excess of that expected from the decrease in viscosity  the results indicate thatdilatation of cerebral resistance vessels occurred. This dilatation, which was obviously related to the fall in arterial oxygen content, cannot be explained by any of the current theories proposed to explain cerebral hyperemia in hypoxia."
1155145,"In order to evaluate if pronounced anemic hypoxia gives rise to signs of cerebral oxygen lack the blood hemoglobin content was reduced to 6 and 3 g-(100 ml)(-1). Cerebral blood flow increased in spite of the fact that there was a moderate reduction in blood pressure, and in mean tissue CO2 tension, and in the absence of signs of an increased glyolytic rate in the tissue. With a reduction in a hemoglobin content to 3 g-(100 ml)(-1) there was a moderate increase in tissue lactate content and associated changes in other carbohydrate metabolites and in amino acids of the type seen in hypoxic hypoxia, suggesting that tissue hypoxia was present. However, since the concentrations of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides remained constant this hypoxia must have been slight. It is concluded that there is cerebral vasodilation in the brain in pronounced anemic hypoxia, and that this vasodilatation, in combination with the reduced viscosity, creates favourable conditions for cerebral oxygenation."
1155146,"When the function of salivary glands was abolished by applying ligatures to their ducts and the function of one half of the diaphragm muscle was abolished by sectioning of its phrenic nerve, the choline acetyltransferase activity was found to be increased in not duct-ligated glands and in the intact hemidiaphragm 4 weeks later. The increase was not seen within the first week. The increase in activity appears to be particularly manifested in the nerve endings, since it was seen in the hemidiaphragm but not in the phrenic nerve. Increased stream of impulses in the efferent nerves is thought to be the cause of this increase in choline acetyltransferase activity."
1155147,"Reliability and constancy of recordings of EMG signal characteristics were investigated from the measurements taken with miniature size surface electrodes during submaximal and maximal contraction of the rectus femoris muscle. The following EMG variables were studied: integrated EMG (IEMG) various bandwidths of the power spectral density function, mean power frequency (MPF), and rise time, amplitude and number of spikes of the averaged motor unit potential (AMUP). The results indicated that for most of the variables studied the reproducibility of measurements was better within the test session (reliability) than between the different test days (constancy). The reliability values for IEMG, MPF and AMUP amplitude were rather high (r=0.77-0.93) and it is suggested that these parameters can be recommended for use in EMG studies where recordings are repeated over a period of several days."
1155148,A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was used for the determination of biogenic amines in carotid body of adult and 10 days old rats. The method is ideally suited for this measurement since only small amounts of tissue were available (dry weight carotid body: adult 8.3 mug; infant 5.6 mug). In adult carotid body large amounts of dopamine (1 950 pmol/mg protein) and norepinephrine (1 140 pmol/mg protein) were found together with a comparatively small concentration of serotonin (505 pmol/mg protein). The carotid bodies of infant rats contained 1 065 pmol dopamine/mg protein and 410 pmol norepinephrine/mg protein. Epinephrine could not be detected. Surgical sympathetic denervation and chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) of adult carotid bodies did not significantly change the catecholamine content as compared to the controls. Reserpine depleted the catecholamines dosedependently. Administration of L-Dopa and pargyline (a monoamineoxidaseinhibitor) drastically increased the concentration of catecholamines. Treatment with a dopamine-beta-hydroxlase-inhibitor resulted in a decreased amount of norepinephrine without a simultaneous increase of dopamine. This may indicate that certain storage sites in this tissue may store dopamine while in other sites dopamine is a precursor of norepinephrine. Probably most of the dopamine and norepinephrine are stored in different cells.
1155149,"The contents of exchangeable sodium, bound sodium and total water and the extracellular space of thoracic aortas from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were measured. The aortas from the hypertensive rats contained more sodium than those from the normotensive animals while the total water content and extracellular space in the two groups were the same. The capacity to bind sodium in an osmotically inactive form was greater in the aortas from the hypertensives than in those from the normotensives. The difference in binding capacity was of the same order of magnitude as the difference in sodium content, indicating that the excess sodium in the thoracic aortas from the hypertensive rats was osmotically inactive and thus unable to cause water logging."
1155150,"Isoprenaline, which acts as a potent dipsogen in water-satiated rats and dogs, did not elicit water intake when infused intravenously at 0.1 or 0.3 mu/kg min-1 in non-hydrated goats. Even the low dose of the drug caused a marked reduction of parotid salivary flow. The possibility is discussed that reduced salivary secretion might be the particular effect which makes isoprenaline dipsogenic in prandially drinking species. The intravenous infusion of isoprenaline at the high dose level caused an inhibition of the water diuresis of hydrated goats, concomitant with reduced renal Na+ excretion and a marked, sustained fall in the arterial blood pressure. Significant amounts of ADH were recovered from the urine secreted during the antidiuresis. This ADH-release was apparently not due to central beta-adrenergic stimulation since no inhibition of the water diuresis was observed during intraventricular infusions of isoprenaline. Rather, the ADH-release appears to have been secondary to the isoprenaline-induced fall in arterial blood pressure."
1155157,"A comparison was carried out between direct and indirect measurements of blood flow in follicular ovaries of anaesthetized laparotomized rabbits: Direct measurements by timed quantitative sampling of ovarian venous blood yielded blood flow values 3 times higher than those found with the use of 15 mugm radioactive microspheres. However, when simulating the surgical trauma associated with direct measurements, the microsphere technique gave the same high ovarian flow values, indicating that this type of trauma caused ovarian hyperemia. It is concluded that direct measurements of blood flow, as performed in the present study, are unsuitable for investigations of circulatory events in the ovary. Mechanically induced ovarian vasodilatation is probably a factor which helps to explain the diverging data on blood flow obtained with direct and indirect methods. The radioactive microsphere technique appears to provide a means for reasonably reliable ovarian blood flow measurements in laboratory animals."
1155158,"The postnatal ontogenetic development of neuro-effector control in vascular smooth muscle of the single-unit type has been studied in the rat portal vein. Contractile activity was recorded isometrically in isolated preparations from rats 2-38 days of age and in adults rats. Spontaneous activity, characteristic of the adult portal vein, appeared abruptly during the third postnatal week. Whereas, induced responses to noradernaline (NA) and acetylcholine (Ach) appeared early during the first week and responses to transmural nerve stimulation occurred at the end of the first week. The appearance of spontaneous activity was accompanied by significant increases in sensitivity to NA (log ED50) and to transmural nerve stimulation (frequency giving half maximum response), but not to Ach. Also, maximum responses for NA and nerve stimulation relative to Ach responses tended to increase during the first three weeks. It is concluded that the development of a mechanism supporting myogenic propagation as revealed by highly synchronized spontaneous contractions is an important factor for promoting the effectiveness of sympathicoadrenergic control in this type of vascular smooth muscle."
1155163,"The effect of transient anoxia on the cochlear microphonic potential at different sound frequencies was investigated. The microphonic potential was recorded with glass microelectrodes in the ductus cochlearis of the pigeon ear. Transient anoxia had different effects, related to frequency, on the amplitude and the relative phase angle of the microphonic potential recorded from one place in the ductus cochlearis. At frequencies equal to and higher than the best frequency the amplitude of the microphonic potential was more sensitive to anoxia than it was at lower frequencies. Microphonic potential at 1 kHz lower than the best frequency was often enlarged in amplitude during transient anoxia. The results suggest that this frequency-dependent effect is a positional one. Changes in the phase were largest around the best frequency. It is inferred that anoxia causes complex changes in the pattern of vibration in the cochlear partition. The observed changes in amplitude and also changes in phase are caused by the combined effects of reduction of the endolymphatic potential and changes in vibration pattern."
1155165,"The autonimic innervation of the rat urinary bladder was studied using histochemical methods and nerve stimulations. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was found. It was supposed to originate from long adrenergic neurones. The trigonum area had a rich ssupply of adrenergic fibres, probably derived from short adrenergic neurones. A uniformly rich supply of acetylcholine-esterase (AChE)-positive nerves was found in the WHOLE BLADDER. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation caused no detectable change of adrenergic or AChE-positive nerves in the bladder, while parasympathetic decentralization or denervation produced a total disappearance of adrenergic fibres. The AChE-positive nerves were appreciably reduced in number after parasympathetic decentralization and not detectable after postganglionic denervation. Neither adrenergic nor AChE-positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated in the bladder wall. Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerves or the pelvic nerves distal to the pelvic ganglia elictied contraction of the detrusor muscle. The responses were not affected by hexamethonium, dihydroergotamine or proparanolol but were slightly reduced by guanethidine, reduced to about 40% by atropine and potentiated by eserine. Stimulation of the pelvic nerve proximal to the pelvic ganglion was partially blocked by hexamethonium. It si concluded that the urinary bladder of the rat is supplied by postganglionic adrenergic fibres mainly via the pelvic nerves and only to a lesser extent via the hypogastric nerves. Probably cholinergic fibres pass to the bladder mainly via the pelvic nerves but also via the hypogastric nerves, having their cellbodies outside the bladder wall, partly proximal to the pelvic ganglia."
1155166,"The effects of ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine were studied on the spontaneous mechanical activity of the rat portal vein. 2It was found that STP and ADP, in concentrations higher than 300 mug M, caused a transient tetanus, followed by inhibition, and at lower concentrations an increase in the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous contractions. AMP and adeosine on the other hand, inhibited spontaneous activity, by reducing the amplitude of contractions and increasing their frequency. The effects were dose-dependent. ATP was found to be 2.2 times more potent than ADP, while AMP and adenosine were equipotent. Weak inhibitory effects were obtained with GMP, guanosine and adenine, while GTP, 3K-cyclic AMP and guanine had no effect. ATP and ADP increased the K-contracture, while AMP and adenosine relaxed it. The effects of ATP were augmented in Mg-free solutions and partially inhibited in Mg-high solutions in the normally polarized muscle, while Mg had no influence on the ATP-induced contraction in the depolarized muscle. Theophylline potentiated the inhibitory response to AMP and adenosine. Adrenergic and cholinergic blockers had no influence on the response to ATP, ADP, AMP or adenosine. It is suggested that the effects of ATP and ADP are linked with Ca++ movements across the membrane, while AMP and adenosine might stimulate intracellular metabolism causing increased intracellular Cs-++ binding."
1155167,"The incorporation of labelled phospholipid precursors, [Me-14C]-choline, L-[3(-14)C]-serine, [2(-14)C]-ethanolamine and [2(-3)H]-myoinositol into the phospholipids of isolated rat mast cells was studied. The label from the different precursors were found to be essentially associated with compounds with the t.1.c.-motility of the respective phospholipids. Whereas the incorporation of [Me(-14)c]-choline and L-[3(-14)C]-serine showed evidence of saturation the incorporation of [2(-14)C]-ethanolamine was linear with time (2 h) and it was not saturated by increasing the concentration from 0.07 mM to 2.07 mM. The incorporation of [2(-3)H]-myoinositol was stimulated by Ca2+ (1 mM) or Mg2+ (1 mM), while the incorporation of the other precursors was stimulated only in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1 mM). Antimycin A (1muM), an inhibitor of the respiratory chain, significantly ingibited the incorporation of [Me(-14)c]-choline, L-[3(-14)C]-serine and [2(-3)H]-myoinositol but not that of [2(-14)C]-ethanolamine. The experimental system used might be a useful model for studies on the turnover of membrane phospholipids during histamine release."
1155168,"The subcellular localization of histamine was studied in sensitized rat mast cells following antigen challenge and in granules obtained from sonicated cells, using an electron microscope autoradiographic technique. The mast cells were furnished with labelled histamine by incubation in 3-H-histidine. The silver grain distribution (reflecting the radioactive histamine) was highly non-random. The highest silver grain densities occured over homogeneous, electron dense (normal) granules and moderately electron dense granules. Swollen, less electron dense (""changed"") granules with a reticular appearance and devoid of a limiting membrane had the lowest density of all subcellular structures studied and were therefore probably almost free of histamine. There was a good correlation between the percentage of electron dense granules, the histamine content and the silver grain density insaline-washed granule fractions isolated after sonication of mast cells for different times. These results support the hypothesis that histamine release occurs during the sequential exocytosis of storage granules, and during the sonication of mast cells, probably as a cation exchange between the amine, which is ionically bound to the heparin-protein complex of the granule matrix, and cations from the extracellular fluid. The exchanges will occur as soon as the perigranular membrane becomes premeable to water and cations."
1155169,"It was investigated whether there is an endogenous factor in the brain which binds to the opiate receptor in neural tissue. Extracts from rat brain were processed in different ways; fractions were assayed for ability to inhibit the receptor binding of dihydromorphine. There was no evidence for high-molecular weight substances or lipid soluble substances with such ability. On the other hand, processing of an acid water extract of brain except the cerebellum (which was negative) yielded an active fraction with receptor blocking activity. This fraction was heat stable, polyionic and had an apparent molecular weight of 1000-1 200 dalton. These and other characteristics indicate that it might well be a peptide. The factor inhibited binding to the opiate receptor in synaptic plasma membranes of rat brain and to the receptor of the guinea-pig ileum although it was less effective on the latter, particularly after long-term incubation. The interaction between the factor and dihydromorphine was reversible and apparently competitive."
1155170,"During pulmonary microembolism subsequent to induced platelet aggregation in vivo, a pressor response is elicited in the lungs due to the release of vasoactive substances. During the prefusion of isolated cat lungs with whole blood, platelet aggregation induced by collagen released prostaglandin-like substances (PG-LS), and a rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) as measured by continuous biosassay of the venous effluent. This release occurred in parallel to the pulmonary pressor response. The same amount of PG-LS and RCS was released when the lungs were replaced by a blood filter to trap platelet aggregates. Apparently PG-LS and RCS are released from platelets during their aggregation. As E- and F-type PGs are rapidaly inactivated in the pulmonary circulation, there must either be an equal generation of PGs in the lungs themselves, or rather, the release of PGs from platelets must occur distal to the inactivation mechanism without any additional PG-release from the lungs. The exact role of PGs in the lung responses to intravascular platelet aggregation is not clear."
1155171,"The fastigial influence on intestinal motility was investigated in acute experiments on chloralosed cats. Motility was recorded both from the small and large intestine. Electrical stimulation of the rostral fastigial pole produced, in combination with a blood pressure rise, increased motor activity in ileum and colon while jejunum could respond with either increased on decreased motility. The intestinal responses were neither secondary to changes in intestinal blood flow, nor to baroreceptor reflexes induced by the increased blood pressure. The excitatory responses were not due to increased parasympathetic activity since sectioning of such pathways failed to abolish the responses. Instead, interruption of adrenergic sympathetic discharge, accomplished either by guanethidine or by sectioning of relevant nerves, aid eliminate the responses, indicating that the fastigial effects were mediated by suppression of prevailing adrenergic tone. Noxious stimuli to the abdomen, including laparotomy, inhibit intestinal motility by a reflex increase in adrenergic discharge. It is suggested that fastigial influence on intestinal motility is mainly due to suppression of this reflex."
1155172,"The influence of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus on the defecation and micturition reflexes was investigated in chloralosed cats with recordings of colonic blood flow and motility, intravesical and intraabdominal pressures. Whenever effective, topical fastigial stimulation regularly suppressed both somatomotor and autonomic components of the defecation reflex, to the extent that the straining movements as well as the colnic vasodilatator and motor responses associated with defecation could be completely inhibited. Bladder motility could either be suppressed or enhanced, depending both on prevailing bladder tone and on the fastigial site stimulated. The autonomically conveyed inhibitory responses were in both cases independent of the adrenergic sympathetic pathways, since they were unaffected both by sympathetic nerve sectioning and by adrenergic blocking drugs but eliminated by pelvic nerve section. It is suggested that the mentioned fastigial inhibitory influences are exerted on the spinal parasympathetic reflexes controlling the bladder and colon. Parallels between fastigial control of autonomic somatomotor mechanisms are discussed."
1155173,Regional renal and single glomerular blood flow was investigated in rats using 141-Ce and 85-Sr labelled microspheres. The kidneys were prepared for micropuncture and also the artery was catheterized with a steel cannula in order to make injections of 133-Xenon and vasoactive substances selectively into one kidney. The microspheres were first separated by sedimentation into a narrow fraction and then injected as a plasma suspension into the carotid arter; the two batches were infused at half an hour intervals. Single glomeruli were sampled from kidney sections with the aid of silicon rubber casts allowing the identification of the glomeruli both with respect to their localisation and their postglomerular appearance. The results showed a relatively high blood flow in the superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli of above 100 nl/min per 100 g rat whereas in the other glomeruli the blood flow was about 70 nl/min per 100 g rat. No differences could be observed between the right untouched kidney and the left prepared for micropuncture. Futhermore no discrepancies between the results from the two injections could be found. The data on the total renal blood flow obtained by the 133-Xenon wash-out method agreed well with the microsphere method.
1155174,"Gastrin released by electrical vagal stimulation was measured in the portal blood of eviscerated cats. Blood flow was recorded by a drop chamber technique and the total gastrin output calculated. Basal peripheral gastrin levels averaged 65 pg/ml and basal portal levels 225 pg/ml. On unilateral vagal stimulation with frequencies above 3-4 Hz gastrin release rapidly increased, reaching a peak within 5-10 min. In spite of continued stimulation and independent of frequency, the gastrin levels declined and returned to basal values after a total of 2-3 000 stimuli. A new maximal response could be induced first after a recovery period of 15-30 min. In the same cat stimulation of either the left or the right vagus released equal maximal amounts of gastrin (average 32 000 pg). The maximal gastrin output on vagal stimulation corresponds to less than 1% of the total content of antral gastrin determined with radioimmunoassay."
1155175,The reflex inhibition of abdominal stretch receptors in crayfish was studied by controlled passive flexion of individual abdominal joints. The results are very similar to those obtained by electrical or mechanical stimulation of individual stretch receptors in immobilized abdomens. Reflex effects from posterior to anterior abdominal segments are somewhat stronger than in the opposite direction. Flexion of one abdominal joint excites the stretch receptors of that joint and inhibits the stretch receptors in neighbouring abdominal segments. Without reflex inhibition flexion of one abdominal joint excites the stretch receptors in several abdominal segments.
1155176,"The ventromedial hypothalamus of the unrestrained cat was stimulated electrically through permanent electrodes. The stimulation parameters, amplitude, duration and frequency of the square wave pulses were combined to produce a 20% increase of the resting heart rate value. The total electric charge for each parametric combination was calculated. The charge per stimulation (10 s) varied from about 1 to 100 micro-coulombs, depending on the parametric combination used. The response could therefore not be expressed as a function of the charge but depended on the individual parametric combinations. The relation among the stimulation parameters and the total amount of electric charge of the pulses was estimated by the correlation technique. The results suggested that about 60% of the variation in the electric charge resulting in the constant response was due to the variation of the pulse repetition frequency. The optimal parameters for eliciting cardio-acceleration in the cat by stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus seem to be pulse durations between 0.1 and 0.5 ms and pulse repetition frequencies below 100 P/s, with pulse amplitude as the dependent variable."
1155177,"The action of volleys in contralateral primary afferents on transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathways to motoneurones was investigated with intracellular recording from motoneurones. Ia IPSPs in flexor as well as most extensor motoneurones were regularly facilitated by volleys in contralateral high threshold muscle, cutaneous and joint afferents in spinal cats under chloralose anaesthesia. In decerebrate cats with a low pontine lesion transmission in Ia inhibitory pathways was not facilitated but rather depressed by volleys in these afferents. The recurrent effects from motor axon collaterals were investigated on inhibitory transmission from different contralateral afferents to motoneurones. Previous investigations have shown that the interneurones mediating the reciprocal Ia inhibition receive recurrent inhibition via motor axon collaterals and Renshaw cells. Now a strong positive correlation was revealed between recurrent depression of IPSPs evoked from different contralateral afferents and facilitation of Ia IPSPs by the same afferent volleys. These results suggest that the recurrent depression of IPSPs from different contralateral primary afferents depends on their excitatory convergence onto the Ia inhibitory interneurones, which then partly mediate the IPSP evoked in the motoneurone from these afferents."
1155178,"Material causing contraction of the isolated rabbit aorta (rabbit aorta contracting substance, RCS) was released from guinea pig lung following perfusion with arachidonic acid and from human blood platelets after addition of thrombin to induce aggregation. Prostaglandin endoperoxides (prostaglandins G2 and/or H2) were found both in the perfusate of guinea pig lung (1-3 ng/ml) and in the medium collected after platelet aggregation (13-37 ng/ml). The contractile response of the isolated rabbit aorta to the pure prostaglandins G2 and H2 was also determined. These data combined with the quantitative analyses of the endoperoxides released from the lungs and platelets showed that only a minor part of the rabbit aorta contracting activity was due to the prostaglandin endoperoxides. The major part of the activity consisted of very unstable material. The half life of this material was about 30 s at 37 degrees whereas at this temperature the prostaglandin endoperoxides had a half life of about 5 min."
1155179,"Parenchymal rat liver cells were isolated by a modification of the collagenase method of Quistorff, Bondesen and Grunnet. The cells secreted albumin into the medium and incorporated 14C-leucine both into cell proteins and proteins secreted into the medium. Albumin production measured from the immunologically determined increment in the incubation medium was 1.7 +/- 0.2 mug albumin/min per g liver wet wt. This is about 30% of the rate of production in the perfused liver. Addition of insulin (10(-6)-10(-10) M) enhanced albumin production (50-17%), and incorporation of 14C-leucine both into albumin (50-8%), secreted proteins (40-9%) and cell proteins (20-8%). Insulin does not increase the production of albumin by depleting the cells. The effect of insulin on albumin production is compatible with an effect on the rate of synthesis as the specific activity of albumin is unaffected by addition of insulin."
1155198,"We have investigated Biegel's manic-state rating scale and found the interrater reliability high when the scale was administered both by nurses and psychiatrists. In our study of validation, we tested each item of the scale for calibration, ascending monotonicity and dispersion parallel to a global clinical assessment of the manic state. Six of the scale items were then found valid and those items differed from the valid items in studies of Biegel by including increased social contact. Like Biegel, we found a positive correlation between items concerned with depressed mood, indicating a fluctuation in the mood of manic patients during 8 hours of observation."
1155199,"An account is given of six cases treated with pimozide. Four of there cases fall into the diagnostic category of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis, a group with a traditionally poor prognosis. Three out of the four have responded favourably to pimozide, while the fourth showed a partial improvement. A fifth case also showed a marked degree of improvement despite a possibility of early cerebral arteriopathy. The one case which showed no improvement was suspected all along of having a personality disorder rather than a psychotic illness, and this was subsequently confirmed. It is suggested that pimozide: a) may be an effective treatment for monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses whatever their aetiology; and b) may differentiate rapidly between cases of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses and dysmorphophobias due to neurotically determined factors."
1155201,"Approximately 18,000 19-year-old graduates from the high schools of Norway were followed for 50 years after graduation by means of a national case register of hospitalized psychoses. Six hundred and sixty-eight graduates were found to have been admitted to a psychiatric institution. The admission rate for male graduates was found to be 95.7 % of the expected rate, while for the female sex the percentage was 115.8. In both sexes, the number of manic-depressive cases was higher than the national average, while schizophrenia was rarer. The number of admissions related to alcohol or drug addiction was much higher in the graduates, and these admissions were concentrated mainly among members of the medical professions. A detailed study was made of 450 male and 218 female graduate patients for whom information was available about the occupation of the father as well as that of the graduate himself. The hospital admission rate was significantly higher in the graduates who had an occupation lower than that of their fathers, and vice versa. Within each social group, the rate of admission was highest in the graduates who had remained in the same occupation as their fathers: Professional sons of professional fathers had an admission rate of 109 % of the expected rate, while those who had moved to other occupations had a rate of only 87 % of the expected. It would seem that inter-generational change of occupation is associated with a lowering of psychiatric morbidity. High admission rates were found in groups which can be regarded as relative failures in relation to their level of aspiration (or that of their parents) in going to high school."
1155202,"A systematic psychiatric follow-up study of 502 schizophrenics was carried out using the same well-defined criteria to evaluate the patients throughout the investigation. After an average course of disease of 22.4 years, 22.1% of the patients showed complete psychopathological remission, 43.2% had non-characteristic types of remission and 34.7% suffered from characteristic schizophrenic deficiency syndromes. At the time of the last follow-up investigation, 86.7% of the patients were living at home, while 13.3% were permanently hospitalized. Of the entire sample, 55.9% were found to be ""socially recovered"". Higher education, psychoreactive provocation, depressive traits, perception of delusions, catatonic agitation, non-characteristic thought disorders and symptoms of depersonalization at the onset of the illness tended to carry with them a favorable prognosis. On the other hand, low intelligence, abnormal primary personality, premorbid disturbances in social behavior, broken homes, prolonged prodromal stages, pneumoence-phalographically measurable atrophic or dysplastic changes in the brain ventricles as well as somatic and auditory hallucinations and predominance of hebephrenic symptoms at the onset of the illness tended to lead to an unfavorable prognosis. The principle of the basic reversibility of typical schizophrenic symptoms and the extensive irreversibility of the non-characteristic defect is important for the psychopathological and social long-term prognosis."
1155203,"The first results covering the assessment period phase of a systematic study of 50 borderline psychotic and 50 psychotic adolescents are described. These 100 adolescents comprised one-third of the total number of admissions to an adolescent department during the years from 1968 to 1975. There were 58 boys and 42 girls; 53 of the 100 cases had been psychiatrically ill in childhood with evident symptoms. In 22 cases, there was positive information supporting the fact that the patients had been healthy in childhood. The rest (25 cases) were classified under ""unclarified picture"", showing non specific symptoms. It is concluded that in this material more than half of the adolescents had shown some instability before puberty. The illnesses described in childhood are categorised as infantile borderline psychosis, borderline psychosis probable, and other psychiatric illnesses. A shift in diagnosis is often seen in the individual case, but the symptoms in childhood and in adolescence have many similarities. The necessary treatment in childhood has not been given in one-third of the cases. The possible reasons for this are discussed. In spite of much effort in some cases and because of resistance to therapy or the proposal of inadequate therapy in others, the therapeutic possibilities in childhood have not been fully realised. It is recommended that more emphasis be placed on the emotional development in the evaluation of the children. In the treatment, development of interpersonal relationships through individual, family and/or milieu therapy should be stressed. A follow-up of children with symptoms in childhood left untreated and a teamwork between child psychiatrist and adult psychiatrist with longitudinal studies is suggested."
1155204,"National series of psychiatric inpatients studied in Scandinavian countries and in England and Wales have all shown that compared with live births in the general population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of births in the early months of the year. But there has been disagreement on whether a similar birth distribution holds for manic-depression. The present paper presents new data on the seasonal distribution of births of patients born in England and Wales between 1921 and 1955. Compared with all live births, manic-depression was associated with a significant excess of births in the first quarter, and a corresponding deficiency in the third quarter of the year. Neurotic depression showed no such association. Possible reasons for the disagreement among national findings for manic-depression include difference in the proportion of first ever admissions in the series, differences in age structure, and differences in diagnostic practice and classification. The importance of the age structure of a series is considered in relation to: a) the possible effect of age on the manifestation of a disorder associated with some seasonally related constitutional damage; b) the possibility of secular variation in the severity of a seasonally related noxious factor; and c) the effect of age incidence on distorting the expected seasonal distribution of births in any series of cases."
1155205,"Thirty neurotic outpatients suffering from pronounced anxiety were studied and after a therapeutic period of 1.5 to 2 years. The patients were described by means of rating scales and two perceptgenetic methods, the Meta-Contrast Technique and the Afterimage Experiment. It was possible to associate original status with improvement or non-improvement of manifest anxiety. The most positive prognostic sign was sensitivity to marginal (inner and outer) cues, whereas the most negative signs were pre-psychotic discontinuities, projection, and lack of defence mechanisms."
1155206,Frontal phlebography has been used to examine the cavernous sinuses and adjacent basal venous sinuses of the skull. The method has proved to be simple and effective. The normal phlebographic anatomy of the basal sinuses and their drainage has been revised in a material of 26 cases. A normal range for the transverse diameter of the pituitary fossa has been established.
1155208,A post-mortem radiologic investigation of the basal cisterns has been made with special regard to the cranial nerves. The cisterns were removed in one piece together with the adjacent brain structures and the skull base. The anatomy of the cranial nerves as seen at cisternography and the frequency of their identification have been analysed. The application in clinical cisternography of the information obtained is discussed.
1155210,"Two cases of congenital arteriovenous malformations of the uterus are described, with details of their angiographic and operative identification. The condition is rare, but should be considered in cases of severe uterine haemorrhage when more routine investigations have been normal."
1155211,A method to improve the accuracy of obtaining biopsy material of a lesion detected at liver scanning is presented. The site of the lesion is determined in two orthographic projections during scintigraphy and indicated on the patient's skin. With guidance of indicator fluoroscopy in two perpendicular projections percutaneous biopsy from any part of the liver may be performed.
1155212,"Certain screen-film combinations were tested in the low voltage range (26 to 40 kV, tungsten target) and compared with an optimal non-screen industrial film. The dose reduction was of no consequence as compared with the loss in image quality. Some physical properties of the screens giving rise to the failure are discussed."
1155213,"The exposure rate required to produce a prescribed value of the video level in a vidicon television chain during fluoroscopy was measured for water layers and copper filters of varying thickness. The reduction of the patient exposure rate was found to be so large that, in spite of a reduction of the iodine extinction to 20 to 50 per cent of the value at 40 to 50 kV, examinations of the circulatory system are recommended to be performed at 100 kV with slight copper filtering."
1155214,Angiography of the pancreas was performed in 55 patients after the administration of different drugs stimulating the blood flow in the pancreas and the pancreatographic effect in this group was compared with that in a series of 174 celiac angiographies without drugs. With drugs the pancreatographic effect appeared more frequently (74.5 per cent) than without (18.4 per cent). The small pancreatic arteries and veins were better demonstrated with drugs. The pancreatographic effect seems to be of value for the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas.
1155215,The lymphographic accuracy in the diagnosis of metastasis was analysed in 300 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix stages Ib and II. Pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in all patients. Lymphographic and microscopic correlation was assured by means of radiography of the lymphadenectomy specimen. The criteria of metastatic infiltration were critically evaluated.
1155216,"In a material of 89 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 98 combined examinations, including lymphangiography, cavography and urography, were performed. Lymphangiography disclosed signs of expansive lesion 33 times, cavography 21 times and urography 17 times. The diagnostic accuracy of lymphangiography was high. Routine cavography in Hodgkin's disease is not advocated; it may be restricted to cases with equivocal lymphographic findings."
1155217,"In a consecutive material of 42 female patients, who were treated with intermittent dialysis for chronic renal failure between May 1964 and Nov. 1971, 21 developed ovarian cysts. The cysts were found only among the 29 women, who had menstrual periods from commencement of dialysis (16 cases) or who started menstruating on dialysis after a period of secondary amenorrhoea (13 cases). No cysts were found in the remaining 13 patients, who had amenorrhoea throughout, and of whom 6 were in all probability postmenopausal. Seven of the 21 patients with ovarian cysts had pronounced symptoms, necessitating acute surgery in 4. Fourteen asymptomatic cases were diagnosed at routine gynaecological examination, which was performed at regular intervals in all patients. There is strong evidence suggesting that the development of ovarian cysts was somehow related to the dialytic treatment and neither to the uraemic state nor to the nature of the primary renal disease. The mechanism by which dialytic treatment may be opertional in the development of this hitherto undescribed complication is discussed, but no clear-cut explanation can be given."
1155218,"The natural history of upper urinary tract stones has been studied retrospectively in 49-50 year-old men in an urban population. The prevalence of stones in 2322 men was found to be 13.7%, with the highest incidence of onset of the disease during fifth decade. Recurrences had occurred in 42% of all cases, the frequency increasing with observation time. On some occasion 23% of the patients had been admitted to hospital and 12.3% had been operated on, 94.5% of all stones passed spontaneously. A family history of kidney stones was significantly more common in stone patients than in healthy controls, and patients with a family history of stones were more prone to early and repeated recurrences. It is suggested that the raised incidence of stone disease in some families may be attributed to environmental rather than genetic factors. This could be of importance for prophylaxis. Analysis of hospital admission rates supported previous findings of a steady rise in stone incidence. The advantages of population studies for comparative analyses are pointed out."
1155219,A case of polycystic kidney disease in a newborn child is reported. Renal cortical necrosis due to asphyxia was the cause of death. The histopathological picture and a heavy family history support the rare diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease of adult type in a new-born child.
1155220,"Clonidine, 225 mug a day, has been given orally for 3 months to 15 patients with essential hypertension. Mean BP was reduced from 159/107 to 143/87 mmHg. The antihypertensive effect of the drug was dissociated from changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) during clonidine treatment. PRA levels decreased initially in 6 patients with the highest PRA values before treatment, but then increased again. In 6 patients with lower pretreatment PRA levels, PRA rose continuously. Opposite patterns of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion were observed in these arbitrary subgroups. The antihypertensive effect of clonidine in essential hypertension appears to be independent of changes in PRA."
1155221,"A dipping procedure for blood glucose determination with the Dextrastix-Eyetone system has been evaluated. The procedure involves the immersion of the Dextrostix reagent area for 1 min in a tube of whole blood followed by wash, blotting and reading as in the regular procedure. Sixty-five blood samples, covering a wide glucose concentration range, were estimated for their glucose content in random order both by the dipping procedure and a conventional Dextrostix-Eyetone procedure. An almost perfect agreement between the two methods was found, the coefficient of correlation being 0.99 and the regression line very close to the ideal line. The presence of a Dextrostix reagent area in the blood was found to bring about glycolysis. Except at high blood glucose levels, this glycolysis, however, was insignificant if the strip was correctly removed after 1 min. The dipping procedure overcomes the main technical problem of conventional procedures: the inconsistency of the drop application on the reagent area. As it is easy to perform and a reliable alternative to conventional procedures, it is recommendable in all cases where blood samples are available."
1155222,"Two patients with primary hypothyroidism are described in whom an euthyroid condition could not be achieved by oral administration of 1-thyroxine, 1-triiodothyronine or desiccated thyroid. Daily subcutaneous injections of 1-thyroxine normalized the thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in the blood and the patients became euthyroid."
1155223,"Smoking habits among 54 male patients with intermittent claudication (IC) and 200 healthy 50-year-old men from the same county have been studied. The prevalence of smokers at the age of 50 was 98% among the IC patients against 46% among the healthy controls. The percentage of heavy smokers and the total tobacco consumptiion were not significantly different in the two groups. However, the percentage of smokers who began to smoke before the age of 15 was significantly higher in IC patients than in the healthy group, 28% to 7%."
1155224,"One-hundred-and-sixty male and 123 female subjects with asymptomatic primary hyperlipidaemia (HLP) selected from a health control centre have been studied with a heart rate (HR) controlled exercise test. Ther serum cholesterol and/or TG at screening were above 350 mg/100 ml and 3.5 mmol/l, respectively. As a reference group 49 male and 60 female age-matched subjects from the same centre with serum cholesterol below 300 mg/100 ml and TG below 2.00 mmol/l were investigated using the same technique. Quantitative lipoprotein (LP) analyses and typing were performed on all HLP and control subjects. The subjects were divided into two age groups, 36-50 and above 50 years of age. Men with all types of HLP had lower working capacity, expressed in W170 or W150, than controls, most pronounced in the younger age group. Younger women with type II A had lower working capacity than their controls. After correction for variation in body weight and age there remained a significantly lower W150, in male types II A (11%) and IV (21%) and female type II A (11%). There was no difference in systolic BP during exercise between controls and HLP. The total exercise time and final HR did not differ in control and HLP subjects. Dynamic spirometry was performed im 102 of the male subjects and a significantly lower vital capacity was found in HLP subjects compared with controls after correction for variation in age, weight and height. No differences were found in the maximal flow values. The observed differences in working capacity between controls and HLP subjects are explained by a difference in stroke volume. The lower stroke volumes in male types II A and IV and female type II A could be explained by a lower degree of physical fitness, by a common genetic factor resulting in HLP and decreased stroke volume or by a less effective myocardial function in HLP subjects."
1155226,"Serial estimations of total serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) have been performed before and during 18-49 hours after submaximal physical exercise in 17 untrained individuals, mean age 50 years. The maximal CPK increase after exercise was 32 mU/ml (73%). The serum CPK did not exceed the upper normal limit (130 mU/ml) except in one individual (150 mU/ml). The maximal CPK increase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) varied between 101 mU/ml (133%) and 2 260mU/ml(3 790%), mean 900 mU/ml (1 184%). As the maximal CPK elevation in AMI occurs within the same period, it seems that heavy physical work of short duration just before the onset of symptoms will very seldom impair the diagnosis of AMI with the CPK technique used."
1155225,"The registration of all myocardial infarctions (MI) in the city of Göteborg started on Jan. 1st 1968, when a special clinic was set up for ambulatory posthospital care of infarction patients. In 1970 this clinic was expanded to cover all patients below 67 years of age with MI in the city of Göteborg, the aim being to standardize and unify patient care and therapeutic regimens to provide opportunities for the study of patient characteristics, natural history, risk factors and effects of preventive measures. Results from such studies have been published, but so far no unified description of this special out-patient unit, nor of any similar unit elsewhere. Patient recruitment, considerations concerning personnel, patient education procedures and return visit routines are covered, together with investigative methods and criteria for the treatment of complications, symptoms and risk factors. The cumulative drop-out rate up to and including 2 years follow-up was only 3%. A brief bibliography of studies originating at the Postmyocardial Infarction Clinic is included."
1155227,"A case of chronic non-neuronopathic Gaucher's disease is presented. The diagnosis was based on the finging of typical Gaucher cells in the bone marrow spleen. The patient also had a benign monoclonal gammapathy. Immunofluorescence studies of bone marrow and spleen were performed using monospecif antisera against immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The results indicate a monoclonal plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow, whereas the distribution of plasma cells in the spleen was polyclonal. The combination of chronic Gaucher's disease and monoclonal gammapathy was also found in the patient's brother."
1155228,The course of intracerebral lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection was studied in mice treated simultaneously with dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Earlier experiments revealed that DAD decreased and PHA enhanced the cellular immune response of mice to LCM virus infection. On applying the treatments simultaneously they inhibited each other and neither the decreasing effect of DAD nor the enhancing effect of PHA on the cellular immune response could be observed.
1155229,"Forty-seven strains of avian mycoplasma, representing 8 serotypes (A, B, C, E, L, M, P and R) were tested for pathogenicity to embryonated chicken eggs. Serotypes A and R were distinctly pathogenic, serotype C was slightly pathogenic wheras serotypes B, E, L, M and P were non-pathogenic."
1155230,"A new fungal isolate from the host plant Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn., is reported. It is characterized and designated as a separate species Phomopsis paspali (n. sp.), not only for the different morphological characters as compared with the commonly occurring Phomopsis species in India, but also in view of its distinctive feature of producing biologically active new metabolites, cytochalasans. In addition, the genus Phomopsis has not been reported on this plant anywhere in the world."
1155231,"On the basis of 8 new O and 11 new H antigens determined in 22 strains, the Morganella morganii antigenic schema was supplemented with 8 serogroups (O35-O42) and 13 serotypes. Four strains belonged to O groups described earlier and 2 strains contained new O antigens in combination with known O antigens. Known H antigens were present in one strain as a single factor and in one strain as combination of two factors. New H antigens were demonstrated in 5 serotypes in combination with known H antigens. Six out of the 22 isolates were classified into O group 35. Two isolates contained different B-type surface antigens; these factors were not related to Escherichia coli B antigens and, unlike the latter, their living suspension gave a higher titre agglutination in OK serum as compared to the boild culture."
1155235,"The functions of the chromaffin vesicles are reflected in their molecular organization. They contain large amounts of water-soluble proteins and ATP, which act in concert with catecholamines to form a stable storage pool. The vesicles contain an ATP-driven catecholamine transport system that enables the vesicles to take up dopamine, the precursor to NE, and to recover amines that leak out of the granules. The transport system appears to be coupled to the ATPase activity of the vesicle membranes and to include an amine carrier. The enzyme DBH is present as a soluble protein within the vesicle and as a component of the membrane. However, substrates can be acted upon only after they have been transported into the vesicle. During secretion the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, but little is known about how this occurs."
1155238,"Physiologic concepts relating to reperfusion of ischemic areas of myocardium may be applied both to acute coronary insuficiency, manifested by angina pectoris, and to restoration of coronary blood flow by coronary bypass procedures, currently employed both in acute myocardial infarction and in chronic myocardial ischemia for relief of angina pectoris. Of the information currently available from experimental studies, much may be applicable to the clinical situation. After acutr transient coronary occlusion mechanical and electrical properties of the ischemic area rapidly return to normal, but there is prolongation of tension development and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias; implications of these phenomena for clinical coronary ischemia deserve exploration. Following more prolonged coronary ischemia, results of experimental reperfusion appear to be variable and, although restoration of function following several hours of ischemia is possible, certain deleterious effects are often observed in the form of myocardial edema and hemorrhage. Clinical use of bypass procedures in acute myocardial infarction suggests that results may be good, but that deleterious effects are occasionally observed; occurrence of the later requires definition and explanation. Restoration of myocardial blood flow in the presence of normal left ventricular function in chronic coronary artery disease, and failure to reverse functional abnormalities when left ventricular damage has already ensued in the clinical situation, appears to be well established; however, better methods to assess the potential for recovery of function following revascularization are needed in both acute and chronic coronary artery diseases. It is anticipated that more careful exploration of pathophysiology both in the catheterization laboratory and in the operating room may aid this process."
1155241,"The detection of perioperative myocardial infarction is complicated by the variety of electrocardiographic changes normally seen concomitantly with cardiac surgery. Unequivocal electrocardiographic diagnoses based on new Q wave development and evolution of ST and T segments are virtually always confirmed by inappropriately high postoperative enzyme test results. For those patients exhibiting nondiagnostic but suggestive electrocardiographic changes, enzyme testing provides a valuable adjunct in determining whether infarction has indeed taken place. Enzyme testing, similarly, in and of itself, cannot provide the dichotomous situation between those patients experiencing infarction and those who are not. SGOT and LDH appear the most reliable indicators of infarction. CPK is quite volatile with sporadic occurrences of high enzyme elevations without obvious clinical or electrocardiographic explanation. The Ck isoenzymes provide a highly specific test for myocardial damage. However, their sensitivity is sufficiently great that a relatively minor cardiac manipulation may result in uninterpretable results."
1155243,"Quantitative assessment of infarct size is becoming increasingly important, particularly since this parameter appears to be a major determinant of prognosis. Morphologic, radioisotopic and electrophysiological techniques for assessing the extent of irreversible ischemic injury entail certain unavoidable limitations. Experimental and preliminary clinical findings suggest that estimation of the extent of infarction from biochemical markers in serum is practical and useful. Furthermore, prediction of infarct size during its early evolution may improve selection of patients for interventions designed to protect ischemic myocardium and may contribute to objective assessment of their efficacy."
1155244,"Development of improved techniques for assessing infarct size in intact experimental animals and in patients has made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of selected interventions more objectively. It is becoming increasingly apparent that infarct size is an important determinant of prognosis. Experimentally, infarct size can be modified favorably under specified conditions by interventions designed to reduce myocardial oxygen requirements or increase myocardial energy supply during the early evolution of infarction. Preliminary clinical applications of these concepts have been encouraging. The time seems to be right for carefully controlled clinical investigations to determine whether techniques designed to protect ischemic myocardium will be effective in improving survival and reducing morbidity from acute myocardial infarction. On the basis of available evidence, it seems clear that appropriate management of patients with this disorder should include careful attention to the impact of any therapeutic modality on the heart itself. It does not suffice to treat patients with beta-adrenergic agonists simply because they may elevate systemic arterial blood pressure. Hemodynamics can not be the sole criteria in guiding the physician charged with the responsibility for patient management. Rather, he must consider the potential effects of any contemplated therapeutic modality on myocardial viability as well. The ultimate place if interventions designed to protect ischemic myocardium in the therapeutic armamentarium remains to be determined. However, judicious therapy should be designed to minimize myocardial oxygen requirements and maximize myocardial energy supply as well as to prevent criti  l impairment of peripheral perfusion."
1155246,"Lectins have been extensively used to analyze a variety of fundamental processes in cell biology. In conjuntion with our studies on the cell surface and mitosis, we have determined the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional struction of concanavalin A (Con A), the mitogenic lectin from the jack bean. Knowledge of the structure has been helpful in interpreting experiments on lymphocyte mitogenesis and the effects of Con A on cell surface receptor mobility. Con A subunits for molecular weight 25,500 are folded into dome-like structures of maximum dimensions 42 times 40 times 39 A. The domes are related by 222 symmetry to form roughly tetrahedral tetramers. Each subunit contains two large antiparallel pleated sheets, and subunits are joined to form dimers and tetramers by interactions involving one of these pleated sheets. We have examined the binding of a variety of carbohydrates to Con A and have obtained preliminary data which suggest that there are differences in the saccharide-binding behavior of Con A in solution and in the crystalline state. Dimeric chemical derivatives of Con A have been prepared and shown to have biological activities different from those of the native tetrameric protein. Under different conditions, native Con A exhibits two antagonistic activities on the lymphoid cell surface: the induction of cap formation by its own receptors and the inhibition of the mobility of a variety of receptors, including its own receptors. The dimeric derivative, succinyl-Con A, is just as effective a mitogen as the native lectin, but it lacks the ability to modulate cell surface receptor mobility. The data suggest that neither extensive immobilization of cell surface receptors nor cap formation is required for cell stimulation. Further studies on modulation of receptor translocation suggest that hypothesis that there exists a connecting network of colchicine-sensitive proteins that links receptors of different kinds and mediates their rearrangement. The degree of connectivity of this postulated network appears to be altered by changes in the state of attachment of various surface receptors to the network. Thus the network might provide the cell with a means of transmitting signals such as the stimulus for mitosis by lectins or antigens."
1155247,"The initial event in the biological activity of concanavalin A (Con A) involves binding of the protein to cell surface receptors. The nature and mechanism whereby such binding may occur is described in terms of cell surface carbohydrates and the demonstrated specificity of the protein. Although considerable latitude is tolerated at the C-2 position of the alpha-D-hexopyranose ring system, the carbohydrate binding site of Con A appears to be complemnetary to alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues. Hapten inhibition studies indicate that each of the hydroxyl groups of this sugar is probably involved in the binding mechanism. Of the common sugars present on cell surfaces (D-glucose, D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), it is probably alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues which react with Con A. Since the latter units are primary receptors for Con A. Evidence supporting this view includes hapten inhibition studies with model oligosaccarides and preciptin studies with macromolecules containing internal 2-o-substituted alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues. The binding to Con A of a series of oligosaccharides containing alpha-(1leads to2)-linked D-mannosyl units appears to increase up to the tetraose and then decreases; several possible explanations are considered. Acetylated Con A, although retaining its specificity, is about 50% as active as the native protein. Some biological properties of the modified protein are described. Data suggesting that Con A behaves differently in the solution phase than in the crystalline state are presented in terms of UV difference displacement studies. It is suggested that the so-called carbohydrate binding site reportedly identified in Con A crystals may not be correct."
1155248,The binding of alpha- and beta-methyl-D-glucopyranoside and beta-(o-iodo-pheryl)-D-glucopyranoside to concanavalin A has been studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The kinetics and binding orientations of these saccharides relative to the transition metal ion site in the protein have been determined.
1155250,"Protein synthesis initiation factors present in a crude 0.5 M KCL microsomal wash fraction were isolated from the livers of immature rats that had been injected either 2 or 17 hours earlier with the plycyclic hydrocarbon, 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), and then were tested for their ability to stimulate natural mRNA-directed protein synthesis in vitro. After purification of the initiation factors by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, M2A and M2B, but not M3 or M1, from the livers of 3MC-pretreated rats were more active than were similarly-prepared control factors in their ability to initiate the synthesis of rabbit globin polypeptides in a highly fractionated cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The greater activity of the M2A and M2B preparations from drug-treated rat liver did not appear to be due to differences in the composition of initiation factor protein extracted from the livers of control or experimental rats and occurred very early after administration of 3MC, i.e., 2 hr. The role of the protein synthesis initiation factors in the altered rates of protein synthesis which accompany cytodifferentiation and growth is discussed."
1155249,"The capacity of isolate mouse liver microsomes to alter the mutagenicity for bacteria of the primary carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanisine (MNNG) and the secondary one dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was studied. Microsomal activation of DMN and inactivation of MNNG were decreased by protein- and protein-cholinedeficient diets and were increased by pretreatment with microsomal enzyme inducers. The decrease and increase paralleled the content of cytochrome P-450 present in the different microsomal preparations. With human liver microsomes of differing cytochrome P-450 contents similar correlation was obtained, whereas normal rat liver microsomes did not activate or inactivate DMN or MNNG. Oxidative demethylation of DMN by mouse liver microsomes and the activation of DMN to a mutagen followed similar kinetics. Both reactions were inhibited by carbon monoxide and the inhibition was maximally reversed by monochromatic light at 450 nm. These observations indicate that at least some carcinogens are activated or inactivated by the unspecific cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme system, suggesting that the extent of this biotransformation may be one factor influencing human carcinogenesis."
1155251,"The implications of ligand modified spectra of cytochrome P-450 in mitochondria from corpus luteum are considered. Mitochondria from bovine corpus luteum contain a single cytochrome P-450 which oxidizes cholesterol to pregnenolone and isocaproaldehyde. These mitochondria and the cytochrome P-450 purified from these mitochondria yield Type I spectral changes with substrates, reverse Type I spectral changes with certain steroid substrates, steroid products and unrelated steroid ligands. Nitrogenous ligands yield Type II spectral changes. Mitochondrial and purified cytochrome P-450 preparations are equivalent in this study. The inhibitory effects on the cholesterol monooxygenase are directly related to the spectral changes induced by Type II ligands. Lastly, it is suggested that a similar relationship exists with reverse Type I ligands."
1155252,"Experiments have been performed which show that it is possible to regulate heme biosynthesis by regulating ferrochelatase activity. Treatment of rats with the transition metals, Co-++ and Mn-+-+,  has been shown to inhibit ferrochelatase activity and to produce a dose-dependent decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content. Unlike other transition metals, copper stimulated ferrochelatase activity and there was an interaction between Cu-+-+ and Fe-+-+ in the system such that the Km of Fe-+-+ was dependent on the concentration of copper. After solubilizing and dialyzing hepatic mitochondrial preparations, ferrochelatase activity was lost and could be restored by the addition of copper. In addition, copper, but not iron, reversed the inhibition of ferrochelatase activity produced by Pb-+-+ or Co-+-+. This study suggest that cytochrome P-450 content may be decreased during copper deficiency due to a decrease in ferrochelatase activity and a subsequent defect in heme biosynthesis. The synthesis of other hemoproteins may also be affected by copper deficiency. For example, it is well known that copper deficiency can lead to anemias (Lee et al., 1968) which might be explained by an intracellular defect in heme biosynthesis at ferrochelatase."
1155253,"Although highly purified cytochrome P-450 of Pseudomonas putida (P-450 cam), and that from phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomes (P-450 LM), differ markedly in their catalytic and physical properties, they show immunological cross reaction by competitive binding and inhibition of catalytic activity, and are of similar amino acid composition. Upon treatment with cyanogen bromide they yield small heme-containing peptides of highly similar amino acid composition."
1155254,"A comparison has been made of the physical and chemical properties of hepatic microsomal P-450 and associated enzyme systems from rats treated with phenobarbital or with 3-methylcholanthrene and other polycyclic aryl hydrocarbons. The results of these studies, though preliminary in nature, indicate clearly that the aryl-induced mixed-function oxidase systems differ significantly from the PB-induced ones in time course of induction, spectral properties, hyroxylase and demethylase activities, CO-inhibition of these reactions and light-reversal of the inhibition. The results support and extend the findings of other investigators regarding the differential biophysical and biochemical properties of aryl-induced systems and provide an experimental design for studying these properties in greater depth at the maximum of aryl induction."
1155256,"The most characteristic synaptic arrangement in the LGN is the triadic unit, in which a retinal terminal is presynaptic to a principal cell (P cell) and to a Golgi interneuron (I cell) dendrite, which contains synaptic vesicles and is in turn presynaptic to the same P-cell element. The ontogenetic differentiation of these ""presynaptic dendrites"" was studied in monkey LGN by standard and quantitative electron microscopy. The dendrites and axonal arborization of I cells are well developed in the newborn monkey. Scattered synaptic vesicles are present in the dendrites, but these profiles exhibit only postsynaptic sites. The dendrodendritic synapse of the triadic arrangement is missing, although contacts between P-cell and I-cell dendrites can be observed. Conversely, the I-cell axons in the newborn establish numerous synapses with dendrites and perikarya of P cells. At about 2 weeks of age, presynaptic sites appear in the I-cell dendrites, resulting in the formation of synaptic triads. Parallel to the development of ""axonal"" properties in the dendrites, the number of true I-cell axonal profiles decreases sharply. These transformations become progressively more frequent with age, and beyond 8 weeks the LGN ultraarchitectonics approaches that of the mature animal. The percentage of the surface of interneuron processes occupied by presynaptic sites is similar at all developmental stages at about the 2.6% level. The relative contribution of presynaptic dendrites and of axons changes, however, so that the actual length of contacts in the mature monkey is only one-half that of the newborn for the axonal sites, and over 50 times longer for the dendritic sites. The correlation of these findings with electrophysiologic and behavioral references suggests that some but not all axonal functions may be taken over by the dendrites, that the possible inhibitory phasing of P-cell discharge would appear only after the second postnatal week, and that the triadic arrangement may not be indispensable for brightness or total luminous flux discrimination but could be required for more complex forms of visually guided behavior."
1155257,"Neocortical tissue obtained from the 8-day old rat embryos was transplanted into the cerebellum of 10-day-old rats. Within these transplants various subregions were seen, some with laminated cytoarchitecture and others with nuclear organization. The laminated structures were found to contain the pyramidal nerve cells of the neocortex. The differentiation of dendrites of these pyramidal cells was studied in Golgi-Cox preparations. The sequence of dendritic growth and differentiation and the pattern of dendritic arborization were found to be very similar to those seen in the pyramidal cells of the neocortex. These two attributes of dendritic differentiation of the pyramidal cells were therefore considered to be predetermined. However, the course and the length of the apical dendrites were found to be greatly altered; therefore, these two characteristics were evaluated and found to be influenced by the milieu immediately surrounding the transplanted neuronal elements. Futhermore, the apical dendrites were found to form bundles. It was not possible to establish whether or not this characteristic of dendritic organization was predetermined. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses on the pyramidal cells. These observations suggested that the transplanted neuronal elements may be physiologically active, and that if trophic influences mediated by the synaptic endings had contributed to the differentiation of the pyramidal cells and their dendrites, they could not have been specific in nature."
1155258,"The technique of network analysis has been used to define the connectivity and growth of networks generated by monochotomous, dichotomous, and trichotomous branching. The number of distinct topologic branching patterns exhibited by networks with a given number of pendant arcs is defined mathematically; when all types are represented, a complete pendant arc series is formed. The frequency of occurrence of topologic types in these series is unique for a given hypothesis of growth. The growth of the small dendritic arrays such as the basal dendritic fields of neocortical pyramids may be studied by comparing the actual frequency of topologic types with those computed according to given hypotheses. For larger dendritic networks such as those of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum it is only practicable to use the topologic types formed by the peripheral parts of the tree as a basis for comparison. Individual dendritic segments can be ordered sequentially to define their hierarchical arrangement; the frequency of orders in a given network always forms an inverse geometric series. The ratio between orders is called the ""bifurcation ratio,"" and the relationship in a given large series between adjacent orders becomes stabilized to a fixed or ""established"" bifurcation ratio at the periphery of the tree only. This ""established ratio"" characterizes the pattern of growth of the network. In the proximal part of the tree the ratio between adjacent orders is unstable and accounts for the variability of the overall bifurcation ratio exhibited by different networks with the same fundamental growth pattern and for the deviation of the overall from the established bifurcation ratio. For a given size of network the overall bifurcation ratio may be similar regardless of the mode of growth. It is concluded that the precise definition of branching structures afforded by network analysis makes this technique well suited for the study of the connectivity, growth, and morphology of dendritic trees."
1155264,"Two different ordering methods used in quantitative analysis of dendritic trees are compared with respect to the chief objective of doing the ordering, viz. grouping together those segments of a branching pattern which have similar characteristics. After describing the different properties of these two ordering methods (i.e., Strahler method and centrifugal method), criteria are given for selecting one or the other of the two methods."
1155268,"Retrograde atrophy of rat thalamus is marked by the appearance of profound alterations in dendrites. Concurrently, similar changes occur in parent cell somata. Electron-dense and abnormally electron-lucent dendritic profiles appear and are removed over different time courses. The morphologic features of the abnormal dendrites are detailed. Electron-dense and electron-lucent dendritic profiles are not observed in cat red nucleus after rubrospinal tractotomy. Rather, neurofilamentous hyperplasia and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear in affected dendrites and are identical to changes observable at the same time in the reacting parent nerve cells. The literature is reviewed and discussion is developed on the similarities of perikaryal and dendritic changes that occur in axon reaction and transneuronal degeneration."
1155271,"Within 60 to 90 days of spinal cord hemisection or hemisection, Gelfoam, water implantation in the lesion site, ventral horn neurons 0 to 5 mm proximal to the site of lesion form varicosities along the dendrite. The varicosities form on peripheral dendrites at 10 days and progressively involve the entire dendritic shaft by 60 to 90 days. Following spinal cord hemisection and Gelfoam puromycin implantation the neurons in the ventral horn are resistant to varicosity formation. Sixty days after hemisection puromycin-treated neurons form a few varicosities on occasional peripheral dendrites with no further involvement of the dendrite by 90 days postlesion. The neuroglial reaction to hemisection is not altered by puromycin treatment. The correlation of inhibition of protein synthesis and resistance to dendritic varicosity formation is discussed."
1155274,"In experimental yellow fever virus encephalomyelitis of adult albino mice, virions, and virus-associated structures were observed not only inside neuronal perikarya but also within dendrites of varied size. The finding permits the following explanations: (1) either the viral agent is synthesized in the nerve cell bodies and transported intradendritically in a proximodistal direction; or (2) virus morphogenesis takes place in neuronal perikarya and dendrites as well; or (3) both possiblities are equally valid. Some incidental findings were suggestive of virus release at postsynaptic dendrite membranes. They are discussed with reference to a hypothetical long-distance pathway of viral dissemination involving endocytosis of the agent by presynaptic axon terminals, intraaxonal virus decoating, and retrograde axoplasmic transport of the infectious nucleic acid to the cell soma."
1155279,"Dendrodendritic gap junctions have been identified in the periaqueductal gray substance of adult rabbits and in the visual cortex of sheep fetuses. The introduction of Alcian blue as a marker substance facilitated the positive identification of gap junctions. Dendrodendritic contacts in the human fetal neocortex have been examined in freeze-cleaved specimens. The contacts are identified as gap junctions by their freeze-fracture appearance. Features of the developing dendrodendritic gap junctions are described. The possible significance of these contacts is discussed, and it is suggested that they provide electrotonic coupling of neurons belonging to the same columnar organization. In addition it is suggested that the dendrodendritic gap junctions of fetal neocortex participate in cell differentiation and morphogenesis of the cerebral wall."
1155292,The value of the estimation of liver and bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in a series of 500 admissions to a geriatric unit is described. A raised total alkaline phosphatase was found in 40 patients and this was due to raised levels of the bone isoenzyme in about two-thirds of these. Its value in diagnosis of treatable bone disease is emphasized.
1155294,"In subjects over 60, changes in temperature lasting two or more days are associated with highly significant changes in death rates from myocardial infarction and cerbral vascular accidents. In both cases, the lower the temperature the higher the death rate and vice versa. Moreover the temperatures one to four days prior to the clinical onset of infarction are more relevant than that on the day of onset, a fact which may have a bearing on prophylaxis. In the case of strokes, a high temperature on the day of onset is also associated with an increase in deaths on that day. The relevance of these findings to possible mechanisms and prophylaxis is discussed."
1155295,"Forty-seven elderly men engaged in regular and vigorous exercise had significantly lower plasma insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance tests than their controls. Pasma-glucose and growth-hormone levels showed no difference. However, when the glucose tolerance test was extended to four hours follow up, for which 19 subjects of each group volunteered, the control subjects showed a blunted post-suppression recovery of growth-hormone secretion in comparison to the athletic group. This difference could be explained by differences in hypothalamic control of the pituitary."
1155296,"Two hundred and twenty-one patients in slow-stream geriatric wards in the Portsmouth district were questioned about their vision; 159 of these were examined. It was possible to give help with vision to 21 per cent of patients and to give a further 6 percent help with other eye problems. Eighteen months later, when half the patients examined had died, 14 per cent of those still alive were continuing to enjoy their improved vision, and 6 per cent were benefitting from the help they had received with other eye problems. As a result, we recommend that all admissions should be assessed with regard to their visual ability and that all those with adequate mental faculties should be examined by an ophthalmologist or an optician on admission and when necessary therafter."
1155297,"The skinfold thickness on the dorsum of the right hand over the second metacarpal was measured with Harpenden calipers in 276 women and 152 men aged 65 and over living at home. Mean values were higher in men than women and declined with age in both sexes. Skinfold thickness was related to body size, as estimated from lean body mass, but was unrelated to the presence of osteoporosis as assessed from bone mass of the second metacarpal or the presence of vertebral fractures. The skinfold thickness was low in those subjects who had senile purpura and also in a small group of subjects on long-term steroid therapy."
1155298,"Mice were tested for effects of various factors on histidine decarboxylase of whole brain, or major brain regions. Factors included age, sex, fasting and feeding, season of year, time of day, freezing for various time intervals, and intracerebral injection of protein synthesis inhibitors daily for 2-5 days. In the latter test, 5 day treatment with acetoxycycloheximide reduced brain histidine decarboxylase activity. In one experiment, in which a marked activity increase was observed, brain infection seemed to be the stimulus. Brain enzyme activity in normal mice showed large fluctuations over periods of several months to one year; presumably this is of some physiological significance but the causes are obscure."
1155299,"A method for determining the histamine-methylating enzyme (HME) using crude enzyme, and minute quantities of the substrate, was applied to tissues of mice, guinea-pigs and rats. Since high levels of endogenous histamine can affect the results, tissue homogenates were dialyzed prior to incubation. Findings were compared with in vivo data on methylating ability of individual tissues; most of this in vivo data is published but a new test of guinea-pig tissues was made using amodiaquine as an inhibitor. The correlation was good, better than that obtained by other procedures. It was observed that dialysis caused an increase in HME for some guinea-pig tissues, but a loss for some mouse tissues. Possible explanations are considered. Quinacrine N-mustard, a derivative of a known HME inhibitor, was tested in mice; it altered the distribution of injected 14C-histamine but showed no evidence of HME inhibition."
1155300,"A large SH-blocking reagent p-CMB-dextran T 10 (MW about 10,000) was applied to isolated rat adipocytes. This compound possesses the same reactivity towards SH-groups as uncoupled p-CMB. P-CMB-Dextran T 10 did not influence the basal glucose uptake in contrast to uncoupled p-CMB. The results are discussed with respect to the usefulness of p-CMB-dextran T 10 in evaluating the role of superficial SH-groups in various membrane functions."
1155301,"A new anti-inflammatory assay is described, utilizing a subcutaneously implanted elongated section of cotton twine to induce granuloma in rats. The cotton twine irritant is easily introduced under the abdominal skin and after seven days a well formed granuloma is established. The procedure works effectively for both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug evaluation. Consistency of the cotton twine eliminates individual weighing of each section and uniformity in compactness affords reproducible results."
1155302,"Substituted purines were tested for their effectiveness in inhibiting the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction (DHSR) caused by tuberculin in the guinea-pig. Among the tested purines were naturally occurring derivatives of guanine and adenine, including cyclic AMP. Based on the structure-activity profile, a class of purines was identified, the members of which were very effective inhibitors of inflammatory aspects of the DHSR and are characterized by a benzyl group in position 9, an amino or alkylamino group in position 6, and various substituents in position 2. This class of 2-substituted-9-benzyladenines was more effective in the DHSR than some antimetabolites, particularly the structurally related mercaptopurines."
1155303,"Members of a group of substituted 9-benzyladenines have been identified as effective inhibitors of inflammatory aspects of the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction in the guinea-pig. Inhibitory activity was demonstrable in the efferent arc of the cell-mediated tuberculin and contact dermatitis (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) reactions. One of the compounds, 2-amino-9-benzyladenine, inhibited both turpentine-induced and histamine-induced inflammation in the skin. The toxicity and inhibitory activities of some of these compounds are discussed, and reference is made to the structurally related mercaptopurines."
1155304,"Guinea-pigs were sensitized with various substances (DNCB, penicillin G, PPL, ethylaminobenzoate, formalin) by the Draize method, the maximization method and the new optimization method (intracutaneous test employing adjuvant). The advantages of the optimization method favouring its adoption as a standard sensitization test are discussed in the light of the results obtained by this method and with the two established tests."
1155316,"Diagnostic criteria for the early stages of alcoholism are unclearmaccordingly, especially in young problem drinkers, emphasis should be on symptomatic treatment and shifting environmental support away from drinking. Alcohol use is frequently a precursor and a corollary of other drug use. Active intervention by the family physician can be very effective. Starting at age 15, the medical history should include a survey of alcohol consumption."
1155319,"Many ophthalmic plastic surgical problems are ignored because the patient seems to be """"getting along."" Frequently physicians are only vaguely aware of the constant daily discomfort their patients experience from seemingly minor problems such as endocrine exophthalmos, an ill-fitting prosthesis or baggy eyelids. As a result, too often the patient is unaware of the treatment possibilities that are available to relieve and often eliminate his problem. These conditions are often first seen by the family physician."
1155314,"In 65 asthmatics the behaviour of resistance during and following physical exercise was analyzed. There could be distinguished 3 types: I. Decrease of resistance during exercise. II. Decrease of resistance during exercise, but increase during recovery phase. III. Increase with a maximum of 8 to 15 min following exercise. The most frequent type was type II. Type III was characterized by lower initial values of FEV 1.0 and the highest relation between expiratory and inspiratory resistance. The strongest reaction to acetylcholine occurred in types II and III. The results speak in favour of the fact that vegetative irritability as well as mechanical factors are of special importance in exercise-induced asthma."
1155321,Determination of left ventricular performance by external STI was evaluated in 113 patients with possible coronary artery disease undergoing selective coronary artery disease undergoing selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculography. Angiographically determined significant coronary artery disease was considered as 70 per cent obstruction of a coronary vessel. PEPI and PEP/LVET increased with increasing severity of coronary artery disease. LVETI decreased with increasing coronary artery involvement. Presence of prior myocardial infarction or clinically apparent congestive heart failure did not significantly alter mean STI values when groups were compared according to severity of coronary artery disease. LVETI was significantly less for patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease than for those with no significant disease; PEPI and PEP/LVET were significantly greater in those with two- or three-vessel disease than in those without significant disease. Angiographically determined LVEF correlated directly with LVETI and inversely with PEPI and PEP/LVET. Abnormal left ventricular wall motion was associated with decreased LVETI and increased PEPI and PEP/LVET. LVEDP was not significantly different in any of the groups. These findings indicate that externally determined systolic time intervals reflect abnormalities in left ventricular performance which in turn appear more pronounced with increasingly extensive coronary artery disease.
1155323,"Serum iron levels were determined in 16 patients with AMI at different days following the event and in five patients either treated with steroids or suffering from diseases acting as stress factors. Patients with AMI showed a marked decrease in serum iron concentrations, the lowest value being recorded at day 3 after the event; serum iron returned to normal level at day 12. These alterations in iron concentration were not accompanied by changes in the 24 hour urine excretion of iron. On the other hand, a significant shortening of the half-time 59Fe plasma clearance and an early increase in 59Fe incorporation into the red blood cells were found immediately after the event. These values returned to normal in all but one patient, who had in addition polycythemia. In the five patients comprising the control group, serum iron, iron excretion in urine, and ferrokinetics were within the normal limits at all times. Since in AMI patients the 11-OHCS values were found to be significantly higher on the day following the infarction than on day 15 after the event, it is suggested that the decrease in iron concentration in these patients may be connected with changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels."
1155324,"In this study, intracardiac electrograms were performed in 20 children--ranging in age from eight months to 18 years and without evidence of conduction disturbances on the scalar electrocardiogram--to determine the normal conduction patterns, response to atrial pacing, and values of refractory periods. Atrial pacing--18 cases--induced a prolongation al AH on increasing heart rates in all; 11 developed Wenckebach block proximal to the bundle of His at the mean pacing rate of 224 per minute +/- 45 (1 S.D.). Refractory periods were shorter than in adults. Study of the pattern of A-V conduction revealed three types of response: (1) the atrium was the limiting structure in 11 cases; (2) the delay occurred in the A-V node only in four cases; and (3) the delay occurred both in the A-V node and His-Purkinje system. This response was observed in one case only."
1155325,"Ten patients, all below 30 years of age (8 females and 2 males) developed Stokes-Adams attacks from complete heart block due to acute nonspecific myocarditis. Coexisting thyrotoxicosis was present in two patients and cardiogenic shock was seen in four. Temporary transvenous pacing was instituted in all but one patient. Except for two patients who developed permanent complete heart block, normal A-V conduction returned in between 1 to 12 hours after ventricular pacing in seven patients and after 12 hours of isoprenaline therapy in the final patient. The ECG returned to normal in six patients and all 10 patients survived their acute illness."
1155326,"Monophasic action potentials recorded in two patients with atrial flutter and one patient with atrial fibrillation showed a nonuniform depolarization of the right atrial wall. In each of the two patients with atrial flutter, there was a site where two separate action potential deflections were recorded for each flutter wave. It was supposed that this was the site of re-entry for a cycling wavelet subsidiary to the main flutter wave. In the patient with atrial fibrillation, three types of electric atrial activity were found: regular activity at 180 per minute similar to that found in flutter, small irregular activity at a rate of 400 per minute, and a mixed type of the former two. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of atrial flutter and fibrillation is discussed."
1155327,"We studied the interaction of tachycardia and aortic stenosis on the adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery. In 18 open-chest dogs with acute supravalvular aortic stenosis, we produced subendocardial ischemia by increasing either heart rate (artrial pacing) or the severity of aortic stenosis. Ischemia was determined from ST-elevation of the intracavitary electrocardiogram. Subendocardial oxygen supply was assessed by measuring subendocardial flow (radioactive microspheres, 8 to 10 microns) and arterial oxygen content, and related to simultaneous oxygen demand [estimated from the tension time index (TTI)]. The adequacy of the supply/demand relationship in the subendocardium was estimated from the ratio DPTI times 02 content (supply)/TTI (demand). Subendocardial ischemia occurred at aortic gradients ranging from 30 to 100 mm. Hg and heart rates from 120 to 180 beats per minute. Ischemic hearts were characterized by (1) redistribution of coronary flow away from the subendocardium (endo/epi flow ratio less than 1.0), (2) reduced subendocardial oxygen delivery per unit of demand (TTI) (p less than 0.01), (3) failure to lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with tachycardia, and (4) supply/demand ratios (DPTI times 02 content/TTI) below 15 ( less than 0.01). These findings suggest that (1) the principal determinant of subendocardial ischemia in aortic stenosis is the unfavorable alteration of the supply/demand relationship caused by the interaction between heart rate and severity of stenosis, rather than absolute heart rate or aortic gradient and (2) the adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery can be assessed from readily obtained measurements of blood pressure and oxygen content."
1155334,"To elucidate the determinants of the poor prognosis of patients with left main coronary artery disease and to assess the efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions the angiographic features and clinical course of 58 patients with left main coronary artery disease studied between September 1967 and June 1974 were analyzed. Eighty-three coronary arteriograms were obtained in these 58 patients using the Judkins technique; there were no immediate complications although one patient died 3 days after study. Previously cited predictors of left main coronary artery, unstable or nonexertional angina and marked S-T segment depression with exercise were found in a minority of patients; thus, the presence of the disease could not reliably be predicted before arteriographic study. Coexisting disease was found in either two or three other coronary arteries in 46 of 58 patients; only 2 patients had isolated left main coronary artery disease. Because the criteria for operability have changed in recent years, current criteria without knowledge of the treatment actually given or its outcome. The condition of 10 of 58 patients was judged inoperable in retrospect because of severe coexisting distal coronary artery disease (8 patients) or ventricular dysfunction (2 patients). Of 19 patients whose condition was judged operable in retrospect but who were treated without surgery, 9 died, 8 within 18 months; 10 have survived 12 to 83 months. Another 27 patients with a condition judged operable in retrospect had received saphenous vein bypass grafts. In this group, there were four operative and three late deaths. The severity of angina decreased in survivors treated surgically but was unchanged in survivors treated without surgery. The improvement in survival rates of surgically treated patients was not statistically significant. The data indicate that coronary arteriography can be performed at low risk with the Judkins technique even though preangiographic prediction of left main coronary artery disease is unreliable. Coexisting disease in oter major coronary arteries is an important determinant of the poor prognosis of patients with left main coronary artery disease and precludes surgery in 13 percent. Isolated left main coronary artery disease is uncommon. Surgical therapy relieves symptoms more effectively than nonsurgical therapy."
1155335,"Changes in systemic oxygen delivery after acute myocardial infarction were investigated in 21 patients. In seven patients with shock, circulatory failure was characterized by a significant reduction in cardiac index, a decrease in oxygen transport and oxygen consumption and an increase in concentration of blood lactate; a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (increased P50) was also noted. The P50 averaged 28.8 plus or minus 0.87 (standard error of the mean) torr in patients with shock and 26.0 plus or minus 0.45 torr (P less than 0.05) in patients without circulatory failure. However, there was no significant difference in oxygen extraction from arterial blood between the two groups. The time course of the changes in P50, cardiac index and oxygen consumption was separately examined in 12 patients. In six patients with shock, P50 increased by an average of 4.6 plus or minus 2.05 torr (P less than 0.05) and this augmentation accounted for an estimated 18 percent increase in oxygen release. Maximal P50 values were observed after 24 hours of circulatory failure. In the absence of shock, no consistent changes in P50, cardiac index or oxygen consumption were observed. These data indicate that a reduction in oxygen delivery after acute myocardial infarction is followed by a compensatory increase in P50. This change in P50 accounts for increases in oxygen availability independently of changes in cardiac output."
1155336,"Precordial S-T segment mapping has been used to evaluate the extent of ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Because precordial S-T segment mapping is time-consuming and is limited to patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction, we evaluated the possibility of using the magnitude (ST-VM) and direction (ST-VD) of the S-T vector, derived from X, Y and Z leads of the Frank vector system, as a substitute for the precordial S-T segment mapping technique. Precordial S-T segment mapping and Frank system vectorcardiograms were simultaneously obtained in three groups: (1) nine normal subjects; (2) nine patients with persistent S-T segment elevation 2 to 15 months after acute anterior myocardial infarction; and (3) nine patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction studied on 41 occasions. For both systems the S-T segments were analyzed 20 and 60 msec after completion of inscription of the QRS complex. The sum of the S-T segment elevations for the 35 sites (sigma ST) and the number of sites (NST) in which S-T segment elevations exceeded 0.1 mv were computed for the precordial S-T maps. The ST-VM and ST-VD were calculated by standard formulas from X, Y and Z lead tracings of the Frank vector system. Good correlations were observed between: ST-VM and sigma ST (r = +0.818 and +0.791 at 20 and 60 msec, respectively, P less than 0.001); and ST-VM and NST (r = +0.773 and +0.705 at 20 and 60 msec, respectively, P less than 0.001). Furthermore, changes in the location of S-T segment elevations in serial precordial S-T segment maps were reflected by changes in ST-VD. Observations in patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction suggest that ST-VM and ST-VD can be serially followed in such patients. Thus, estimation of the magnitude and direction of the S-T vector is a simple alternative to standard precordial S-T segment mapping that allows for continuous monitoring of S-T segment elevations in all patients with acute myocardial infarction."
1155337,"Two hundred fifty-one patients (195 male and 56 females) referred for evaluation of chest pain were studied by multistage submaximal stress testing and selective coronary arteriography. In men with positive exercise tests the incidence rate of true positive exercise test results--that is, positive tests associated with 75 percent of greater coronary stenosis--was 89 percent in contrast to a 33 percent incidence rate of true positive exercise test results in women. The incidence rate of false positive excercise test results--that is, positive tests associated with no coronary stenosis or less than 50 percent stenosis--was 8 percent in men in contrast to 67 percent in women. Conversely, the incidence rate of false negative exercise test results (that is, negative exercise tests associated with 75 percent or greater coronary stenosis) was higher in men (37 percent) than in women (12 percent). It is concluded that in men a positive multistage stress test is useful in predicting the presence of significant coronary artery disease although a negative stress test cannot be relied upon to rule out the presence of significant disease. In women, a positive exercise test is of little value in predicting the presence of significant coronary artery disease, whereas a negative test is quite useful in ruling out the presence of significant disease. New criteria should be developed for stress testing of women."
1155338,"The accuracy of coronary cineangiography in predicting the degree of stenosis in coronary arteries was evaluated by comparing autopsy and premortem cineangiographic findings in 25 patients. Coronary cineangiograms and autopsy specimens were reviewed independently by two cardiologists and two pathologists. Identical diagrams dividing the cononary  arteries into 12 segments were used by both groups to record the location and degree of stenosis observed. Cineangiographic findings were in agreement with pathologic findings (less than 25 percent difference in cross-sectional luminal area) in 178 (79 percent) of the 226 segments examined, but overestimated the degree of stenosis in 13 (6 percent) and underestimated it in 34 (15 percent). Thus, cineangiography appears to be a reliable tool in evaluating coronary artery  disease. When diagnostic errors are made, they are usually underestimations of the degree of disease; common causes of error are circumferential stenosis, eccentric lesions, obstruction of view by artifical valves and poor opacification due to severe proximal stenosis."
1155339,"Beta adrenergic blockade has been suggested to improve the myocardial oxygen balance during ischemic conditions. This investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of practolol, a relatively cardiospecific beta adrenergic blocking agent, on regional myocardial dimensions and shortening during acute coronary arterial occlusion in dogs. Local myocardial dimensions were measured ultrasonically in ischemic and nonischemic regions of the left ventricle. Myocardial dilatation and marked reduction in systolic shortening occurred in ischemic regions after occlusion, whereas nonischemic regions were only moderately dilated. Administration of 10 to 20 mg of practolol exerted different effects in the two ventricular regions; myocardial dilatation was reduced and the systolic shortening increased by practolol in ischemic regions, whereas further dilatation and diminished shortening occurred in nonischemic control regions. Similar results were obtained when heart rate was kept constant by atrial pacing during beta adrenergic blockade. Thus, practolol improved the function in ischemic ventricular regions, and restored ventricular stroke volume to preocclusion levels, probably as a result of improved myocardial oxygen balance."
1155340,"This study examines the effects of graded reduction in regional coronary perfusion and changes in arterial oxygen concentration upon regional myocardial function and left ventricular function. In 14 open chest dogs, the distal left anterior descending coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at different pressures with blood equilibrated with either 21 or 95 percent oxygen, and regional function in the perfused myocardial segment was determined by use of the pressure-length loop. The mass of perfused left ventricular myocardium was determined by injection of sodium fluorescein at a constant pressure of 100 mm Hg. Regional function decreased minimally as coronary perfusion pressure and flow were reduced to 50 to 65 mm Hg and 25 to 55 ml/min per 100 g, respectively. When pressure and flow were reduced below these critical ranges, regional function decreased sharply. Changes in left ventricular function were comparable but of lesser magnitude. The relations between regional function or left ventricular function and coronary perfusion were not affected by changing arterial oxygen concentration, except at the low range of coronary perfusion pressures (22 plus or minus 6 mm Hg), at which pressure regional function was significantly lower (P less than 0.025) in the experiments with 95 percent oxygen. Thus, the sensitivity of myocardial performance to a decrease in effective coronary perfusion pressure and flow is remarkably dependent upon whether pressure and flow are above a critical level."
1155341,"Dobutamine, a derivative of dopamine, was infused at a rate of 10 mug/kg per min in 15 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Cardiac output increased from an average of 3.1 to 5.6 liters/min (P less than 0.001) with no change in mean arterial pressure (93.3 to 98.2 mm Hg) and only a slight increase in heart rate (98.5 to 105.2 beats/min) (P less than 0.02). Pulmonary wedge pressure was decreased from an average of 27.4 to 21.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). In seven patients a dose of 5 mug/kg per min also produced a significant increase in cardiac output but the effect was less than with the 10 mug/kg per min dose. No side effects were observed during the infusion. Dobutamine therefore is a potent inotropic drug with limited chronotropic and peripheral vascular effects and deserves therapeutic trial in the short-term management of low output heart failure."
1155342,"To study the efficacy of isosorbide dinitrate in prevention of myocardial ischemia, 20 patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease underwent atrial pacing (mean rate 138/min) before (P1), 10 minutes after (P2) and 65 minutes after (P3) sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate. The symptomatic, hemodynamic and metabolic responses were evaluated at rest and during each pacing period. Angina occurred in all subjects during P1. Angina did not recur or was less severe in 17 of 19 patients during P2 and in 19 of 20 patients during P3. Resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressure for the group was normal at 11 plus or minus 4 mm Hg (mean plus or minus standard deviation). On interruption of pacing at 4.5 minutes during P1, average end-diastolic pressure during sinus rhythm was abnormal (18 plus or minus 6 mm Hg). After administration of isosorbide dinitrate mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly decreased at rest and remained normal when pacing was interrupted during P2 and P3. Brachial arterial pressure, cardiac index, tension-time index, left ventricular stroke work index and maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure were all diminished at rest before and during P2 and P3. S-T segment depression was less during P2 and P3 than during P1. Before isosorbide dinitrate was given, resting myocardial lactate extraction was 15 plus or minus 11 percent during P1 lactate extraction decreased to minus2 plus or minus 25 percent. Lactate extraction was significantly greater during P2 and P3 than during P1. This study demonstrates that sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate has a significant protective effect against pacing-induced myocardial ischemia at 10 and 65 minutes after administration."
1155344,"This study examines the effect of 2 hours of reperfusion on transiently ischemic myocardium in pigs. Indexes of myocardial viability measured were mitochondrial function, oxygen extraction, epicardial S-T segment change and distribution of tritiated digoxin. Results were as follows: (1) Mitochondrial function was markedly impaired in the reperfused area after 60 minutes or more of coronary occlusion. The defect would seem to be a block in electron flow near site I, which can be partially bypassed with succinate. (2) An apparent inability of the reperfused myocardium to extract oxygen did not improve with 2  hours of reperfusion. (3) Epicardial S-T segment mapping suggested that necrosis occurred during reperfusion. (4) There was an altered distribution of tritiated digoxin in the reperfused area. The results show that reperfusion for 2 hours did not improve myocardial viability after 60 minutes or more of ischemia."
1155345,"The effects of coronary reperfusion on recovery of regional myocardial contractility and high energy pegmental changes in myocardial contractility were measured by means of a strain gauge-tipped, two-pronged catheter probe that measures myocardial fiber shortening. The curves of contraction are sensitive to the effects of ischemia. Coronary occlusion resulted in a rapid replacement of fiber shortening by passive fiber lengthening. If coronary occlusion was released and blood flow restored within 45 minutes, myocardial contractility returned promptly; adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate values were restored to normal. With coronary occlusion of 1 hour or longer, contractility failed to return in the immediate postperfusion period, but delayed return was recorded after 2 weeks of reperfusion. The extent of such recovery varied with the duration of preceding occlusion. Thus, reperfusion after 1 hour of occlusion was followed by return of fiber shortening over the entire reperfused region. With 2 hours of occlusion, recovery occurred over 75 percent of the reperfused myocardium. With 3 hours of occlusion followed by reperfusion, recovery of contractility was only partial, comprising approximately 60 percent of the reperfused region. High energy phosphate content of the reperfused myocardium showed a similar pattern of recovery. With occlusion of longer duration, reperfusion failed to restore contractility to any significant extent. These findings indicate that reperfusion after coronary occlusion of 1 to 3 hours may restore contractility over a period of 2 weeks, but the extent of such recovery diminishes with the increase in the duration of occlusion."
1155346,"Acute infarction was produced in intact conscious dogs by inflating a previously implanted balloon cuff around the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in 26 control dogs and reperfused by deflating the balloon cuff after 2 hours of occlusion in 19 dogs (group II) and after 5 hours in 11 dogs (group III). Serial studies were performed and repeated after 48 hours and 7 days. All three groups revealed hemodynamic and metabolic deterioration with coronary occlusion and infarct production. Immediately after reperfusion, arrhythmias developed in groups II and III and persistent ventricular tachycardia was present 2 to 3 hours after reperfusion in 74 percent of animals in group II and 82 percent of those in group III compared with 6 percent and 13 percent incidence rates at corresponding times in control dogs. Q waves developed in 83 percent of animals in group II and 100 percent of those in group III but in only 12 and 27 percent of control animals at corresponding times. Hemodynamic deterioration was accelerated in the postreperfusion period in both groups II and III. Angiographic assessment revealed improvement in 42 percent of dogs in group II, but in none of those in group III after reperfusion. Myocardial oxygen extraction diminished to subnormal levels after reperfusion, indicating either reactive hyperemia or shunting effect. Mortality was not significantly influenced by reperfusion. Infarct size was more than 15 percent of ventricular mass in 92 percent of control dogs and in 100 percent of dogs in group III, but in only 50 percent of those in group II. The data indicate that reperfusion in conscious dogs representing early, noninvasive maximal revascularization under ideal circumstances fails to prevent deterioration or death; instead it hastens the development of arrhythmias and myocardial injury. Reperfusion, although deleterious in the first hours, can reduce infarct size if performed after 2 hours, but not after 5 hours, of occlusion."
1155352,"A three dimensional reconstruction of the epithelial tissue at the apical end of the lower rat incisor was made from serial 1 mum thick cross sections. This tissue formed an elongated structure, called the odontogenic organ, which was composed of a bulbous and a ""U""-shaped part. Both parts were joined to one another at the posterior aspect of the apical foramen. The bulbous part of the odontogenic organ was situated at the lingual side of the ""U""-shaped part and protruded anteriorly over the pulp. It was formed by cells of the outer dental epithelium and stellate reticulum whose organization suggested that the bulbous part was important in the production of cells for renewal of all the epithelia of the incisor. The ""U""-shaped part of the odontogenic organ was apparently derived from the bulbous part and delineated the pulp by forming the lateral, mesial and labial sidewalls around the apical foramen. It was composed of all the epithelial cell types recognizable as precursors to (a) cells of the enamel organ which form the enamel, and (b) Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, a part of the odontogenic organ which induces the formation of dentin on the lingual aspect of the incisor."
1155353,"The epithelial tissue forming the posterior aspect of the apical foramen in the upper incisor of the rat was reconstructed from 1 mum thick serial cross sections. Like the lower incisor, this portion of the odontogenic organ in the upper incisor was composed of a bulbous and a ""U""-shaped part. However, the bulbous part was considerably blunter and the ""U""-shaped part much larger in circumference in comparison to the lower incisor. Although no differences were found between the upper and lower incisor regarding the contents and the basic organization of cells within each part of the odontogenic organ, specific differences were found within the bulbous part in the upper incisor. There was a more definitive boundary between the outer dental epithelium and stellate reticulum, a more intimate relationship of cell streams to the stellate reticulum, and a noticeable lack of swirling of cells as part of the streams. These features suggest that the activity inside the bulbous part is less intense in the upper incisor than it is in the lower incisor. In addition, the relationships between the bulbous part, the ""U""-shaped part and the root sheath part of the odontogenic organ and the enamel organ were described for the upper incisor."
1155354,"A single dose of 0.5 mCi radioiron (55Fe) was injected directly into the amniotic cavity of each of four pregnant monkeys near term. At 6 or 24 hours after 55Fe adminstration, samples of fetal jejunum, ileum, blood, spleen, liver, lung and fetal membranes were taken for radioautography and scintillation counts. Counts were also made on corresponding maternal tissues. Intestinal radioiron levels and localization indicated that fetuses swallowed and absorbed 55Fe within 6 to 24 hours after injection. Silver grains over the meconium bodies of fetal ileum suggested that intestinal epithelium retained at least some of the absorbed radioiron. However, elevated 55Fe levels in fetal blood and hematopoietic organs indicated that transport of radioiron to the circulation had occurred, presumably through fetal intestine, extraembryonic membranes and/or fetal lungs. Transfer of 55Fe across the placenta from fetus to mother occurred at a slow rate, i.e., samples of maternal organs obtained at 24 hours gave low counts."
1155355,"A small number of epithelial cells which combine features of two cell types were observed in the descending colon and pyloric stomach of the mouse. In the descending colon, where the base of the crypts is mainly composed of poorly differentiated ""vacuolated"" cells, a few of these cells contain, besides the characteristic ""vacuoles,"" mucous globules identical to those in mucous cells or, less frequently, dense granules such as are found in entero-endocrine cells. Because there is evidence that the poorly differentiated vacuolated cells give rise to the other cells of the epithelium, those which also contain mucous globules or dense granules are likely to be differentiating into mucous cells or entero-endocrine cells respectively. In the pyloric stomach, where the glands are mainly composed of mucous cells, some of which are poorly differentiated, a few of the latter exhibit, besides the mucous globules, entero-endocrine type granules or features of caveolated cells. It is likely that the poorly differentiated mucous cells give rise to the other gland cells; and, therefore, those mucous-containing cells which also display dense granules or caveolated cell features are taken to be differentiating into entero-endocrine or caveolated cells respectively. Most of the cells containing two kinds of secretory materials are believed to be stem cells which initially contain a few vacuoles (colon) or mucous globules (pylorus) but are differentiating into a cell containing a different type of secretion. Rare observations of two kinds of secretory materials in a mature cell suggest that the transitional period may be prolonged, perhaps indefinitely."
1155356,"Virus-like particles (80 mmu to 100 mmu in diameter) occur in the endoplasmic reticulum of germ cells in the ovaries of fetal guinea pigs, and are confined to this population of cells. Using these particles as a marker, the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells by somatic cells in the cortex of the ovary was traced."
1155357,"The fine structure of the capillaries of the pineal glands of the rat, mouse, chinchilla, and ground squirrel were investigated. The pineal endothelial cells in the rat, mouse and ground squirrel were often composed of attenuated cytoplasmic portions which contained numerous fenestrations, in contrast to pineal capillaries in the chinchilla which were lined by thick non-fenestrated endothelial cells. Marked morphological differences were also apparent in terms of the types of vesicles within the cytoplasm and abutting on the cell surface of pineal endothelial cells from the various species investigated. The interendothelial junctions exhibited remarkable species differences with the chinchilla pineal possessing typical tight endothelial junctions while those in the rat, mouse and ground squirrel lacked such endothelial cell associations. Generally, capillary lining cells in the chinchilla pineal resembled similar cells within the brain, while endothelial cells in pineal glands of rat, mouse and ground squirrel were more typical of those found in other endocrine organs. Species differences in the structure of the pineal capillaries may represent physiological differences as well."
1155358,"The morphogenesis of filiform papillae on rat tongue was investigated with the electron microscope. Tongue rudiments were first seen on the 12th day of gestation. At 15-17 days, dermal papillae had formed and were arranged in hexagonal array on the dorsal lingual surface. Capping each dermal papilla was a two-layered epithelium that protruded slightly above the lingual surface, thus forming the early filiform papilla. In the next stage of development, at 18-19 days of gestation, the epithelium lining the papilla had differentiated into two cell populations, one producing hard keratin, the other producing soft keratin. Some of the keratinized epithelial cells assumed a position at an acute angle to the tongue surface and extended deep into the epithelium. In the next stage, 20-21 days, a cleft appeared within these angularly oriented cells. This resulted in the division of the epithelium into keraatin-lined individual filiform papillae. Finally, the individual papillae increased in size to the adult form."
1155359,"The development of the synovial sheathed flexor digital tendon in the chick was studied by light and electron microscopy in 12-day embryos to 22-day post-hatched chickens. Areas of specialized connective tissue differentiation were identified in this complex structure consisting of a lubricated synovial sheath, elastic vincula and fibrocartilaginous adaptations on the surface of the tendon. The presence of some of these specialized adaptations may be related to the specific types of mechanical forces and stresses applied to the developing connective tissue system. This model system appears to be appropriate for the experimental study of tendon injuries related to the human hand."
1155360,"Morphogenesis of the labyrinthine part of the chorioallantoic placenta of the golden hamster between day 10 of gestation and term (day 16) was studied by light and electron microscopy. During this period the labyrinth increases greatly in both size and complexity. Trabeculae of the labyrinth, thin partitions composed of trophoblastic tissue and fetal capillaries which delimit the maternal blood spaces, apparently proliferate both by appositional and interstitial growth. From the time of its formation (day 9 of gestation) until term the labyrinth is hemotrichorial in organization (i.e. three layers of trophoblast separate maternal blood from fetal capillaries). Both the inner and intermediate layers of trophoblast (layers III and II, respectively) are syncytial. The outer trophoblastic layer (III), which is in direct contact with maternal blood, remains cellular, although many of its component cells grow to giant cell dimensions (""labyrinthine giant cells""). Between the tenth and fourteenth days of gestation the anatomical barrier to diffusion between maternal and fetal blood is progressively reduced. This is accomplished both by gradual attenuation of the trophoblastic layers and fetal capillary endothelium and by the formation of discontinuities (gaps) in layer I, and diaphragmed fenestrae in fetal capillary endothelium. The labyrinthine placental barrier is fully developed and probably attains maximal functional efficiency by the fourteenth day of gestation. Late in the fifteenth day of gestation, a few hours before parturition, distinct degenerative changes are apparent in the trophoblastic layers and fetal capillaries of the trabeculae. The factors responsible for initiation these degenerative changes and the onset of parturition are still controversial."
1155361,"Fetal decapitation in utero has enabled us to study the role of fetal pituitary hormones in the development of the fetal testis. Testes from males decapitated near 80 days of gestational life and later delivered at 150 days were smaller than normal and about one-tenth the normal weight. The size of the seminiferous tubules was similar in both groups; however, the number of Leydig cells seemed reduced. In addition, the Leydig cells of the experimental group contained smaller mitochondria with reduced tubular cristae, fewer lipid droplets, and reduced agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Androgen production was inhibited. Measured by radioimmunoassay, the testosterone level in the umbilical vein was 329 +/- 82 pg/ml in six decapitates fetuses, 412 +/- 62 pg/ml in ten normal fetuses. The level in the umbilical artery was 328 +/- 56 pg/ml in five decapitated fetuses, 658 +/- 140 pg/ml in normal fetuses. These studies suggest that chronic deprivation of fetal pituitary hormones inhibits the growth and development of the testis in general and of the Leydig cells in particular."
1155362,"Young adult rats were injected with parathyroid extract (PTE). Periodontal ligament (PDL) adjacent to a previously resorbing alveolar bone surface was divided into four zones number I to IV, from bone to cementum. Zones I and IV were within 25 mmu of the bone and cementum surfaces, respectively, while a line bisecting the center of the PDL separated Zones II and III. A net increase of about 16 total nuclei in all zones was observed during the first five hours after PTE administration. Since local mitosis accounted for no more than two nuclei, approximately 14 cells apparently migrated into the area. Over the first five hours Zones I and II combined showed a 21-cell increase, being apparently the sole recipients of cells migrating into the field (14) plus approximately seven more from Zone III, which lost cells during the time period. The concurrent histological observation in Zone II, of increased intravascular monocytes and perivascular macrophages during the first five hours, suggests cells are migrating into Zone II via vascular channels. The data suggest two sources for increased PDL cellularity associated with stimulated osteoclast histogenesis: (1) local PDL cellular proliferation and (2) influx of migrating cells (probably through vascular channels) during first five hours after PTE."
1155363,"The absence of the cranial three-fifths of the vaginae of male mice carrying the gene, Testicular Feminization, provides strong support for the view that vaginal epithelium is of dual origin, the cranial three-fifths being of Mullerian in origin and the caudal two-fifths being derived from the urogenital sinus."
1155364,"When the dorsal surface of the young chick embryo is examined by SEM, long threads are visible, each of which appears to connect pairs of cells; these cells may be separated from each other by several intervening cells. Many of the threads possess a bead-like structure about half way along their length. When sections of the beads are examined by TEM they are found to resemble midbodies. Furthermore, the threads possess longitudinally arranged structures within them, which are probably the remnants of the microtubules which were part of a mitotic spindle. It is concluded that each bead is a midbody and that each beaded thread is the remains of a telophase bridge connecting two daughter cells which were incompletely separated after mitosis had taken place. The possible function of the beaded threads is considered."
1155365,Platelet plugs were formed in an extracorporeal unit from flowing venous blood and studied by electron microscopy. The unit consisted of a stainless steel needle threaded into a section of silicone rubber tubing that was constricted to form a slit-like stenosis equivalent in cross-sectional area to an arteriole 100 mu in diameter. Blood was allowed to flow at a steady pressure from an antecubital vein through a collection line and the attached unit until bleeding was stopped by the formation of a platelet plug at the stenosis. Electron microscopy of the plugs showed closely packed aggregated platelets. No fibrin was detected. The formation of a stable plug in the absence of fibrin was considered a measure of the capacity of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis to aggregate and resist the force of the blood current.
1155366,"Determinations of prothrombin time with the semiautomatic fibrometer and with a more automated machine (Electra 600) were compared in regard to reproducibility, accuracy, and speed. Prothrombin times determined for replicate samples with the two machines showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98, but the Electra 600 sensed the clot 0.5 seconds before the fibrometer. The overall coefficients of variation for multiple tests in the normal therapeutic and elevated ranges of prothrombin time were 3.5% for the fibrometer and 2.0% for the Electra 600. The average technician working time was 60% shorter with the fully automated machine than with fibrometer. It is concluded that the automated machine was more accurate and more rapid in determining prothrombin time."
1155368,"A strain of streptococcus salivarius, recognized in a throat culture because of its inhibition of the growth of a species of Corynebacterium, was studied in vitro to determine its antagonistic effects agains various other bacteria. It was found to be inhibitory to anaerobic Gram-positive cocci, streptococci belonging to Lancefields groups A, C, F, and G, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. hofmanii, and C. xerosis."
1155369,"A feasible method for the safe transport by gravity of clinical laboratory specimens has been developed. In this method, specimens are delivered inside containers that closely fit the conduit in which they descend. By maintaining either end of the conduit closed, the containers descend at a  constant speed that can be maintained at less than 120 cm. per sec. over a wide range of operating conditions of practical interest. The speed will increase with increasing container weight, but decrease with increasing length or diameter, or both. Heavier payloads can be accomodated at the same safe, slow speeds by increasing the size of the conduit. The system can be fabricated from standard, commercially available metal or plastic conduit."
1155370,"An evaluation of the change in the former close relationship between the patient and his physician, and the contribution of the pathologist to its development, is presented. The effect of these changes on the interest in and care of the patient by all in the hospital in this changing medical scene is decried; the patient loses much. The problem of impersonal care now involves all hospital care and all fields of medicine. The decline of interest in the autopsy and the formalization of this denigration of the autopsy by the Accreditation Commission has done harm to pathology and the care of the patient; the autopsy is still an important quality control of such care. Further, this change in the medical scene has promoted the development of the employee status of the doctor, with its further loss of independence, individual interest, and personalized care by all in the hospital, even the physician, and inevitably has led to his loss of the protection of due process. Seven recommendations are offered to recapture the old one-to-one doctor-patient arrangement, to yield a combination of tender loving and scientific care for the patient. An active effort must be made to reverse the influence of some of the forces working to the disadvantage of doctor and patient in the changing medical scene."
1155371,This paper documents three cases of benign cystic ovarian teratoma in which elements of adenohypophysis was recognized as one of the tissue components. Such findings have been recorded but not unequivocally documented in any of the previous reports of benign  cystic teratomas. One of the tumors in this series also contained neuroglial tissue closely associated with the adenohypophyseal elements. The possibility that  these neural elements might represent neurohypophysis is briefly discussed.
1155373,"Heparin causes enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium  (NBT) reduction by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's). To determine the mechanism of this stimulation, samples of 1 to 3 x 10(7) PMN's were incubated  with various concentrations of heparin, chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), and chondroitin sulfate B (CSB), with and without NBT. The effect of the polyanions (PA) on PMN hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity was determined by the production of 14CO2 from glucose-1-14C by the leukocytes. NBT reduction was evaluated histochemically and spectrophotometrically at 515 mmu. Samples of PMN's in heparin and heparin-NBT mixtures were examined by electron microscopy after various incubation periods. Increased NBT reductions by PMN's was found when leukocytes were incubated with heparin, CSA, and CSB, but these compounds had no effect on the HMPS activity of PMN's unless NBT was added. Electron microscopy of samples that contained heparin-NBT revealed an insoluble complex that was phagocytosed by the leukocytes. The stimulation of PMN oxidative metabolism and NBT reduction that follows incubation with PA-NBT appears to be directly related to ingestion of this particulate complex by the leukocytes."
1155374,"Small erythrocytes (mean corpuscular volume less than 80 mu-3 by the Coulter Model S) were found in 222 (2.75%) of 8,086 consecutive patients admitted to a large suburban general hospital. Forty-five (20.3%) of these 222 patients had laboratory findings consistent with thalassemia. Seventy-six (31.2%) were found to be iron deficient. Patients whose hemoglobin values were below 9.0 Gm. per 100 ml. were more likely to be iron deficient. The hemoglobin A2 values were significantly lower in iron-deficient than in non-iron-deficient patients. Although the mean corpuscular volume is much lower and the erythrocyte count is higher in thalassemia than in iron deficiency, hematologic values obtainable from the Counlter S (such as MCV, erythrocyte count, and hemoglobin) alone are not valuable in differentiating thalassemia from iron deficiency."
1155375,Cytochemical studies were performed on erythrocytes containing Cabot rings from the peripheral blood of two patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia. These studies demonstrated that the Cabot ring contained arginine-rich histone and non-hemoglobin iron. Structures that may represent precursors of Cabot rings were found in stippled late intermediate marrow megaloblasts. The Cabot ring may result in part from abnormalities in metabolism of both iron and arginine-rich histone that are known to occur in pernicious anemia.
1155376,"A system for rapid hemoglobin electrophoresis on both cellulose acetate and citrate-agar combined with a simple solubility test for sickling variants is described. By use of a saponin hemolysate of once-washed erythrocytes, all three tests can be performed at one time so that an accurate result of the hemoglobin phenotype can be provided expeditiously. A technic for rapid hemoglobin electrophoresis on citrate-agar, using standard equipment is described in detail."
1155377,"To study the effects of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin, DPH) on membrane function, DPH was incubated with erythrocytes from normal individuals and from patients with congenital spherocytic hemolytic anemia and osmotic fragility measured. The resulting curves show that DPH reduces the osmotic fragility of normal and spherocytic erythrocytes. In the presence of ouabain, DPH still had a protective effect on erythrocytes even though ouabain alone increases hemolysis of erythrocytes at certain saline concentrations. This study shows that erythrocyte fragility can be manipulated in vitro and provides a basis for studies in vivo."
1155378,"A study of 300 patients is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the activated plasma recalcification time (APRT) as a measure of the intrinsic pathway and platelet function in the detection of bleeders. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and platelet count were determined in all patients having both normal and abnormal APRT's and the results correlated with overt bleeding tendencies. Abnormality of the APTT is closely paralleled by abnormality of the APRT, independent of the platelet count. When the APTT is normal, an abnormal APRT will characterize clinical bleeders with greater frequency than will the platelet count. The value of the APRT is greatest when done in concert with other standard coagulation measurements, as it both reinforces and expands their diagnostic capability."
1155379,"The maximal rate of change in optical density (Vmax-deltaOD)of plasma clots forming in the activated partial thromboplastin time test (APTT) may be significantly influenced by reductions in factor VIII activity insufficient to also cause a distinctly abnormal timed clotting endpoint. Analysis of relationships between Vmax-deltaOD of clotting plasma in the APTT, prothrombin time, and thrombin time tests provides a basis for increasing the screening value of the APTT in suggesting intrinsic system abnormalities. Three illustrative case reports support the added benefit of thrombokinetics in the detection of mild factor VIII deficiency in hemophilia A and in von Willebrand's disease."
1155380,"In-situ and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. A clinical, cytologic and histologic study of 14 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 64: 155-70, 1975. The clinicopathologic features of 14 cases of in-situ and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix, encountered during the period 1961-1974, form the basis of this report. Seven cases represent examples of in-situ and seven, microinvasive adenocarcinoma. Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in-situ of the squamous epithelium were coincidental finds in 12 patiients. Papanicolaou smears were abnormal in all 14 patients. In nine, malignant glandular cells were identified. Five smears contained both malignant squamous and glandular cells. The mean age of the 14 patients was 38.4 years. Thirteen patients had borne one to six children. Two were pregnant at the time of diagnosis, and four were on birth control medication. Thirteen of the patients underwent conization biopsy. Hysterectomy in one form or another was curative in all. The relatively infrequent occurrence of in-situ adenocarcinoma is probably due to the low incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma and to the fact that the lesion is focal and easily overlooked. Five of the cases in the present series were a chance finding in a review of 200 consecutive cone biopsies of the cervix. The resemblance of the in-situ lesions to carcinoma and the presence of morphologically similar glandular tissue adjacent to foci of microinvasion suggests that the in-situ lesion is the precursor of invasive adenocarcinoma of the cerivs."
1155381,"A 44-year-old woman was found to have a sessile lesion replacing most of her endometrium and endocervical mucosa, consisting of an intimate admixture of endometrial glands, endometrial stroma, and smooth muscle. On the basis of a previous curettage, it was concluded that the lesion had been present for at least seven years. The lesion is considered to be related to the pedunculated adenomyomatous polyp. The possibilities that it may represent adenomyosis, neoplasm, or hamartoma are discussed, and the latter is considered to be the most likely possibility. The presence of smooth muscle distinguishes the present case from the recently described and probably closely related entities of papillary adenofibroma, benign müllerian tumor, and müllerian adenosarcoma."
1155382,"The clinical charts and histologic preparations from 245 patients who had pleural biopsies to evaluate pleural effusions of unknown etiology were reviewed. This represents an experience with 272 biopsies, as some patients underwent multiple biopsies. In 57 per cent of the cases of suspected or proven granulomatous disease involving the pleura, the pleural biopsy was positive. Similarly, in 48 per cent of the cases of suspected or proven pleural involvement by carcinoma, tumor was identified in the biopsy specimen. Only two false-positive diagnoses (one of granulomatous pleuritis and one of neoplastic disease) were made. The other 35 histologic diagnoses of granulomatous inflammation and 43 histologic diagnoses of carcinoma were verified. In this study, the authors found that the major limiting factor in establishing a diagnosis is the accuracy in random sampling of the parietal pleural surface. Thus, a negative pleural biopsy should not give the clinician a false sense of security."
1155383,"A method for rapid separation and visualization of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2 ATP: creatine phosphotransferase) isoenzymes on cellulose acetate has been developed. The technic uses the Beckman microzone electrophoresis system, and is applicable to other cellulose acetate systems. Incubation is with a commercially available substrate solution, and the isoenzyme bands are visualized by fluorescence using a long-wavelength ultraviolet light. An intermediate migrating isoenzyme band (CPK-MB) was detected in sera of 67 of 68 patients with myocardial infarction, and was not present in patients with other disorders that might clinically be confused with myocardial infarction."
1155384,"A completely new method for the analysis of uncombined iron-binding capacity (UIBC) in human serum is proposed. The method is based on the discovery by C. K. Luk that the fluorescence of terbium ion (Tb-3+) is enhanced enormously when it binds to an empty Fe-3+ binding site of transferrin. Tb-3+ cannot displace Fe-3+ from an occupied binding site on transferrin. The analytic procedure is to dilute the serum (in order to lower its ultraviolet absorbance), add a solution of Tb-3+, excite with ultraviolet radiation, and measure the intensity of the resulting green fluorescence. With proper calibration this intensity is a measure of UIBC. Analyses of 65 serum samples previously measured at a hospital laboratory show no obvious difficulty with the method. Its absolute accuracy has not been probed in detail."
1155385,"A blind quality control system using a special type of commercial reference serum is described. As packaged, the product contains six pools of analyzed reference sera with vials identified by coded numbers. The test constituents in the pools cover the range of multichannel analyzers in a random manner, i.e., each pool contains constituents in the low, normal and elevated ranges. As specific pools are not identified, and the analyst is unaware of the expected values for each constituent, results collected for quality control purposes are unbiased, i.e., free of conscious or unconscious editing. Data analysis in the proposed system is by least-squares technics. During an eight-week period, performance was studied using the standard error of the estimate to evaluate precision and the slope of the regression line to evaluate accuracy on the SMA and Mark X instruments. As an empirical comparison, the data are expressed as relative errors and precision and accuracy of analyzer performance evaluated as mean and standard deviation. The proposed regression analysis-based technic has the advantage of simultaneously evaluating linearity, as well as checking accuracy and precision over the total dynamic range of the instrument by use of a series of related serum pools."
1155387,"Eosinophilia and plasmacytosis of the bone marrow were found in a group of patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease. An attempt was made to correlate these cytologic findings with other modalities used in the staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease and believed to have prognostic importance, such as age, sex, histologic type of Hodgkin's disease, presence or absence of bone marrow involvement, and pathologic stage. Statistical analyses of these finding s indicated that eosinophilia and plasmacytosis occur frequently but to date appear to be nonspecific findings. Whether the occurrence of eosinophilia and plasmacytosis is related to an immune response in unknown."
1155388,"A case of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in a 43-year-old patient is presented. Pretransfusion tests revealed no antibody, but tests performed when the reaction occurred demonstrated four. Ten months and 15 months later, when the patient's serum was again tested, the antibodies were undetectable. The significance of such antibodies is discussed."
1155398,"The ability of ediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) to perform triage functions for ill children in a busy pediatric outpatient service was compared to that of a group of pediatricians. One hundred thirteen children were seen separately on arrival by a PNP and by a pediatrician. The PNPs' evaluations agreed with the pediatricians' 84% of the time. Only two significant differences were shown: PNPs were more diligent in recording patient problems, while pediatricians were better able to anticipate the need for roentgenograms and laboratory studies. The results indicate that valuable physician time may be conserved by using the PNP to perform triage in large pediatric outpatient services."
1155399,"An epidemiologic study of sexual abuse of children was made by reviewing Minneapolis Police Department records. Children were involved in 33% of all cases reported. Eighty-five percent of cases involved exposure or indecent liberties. Half of the cases occurred in the summer; half of the cases occurred from 2 to 6 PM. The mean age of victims was 10.7 years, and 88% were girls. All reported offenders were men; their ""mean estimated age"" was 28 years. The method of study did not allow determination of social relationships between victims and the offenders. Little information regarding the magnitude of the problems of medical, psychological, and social sequelae of sexual abuse of children is available in the literature."
1155400,"Experience with confirmed high fever, 40 C (104 F) or more, in a private practice during 14 years is presented. The records of 1,500 patients covering 8,000 patient years disclosed only 108 confirmed episodes of high fever. Eleven diagnostic categories included 149 diagnoses. Fourteen of 43 roentgenographic examinations yielded positive findings, including two cases of pneumonia not detected on physical examination. Two of six stool cultures yielded specific enteric pathogens. Convulsions occurred in 12 of the 108 episodes of high fever, and recurred only once in one child. There were no deaths in this series of children with high fevers. Only one diagnosis, pneumonia, was significantly more frequent in confirmed high fever than in unconfirmed high fever. Lastly, the ability of a group of mothers to read thermometers set at three different temperatures proved to be surprisingly good."
1155401,"Although numerous reports are available concerning infants who have single umbilical artery, there are no studies that correlate the incidence of congenital malformations or prognosis of such infants with the presence or absence of an atrophied artery in their associated umbilical cords. For this reason, we studied 48 infants who have single umbilical artery. No significant differences were detected in congenital malformations or neonatal mortality between infants with atrophy of one of their arteries and infants with arterial aplasia."
1155404,"Patients with hemophilia are living longer as a result of improved therapeutic measures. Associated with this longevity is the increased occurrence of complications affecting the osseous system. One of the more serious bone complications is the hemophilic pseudotumor or hemophilic cyst. We studied its diagnosis, treatment, and complications, and report a case of an early hemophilic cyst occurring in a new location, the proximal part of the left clavicle. The increased incidence of this complication should alert the clinician to the possibility of these lesions appearing in previously unreported sites and demonstrating atypical roentgenographic features. Early recognition and treatment is essential if optimal therapeutic results are to be obtained."
1155405,"A 12-year-old boy with classic dermatomyositis developed a rapidly progressive pulmonary process that led to his death a month later. Physiologically, there was interference with the oxygenation of the blood even when 100% oxygen was delivered to the lungs under pressure. Microscopic examination of the lungs disclosed diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. We conclude that these pulmonary changes were a component of the basic disease."
1155406,"An infant had supraventricular tachycardia and massive anasarca at birth. The supraventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure were minimally responsive to medical therapy. At 1 month of age, a diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defect was made by cardiac catheterization. At 5 months of age, at an operation for pulmonary banding, a peculiar neoplasm of the right atrium was noted. On clamping and resection of the neoplasm, the supraventricular tachyarrhythmia reverted to normal sinus mechanism. The neoplasm, by light and electron microscopy, was thought to be a conduction system hamartoma and was thought to have caused the arrhythmia. A review of the literature showed that no such lesions had been reported previously."
1155411,"The effect of exogenous glucagon and secretin on resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone during endogenous hypergastrinemia was studied in 2 patients with proven Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES). Intravenous glucagon and in one patient secretin, in dosages which decrease LES pressure in normals during LES stimulation by exogenous gastrin, caused a decrease in resting LES pressure in the ZES patients. This drop in LES tone occurred both during concomitant serum gastrin rise caused by secretin and serum gastrin decline caused by glucagon. This finding suggests that the action of secretin on LES pressure may be independent on endogenous gastrin, while the glucagon effect on LES tone may be mediated through gastrin."
1155412,"Serial erect roentgenograms of the gallbladder during oral cholecystography were taken in 50 patients before and after a fatty meal. In the presence of good opacification, layering of opaque and nonopaque bile was noted in most cases 2 hours after the fatty meal. The degree of layering was related to the extent of gallbladder contraction produced by the fatty meal and the degree to which the gallbladder refilled by the inflow of nonopaque liver bile. The layering phenomenon thus appears to be a manifestation of a normally functioning gallbladder and occurs when the gallbladder refills with fresh nonopaque bile."
1155413,"This prospective study demonstrated that among 92 consecutive patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gallstones at an urban university hospital, 27% had pigment stones and 73% had cholesterol stones. Age, sex, and weight, but not race, were significant determinants of stone type. The mean hemoglobin, direct and total serum bilirubin, and fasting glucose concentrations were similar for each group. The presence of alcoholism, diabetes, thyroid disease, or heterozygous hemoglobinopathy did not influence stone type. The average patient with pigment stones is a lean man or woman 63 years old; in contrast the composite patient with cholesterol stones is a modestly overweight woman 43 years old."
1155414,"Colonic absorption of intact protein was examined in adult rats using histological and ultrastructural procedures. Horseradish peroxidase was introduced into ligated colonic loops and retained therein for 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes prior to excision of the loops, and their processing for microscopy. Morphological evaluation revealed evidence of peroxidase absorption via pinocytosis. Tracer particles were observed adherent to the mucosal border, in apical pinocytotic vesicles, in vesicles adjacent to and fusing with lateral and basal cell membranes, in extracellular spaces throughout the mucosa, in lymphatic channels of the submucosa and occasionally in blood capillaries of mucosal and submucosal regions. The significance of these findings is discussed in light of the frequent presence of dietary and/or microbial macromolecules in the luminal milieu of the large intestine. It is suggested that pinocytotic uptake and subsequent vesicular transport and exocytosis of intact protein may occur in the colon of some species, and that such a phenomenon may be responsible for penetration of the mucosal barrier by macromolecular antigens or toxins."
1155416,"A very easily performed new technique of simultaneous introduction of Rubin's multipurpose biopsy tube and gastrofiberscope in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis is described. This technique will obviate the need of taking multiple biopsies and adds the advantage of direct observation of abnormal mucosa. As the biopsy is obtained under direct vision, there is no need of x-ray or manometric localization and one can avoid inadvertently biopsying a varix or a friable ulcer."
1155417,"A 9-month-old infant suffering from dysphagia to solids presented with esophageal bolus obstruction. Using an adult fiberoptic esophagoscope, a congenital web was found at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the esophagus. Previous direct rigid esophagoscopy and roentgenologic examination had not visualized the web. The web was successfully ruptured and dilated by inserting a guide wire under fiberscopic control and then inserting metal olives, followed later by blind mercury bougienage. This report illustrates the use of adult fiberoptic instruments for diagnosis and treatment in pediatric patients."
1155418,"The occurrence of secondary deposits in the esophagus from cutaneous melanoma has rarely been reported in medical literature. Since esophageal deposits may present as dysphagia, it is important that the clinical picture be defined. Such a case is presented, and the typical radiological appearance described. Surgical treatment for secondary melanoma deposits may be dictated by the need for palliation of symptoms, but the long-term results are poor."
1155419,"A patient with cholangitis complicating congenital hepatic fibrosis is presented. In contrast to most other reported cases, many of whom have been treated surgically, this patient had a benign course. The likelihood that this complication of congenital hepatic fibrosis will respond to appropriate conservative therapy suggests that more aggressive forms of treatment should be reserved for those patients who fail to respond to medical management."
1155420,"A patient with a thirty-year history of celiac disease, developed malabsorption and ultimately intestinal obstruction. He failed to respond to a strict gluten-free diet, steroids, and antibiotics. Postmorten examination revealed primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel. The relationship between adenocarcinoma of the jejunum and celiac disease is reviewed."
1155422,"Direct demonstration of intrapancreatic abscesses and pseudocysts can be made by means of duodenoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The most important findings are escape of contrast medium from the duct system into a cavity and its visualization, the tryptic perforation of one or more ducts and the concomitant deformity which may be general or limited to the vicinity of the lesion. The differential diagnosis of pancreatic abscess and carcinoma with penetration of contrast medium in the tumor tissue is supported by the fact that the contours of a necrotic cavity are rather well defined, whereas in carcinoma the extraductal opacification is diffuse. As a rule in a necrotic lesion the ductal system is distorted locally or the whole excretory duct system may be involved. In carcinoma the ductal system generally appears normal distally to the tumor. Accurate demonstration of the necrotic lesion, the assessment as to its localization and size are of decisive importance for indication and choice of the surgical procedure."
1155424,"Changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, occurring at the time of endoscopy of the stomach were studied in a group of 59 cases of cardiovascular disease and in a control group of 27 cases. With regard to arrythmias appearing at the time of endoscopy of the stomach, ventricular and atrial premature beats were the most numerous. Atrial fibrillation, as well as ventricular bigeminy were encountered. Two cases of atrial fibrillation continued even after the end of the examination. ST-T changes during endoscopy were found most frequently in the ischemic heart disease group and the valvular heart disease group. There were three cases in which severe ST depression made it necessary to stop the examination. The cardiovascular changes generally occurred at the beginning of the endoscopy examination. Two milligrams of propranolol i.v. seemed to be effective in preventing changes of heart rate."
1155425,"Reports dealing with medical problems of heroin dependency contain conflicting data regarding hemoglobin concentration. Medical evaluation of a large group of asymptomatic heroin users undergoing screening for participation in a methadone maintenance treatment program revealed a significant number of patients with elevated hemoglobin levels. The presence of increased hemoglobin concentrations in the addict population was highly correlated with the presence of abnormalities in liver function. In a preliminary serial study, a diminution of elevated hemoglobin values toward normal was observed in heroin users undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. These findings suggest the presence of deranged mechanisms responsible for the regulation of plasma volume and/or erythropiesis which may have pathophysiologic consequences of importance in the medical management of the heroin addict."
1155426,"After the introduction of fiberoptic endoscopy and its fully accepted use as an instrument of great diagnostic ability, we are now in an era where the same instrument is providing us with a route for a mode of therapy. Colonic polypectomies are now being performed by a majority of the endoscopists. There have only been three instances reported in the literature, however, where the polypectomies have been performed for the removal of symptomatic polyps in the stomach and duodenum. This communication describes the removal of such a pedunculated distal antral polyp which not only caused intermittent pyloric obstruction but also a moderately severe iron deficiency anemia in an 82-year old female. The benign procedure of endoscopic polypectomy, which took only 25 minutes to perform, was a means of total cure for this patient. To the best of our knowledge, this case represents the second reported one from this country of the endoscopic polypectomy of a symptomatic benign gastric polyp."
1155427,"An increased rate of lung cancer has been consistently observed from 1968-1972 among males in southcentral Los Angeles. This excess risk occurs across several social classes and occupational categories. No differential excess of oral cavity, pancreatic, laryngeal and bladder cancer was observed in the same area, lessening the possibility that regional variations in smoking habits accounted for the excess lung cancer. Air sampling has indicated an excess of certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in southcentral Los Angeles. There was a correlation between the geographic distribution of lung cancer cases and the general location of industries which have emitted these PAH. A case-controlled study of smoking, occupational and residential history in the southcentral area is underway."
1155428,"To investigate whether cuff bladder dimensions relative to the length and circumference of the upper arm affect the outcome of epidemiologic blood pressure surveys, multiple observers took multiple measurements on each of 92 grade school children from Franklinton and 351 children from Bogalusa, Louisiana. For the present study, the broad, hard surrounding cuff of the Physiometrics blood pressure recorder using a transducer embedded in the ample cuff bladder gave ""true readings."" Baumanometer readings were performed using standard cuff sizes selected according to currently recommended criteria. ""Excess pressure reading"" equal to mean Baumanometer reading minus mean true reading. ""Deficient cuff bladder length"" equal to percentage of upperarm circumference not covered by the rubber bladder. Pearson correlation coefficients for the two groups of children supported the hypothesis (at the 5% level of significance) that deficient cuff bladder length is associated with excess pressure reading. The relevant correlation coefficients for the two groups of children were 0.18 and 0.31 (systolic pressure) and 0.24 and 0.19 (diastolic pressure). In addition to sufficient cuff width, the complete surrounding of the entire arm circumference by the rubber bladder is recommended for epidemiologic studies of children."
1155429,"Until recently coccidioidin has been the only antigenic preparation available for detecting delayed dermal sensitivity induced by an experience with Coccidioides immitis. It is prepared from autolysates of the mycelial phase (saprophytic) of the fungus. A more sensitive reagent, spherulin, was developed in 1969 from the spherule phase (parasitic) of the organism. Use of spherulin showed that coccidioidin failed to detect approximately 30% of individuals specifically sensitive to C. immitis. However the potential of spherulin to detect cross-sensitivity induced by Histoplasma capsulatum was unknown. This information was considered to be germane because of the capacity of coccidioidin to detect a histoplasmal experience. Accordingly, both reagents as well as paracoccidioidin were compared simultaneously in 365 Columbian soldiers from areas endemic for histoplasmosis but not for coccidioidomycosis. At standard strength both preparations detected nonspecific responses in 0.8% to 3% of the histoplasmin negative and positive subgroups, respectively. At 10-times standard strength both preparations cross-detected histoplasmin sensitivity comparably; 5.1% to 7.1% of histoplasmin-positive subjects reacted with the coccidioidal antigens. No pattern of cross-reactivity was observed between paracoccidioidin sensitivity and sensitivity to the coccidioidal antigens."
1155430,"Fifty-eight children with Reye's syndrome (RS) confirmed by liver biopsy were treated at the University of Cincinnati between 1963 and 1974. Cases were clustered in the winter and spring with the peak in February and March. These coincided with the occurrence of influenza and, numerically, were associated more closely with influenza B than with influenza A. Six of the 58 cases were associated with chickenpox. Twenty-six children with RS were seen from 1963 to 1971, before the beginning of a systematic epidemiologic and virologic study. Viral infection was documented in either the patient or a contact in only 19% of those studied. Between 1971 and 1973, after the study was initiated, 16 cases of RS were diagnosed and viral infection was confirmed in 56% of these. In 1974, an epidemic of RS occurred during an influenza B epidemic and viral infection was found in either the patient or a contact in 81% of 16 cases. This study demonstrates that an association with viral infection can be proven in the majority of cases of RS when an intensive investigation is undertaken. During this study no significant environmental toxic exposures could be idenified. Most children had taken aspirin and other medications, and seven children had a history of excessive aspirin ingestion."
1155431,"Measles (rubeola) immunity among 479 elementary schoolchildren from suburban Minneapolis was serologically surveyed in December 1971. Of the 479 children, 25 (5.2%) had hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers less than 2. These children were considered susceptible to measles. For the 233 immunized children with no measles history, 13 (5.6%) had rubeola HI titers less than 2 while 5 (5.1%) of the 98 youngsters with a history of clinical measles had rubeola HI titers less than 2. Of the 454 immune children, 73 (16%) had measles HI titers between 2 and 8. These findings confirm durable immunity and a low rate of vaccine failure following live attenuated measles vaccination but demonstrate the importance of testing sera beginning at a dilution of 2 in order to detect children with low antibody levels. This survey also suggests that maternal antibody interferes with the active immune response in youngsters immunized when less than 1 year of age because this group of children had significantly lower geometric mean titers and significantly more susceptibles than the children immunized when greater than or minus 2 years."
1155432,"The most severe outbreak of smallpox in Brazil in 1969 took place in the municipio of Utinga, Bahia. Of 507 cases, 246 occurred in residents of the urban area of the municipio. This paper describes the findings of the detailed study of the urban area outbreak. An inverse relationship between age and susceptibility was evident; fully 91% of the children less than 5 years of age as well as 75% of the school-age children had no history of smallpox and had never been vaccinated. The overall attack rate was 11% with nearly three-fourths of the cases in children under 15 years of age. Only 4 of the 246 patients had a vaccination scar, and the estimate of vaccine efficacy was 94%. The continued occurrence of cases after the initial vaccination containment measures prompted detailed studies during 2 follow-up visits to the community which demonstrated that 1) transmission of smallpox may continue in a pocket of susceptibles although the overall immune status of a community is high following containment measures, and 2) clinical illness may have been aborted in those affected individuals who were only in their second to fourth day of incubation at the time of vaccination."
1155433,"An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Dallas, Texas, in the summer of 1966. A total of 545 suspected cases within Dallas city and county were reported, of which 145 were laboratory-confirmed as SLE virus infection. The greatest concentration of cases occurred in lower socioeconomic areas of the central part of the city in black populations. The attack rate and mortality rate increased markedly with age. The overall attack rate was 15.2 per 100,000, with a case fatality rate of 9.7%. During the course of the epidemic, most of the county was sprayed aerially with an ultra-low volume (ULV), high-concentration malathion mist. The effects of this treatment cannot be adequately assessed from the human epidemiologic aspect alone, but the spraying clearly reduced the number and infection rate of the vector mosquitoes."
1155434,"In the summer of 1966, an epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis occurred in Corpus Christi, Texas, coincident with one occurring in Dallas about 563 km to the north. Among the 76 cases confirmed in Corpus Christi, there were two deaths; the attack rate was 41.0 per 100,000. In contrast with a concurrent outbreak in Dallas and the 1964 outbreak in Houston, attack rates were much higher in populations of the upper socioeconomic districts. This distribution may have resulted from the combined effects of an unusual concentration of vector mosquito breeding sites in storm sewers in the upper socioeconomic districts and a higher degree of residual immunity in the residents of the lower socioeconomic areas."
1155435,Vaccines of killed whole cells of Coccidioides immitis have been injected intramuscularly in 97 human subjects to determine the safety and tolerable dose of vaccine and certain immunologic responses. Seventy-eight individuals received the whole killed spherule preparation; 18 received killed mycelial vaccine. The maximum tolerable dose of spherule vaccine was approximately 5 mg. Systemic effects were slight though in two prior coccidioidin reactors a moderate febrile illness and sbustantial antibody production followed vaccination with killed spherules. The vaccines irregularly induced antibody or delayed hypersensitivity to coccidioidin or spherule antigen. Greater antigenic mass perhaps as a soluble preparation may be needed for consistent immunologic stimulation though the spherule vaccine may be protective despite absence of detectable antibody or sensitivity to coccidioidin.
1155436,"In children and adolescents who each had at least one previous episode of rheumatic fever and who were not maintaining effective anti-streptococcal prophylaxis, the attack rates of subsequent streptococcal infections declined with advancing age, but were unaffected by gender, cardiac status, or multiplicity of antecedent rheumatic episodes. The rate of rheumatic recurrence per streptococcal infection fell with advancing age, but rose with increasing amounts of cardiac damage and with multiplicity of previous rheumatic attacks. The results suggest that the underlying clinical features of the host have a greater effect on the rheumatogenicity of an acquired streptococcal infection than on the ability to avoid the infection."
1155437,"Estimates of risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) derived from two prevalence survey examinations and from a 7- to 9-year incidence study were compared using data from the Evans County Cardiovascular study. Four risk factors were studied: sex, blood pressure, age and serum cholesterol; relative risks and morbidity ratios were used as estimators of the risk of CHD. Considerable agreement was found between the estimates of risk derived from the incidence and prevalence data."
1155438,"In a case-control study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc in the New Haven, Connecticut, area, it was found that driving of motor vehicles was associated with an increased risk for developing this disease. It was estimated that men who spend half or more of their time on their job driving a motor vehicle are about three times as likely to develop an acute herniated lumbar disc as those who do not hold such jobs. Persons of either sex who said that they drove a car (either away from work or at work) were more likely to develop an acute herniated lumbar disc than those who did not drive at all. These associations between driving and acute herniated lumbar disc could not be attributed to any confounding variables considered in this study."
1155439,"Using official police reports and hospital admission and emergency room medical records, 1273 persons with confirmed medically treated motorcycle injury were identified in Sacramento County, California, during 1970. Less than 39% of all injured motorcyclists were identified in this study using only official police reports. The annual incidence rate was highest for 18-year-old male drivers. In addition to age of driver, risk of injury was associated with drivers of short stature (less than 173 cm) operating an intermediate or larger size motorcycle. Risk of injury was higher for drivers with training than for those without training or those who operated their motorcycles frequently regardless of type of use. Risk of injury was not related to make of motorcycle but was related to engine size. Two-thirds of the injury-producing collisions involved a motorcycle and a second motor vehicle. Motorcycle collisions occurred most fre  quently during the afternoon and early evening hours and during the summer months, but peaks in incidence of collisions occurred during weeks which included a holiday."
1155440,"Male drivers sustained relatively more serious motorcycle collision injuries than did male passengers, female drivers, or female passengers. For male drivers, severity of injury was related to age. The relative frequency of serious head injury was highest for drivers not wearing helmets who were involved in collisions at low or high speeds. Severity of injury was related to speed at the time of collision but not in all types of collisions. Factors associated with the incidence of collisions were not identical to those related to the severity of the injury sustained."
1155441,"Carcinoma of the colon was studied in Omaha-Douglas County, Nebraska (population 345,000). A total of 154 cases of colon cancer were diagnosed in 1964 (44.7/100,000). The frequency distribution of these patients in specific census tracts of this community was determined. Statistical analysis of the data showed a greater frequency of colon cancer in patients living in census tracts with higher average income. Colon cancer appears to be nonrandomly distributed with respect to the income and socioeconomic status of its victims, suggesting that hypotheses consistent with environmental variables--particularly those characterizing extremely high versus extremely low socioeconomic groups, including occupation, diet and other life patterns--should be pursued. All of these data have implications for cancer epidemiology, cancer control, and carcinogenesis."
1155442,"Frequency of marriage and birth as of January 1973 was determined for persons exposed in utero to the atomic bombs in 1945 and for controls. The marriage rate was lower in persons heavily exposed in utero than in the non-exposed or lightly exposed. This difference is attributed partly to the lesser marriageability of persons with mental retardation who are significantly more numerous among the heavily exposed, and partly to unmeasured variables, possibly including social discrimination against survivors of the atomic bomb. No consistent relation was observed between radiation exposure and three reproductive indices: childless marriages, number of births, and interval between marriage and first birth."
1155443,"Using a multistage stratified cluster sample of Anglo-white Tucson households (based on the 1970 Census block statistics), this longitudinal study enrolled 1655 households. The study sample of 3805 individuals thus selected representatively covered the household structures, including the age and sex subgroupings, of the Tucson Anglo-white population. The estimated prevalence rates had a very low standard error of estimate both overall and in the age- and sex-specific categories, indicating a good selection and sufficient numbers in all age-sex specific subgroups. As anticipated, prevalence rates of diagnosed respiratory and other chronic diseases were higher than those found nationally. Despite much higher rates of diagnosed pulmonary diseases within the age-sex populations over the age of 40, the results of this study are within the ranges of other surveys in terms of prevalence of many common chronic respiratory symptoms. Reasons for this apparent discrepancy are so far undertermined."
1155444,"The effects of in-migration factors on respiratory symptoms, chronic health problems, and lung function were examined in the stratified Tucson population as part of a longitudinal epidemiologic study of obstructive lung diseases. Migration to the area specifically for health reasons explained part of the high prevalences of disease found in the study. But natives still had higher rates of disease than those found generally in the United States, especially for asthma and allergic rhinitis; It was found that previous urban residence was related to the prevalence of several conditions, even when controlling for age, sex, and smoking habits. However, the trends were not always clear and the differences were not great enough to explain the Tucson population's much higher rates of these conditions than reported nationally or in similar studies elsewhere."
1155445,"A review of studies on twinning has shown that dizygotic (DZ) twinning rates among women from general populations characteristically peak at ages 35-39, then decline sharply. Analysis of genealogical data from the Archives of the Mormon Church indicates that women who are dizygous twins themselves or the sibs of dizygous twins have a higher twinning rate among their offspring than do women from the general population. The dizygotic twinning rates of women who are twins or the sibs of twins classified by maternal age also peak at ages 35-39 but remain high at ages 40-44, then decline. It is well known that Negro women have high DZ twinning rates; a less well knwon finding is that the DZ twinning rates of Negro women also remain high after age 39. It has been suggested that high DZ twinning rates at later maternal ages may be related to a delayed age at menopause; However, published reports on age at natural menopause and analysis of our data from contemporary white US women indicate the contrary; Women who have borne unlike-sexed (DZ) twins and Negro women have a lower age at natural menopause then do white women from general populations, and a lower age in comparison with women who have borne like-sexed twins."
1155446,"An epidemiologic study of tuberculosis in dogs exposed to humans with recently reported tuberculosis was undertaken in Philadelphia between July 1966 and June 1968. A total of 29 dogs meeting the criteria for inclusion in the high-risk population were studied by history, physical examination, intradermal tuberculin tests, and radiographic and bacteriologic examination. Ten of the 29 dogs showed positive responses to US Department of Agriculture (USDA) standard mammalian tuberculin. Positive tuberculin tests to second strength PPD were demonstrated in five of the 10 responders to USDA mammalian tuberculin. No physical, radiographic or bacteriologic evidence of tuberculosis was found in any of the high-risk animals examined. In a comparison group of 70 dogs without knwon exposure to tuberculosis, two positive responses to USDA tuberculin were demonstrated and none to PPD."
1155449,"Adenosine deaminase (ADA) could be quantitated and the isozyme pattern characterized in cultured amniotic fluid cells. In 20 amniotic fluid cell cultures the mean specific activity was 14.3 U/g protein  +/- 6.7 (SD) and compared favorably with values of 14.6 U/g protein +/- 6.8 (SD) observed in 26 cultures of skin fibroblasts. In cultures of skin fibroblasts established from two obligate heterozygotes for ADA deficiency, the specific activity of ADA was 7.0 and 7.7 U/g protein. The ADA isozyme pattern that existed in cultures of amniotic fluid cells was the same as that observed in cultured skin fibroblasts. This identification of the same apparent enzyme may permit the prenatal diagnosis of that form of combined immunodeficiency disease caused by ADA deficiency. Residual enzyme activity of less than 1% and 10% of the mean of normal fibroblasts could be measured in cultured fibroblasts from two unrelated children with ADA deficiency and combined immunodeficiency disease. The tissue-specific enzyme from cultured skin fibroblasts from the child with 10% residual activity had a faster electrophoretic mobility and greater heat stability than normal ADA. This enzymatic evidence indicates that at least two mutant alleles exist at the locus for ADA which predispose to combined immunodeficiency disease when present in the homozygous state."
1155450,"Permanent teeth of 12 individuals with a 47,XYY  chromosome constitution have been examined. The tooth sizes of 47,XYY males were found to be larger than those of control males and females. In many instances the differences were statistically significant. Using these results, it was possible to conclude that a factor or factors which influence excess growth of 47,XYY males probably are in effect during prenatal life, but without doubt must be in effect very early in postnatal life. The time period needed for the achievement of final excess growth is relatively short, in the case of first permanent molars probably only from 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years. On the basis of the finding that the Y chromosome apparently carries genes affecting tooth sizes in normal males [1], it was suggested that gene products of the extra Y chromosome could cause the observed size difference between normal and 47,XYY males. The nature of the influence of one versus two Y chromosomes on growth was discussed in terms of the possible influence of the Y chromosome on the cell divisions within the developing tooth germ."
1155451,"Studies of a Mexican kindred present evidence for a unique phenotype of erythrocyte glucosephosphate isomerase, GPI Valle Hermoso. The proband was apparently the homozygous recipient of a mutant autosomal allele governing production of an isozyme characterized by decreased activity, marked thermal instability, normal kinetics and pH optimum, and normal starch gel electrophoretic patterns. Unlike previously known cases, leukocyte and plasma GPI activities were unimpaired. This suggested that the structural alteration primarily induced enzyme instability without drastically curtailing catalytic effectiveness, thereby allowing compensation by cells capable of continued protein synthesis. Age-related losses of GPI, however, were not evident by density-gradient fractionation of affected erythrocytes."
1155452,"Development of 11 girls (ages 2-10 years) with 47,XXX karyotype identified in a newborn survey is compared with eight girls having a mosaic sex chromatin pattern and with the normal siblings of each group. Delay in early motor development and speech, a mild intellectual deficit, and disturbance in interpersonal relationships occurred in one-third of the index cases, a higher frequency than in the comparison groups. two-thirds were considered normal and adequately adjusted. No consistent phenotype was found."
1155453,"Approximately 10% of the members of the Koya Dora tribe from Andhra Pradesh (India) carry an alpha chain hemoglobin variant, Hb Koya Dora (Hb KD), usually in amounts of 0.5%-2% of total hemoglobin. In four presumed homozygotes for Hb KD, up to 10% of the abnormal hemoglobin was present. The alpha chain of Hb KD was found to be elongated by at least 16 residues, possibly as a result of a mutation of the normal alpha chain termination codon UAA TO UCA, coding for serine. A pedigree in which two individuals possess Hb KD as well as the alpha chain variant Hb Rampa and normal Hb A proves the existence of two alpha chain loci in this population. Hb DK resembles the previously described Hb Constant Spring [6, 7] in many aspects, probably also in its alpha thalassemia-like expression."
1155454,"Polydactyly has an incidence in the American Indian twice that of Caucasians. A minimum estimate of this incidence is 2.40 per 1,000 live births. Preaxial type 1 has an incidence three to four times that reported for Caucasians or Negroes. The overall sex ratio in Indians is distorted with more males affected than females. The preaxial type 1 anomaly has a strong predilection for the hands and always is unilateral in contrast to postaxial type B where more than one-half are bilateral. The evidence to date, consisting of varying incidences of specific types of polydactyly among American whites, Negroes, and Indians in varying enviroments, suggests different gene-frequencies for polydactyly in each population. The incidence in Indians with 50% Caucasian admixture suggests that the factors controlling polydactyly are in large part genetically determined. Family studies and twin studies reported elsewhere offer no clear-cut genetic model which explains the highly variable gene frequencies."
1155455,"A kindred with an X-autosome translocation and differential inactivation of the X chromosome is described. The phenotypically normal mother has a reciprocal translocation [46,X,rcp(X;9) (q11;q32)] while the daughter's karyotype is unbalanced [46,X,--X,+der(9),rcp(X;9) (q11;q32)mat], indicating adjacent-two type of segregation in the mother. In the mother's cells the normal X is late replicating, while in the daughter's cells almost the entire der(9) is late replicating, indicating the presence of autosomal inactivation. The daughter's abnormal phenotype can be explained by her sex chromosomal complement and the absence of effective trisomy 9. At this stage there is no simple explanation to account for all types of inactivation patterns encountered in the 14 balanced and 15 unbalanced cases of X-autosome translocations reported to date. Selection of X inactivation is not an inherent characteristic of the X chromosome per se, and it is not dependent on the direction of chromosomal exchange, as was suggested previously. Correlation of the phenotypic and cytogenetic features of these patients suggests a pattern of X and autosomal inactivation consistent with the least amount of genotypic and phenotypic imbalance in most cases. The data are most consistent with random X inactivation followed by selection of the most viable cell line."
1155456,"The structural proteins of hair were solubilized by reduction of disulfide bonds in 6 M urea at alkaline pH. Following conversion of the proteins to the S-carboxy-methyl derivatives, disc electrophoresis was done in 6 M urea at pH 8.3. In about 5% of the individuals studied, a variation in the normal electrophoretic pattern was observed, and this was true of hair from different body sites. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was found in the four families investigated. The variant pattern was not associated with any detectable change in the color, shape, stree-strain characteristics, X-ray diffraction pattern, or amino acid composition of the hair. A similar variant pattern was also observed in nail. The most likely hypothesis is that there is a polymorphism of one of the alpha polypeptides, although a mutation of a rate-determining gene cannot be excluded."
1155457,"The genetic basis of familial variation in the relative intensities of human urinary pepsinogen isozymes is not completely clear from family studies. An investigation of the linkage relationships of pepsinogen isozyme 5, considering only segregation for the presence or absence of Pg 5, yields a peak lod score of 4.1 at theta = .1 for linkage with HL-A1 or HL-A2. Added to data from segregation interpreted according to a scheme proposed for the inheritance of intensity differences in Pg 5, the peak lod score becomes 3.0 at theta = .2. Data derived from the segregation of pepsinogen isozyme 4, possibly determined by an allele to that controlling the presence or absence of Pg 5, further reduces the total lod score at theta = .2 to 2.9. The results indicate probable linkage between a locus for urinary pepsinogen and the HL-A loci, but are insufficient to permit any conclusion concerning possible heterogeneity in the linkage relationships of Pg 4 and Pg 5 to HL-A."
1155458,"The validity of the reported association between GcAb and kuru is analyzed. Phenotypes with one or more GcAb genes have an increased incidence of the disease at the expense of Gc 1-1 and Gc 2-2. Incidence ratios of kuru associated with various phenotypes examined over the linguistic groups studied indicate that only Gc Ab-Ab persons have a significantly greater chance of dying of kuru. The association X2 for the incidence ratio for those phenotypes possessing only one GcAb gene is significant, but there is significant heterogeneity between groups studied. Those of the Gc Ab-Ab phenotype are six times as likely to contract kuru as the baseline group. Criticisms of this analysis include difficulties defining an adequate control group in such heterogeneous populations, errors in determination of Gc phenotypes, inclusion of persons incubating kuru in the control groups, and questions of validity of statistical tests in isolated inbred populations."
1155459,"Sib correlations for height and weight decrease with absolute age difference. Parent-child correlations increase with age of child, with greater resemblance to the mother than the father. Estimates of the relative variance due to common environment are greater, and heritability estimates less, than for earlier studies. Heritability is less for adults than children. There is no significant major locus for height or weight."
1155460,"A genetic analysis is presented of data from 22 Brazilian sibships with cases of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). Segregation  analysis performed using a 16K CDC 3100 computer showed a segregation frequency of .245 +/- .040, which is close to the expected value of .25. No sporadic cases were detected. The ascertainment of the probands was through multiple incomplete selection (pi = .55 +/- .07). The data are consistent with the hypothesis of an extremely rare autosomal recessive gene as the etiological factor in acheiropodia. Prevalence is estimated as 29 +/- 4, which is the same as the number of high risk cases; gene frequency equals .0009 +/- .0005, and the incidence at birth is 4 times 10(-6) by the indirect method or 7 times 10(-6) by the direct method. The frequency of heterozygotes at birth is assumed to be 0.18% (450 times the frequency of affected). Population size is approximately 10 million, and the number of founders on a unique-mutation hypothesis is estimated as about 500. All these estimates are first approximations and must be accepted with caution."
1155467,"The objective of this study was to measure the quality of pharmaceutical services provided to hospital inpatients. Using Donabedian's model, normative standards from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals and the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists were used to develop a personal interview schedule to access the structure and process components of pharmaceutical services. To determine the effect of bed size, rural vs. urban, and presence of a full- or part-time pharmacist on the quality of pharmaceutical services, three samples of short-term hospitals were drawn: a random sample of Mississippi hospitals with less than 100 beds; all Mississippi hospitals of 100 or more beds; and a sample of hospitals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In each of the 112 hospitals a personal interview was conducted with either the chief pharmacist or the administrator responsible for the pharmaceutical service. The responses to the items were then tabulated and a structure and a process score were obtained for each hospital. The following conclusions can be made: (1) The quality of the ""structural"" components is positively related to the bed size and not to whether the hospital is located in a rural or urban setting; (2) the quality of the ""process"" components is related to both the bed size and the location of the hospital--hospitals having 100 or more beds or located in an urban area have a higher process quality than those having less than 100 beds or located in a rural area; and (3) hospitals employing a full-time pharmacist have a higher quality of care than those who do not."
1155468,A procedure is described for reconstituting and packaging neutral cephalothin sodium in large numbers of underfilled minibags for i.v. bolus administration. A special rack to hold six 20-g Keflin vials was designed for the procedure which employs an automatic pipetting device in a laminar air flow hood. A reconstitution deck and needle holder are used in the admixing stage. The minibags are frozen and later thawed prior to dispensing. The average labor and material cost (excluding drug and minibag) ranges from $0.195 to $0.124 per minibag depending on batch size. The 20-g neutral cephalothin sodium vial improves speed of reconstitution and does not require transfer into an intermediate container during the packaging cycle.
1155469,"Formulation of a sterile preparation for the parenteral administration of a water insoluble drug is described. Methyl CCNU was first dissolved in absolute alcohol and slowly added to a fat emulsion, Intralipid. The preparation was found to be stable for eight hours at room temperature and seven days under refrigeration. After administration of the preparation to approximately 100 patients, no significant side effects were attributed to the fat emulsion."
1155470,The stability at room temperature of many pharmaceutical products labeled for storage under refrigeration is presented. The data were obtained through a survey of manufacturers. It is observed that many drug products labeled for refrigerated storage are stable at room temperature for extended periods.
1155471,"Training of radiopharmacists, including self-study and a hospital short-term course, is discussed. A systematic approach for self-study is suggested. The 30-day hospital training program described includes both didactic material and on-the-job experience."
1155472,"A program involving a pharmacist in the management of ambulatory hypertensive patients is discussed. A hypertension monitoring protocol was developed by a physician and a pharmacist. The protocol provided for initial patient assessment and treatment by the physician, counseling and education of the patient by the pharmacist, patient follow-up by the pharmacist every one to two months and follow-up by the physician every four to six months. In the first four months of the program, 28 of 75 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were referred by the physician to the pharmacist for follow-up."
1155473,"A survey was conducted to compare how pharmacists and physicians in Tennessee rated six sources of drug information (journals, textbooks, physicians, pharmacists, the Physicians' Desk Reference and detail men) in nine different categories. A one-page questionnaire was mailed to a 10% random sample of pharmacists and physicians. The physicians rated professional journals and the PDR consistently good and rated the pharmacist poor as a source of drug information. Pharmacists rated textbooks good and rated physicians poor for some categories of information. Both groups found the available information in certain categories to be inadequate."
1155474,"The patient profile card used in the provision of clinical pharmacy services at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics is discussed. The desirable aspects of the profile card are its (1) completeness, (2) flexibility, (3) portability and (4) documentation of service. Its current applications and possible additional applications in patient monitoring are described."
1155475,"Sixty-eight (17 per cent) of 380 patients with acute myocardial infarction had the bradycardia-hypotension syndrome (ventricular rate below 60/min and systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg) during the first 24 hours of admission to a large general hospital. In 61 of the 68 patients, the administration of atropine significantly increased the heart rate (from 46 plus or minus 14 to 79 plus or minus 12/min) (p less than 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (from 70 plus or minus 15 to 105 plus or minus 13 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001). In 26 of the 68 patients, ventricular premature complexes decreased from 9.4 plus or minus 3/min to 2.4 plus or minus 0.7/min (p less than 0.001) after the administration of atropine. It is concluded that the bradycardia-hypotension syndrome is not an uncommon complication following acute myocardial infarction and that selected doses of atropine may have a beneficial effect without significant complications."
1155476,"Right and left ventricular function was evaluated in 21 men with cirrhosis and tense ascites during staged removal of ascitic fluid. During paracentesis it was observed (1) that there was a significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, right and left ventricular stroke work and mean rate of systolic ejection; (2) that up to a certain stage of drainage (about 5,000 ml), there was a relationship between the amount of fluid removed and the intraabdominal and right atrial pressures and (3) that there was a direct relationship between improvement of cardiac function and normalization of right atrial pressure. It is believed that the increased intra-abdominal hydrostatic pressure acting upon the diaphragm affects the intrathoracic pressure to such an extent that the transmural filling pressure of the heart is reduced, and the mean pressure and respiratory pulsations of the right atrium increased, all of which impede venous return. Improved cardiac function during paracentesis appears to be due to an augmented filling of the heart and to a larger venous return."
1155477,"A consumption coagulopathy was demonstrated in each of four patients with either ruptured aneurysm of the aorta or a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The most prominent features of this disorder were (1) a prolonged prothrombine time due to a decrease of one or more clotting factors, and (2) formation of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products. Recognition of this coagulation disorder could be a valuable diagnostic tool to differentiate a ruptured or dissecting aortic aneurysm from other conditions with a similar acute onset. The coagulation disorder could be due to liberation of coagulant material from the aortic wall into the circulation or to an accumulation of clotting factors at the site of the lesion, secondary to the local exposition of tissue factors from the torn arterial wall. The probability of the latter mechanism is suggested by the local increase of radioactivity after the injection of 125I-fibrinogen."
1155478,"The pathophysiology of the microangiopathy of diabetes mellitus is poorly understood, and the relevance of carbohydrate intolerance remains uncertain. Four patients are presented with renal abnormalities suggestive of diffuse diabetic glomeruloscierosis. These patients have no evidence of carbohydrate intolerance by standard clinical technics. A familial incidence of diabetes mellitus and delayed insulin response to an oral glucose load support a classification of prediabetes or suspected diabetes mellitus for these patients. Early intercapillary nodule formation was seen in only two of the four patients. In the absence of this infrequent pathognomonic finding, an alternate approach to the diagnosis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis is suggested. Diffuse glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening, consistently present with diabetic glomerulosclerosis, is demonstrated by measurements utilizing the latex microsphere technic. The mean glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness of these patients was 4,403 A, compared with the control value of 3.098 A (P less than 0.001). Other pathologic findings suggestive of diabetic nephropathy include efferent arteriolosclerosis and linear immunofluorescence without electron dense deposits or inflammation. Skeletal muscle capillary basement membranes of all four patients also demonstrated significant thickening. The mean value for the patients was 1,510 A, as compared with a control value of 961 A (P less than 0.001). The importance of this muscle capillary basement membrane thickening to the diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy is discussed. The pathologic alterations in the renal biopsy specimens and the demonstration of muscle capillary basement membrane thickening strongly suggest that diabetic glomerulosclerosis may occur in the absence of overt clinical carbohydrate intolerance."
1155479,"The entry of ampicillin, cephalothin and gentamicin into traceobronchopulmonary secretions/exudates was assessed in 22 patients during 28, episodes of pneumonia or bronchitis. Specimens were collected from the lower respiratory tract via tracheostomies or endotracheal tubes using either the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (50 specimens) or an intratracheal catheter (59 specimens). Venous blood was obtained at the same time. The concentrations in the bronchial specimens were less than those in the corresponding serums, amounting to about 10 per cent with ampicillin, 25 per cent with cephalothin and equal to or greater than 40 per cent with gentamicin."
1155480,"Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), an autosomal recessive defect of diamino acid transport, is characterized chemically by renal hyperdiaminoaciduria, especially lysinuria, and by impaired formation of urea with hyperammonemia after protein ingestion. Our 20 patients thrived during breast-feeding, but ingestion of cow's milk caused diarrhea and vomiting. When able to select their diet, they rejected all protein-rich foods. They were short staturated and had weak atrophic muscles, osteoporosis, hepatomegaly and often splenomegaly. Four patients were mentally retarded. Fifteen patients had leukocyte counts below 4,000/mm3, and 17 patients had platelet counts below 150,000/mm3. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was constantly increased, and transaminase and aldolase activities were often increased. In the infants' livers, changes were only revealed by electron microscopy: increased and vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and abundance of glycogen particles in the hepatocytes. In the older patients, light microscopy demonstrated clearly limited areas where hepatocytes had large pale cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei. The diamino acids lysine, arginine and ornithine had plasma concentrations only one-third to one-half the normal mean; the renal clearances were clearly increased. Oral diamino acid loading tests suggested impaired intestinal absorption. Urea is built in the liver through transformation of ornithine to arginine, and cleavage of arginine to ornithine and urea. The addition of ornithine to an intravenous I-alanine loading prevented the hyperammonemia and normalized the urea production. Therefore, the diet has been supplemented with arginine, and more protein has been added. This therapy has lead to a remarkable catch-up growth in some patients. The pathophysiology of LPI is explained. Because of defective intestinal absorption and incrased renal loss, the diamino acids have a low plasma concentration. Their transport from plasma to hepatocytes is also impaired, and the liver becomes deficient in ornithine. This retards the urea cycle, and leads to postprandial hyperammonemia and protein aversion. The presence of the transport defect in the hepatocytes distinguishes LPI from other hyperdibasicaminoacidurias."
1155482,"Seven cases of adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn's disease are reviewed. In three of the patients, small bowel cancers developed in association with reginal enteritis. In four patients, carcinoma of the colon was superimposed on Crohn's colitis. In two of these, the adenocarcinoma infiltrated chronic colocutaneous fistulas. Review of the literature shows an increasing number of reports of carcinoma complicating Crohn's disease, with a total of 36 cases of small bowel cancer and 30 cases of colon cancer previously reported. The significane of these and our own cases is discussed. The possibility of carcinoma must be kept in mind by clinicians following patients with Crohn's disease. Adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn's disease occurs at a younger age, on the average, and in areas similar to the distribution of Crohn's disease rather than the usual distribution of the cancer. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult, but changes in the nature of chronic fistulas should be investigated."
1155483,"A patient presenting with tetany was found to have thoracic outlet obstruction. This was treated by transaxillary first rib resection, and good relief of the carpal spasm was obtained. The mechanism whereby neurovascular compression may produce tetany is discussed."
1155485,"The clinical features of a patient with macroglobulinemia and pneumococcal erysipelas are presented. The cellular and humoral factors generated by the host to contain acute pneumococcal tissue invasion are described, and their activities in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias are discussed."
1155486,"A 40 year old man with eosinophilic leukemia was treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. A long-term remission, unusual for eosinophilic leukemia, was maintained with chronic hydroxyurea therapy after induction with vincristine. Hydroxyurea and vincristine may offer an effective mode of therapy for this disease."
1155487,"The applicability, reliability and accuracy of various carbohydrate media in the determination of fermentation reactions of 16 Pasteurella and Actinobacillus isolates were investigated. Laboratory prepared and commercially prepared carbohydrate media were inoculated with known test organisms and results were compared with those obtained at the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Only two of the 15 media tested reproduced more than 90 per cent of the reactions obtained at CDC. Significant differences in performance were noted depending on source and type of dehydrated media, manufacturer, type of carbohydrate and isolate studied. Considerations for media selection are summarized."
1155488,"Blood specimens were collected from 50 hospitalized geriatric patients with a range of chronic diseases. Analyses were conducted for 12 plasma components. Additional tests were performed on patients with abnormal results in the first tests. Of the 50 patients, 21 (42 per cent) had biochemical abnormalities, often unexpected on the basis of current diagnoses. It is suggested that routine biochemical screening should be conducted on geriatric patients at regular intervals."
1155490,Calculated elimination rate constants of tobramycin were correlated with endogenous creatinine clearances in 128 normal subjects or patients with various degrees of renal impairment. A similar correlation was made with serum creatinine concentration in 85 subjects. Superimposition of these regression lines permitted calculation of daily maintenance dosage ranges for tobramycin in patients with all degrees of impairment of renal function as determined by either creatinine clearances or serum creatinine concentrations. These maintenance dosage ranges are presented in a simplified figure.
1155492,"Light microscopy of the biopsied quadriceps muscles during paralysis in 17 patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) showed no abnormalities in 23.5 per cent, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation in 35.5 per cent, atrophy of muscle fibers in 29.4 per cent, central nuclei in 23.5 per cent, fatty infiltration in 17.6 per cent, vacuolation in 11.8 per cent, and sarcoplasmic masses in 11.8 per cent. The muscle specimens were also examined by electron microscopy in ten of these patients; the main changes observed were vacuolation (90 per cent), mitochondrial abnormalities (100 per cent), glycogen granules accumulation (100 per cent), disruption of the myofibers (50 per cent), and changes in the T-system (40 per cent). The light and electron microscopic changes in the skeletal muscles during paralysis were not well correlated with the severity of the muscle weakness of hypokalemia."
1155494,"A 20-year-old female with congenital venous malformations in her left lower extremity had a self-limited, moderate consumption coagulopathy following angiographic studies. This episode was documented by both conventional coagulation studies and by 125l fibrinogen survival studies. It seems likely that venography triggered a local inflammation in the vascular malformations, which resulted in a localized consumption coagulopathy which abated as did the phlebitis in three weeks. We are aware of no prior reports of this complication of venography. Patients with venous malformations who undergo venography should have appropriate coagulation screening performed before and after the procedure so that any similar episode can be promptly diagnosed and treated, if treatment is deemed necessary."
1155489,"This paper is concerned with the question of whether elderly people (ages 65-84) are more likely to develop coronary heart disease (CHD) if they continue or stop cigarette smoking. Age-standardized CHD rates and mortality ratios have been computed from data available in four major prospective cohort investigations of smoking and health. The data examined gave consistent results. For elderly men, there were no appreciable excess risks of CHD mortality or morbidity among cigarette smokers compared to ex-cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers. For elderly women, the CHD rates seemed lower in continuing cigarette smokers than in ex-cigarette smokers. These results obtained from cohort data are concordant with previous analyses of secular data. Among elderly people, the risk of CHD is essentially the same with persistence of cigarette smoking than with its cessation."
1155493,"Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) as detected by radioimmunoassay have been found to be present in prepubertal children and show a gradual rise until the onset of puberty. Children with idiopathic true precocious puberty have plasma gonadotropin levels which are appropriate for their advanced degree of sexual development. A potent progestational agent, 6-methyl-17-hydroxyprogesterone acetate or medroxyprogesterone has been used in the treatment of precocious puberty and will suppress its physical manifestations. In this study the effect of medroxyprogesterone on gonadotropin levels was investigated in seven girls with true precocious puberty. Plasma LH values were found to be significant lower in patients receiving this agent than in a group of normal prepubertal girls. FSH values did not differ from the control group. One patient was evaluated prior to treatment and showed decreasing levels of LH after therapy was begun. These data suggest that medroxyprogesterone may act on the pituitary-hypothalamic axis to suppress the pubertal levels of LH."
1155499,"While it  has been noted that amniotic fluid glucose is increased in patients withdiabetes mellitus, the exact significance of this finding is not known.  Our study of amniotic fluid glucose in 53 amniotic fluid samples from 41 patients shows a high correlation of amniotic fluid glucose levels of 30 mg. per 100 ml. or greater with neonatal hypoglycemia.  We have also found elevated amniotic fluid glucose levels in patients whose onlyother indication of abnormal glucose metabolism was recurrent glycosuria.  Thepossible significance of these findings is discussed."
1155495,"Localized collection of fluid in an interlobar fissure as a consequence of congestive heart failure is a well-known entity. It has been termed vanishing tumor because of its appearance as a mass lesion in the lung and its propensity to resolve with diuretic therapy. We report a case of loculated pleural effusion in the subcostal pleural space without interlobar fluid collection. This was initially thought to represent an occult metastatic malignancy; however, the cause of the density became obvious when it disappeared with therapy of heart failure and recurred concurrent with cardiac decompensation. Loculated pleural effusion must be included in the differential diagnosis of roentgenographic densities in the chest when seen in subcostal as well as in interlobar locations."
1155491,"To eliminate many of the practical problems inherent in the collection of feces and in the chemical determination of fecal fat, a radioactive marker (131Ba) was combined with a labeled fat (131l-triolein) to measure fat absorption in man. The ratios of radioactivity of 131Ba/131l in a prepared capsule and that found in a random ""grab"" stool specimen after oral administration of the capsule were compared to determine the amount of fat absorbed. In an initial 36 patients, this double-label technique accurately separated normal from abnormal fat absorption as determined by the usual methods of quantitative fecal fat measurement. Results in an additional 102 patients and in 26 normals accurately reflected their clinical states. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated more complete recovery of added lipid (99 percent) by radioactive techniques than by chemical analysis (86 per cent). The double-label technique not only seems more accurate than usual quantitative fecal fat determinations, but also greatly simplifies the measurement of fat absorption in man by eliminating the need for special diets, quantitative stool collections, and chemical analysis of stool."
1155496,"A patient with Hodgkin's disease with acute urinary retention caused by herpes zoster is presented. Two other similar cases previously reported in the literature are reviewed  along with a review of English literature on herpes zoster causing urinary retention and on other genitourinary problems in Hodgkin's disease. Because of increased incidence of herpes zoster in Hodgkin's disease, recognition of this complication is stressed since other causes of actue urinary retention in Hodgkin's disease have serious implications."
1155501,"The emphasis to date in the DES syndrome has been confined to the presence of adenosis in the vagina and the occassional adenocarcinoma which may arise from this ectopic glandular epithelium (less than 250 to date).  As these patients mature, however, the glandular epithelium in the vagina is replaced by squamous metaplastic epithelium.  Forty-six patients with benign vaginal adenois were observed colposcopically for up to 2 years. Atypical squamous epithelium (white epithelium, punctation, or mosiac pattern) was observed in 40 of the 46 patients.  Colposcopically directed biopsy revealed six cases ofdysplasia (mild to severe) and one unequivocal case of in situ squamous carcinoma.  These squamous lesions in the vagina were identical, both colposcopically and histologically,to similiar lesions on the cervix.  These data suggest that squamous neoplasia may be more frequent in the future of the DES-exposed patient than adenocarcinoma."
1155502,"The acute effects of calcitonin (CT), a hypocalcemic hormone to act by inhibiting bone resorption, were studied in rhesus monkeys in late pregnancy.  Salmon CT was injected intravenously into either mother or fetus and the concentration of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in maternal plasma, fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid measured.  Maternal CT administration produced a gradual fall in maternal plasma calcium levels and, to a lesser extent, in maternal plasma phosphorus levels.  Both depth and duration of maternal hypocalcemia were related to dose.  In addition, the dbree of hypocalcemic response was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant animals at equivalent dosage levels.  Hypocalcemia induced in the mother by CT injection was not reflected in fetal hypocalcemia.  Fetal CT administration produced a triphasic response in fetal plasma calcium, consisting of a prompt initial drop followed by a return to or above the baselineand then a more gradual decline.  Bth the initial and the secondary hypocalcemic responses in the fetus were dose-related in terms of depth and duration.  These observations suggest that CT MAY BE AN IMPORTANT HORMONE IN BOTH MATERNAL AND FETAL PHYSIOLOGY."
1155497,"We report the first case of adenocarcinoma of the stomach associated with severe hypoglycemia. Accompanying the profound hypoglycemia, as low as 5 mg per cent by the orthotoluidine method, were multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia which were abolished by glucose infusion. Following surgical excision of a hemorrhagic portion of the tumor, normoglycemia levels were achieved and ventricular irritability was no longer present. The possible mechanisms of hypoglycemia in extrapancreatic tumors are discussed as well as a mechanism for hypoglycemic-induced ventricular tachycardia. It is postulated that hemorrhage of a necrotic tumor may release large amounts of an insulin-like substance and cause hypoglycemic coma."
1155503,"From January 1, 1947, through December 31, 1971, 219 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the intact uterine cervix were treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute.  Two modes of therapy were primarily used, namely, irradiationtherapy alone and irradiation therapy plus operation.  The 5 year survival resultsare 83.7 per cent for patients with Stage i disease, 48.0 per cent for patients with Stage ii disease, 29.2 per cent for patients with Stage iii disease, and 0.0 per cent for patients with Stage iv disease.  The group with irradiation plus operation had a better over-all survival rate.  In addition, the incidence of central and pelvic recurrent disease was remarkably lower (fourfold difference).  The urologic and bowel complications are discussed.  This review lends support for our practice of preoperative irradiation followed by simple (constructive) hysterectomy for selected patients eith adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix."
1155507,"Abortion is a nationwide problem. This paper summarizes the original decisions of the Supreme Court and interprets those decisions and subsequent decisions of the various federal and state cases as they apply to physicians and hospitals. The legal duties, obligations, and responsibilities as well as the rights of health care providers in providing abortions to women are reviewed. The present status of the legal rights of parents, husbands, and fathers is discussed. The problems of payment for abortion services by third parties, welfare agencies, and insurance carriers are presented. The social impact of legalized abortion, the present status of abortion, and the legal guidelines for the performance of abortion are noted."
1155508,"Although anaerobic bacteria are being reported more frequently as causes of pelvic infections, few investigators have carefully studied these organisms in the normal female genital flora. This study describes the aerobic and anaerobic flora of 100 women prior to their undergoing hysterectomy. Anaerobic organisms were isolated from 86 per cent of the cultures in combination with aerobic organisms. Of the anaerobes the gram-positive cocci were the most common isolates (154 isolates in 74 cultures). The anerobic gram-positive rods (41 isolates in 38 cultures) were second, followed by the anerobic gram-negative rods (32 isolates in 29 cultures) and the anerobic gram-negative cocci (16 isolates in 15 cultures). The gram-positive cocci were most prevalent aerobic organisms isolated (149 isolates in 85 cultures)."
1155509,"One hundred and eleven cases of vaginal hysterectomy for sterilization, performed over a period of five and a half years, were analyzed and compared with alternative methods of female sterilization. The mean operating time for vaginal hysterectomy was 98 minutes, and the mean length of hospitalization was 9.5 days. Immediate morbidity of one sort or another occurred in 89 cases (90.0 per cent), while the incidence of standard morbidity was 40.9 percent (35 cases). These data compare most unfavorably with findings for interval tubal ligation by either the vaginal or laparoscopic approach. Our data indicate that vaginal hysterectomy for sterilization should be used only in selected patients where there is a clear indication for hysterectomy above and beyond the desire for sterilization."
1155510,"Cystine animopeptidase (CAP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in choriocarcinoma cells grown in culture were assayed and characterized electrophoretically. The specific activity of CAP in choriocarcinoma was about 1.5-fold greater than the specific activity of term placenta. The extract of choriocarcinoma contained an enzyme which is similar to one of the pregnancy-specific serum aminopeptidases in electrophoretic mobility and in resistance to inhibition by 0.1M methionine. The CAP activity was not increased in either the cells or the medium by growing the cells in the presence of oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone, or prostaglandin F-2alpha. It was tentatively concluded that choriocarcinoma cells produce CAP and that it is not regulated by any of these hormones."
1155511,"Experience with colpocystography used routinely in 586 cases of genital prolapse and urinary stress incontinence is described. Radiologic aspects are discussed and related to clinical findings by means of an original classification. The technique is described in detail. Systematic opacification of the urethra permits the study of changes in the urethrovaginal region. Contrary to prevailing opinion, the lower urinary system and the anterior vaginal wall do not participate concomitantly in the process of prolapse but sliding bladder prolapse, which may cause urinary stress incontinence, is often seen. Colpocystography is simple, easy, inexpensive, and safe. Its use in surgical gynecology assits in evaluation the tactical and technical indications, assessing the effectiveness of the operation, and studying recurrences and postoperative complications."
1155512,"Navajo Indian intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) and oral contraceptive users between 1966 and 1971 were followed up to estimate life table rates of complications and continuation. Because of high rates of dropping out, 41.6 per cent of 291 oral contraceptive users and 18.2 per cent of 534 IUD users, a 26 per cent sample survey of the dropout population was used to collate the dropout population data into the life table analysis. Estimates of the IUD continuation rates for one, two, and three years are similar to rates published elsewhere; however, continuation rates for the oral contraceptive are clearly lower than those for other populations, which only 33 per cent continuing after one year, 23 per cent after two years, and 12 per cent after three years. The IUD user is two to three times more successful than the oral contraceptive user in this population."
1155513,"The results of a prospective investigation into the reliability of amnioscopy in the detection of meconium staining of the liquor amnii is presented. Under the conditions which prevail in most obstetric units, amnioscopy was found to be an unreliable method of detecting meconium staining of the liquor amnii. False-positive findings are infrequent but false-negative findings are common."
1155514,"Metabolic control was evaluated under standard conditions in pregnant gestational and insulin-dependent diabetic patients and control subjects from: (1) changes during an 8 hour period in blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, ketone bodies, chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), and insulin during the last trimester and (2) changes from weeks 32 to 40 in fasting blood glucose, FFA, glycerol, and ketone bodies. Mean glucose levels calculated from five daily analysis 28 days before delivery were determined in insulin-dependent and gestational diabetic patients (pregnancy glucose level). Group mean 8 hour glucose levels were similar in diabetic patients and control subjects, but glucose swings were greater in diabetic patients. Gestational diabetic patients had delayed insulin response following meals. FFA, glycerol, and ketone bodies varied in parallel with a simmilar pattern in diabetic patients and control subjects. Insulin-dependent diabetic patients had suppressed lipid mobilization in the afternoon when glucose levels were almost normal. In control subjects, FFA, glycerol, and ketone bodies were not above normal nonpregnant values. Diabetic patients showed great individual variations in all parameters measured. FFA and ketone bodies were significantly above normal; glycerol and glucose were normal. Pregnancy glucose levels were significantly correlated to a mean amplitude of glycemic swings (MAGE) determined from the 8 hour glucose profiles. The glucose value 2 hours after breakfast correlated best to the MAGE value."
1155515,"Crohn's disease is occasionally associated with pregnancy, but only rarely does the firth manifestation of Crohn's disease appear during pregnancy. Two cases of Crohn's disease commencing during pregnancy are reported. The English-language literature reveals eight others-a total of 10. Review of these 10 cases indicates that surgery was required during pregnancy or shortly afterward in six. The 10 pregnancies yielded 11 infants, six of whom died. In this unusual situation there is an increased risk to both mother and infant. Progress of the intestinal disease may make surgical treatment during pregnancy urgently necessary."
1155516,"Direct fetal monitoring was employed in 608 patients, 96 per cent of whom were though to be at ""high risk"". A definite rise in the primary cesarean section rate occurred, but 107 cesarean sections were averted. Fetal deaths after admission as well as the total perinatal mortality rates were reduced. Apgar scores were recorded, and low Apgar scores correlated with fetal distress patterns. Complications consisted of only one uterine perforation and two cephalohematomas; no evidence of puerperal pyrexia was noted secondary to intrauterine catheter placement."
1155517,"Amniotic fluid bubble stability and creatinine concentration are analyzed in relation to the L/S ratio and clinical outcome. Bubble stability by the standard method showed 20.5 per cent (31/151) initial disagreement between two laboratories, 53.6 per cent (81/151) correlation with L/S ratio, and did not correlate well with patient outcome. However, a ""foamy"" test, i.e., foam noticeable at a distance, in both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions, indicated an elevated L/S ratio and mature pulmonary outcome. Amniotic fluid creatinine levels showed an estimated 5 to 6 per cent risk for RDS at levels we formerly thought to be safe (greater than or equal to 2.0 mg. per 100 ml. with maternal serum less than or equal to 0.9 mg. per 100 ml.), and has many false-negative values. Fetal maturity can be estimated with clinical data and amniotic fluid analysis. Amniotic fluid sampling is necessary in all instances where the clinical data leave a reasonable doubt of actual gestational age and in all cases for elective preterm delivery. We recommend a sequential approach to amniotic fluid analysis. First a bubble stability test (a ""foamy"" at both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions indicates pulmonary maturity). If the bubble stability test is not ""foamy"", an L/S ratio. The risk of RDS associated with creatinine concentration makes this test unacceptable in any case of elective delivery; however, it may be useful as a weighing factor in emergency situations where phospholipid analysis is unavailable."
1155518,"We performed a retrospective study of the morbidity and mortality rates of 125 infants, born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and admitted to the newborn intensive-care unit for observation. A comparison was made of maternal age, history of toxemia, type of anesthesia, duration of analgesia, presence of cord complications, abnormalities of fetal heart rate, duration of meconium staining, birth weight, gestational age, 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores, and type of resuscitation between infants who were symptomatic or asymptomatic in the unit. Forty-three developed respiratory distress (symptomatic) and eight died; 82 were asymptomatic. The only difference between the two groups was a history of immediate tracheal suction in the delivery room. Of 97 infants receiving immediate tracheal suction, 27 became symptomatic and one died--an infant with Down's syndrome and endocardial cushion defect. On the other hand, of 28 infants who did not receive immediate tracheal suction, 16 became symptomatic and seven died of massive meconium aspiration pneumonitis (P less than 0.001). We concluded that in infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, immediate tracheal suction is a safe procedure that significantly lowers the morbidity and mortality rates and produces no further respiratory depression of the infant."
1155519,"Amniotic fluid (AF) lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) rations were obtained in 223 pregnancies. Gestations complicated by maternal diabetes (71), vascular disease (50), and fetal growth retardation (47) were included. Elevated L/S ratios at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation were observed to accompany maternal vascular disease; higher rat;os were also related to fetal sex (female) and race (black). Declining L/S rations were observed in 14 of 35 diabetic patients studied serially (40 per cent) and were accompanied by increased perinatal morbidity and deaths. These data suggest an urgent need for further studies concerning the clinical usefulness of a serial decline in the L/S ration as a predictor of fetal compromise."
1155527,"Segments of human endometrium, obtained during different stages of the menstrual cycle, were fixed in glutaraldehyde, processed by critical point drying, coated with carbon and gold, than observed with a scanning electron microscope under magnifications varying from 20 to 200,000. The endometrium was basically made of two different types of cells: secretory nonciliated cells and ciliated cells. Different types of secretory cells at different stages of secretory cycles were observed. The endometrial secretion is apocrine: the apical cell membrane of the endometrial cell ruptures, releasing secretory material. The rupture of cells within a given segment of the endometrium is asynchronous. Development of aptical microvilli, synthesis, storage, and release of endometrial secretory granules, and ciliogenesis are hormone dependent. The response of the ciliated and secretory cells of the endometrium varies throughout the menstrual cycle. This is particularly noted in cell specialization, the development of apical microcilli, and ciliogenesis."
1155528,"To investigate whether the amount of the tissue removed at conization could influence the frequency of postoperative hemorrhage, the size of 221 cone specimens was measured in two different series. The 119 patients in the first series were operated upon mainly during 1972 and the second series of 102 patients mainly during 1973. The cones in Series II were empirically reduced following the technique proposed by Crisp and associates. Actual measurements demonstrated that the specimens in Series II were smaller than in Series I. The frequency of bleeding following conization was 4 per cent in the second series but as high as 21 per cent in the first series. Postconization hemorrhages, however, were unrelated to the size of the individual cone specimens in the different series. The operative technique used in Series II appears to be responsible for the decrease in the amount of postconization hemorrhages."
1155529,"In a study group of 102 patients in whom colposcopy examinations were done, a series of 67 selected biopsies and 47 cold-knife conizations were performed. All patients had suspicious or positive Papanicolaou smears. There was a 96 to 98 per cent correlation between the colposcopic findings, biopsies, and cone specimens."
1155530,"Mid-trimester abortion was successfully induced in 70 of 71 patients by administration of vaginal PGE2 suppositories. The one patient who failed to abort with this method was pregnant in the blind horn of a duplex uterus. The mean abortion time for the successful inductions was 11.88 hours. Multiparous patients aborted somewhat faster than nulliparous patients, but the difference was not significant. Among the 70 successful inductions 42 patients aborted in 12 hours or less and only one patient had an abortion time of more than 24 hours. The drug appeared effective throughout the stages of gestation included in this series--from 8 to 27 weeks. Eight patients were monitored throughout the abortion procedure and uterine activity was calculated and analyzed. The development of uterine activity was gradual without the sudden rise in frequency of contractions and intrauterine baseline tonus that characterized prostaglandin administered by other methods. The most frequently encountered side effect of vaginal PGE2 suppositories was a temperature elevation, which returned to normal within a few hours of the last dose of the drug. Gastrointestinal disturbances--vomiting and diarrhea--were also common, despite a low initial dose of PGE2 and premedication with antiemetic and antidiarrheal agents. These side effects were in general well tolerated by the patients and never required termination of therapy. The cardiovascular effects of PGE2 in this series could be considered minimal. In a single patient surgical intervention was required to remove the placenta. In seven patients the placenta was removed by sponge forceps and in five patients the placenta was removed manually. There was an estimated blood loss exceeding 250 ml. in 10 patients, but transfusion was not required. Although white blood cell count rose significantly during the abortion period there were no significant changes in hematocrit or platelet count. Mid-trimester abortion with intravaginal administration of PGE2 suppositories appears to offer a valid alternative to the presently available techniques, with a rapid abortion time, high success rate, and low incidence of complications."
1155531,"Rho is a newly described acute-phase serum protein which increases in titer in response to a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases. It is present in 100 per cent of sera from pregnant women by the twentieth week of gestation, rises in titer until term, and then falls slowly during the postpartum period. It was barely detectable in some fetal sera and in some amniotic fluid samples near the end of the first half of gestation, and it could not be demonstrated in fetal tissue obtained at that time. Fetal serum titers increase with gestational age, but fetal levels remain below those of maternal sera. Undifferentiated placental tissue and estrogen/progestin do not appear to evoke rho antigen production. The stimulating mechanism during gestation remains unknown."
1155532,Two sets of twins and two sets of triplets were delivered in a group of 126 pregnant drug addicts. The over-all multiple-birth incidence of 1:32 is three times more prevalent than that found in the general population. Three of the four multiple births were dizygotic. The mothers with the dizygotic multiple births were on moderate to elevated levels of heroin or methadone at the time of conception. Mechanisms are presented to help explain why narcotics may cause supraovulation and multiple births.
1155533,The blast transformation of peripheral leukocytes from pregnant and nonpregnant women has been studied at different time intervals with graded concentrations of phytohemagglutinin. The transformation is markedly depressed during pregnancy. Leukocytes from nonpregnant women and men show diminished transformation when cultured in a medium containing plasma from pregnant women.
1155534,"Total plasma cortisol in cord and neonatal blood was measured by a radioassay method in neonates resulting from (1) term vaginal delivery following uncomplicated labor (control group), (2) term vaginal delivery following fetal distress during labor, (3) postterm, postmature vaginal delivery following fetal distress during labor, and (4) postterm, postmature emergency cesarean section performed because of signs of severe fetal distress during labor. Comparison of the mean peripheral plasma cortisol values showed that whereas the mean level (plus or minus S.E.) of the distressed term neonates (22.2 plus or minus 5.3 mug per 100 ml.) use 180 per cent of that of the control group (12.3 plus or minus 1.1 mug per 100 ml.; P smaller than 0.01) the mean level for the vaginally delivered postmature group (7.5 plus or minus 1.8 mug per 100 ml.) was only 61 per cent of that of the control group (P smaller than 0.05). Furthermore, in the postmature group with sufficient intrapartum distress to warrant emergency cesarean section the mean level (4.6 plus or minus 1.5 mug per 100 ml.) was found to be only 37 per cent of that of the control group. No differences were observed among the cord plasma cortisol values. These results are strongly suggestive of a relative adrenocortical insufficiency in postmature neonates. Such insufficiency could result from a defect in any portion of the adrenal-pituitary-hypothalamic axis. Effort is under way to further define such a defect."
1155535,"There were 177 pairs of twins reviewed. The incidence of twin pregnancy was 1:112.2 deliveries in a population consisting of 76.8 per cent Mexican-Americans. The incidence of breech, cesarean section, and assisted deliveries was higher in twins than singleton deliveries, and the incidence was higher in twin 2 than twin 1. Mortality rates, fetal and neonatal, were lower than those previously reported. Neonatal findings and complications include low Apgar scores, small-for-dates infants, hyaline membrane disease, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and congenital malformation. The increased incidence of deaths and morbidity in twin pregnancy, as compared to singleton pregnancy, was attributed to prematurity, and to complications and diseases pertaining to prematurity, rather than to twinning per se."
1155537,"Seven patients with basal cell epithelioma of the eyelids, canthi, or periorbital skin who were initially treated by Mohs' chemosurgery or by fresh-staged excisions developed complications directly referable to the initial method of excision. Five patients achieved excellent results. Methods of one-staged complete excision and plastic reconstruction were used when tumor excision was incomplete. When excision was complete, secondary reconstructive surgery was sometimes necessary to assuage the effects of healing by granulation."
1155538,"We examined 20 corneas of ten subjects to determine the amounts and distribution of immunoglobulins and albumin. Immunoglobulins IgG and IgA were found in all corneas, were at the same level centrally and peripherally, and were at one-half and one-fifth the serum levels respectively. The amount of cornea IgG correlated with serum IgG, but not with IgA. Immunoglobulin IgM was present in five of the ten sets of eyes. No IgM was detected in the central buttons of four of the five sets where IgM occurred in the corneal periphery. Albumin was present in all corneas, but less centrally than peripherally. The cornea contains high levels of antibody proteins."
1155539,"Varying concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride were topically applied to the rabbit eye in several ophthalmic vehicles. The antibiotic levels in the corneal epithelium, aqueous humor, and lens were markedly elevated by increasing the drug concentration and the drug contact time with the eye. The ocular levels of tetracycline were increased by the vehicle in this ascending order: isotonic saline, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, 1% alpha-methylcellulose, and a 6:4 mixture of white petrolatum-mineral oil ointment. Tetracycline hydrochloride as a 2.0% suspension in ointment produced anterior chamber and corneal concentrations for several hours in the range of bacteriostasis for many gram-negative bacteria that occasionally invade the eye."
1155540,"Glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, and hydration were measured in rabbit corneal epithelium to determine whether the corneal epithelium glycogen decrease, increase in epithelial hydration, and decrease in epithelial adenosine triphosphate stores, seen as a result of contact lens wear, were secondary only to anoxia or may also have resulted from mild trauma, with no interference to oxygenation. Conventional contact lens wear, trauma, and oxygen-permeable contact lens wear caused metabolic changes, showing trauma as well as anoxia may play an important role in the corneal epithelial response to contact lens wear."
1155541,"A chin-operated switch was developed to permit control of motorized operating microscope movement simultaneously along three axes. It permits use of both feet to operate surgical modalities, decreases microscope positioning time, and decreases needless hand movements."
1155542,"Of 17 healthy adults without nystagmus who ingested 100 mg of pentobarbital sodium, six had up-beating, gaze-evoked vertical nystagmus 12 hours later. Three of them had nystgmus 36 hours later, but none of them had it 60 hours later. Therefore, one should be reluctant to ascribe this type of nystagmus to a disease of the central nervous system in patients who received a barbiturate within several days of examination."
1155545,"We employed pars plana vitrectomy for several different indications in 100 eyes. In 51 eyes, the operation was performed for complications of pholiferative diabetic retinopathy. Improved visual acuity was our only criterion of success, and this varied widely depending on the specific indication forsurgery. Vision improved in all eight eyes undergoing anterior segment reconstruction and in none of three eyes with preoperative retinal detachment complicated by massive vitreous retraction. There was a high incidence of retinal tears complicating the operations in the series (37%). These retinal breaks could usually be closed at the time of the initial operation, and retinal detachment that could not be successfully managed developed in only four eyes."
1155546,"We developed two techniques to combine vitrectomy with cataract extraction. In technique 1, we used the lens fragmenter to break up cataractous lenses with 1+ to 2+ nuclear sclerosis. The vitrophage removed the lens and opaque vitreous body through a single pars plana incision. In technique 2, if the knife did not penetrate the nucleus (in the presence of 3+ or more nuclear sclerosis), we removed the lens through a corneal incision and immediately performed a vitrectomy with a vitrophage through a corneal incision and immediately performed a vitrectomy with a vitrophage through the pars plana. In ten consecutive patients, we used these techniques successfully to remove ca((taractous lenses in patients undergoing vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage."
1155547,"Four patients manifested Terson's syndrome in association with increased intracranial pressure. Three patients had subarachnoid hemorrhages, while the fourth suffered strangulation. Vitreous hemorrhage probably is related to the rapid increase in intracranial pressure with compression of the central retinal vein and its choroidal anastamotic channels."
1155548,"Of 201 patients whose presenting symptoms were acute entoptic phenomena or photopsia, or both, 150 patients had posterior vitreous detachment; 69 patients (46%) had retinal breaks; 18 (12%) had a vitreous hemorrhage without detectable retinal breaks; and two (1.3%) had peripheral retinal hemorrhages without retinal breaks or vitreous hemorrhage. Retinal breaks that occur in eyes in conjunction with acute posterior vitreous detachment are potentially dangerous and there is a possibility of delayed break formation."
1155549,"Recent studies of optic cup volume, depth, and orifice area demonstrated a large overlap of the range of these factors for normal and glaucomatous eyes, suggesting that it is usually not possible to distinguish abnormal disks on the basis of a particualr set of geometric quantifiers. Because of the knowledge that qualitative asymmetry of a person's optic cups may be a sign of glaucoma, calculation of the quantity of cup asymmetry using the aforementioned geometric parameters was undertaken in 90 patients. Results indicated that 90% of the bilaterally normal subjects who were studied and 80% of the ocular hypertensives had less than 0.20 mm3 cup volume asymmetry. In contrast, however, all of the unilateral glaucoma patients in this sample exceeded that value. It therefore appears that measurement of the amount of, volume asymmetry between a person's optic cups may be a useful tool in the diagnosis of glaucoma."
1155550,"Gonioscopy was performed on 110 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma over 40 years of age and an equal number of normal sugjects, matched by race and age. The frequency distribution of various angle features differed in the two groups: in the glaucoma group, there were more iris processes at all levels of insertion, a higher insertion of the iris root and more trabecular pigmentation. A congenital angle anomaly is one important factor in the pathogenesis of the elevated pressure."
1155551,"We observed an overall ratio of 8:1 for nonwhite to white primary glaucoma blindness. Our fragmentary evidence suggested that the ratio of underlying disease, that is, nonblinding glaucoma or intraocular pressure differentials, may be closer to 2:1 than 8:1 as between nonwhites and whites. The remaining four fold differential can be explained by a combination of the following: more complete reporting for nonwhites, reporting for medical care later in the disease than whites, and poorer response to treatment for nonwhites compared to whites. The trend of new blindness from glaucoma for recent years was stationary in the United States, England, and Wales."
1155552,"Seven of ten patients with ceroid lipofuscinosis, including infantile, late infantile, juvenile, and atypical variants, presented with visual acuity loss. In the infantile case visual acuity loss was early and severe. Two patients with atypical variants did not develop ocular abnormalities. Children presenting with macular degeneration may have more extensive retinal involvement on electrophysiologic testing; neurologic evaluation may rule out the prodromal stages of lipofuscinosis."
1155553,"A 32-year-old man had the clinical features of progressive increase in intracranial pressure due to a chronic subdural hematoma except for papilledema. Lumbar puncture, however, precipitated acute tentorial coning and severe neurologic signs. The tentorial coning resulted in an acute aggravation of intracranial hypertension and precipitated an increase in the intracranial venous pressure that was transmitted to the orbital veins, causing orbital venous stasis, symmetrical increase in the intraorbital contents, and symmetrical bilateral proptosis."
1155554,"We used the retinal cryoprobe in the surgical management (biopsy and excision) of orbital and ocular adnexal tumors in four patients. The strong bond between the cryoprobe tip and the tumor allowed application of moderate traction to the tumors, facilitating their removal. The amount of traction on the tumor or cyst appeared to be much greater than that caused by forceps or clamps. In one case, however, marked traction with the cryoprobe caused rupture of the tumor capsule. In another case, in which a cyst wall was entered during dissection, we applied the cryoprobe to the opening, sealing the hole with an ice ball, to keep the cyst from collapsing. Histopathologic structure was not altered by cryoprobe applications."
1155555,"A 50-year-old man with Usher's syndrome, progressive retinitis pigmentosa, and congenital sensoneural deafness developed polycythemia vera. Usher's syndrome was associated with a variety of congenital herediatry disorders but there was no evidence to support more than a chance association between Usher's syndrome and polycythemia vera."
1155556,"Six months after cataract extraction, a 71-year-old man had cystoid macular edema confirmed by fluorescein angiography. Microscopic examination revealed cystoid spaces in the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layer of the neurosensory retina. Chronic inflammatory cells were scattered throughout the ciliary body. Inflammatory cells were also present in a section of iris that had an adherent strand of vitreous leading to the pars plana. Comparison of these findings with other related clinical entities supported the hypothesis that ciliary body inflammation may play a significant role in postcataract extraction macular edema."
1155557,"Review of inpatient records at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary for ten years and the inpatient and outpatient records at the Children's Hospital Medical Center for eight years revealed no diagnosed cases of synchysis scintillans. The pathology reports from the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary for the last ten years revealed 12 eyes with cholesterol crystals in the vitreous cavities or subretinal spaces, or both. All were blind, long-term damaged eyes; there were no vitreous cholesterol crystals observable clinically. This study corroborates previous reports and suggests that synchysis scintillans occurs only in severely damaged, blind eyes not visible to observation. Both the current concept and terminology of synchysis scintillans are inaccurate. Cholesterosis bulbi is a more appropriate term. Cholesterol crystals are clinically different from asteroid bodies since the former occurs only in a damaged, functionless eye."
1155558,"A 45-year old black man with a carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm developed sudden loss of vision in his left eye, a mid-dilated pupil, and pain on movement of the left eye. A temporal island of vision was present in the left eye and the right visual field was normal. There were no other neurologic abnormalities. The aneurysm spontaneously ruptured, resulting in the death of the patient."
1155559,"Eight patients, aged 2 months to 55 years, developed vitreous hemorrhages as a result of subarachnoid or subdural bleeding. Subhyaloid hemorrhages were associated with, or preceded, hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity in four cases. Most vitreous hemorrhages cleared spontaneously, several months later, without major visual sequelae. In one patient, intravitreal blood persisted after 28 months. Vitreous hemorrhage can be a serious complication in patients surviving subarachnoid or subdural hemorrhages and, though uncommon, probably occurs with greater frequency than previously acknowledged. While vitrectomy may be a reasonable therapeutic approach in selected cases, in most instances vitreous hemorrhage following intracranial hemorrhage should be treated conservatively."
1155560,"Standard retinal function tests are of limited value in assessing retinal function in eyes with opaque vitreous. We developed a method for obtaining an electroretinogram (ERG) from eyes with significant vitreous opacity by utilizing a much brighter than normal stimulating light. Of 115 eyes with vitreous opacities and good ERG responses to this bright-flash photostimulator, 47% would have been nonrecordable with a conventional ERG light source. Bright-flash ERG was often helpful in evaluating eyes with vitreous opacities for vitrectomy and was sometimes the only source of information regarding potential retinal function."
1155562,"Three sisters, aged 14 to 25 years, showed ophthalmoscopic findings typical for fundus flavimaculatus with atrophic macular disturbances. Examination of all surviving family members did not disclose any additional affected persons. This four-generation pedigree indicated an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern."
1155563,"We performed complete ocular examination, including fluorescein angiography of the fundus, in 50 ambulatory patients with moderately active or inactive systemic lupus erythematosus; none had ocular symptoms. One patient had drusen and two patients had increased intraocular pressures with disk cupping attributable to orally administered corticosteroids. No patient had detectable abnormalities by ophthalmoscopic examination. Despite this apparently normal condition, fluorescein angiography revealed single or multiple microaneurysms in nine patients (13 eyes) and retinal capillary dilatations with leakage of fluorescein in six patients (six eyes). Both abnormalities occurred in two patients. These capillary changes in moderately ill patients with lupus erythematosus are probably the residue of previous acute vasculitis, perhaps due to immune-complex deposition."
1155564,"Two patients had rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after tributary retinal vein occlusion. Neovascularization adherent to the posterior hyaloid was avulsed, along with a plug of retinal tissue, as the vitreous body collapsed. Localized retinal detachments resulted. Photocoagulation successfully obliterated the retinal holes and prevented extension of the retinal detachments in both cases."
1155565,"Data from the Third National Cancer Survey indicate that the annual incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States is 11.0 new cases per million children under the age of 5 years. In response to a reported excess of mortality among blacks, rates were computed by race. There was a rate of 10.8 cases per million children for the whites compared to 9.8 cases per million for the blacks. Among the total of 61 newly diagnosed cases reported among residents of the survey area, the 50 unilateral cases occurred in 24 boys and 26 girls, whereas the 11 bilateral cases occurred in nine girls and only two boys. The reasons for a female preponderance among the bilateral cases remain unclear."
1155566,"Comparative intraocular pressure measurements made with the pneumatonograph and the Goldmann tonometer showed close agreement with a statistically higher mean pressure when using the pneumatonograph. Significant changes in mean pressure differences between the two instruments were seen upon changing the pneumatonograph calibration and with change in the order of testing (which instrument was used initially). However, transient biologic changes in an individual eye producing minute-to-minute fluctuations in intraocular pressure may be equal to or larger than differences in measurement between instruments."
1155567,"We compared the patterns of pilocarpine distribution in the rabbit eye during two regimens that were comparably efficacious in human clinical use: an administration of 2% pilocarpine nitrate eyedrops, every six hours, for four and eight days, and a continuous delivery of pilocarpine for as long as eight days, at 20 mug/hr, from a membrane-controlled delivery system in the inferior cul-de-sac. Pilocarpine labeled with radioactive carbon (14C) was used as a tracer. With administration of eyedrops, 14C levels in ocular tissues rose and fell within each six-hour interval between eyedrops, but with the delivery system, 14C levels remained constant over the two- to eight-day period. In each tissue, the 14C level within the first hour after the most recently administered eyedrop always exceeded the constant level maintained by the delivery system. Three to six hours after eyedrop administration, the 14C levels in cornea, iris, and sclera were approximately equal to those maintained by the delivery system. However, in lens, vitreous humor, and conjunctiva, the 14C levels were always two to five times higher with eyedrop administration than with the delivery system. Only aqueous humor showed a significantly lower 14C level with eyedrops than with the delivery system, occurring late in the interval between eyedrops. Compared to eyedrop administration, the membrane-controlled delivery system produced drug levels in ocular tissues that were constant rather than variable with time, and appreciably lower in tissues where the drug made no known contribution to the reduction of pressure."
1155568,"One hundred one eyes of 54 ocular hypertensive patients were studied to determine the value of optic disk evaluation in predicting the presence or absence and the location and type of visual field defects by means of binocular slit-lamp examination and projected 35-mm monocular color slides. We suspected visual field loss erroneously in only one patient, and failed to detect ten (16%) of 61 eyes with field defects. An examiner experienced in slit-lamp evaluation of the optic disk can accurately predict the presence, absence, and location of field defects in most cases by stereoscopic evaluation of disk topography."
1155569,"We performed low velocity drop-ball tests using 5/8-, 7/8-, and 1-inch diameter steel balls on ophthalmic crown glass lenses chemically tempered by the ion exchange process. Four representative dioptric strengths (+ 2.50 spherical, - 2.50 spherical, -2.50 cylindrical, and plano) were studied with the isolated lenses mounted, convex side up, on the American National Standards Institute Z80 test block. New ion exchange lenses exhibited a 100 to 350% greater capacity for attenuation of energy from low velocity, large size missiles than matched lenses of similar strength prepared by the conventional heat-treating and air-quenching process."
1155570,A small piece of Ping-Pong ball material fitted to a Burian-Allen contact lens electrode provided a large field of evenly distributed light on the retina that resulted in larger electroretinographic amplitudes and more accurate measurement of b-wave latencies.
1155572,"Of 29 patients with postoperative acoustic neuroma, five patients with facial paralysis developed unilateral lens opacities of unknown etiology on the paralyzed side, one to six years after surgery. The corneas were well maintained in all patients by means of either eyelid surgery or flush-fitting scleral contact shells. Four patients had anterior subcapsular opacities and in one patient a mature cataract developed. Thus, cataracts may be associated with long-term facial paralysis."
1155573,"The tactile perception ability of 29 seven-and eight-year-old educable mentally retarded children was evaluated by using the tactile perception portions of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. The children were also observed for tactile defensive behavior. Compared to normal children of the same age (as reported in normative data), this sample of children was significantly inferior in manual form, finger identification, graphesthesia, and perception of simultaneous stimuli, but not in the localization of single stimuli. During the testing, 62 percent showed tactile defensive behavior. The role of tactile perception in the development of symbolic communications is reviewed."
1155574,"The role of occupational therapy in a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is described in this paper in terms of the evaluation and implementation of the role in the general hospital settings of two neighboring Cleveland institutions. Cleveland is a heavily industrialized urban region with a high concentration of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Motivated by this fact and by the knowledge of the increasing incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, therapists at the two facilities wanted occupational therapy to become an intrinsic part of both the Lutheran Medical Center's outpatient demonstration program and St. John's Hospital's pulmonary rehabilitation team. Although of differing natures, these programs were similar in purpose, complementing one another and therefore enhancing the quality of rehabilitative care of the patient with a chronic lung disease within this geographic area."
1155575,"This report describes the part occupational therapy played in a community-based research and demonstration project instituted to treat abusive parents and their children. The development of the project, designed to define characteristics of abusive parents and their children and to experiment with various forms of treatment, is discussed first. The psychosocial and psychological dynamics of abusive parents are reviewed next. Through an occupational therapy evaluation process, these dynamics were found to be isolation, poor group and socialization skills, inability to set priorities or to develop order in most situations, a weak internalized ego structure as a basis for determining their needs and identity, the inability to perceive one's abilities and limitations accurately, and a great need for clear external structure. Finally, occupational therapy as a viable, evaluative tool and treatment mode in child abuse is discussed wherein the parents learned and understood cause and effect and developed some measure of control of a situation."
1155576,"A stroke service was begun at a private general hospital in Florida that consisted of a weekly spouse group meeting, and included treatment services already in existence, that is, occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, and social work. The five major objectives of this program were early identification of stroke patients who had rehabilitation potential, support for families of stroke patients, coordinated discharge planning as well as better communication among the professional services, and increased discharge of patients to the home setting. This project demonstrates a means of introducing change in a general hospital setting."
1155579,"This article is the fourth in a series describing the American Occupational Therapy Association's Human Resources Project. The Project consists of several interrelated studies aimed at identifying the supply of occupational therapists and assistants in the United States as of December 1973, and at projecting requirements for their services. The present report is the second of several that will describe the results of the Member Data Survey, the objective of which is to define the geographic, demographic, educational, and employment characteristics of the AOTA membership."
1155580,"Herpesvirus recovered from cell fractions of the spontaneous Lucké renal tumor of adult Rana pipiens were used to infect a cell line derived from pronephroi of the same species. Viruses and virus-associated structures previously found in the primary renal tumor were observed, including nuclear inclusions of capsids with single or double membranes and capsids with nucleoids often within nuclear sacs. Embedded within the clumped and marginated chromatin were 55-nm tubular elements and associated unit membrane structures. Virus-associated, 35-nm tubular elements were also  seen. The cytoplasm contained single, enveloped nucleoid virus and clusters of virus within cytoplasmic vesicles. Other cytoplasmic inclusions were dense, virus-associated, 25-nm filaments, virus particles within myeloid bodies, and possible viral budding from tubular organelles."
1155583,"The morphologic characteristics of acute iron loading were studied in HeLa cells incubated in an iron-enriched Eagle's medium containing 500 mug/ml of iron. Chemical studies showed that ferritin synthesis was rapidly induced and the concentration of intracellular ferritin increased up to 72 hours. Closely coupled with an increase in HeLa cell ferritin was a marked decrease in the rate of cell multiplication. The significant ultrastructural findings of iron-induced HeLa cell injury are characterized by the appearance of both autophagic multivesicular and residual bodies over the first 72 hours of iron incubation. The prominence of multivesicular bodies was noted after only 4 hours' incubation, with iron and myelin figures first appearing after 6 hours. Thus, the partial arrest of cell multiplication was associated with an increase in cytoplasmic residual bodies containing iron and other debris. The distribution of intracellular ferritin within HeLa cells differs significantly from the distribution described previously in hepatic parenchymal cells. In HeLa cells, ferritin particles were confined to lysosomal vesicles and were not identified in cell sap, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus."
1155584,"Some simple circuitry is described which has been successfully used in conjunction with a small laboratory computer for ""on-line"" measurements of the force of contraction of single motor units in cat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Our approach emphasizes use of a sample and hold device to allow high amplification of small forces developed during single motor unit contractions which are often superimposed on relatively large whole muscle passive forces. Two digitally controlled selectable gain amplifiers are used to ensure proper modulation of the computer's ADC and to enable automatic scaling of the measured variables. An analog peak detector is incorporated into the unit such that peak force measurements can be made with the minimum of computer software. The principles governing the present design are directly applicable to the measurement of intracellularly recorded postsynaptic potentials and a variety of other physiological variables which require accurate measurement of a small transient signal superimposed on a large ""control"" or ""resting"" signal."
1155585,"A miniature biofeedback device, the Basmajian-Emory Muscle Trainer, has been developed at the Emory University School of Medicine. A training and testing protocol was designed for using this device in the training of precise voluntary control of individual skeletal muscles. Thirteen normal subjects were trained to abduct the big toe of the right foot, eleven of whom displayed increases in maximum motion. Use of a biofeedback device to improve a subject's ROM capabilities requires consideration of four factors: (1) initial emphasis must be on making the subject aware of his muscle activity, (2) the muscle activity must be increased, (3) the positive re-enforcement of feedback must be continual, and (4) the newly acquired muscle activity must be used to perform a greattting."
1155586,"The cercopithecoid wrist joint differs from the wrist joints of hominoids in several ways. The distal ulna, the distal radius, the pisiform, the triquetrum, the hamate, and the base of the fifth metacarpal are on the one hand remarkably alike among cercopithecoid genera, and on the other remarkably distinct from homologous bones in the Hominoidea. Functionally, the triquetrum and the pisiform, in conjuction with the ulnar styloid process, check the proximal carpal row during ulnar deviation, and are possibly important in stabilizing the wrist during dorsiflexion as well. The head of the ulna almost certainly betokens a range of radioulnar supination in cercopithecoids that is substantially less than is to be found in any of the hominoid genera. The articulation between the hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal allows for considerable dorsiflexion in the Cercopithecoidea; this potential was not evidenct in any of the hominoids examined. Behaviorally, the cercopithecoid wrist can most profitably be viewed as an adaptation for a quadrupedal life style involving dorsiflexion of the wrist and palmigrade/digitigrade substrate contact. The hominoid wrist joint is not adapted for such a behavioral potential."
1155587,"Polish Hill is an urban, ethnic enclave of approximately 3000 residents residing in a 25-block area of Pittsburgh. This paper documents changes in the fertility, morbidity, and mortality patterns in the community from the turn of the century to the present. The demographic reconstruction is based upon baptismal and marriage records, the administration of demographic proformae and population censuses. The high mortality, morbidity, and fertility variance suggest that the immigrant population has experienced a period of high opportunity for selection in the early 1900's and that Crow's index was gradually reduced to its present level."
1155588,"Intr-individual correlations for cranial, mandibular and dental measurements made on lateral skull radiographs of Macaca nemestrina were systematically higher in 30 adult females than in 31 adult males by an average of 0.11 to 0.15, depending upon method of computation. Clearly, for the adult pig-tailed monkey as in Homo during both prenatal and postnatal life, developmental and dimensional communalities are systematically higher in the female indicating a general principle or trend."
1155589,"Normal skull thickness has been measured in a general hospital population of 300 blacks and 200 whites in America. In both groups, there is a rapid increase in skull thickness during the first two decades of life, followed by a small uniform increase reaching a peak in the fifth and sixth decades. The sex differences are variable, but in certain age groups the females in both races have significatly thicker parietal and occipital bones than their male counterpart. The frontal bone is thicker in the white male than in the black, and the parietooccipital thicker in the blacks than in the whites. Some suggestions are offered to explain the sex and racial difference noted."
1155590,"There are numerous structural defects that occur in primate teeth due to variable calcification during certain growth stages. These interruptions are usually areas of hypomineralization in enamel and dentin which are referred to as Striae of Retzius and Hunter Shreger bands in the enamel or Incremental Lines of von Ebner and Contour Lines of Owen in the case of the dentin. The frequency of occurrence of these variations in mineralization can be related to such factors as growth tempo, dietary quality, state of health, and past disease episodes. Another structure that appears in the dentin is a region that fails to calcify and is referred to as Inter-globular Dentin. Our studies have shown that the microstructural quality of different species' dentition varies widely. Samples obtained from certain fre-ranging cercopithcoids show that these species have the least hypomineralizations while man has the most. Other primate species range between these two extremems with the pongids nearer to man in these characteristics, as previously noted by Sognnaes. Additionally, out initial study shows a great deal of diversity between prehistoric human populations in the microstructural quality of their teeth. We offer the tentative explanation that this variation is due to differences in the calcitying properties of the diet and hence a difference in the general state of their health."
1155591,"Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalcytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent-offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migration matrix) and settlement histories show that settlements are not strongly isolated. Genetic differences in the study area demonstrate a reasonable correspondence with migration and the history of the settlements. Genetic convergence also occurs through the addition of migrant groups to established populations leading to new patterns of marriage between donor and recipient groups. The genetic structure of the total Semai population through time thus comprises a mosaic of shifiting allele frequencies in a series of semi-isolated local populations."
1155592,"Nine variables of length, width and circumference of the femur and tibia were measured on post-cranial remains of 28 Caucasoids and 45 Negroids. The distance from the point of tibial attachment of the patellar ligament to the head of the tibia (PLID) was also determined. It was found that the Negroid has a significantly longer and narrower femur and tibia than the Caucasoid, although PLID did not vary between the two groups. Thus PLID, relative to the length of the tibia, was less in Negroids than Caucasoids. A factor analysis was carried out in order to examine the relation between PLID and the other variables. It appeared that the same three factors governed the ten variables in both races. In Caucasoids, PLID did not load on either the ""length"" or ""width"" factors and appeared unique. In Negroids, PLID loaded on Factor III with two width measures, and this factor correlated positively with the ""width"" factor. It is suggested that in Caucasoids PLID does not relate to length or width dimensions of the leg but in Negroids it is related to width rather than length."
1155593,"The Griqua of Campbell in the Cape Province of South Africa are reputed to be descended from an amalgam of Khoi (""Hottentots"") with various Caucasoid, Negroid and East Asian elements at the Cape of Good Hope. A stormy history of migration and deprivation has left this small residuum on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. It was hoped that a sero-genetic study of these people, who proudly preserve their identity, might provide further insights into the genetic consitution of their Khoi forebears. Despite the retention of the language of their own, an social mores distinct from of other Mixed populations, they have been shown, however, to have received an appreciable inflow of non-Khoisan genes. This has probably resulted from social factors such as the prestige attaching to Griqua membership and the willingness of the Griqua to assimilate outsiders, combined with the tendency of Campbell Griqua to migrate elsewhere. There are no significant differences between ""Griqua"" members of the population and those who are not recognized as ""Griqua."""
1155594,"In a collection of 274 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the relative weight of the dry, fat-free skeleton, expressed as a proportion of total body weight, increases significantly throughout the gestational period to approximately 6% with only random variation after birth. The weight of the fetal skeleton increases exponentially with age. In the postnatal period the skeletal weight increases asymptotically to adulthood, which is considered to be 6.5 years of age. Equations for estimating skeletal weight are presented. Of four subdivisions of the skeleton, the skul contributes the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight in the fetal stage with the proportion decreasing to adulthood. The contributions of the other subdivisions, postcranial axial, superior limb, and inferior limb, and inferior limb, are nearly equal in the fetal stage, with that of only the inferior limb increasing to adulthood, when it makes up the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight. Until the last third of the gestational period, the humerus is longer than the femur and the radius longer than the tibia. Thereafter, the inferior limbs grow at a faster rate than the superior limbs, resulting in an intermembral index of approximately 95% by birth and less than 90% by adulthood."
1155595,"Net hepatic uptakes of plasma alanine (Ala), glutamate (Glu), and glutamine (Gln) were measured before and during intraportal glucagon infusions in five normaland four insulin-and alloxan-treated (ITA), conscious, fed sheep.  Since hyperinsulinemia is associated with glucagon administration, ITA sheep were used so that constant plasma insulin levels could be maintained.  Glucose turnover was determined by a vena caval infusion of glucose-6-'3H.  In addition, in ITA sheep, Ala-'14C wasinfused for measurement of plasma Ala turnover, its unidirectional organ metabolism, and contribution to glucose synthesis.  During infusion of glucagon, the net hepatic uptake of Ala increased significantly (P is less than 0.01) from control values of 3.8  plus or minus 0.5 and 2.7 plus or minus 0.6 mmol/h to 5.9 plus or minus 1.0 and 5.5 plus or minus 0.8 mmol/h in normal and ITA sheep, respectively.  Similarly, Gin uptake increased from 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 and 1.6 plus or minus 0.5 to 5.5 plus or minus1.6 and 3.7 plus or minus 1.0 mmol/h, respectively.  The conversion of Ala to glucose increased from control values of 1.7 plus or minus 0.5 to 3.0 plus or minus 0.5 mmol/h. Arterial plasma Ala and Gin concentrations decreased about 25% during glucagon administration, presumably as a result of their increased hepatic uptakes.  A decreasein utilization of plasma Ala, but no change in production was calculated for the nonhepatic tissues, indicating that glucagon increased gluconeogenesis from Ala at the expense of muscle protein synthesis.  Glucagon thus has a direct effect on the liver butonly an indirect effect on other tissues."
1155596,"Fatty acids radioactivity was bound to Z protein in liver after administration of['3H]oleate to rats or to a perfused rat liver preparation.  Pretreatment withflavaspidic acid (340 mumol/kg), a potent inhibitor of fatty acid binding to hepatic Zprotein in vitri, effectively reduced oleate radioactivity bound to Z by 90.2 plusor minus 4.3% and 85.0 plus or minus 6.2% in the intact rat and perfused liver, respectively.  In spite of this effect, pretreatment of rats with flavaspidic acid did notalter plasma clearance, hepatic uptake, and esterification of ['3H]oleate.  In contrast, in the perfused liver preparation, infusion of flavaspidic acid (340 mumol/kg)or bromosulphalein (360 mumol/kg) increased uptake of ['3H]oleate at least twofold,and oleate esterification was decreased by 15-30%.  These results suggest that the binding of long-chain fatty acids to Z protein is not an obligatory step in their uptakeby the liver and that Z protein may be involved in fatty acid esterification."
1155597,"Isolated hearts form chronically adrenalectomized cats were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer plus either glucose (10mM) or palmitate (0.4 mM) under various conditions of constant pressure and constant flow.  Glucose uptake in adrenalectomizedhearts was not diminished from control values under conditions of constant pressure, constant flow, anoxia, or insulin stimulation.  Palmatic acid uptake and oxygen consumption were significantly reduced (P less than 0.02) in adrenalectomized hearts.  This diminished fatty acid utilization was also reflected in a significantly lower CO'2 production and incorporation of the palmitate into myocardial triglycerides.  The decreased fatty acid uptake by adrenalectomized cat hearts may represent aserious defect in myocardial metabolism since lipids are the major energy substrate forthe heart.  Whether the defect occurs in fatty acid transport or activation cannot beelucidated by this study.  However, it is unlikely that this defect has a major contributory effect on the dysfunction of adrenalectomized hearts since the myocardium iscabable of using other energy substrates readily."
1155598,"Intrarenal blood flow and volume (indicator-dilution technique), kidney volume (mercury-in-rubber resistance gage), intr-renal venous pressure, filtration fraction, and sodium excretion were determined dequentially before and during a l-h infusion of isotonicsaline 80 ml/kg in anesthetized dogs.  The cortical fraction of renal blood flow roseduring the first 20 min of infusion from an average of 70 to 77%, butreturned nearly to control levels during the last 20 min of infusion because ofa low rise in noncortical flow.  During the first 20 min a 23% increase in cortical blood volume accounted for one-third of the 8.5% increase in kidney volume, whereasin the last 20 min cortical blood volume had fallen nearly to control values and kidneyvolume was increased by 17.2%.  Intrarenal resistances calculated from intrarenalpressure and flow indicated persistent cortical prevenous dilatation, progressive cortical venous constriction, and only a slight late reduction in noncortical resistance. These data indicate that hemodynamics are shanging continuously during saline infusion and the natriuresis probably is multifactorial."
1155599,"In open-chest dogs anesthized with sodium pentobarbital, acetylcholine (ACh, 5 times 10'-5M) infused into the left circumflex coronary artery caused an increase in coronary flow and a decrease in myocardial O'2 extraction ratio (P less than .01) anduptake (P less than .05).  Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were not altered,although left  ventricular dP/dt declined from 2,037 plus or minus 205 to 1,873 plus or minus 194 mmHg/s (P less than .02).  Intracoronary administration of norepinephrine (NE, 2.4 times 10'-6M) caused an increase in myocardial O'2 uptake (P less than .02); simultaneous infusion of both NE and ACh caused a decline in O'2 extraction ratio (P less than .01) and uptake (P less than 0.5).  Myocardial adenylatecyclase activity in response to ACh was not altered significantly from a control levelof 188 plus or minus 22 pmol of '14C-labeled cyclic AMP/mg protein per 10 min.  Norepinephrine alone elevated adenylate cyclase activity to 401 plus or minus 45 pmol ['14C]cyclic AMP/mg protein per 10 min (P less than .01).  However, with simultaneous infusion of both NE and ACh, adenylate cyclase returned to control levels.  Although ACh alone did not alter myocardial hormone-sensitive lipaseactivity, NE elevated lipolytic activity from 8.1 plus or minus .7 to 13.2 plus or minus 1.8 mueq free fatty acid (FTA)/g per 30 min (P less than .05).  The administration of both ACh and NE returned lipase activity to nearly control levels.  Myocardial uptake of FFA increased significantly during ACh infusion alone (P less than 0.5) and during NE infusion alone (P less than 905).  However, when NE and AChwere administered together, a decline in FFA uptake was observed (P less than .02). These data indicate that the effects of ACh  on cardiac metabolism are minimal, withthe decline in myocardial O'2 uptake of ACh primarily reflecting the decrease in contractility.  On the other hand, antagonism of ACh on NE-stimulated myocardial lipid metabolism appears to involve activity of the adenylate cyclase system."
1155600,"Several investigators have documented immaturity of cardiac autonomic innervation in neonates.  To evaluate the integrity of afferent and efferent responses and to determine the role of circulating catecholamines in newborns, 50 puppies and 24 adult dogswere studied with the use of chloralose anesthesia.  Interventions were: bilateralvagotomy, bilateral carotid occlusion, central vagus stimulation, stellate stimulation, bilateral adrenalectomy, infusion of norepinephrine or isoproterenol, and intravenoustyramine.  Newborns exhibited supersensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and stellate stimulation; responses to carotid occlusion and central vagal stimulation were comparable in both groups.  Newborns had less resting vagal tone.  After adrenalectomy, newborns exhibited a more marked decline in systemic pressureand heart compared to adults.  Myocardial catecholamine content in newborns was 1/10 that in adults, whereas plasma catecholamine concentration in newborns was 30-fold greater than in adults.  These data demonstrate functional integrity of afferent and efferent cardiac autonomic pathways in the newborn, define in vivo supersensitivity to the sympathetic neurotransmitter, and suggest a dominant role of circulating catecholamines in modulation of cardiovascular events in neonates."
1155601,"Beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated relazation to norepinephrine was enhanced by caffeine amd aminophylline in a coronary artery preparation of the beef in vitro. Augmented responses were not obtainable in the presence of known inhibitors of the extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of norepinephrine, estradiol-17beta, and the haloalkylamine GD-131, which themselves potentiate responses.  In addition, the effect on the norepinephrine dose-response curve of the combination of a methyixanthine and U-0521,the latter a potent inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase, the major enzyme of catecholamine inactivation in vascular tissue, did not differ from that of U-0521 alone. Studies of the extraneuronal accumulation of '3H-labeled norepinephrine revealed that caffeine and aminophylline, along with the known inhibitors, materially reduced theaccumulation of label in coronary tissue.  It is concluded that the methylxanthinesenhance beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated responses via a blockade of catecholamine uptake, giving rise to an increased concentration of agonist at receptors, and not by an action linked to cyclic AMP accumulation, consequent to receptor activation."
1155602,"Contractility during relaxation of isometric tension was studied in isolated, electrically driven cat papillary muscle by interpolation of test extrasystoles, all of whichpartially fused with their antecedent (control) contractions, were separated by computer from the fused contractions and then analyzed.  The time course of the restitutionof contractility during relaxation was defined by plotting maximal positive dT/dt andtime-to-peak tension of the computer-separated extrasystole versus delay preceding the extrasystole.  The dT/dt and time-to-peak tension, which steadily decline with progressive prematurity between contractions, both increase again during late relaxation, become progressively greater still earlier in relaxation, peak shortly after peak isometric tension, and then again decline.  This phase of an apparently enhanced contractilityduring relaxation is depressed in low Ca'++ and is transmitted into the postextrasystolic period (in which it is superimposed on the usual postextrasystolic potentiation).  The possible contributions of variations in series-elastic component and contractile-element lengths, actionpotential characteristics, and other factors on contractility during relaxation are discussed.  It is suggested that enhanced contractility during relaxation may also be related in part to the decay of the intracellular free Ca'++ transient."
1155604,"Rats with bilateral lesions in the preoptic area showed a normal pattern of urineand electrolyte excretion under resting conditions but complete absence of a natriuretic response to unilateral carotid baroreceptor stimulation and also a significant reduction in the rate of sodium excretion after saline loading and after a high-sodium intake.  Measurements of renal clearance did not show any significant differences in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or filtration fraction between normal and preoptic-lesion rats.  Apart from the test situations used above, rats with preoptic lesions were apparently able to regulate their sodium metabolism normally because after 3 wk on a high-sodium intake their plasma and extracellular fluid volumes, plasma electrolytes, osmolaity, and mean arterial pressures were indistinguishable from normal rats. It is suggested that the preoptic component of the baroreceptor reflex pathway mighthave an input into a hypothalamic area controlling sodium excretion."
1155605,"The effects of Ca'++ on release of amylase by mouse pancreas in vitri was studied. The cholinergic agonist bethanechol was depressed about 50% in O Ca'++ medium. When pancreatic fragments were superfused with O Ca'++ medium, bethanechol still produced a normal stimulation of amylase release after half of the total tissue Ca'++ was washed out.  This Ca'++ loss included both extracellular and some intracellularCa'++.  Uptake and equilibration of '45Ca'++ into pancreatic fragments was multiphasic, with total equilibration with stable Ca'++ still not reached after 3 h.  Addition of bethanechol had no effect on the rate of '45Ca uptake and equilibration.  '45Ca'++ efflux was not influenced by superfision in O Ca'++ medium, while thestimulation of '45Ca'++ efflux by bethanechol was enhanced.  It is concluded that extracellular Ca'++ and/or Ca'++ influx is not of major importance in triggering pancreatic enzyme release, but that extracellular Ca'++ may regulate the release process thus accounting for the parallel changes in unstimulated and stimulated amylase release."
1155606,"In order to obtain a nore reliable picture of transmitter release, spontaneous synaptic activity was studied in vivo in the rat soleus neuromuscular junction.  The in vivo miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) recordings were compared with those obtained in vitro and, in both circumstances, MEPP frequency was measured at external potassiumconcentrations ranging from 5 to 15 mM.  The influence of external potassium loading on intra- and extracellular potassium concentration also estimated by measuring the muscle ionic composition and water distribution at normal and high plasma potassium concentrations.  The MEPP frequencies recorded in vivo were consistently lower than those observed in vitro for all external potassium concentrations studied (P less than0.01).  These data suggest that better experimental conditions are maintained in thein vivo preparations, since the intracellular potassium increase that follows the external potassium loading can only partially justify the observed differnce and other factors, such as anesthetic effects, etc, may be ruled out."
1155607,"Excessive food intake, resulting in extreme obesity, was induced in rats by electrical stimulation (three 30-min sessions per day for 3 wk) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH).  Outside the stimulation sessions no voluntary food intake occurred duringthese weeks.  In the subsequent recovery period, accurate records of spontaneous feeding were made.  Blood levels of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA)were determined during the stimulation period as well as the recovery period.  Duringfeeding elicited by electrical stimulation of the LH in the obese phase, there was alarge increase in the glucose level.  The insulin level, very high in the intervals between the stimulation sessions, showed no change, a small decline, or a large decrease,respectively, during stimulation in the morning, the afternoon, or the night.  If food was withheld during stimulation, there was a large increase in the glucose level and alarge decrease in the insulin level.  The first spontaneous meal after the termination of stimulation was extremely postponed, viz, until the glucose and insulin levels returned to normal for the first time.  The insulin response to the first spontaneous mealwas exaggerated.  Although in the following period (about 10 days) a rapid decrease inbody weight occurred, food intake was only minimal.  The insulin level was high and the glucose levelsubnormal during that period.  The insulin and glucose levels were normal again only after recovery of normal body weight and food intake.  It is tentatively concluded that the regulation of body energy stores (body weight) is achieved through the control of food intake by circulating insulin and glucose levels."
1155608,"Hypothalamic effects on gluconeogenesis and glycosis in rat liver were studied byelectrical stimulations of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (LH) without disturbing the animal's behavior.  Stimulation of VMH caused a increase in the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a key gluconeogenic enzyme, and marked suppression of pyruvate kinase (PK), a key glycolytic enzyme, of the liver.  Stimulationof LH, on the other hand, resulted in a decrease in PEPCK activity but did not alterPK activity.  The maximal responses of these enzymes to hypothalamic stimulations were obtained after intermittent stimulations for 4 h.  Differential estimations of thetwo isozymes of liver PK (types L and M) were made using antibody against typeM PK.  The level of type M enzyme was not altered significantly on stimulation of either VMH or LH.  The content of type L enzyme greatly decreased on stimulation of VMH but was not affected by stimulation of LH.  The reciprical influences of VMH and LH on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and their relation to neural-hormonal responses are discussed."
1155609,"The total body-water content (TBW) and rate of water turnover were measured usingtritiated water in five species of macropodod marsupials (kangaroos), which ranged in weight from 1 to 50 kg.  Animals fitted with rumen cannulas were used to estimate the time required for tritiated water to equilibrate within the body of large kangaroos.  In hydrated kangaroos this was 6 h, during the time 2.7% of the injected tritiated waterwas lost from the body.  During dehydration, the equilibrium time was extended to 10h. Values up to 78% of body weight were found for TBW in the larger species of kangaroo, and these values were similiar to those found for other ruminantlike mammals, particularly those with a low body-fat content.  The smaller macropodids had a TBW (about 60% of body weight) similiar to that of most laboratory mammals.  The rates of waterturnover of the macropodids were related to body weights by the expression 1/day = 0.09kg-0.80.  Macropodid marsupials have a daily water usage shich is about two-thirds ofthat found for eitherians and this may be related to the lower metabolic rate of marsupials."
1155610,"Experiments were designed to 1) study in situ changes in papillary muscle length and force during the cardiac cycle, 2) investigate the relationship between papillary muscle length and maximal ventricular pressure, 3) study the effect of both positive and negative inotropic intervention on this relationship.  A mercury gauge transduceror Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arch was sutured to the anterior papillary muscleand used to measure the extent of shortening or lengthening (deltaL) or force (APMF),.respectively.  The anterior papillary muscle showed rapid increase of length and forcewhile contracting during isovolumic contraction and reached peak systolic length at end-isovolumic contraction or during the early injection phase.  The papillary muscle was observed to shorten during the phases of ejection  and isovolumic relaxation.  It was concluded that changes in ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle are associated with changes in papillary muscle length and force such that the resulting ""lengthening contraction force"" is appropiate for maintenance of normal atrioventricular valve function during isovolumic contraction.  There was an inverse relationship between deltaL and maximal ventricular pressure such that for each increment in peak ventricular pressure there was a decrease in deltaL.  The deltaL-force relationship was shifted upward and to the right by norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol and downward and to the left by occlusion of the posterior vena cava.  Phenylephrine had little or no effect on this relationship."
1155611,"The effects of norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) on isometric force generation were studied in isolated helical strips of intrapulmonary arteries (IPA) and veins (IPV) (3-5 mm diam) from lungs of dog, sheep, swine, and man.  Cummalative dose-effect relationships (10-minus8-10-minus 4 M) were determined.  All strips contracted in a dose-related fashion when exposed to NE but responses of sheep and swineIPV were weak.  Acetylcholine relaxed canine IPA and contracted human IPA, CANINEIPV, and sheep IPV in a dose-related manner.  Sheep IPA and swine IPA and IPV were unresponsive to ACh.  Human IPV were relaxed by ACh but this effect wasreversed at the highest concentration (10 minus 4 M) tested.  All vascular stripscontracted well in a potassium-rich (127 mM) bathing medium.  It is concluded thatintrapulmonary lobar vessels from man, dog, swine, and sheep are responsive to autonomicneurohormones but that quantitative as well as qualitative differences exist."
1155612,"Pure pancreatic juice was collected from the cannulated common bile duct of anesthetized rats after an overnight fast.  Digestive enzyme secretion was followed in these animals during and after the progressive degranulation of acinar cells produced by sequentially applied cholinergic stimuli.  The kinetics of degranulation, a progressive decrease in the number of zymogen granules in acinar cells, was estimated from the relative cell volume occupied by electron-opaque granules at various times using a random pointcount stereological technique to examine tissue sections.  Three hourly injections of methacholine chloride were sufficient to produce the almost complete disappearance of electron-opaque granules from secretory cells.  Greatly augmented enzyme secretion was still observed in their absence, 7-25 times greater than control values:  10-fold for protein output overall,  7-fold for trypsinogen, and  25-fold for chymotrypsinogen.  Secretion in the absence of zymogen granules is discussed relativeto exocytosis and three-compartment (intracellular storage, cytoplasm, and duct lumen)secretory models."
1155613,"Renin secretion of rat renal cortical cell suspensions was studied as a functionof variations in the composition of the suspension media.  Renin secretion was determined by incubating samples of the suspension media with rat renin substrate and measuringthe angiotensin I generated by radioimmunoassay.  Increasing the medium sodium concentration (50-144 meq/liter) linearly decreased the rate of renin secretion.  This relationship was unaffected by adding ouabain (10 minus 3 M)  to the suspensions.  The addition of furosemide (from 10 minus 5 to 10 minus 3 M) stimulated renin secretion.  Considered with previous observations, these results suggest that renin secretionis controlled by some function of sodium on the lumenal boder of the macula densa cells."
1155614,"Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was examined during uteral orarterial constriction in anesthetized dogs after renal denervation.  GFR was sustaineduntil ureteral pressure greater than 80 mmHg, provided renal arterial pressure exceeded 180 mmHg, but fell at ureteral pressure less than 54 mmHg when arterial pressure averaged 127 plus or minus 5 mmHg; renal blood rose as GFR declined.  Ethacrynic acid, saline, or mannitol infusion increased tubular pressure without reducing GFR,but during subsequent ureteral constriction GFR fell at uteral pressure less than 40mmHg.  During arterial constriction GFR was maintained at lower arterial pressures in hydropenic than in diuretic dogs.  Because of thisdifference in the range of autoregulation, saline infusion increased GFR more in hydropenic than in diuretic dogs except at high arterial pressure.  This response to reduced plasma oncotic pressure and the constancy of GFR over a wide range of proximal tubular and arterial pressure indicate constancy of thehydrostatic transmural pressure of glomerular capillaries.  Afferent arteriolar resistance is, in addition to a regulation by transmural pressure, perhaps controlled by vascular stretch receptors in the glomeruli."
1155615,"In male Sprague-Dawley rats, renal artery constriction in the presence of an inact contralateral kidney induced sodium retention (for 2-3 wk), moderate potassium loss,elevation of blood volume (BV), and an increase in water turnover.  It is suggestedthat renal artery constriction activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, resulting in disordered regulation of salt and water balance  and in blood pressure (BP) elevation.  Subsequently, sodium balance was reestablished in one group of hypertensive rats.  The previously retained sodium was kept in the body, and BV and reninactivity remained elevated.  In a second group of animals, a malignant course of hypertension developed: BP surpassed a critical level of about 180 mmHg; sodium, potassium, and water were lost; BV declined; renin activity was further stimulated; and in the contralateral kidney malignant nephrosclerosis occurred.  It is assumed that pressure diuresis and natriuresis induce a vicious circle: the increasing renin activity may maintain or further increase BP level, therby inducing further salt and water loss, etc.; high BP levels and high renin activities induce vascular damage and deterioration of renal function."
1155616,"Blood pressures and flows have been recorded from the heart and arterial arches of ducks in order to present a complete picture of central hemodynamics in an avian species.  An attempt has also been made to define the characteristics of the avian central circulation in terms of either ""windkessel"", or wave-transmission models.  Mean arterial pressure (143 plus or minus 2.2 mmHg) and cardiac output (219 plus or minus 7ml/kg per min) were high compared with those of similarly sized mammals, although therewas no evidence of elevated pulmonary pressures, perhaps because of the unusual structure of the avian lung.  Only 25% of the total systemic flow was distributed by the aorta, the remainder supplying the wing, flight muscles, and head via the brachiocephalic arteries.  The contours of central pressure and flow waves ressembled those recorded inmammal except that significant circulation impedance modulus graphs indicated that resistance to pulsatile flow fell sharply to a minimum of 1/30th the DC value at 9-12 Hz.  Flow led pressure at frequencies below 9-12Hz and pressure led flow at higherfrequencies.  Impedance modulus in the pulmonary circulation fell to one-half the DC value and remained constant over a wide range of frequencies with pressure and flow being in a phase at all frequencies.  Aortic pulse wave velocity varied with position inthe aorta as did the pressure pulse profile: these factors obviously limit the applicability of a windkessel model to the avian circulation."
1155617,"After as little as 6 h of exposure to cold air, drinking was induced in rats following transfer from air at 5 degreesC to air at 26 degreesC.  Drinking began within 15 min after transfer from the cold enviroment and lasted approximately 1 h.  The stimulus for initiation of drinking was most likely the temperature change resulting from the transfer, since an ambient temperature difference of 10 centigrade degrees or more was required to initiate a drinking response after transfer from air at 5 degreesC. Thermogenic drinking was not thwarted by  preventing access to water for either 1 or 2h following transfer to warm air, but either intragastric or intraperitoneal administration of a water load equal to 3% of body weight inhibited water intake following transfer.The characteristics of the drinking response following transfer than 5 to 26 degrees C were similiar to those observed following 24 h of dehydration at 26 degrees C.  Thus, the cold-exposed rat is relatively dehydrated compared with controls."
1155618,"Escape of splanchic resistance vessels from vasconstriction due to adrenergic stimulation has been attributed to increasing submucosal blood flow due to dilation of submucosal arteriovenous anastomes (shunts).  This postulate, as applied to the rat gastric microcirculation, was studied by in vivo microscopy.  Using an image-splittingTV microscope recording system, response of gastric submucosal arterioles (13-33 mum)to 3 min of left splanchnic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine superfision, and vasopressin superfission was measured.  All stimuli produced initial vasoconstriction. Escape occurred in all rats with nerve stimulation and norepinephrine, but in onlyone of five with vasopressin.  No shunts were seen.  The study demonstrates that thegastric submucosal arterioles exhibit an escape phenomenon, suggesting that ""autoregulatory escape"" in other splanchic beds also may be due to relaxation of constricted vessels and not to opening of shunts."
1155619,"The hypothesis examined was that contractions of the longitudinal muscle layer occurin the duodenum which are independent of those of the circular muscle layer and that they induce flow of duodenal contents.  A segment of opossum duodenum isolated in vitro was marked and photographed during periods of longitudinal muscle contraction, when the circular muscle layer appeared inactive.  The prequency of longitudinal oscillation of the marked points was 20.5 cycles/min.  The longitudinal displacement wave spread caudad with an average velocity of 3.27 cm/s.  Frequency and velocity of electrical slow waves were determined in similiar duodenal segments.  Slow-wave frquencywas 18.9 cycles/min.  In a two-dimensional mechanical model, flow induced by simulatedlongitudinal muscle layer appear to be driven by the electrical slow waves of the duodenum.  They are capable of inducing a pattern of flow in which ocntents flow betweenthe core and the periphery of the intestinal conduit."
1155620,"Epidermal thermal conductivity (k) was calculated for the cat footpad by measuringtransepidermal heat flux and temperature gradient (¿T) while changes in stratum corneum water content were produced by ""internal hydration"" (IH; eccrine sweat gland activity by nerve stimulation) or by ""external hydration"" (HH; exposure to air saturated with water vapor).  In some experiments, cutaneous vasoconstriction accompanying IH was prevented by an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine (POB), 3.52 mg/kg iv.  For dry skin k=0.167 plus or minus 0.023 (SE) W.m (-1) degree C (-1).  With and without POB, IH produced 49.5% and 17.2% increases in k, respectively; HH after IH did not increase k more.  With POB, IH increased k more than did HH alone (49.5% and 15.5%, respectively) and at a higher rate (4.22 times 10 minus 3 and 0.63 times 10 minus 3 W.m minus 1.degree C minus 1. min minus 1, respectively.)  As k increased, usually deltaT decreased.  Increasing k and decreasing deltaT with skin hydration explain the phenominon that air temperature is felt to be lower the more humid a cold exposure, since the temperature of thermoreceptors at the dermoepidermal junction is closer to that of the skin surface when the corneum is hydrated than when it has a low water content."
1155621,"Observations were conducted in the isolated potassium-arrested dog heart to determine the direct vasodilator effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the coronaryvascular beta receptors, independent of cardiac inotropic and chronotropic influences. Practocol (a selective beta-1-receptor antagonist) blocked coronary vasodilation activated by isoproternol (a combined beta-1-and beta-2-receptor agonist) only at the very high dose of 10-minus 3 M, whereas propranolol (a combined beta-1- and beta-2-receptor antagonist) blocked coronary vasodilation at 10-minus 7 to 10-minus 5 M.  Salbutamol (a selective beta-2-receptor agonist) was one-eighth as potent as isoproterenol in producing coronary vasodilation.  The potency ratio (1/8) is similiar to valuesreported for other beta receptors classified as type 2.  It is concluded that the coronary vasodilator beta receptors are type 2, similiar to those found in peripheral bloodvessels."
1155622,"Fourteen late juvenile monkeys were subjected to a single 30-min episodes of markedhypotension using an infusion of trimethaphan.  Afterward, blood pressure was rapidly restored to and maintained at preinsult levels with an intravenous drip of phenylephrine (.02 mg/ml).  The respiratory gas tensions and pH of the arterial blood weremaintained within normal limits at all times.  During the 30-min episodes, the cortical electrical impedence increased by a mean of 27% while the EEG frequencies and amplitudes decreased by 47 and 30%, respectively.  The impedance and EEG activity generally altered at the same time but inversely to one another, although, on restoration of blood pressure, the impedance recovered within minutes while the EEG activity returned to normal only after 1 h. The impedance values and EEG activity of those animals that eventually died began to diverge significantly from the values of theanimals that were to survive at about 2.5 h after restoration of blood pressure."
1155623,"The vasa recta are thought to play an important role in the transfer of water andsolutes within the renal medulla.  Hydraulic pressures were measured in vasa recta onthe surface of the exposed papilla in young Munich Wistar rats, and blood was collected from these microvessels for determination of total protein concentration and calculation of colloid oncotic pressure.  In descending vasa recta at the base of the exposed papilla, mean hydraulic pressure was 9.2 plus or minus 0.4 (SE) mmHg and plasma protein concentration averaged 7.1 plus or minus 0.4 g/100 ml.  Corresponding valuesin ascending vasa recta at the same level were 7.8 plus or minus 0.4 mmHg and 5.6 plusor minus 0.3 g/100 ml. respectively.  The protein concentrations correspond to calculated oncotic pressures of 26 and 18 mmHg in descending and ascending vasa recta, respectively.  We interpret these findings as evidence for net water uptake by the vasa recta in the renal inner medulla for which the driving forces are the transcapillary hydraulic and oncotic pressure differences."
1155624,"Hydrostatic (HPc) and oncotic (phic) pressures within the peritubular capillary, tubular pressure (Pt), nephron filtration rate, and plasma flow, and proximal fractional and absolute reabsorption (APR) were measured in anesthetized rats during hydropenia and plasma and saline expansion.  Net interstitial pressure (phii-HPi) was estimated from subcapsular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures during saline expansion and these data were applied to a mathematical model of peritubular capillary fluid uptake to determine the profile of effective reabsorption pressure (ERP) with distance (x*) alongthe capillary and calculate the peritubular capillary permeability coefficient (LpAr).  ERPX* = (PHIC MINUS HPC)X* MINUS (PHII MINUS HPi) and APR = ERPX*LpAr. During saline expansion phii minus HPi was -12.1 plus or minus 0.8 mmHg and ERP,3.8 mm.  The LpAr was 0.07 nl/s per g KW per mmHg, and this value was applied to hypropenia and plasma expansion to determine ERP and phii minus HPi.  The phiiminus HPi was +6.0 and +5.0 mmHg, respectively, and ERP was 4.1 and 3.5 mmHg. Efective reabsorptive pressure remained positive along x* in all states, and phii minus HPi correlated best changes in phic and poorly with changes in efferent plasma flow.  The APR did not correlate with either calculated phii minus HPi or the transepithelial driving pressure, Pt + phii minus HPi."
1155626,"The authors describe three postmenopausal women with agitated psychotic depression, increased water ingestion, and electrolyte values consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. They hypothesize that this clinical triad represents a syndrome reflecting underlying dysfunction of the hypothalamus and limbic system of the brain. The diagnosis of inappropriate ADH in one of the patients was directly confirmed by a recently developed serum radioimmunoassay."
1155627,"The term ""medical model"" is often used as if it referred to a single, well-understood set of assumptions about psychiatric disorders. Actually, there are at least four different meanings that a person saying ""emotional disorders are diseases"" might intend to communicate. The models usually suggested as alternatives are addressed to one or another of these medical model implications. A distinction should be maintained between the virtues of these models as conceptual aids and their virtues and weakness as shapers of public opinion and professional practice."
1155628,"The authors conducted a study of 30 hospitalized children who were referred for psychiatric consultation and 60 hospitalized children who were not. They studied the medical charts of these children and administered a questionnaire including a checklist of behavioral symptoms to their parents. More psychopathology was found in the children referred for consultation, but about 20 percent of the children not referred also showed a high degree of psychopathology. Factors found to be associated with referral for psychiatric consultation were older age, longer hospital stay, many previous hospitalizations, and ambiguous diagnoses."
1155629,"The authors present clinical material to illustrate the special treatment and management problems posed by different types of mentally ill offenders; they suggest that court-mandated hospital treatment is often destructive and unrelated to the needs of the patient, the community, and the mental institution. The failure to create new kinds of institutions, combining modalities derived from the hospital and correctional systems, is traced to poor communication among the disciplines involved. The ""mentally ill offender"" is caught in the interplay of these systems and is consequently both their victim and victimizer."
1155630,The authors studied the amount of understanding that 100 mental hospital patients had a voluntary admission application they signed upon entering the hospital. Only 8 patients were rated as being completely informed of terms of the contract at the time of admission; 15 of 33 patients reinterviewed about 10 days after admission showed increased understanding. Minimal differences were found between 81 state hospital patients and 19 private hospital patients. The finding that few voluntary patients are fully informed to give consent to hospitalization poses a dilemma because of the trend to give personal responsibility to the patient.
1155631,"The authors surveyed the frequency of alcohol use in individuals identified as practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (N equals 126) and a matched control group (N equals 90). No control subjects reported discontinuation of beer and wine use; 40 percent of subjects who had meditated for more than 2 years reported discontinuation within the first 6 months. After 25-39 months of meditation, this figure increased to 60 percent. In addition, 54 percent of this group, versus 1 percent of the control group, had stopped drinking hard liquor. The authors suggest that meditation could be an effective preventive tool in the area of alcohol abuse."
1155632,"The authors describe a period in which 13 fires were set by 4 patients on an inpatient service of a state mental health center. Unlike previous patients reported in the literature, these individuals had no history of fire setting, although they did display several previously reported characteristics (e.g., primitive and impulsive personalities and absent fathers). The influence of institutional changes and conflict upon such disruptive patient behavior is emphasized; the authors suggest that efforts to deal with fire setting should recognize the total situation and include clear limit setting by the hospital administration."
1155633,"The authors administered measures of depression, hopelessness, and strength of suicidal intent to a sample of 112 suicide attempters. The results for the 55 subjects diagnosed as depressive and admitted within 72 hours after their attempt were compared with results obtained by Minkoff and associates using comparable measures. Contrary to the findings of the earlier study, there was a lower correlation between hopelessness and intent than between depression and intent. The authors suggest that demographic differences between the two samples may provide explanations for this descrepancy, in the that they reflect the presence or absence of external societal supports that may influence the suicidogenic potential of hopelessness."
1155634,The authors measured steady-state protriptylive levels in 12 outpatients undergoing treatment for depression. The steady-state level of protriptyline was surprisingly high compared with levels obtained when other tricyclic antidepressants were prescribed. This finding probably accounts for the effectiveness of protriptyline at low doses and its frequent side effects.
1155635,"The author conducted two trial studies to evaluate the use of oxprenolol in the treatment of symptoms resulting from environmental stress. Results indicated that on a three-times-a-day regimen, 80 mg of oxprenolol was superior to 20 mg of oxprenolol and equally as effective as 5 mg of diazepam. The author discusses the benefit of beta-blocking drugs and points to the need for further studies."
1155636,The author reports a study of five generations of a family in which several members had unipolar depression responsive to tricyclic medication. He concludes that genetic factors play an important role in this disorder and emphasizes the need for pharmacogenetic studies in psychiatry.
1155688,"A study of the epidemiologic characteristics of 125 cases of eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis, probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which occurred in southern Taiwan in 1968 and 1969 revealed a close association of the disease with the rainy season. In contrast to findings in other geographic areas, most such cases in this study occurred among children. A higher attack rate was observed among aborigines than among descendants of mainland Chinese. Most patients had eaten the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, prior to their illness and this mollusc was commonly found infected with third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis. However, in almost all instances the snail was eaten after it had been thoroughly cooked and examination of cooked snail meat revealed only dead larvae. It is suspected that patients became infected by inadvertently ingesting A. cantonensis larvae liberated when the snails were prepared for consumption."
1155689,"The specificity and sensitivity of adult and larval somatic antigens, and perienteric fluid of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum were investigated by using intradermal skin tests in guinea pigs. These animals were infected with low doses (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 egg/g) of these helminths. Toxocara larval antigen (TL) induced larger reactions in Toxocara-infected animals than did the other antigens, suggesting a superior sensitivity for this antigen. In addition, Ascaris perienteric fluid (AP) provoked skin responses in these animals of a magnitude similar to those induced by TL. The reciprocal relationship, i.e., comparable reactivity of AP and TL in Ascaris-infected animals, was not apparent. In general, Ascaris larval antigen and AP elicited larger intradermal reactions than other antigens in Ascaris-infected animals. The results of this study indicated no superiority of adult antigens in differentiating Ascaris and Toxocara infections."
1155690,"Serum samples from ten children with visceral larva migrans were evaluated by analysis of: immunoglobulin concentrations, precipitin reactions against Toxocara and Ascaris antigens and blood group substances, and IgM and IgG activity against Ascaris antigen by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The elevated concentrations of serum IgE and IgG and the positive precipitin reactions which occurred in some cases are an aid in diagnosis but were not consistently present. Serum IgM concentrations were elevated in all cases. IgM or IgG antibodies against Ascaris suum antigen were detected in all cases by a solid phase RIA technique. Radioimmunoassay techniques of this type may provide a superior method of diagnosis, particularly if used with serial serum samples which demonstrate changing levels of antibodies."
1155691,"Rates of trachoma infection of family members were compared for two groups of index cases; all were infants about 1 year old observed over a period of several months in a previous study. Group A infants were consistently infected with trachoma, and Group B infants were not infected with trachoma. On the average, 50% of Group A family members had active infection (as determined by trachoma inclusions in their conjunctival cells) and 80% of the siblings within 6 years of age to the index cases were infected. Only 9% of Group B family members had active trachoma, and 20% of the siblings within 6 years of age to the index case were infected. This study suggests intrafamilial spread of trachoma."
1155692,"Sindbis virus harvested from infected cultures of Vero cells and from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was used in neutralization tests with sera obtained from guinea pigs immunized with ground A. aegypti and from guinea pigs repetitively bitten by mosquitoes. Employing these antisera, more mosquito-propagated virus was neutralized than was virus grown in cultures of Vero cells. The neutralizing activity resided in the immune globulin fraction and may reflect the production of antibody to vector antigens on the viral envelope."
1155693,"A living adult male Gnathostoma spinigerum was coughed up by a 33-year-old Thai married woman. The expectorated worm may have emerged from the pharynx. Pork is a possible source of infection in this case. The significant symptoms of her illness were migratory joint pain, chest pain, palpitation, and itchy throat, progressively. She has never had swellings."
1155695,"The prevalence of protozoan and helminth parasites of the intestinal tract in a Papua New Guinea island with a population of 16,800 was assessed by surveys of a series of randomly selected villages. There were significant differences in the severity of infection with these parasites between the two linguistic groups inhabiting the eastern and western halves of the island. Blood examinations for malaria and microfilariae also differed. It is thought that these differences reflect obscure microenvironmental factors in what would appear to be an epidemiologically homogeneous population."
1155696,"A gravid female nematode was found in histopathologic sections of an appendix in a postmortem examination. This parasite was identified as Rictularia, a genus of small intestinal parasites in numerous mammals. The parasites of this genus have not previously been identified in man."
1155697,"The association of Schistosoma mansoni infection and proteinuria was investigated by measuring quantitative urinary protein in a defined population in an endemic area in northeastern Brazil. Persons with schistosomiasis had higher mean urinary protein than those without. Two of 162 persons with schistosomiasis had clear evidence of renal disease (pathologic proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment). These results seemed to be related neither to the intensity of S. mansoni infection as measured by fecal egg excretion nor to the presence of hepatic and splenic enlargement in schistosomiasis."
1155698,"Eight of 10 young chimpanzees were infected with the Japanese strain of Schistosoma japonicum. In 6 of these, and in 1 normal chimpanzee, a surgical end-to-side portacaval shunt was constructed during the 8th week of infection. One additional infected chimpanzee was treated successfully with the nitrovinylfuran, SQ 18,506. In the four animals surviving both infection and shunting hepatic portal fibrosis was either absent or mild. In the 7-month survivors and in the drug-treated control animals there was evidence of healed portal endophlebitis and arterialization, but no active schistosomal liver lesion was found. Nevertheless, three of these animals showed variable degrees of active schistosomal glomerulopathy, similar to that seen in the unshunted infected control and to that described in earlier studies. There was a shift of the egg burden from the liver to the lungs, as well as evidence that the number of surviving adult worms had decreased following portacaval shunting. These observations sugggest that schistosomal nephropathy in chimpanzees is more closely related to infection intensity per se than to the degree of liver damage caused by infection."
1155699,"A group of South Indian subjects was studied for their capacities to acetylate sulfamethazine (SMZ) and dapsone (DDS) and to clear DDS from the circulation. An apparent trimodal distribution of acetylator phenotypes was found in 49 subjects (51% slow, 12% intermediate, and 37% rapid acetylators) from measurements of the percentage acetylation of SMZ in 6-hour plasma samples after administration of 10 mg SMZ/kg. The intermediate phenotype was not discernible from either the percentage acetylation of SMZ in urine (collected concurrently with the plasma after SMZ) or that of DDS in plasma after the ingestion of 50 mg DDS by the same subjects. The latter two measurements yielded a bimodal distribution of 59% slow and 41% rapid acetylators, nearly identical to earlier reported distributions of isoniazid inactivator phenotypes in larger numbers of South Indian tuberculosis patients. In the current group, acetylation of DDS and SMZ was positively correlated. The half-time of disappearance (T 1/2) of DDS, an expression of the rate of clearance from the plasma, ranged from 13 to 40 hours. No correlation was found between the subject's capacity to acetylate DDS and the T 1/2 value for DDS. These results were generally consistent with earlier observations made during similar studies of American and Filipino subjects."
1155700,"To test whether herpetofauna could be a laboratory model for Mycobacterium ulcerans, 21 anole lizards were inoculated subcutaneously with viable M. ulcerans, 21 with autoclaved organisms, and 14 with an aqueous solution of 0.01% Tween 80. M. ulcerans was recovered in culture from the slowly progressive lesions which developed at the inoculation site in lizards receiving the viable bacteria. Progressive lesions did not occur in the two control groups. Three patterns of inflammatory response to viable M. ulcerans were observed: 14 lizards developed a diffuse, granulomatous reaction in which acid fast bacilli (AFB) were predominantly intracellular; 1 developed focal, encapsulated granulomas; 5 developed a diffuse, necrotizing granulomatous response in which most AFB were extracellular--similar to the characteristic lesion found in human infections."
1155701,"Sixty-two volunteers were studied to determine their local cutaneous, serologic, and virologic reactions to smallpox revaccination. Of 55 subjects available for examination, 45 (82%) had major cutaneous reactions. Subjects over 30 years old were more likely to have a major reaction. An increase in complement-fixing antibody titer was found in 74% of revaccinees with a major reaction. An increase in complement-fixing antibody titer was found in 74% of revaccinees with a major cutaneous reaction and is felt to be the best serologic indicator revaccination did not yield vaccinia virus. Cultures of the vaccination site demonstrated the virus to be present for a mean of 7.8 days (range 0--18 days) which coincided with separation correlate with antibody response. However, subjects vaccinated more than 3 years previously and subjects with major skin reactions shed vaccinia virus for longer periods than those vaccinated less than 3 years previously or who had equivocal reactions."
1155702,"Plaque reduction neutralization tests, using five group A arboviruses (chikungunya, Ross River, Getah, Bebaru and Sindbis), were done on sera from human populations in 44 Southeast Asia and Pacific island localities. Specificity of the plaque neutralization test was determined by examining convalescent sera from patients with known alphavirus infections. Chikungunya-specific neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sera of persons living in South Vietnam, Northern Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sulawesi), as well as Luzon, Marinduque, Cebu and Mindanao islands in the Philippines. Evidence of Ross River virus infection was found among populations living in West New Guinea and Papua New Guinea mainland, the Bismark Archipelago, Rossel Island and the Solomon Islands. There appeared to be no geographic overlap in the distribution of chikungunya and Ross River viruses, with the separation in their distribution corresponding with Weber's line in the Pacific. Sindbis neutralizing antibodies were found in 7 of 21 populations sampled, but in general the prevalence of infection was low. Four sera, from Vietnam, Malaysia and Mindanao gave monospecific reactions with Getah virus. No evidence of specific Bebaru virus infection was detected. The epidemiology of these five alphaviruses in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands is discussed."
1155703,"Eight patients with acute renal failure following snakebite were studied. Intravascular hemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation contributed to the development of acute renal failure in 6 patients. Direct nephrotoxicity causing acute renal failure is postulated in 2 patients, 1 of whom also revealed evidence of mild, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three patients had histopathological lesions of acute symmetrical cortical necrosis and 3 had acute tubular necrosis. In 1 patient with acute tubular necrosis, in whom direct nephrotoxicity seemed to be responsible for renal failure, the striking histological feature was a uniform debasement and disappearance of tubular epithelium. In 2 patients with a clinical course of acute tubular necrosis, histological lesions could not be documented. All the 5 patients with acute tubular necrosis regained full recovery of renal function, 3 of them with the help of dialysis and 2 with conservative management. None of the 3 patients with acute cortical necrosis survived in spite of intermittent dialysis therapy."
1155704,"Larvae of a field strain of Culex tarsalis Coq. manifesting a broad spectrum of resistance to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were selected further by methyl parathion pressure in the laboratory. There was a 6.9 times further increase in resistance to methyl parathion in larvae, i.e., from 13.4 times level of resistance in the parental strain to 93.5 times level in the F11 generation. With the exception of fenthion and malathion, cross resistance in larvae the parental strain. The F11 larval population exhibited high levels of cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (29.6 times), fenitrothion (49.4 times), parathion (55.6 times), fenthion (76.8 times), and chlorpyrifos-methyl (253.8 times). The high levels and broad spectrum of resistance to diverse OP compounds suggest the involvement of more than one mechanism in resistance. Larval selection also affected the spectrum of OP resistance in adults. The F11 adult population exhibited high levels of resistance to dichlorvos (48 times) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (40.1 times) insecticides propoxur, Mobam, Landrin or carbaryl, or to the chrysanthemate insecticide cismethrin. Resistance to the OP insecticides methyl parathion, parathion, fentirothion, fenthion and chlorpyrifos-methyl was found to be fairly stable over nine generations in the absence of methyl parathion selection pressure."
1155705,"Eight out of 47 Bradypus griseus and 14 out of 18 Choloepus hoffmanni yielded positive cultures for flagellates from blood, skin, liver or spleen. In some cases, more than one species of flagellate was isolated from one animal or site. Although amastigotes were obtained in tissue cultures from several isolates containing different types of promastigotes, only four of these strains (two from each species of host) were infective for hamsters and considered as Leishmania braziliensis. Infection with one of the strains was possible only after it has been passed through tissue culture."
1155706,"The occurrence of Onchocerca nodules in the Igbos of Nigeria was studied in a biopsy series. There were 90 cases in approximately 5,000 biopsies received in 4.5 years at a central laboratory. The prevalence of infection in males was 1.5 times that of females. The two youngest patients were both aged 3 years; the oldest was approximately 70 years. Of the 79 single-site biopsies, 14 (17.7%) nodules occurred on the head and 65 (82.3%) were done elsewhere. The nodules above the waist line totalled 42 (53.2%) and those below it 37 (46.8%). The favorite location was the forehead cephalically and the hip caudally. Eyelid and breast nodules were also noteworthy."
1155708,Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus strains were recovered from sentinel hamsters exposed in close proximity to homes in rural South Florida. Sentinel hamster surveillance methods over extended periods offer one effective way of uncovering VEE virus activity in relation to human habitation.
1155712,"The Childs-Phillips plication operation was performed in forty-two patients, as treatment for recurrent small bowel obstruction in nineteen and as prophylaxis against future intestinal obstruction in twenty-three. Intestinal obstruction occurred later in only one patient. Eight of ten patients with acute peritonitis died in the postoperative period. Consequently, the operation is not recommended in the presence of generalized acute peritonitis."
1155713,"Twenty-seven patients with peripheral vascular disease had studies of thrombin generation, antithrombin III -alues, factor VIII values, platelet adhesitivity, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Of the studies performed, the thrombin generation index, antithrombin III values, and, to a lesser extent, activated partial thromboplastin time were reliable in confirming clinically suspected hypercoagulability. When patients were placed into groups with and without operative complications, it was noted that the group with operative complications had higher average values of thrombin generation index and lower average values of antithrombin III and activated partial thromboplastin time than did the group without operative complications. It is thought that these tests may be useful in selecting those patients with a high risk of thrombotic complications from vascular surgery and who may benefit from anticoagulant management while undergoing necessary vascular reconstructive procedures."
1155714,"Eighty-one cases of gastrointestinal fistulas are reported. Sixty-seven of these fistulas occurred postoperatively, all of them external, and fourteen occurred spontaneously, all but one internal. Fifty-two patients were treated conservatively and twenty-nine underwent operation, with an overall mortality rate of 23.4 per cent. It is noted that the presence of severe intraperitoneal infection and a high location of the fistula were associated with an unfavorable prognosis, with mortality rates of 31.4 per cent and 48 per cent, respectively."
1155715,"Thirty-seven patients who met specific criteria had cholecystectomy without drainage, and thirty-seven matched control patients had cholecystectomy with drainage. This study suggests that surgical drainage after every uncomplicated cholecystectomy is unnecessary and may be unwise. Such drainage may result in an increased incidence of postoperative morbidity and prolonged hospital stay."
1155716,"Oral methionine is noncomatogenic in normal dogs, but it is consistently comatogenic in dogs with portacaval shunts in the  presence of elevated ammonia levels. Such action appears to be enhanced by the ammonia itself, since relatively small doses of oral methionine can induce coma when baseline levels of ammonia are above 1,000 mug/100 ml; much higher doses are nesessary for near normal ammonemia. The methionine-induced coma closely reproduces the clinical and electroencephalographic picture of coma in other canine models. Oral methionine does not significantly increase the ammonia levels, but its action is probably mediated by the release of methanethiol (and other less active compounds) from the bowel. Methanethiol levels tend to increase in proportion to the amount of methionine administered, and its comatogenic action may be amplified, up to one hundredfold, by high ammonia levels. Methanethiol levels in comatose patients and the concept of the synergistic effect with ammonia may lead to a clearer understanding of certain enterogenous and dietetic forms of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. The lowering of ammonia levels by hemodialysis or methanethiol levels by activated charcoal hemoperfusion, as attempts to reverse such forms of coma, warrants further investigation."
1155717,"The current concepts of the etiologic factors and spread of carcinoma of the gallbladder are discussed. The experience at the university of Chicago with this condition over a period of thirty years is reviewed. Of eighty-two cases diagnosed during this time, 88 per cent of the patients died within one year of diagnosis and the five year survival rate was 5 per cent. The difficulties in diagnosis of cholecystic neoplasms are considered, and the possibility of increasing diagnostic accuracy by the use of celiac axis angiography, immunologic tests for tumor-associated antigens, peptide hormone assays, and cytologic study of duodenal juice is discussed. The place of palliative surgery in the management of cancer of the gallbladder is outlined. Means of improving the current high mortality of this condition are evaluated, and a plea is made for a controlled trial of the various forms of treatment that have been suggested."
1155718,"The deep femoral artery is the main source of blood supply to the leg and foot when the superficial femoral artery is occluded. In this situation, the geometry of the trunk of the deep femoral artery represents a stenosis of 50 per cent interposed between the common femoral artery and the collateral circuit of the deep femoral artery. Intimal thickening of only 0.5 and 1.0 mm increases this anatomic stenosis to 64 and 76 per cent, respectively. Beyond the trunk, the cross-sectional area of the deep femoral artery circuit increases at each arterial division. Any reconstruction of the deep femoral artery intended to increase its inflow must extend down to at least its first important bifurcation if it is to overcome this trunk ""stenosis"". This requirement ex plains the effectiveness of proper reconstruction of the deep femoral artery in avoiding or delaying amputation in patients with ischemic symptoms and occlusion of the superficial femoral artery who are not candidates for femoropopliteal reconstruction. In this group, the absence of plaque on the arteriogram does not contraindicate reconstruction."
1155719,1. Direct endoscopy of the biliary tract has been used alone or in conjunction with operative cholangiography as a method of policing choledochal explorations. 2. A series of cases is presented in which endoscopy of the bile ducts has been of significant aid in clarifying the pathologic factors at operation. 3. This experience indicates that operative visualization of the bile ducts deserves a place in the surgical armamentarium.
1155721,"Selective hepatic arteriography and umbilical portography in a patient with idiopathic sclerosing cholangitis revealed uneven distribution of blood flow through the liver, the majority of the contrast media being demonstrated in the central portions of the liver. Mild portal hypertension was present. The stenotic biliary tree offered no unusual resistance to the passage of dye from the main biliary radicals into the duodenum. T tube drainage dramatically relieved pruritus, but clinical improvement with weight gain, disappearance of jaundice and reduction of portal pressure did not occur until after the administration of steroids. After one year of steroid therapy, liver biopsy showed a reduction in the periportal inflammatory reaction and lessening of the diffuse stenosis of the biliary tree. The relationship of these findings to current pathophysiologic hypotheses concerning sclerosing cholangitis is discussed."
1155722,Severe liver dysfunction and even death from hepatic failure after jejunocolic anastomosis has led to the virtual abandonment of that procedure for the surgical treatment of massive obesity. This complication after the currently employed jejunoileal anastomosis has rarely been described before. We present two cases of hepatic necrosis and death after end to side jejunoileal anastomosis and compare the clinical data and liver function test results in these two patients with findings in 124 other patients who underwent a similar procedure for treatment of morbid obesity. No significant differences could be found that would allow early identification of those patients in whom massive hepatic necrosis was developing. Careful follow-up study and perhaps repeated liver biopsy may be necessary to monitor the hepatic status after jejunoileal anastomosis so that reanastomosis can be undertaken at a time when the damage may be reversible.
1155723,"One hundred severty-one cases of mechanical intestinal obstruction were studied. One hundred fifteen had small bowel obstruction and fifty-six had large bowel obstruction. Adhesion (32.8 per cent), hernia (21.6 per cent), and neoplasm (18.1 per cent) were the cause of obstruction in more than 70 per cent of all cases. More than 40 per cent of patients were older than 60 years and the average age was 52.7. The numbers of males and females were approximately equal. There were twice as many whites as blacks, and the mortality rate was higher among blacks. The overall uncorrected mortality rate was 18.7 per cent. Operation was performed in 105 patients (61.4 per cent), with a postoperative mortality of 19 per cent and corrected postoperative mortality of 4.5 per cent. Contributing factors that were significant were high incidence of metastatic diseases, elderly patients, and delay in admission."
1155724,"Cystic adventitial disease consists of a collection of clear gelatinous material within an aberrant synovial-type cyst located in the subadventitial plane of the wall of a major artery. Recurrent minor trauma is presumed to potentiate mucin production and enlargement of the cyst with resultant arterial occlusion and symptoms of ischemia. It occurs most commonly in the popliteal artery in young men; forty-seven such patients have been reported on. Extrapopliteal disease is distinctly less frequent, occurring three times in the external iliac, three times in the radial, once in the ulnar, and once in the common femoral artery. Surgical therapy of choice is evacuation of the gelatinous material and abrasion of the lining of the cyst. Grafting is occasionally necessary. Long-term results are excellent and recurrence is uncommon."
1155726,"A new technic of ocular pneumoplethysmorgraphy for the simultaneous determination of blood pressures in the ophthalmic artery branches of the internal carotid arteries is described. It provides a noninvasive, atraumatic method for assessing hemispheric blood flow. When performed with simultaneous carotid compression, it provides a means for assessing the availability of collateral blood flow to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Clinical applications related to carotid artery disease and carotid artery surgery are discussed."
1155727,"Attention if directed to explanation of the endothoracic fascia in several operations described by pioneer thoracic surgeons. The extrapleural plane was extensively and successfully employed in a number of these operations. Re-emphasis of its use seems advisable even today when open thoracotomy is the rule rather than the exception. In selected cases the extrapleural plane can and should be dissected in the aggressive management of relatively localized empyema, with complete enucleation of the infected sac (empyemectomy). This operation can reduce morbidity and prevent prolonged external drainage. The surgical advantage of the extrapleural plane is also apparent in complete parietal pleurectomy for effective palliation of repeated fluid formation. Other instances of intrathoracic disease are mentioned for which dissection in the extrapleural plane can be a safe and time-saving method of treatment. The anatomic considerations relating to the rapid, safe, and effective dissection of the major hilar vessels are also emphasized."
1155728,"Because there is no such thing as ""minor splenic injury"", the diagnosis of splenic rupture is a major problem after abdominal trauma. Since it is our policy to explore all penetrating abdominal injuries, the problem of early recognition arises in patients with blunt trauma. When abdominal evaluation is difficult because of associated injuries, we increasingly use peritoneal dialysis. This has been particularly helpful in patients with head injury or drug intoxication and has also contributed to earlier operation in patients with signs of hypovolemia but minimal abdominal findings. Angiography has been useful in doubtful cases. Review of our experience in the last five years with splenectomy (298 cases) has revealed complications, particularly thromboembolic, that have changed our management of these patients. The incidence of clinical pulmonary embolism was 4 per cent in patients having splenectomy for trauma as contrasted with 0.5 per cent in patients having laparotomy for trauma without splenectomy. Postoperative platelet evaluations in patients after splenectomy for trauma revealed thrombocytosis. Detailed follow-up platelet studies showed a peak thrombocytosis at about two weeks, averaging 976,000/mm3. In contrast, similar studies in other patients having laparotomy for trauma showed counts of about 200,000/mm3. Because of the high incidence of thromboembolic complications, a low-dose heparin regimen was initiated. There was a 30 per cent incidence of infection postoperatively."
1155729,"The serum chloride and phosphate levels were measured and the chloride/phosphate ratios calculated in a group of eighty-four hypercalcemic patients. Although patients with hyperparathyroidism frequently had phosphate levels in the low normal range (less than 3 mg/100 ml) and chloride levels in the nigh normal range (greater than 102 mEq/L), they were nevertheless significantly different from the groups of patients with nonparathyroid hypercalcemia in whom phosphate levels were usually higher (greater than 3 mg/100 ml) and chloride levels usually lower (less than 102 mEq/L). The chloride/phosphate ratio was higher than 33 in 94 per cent of hyperparathyroid patients and lower than 33 in 96 per cent of other hypercalcemic patients. Thus, the measurements of serum phosphate and chloride levels and the calculation of the chloride/phosphate ratios were useful diagnostic screening tests that discriminated between patients with hypercalcemia of parathyroid and nonparathyroid origin with an accuracy of 95 per cent."
1155731,"The postoperative morbidity and mortality in one hundred patients who underwent composite resection for oral malignant disease are reviewed. Although there was a 7 per cent mortality and significant morbidity, the majority of patients did well. This procedure offers potential cure for life-threatening malignant disease."
1155732,"1. Careful examination of the peripheral blood vessels is essential in choosing the site for an arteriovenous heterograft. 2. Ischemia of the hand or fingers was avoided by placing upper extremity grafts in the forearm. 3. In the lower extremity, if peripheral pulses are normal, a straight thigh graft is preferred. 4. The recipient vien in the antecubital fossa should be no less than 4 mm in diameter; in the lower extremity the venous anastomosis should be made to the common femoral vein. 5. ""Graft hypertension"" is a sign of inadequate venous runoff and should be corrected before false aneurysms develop or occlusion of the graft occurs. 6. Most thrombosed grafts can be reopened and should be explored promptly through an incision near the venous end."
1155733,"Of 238 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, 20 per cent were ultimately found to have other conditions, namely, renal/ureteral problems most often, followed by diseases of the liver, pancreas, appendix, and thorax. Discriminant factors are discussed. Operations based on misdiagnoses occurred only in the patients undergoing early operation. Painstaking preoperative study and interval cholecystectomy, whenever possible, are recommended."
1155734,"The pitfalls of traditional concepts in the management of a felon are reviewed. A more rational and uniformly successful method is detailed. This consists of a midvolar, longitudinal incision of the fat pad where the majority of abscesses point. Other incisions are reserved for the few cases in which maximal tenderness is shown elsewhere. An abscess should always be drained where it points. It has not been our intent in this report to discuss the problems of extension of infection beyond the closed space of the distal fat pad or to deal with paronychias and eponychias that simulate a felon by their extension."
1155736,The surgical treatment of complications of diverticulitis remains most challenging. A review of twenty years' experience with one hundred fifteen cases is presented with one proved anastomotic leak and no deaths. Interval primary resection with anastomosis for chronic recurrent disease including colovesical fistula and mesocolic abscess was proved sate with low morbidity. The three-stage procedure for perforated diverticulitis with spreading peritonitis or pericolic abscess was associated with a high rate of complications and morbidity. An aggressive approach with resection without anastomosis in two stages is indicated.
1155737,"Sixty-two patients with transposition of the great arteries, ranging in age from one week to thirty-five years, underwent total corrective surgery during a seven year period at Stanford University Hospital. Reported herein are the first pateint to undergo complete correction at out hospital and every subsequent patient until October 1974. Eleven patients died, an overall hospital mortality of 18 per cent. Two of thirty-two patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum died, one of pulmonary hypertension at seven days of age. Nine of thirty patients with transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect with or without pulmonary stenosis died. Cause of death usually was high pulmonary vascular resistance. The Donovan-Rastelli procedure was performed in ten patients, with three deaths, but all patients survived when the inserted right ventricular outflow contained a xenograft aortic valve. Transposition of the great arteries in the first weeks of life must be considered on the individual merits of each case, but the combined medical and surgical approach must be both expedient and thorough if the patient is to survive."
1155738,"Silicone-Silastic implants to restore continence and potency have been used in one hundred twenty and twenty-five patients, respectively, and in eight patients a combined anti-impotence and anti-incontinence operation has been performed. The results have been gratifying, the complication rate has been minimal with fewer than five patients in our series having infection and a draining perineal sinus after the incontinence implant, and in no patient have delayed problems with the penile implants developed. Because of the design of the penile implants, fracture is extremely unlikely to occur, and the rods can be replaced if necessary because of inadequate length or asymmetry."
1155739,"Primary malignant lesions of the bile duct system are almost always discovered at a late stage, and largely because of this, the prognosis with this disease is poor. Despite this bleak prognosis, many of these lesions are well differentiated and relatively slow growing. In contrast to periampullary lesions, which may be polypoid or papillary with a relatively good prognosis, bile duct cancers are almost always of the infiltrative type and are often scirrhous. Metastases to lymph nodes occur in the majoirty of patients, about half have liver metastases, direct invasion of the liver occurs frequently, extension into the wall of the bile duct often occurs early, periductal involvement often precludes resection, and perineural invasion frequently extends far beyond the limits of resection. The early periductal spread of these lesions along with the anatomic barriers, that is, the portal vasculature, often prevents wide excision of tumors in the supraduodenal portions of the bile ducts. These lesions are difficult to detect accurately and, because of this, often are nonresectable when definitive diagnosis is established. To detect these tumors more frequently during exploration of the extrahepatic biliary system, especially during cholecystectomy, biopsy specimens of any indurated area should be taken. The discovery of white bile in the common duct is highly suggestive of malignant disease, scrapings of indurated areas may establish the diagnosis, and perhaps the interior of the ductal system should be visualized directly with the optical instruments currently available. However, since most intraductal malignant lesions resemble fibrous strictures, direct visualization may not allow distinction between the two; moreover, biopsy may not establish the diagnosis of malignant disease since often the lesions are extensively fibrotic. Retrograde cholangiography with the duodenoscope probably will be used increasingly in the study of various problems in the bile ducts, including malignant disease. It is unlikely, however, that this method will contribute to the discovery of lesions confined to the mucosa, since carcinoma at this stage seldom produces symptoms and duodenoscopy would rarely be carried out in a patient without significant biliary symptoms."
1155748,"A method for the analysis of ketamine and of its metabolites is described using gas-liquid chromatography for separation and flame ionization detection. The lower limit of detection for ketamine in serum was 0.025 mug/ml. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of ketamine after intravenous injection may be described in terms of an open two-compartment model. The serum half-life of ketamine was in alpha-phase about 11 min, the predominant half-life for the beta-phase 2.5 h. The half-life of ketamine and its metabolities in urine was comparable to that in serum. It could be shown that the duration of anaesthesia is not only correlated ti ist rapid metabolic breakdown and elimination, but also to the distribution of the drug peripheral tissue."
1155751,"The position of the tip of a central venous catheter inserted through an arm vein is not influenced by the arm or by the vein chosen. There may be some advantage in inserting the catheter with the arm at the patient's side, although there seems to be no benefit from turning the patient's head towards the side of insertion. Because the most common malposition from an apparently uneventful insertion is due to the catheter tip entering the internal jugular vein, neck compression has been established as a useful test. If the catheter tip is well into the internal jugular vein, compression on that side of the neck should cause a rise in the recorded pressure of 10 or more cm H20. This rise should not occur on compression of the other side of the neck. We wish to emphasize that it is important to confirm radiographically the position of the catheter tip."
1155752,"Three groups of adult patients were anaesthetized for elective intra-abdominal surgery. In one group, patients were ventilated with dry anaesthetic gases, and these patients all lost heat. In the second group humidification was used to annul respiratory heat exchange, and these patients lost heat initially but tended to regain heat during anaesthesia. The third group, in addition to humidification, had surface insulation and all these patients gained heat. It is suggested that conservative methods which negate heat loss are able to prevent hypothermia by the retention of metabolically produced heat."
1155753,Patients were studied to quantitate methods used to prevent heat loss during vascular surgery. A combination of techniques limiting heat loss were shown to prevent hypothermia. In addition it was shown that heat balance in patients undergoing vascular surgery did not differ from that in patients undergoing other forms of surgery.
1155756,"The incidence and management of severe drug overdose patients over a five-year period is presented, together with results and complications. Emphasis is placed on the importance of conservative measures with minimal need for more aggressive methods of treatment."
1155759,The anaesthetic management for surgical procedures involving the larynx and/or trachea and the problem of the shared airway are outlined. The use of intravenous Althesin on 31 patients (43 administrations) is described. It is suggested that Althesin has a place in the management of these patients.
1155761,"Iatrogenic hypermagnesaemia may occur when magnesium is infused in the presence of compromized renal function. Three cases are described and the renal control of magnesium is discussed. If magnesium is considered necessary in the presence of decreased renal function, reduction in dosage and frequent monitoring of serum magnesium levels should be undertaken."
1155762,"An attachment for a standard intravenous infusion set is described. It allows delivery of carbohydrate and amino-acid solutions in a manner that favours maximum utilization and reduces the risks of metabolic complications. It also permits, with ease, repeated alterations of infusion regimes when this is considered necessary."
1155768,The study contains an analysis of the clinical course of 48 patients with acute respiratory failure. The degree of arterial hypoxaemia and respiratory failure were correlated with the value of true pulmonary shunt of non-oxygenated blood. Measurements of the shunt were carried out serially during treatment and it was calculated from the shunt equation of Berggren. It was found that the pulmonary shunt is a good index of arterial blood oxygenation in cases of acute respiratory failure. The value of 47% of shunt was accepted as that with is incompatible with survival. It was demonstrated that determinations of pulmonary shunt are superior to A-aP02 measurements in assessment of the ventilatory function of the lungs.
1155769,"The author studied the morphological changes developing in the tracheobronchial mucosa following a surgical tracheal fistula. The experiments were carried out on 19 dogs which were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 10 dogs, in which specimens were obtained by bronchoscopy; in group II, 9 dogs, specimens were obtained directly. Histological examinations were carried out by Gomori's reaction and hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Histo-chemical tests included PAS reaction and alcian blue stain. The results showed that after 24 hours morphological changes mainly involved the tracheal mucosa and their characteristic feature was the variety of forms of lesions of the epithelium covering the mucosa. The longer the duration of the fistula the more these changes increased in intensity and involved further parts of the tracheobronchial tree. The author also took into account the living conditions in the kennels where the dogs were kept following the tracheostomy. The changes observed were compared with those reported by other authors and the correlation between the occurrence of these changes and the environmental conditions and length of breathing through the surgically produced fistula was analysed."
1155770,Changes of the dynamic compliance coefficient of lungs were studied during diethyl ether and halothane anaesthesia. Determining lung compliance at the same time it was possible to show the effect of these agents on changes in the magnitude of breathing work necessary to overcome elastic and non-elastic resistances. The investigations were carried out on 31 patients during general anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration. The determinations revealed that the tidal volume (TV) was decreased in relation to the initial values (before anaesthesia) indicating a depressing effect of these agents on the processes of respiration. Changes in the tidal volume and intrapulmonary pressure decided on the changes of the pulmonary compliance coefficient and the magnitude of breathing work. The coefficient of pulmonary compliance decreased during diethyl ether administration by 18.8% and during halothane by 30.9%. On the other hand the work necessary to overcome respiratory resistances increased mainly during ether anaesthesia owing to a significant rise in the non-elastic resistance (bronchial secretion).
1155771,"The purpose of study was to observe changes which may develop in the mechanics of breathing following laryngectomy in patients with carcinoma of the larynx as compared with the pre-operative conditions. The studies were carried out on a group of 29 patients, performing the measurements twice, i.e. before operation and after laryngectomy and tracheostomy. The measurements were done using a Godart Compliance-Test type 121 apparatus. The value of the coefficient of dynamic compliance of the lungs was determined together with the magnitude and type of work necessary to overcome respiratory resistance. It was found that after the operation the coefficient of dynamic compliance of the lungs increased by 63.7% while the total work of breathing decreased by 38.7% and the work necessary to overcome the elastic resistance of the lungs fell by 33.7% and that for overcoming the non-elastic resistance fell by 49.3%. The most significant changes in breathing mechanics observed after the operation concerned the ratio or breathing work necessary to overcome the non-elastic resistance to the total breathing work. This ratio was 43.35% pre-operatively and 34.11% post-operatively. The obtained results suggest that impairment of laryngeal patency caused by the tumour raises the breathing work and reduces the coefficient of dynamic compliance of the lungs due mainly to an increased non-elastic breathing resistance."
1155772,"The purpose of this study was: 1) to observe the renal effects of atropine and pethidine administered intravenously in premedication, 2) to assess the renal effects of diethyl ether and halothane, 3) to study the effects of respiration on the renal functions in general anaesthesia and 4) to evaluate the antidiuretic action of Octapressin used for infiltration of the field of operation during anaesthesia. The studies on the renal effects of the drugs used in premedication were carried out on 27 patients. The renal effects of general anaesthesia and operation on renal functions were studied in 20 patients divided into 2 groups. Group I comprised of patients under diethyl ether anaesthesia while in group II halothane was used. In both groups subgroups A and B were isolated depending on the type of respiration applied during general anaesthesia (subgroup A -- manually assisted respiration, subgroup B -- spontaneous respiration). In all patients in groups I and II Octapressin was used for infiltration of the field of operation. Its renal effects were assessed on the results of determinations in 5 cases (subgroup II-A) anaesthetized with halothane and receiving manually assisted respiration. These results were compared with those in group III which comprised of 5 patients anaesthetized with halothane who were not given Octapressin infiltrations. The following conclusions have been drawn from these results: 1) Atropine and pethidine administered intravenously in therapeutic doses significantly reduce glomerular filtration. 2) Changes in renal functions observed during general anaesthesia and operation were the result of ADH secretion stimulation and changes in renal haemodynamics. 3) No differences were observed between the renal effects of diethyl ether and halothane which was due, probably, to compensatory renal mechanisms regulating renal circulation and osmotic equilibrium in the organism. 4) No differences were observed also in the renal effects of various method of ventilation used during anaesthesia. 5) Octapressin used in therapeutic doses for infiltration of the operation field had no potentiating effect on the antidiuretic action of general anaesthetic agents."
1155786,"The ultrastructure of the hepatocyte of the fetal stumptail monkey was examined with the aim of defining a possible model for studies of fetal drug metabolism. Hepatocytes from fetuses of 80 and 160 days gestation, as well as from one animal one week of postnatal age, were examined and compared to human fetal hepatocytes at 12 and 16 weeks gestation. Marked variation was observed in the amount of lipid and the distribution of organelles within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte in the monkey population. These differences were attributed to genetic variation. Two changes were seen which correlated with developmental age. The amount of hemopoietic tissue decreased and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased as the animal matured. The problems of genetic variation and the relative number of hepatocytes at different stages of development were discussed relative to the use of this animal as a model for fetal drug metabolism studies. Attention to both of these problems is considered necessary for the interpretation of biochemical data in future studies."
1155787,"The effect of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) on the hematopoietic events in the embryonic spleen of C57Bl/6J mice was examined by light and electron microscopy. Following PHZ in injections to the mothers, the embryonic spleen revealed a marked increase in erythroid precursors, with a shift to mature cells. This phenomenon was part of a more generalized stimulation of erythorpoiesis, expressed by a shift to mature red cell precursors in the embryonic livers and an increase in the percentage of non-nucleated cells in the embryonic peripheral blood. Concomitantly stimulation of phagocytosis in the spleen of embryos in the early gestational days and increased vascularity were observed, and a later effect of granulocytopoietic stimulation. The effect on erythropoiesis in the embryonic spleen might be a sequence of erythropoietin stimulation, either in the mothers or the fetuses, due to anemia and hypoxia following PHZ injections."
1155788,"The development of the granular convoluted duct in the submandibular gland of male rats, 4 to 12 weeks of age, was investigated. During this period, the average weight of the gland increased from 213 to 526 mg, the total DNA and RNA contents doubled, and the protein content tripled. Radioautographs were prepared from Epon embedded sections of the gland of the rats given 3-H-thymidine and stained with toluidine blue. The glands of 4-week-old rats consisted mainly of acinar cells (45%), intercalated ductal cells (20%) and striated ductal cells (16%). A few granular convoluted ductal cells were seen in the striated duct close to the intercalated duct. The frequency (and absolute number) of granular convoluted ductal cells increased linearly from 1% (3 X 10-6) at four weeks to 26% (68 X 10-6) at eight weeks, while the calculated number of striated ductal cells remained stationary. The absolute number of acinar cells and intercalated ductal cells nearly doubled between four to eight weeks of age. The proliferative activity of all cell types declined with age but between six and ten weeks of age the rate of proliferation of ductal cells was relatively higher than the rate of proliferation of the acinar cells. Morphologically the size and number of granules in the granular convoluted ductal cells increased with age. Based on the above data it is concluded that the granular convoluted ductal cells developed from that segment of the striated ductal cells which is in close proximity with the intercalated ductal cells. The heterogeneity of the granules in the granular convoluted ductal cells observed from six weeks of age might denote the functional diversity of the cells."
1155789,"Smooth muscle cells were demonstrated adjacent to the aqueous outflow pathway in rabbit eyes. The cells were arranged as a discontinuous band, one to three layers thick and extended from the termination of Descemet's membrane to the ciliary body. Most of the cells were oriented with their long axes at right angles to the aqueous plexus, but many were arranged in a direction parallel to the plexus. The organization of the cells suggests that their contraction would exert a bi-directional force, and therefore, affect aqueous outflow resistance."
1155790,"The mitochondrial population of sustentacular cells in the testis of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, has been examined by electron microscopy. Three distinct types of mitochondria have been observed. The first and most common mitochondrial type is a ""typical"" organelle with a rod-like profile containing tubular to plate-like cristae. The second mitochondrial form is characterized externally by irregular bulbous protrusions and internally by increased numbers of tubular cristae. The third mitochondrial type, which is usually ovoid in profile, has the most unusual internal membrane configuration, consisting of pleated folds pierced by regular rows of fenestrations. Mitochondrial type one is found in all sustentacular stages, mitochondrial type two first appears in sustentacular cells surrounding early spermatids, and mitochondrial type three is observed only in sustentacular cells surrounding spermatozoa. These observations indicate that discrete subclasses of mitochondria are present in sustentacular cells of Xenopus."
1155791,"The diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured during stages of the estrous cycle in intact and hysterectomized mice and at intervals during pregnancy in mice with embryos in both uterine horns or in only the left horn. At metestrus I vein sizes were the least and were not significantly different in intact and hysterectomized mice. Ovarian and uterine veins showed the same or increased diameters at other stages of the cycle; veins enlarged progressively during pregnancy in intact mice. Non-gravid uterine horns showed little size increase as compared to gravid horns. Increases in vein diameter appeared to be correlated with local production of reproductive hormones. Evidence for transuterine migration of embryos was observed in 21 of 53 mice in which one uterine tube had been ligated or one ovary had been removed."
1155792,"Electron microscopic observations are reported on the intestine of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. The lungfish has a spiral valve rather than a true stomach. Segments of mucosa from this area reveal, by transmission microscopy, that most cells have distinct striated borders with parallel microvilli. Fibrils within the core of the microvilli extend deeply into the cytoplasm. Microvilli on the surface of goblet cells are less regularly arranged than those of absorptive cells. Interspersed among the cells with striated borders are cells, similar in cytologic appearance except that they are covered with tufts of kinetocilia. By transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia having one complete complement of microtubules plus incomplete sets from other cilia which share some of the peripheral doublets of the complete cilium are enclosed by a single membrane. Cilia are usual in the intestine of many lower forms but ordinarily absent in higher vertebrates. Their functional significance in this primitive fish is unknown."
1155793,"The ultrastructure of the myoneural junctions in the body wall muscles has been studied in Branchiobdella pentodonta Whit. A single junctional type has been found. Within the terminal axon there are two types of vesicles, which differ in number, size and electron opacity. The junctional gap contains the basement membrane. The post-junctional membrane displays concave patches on which slender projections arising from the outer lamina of the sarcolemma extend into the junctional gap. These concave patches overlie a cytoplasmic lamina made up of electron dense material."
1155794,"Splitting the uterus longitudinally through implanatation sites makes it possible to obtain access to blastocysts and implantation chambers during stages of implanatation of the blastocyst in the rat. On the afternoon of day 5 of pregnancy, blastocysts lie in a shallow antimesometrial depression and tend to fall free of the uterus when the chamber is opened. On day 6, blastocysts are oriented in a mesonmetrial-antimesometrial plane, occupy a distinct implantatopm chamber, and tend to adhere to one side or the other of the uterus, leaving an imprint on the contralateral side. After about noon of day 6, some of the blastocysts split in half laterally, and by day 7 all blastocysts which are exposed are split. In addition to demonstrating increased adhesion of blastocyst to uterine epithelium, the procedure clearly shows the progressive elongation of the imlantation chamber. The embrvonic cell mass is specifically oriented on day 6, and is clasped but not distorted, whereas the abembryonic trophoblast is slightly compressed and indented by the uterine epithelium. The microvilli of the uterine epithelium within the imprint become progressively flattened when compared to the microvilli of the implantation chamber outside of the imprint. The method provides a means of gaining direct access to the surface of uterine epithelium precisely where it has been in association with the blastocyst not only for scanning electron microscopy but also for studies of the properties of the surface constituents."
1155795,"Notochords were isolated from Hamburger-Hamilton stages 13-15 chick embryos by trypsinization and microdissection. These were shown by electron microscopy to be completely devoid of extracellular materials or mesenchymal contaminants. Cultivation of notochordal isolates was carried out on a non-collagenous (Falcon Plastic) substratum for 0 to 48 hours. At 12 hours of in vitro incubation, a discontinuous basal lamina could be demonstrated on the surface of notochordal cells. This was followed by the appearance of microfibrils of various sizes and other components of the extracellular matrix. By 48 hours of in vitro incubation, the same extracellular materials which surround the notochord in vivo (notochord sheath) could be demonstrated in vitro. Autoradiographic studies show that tritiated proline is taken up by notochordal cells and secreted to the extracellular space where label is associated with basal lamina, microfibrils and ground substance. When cis-hydroxyproline, a known collagen-specific inhibitor is added to the system, tritiated proline label is located primarily intracellularly and fewer areas of active fibrillogenesis are noted. This suggests that ultrastructurally recognizable materials produced by notochordal cells in vitro may be at least partially collagenous. Significantly, these materials are produced in vivo at the same time (following stage 10) that notochordal tissues actively induce somite differentiation and cartilage formation. It seems reasonable that a biochemically or ultrastructurally identifiable component of the extracellular matrix may possibly mediate such induction."
1155796,"Contraction of the conus arterisus (conus) is visibly delayed in the tubular heart of the chick embryo, and since the electromechanical coupling interval of isolated conal segment is similar to other areas of the embryonic heart, the delayed contraction of the conus indicated an impedance in the spread of the depolarization wave across the ventriculo-conal (VC) junction. A surface electrode placed on the conus of hearts obtained from the 72-hour chick embryo records a deflection, termed the C wave, appearing between the QRS complex and the T wave. To establish that the C wave arose from below the atrioventricular sulcus, atria were removed from a series of hearts from 96-hour embryos and the electrogram revealed a C wave without a P wave. The VC junction responds to digitoxin just as the atrioventricular tissue. Digitoxin prolongs the interval between the QRS and the C wave prior to a complete block in a manner analogous to the PR interval increase prior to the development of the Wenckeback phenomenon or complete atrioventricular block.  As the embryonic heart developed after 96 hours, the C wave was no longer identifiable in the ECG."
1155797,"Diuresis and natriuresis follow volume expansion by intravenous infusion of either blood or saline. However, the mechanisms underlying the renal responses seem different for the two types of expansion. It has been suggested that the response to saline expansion is due to changes in physical factors with alterations in the morphology of the lateral intercellular space (LIS). The present study examines the width of the LIS of the proximal tubule after a Ringer-Locke (1%, 2.3%, or 7% body weight) or whole blood (2.3% body weight) infusion and in nonexpanded control. After Ringer-Locke infusion, a significant widening of the LIS of the proximal tubule is seen at all levels of expansion. There is a linear relationship between the level of the Ringer-Locke infusion and the degree of expansion of the LIS. In contrast, after blood volume expansion, the width of the LIS is the same as nonexpanded controls. These studies are consistent with the view that the renal response to saline expansion is mediated at least in part by physical factors affecting the proximal tubule."
1155798,"The third ventricle of monkeys has been examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two populations of supraependymal (SE) cells were distinguished on the basis of morphology and location. One type has been previously reported (Coates, '72, '73a,b,c). Another, type 2 SE cell, is now described. Type 2 SE cells were found in the third ventricle of both sexes and in all age groups although the numbers varied highly from animal to animal. The most common site for type 2 SE cells was the floor and transition zone of the third ventricle. Visualized with SEM, these cells had variable morphology, but may be characterized by a small cell body, few non-branching processes some of which were flared and surface features such as ruffled membranes. Type 2 SE cells most likely correspond to Kolmer or epiplexus cells originally described in association with the choroid plexus. As such, they are probably phagocytes."
1155799,"Electron microscopic examination of samples from various regions of the rat small intestine was carried out. The number of mitochondria in the epithelial cells was estimated. The counts were made in sections of cells cut along their longitudinal central plane. The errors involved in extrapolating these counts to the whole cells were also estimated. The average mitochondrial number per cell section was 21 in the lower third of the crypts, it gradually increased in the mid and upper thirds and reached about double, 42, at the villus base. The known forms of dividing mitochondria were identified in the mid and upper third of the crypts. The counts remained around 42 along the epithelium of the villi. Crypt cells are continually produced in the lower crypt; these cells migrate to the villi while differentiating into nonproliferative absorptive cells. After inhibiting mitosis by methotrexate, this migration continued (Altmann, '74) and mitochondrial division persisted. In segments of the jejunum isolated surgically from the functional intestine for three weeks, mitosis and cell migration continued, but no evidence of mitochondrial duplication was found. Each mitochondrion probably undergoes a division as the crypt cells migrate from the mid-crypts to the villus. As a result, the villus epithelial cells contain double numbers of mitochondria. It appears that the mitochondrial division is not directly related to mitosis and is elicited by a stimulus present only in the functional intestine."
1155800,"Single palatal processes or homotypic paired palatal processes from 12-day mouse embryos (strain C57Bl) were grown in organ culture on Millipore filters. The epithelium along the medial edge of each palatal process became disrupted, and, by 72 hours of culture, paired palatal processes achieved mesenchymal fusion at the site of disruption. The nasal epithelium of paired palatal processes became a recognizable pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium by 96 hours of culture, and the oral epithelium became a recognizable stratified squamous epithelium by 120 hours of culture. These events correspond temporally to the differentiation of palatal tissue in vivo. Differentiative changes of single palatal processes followed the same schedule as double processes. Observations also suggest that the epithelium at the tip of the vertically oriented young palatal process corresponds to the medial epithelium of the more advanced horizontal process-these observations have bearing on the mechanism of palatal movement. In addition, the results suggest that a re-evaluation of the terminology ""potential for fusion"" is necessary."
1155801,"Osteopetrosis is a disease in which diffuse sclerosis of the entire skeleton results from an imbalance between the processes of bone formation and bone resorption. The grey lethal is the most severely affected of the three mouse mutants which have been described and its osteopetrosis is transmitted as a simple autosomal recessive gene. Affected mice develop a grey coat at 8-10 days of age and die before one month of age. Recently we (Hollinshead and Schneider, '73) reported that grey lethal mice could be identified at birth because the apex of their lower incisors lies anterior to the molar region in the mandible. In this study we show that it is possible to identify affected fetuses from day 18 of gestation using the same and other histologic criteria in examining their teeth."
1155802,"The myotendinous junction in the skeletal muscle of adult lamprey Lampetra japonica was studied with an electron microscope. Numerous finger-like sarcolemmal invaginations were present at the ends of muscle fibers to form the myotendinous junction. Parietal fibers of each muscle unit showed more closely distributed sarcolemmal invaginations than central fibers. Features of the myotendinous junction generally conform to the accounts in the literature. The sarcolemmal invagination was covered on its sarcoplasmic aspect by the connecting filament layer and the dense amorphous attachment layer, and on the extracellular aspect by the intermediary layer and the external lamina with collagen fibrils arising from the myosepta. Sarcolemmal invaginations were sometimes seen to consist of a pair of sarcolemmas of adjacent muscle fibers within a muscle unit, which is characteristic to the myotendinous junction of lamprey. It is noteworthy that the connecting filament layer is much thinner than that, e. g., in the tadpole tail muscles (Nakao, '74). Furthermore, it is much thicker in the parietal fibers than in the central fibers. The sarcolemma of the terminal segment of the invagination frequently showed specific coupling with cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal coupling). The external lamina is partially or completely deficient in the terminal segment of sarcolemmal invaginations which form terminal couplings so that collagen fibrils contained in the invagination appear to be in direct contact with the sarcolemma; however, definite relationships of collagen fibrils with the sarcolemma and the external lamina in the terminal segment of invagination still remain obscure. This type of coupling is considered to play a role in the coupling of excitation to contraction of muscle fibers as triads and diads."
1155803,"Studies were carried out, using transmission electron microscopy, of the cilia of the nephrons of rat and human kidneys. Cilia were observed in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, in the proximal tubule, the distal tubule, including the macula densa, and the collecting duct. They had a number of characteristic features, including the presence of a centriole adjacent to the basal body, long, slender cross-striated rootlets, and a typically organized basal body. The shaft of the cilia differed from the typical 9 + 2 pattern of organization. Near the base of the cilia the pattern was 9 + 0. In the middle portion, one or more of the peripheral doublets had been displaced centrally to give an 8 + 1 or a 7 + 2 pattern, while towards the tip the pattern became more irregular and the doublets were reduced to single microtubules. We have hypothesized that these cilia may be vestigial. They may, if motile, have some minor stirring function, or they may play a sensory role, as has been postulated for similarly structured cilia in other sites."
1155804,"In early embryonic epithelia most cell divisions are oriented with their cleavage furrows perpendicular to the free surface of the tissue. This results in the generation of two daughter cells, which are equivalent with regard to their apical surface. Mitotic figures, in which the long axis through the centers of the chromosome plates (chromatin masses) is perpendicular to the surface, are seen only occasionally. The lens placode and early lens cup of mouse embryos homozygous for the gene aphakia show significantly greater numbers of maloriented mitoses than normal control lenses. The axis connecting the centers of the chromosomal plates is frequently perpendicular or oblique to the surface. This may result in the production of daughter cells, which are unequal as far as their position at the tissue surface is concerned. Later, the lumen of the mutant lens vesicle fills up with cells, which are apparently released from the lens epithelium. Further development of the lens and the eye is grossly disturbed. The release of these cells may be a consequence of the malorientation of their divisions, or both may be the result of a defect in the spatial organization of the lens tissue, possibly due to abnormal cellular adhesion."
1155805,"The systemic arterial pattern of the guinea pig was studied to determine the arrangement of the major arterial trunks and their branches. Fiftynine specimens were examined by dissection, angiography or corrosion casting. The arterial arrangement was found to resemble a typical mammalian pattern, although some exceptions were noted. For example, the guinea pig usually has a single vessel, the celiacomesenteric trunk, instead of separate celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The celiac components of this vascular axis were found to originate in four different patterns. Also, the renal arteries were found to be single or double on either side with double origins more frequent."
1155806,"The structural development of individual nephrons has been investigated in the kidneys of young rats by microdissection. Superficial, intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in Wistar-Konarovice rats aged 2 to 60 days have been followed. At two and five days of age the superficial nephrons were in an early stage of anatomical development. At this time intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons were more developed, and basically resembled similar structures in adult animals with the exception that the loops of Henle did not have a thin ascending limb. At ten days of age all three types of nephrons were differentiated with the exception that the intercortical nephrons did not possess a thin ascending limb of Henle's loop. At selected stages of development there appears to be a direct relation between the length of the superficial nephrons and the weight of the kidney. Since individual segments of these nephrons do not grow at the same proportional rate, this relationship does not hold when compared to kidney weight."
1155812,"In a straight runway, following or approach behaviour of day-old broiler and leghorn chicks was found to be mainly a linearly decreasing function of stimulus complexity. The patterned stimuli used were checkerboard-like matrices containing, on the average, 4, 36, 100, 400, or 900 bits of information. Preference for simpler stimuli was not found to depend upon experience in the test situation nor upon the degree of complexity of the home pen. When stimulus illuminance was varied, there was a tendency for a plain grey square (zero bits) to be preferred over the pattern containing 4 bits of information, suggesting that approach or following behaviour is energized maximally by some optimal combination of stimulus illuminance and complexity."
1155813,"Discrimination between individual strangers and companions was examined in day-old domestic chicks. In one experiment, pecking rates at companions and strangers were observed in pairwise bouts after 16 hr of cohabitation. The discriminability of strangers and companions was varied by means of pre-hatch colouring. Reliable discriminations between individual strangers and companions emerged as early as the first minute of the encounter. Discriminative cues provided by artificial colouring were found not to be necessary in establishing social discrimination. In a second experiment, undyed chicks were housed in pairs for 1, 4 or 16 hr. Half of the pairs lived in cages that separated companions by a wire screen, and half were housed in undivided cages. Observations of pecking in four-way bouts confirmed previous findings and demonstrated that the opportunity to peck during exposure may be a necessary condition in producing social discrimination. Antecedent conditions that lead to the development of affiliative bonds simultaneously appear to establish social discrimination."
1155814,"Testosterone affects calling in a strange environment in two independent ways. In both sexes, short calls increase in number at the expense of peeps early in the test (when they would in any case be numerous) probably as a result of an increased tendency to repeat the call which has just been given. In males only, peeps are reduced in number during established calling, as a result of the interpolation of brief periods of silence. There is no accompanying depression of escape, but the visual scanning usual during peeps is reduced. The replacement of peeps by silence and immobility may be a consequence of an increase in persistence of attention to particular stimuli."
1155815,Behavioural thermoregulation and locomotory activity of green sunfish were examined in a temporal temperature-gradient apparatus. Green sunfish actively avoided temperatures exceeding 30.3 degrees C and below 26.5 degrees C and had a median preferred temperature of 28.2 degrees C. Temperature  preference did not vary significantly during the diel period even though locomotory activity patterns were markedly crepuscular. Activity was stimulated by the change in illumination levels at dawn and dusk.
1155816,Male lycosid spiders were prevented from using one palp during the first third of copulation by a sling that we then cut to free the palp. Initial insertion durations of the treated palp were significantly shorter than those shown concurrently by the much-used normal palp; they showed temporal patterning unaffected by use of the normal palp. Data indicate that there are relatively independent control mechanisms for each palp and support the hypothesis that fatigue causes the increased duration of successive palpal insertions. Our data also suggest that normal matings terminate due to maximal use of either palp by the male.
1155817,"Monthly eosinophil counts were taken from 40 patients while they were undergoing narcotic maintenance. The overall results indicate that there was relatively little change in the eosinophil values throughout the six-month period. This hospital found, however, that there was a positive correlation between elevated eosinophil counts and heavy illicit drug use. This seems to indicate a correlation between intravenous drug use and a high eosinophil count."
1155819,The use of spirometry to determine pulmonary function has been complicated by the proliferation of measurements possible from the expiratory effort. Non-pulmonary physiologists face the problem of making a choice between a multiplicity of spirometric tests. Some guidelines for ventilatory testing are offered. The various uses of spirometry are indicated and those tests which best subserve these uses are suggested.
1155822,"In Allpyral the alum which has been added to the highly alkaline-pyrididium extract of non-defatted pollen absorbs only 25% of the extracted nitrogenous material, the larger quantity having been discarded with the supernanant.  Allpyral contains a relatively small amount of antigenic material compared with conventional aqueous or glycerol preparations.  Chemical studies show Allpyral to be a product resulting from an unrealized concept and a faulty method of preparation involving injudicious use of alum."
1155824,"A two-year pollen survey of southeast Florida revealed significant airborne pollen and spores.  Ragweed, grass, tree pollen and mold spores were identified.  Pollen and mold spores were found to be present in lower quantities than in the temperate regions but for more prolonged periods of time."
1155825,"3219 patients for seven species of grass pollen extracts and mixtures of these grasses in the St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area exhibited specific levels of allergenicity to different grasses, as well as a degree of cross-reactivity among all species tested.  Adult patient reactions to these extracts generally were similar to those of the pediatric patients tested.  Mixed grass pollen preparations proved to be inadequate as a gauge of patient allergenicity to individual species.  Intersection of the prick skin testing method and the intracutaneous technique was found at specific concentrations.  For the first time phylogenetic and taxonomic conclusions regarding the grass family are supported by immunological data."
1155826,"The luminal surface topography of bovine, equine, porcine, and caprine uterine tubes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The main types of epithelial cells were secretory and ciliated. Both types were more active during estrus. Cilia were observed in both the infundibular and the ampular parts of the uterine tube, but ciliated cells were more numerous than secretory cells on the surface of the fimbriae. Sperm were observed in the ampulla of the uterine tube of the cow 2 hours after artificial insemination."
1155827,"Microscopic observations were made of sections of normal bovine uterine tube (oviduct) and fimbriae maintained in vitro and exposed to agents known to localize in the bovine genital tract, i.e., mycoplasma, Trichomonas fetus, and Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus). Only C fetus stopped ciliary activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed loss of most cilia. Sterile filtrate of C fetus culture had no effect."
1155828,"Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) contracted the pulmonary artery, trachea, and bronchus in both cattle and sheep. Serotonin contracted the calf pulmonary vein, but it relaxed the pulmonary vein of sheep. Histamine constricted the 2 pulmonary blood vessels and trachea in calves and sheep. In contrast, histamine relaxed the ovine bronchus, but not the bronchus of the calf. Antigen (equine serum) constricted pulmonary veins from sensitized calves, but relaxed pulmonary veins from similarly sensitized sheep. Apparently, sheep are naturally more resistant than calves to both histamine and serotonin which contribute to the pulmonary inflammatory reaction."
1155829,Various methods have been developed for separation of the cellular components of blood. Size and density differences in cellular blood elements of various animal species necessitate the use of specific separative procedures. This study describes a method which combines isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation with erythrocyte aggregation as a means of isolating leukocytes from bovine blood. The procedure yields a viable population of mixed leukocytes which has proven useful for cell culture and in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity.
1155830,"Sixteen dairy farm owners in Tulare County, California, provided data on heifer calf births and deaths. Eleven of these dairymen had maintained records on the calves before this study was done, and 5 agreed to maintain them for 6 months. Basic statistical techniques, including time series analyses and life-table methods, were used to examine the data for temporal and demographic characteristics. Overall, the calf mortality rate on the 16 farms averaged 17.3 to 20.2%. The interfarm variation in mortality rate was large, ranging from 3.7 to 32.1%. Time series studies indicated that the extent of death losses increased during midsummer (June, July, August) and midwinter (November, December, January), with mortality rates in winter months being 20% greater than those in summer. Death losses in October and March were highly variable; however, losses in October usually exceeded the yearly average; those in March did not. Also, 80% of the dairymen recorded the same relative change in mortality rate during each of 2 consecutive winters and 2 consecutive summers. The risk of death for calves was greatest in their 1st week of life on most of the farms; of all deaths in calves less than 5 weeks old, 55% occurred during the 1st week of life, and 27% occurred during the 2nd. In general, the death loss in calves between 5 weeks and 3 months old was less than 2%."
1155831,"Data on calf mortality, calving site, calf-rearing facilities, and calf-management procedures were collected from 16 dairy farms in Tulare County, California. Discriminant analyses were used to test if any significant differences in these factors existed between farms with higher than average and farms with lower than average death losses. The average mortality rate over a period of at least 2 years on individual farms varied from a low of 3.5 +/- 1.1% to a high of 30.6 +/- 3.1%. Calf management personnel was the only factor significantly related to the mortality rate, with considerably fewer death losses on farms where the owner managed the calves than on farms where employees performed these duties. In general, other factor categories relating to size of the cow herd, calving site, and calf housing were not related significantly to calf deaths. The average number of heifer calves born each year on individual farms was increasing year by year, and on some farms, there seemed to be a concomitant increase in death losses. This, together with the tendency toward greater number of deaths on the larger owner-managed farms, indicated that calf care was diluted under these conditions."
1155832,"Fusobacterium necrophorum (Sphaerophorus necrophorus) and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were the predominant bacteria isolated from biopsy specimens of lesions in cattle affected with foot rot. Mixed inoculums of the 2 bacteria, applied to the scarified interdigital skin or inoculated intradermally into the interdigital skin of test cattle, induced typical lesions of foot rot. Both bacteria were reisolated in large numbers from the induced lesions."
1155833,"Experiments were conducted to determine effects of 2 organic phosphate systemic insecticides on embryonic survival and possible teratogenesis in cattle. A total of 726 heifers at 3 locations were treated with either crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphos-phoramidate) or coumaphos (O,O-diethyl O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl) phosphorothioate). The compounds were administered to pregnant bovine females at various stages of gestation by pouring along the dorsal midline. None of the treatments, including those at recommended one-time doses, one-time doses at double or triple the recommended dose levels, or doses at recommended one-time dose levels repeated each day for 10 days, gave evidence of increasing embryonic death rates or of teratogenic effects. In one experiment, the crufomate compound had apparent erratic effects on serum ace5ylcholinesterase activities, but no effects on electrocardiographic patterns, heart rate, or respiration rate. Rectal palpation for pregnancy determination during the 35- to 44-day stages of pregnancy is discussed as a possible, but unsubstantiated, cause of congenital malformation of the caudal portion of the intestinal tract in 1 calf born during these studies and in other calves previously observed."
1155834,"A bovine fecal Chlamydia, isolated from a clinically normal cow, had pathogenic capabilities and antigenic structure similar to those of a chlamydial agent of epizootic bovine abortion (EBA). Intravenous inoculation of the fecal chlamydia into a pregnant heifer caused abortion and lesions in the fetus indistinguishable from those of experimentally induced EBA. In serotests with species-specific complement fixation antigens, the intestinal agent was similar to the EBA agent."
1155835,"Lambs premunized with a relatively less pathogenic (RLP) isolate of Haemonchus contortus were challenge exposed each day with 500 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of a normally pathogenic isolate of the same worm, starting on day 9 of the premunition-induced infection. In 6-month-old lambs, there was a fourfold decrease in egg production by the premunizing RLP isolate with challenge exposure compared with egg production in lambs given only the premunizing RLP isolate and not challenge exposed. Premunized lambs were able to carry larger worm burdens with less hemoglobin loss than were nonpremunized challenge-exposed control lambs. Although challenge exposure had affected parasitic egg production by the 9-day-old premunizing RLP worms, the same young infective isolates were able to survive and protect lambs against the additional parasitism."
1155836,"From 18 donor dogs of different breeds and ages, follicular lesions of the third eyelid (plica senilunaris conjunctiva) and genitalia were surgically removed, trypsinized, and inoculated on monolayers of HeLa, rabbit kidney, and canine kidney cell cultures. Blind passages of the lesion material were made every 96 hours for 10 to 15 cell culture passages. Cellular suspensions prepared from the lesions were grown in test tubes and passaged 3 times at 10-day intervals between passages. All cultures were observed each day for cytopathic effect. Transmission studies were made by (1) inoculating normal pups with cellular suspensions of the lesions from an infected dog and an infected pup, (2) placing normal pups in contact with infected ones for contact transmission, and (3) inoculating normal animals with cell suspensions prepared from inoculated monolayers. Cytopathic changes were not seen in any of the cell culture monolayers. All transmission attempts were successful, in that characteristic lesions comparable in appearance to those seen in natural infections were produced in susceptible pups. The lesion material from an infected pup was found to be infective for a normal pup after 6 passages in tissue culture (primary rabbit kidney cells) despite absence of cytopathic effect."
1155837,"The cardiopulmonary effects of droperidol-fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and atropine were evaluated in 12 adult male Beagle dogs. All dogs were surgically instrumented with a cardiac output thermistor and arterial and venous catheters and were prepared with a chronic tracheostomy. Each dog was used as its own control, and data obtained when dogs were nonanesthetized and nonmedicated were compared with data recorded after the test drugs were administered. The dogs were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Group I dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl alone intravenously (IV); group II dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide; and group III dogs were given atropine sulfate intramuscularly followed by droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide. Minute volume was decreased in the 3 groups of dogs for 3 to 5 minutes after droperidol-fentanyl was injected. This resulted in respiratory and metabolic acidosis in all dogs, as indicated by increased arterial carbon dioxide tension, decreased pH, and increased base deficit. In addition, droperidol-fentanyl given alone caused a decrease in systolic pressure and a slight decrease in heart rate. Group 1 dogs were sensitive to auditory stimulation. Cardiovascular changes were not seen when nitrous oxide was added; however, analgesia and muscle relaxation were improved. Premedication with atropine sulfate resulted in increased cardiac output, heart rate, and diastolic pressure, and subsequent administration of droperidol-fentanyl with nitrous oxide caused a transient increase in mean arterial and systolic pressure. This last anesthetic regimen, along with assisted or controlled respiration, seems to provide an excellent anesthetic state with minimal cardiopulmonary depression."
1155838,"Three groups of rabbits (A, B, and C; 6 rabbits/group) were fed a lead supplement of 25, 50, and 100 mg of Pb/kg of live weight/day for 87 days to compare the efficacies of 3 diagnostic tests--whole blood lead concentration, urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (UALA), and fluorescent erythrocyte test (FET)--and to determine the clinicopathologic changes of experimentally induced lead poisoning in rabbits. All rabbits given lead had whole-blood lead concentrations greater then the maximum value (0.030 mg/dl) for control rabbits (group D), indicating that this measurement is a reliable indicator of lead ingestion. All group A rabbits (fed 25 mg of Pb/kg) and 66% negative UALA test results, with values less than the maximum value (0.12 mg/dl) for group D (control) rabbits. Only group C rabbits (fed 100 mg of Pb/kg) had consistently positive UALA FINDINGS. The test was therefore considered unreliable for detecting daily lead intakes less than 100 mg/kg of live weight of rabbits. All rabbits given lead had erythrocytes which fluoresced red when exposed to light rays with wavelenghts from 320 to 400 nm; fluorescence was not observed in erythrocytes of control rabbits. The FET appears to be a convenient and reliable diagnostic test for lead ingestion. In groups B and C, clinical signs of lead poisoning were mild, nonpersistent anemia characterized by the presence of poikilocytes, hupochromic erythrocytes, target cells, erythroblasts, erythrocytes with punctate basophilic stippling, reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, and relative lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and eosinopenia. One rabbit from the group fed the largest dose displayed partial anorexia."
1155839,"Fewer than 25% of 12-hour-old chicks died after subcutaneous inoculation of 5 strains or intracranial inoculation of 3 strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Mortality of embryonating chicken eggs inoculated by the allantoic route decreased from approximately 75% to 35% between 9 and 18 days of incubation, although all 18-day-old embryos died after intraembryonic inoculation. Thus, neither newly hatched chicks nor chicken embryos (unless inoculated intraembryonically) would be of value in safety testing inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viral vaccines."
1155840,"Radiographs of the teat canal (papillary duct) of 14 Holstein-Friesian cows were made immediately after removal of the milking machine and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours. The distal, middle, and proximal diameters of the canal were dilated when the machine was removed. The distal and the middle parts of the teat canal were more dilated than the proximal part of the canal. Two hours later, the canal was constricted in the 3 areas. During the next 6 hours, the canal dilated-the greatest kilation being at the proximal paet of the teat canal. The average lenght of the teat canal remained unchanged. Apparently, microorganisms can easily pass through the teat canal when it is dilated at the end of machine milking and for up to 2 hours after milking."
1155841,"Corticosteroids given in vivo altered the response of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of calves. Lymphocytes were cultured and stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). After an initial suppression of lymphocyte responses to PHA, there was a rapid return to normal. It is concluded that, in calves, short-term, high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids produces a population of lymphocytes resistant to corticosteroids, possibly by destruction of corticosteroid-sensitive lymphocytes."
1155842,"The digital circulation was isolated in 12 ponies under pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood flow was either controlled by a pump or measured under natural perfusion. The responses to rapid changes and stoppages of blood flow indicated no evidence of autoregulation or reactive hyperemia. Local administration of acetylcholine, histamine, and prostaglandins E1 and E2 decreased prevenous resistance, whereas epinephrine and serotonin caused prevenous constriction. Large doses of epinephrine and serotonin decreased venous caliber. The effects of prostaglandins A1 and F2alpha were variable. The equine digital vasculature responds to changes in flow and to vasoactive agents like the canine forelimb skin vasculature."
1155843,"A gallbladder cannula suitable for chronic implantation in the dog is described. The device is simple to operate, inexpensive to construct, durable, and easy to implant. With the cannula in place, measurements of hepatic and biliary drug kinetics, as well as enterohepatic function, in the awake nonstressed animal are possible. Minimal postoperative care is required after implantation of the device."
1155844,"Acute disophenol toxicosis, induced in 10 dogs by giving 33, 35, or 40 mg of disophenol/kg of body weight, was treated with the antipyretic dipyrone, lactated Ringer's infusions, or ice baths. Rectal temperature and estimates of hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and total white blood cell count and differential count were recorded. Higher hemogram values were sometimes observed for dogs dying of the toxicosis. Toxicosis was induced in 5 other dogs which were not treated; 1 of these, given the low dose of disophenol, recovered. Two of 3 dogs (67%) treated with the antipyretic recovered, 0 of 2 (0%) given lactated Ringer's infusion recovered, and 2 of 5 dogs (40%) treated with ice baths recovered. One of the surviving dogs treated with antipyretic was given the low disophenol dose and all the other survivors were given the medium disophenol dosage level."
1155847,"Recently we observed 5 patients with multiple primary tumors who also had a history of occupational asbestos exposure.  Two patients had a lung carcinoma and a colon carcinoma and 3 others had 2 distinct pulmonary carcinomas.  Most of the attending physicians were unaware of the patient's occupational risk for asbestos exposure and the resultant health hazards.  Therefore, we review the uses of asbestos and occupations at risk for asbestos exposure."
1155848,"The repeatablilty of the measurement of closing volume (nitrogen method) in healthy, normal subjects was investigated.  At least 7 consecutive measurements at 5-min intervals were made in each of 22 subjects.  The mean coefficient of variation for the absolute volume of phase IV was 36.1 per cent and for the percentage ratio of phase IV to vital capacity, 36.1 per cent.  Repeated measurements by the same observer of the same records on various days did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.5).  There was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between 2 observers measuring the same records, but there was no significant difference between the two observers in the variance of the closing variability in the same subject, it may be necessary to perform several closing volume maneuvers in each subject to establish his or her range before changes in the closing volume can be interpreted."
1155851,"Two commercially available bronchial brushes were compared for their cellular yield.  Specimens were obtained from 45 patients and 13 dogs by tracheal brushing via bronchofiberscopy.  After extraction of the cells from the brushes, total cell count and the percentage of ciliated cells were determined in a hemacytometer.  There was a large, significant difference in the number of cells obtained by the two brushes but no difference in the percentage of ciliated cells.  Because the number of cells available for study may relate to the likelihood of making a positive cytologic diagnosis, the results suggest that bronchial brushes should be evaluated for their cellular yield."
1155879,Penicillium spinulosum grown in a Czapek-Dox medium containing glucose produces two phenolic substances: 4-methyl orcinol (beta-orcinol) and 3-methyl orsellinic acid (beta-orcinolcarboxylic acid). Their isolation and identification are described. They are considered to be precursors of quinoids occuring in aged media and responsible for their red-violet colours. Preliminary results indicate that one of the quinoid compounds may be a diphenoquinone.
1155884,"Presently devised single channel devices generate relatively primitive sensation of hearing. They provide some enhancement of communication skills for the totally deaf. Definite psychological advantages for the totally deaf have been observed. Pitch discrimination is by the mechanism of ""periodicity pitch."" No ""place"" pitch encoding is possible. The recognition of complex sounds is not possible. Multiple segments of auditory nerve must be stimulated in a manner which will stimulate the complex patterns of neural activity necessary for speech discrimination. Electrodes can be optimized and the pathophysiological consequences of electrical stimulation can be determined in experimental animals. The perceptual consequences of electrical stimulation, however, can best be determined in man himself. How much we will have to rely on known and future methods of aural rehabilitation will depend upon how well perceptual speech patterns can be generated by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve."
1155882,"Progressive genetic sensorineural hearing loss is a common problem in adults which is frequently incorrectly diagnosed or escapes diagnosis as to etiology altogether. If the hearing problem becomes manifest in the twilight of the patient's life it is often identified with the nondescriptive term ""presbycusis."" In all patients with sensorineural hearing loss, extrinsic (environmental) causes should be ruled out after which intrinsic or genetic etiology should strongly be considered, recognizing that extrinsic factors can be superimposed. A group of young adults was studied and diagnosed as having genetic progressive hearing loss. Polytomography ruled out the theoretical possibility of chochlear otosclerosis. The diagnosis of this disorder tests most heavily on the history and audiometric configuration which is characteristically flat or basin shaped with fairly good discrimination. Of further diagnostic significance was the fact that some patients, early in the course of their difficulty, presented with a predominantly low- or high-frequency loss which, over time, assumed a flat audiometric shape. The most important pathological finding from human temporal bone studies was atrophy of the stria vascularis."
1155893,"The aetiological role of immunodeficiency in acute septic arthritis of the hip in infancy, the management of the condition after the acute infection has subsided, and the special hazards of infection in the region of the hip joint in the older child are discussed. The principles of treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip are examined in relation to the maintenance of acetabular growth potential. The factors determining the outcome of treatment in Perthes' disease are discussed and a comparison of the result in a series of cases treated by femoral osteotomy with those in untreated controls is presented."
1155888,"The clinical concepts of electronystagmography (ENG) and vestibular testing are simple. They are not mysterious, complicated, nor time consuming. Every patient afflicted with dizziness deserves such a recording as part of the vestibular workup. No one would consider the evaluation of a patient with a hearing loss complete without an audiogram, and in 1975 no patient with a complaint of dysequilibrium has been properly or sufficiently evaluated without an ENG recording of balance function."
1155883,"This article discusses the importance of the elevation and diagnosis of objective tinnitus (tinnitus heard by the patient and the physician). Intracranial arteriovenous communications and vascular anomalies are most frequently responsible for the tinnitus and auscultable bruits and are highly amenable to current surgical treatment. While the otolaryngologists may initially see these patients and be responsible for the diagnosis of their problem, the surgical correction of the intracranial lesions is usually the province of the neurosurgeon. Illustrative cases of extracranial causes are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and treatment of venous hum. Formerly called cephalic bruit and essential objective tinnitus, venous hum is now a recognized nosological entity that is amenable to treatment by ligation of the internal jugular vein."
1155889,"Several theories have been advanced to explain the sensorineural hearing loss that occurs in patients with otospongiosis: toxic substances produced by the otospongiotic focus; vascular shunts betwen the inner ear vessels and the otospongiotic focus; and atrophy of the organ of Corti and stria vascularis due to unknown causes. Presented here is yet another theory: impingement upon the cochlear walls by the otospongiotic focus, causing a narrowing of the lumen of the cochlea and distortion of the basilar membrane."
1155885,"In the guinea pig, during general hypoxia produced by shutoff of respiratory air, oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes detect a decrease in oxygen concentration in the fluids of the tunnel of Corti before detecting a decrease in scala media oxygen concentration. The present experiments were designed to measure the cochlear microphonic (CM) potential generated by the organ of Corti when vibrated by a microprobe on the basilar membrane along with the oxygen decline in both tunnel and scala media to see upon which source of oxygen CM is dependent. Because oxygen concentration in both areas can decrease considerably before CM is affected, the recovery following a brief period of hypoxia is a more accurate measure. Because CM starts a recovery before scala media oxygen, the positive endolymphatic potential (EP) was also measured to determine its role in the generation of CM. Our interpretation of the course of events is that CM is partially dependent upon oxygen supplied to the extracellular spaces of the organ of Corti by the spiral vessels and upon EP that, itself, is dependent upon several factors. The data indicate that EP plays a more complex role than that of providing a current flow for modulation by a resistance varying with vibration."
1155897,Three cases of spontaneous perforation of the proximal colon following lung surgery are reported. The caecum was the site of the lesion in two cases and transverse colon in one. Gastric inflation due to assisted artificail respiration resulting in over-distension of the colon is considered to be the cause of these complications. The treatment was by immediate laparotomy and suture of the perforation in two cases and transverse colostomy in one. All the patients made a complete recovery.
1155891,"A conference was held to consider conceptual issues, methodological problems and preliminary findings related to auditory research with aging animals. Current concepts from various areas of experimental gerontology were discussed in relation to research on the aging auditory system and to the problem of human presbycusis."
1155887,The Occupational Safety and Health Act is establishing limits for industrial noise exposure. The Act may also require physicians to evaluate audiograms and examine almost two million employees annually. Otolaryngologists must take special training and become certified to provide American industry with expertise in industrial hearing conservation.
1155898,"31 surgically treated cases of pulmonary sequestration are reported. There were 23 of intralobar and 8 of extralobar type, 23 were on the left and 8 on the right. All but three had symptoms most of them pointing to a respiratory tract infection. Six patients had pneumonia, five haemoptyses, three patients pleurisy and two patients empyema before the operation. In addition to chest x-ray, aortogram appeared to be the most valuable tool in providing the accurate diagnosis preoperatively. Most of the cases were treated by lobectomy, in 7 cases by sequestrectomy and in 2 cases by pneumonectomy. One of the patients died from pulmonary infarction due to anomalous ipsilateral pulmonary venous draingae and ligation of the veins by oversight during right lower lobectomy. The rest of the patients recovered uneventfully. On microscopical examination of the specimens a case of aspergillosis was noted, which has not been described previously in the literature in association of pulmonary sequestration. In one case acid-fast bacteria were found in the necrotic mass of the cavities in the sequestration."
1155899,"Three cases of pulmonary sequestrations are reported, one associated with tuberculosis, another with aspergillosis and a third cases associated with pseudomycosis (bothryomycosis). All the patients had a localized infection. They were treated surgically and had an uneventful recovery from their disease."
1155886,"This study reviews twenty years' experience at the University of Michigan with 500 consectutive patients suffering from symptoms of Méniére's disease. An especially strong tradition of medical therapy of Méniére's disease has prevailed at the University of Michigan because of the influence of Albert C. Furstenberg, who developed and promoted the Furstenberg regimen of a low-sodium diet and diuretics. It has been our distinct clinical impression over the years that the Furstenberg regimen has been quite satisfactory in relieving the most disturbing symptoms of Méniére's disease in the vast majority of cases and often in patients who have failed other treatment programs. This study quantifies, as much as possible, our extensive experience with this disease and confirms for us the efficacy of this treatment. Relatively few operative procedures have had to be performed for conservative treatment failures in our hands. The success of this conservative management program has been largely dependent upon the strict adherence by the patient to a professionally prescribed, low-sodium diet. Occasional patients with chronic symptoms which are refractory to medical management continue to be a problem, particularly since it is in this group of patients that bilateral involvement tends to ultimately occur."
1155900,Two cases of diaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestrations are described. One of them simulated a suprarenal tumour and the other was associated with a diaphragmatic hernia. Both of them were firmly attached to the left hemidiaphragm and were partly located within it. They had an arterial supply from the abdominal aorta. Both sequestrations were treated surgically by sequesterectomy. The patients had an uneventful recovery.
1155901,"A 38 year old woman with congenital partial absence of the left pericardium is presented. The condition is fairly rare, usually diagnosed incidentally during intrathoracic operations or at autopsy. Eleven operatively corrected cases are reported in the literature. The present case was admitted because of transient attacks of chest pain, palpitation and dyspnoea. These attacks were brought on when she lay on her left side and were promptly relieved by a change of position. The chest radiograph revealed a prominence of the superior aspect of the left heart border and a slight laevo-position of the heart. A diagnostic pneumothorax on the left side confirmed the diagnosis of a pericardial defect. The defect was repaired by pericardioplasty. Operative correction of a partial left pericardial defect is indicated because of the danger of luxation of the heart out of the pericardium and sudden death. This has been reported, as well as a death caused by spreading of infection from the pleural cavity into the pericardium and heart."
1155902,"A case of spontaneous mediastinal emphysema (Hamman's syndrome) is described. The patient was a 21-year-old man, who had a sudden onset of substernal chest pain at rest associated with typical findings of Hamman's syndrome: subcutaneous emphysema of the neck, a precordial crunching sound synchronous with the heart beat and air in the mediastinum on chest x-ray. He recovered uneventfully. The pathogenesis and clinical picture of this rare condition are discussed."
1155903,"Tumourlets are small benign proliferations of epithelial cells in the lung parenchyma. They are induced by fibrotic changes of the lung, most often by bronchiectasis. Four patients with pulmonary tumourlets are presented. The patients were from 22 to 46 years old, and three of them were female. All were known to have had bronchiectasis for many years. The tumourlets were found incidentally during microscopical study of operation specimens. In three instances multiple tumourlets were found. No signs of malignant behaviour were observed."
1155904,"Small ulcer-simulating carcinomas accounted for 3.9% (48 cases) of the 1324 patients with carcinoma of the stomach treated at the Second Department of Surgery, University Centtive of a malignant ulcer in 52% of the cases whereas gastroscopy combined with exfoliative gastric cytology gave 73% correct results. In spite of preoperative suspicion of malignancy most patients were operated on as for a benign ulcer. Partial distal gastrectomy without splenectomy was performed in 93% of the patients. There was no hospital mortality. The 5-year survival rate by the actuarial method was 63%."
1155905,"The accuracy of urinary oestriol and serum levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) and heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) as indicators of feto-placental function was studied in 76 patients with high risk pregnancy. Feto-placental dysfunction was predicted correctly by plasma HPL in 80%, by urinary oestriol in 70%, by serum HSAP in 47%, and by the complementary use of HPL and oestriol in 90% of the cases. Normal fetoplacental function was predicted correctly by plasma HPL in 94%, by urinary oestriol in 96%, by serum HSAP in 80%, and by the complementary use of oestril and HPL in 100% of the patients. The probability of feto-placental dysfunction with a pathological value was 88% with urinary oestriol, 84% with plasma HPL and 100% with the parallel use of oestriol and HPL. A normal value assured undisturbed feto-placental function in 89% with urinary oestriol, in 92% with plasma HPL and in 96% with the parallel use of oestriol and HPL."
1155906,"This paper details a new diagnostic ultrasound technique. The heart is scanned from several precordial positions so that regional function of the entire left ventricle is seen, as well as measuring the left ventricular dimensions and performance conventionally. This is called echoventriculography. It permits a quantitative ""global scan"" of the left ventricular function. It is based on 2:1 magnification, and careful adjustment of probe positions and gain and reject levels, particularly in recording the anterior wall segments. Four basic echobeam directions are defined to detect local wall motion patterns from 8 regions of the left ventricle, ie. on the upper and lower halves of the posterior, anterior, septal and lateral walls. 42 healthy subjects, 19 sedentary men, 14 physically well-trained men and 9 women were studied. Complete echoventriculographic scanning was achieved in 91%. The posterior wall motion was greater than that of the anterior. The regional wall velocities, amplitudes and wall thicknesses cross-correlated with each other. The interventricular septal motion was paradoxical or akinetic in over half of the well-trained men. Otherwise, the general contraction mode assessed from the different regions together was always synergic. Left ventricular dimensions and pump function were also separately analyzed in the above subgroups of healthy subjects."
1155907,"Casual blood pressures were recorded in 331 Lapps and 221 Skolts over the age of 20. The systolic pressure was found to rise more with age in women than in men. In neither sex did age affect the diastolic pressure. A general tendency towards higher blood pressure in Lapps than in Skolts was noted up to the age of 50-60 years. Comparison with a Finnish population and one from the Aland Islands revealed similar systolic blood pressures in females, but definitely lower values in male Lapps and Skolts. The Lapps and Skolts did not have the clear age dependence of the diastolic blood pressure as occurs in Finns. These findings, together with other population studies, support the hypothesis that the setting of the resting blood pressure level is influenced by different kinds of stress associated with technological development and with an urbanized way of life."
1155908,"Angio-, histo- and microangiographic studies were performed on five operative specimens of chronic regional enteritis affecting the ileum. In every patient the vascular pattern differed greatly from that seen in normal ileum and the changes were similar in each investigation. The number of long vasa recta and short vasa recta were increased, but the hypereaemic reaction was limited to the submucosa and mucosa. The long vasa recta arising from the marginal artery arcades were three to five times as close together in the affected regions as normally but their calibre was smaller than normal. The vessels were evenly spaced and ran without variation in their calibre up to the antimesenteric border of the gut. The thicker the mesentery, the wider the angle where the long vasa recta divided to form an anterior and a posterior branch. When the wrapping phenomen occurred this angle exceeded 90 degrees. The short vasa recta branching from the long vasa recta formed a very thin vascular network and thus the affected part of the gut could be easily distinguished from the normal ileum. The vascular changes were limited to the regions that were macroscopically abnormal. The arteries were well organized, but in the most severe cases where the architecture of the gut was destroyed the vascular pattern was also confused. The vascular pattern differed from that seen in malignant disease in two respects: there were no clear changes in the vascular calibres even in the most severe cases and no evidence of open arteriovenous shunts. The vascular changes were regarded as secondary to the fibrotic reaction in chronic regional enteritis and accurately reflected the severity of this reaction."
1155909,"Rectal mucosal biopsies from six patients suffering from ulcerative colitis were studied by estimating the catecholamine (CA) content and by fluorescence microscopy. Adrenergic nerve fibres were relatively scanty both in diseased and control patients. The adrenergic structures seem well preserved in the affected areas of the colon, although the nonspecific collagenous autofluorescence makes interpretation difficult. There was a significant rise in the noradrenaline (NA) content compared with the seven control patients (p smaller than 0.01). This may be a compensatory phenomenon to inhibit increased intestinal motility. The increased NA level may be due to the intense perivascular adrenergic plexus typical for ulcerative colitis. In both groups there were varying amounts of fluorescing enterochromaffin cells probably without relation to the diagnosis."
1155910,"The influence of bile flow on the absorption of tetracycline, doxycycline, sulphadimidine and cycloserine was studied in 13 volunteer patients with t-tubes in their main bile ducts after biliary surgery. Their hepatic functions and bile flows were estimated by giving I131 radioiodinated rose-bengal intravenously. About 80% radioactive tracer was recovered from the bile when the t-tube was open, so most of the bile was diverted outside the intestinal tract. Up to 4 hours after administration serum tetracycline levels were lower when the t-tube was open than when the t-tube was closed. In one patient the serum levels were so much reduced that therapeutic serum tetracycline levels could not be achieved. The serum doxycycline levels were fairly high and bile flow did not have any effect on absorption. The 24-hour biliary excretion of doxycycline was only about 15% of the urinary excretion. The absorption of sulphadimidine and cycloserine was not affected by the presence or absence of bile. The bile salts are important surfactants in man, and modify the absorption rate of tetracycline, but not of doxycycline, sulphadimidine and cycloserine. Even in the absence of intact bile flow therapeutic serum tetracycline levels can be expected with the doses currently used."
1155911,"Several cases have been reported, in which a rather large dose of streptomycin given intraperitoneally at operation has produced respiratory paralysis. In these cases the treatment has usually consisted of respirator ventilation and administration of atropine and neostigmine. In animal experiments, in which a cessation of breathing has been produced, calcium salts have produced quick recovery. The authors present a case, in which appendicetomy was performed on a 10-year-old girl for a perforated appendix at the end of which, an overdose of intraperitoneal streptomycin was given, followed 10 minutes later by complete cessation of breathing. The patient had to be intubated again and put into a respirator. Neostigmine and atropine were used without noticeable effect. One and a half hours after the breathing had stopped 0.6 g calcium chloride was given intravenously and the girl recovered immediately and completely."
1155912,"Twenty patients hospitalized for unilateral or bilateral sinus surgery were given 500 mg or 15 mg/kg body weight of cephalexin by mouth two hours before operation. Samples of serum, sinus mucosa and secretion for cephalexin concentrations were taken during operation. There was a large variation in the mucosal and secretion concentrations and no definite correlation with serum levels. Drug levels effective against most gram-positive cocci were usually found in the mucosa. The mucosal concentrations were much larger than those in the secretion. There were no noteworthy differences between the patients with purulent infection and those in whom the infection was quiescent."
1155913,"The authors implanted Fibrin Bioplast into the subcutaneous connective tissue, peritoneal cavity, and medullary cavity of tubular bones and into bone deficiencies produced by drilling of 22 rabbits, 38 guinea-pigs and 14 dogs. Immunodiffusion, passive haemagglutination and anaphylactic studies were performed and the delayed hypersensitivity reaction of the tuberculin type examined. Properly heat treated Fibrin Bioplast offered the least danger to the host organism."
1155915,"A total of 110 strains of anaerobic bacteria including 9 different genera was tested for antibiotic susceptibility by the modified broth-disk method of Wilkins and Thiel (1973), using prereduced media and the VPI anaerobic culture system. Results were compared with those obtained with an agar dilution technique with incubation in a GasPak jar. There was greater than 95% agreement between the two methods with ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin, and 90% or greater agreement with erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline."
1155916,"The comparative efficacy of amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) against experimental histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and candidosis in mice was assessed by determining the effect of daily intraperitoneal therapy on 21-day survival and persistence of organisms in internal organs. AME, like amphotericin B, was effective against each of the experimental infections, but the efficacy was lower than the parent compound. For Histoplasma and Blastomyces infections the mean effective dose (ED(50)) of amphotericin B was 0.3 mg/kg, whereas the corresponding values for AME, respectively, were 2.4 and 2.8 mg/kg. For Cryptococcus infection the ED(50) for amphotericin B was 0.2 mg/kg compared with 2.0 mg/kg for AME. The ED(50) of amphotericin B for Candida infection was lower than 0.05 mg/kg and the value of AME was between 0.5 to 0.05 mg/kg. The colony counts from internal organs of the surviving animals after the therapeutic regimens were compatible with the data on survival."
1155917,"Cytochalasin B (CB) is known to have some inhibitory effects on cytokinesis, single-cell movement, bacterial uptake by phagocytes, and many other processes. The effects of CB on intraleukocytic bactericidal activities in human leukocytes were studied, and the results were summarized as follows. (i) CB inhibited the early stage of the intracellular bactericidal activity of human leukocytes against Streptococcus pyogenes D58 (group A). The effect was rapidly eliminated by rinsing the CB solution. (ii) In the late stage of the intracellular bactericidal process, however, CB possessed no effect against S. pyogenes D58 (group A) and Staphylococcus aureus 209P. (iii) CB also inhibited the translocation of myeloperoxidase granules to the phagosomes of human neutrophils."
1155918,"Sisomicin and gentamicin (2 mg/kg) were administered in a random fashion to patients with bacteriuria superimposed on abnormalities of the urinary tract. Cure was achieved in a similar number of patients in both groups, but superinfection and reinfection with resistant microorganisms was more frequent in patients receiving gentamicin. Untoward side effects were not frequent in this series, especially if the serious underlying urological disease of most patients is taken into consideration. The susceptibility of the causative pathogens to the antibiotic administered and the severity of the underlying disease were the most important factors in the outcome."
1155919,"The production of bacteriocin-like inhibition by two of 135 strains of group B streptococci was demonstrated during the growth of these organisms on solid nutrient media. Although a variety of gram-positive organisms was susceptible, none of a wide range of different gram-negative strains was inhibited. The active substance produced by one of these strains was extracted from cultures grown on solid media (Todd-Hewitt agar) and was shown to be bactericidal in action. This bacteriocin (streptocin B(1)) was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Production of the bacteriocin was repressed by addition of certain fermentable carbohydrates to the basic medium and enhanced by the addition of yeast extract. The bacteriocin was shown to exist in two distinct and interconvertible physical forms: a basic unit of molecular weight 10,000 and an aggregate having a molecular weight of over 200,000. The bacteriocin was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and, although labile in alkali, it was stable to boiling in mild acids."
1155920,"Intranasal inoculation of newborn mice with Herpesvirus hominis (HVH) type 2 provides a model for disseminated herpesvirus infections of human newborn infants. Treatment of this experimental infection with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] significantly increased the mean survival time and markedly altered the pathogenesis of the infection. No significant protection against final mortality was observed. Poly(I:C) therapy completely inhibited detectable viral replication in all target organs tested except the brain. In the brain there was a 2-day delay in the onset of viral replication in treated animals, which correlated with the 1- to 2-day increase in mean survival time. In general, the control of HVH replication occurred in those target organs in which poly(I:C)-induced interferon was detectable. The failure of poly(I:C) to alter the final mortality of newborn mice infected with HVH appears to be primarily due to the lack of sufficient levels of interferon induced in brain tissue and the failure to prevent viral replication in this critical target organ."
1155921,"Improved fermentation and isolation procedures for antitumor antimetabolites U-42,126 and U-43,795 increased drug yields 30-fold. The sensitivity limit of a newly developed assay is 0.03 mug of U-42,126 and 2.0 mug of U-43,795 per ml. The in vitro antimicrobial effect of both drugs was antagonized by histidine."
1155922,"Antibiotic G-418 was shown to be superior to paromomycin and metronidazole in cecal amoebiasis. Of particular interest was the high degree of activity seen with a relatively short treatment at low levels. Although the antibiotic was trichomonacidal in vitro at low levels, in vivo results indicated that at levels tested the antibiotic did not always affect cures. The antibiotic appears to have promise as an anticestode agent, being more active than paromomycin against Hymenolepis nana and active as a single oral dose at low levels against Taenia spp."
1155923,"Dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone [DDS]) was administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs; urine was collected, heparinized venous blood was obtained, and bile was collected from some of the dogs. A constant infusion of inulin was maintained, and isosmotic or hypoosmotic fluids were administered. Dogs were studied under conditions of standardized, increased or decreased urine flow, and before and after plasmapheresis. Plasma, urine, and bile samples were analyzed for DDS and DDS conjugates; the degree of binding of DDS by plasma proteins was also determined. The renal clearances of inulin and DDS were calculated. No monoacetyldapsone (MADDS) was detected in the plasma, and only negligible quantities were found in the urine. Small quantities of DDS and DDS conjugates were detected in the bile in 4 h following the dose. Between 10 and 30% of the administered drug could be identified as DDS plus DDS conjugates in the urine in 8 h after the dose. Renal clearance of unbound DDS was proportional to the urine flow rate, and the clearance ratio of DDS to inulin approached the same maximal value as that for urea. Although the rate of urinary excretion of DDS conjugates was the same in the dog as in man, the rates of excretion of DDS and of DDS plus DDS conjugates were greater in the dog than in man, suggesting that the acetylation of DDS to MADDS by man but not by the dog and the greater degree of plasma protein binding of DDS and MADDS by man account for the longer half-time of disappearance of DDS in man compared to that in the dog."
1155924,"The effectiveness of three semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin was tested against 29 clinical isolates of enterococci. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of nafcillin were considerably lower than those of oxacillin and methicillin but were slightly higher than those of penicillin. At clinically achievable concentrations, the combination of nafcillin plus gentamicin produced enhanced killing against 13 of 14 strains of enterococci and was synergistic (by very rigid criteria) against 10 of 14 strains. In contrast, combinations of oxacillin plus gentamicin were synergistic against only 3 of 14 strains, and methicillin plus gentamicin produced synergistic killing against only 1 of 14 strains."
1155925,One hundred and two Shigella sonnei and fourteen S. flexneri strains isolated from individual patients in New York City hospitals were investigated for antibiotic resistance. The S. sonnei showed 60% resistance to ampicillin and 58% to tetracycline and streptomycin. S. flexneri showed no ampicillin resistance but 50% resistance to tetracycline. There were marked differences in resistance of S. sonnei between hospitals which were not explainable by ethnic or socio-economic differences in the patient populations.
1155926,"Our earlier studies had shown that the two pseudomonads, Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas maltophilia, were organisms that were highly resistant to most antibiotics. The present study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility of these bacteria to trimethoprim and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination which has been used with apparent success in treating infections caused by these pseudomonads. All 51 strains of P. cepacia were inhibited by 2 mug or less of trimethoprim per ml, whereas all 45 of the P. maltophilia were resistant to greater than 32 mug/ml. When the P. maltophilia was tested against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, two strains were resistant and one only moderately resistant, but all other strains were susceptible. All P. cepacia strains were also susceptible with an average zone of inhibition significantly larger than for P. maltophilia (P < 0.005). These in vitro studies support recent case study reports of successful therapy using the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination."
1155927,"Studies with washed bacteria suspended in fresh medium, in which bacterial densities were altered by a factor of four so as to cause accelerated entry of exponential bacteria into the postexponential phase and to re-establish growth in postexponential bacteria, have been performed. Under all the conditions examined rifampin, at a concentration of 0.5 mug/ml, inhibited [(14)C]uracil incorporation into total ribonucleic acid (RNA) by 90 to 95%. The percentage of inhibition of incorporation of (14)C-labeled amino acids into total protein achieved in parallel experiments was less, being not more than 80%. These results suggested that non-translatable RNA synthesis was inhibited more than messenger RNA (mRNA) by the antibiotic. It was found that on slowing the growth of exponential-phase bacteria exoprotease was formed at a high rate without a lag. It was further observed that when postexponential bacteria were induced to grow, by resuspending them at a lower density, exoprotease mRNA synthesis was switched off. The only synthesis of exoprotease which occurred in this case was accountable to pre-existing mRNA during its decay. Exoenzyme formation was found to be less susceptible to rifampin than total protein synthesis."
1155928,A synergistic in vitro bactericidal effect of combinations of chloramphenicol and beta-lactams on strains of Enterobacteriaceae is described. The synergism is seen with strains which are resistant to the beta-lactam and is due to chloramphenicol-induced inhibition of beta-lactamase production.
1155929,"Ribosomes of Streptomyces azureus, which produces thiostrepton, are resistant to thiostrepton by virtue of being unable to bind the antibiotic. These ribosomes are also resistant to a number of other antibiotics (the thiostrepton group) which may share a common ribosomal binding site and a common mode of action with thiostrepton. Conversely, Bacillus pumilis and a strain of micrococcus, which produce the (probably identical) antibiotics micrococcin P and micrococcin, respectively, possess ribosomes which are susceptible to these antibiotics in vitro, although the organisms themselves are resistant."
1155930,"A strain of Staphylococcus aureus was planted on filter membranes placed on Trypticase soy agar (BBL). After incubation, the membranes with growing staphylococci were transferred to Trypticase soy agar containing a subinhibitory concentration of penicillin (one-third minimal inhibitory concentration) and again incubated. The membranes were then returned to drug-free agar and incubated once more. Counts of the colony-forming units and electron microscopy were carried out at several time intervals. When grown on agar containing penicillin, the staphylococci formed what appeared to be abnormally large cells with multiple and unusually thick septa. Examination of a number of sections showed that these large cells were in reality clusters of staphylococci that had divided but failed to separate. When these large cells were subsequently grown on drug-free agar, smaller cells and normal staphylococci emerged. Subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin do not kill staphylococci; they seem to inhibit lysis of cross walls, preventing the separation of otherwise divided cells."
1155931,"The degradation of the phenylamide herbicides monolinuron, linuron, and solan by cultures of Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 12123 was inhibited by the methylcarbamate insecticides metmercapturon, aldicarb, propoxur, and carbaryl and by the organophosphorus insecticides fenthion and parathion. The extent of inhibition was largest with metmercapturon and smallest with parathion inhibition of hydrolysis of the two phenylurea herbicides was greater than of the acylanilide compound. Tests with crude enzyme preparations of aryl acylamidase derived from B. sphaericus showed that the inhibition of the hydrolysis of linuron with methylcarbamates is a competitive one. The insecticides tested did induce the enzyme, nor could they serve as its substrate."
1155932,"A nitrilotriacetate (NTA)-degrading Pseudomonas species was shown to degrade Ca, Mn, Mg, Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, and Na chelates of NTA at nearly equal rates when the appropriate metal concentrations are low enough to avoid toxicity from the freed metal. Ni-NTA, however, was not degraded. When higher concentrations of metal-NTA substrates were used, soil stimulated degradation of Cu, Zn, and Cd complexes, probably as a result of binding toxic freed metals. The metal associated with the NTA substrate does not appear to be transported into the cell, since metals do not accumulate in the cells and the presence of NTA reduces metal toxicity. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that an envelope-associated component, probably a transport protein involved in binding, is responsible for the disassociation of the metal from the NTA. Both soil and this NTA-degrading organism destabilize the metal-NTA complex, which suggests that in the natural environment both would act to limit mobilization of metals as soluble NTA chelates. Crude soluble enzyme preparations degrade Fe-, Mn-, and Na-NTA complexes but not Cu-NTA."
1155933,"When the extracellular polysaccharide from the black yeast NRRL Y-6272, composed of two parts N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and one part N-acetyl-D-glucosaminuronic acid, is isolated at maximum culture viscosity, adhering black pigment gives the polysaccharide preparations a gray-to-black appearance. Precipitation of the polysaccharide from cell-free culture supernatants with either ethanol of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide failed to remove the pigment. Various other methods were therefore tried for obtaining a high-viscosity polysaccharide product free of pigment. By systematically varying ingredients of defined and semidefined media, an improved medium was found that not only gave polysaccharide preparations of increased viscosity, but also increased yield. A key ingredient in this medium is L-asparagine. Also, adding autoclaved bovine serum albumin or egg albumin to this medium at the time of inoculation allowed a pigment-free polysaccharide to be isolated by standard procedures. None of several other proteins of synthetic polyamides tested were as effective as bovine serum albumin or egg albumin. In an alternate approach, pink mutants obtained by irradiation of the parent black strain with ultraviolet light, apparently produce the same extracellular polysaccharide free of any pigment but in lower yields or inferior in quality."
1155934,"Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Types A, B, and C, were labeled with 1252 by the chloramine-T method at approximately two levels of specific activity, 40 and 4 muCi/mug of protein. Toxins labeled with high specific activity showed extensive dissociation of 125I when stored at different temperatures, including -23 C. In contrast, toxins labeled with low specific activity did not show any significant loss of 125I when stored at -23 C for as long as 2 months. Enterotoxins, whether labeled with high or low activities, formed aggregates immediately upon labeling. Aggregate formation increased in high-activity-labeled toxins on storage at -23 C, and low-activity-labeled toxins showed no significant increase in aggregate formation, even after 2 months at -23 C. The aggregated forms of the enterotoxins were either devoid of antigenic activity in solid-phase radioimmunoassay or they possessed significantly reduced antigenic activity. Thus, a decrease in binding of 1252-labeled enterotoxin to specific antibody in solid-phase radioimmunoassay results mainly from (i) loss of 125I on storage, and (ii) formation of aggregates with reduced antigenic activity."
1155953,"A report is given of the results of treatment of 25 patients with a fracture of the hip who were over 90 years of age. Twenty three patients were subjected to operation: 5 of these died in hospital, but not as a direct consequence of operation. Of the 18 patients discharged after an average hospital stay of 32 days, 13 were able to walk independently at home, on the average for over two years. It is concluded that surgical treatment of fractures of the hip in very old people is advisable and useful, provided they are in reasonable general condition and do not exhibit dementia."
1155954,"The great importance of the deep femoral artery as a collateral vessel in occlusion of the superficial femoral artery is a well-established fact. It has been found in the course of reconstructive operations of this artery that the origin of the two circumflex arteries varies considerably. A study of one hundred cadavers has given some idea of the frequency and nature of these anatomical variations. The importance of this vessel as a collateral is partially explained by the fact that the deep femoral artery has two groups of branches, both of them anastomosing with the branches of the popliteal artery. If the deep femoral artery is to function adequately as a collateral, it has to have a large caliber. An explanation for this may be found in comparative anatomy. In the phylogenetically farther advanced vertebrate animals, all of which have very strongly developed extensors in the posterior extremities, the deep femoral artery which supplies blood to this muscle group is a branch of the iliac artery, and accordingly, a pelvic artery. In man, this artery originates distal to the inguinal ligament from the common femoral artery and supplies blood to less well-developed muscle groups. In this way, phylogeny explains the large caliber of the deep femoral artery, which has originally been a pelvic artery and it also explains the numerous anatomical variations at the site of the bifurcation of the common femoral artery."
1155956,"A retrospective study was made of the case histories of 91 patients with a penile tumor. The tumor histology of 56 patients could be re-evaluated, confirming the diagnosis: epidermoid cancer. Fifty three of these 56 patients were treated more than five years before the retrospective evaluation. Penile carcinoma has not increased in frequency during the last few decades. No correlation could be found between venereal diseases and penile carcinoma, nor between the duration of symptoms before treatment and the development of metastases. Amputation is the treatment of choice. Lymph node dissection must be performed when metastatic disease is suspected. When patients die of tumor, this is caused by metastatic disease, but in about 50 percent of cases the patients can be saved by dissection of positive nodes, preventing a further extension. More than 70 percent of 53 patients have survived for at least five years without evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease including six (out of 11) patients in whom the dissected inguinal lymph nodes showed involvement. In this series of patients cytostatic therapy was not used. Bleomycin is known to have a definite action on these tumors, but only the far future can show if better results are to be expected with a combination of the described therapy with cytostatic drugs."
1155957,"Case report of a woman aged 63 years suffering from a rare lesion: rhabdomyosarcoma of the esophagus. Surgical treatment was successful: over a year postoperatively the patient was in good condition. A review is presented of the ten cases reported in world literature. Etiology, morbid anatomy and treatment are discussed."
1155958,"Description of a 63-year-old man with a sweat gland carcinoma low in the left axilla, and an axillary lymph node metastasis. A five-year survival was obtained. The histological picture of a sweat gland carcinoma may be highly variable. The best treatment seems to be local excision. If the primary tumour is situated close to a regional lymph gland station, regional lymph node extirpation should be seriously considered."
1155959,"Ultrastructural examination was performed in 8 biopsies from 4 patients with the Pasini type of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica dominans. The biopsies were taken from: 1. clinically normal skin from nonpredilection areas, 2. intact skin from predilection areas, 3. involved skin and 4. experimentally frictioned skin. The main ultrastructural alterations detected are as follows: hypoplasia of anchoring fibrils, split or blister formation between basal lamina and dermis, hernia-like protrusion of basal cells, sub- and intraepidermal deposition of fibrillar bodies, and duplications of basal lamina. Among them, the constantly observed finding in all of the four biopsy groups in the structural defect of anchoring fibrils, namely, that the anchoring fibrils are rudimentary and reduced in number. Presence of the structural defect of anchoring fibrils in clinically normal skin from nonpredilection areas in patients with the Pasini type of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica dominans indicates that this defect is not a secondary change following repeated mechanical trauma, but a primary, genetically determined event."
1155960,"The clinical course of a patient with mycosis fungoides, which could be confirmed histologically in the premycotic stage, 2 years after the onset of the disease is reported. The disease led to death after a further 3 years, during which the infiltrative and tumorous stage had appeared. At autopsy, apart from the skin changes typical for mycosis fungoides, involvement of the pia mater, plexus chorioideus, cerebrum and cerebellum was established. This constituted the only manifestation of the disease in the internal organ systems. There were no detectable neurological defects."
1155961,"Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in a series of patients with epithelial tumours of the skin and with Kaposi's sarcoma. In all 53 patients the peripheral blood lymphocyte count showed no substantial difference from the control values. The blasts count after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation in 30 patients ranged from 40-50% with no noticeable difference from the control values. Intradermal tests with the staphylococcal antigen, PPD-tuberculin and streptokinase-streptodornase carried out in 59 patients proved negative in a significant number of cases, mainly those of Kaposi's sarcoma. The non immune inflammatory response to chemical irritant (benzalkonium chloride) was more often negative (17 of 59 cases) than in controls (5 of 30 subjects). The DNCB sensitization test carried out in 28 patients was negative in 5 cases (2 cases of late basal-cell epithelioma, 2 cases of advanced squamous-cell carcinoma and 1 case of Kaposi's sarcoma). The findings do not thus indicate the presence of a gross CMI defect in the material studied, which would be borne out by all the tests employed. The sometimes discordant results of the various tests suggest the existence of partial CMI defects in certain tumours, but mainly in Kaposi's sarcoma. Such partial defects, encountered even in early neoplasms, coexist, in some cases, with failure of inflammatory response to chemical irritants."
1155962,"The influence of various concentrations of the thiol isomer of Systox on Rb absorption by excised barley leaf tissue was compared with the effect of DNP and DCMU. Rb absorption, regardless of the external salt concentration, was progressively reduced as the Systox concentration in the external solution was increased from 0.25 to 1.0 mM. Under anaerobic conditions, light-enhanced Rb absorption by leaf tissue was not influenced by Systox treatments. DNP treatment reduced ion absorption by leaf tissue. In the dark, the relative inhibitory effect of DNP and Systox treatment on Rb absorption was greater than in the light. The combination of Systox plus DNP inhibited Rb absorption more than did separate treatment with either compound. DCMU treatments in the light resulted in a reduction of light-enhanced Rb uptake. Also in the light, the combination of DCMU with Sytox, DNP, or both, inhibited Rb uptake more than did separate treatments of Systox, DNP, or Systox plus DNP. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Systox on Rb absorption by leaf tissue is due to partial inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, since light-enhanced Rb absorption is not affected by Systox, it is concluded that Systox has no effect either on the photophosphorylation reactions or on the utilization of high-energy phosphorylated compounds."
1155963,"The preliminary model of the lipid-phase pharmacokinetics of dieldrin in mammals is applied to evaluation of the probable role of auto-induction, the effect(s) of growth, and the role of compartmentalization. Realistic simulations and comparison to actual data permit the conclusion to be drawn that induction of its own metabolism plays a relatively monor role in the distribution and level of dieldrin residues. Although some of the effects of growth are resonably well simulated, the model as constructed does not permit compartmentalization. It was concluded that the model should be revised to include aspects of the as-yet quantitatively unknown intracellular binding and membrane transport within the flow-limited model."
1155964,"Eggs (307) were collected in 1971 from twenty species of birds with a variety of feeding habits from the Niagara Peninsula. This area of ontario is intensively developed for agriculture and heavy industry and has a large urban population. Representative species were obtained from both the terrestrial and aquatic food chains. Eggs were analyzed for organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and total mercury. Eggs from carnivorous species at the top of the aquatic food chain had the highest mean residues of signa DDT(7.6to 22.4 pm), PCB (3.5 to 74.0 ppm) and total mercury (0.64 to 0.83 ppm). Eggs from some terrestrial carnivores (red-tailed hawk and great horned owl) also had relatively high residues (2.5 to 3.9 ppm of sigmaDDT, 0.2 to 1.0 ppm of PCB, 0.06 to 0.09 ppm of mercury, however levels were much lower than those found in eggs from aquatic-feeding carnivores. Eggs from one red-shouldered hawk had residues comparable to the aquatic feeding carnivores. Eggs from herbivorous and insectivorous birds of both aquatic and terrestrial environments contained much lower residues. PCB residues were slightly lower in eggs among the terrestrial feeding species (0.05 to 2.0 ppm) than among the aquatic feeders (0.14 to4.0 ppm) and tended to be lower in eggs from terrestrial species collected in rural than incity environs. Levels of sigmaDDT were similar in both groups with eggs from terrestrial feeders containing mean resisues between 0.15 and 2.64 ppm and those from aquatic feeders between 0.33 and 2.79 ppm."
1155965,"The volatility of two fungicidal seed dressings, Panogen 15 B liquid and Panogen PX powder, containing methyl mercuric dicyandiamide in equivalent amounts at the dosage used, was compared with that of triple distilled mercury. Tests were made in the absence and presence of cleaned Manitou wheat of 12.0% and 17.1% moisture content. The Panogen formulations were compared at the recommended and twice the recommended rate at different dosages, storage periods and storage temperatures. The Hg content of air samples was determined by the Corte-Monkman method, capable of determining 0.4 ng of Hg, which in a 1-L air sample is equivalent to 0.049 ppb (v/v). The volatility of the interstitial air expressed as mug of Hg vapor/m3 air depended on temperature, wheat moisture content and storage duration and ranged from 150 to 2,240 for metallic Hg, 21 to 350 for Panogen 15 B, and 31 to 380 for PX. In the absence of wheat the volatility of 15 B was greatest (395) at -17.5 degees C and least (75) at 4.5 degrees C, but increased rapidly thereafter with increased temperature. Volatility of metallic Hg after application to wheat of 12.0% and 17.1% moisture content was not significantly reduced after four days storage, but that of Panogen 15 B and PX was reduced considerably, particularly at the higher moisture level. Thus, volatility of mercurial seed dressings cannot be predicted from Hg content alone. Reduction of volatility through possible irreversible chemical bonding of Hg with seed components is suggested for more detailed investigation."
1155966,"Airborne mercury from dental offices was selectively trapped by silber gauze elements in borosilicate glass obsorbers, followed by heat-desorption and spectrophotometric measurement at 2537A. As little as 0.4 ng of Hg could be accurately determined, which is equivalent to 49 ppt in a wone-L air sample on a v/v basis. Over 860 air samples were taken over a range of locations and working conditions at 88 different dental offices, and at the Dental Training Clinic of the University of Manitoba. The Hg vapor concentrations at the dental facilities ranged from 0.45 to 742 mug/m3 of air, 29% of the samples were within 0.45 to 5 mug; 37.8 were within 5.1 to 25mug;and 33.2% were above 25 mug. Mercury concentrations varied during the working day, depending on the time of sampling, the number of amalgams placed, and the interval between placements. The lowest concentrations were obtained in the morning. Disturbance of residual mercury droplets on floors or working areas by sweeping or dusting, or immediately after attempted clean-up of a mercury spill, sharply increased the amount of airborne mercury."
1155967,"The fate of the plasticizer, di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) has been examined in 33-day terrestrial-aquatic and three-day aquatic model ecosystems. The five organisms of the two systems contained residues of DOP, demonstrating the propensity of this lipoid soluble organic molecule to be concentrated from the water. The residues in the organisms in the three-day system were higher than in the 33-day system with the exception of the fish, indicating perhaps, that DOP can undergo some degradation before the fish is placed in the system on the 30th day. A half-life of five days for DOP disappearance from the water was calculated from water samples taken periodically. Further, effects of mixed function oxidase and esterase inhibitors were investigated on the metabolism of DOP by various selected organisms and tissues of the two ecosystems."
1155968,"The influence of various concentrations of the thiol isomer of Systox on ionic fluxes in excised barley roots was investigated. For purposes of comparison, treatments with DNP alone, or in combination with the Systox isomer, were included. Rb and Cl absorption, regardless of the external salt concentrations, were progressively reduced as the Systox concentration in the external solution increased. Treatment with Systox did not result in any appreciable increase in the efflux rates of Rb or Cl ions. DNP treatment enhanced the efflux of Rb but not of Cl. The increased efflux was too small to account for the reduced net uptake. A comparison of individual and combined effects of Systox and DNP on ion absorption indicated an independent action of the two inhibitors."
1155969,"Eight adult male volunteers were exposed to ozone (O3) alone and then in combination with nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide under conditions simulating ambient air pollution exposures. Four ""normal"" men showed few or no effects from repeated exposures. Four male volunteers with a history of ""hyperreactive"" airways, but with normal base line pulmonary function spirometric studies, after O3 exposure developed definite symptoms and decrement in pulmonary function."
1155970,"Adult male volunteers were exposed to ozone (O3) at 0.25, 0.37, or 0.50 ppm, and to O3 in combination with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), with secondary stresses of heat, intermittent light exercise, and repeated exposure. Few important physiological changes, and only mild symptoms, were found with 0.25 ppm O3, with 0.25 ppm 03 plus 0.30 ppm NO2, or when 30 ppm CO was added to the latter mixture. With 0.37 ppm O3, more symptoms were present and some subjects developed definite decreases in pulmonary function. With 0.50 ppm O3, most subjects had symptoms and about half showed substantial pulmonary function decrement. In reactive subjects exposed on two successive days, changes were usually greater the second day, indicating that effects of successive exposures were cumulative."
1155971,"Under the auspices of the US-USSR agreement for cooperative research in environmental health, Soviet methods for setting and enforcing standards for environmental pollutants were observed. Since all industry is government owned, the Soviet government is the principal polluter of the environment, the regulator of environmental degradation, and supporter of research on environmental quality control. The Sanitary Epidemiological Service, a subdivision of the Ministry of Health, coordinates the activities of many of the research institutes involved in environmental research as well as a large network of Sanepid Stations for maintaining and controlling environmental quality at the local level. The Soviet Union's distinctive view of a pollutant standard has greatly influenced the environmental research that is undertaken. The centralized absolute power of the government to enforce pollution abatement has led to some improvements in environmental quality."
1155972,"The reproductive ability of 150 men occupationally exposed to lead were studied by clinical and toxicological analysis. Subjects were divided into four groups: lead-poisoned workmen (23) and those showing a moderate (42), slight (35), or physiologic absorption (50). Findings show that (1) Lead poisoning as well as moderate increased absorption of lead decrease the fertile ability of men. An increased frequency of asthenospermia, hypospermia, and teratospermia have objectified the decrease. (2) Slight increased or physiologic absorption of lead do not significantly influence the fertile ability of workmen. (3) Hypofertility induced by lead is due, perhaps, to its direct toxic effect on the gonads, as no interference with the hypothalamopituitary axis were evidenced."
1155975,"The various shortcomings of the prevalence study as an instrument for causal research are evaluated by comparing the prevalence design with the classical experimental design. On the basis of these shortcomings it is suggested that epidemiologists refine their research strategies in two respects, both related to time. (1) it is suggested that they include formerly exposed as well as presently exposed in their sampling frames and (2) that they avoid using present status with respect to causal factors as indicators of life-experience of these factors in analysis. On the basis of some studies of the relationship between long-term exposure to presumed noxae and chronic lung disease, numerical examples of the undesirable consequences of ignoring time are given."
1155979,"RNAase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in synovial membrane preparations from 23 out of 25 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Control groups consisted of twelve patients with osteoarthrosis, four with secondary osteoarthrosis, and twelve with other conditions. The last group showed no activity, while the results with the other two groups were varied. The properties of the polymerase enzyme, such as its stimulation by synthetic templates and inhibition by actinomycin D, were not consistent with it being associated with an oncogenic virus; it seems to be more like that found in stimulated normal human lymphocytes, described as an RNA-primed DNA-directed DNA polymerase."
1155980,"After in vitro incubation with 3H-thymidine, the proliferation of synovial lining cells and fibroblasts was investigated in surgically-removed articular tissue. Under normal conditions, in nonrheumatoid arthritis and in osteoarthrosis, low proliferation rates for both cell types were observed. In rheumatoid arthritis, the rate of proliferation of both cell types was usually increased. An increased proliferation of the synovial lining cells was especially observed in cases with a hyperplastic lining cell layer and in cases with a minimal lymphocytic and plasma cellular infiltration in the synovial membrane."
1155981,Rheumatoid synovial fluid macrophages are compatible with synovial membrane fibroblasts in mixed cell culture. They do not appear to have had any immunological experience recognized by homologous rheumatoid blood lymphocytes. The fusion between macrophages which often takes place in cultures of rheumatoid synovial fluid cells seems to be the result of a cell membrane change between contiguous cells rather than to the release of of a 'fusion factor'. Other combinations and manipulations of the rheumatoid cell population may yet prove fruitful in the search for cell-associated phenomena important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid disease.
1155982,"Antibodies to viral double-stranded RNA (ds RNA) have been found in 40% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 14-5% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These antibodies were diagnostically more specific SLE than those directed against artificial polynucleotides, poly I:C and poly A:U. Although not disease specific, high titres of antibody to ds viral RNA were found almost exclusively in SLE. Serial studies failed to show that RNA antibody levels correlated with disease activity. Although of considerable interest in experimental studies on the pathogenesis of SLE, ds viral RNA antibodies are of little clinical significance in the management of SLE."
1155983,"Serum enzyme studies were made on 43 (37 male, 6 female) consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was raised above 55 IU/l in 24 (65%) of 37 male patients (range 29-165 IU/l, mean 68) as compared with 2 (4%) out of 47 male controls (range 14-85 IU/l, mean 33: P less than 0-001); levels were greater than 35 IU/l in six (100%) out of six female patients (range 39-100 IU/l, mean 56) as against one (3%) of 35 female controls (range 3-106 IU/l, mean 16; P less than 0-001). The recognized pitfalls in interpreting CPK activity were avoided. In all of sixteen randomly selected patients isoenzyme studies confirmed that muscle is the source of the enzyme. There was a significant correlation between CPK activity and both spinal flexion and the reciprocal of finger-to-floor distance (P less than 0-5 in each case)."
1155984,"Clinical and enzymatic studies on two brothers with severe deficiencies of erythrocyte hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) are described, and are compared with similar studies of a classical case of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome from another family. The two brothers have no neurological abnormalities, only traces of erythrocyte HGPRTase, erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities approaching the high levels found in the Lesch-Nyhan patient, and similarly raised plasma and urinary concentrations of uric acid. Despite these strong biochemical similarities between the three patients, there were wide differences in the clinical case histories. In both families the enzyme deficiency appeared to be inherited as an X-linked character through asymptomatic carrier females. The relationship of HGPRTase deficiencies to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is discussed. Some observations relating to techniques are reported. Cellulose acetate has been found to give much better separations of labelled reaction products in low-level phosphoribosyltransferase assays than filter paper, when used as a supporting medium for electrophoresis. The analysis of hair follicles gives indications of individuals heterozygous for the enzyme deficiency, but the proportion of enzyme-deficient follicles was very small, and the test needs support from studies of other cell types. Using haemolysates, there were signs of a slow indirect conversion of hypoxanthine to inosinic acid, via inosine. Inosine appears to be labelled by a ribosyl-transfer reaction."
1155985,"A case is presented of pigmented villonodular synovitis involving three joints in a 7-year-old girl. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery and by histology. The patient also exhibited a haemangioma of the upper lip and a congenital pulmonary stenosis of mild degree. Subtotal synovectomy of the right knee and of both ankles was performed. The lesion recurred in both ankles after 6 months. Review of the literature failed to reveal any previous report of multiple joint involvement by pigmented villonodular synovitis in childhood and it appears that simultaneous involvement of three joints has not previously been described. Scintiscanning with 99mTc stannous pyrophosphate showed increased vascularity of the involved joints immediately after injection, but no increased osteoblastic activity was seen on the delayed scan. This radionuclide scanning technique is therefore helpful in distinguishing pigmented villonodular synovitis from other arthropathies."
1155986,"Serum was collected from six adults participating in a field trial of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in combination which was being administered once monthly for malaria suppression. Samples were drawn during each of two consecutive months three hours, and 7, 14 and 28 days following a dose of 1 500 mg sulfadoxine. Serum sulfadoxine concentration was measured using the method of Bratton and Marshall (1939). Initial serum concentrations averaged 19-9 plus or minus 2-4 (SD) mg/100 ml and decayed to 6-2 plus or minus 2-8 mg/100 ml at 14 days. Serum sulfadoxine concentrations were still detectable at 28 days following a dose (2-1 plus or minus 1-5 mg/100 ml). Elimination half-time averaged 195 plus or minus 44 hours. The presistent serum concentrations of sulfadoxine following monthly doses documented here during field-use of this drug are in agreement with the successful clinical results reported for such a regimen (Lewis and Ponnampalam, 1974; O'Holohan and Hugoe-Mathews, 1971; Wolfensberger, 1971)."
1155987,"The morphology and enzyme forms of malaria parasites isolated from 50 wild caught specimens of Thamnomys rutilans from the Central African Republic have been studied and three distinct species of Plasmodium identified. One species has been confirmed as Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Morphological features of both the remaining species correspond to those given by Landau (1965) in her original description of Plasmodium chabaudi. For one of these species the name P. chabaudi has been retained; the other species, which closely resembles subspecies of Plasmodium vinckei from other regions of Africa, has been designated Plasmodium vinckei petteri subsp. nov. P. chabaudi and P.v. petteri are distinguished from each other both in their morphology in the blood and sporogonic stages, and in their enzyme forms."
1155988,"The gross and histopathological lesions of naturally-occurring bovine schistosomiasis in the Sudan are detailed. Out of 61 animals examined, 53 were found infected with Schistosoma bovis, showing lesions in their livers, intestinal tracts and other organs. Apart from granulomas, periportal inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and pigmentation of Kupffer cells, livers of infected cattle revealed peculiar lesions in the form of ""nodular sclerosis"", medial hypertrophy of portal veins and lymphoid nodule and follicle formation around parasites. In the intestines, variable manifestations of catarrh, with eosinophilic infiltration, granulomatous reaction and vascular changes, were observed. Pancreatic schistosomiasis was common and some animals had lesions in their lungs and lymph nodes. Urogenital lesions, rectal and colonic polyps, congestive splenomegaly, gastro-oesophageal variaces and Symmer's clay-pipe stem fibrosis of the liver were not seen in cattle. The haematological and serum protein findings in infected animals were included. The findings were related to the lesions observed and the need for detailed study of functional disturbances in bovine schistosomiasis is indicated."
1155989,"Of 103 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) examined on Khong Island by means of the M.I.F.C. and hatching techniques, none were passing eggs resimbling those of the Mekong schistosome. One buffalo calf was infected with Orientobilharzia harinasutai and another with Schistosoma spindale; this is the first time these parasites have been reported from Laos. Since the buffalo that were examined had constant and year-round access to a part of the Mekong River that has been shown to be a site of heavy transmission of schistosomiasis to humans and dogs, it was considered that the buffalo would have acquired the infection with the human Mekong schistosome if this were possible. In the absence of buffalo necropsies, and since no eggs of the Mekong schistosome were detected in the stools of these animals, we assumed that they had either not become infected with this parasite or, if they had, that the infections did not produce eggs in the faeces which were detectable by the methods employed. On the basis of our examinations, it would not seem that domestic water buffalo are involved as reservoirs in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis on Khong Island."
1155990,"The clearance of hookworm (Necator americanus) ova by a single dose of tetrachlorethylene (T.C.E.) was compared with that produced by single and multiple dose regimes of bephenium hydroxynaphthoate and pyrantel pamoate. Single doses of bephenium and pyrantel were inferior to T.C.E. Three daily doses of bephenium or pyrantel produced effects comparable with a single dose of T.C.E. Because of the low cost and lack of side effects, T.C.E. remains the drug of choice in the treatment of N. americanus in infections; the only disadvantage of T.C.E. is its unnoticed deterioration under tropical conditions."
1155991,"The Gladdespruit and Komati River surveys have shown that similar environmental conditions have developed where the watercourses flowed over particular rock types. In these watercourses a potentially useful association was found between the occurrence of permanent, lentic habitats produced by the weathering of bedrock with a hardness above 5 in Mohs' Scale of Hardness and the longitudinal distribution of persistent populations of the bilharzia intermediate host snails Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus (Physopsis) sp. Bilharzia transmission follows this pattern in these waterways. Weathering of bedrock with hardness below 5 in Mohs' scale, and/or flow over beds of alluvial sand, produced perpetually lotic (flowing) environments without persistent host snail populations because of the snail's inability to tolerate high current speeds. However a few temporary populations survived in temporarily lentic habitats during the dry winter season."
1155992,"Using a crop-spraying aircraft modified to give a coarse spray, the feasibility of aerial application of the molluscicide N-trityl morpholine to minor canals on the Gezira has been proved. In January 1973, seven canals were sprayed at dosages of 0-1 p.p.m., 0-2 p.p.m., 0-5 p.p.m. and 1-0 p.p.m. Chemical analysis indicated that about 70% of the chemical was present in the water 5-15 hours after the spray, and snail exposure to the sprayed canals indicated that all dosages applied were lethal to Biomphalaria snails. Bulinus snails, which are less susceptible to the molluscicide, were killed only by the 0-5 p.p.m. and 1-0 p.p.m. dosages. Sampling of the natural snail populations of the canals confirmed these results. In March 1973, an area of 464 sq km was treated by drip-feed of 0-1 p.p.m. N-trityl morpholine to kill snails in the main and major canals, and then by aerial spraying 56 of the 58 minor canals in the area. Despite the high winds which disrupted the spray timetable, the canals were successfully treated in 9-5 hours flying-time within seven days. A very high initial snail kill was indicated by both caged snail exposure and natural snail population sampling. However, in excellent snail breeding conditions the area was reinfested with snails within two months. The cost of the application was only 5% of the chemical cost, and aerial spraying in March and May will almost certainly be incorporated in an annual snail control programme."
1155994,"Five uncommon cases of skin sporotrichosis are presented, including a small family outbreak with interesting epidemiological findings and two patients treated with corticosteroids; we attributed the severity of the lesions to the steroids. Mice were used to confirm our hypothesis on the pathogenesis. The pathological findings in case of sporotrichosis in a dog are presented. A group of 359 pulmonary patients was tested with two different antigens of Sporotrichum schenkii."
1155995,"During a period of three months, thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis was used to examine the isoenzymes of alanine and asparate aminotransferases from samples of T. vivax collected from naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Experimentally infected cattle sheep and goats were also studied. Three patterns, termed Sets 1,2 and 3, differed in both enzymes. The stability of the enzyme patterns was generally confirmed in experimental animals. The results are discussed in relation to subspeciation in T. vivax."
1155996,"Amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana and of Leishmania donovani were grown in mouse peritoneal macrophages and dog sarcoma cells in culture. Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of amastigote-infected tissue cultures failed to detect parasite lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, although the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was indicated."
1155997,"A variety of compounds used in the treatment of parasitic or bacterial infections in man, including leishmaniasis itself, were examined for their activity against three lines of Leishmania in tissue culture. The organisms used were L. mexicana mexicana, L. tropical major and L. donovani; they were grown in dog sarcoma and hamster peritoneal exudate cell lines. Leishmanicidal activity was observed in a number of compounds currently in clinical use for the treatment of one or other form of leishmaniasis. Cycloguanil, nifurtimox, amphotericin B and monomycin were effective but pentamidine showed poor activity. In each case marked differences were observed in the level of response in the different parasite lines. Organic antimonials were most active when anmastigotes were exposed to them prior to entry of the parasites into host cells. This suggests that such compounds may exert an effect on amastigotes during their brief extracellular transit from one host cell to another in vivo. A number of antimalarials showed good to moderate leishmanicidal action, particularly against L. mexicana and L.t. major. Several schistosomicidal agents also possessed leishmanicidal properties. The commonly used broad spectrum antibiotics showed little if any activity. In discusssion a comparison is drawn between data published on the action of some of these drugs against L.t. major in mice and our observations with the same strain and L. mexicana in tissue culture. A remarkably good agreement is found for most of the compounds examined. General agreement is also noted between these data and reports of clinical trials although it is not possible to draw too many conclusions because of the failure in most clinical studies to make an accurate identification of the causative Leishmania. It is concluded that, although the tissue culture model is not to be considered as ideal and can probably be improved, data obtained by its use do bear relevance to the action compounds in vivo, and the model may be use in the screening of drugs for leishmanicidal activity."
1155998,"Maintenance of unknown-age tsetse puparia at 4 degrees C for six days substantially reduced emergence; normal emergence occurred when puparia were held at temperatures of 12 degrees, 14 degrees, or 16 degrees C for two, three or four weeks, respectively. In-storage eclosion of adults was either suppressed completely at the temperatures used or was slight. Weight, puparial duration, and density of puparia were examined in an attempt to detect sexual differences in puparia. There appeared to be no usable correlation between pupal weight and sex, but the difference between the puparial duration of each sex offers a mechanism for retaining 81% of the females produced and releasing 84% of the males. The flotation of unknown-or known-age puparia in methanol-water solutions of varying specific gravities demonstrated some diffences in the density of male and female puparia. However, these differences were not great or consistent enough to provide an efficient system of separating puparia by age or sex."
1155999,"Three hundred and eighty-six blood films were taken from mesticos (persons of mixed race) in villages on the river Purus, Amazonas; 17(4-4%) were infected with Mansonella ozzardi. An average of 11-2 microfilariae/20 mm3 of blood (range 1-103) were found in infected persons. No statistical difference was found between the infection rates of males and females. Seringueiros (rubber collectors) and lavradores (agricultural workers) showed similar high infection rates, compared to people with indoor occupations. Rubber-collecting communities showed a higher infection rate with M. ozzardi than villages economically dependent on the local municipal town. It is suggested that this was due to greater numbers of infective vectors in these locations, and to the higher proportion of the human population working outdoors."
1156001,"The purpose of this paper is to analyze 107 patients with anomalous heart location, divided into 6 main group, depending on type of heart formation, location of cardiac apex and topography of abdominal viscera. In most of the patients the associated congenital cardiac defects that were diagnosed were extremely severe, multiple, and cyanotic. Biplane angiocardiography is the most valuable instrument in the diagnosis of anomalous heart location. Surgical treatment of congenital cardiac defects in the presence of anomalous heart  location has specific features, but in most of the patients these anomalies did not interfer with the total correction of potentially correctable defects."
1156004,"The intramyocardial PO2 was studied in 7 patients after cardiac surgery, by means of a long-term electrode implanted subepicardically in the free wall of the left or the right ventricle, utilizing the polarographic method. Inhalation of 100% O2 or 5% CO2 +95% O2 provoked maximal increases in the myocardial PO2. In most cases intense exercise, and the Valsalva manoeuvre caused a decrease in the PO2. Intravenous propranolol slightly increased the PO2 in one case. Other drugs used in coronary patients caused inconstant effects. Sleeping decreased the heart PO2 in one case. This technique appears to be a useful tool for studying the human intramyocardial PO2 during a period of several weeks."
1156011,"Amphotericin B (1mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously to rats for 30 days, with simultaneous sham (5% dextrose in saline) injections to control animals. After four treatments, serum cholesterol concentration among treated animals demonstrated a maximum decrease of 25% (p less than 0.005) from the control level. Serum cholesterol returned to control level after three more treatments, and no significant difference (p greater than 0.05) was observed in experimental animals, despite continued treatment thereafter. Various hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored at intervals during this period. Except for significantly elevated (p less than 0.001) plasma urea nitrogen in treated animals, no significant difference was observed between the control and treated animals with regard to other parameters. Gross examination at autopsy, followed by microscopic study, showed absence of organ pathology."
1156010,"Neuropharmacological effects of doxepin were studied in rabbits to reveal fundamental actions which might explain its clinical efficacy. The results indicate that central effects of this compound are similar to those reported for atropine and the tricyclic antidepressants. In this regard, doxepin produced mydriasis and EEG synchrony without producing overt signs of sleep. It inhibited in a dose-related manner the EEG activation produced by physostigmine. It inhibited the EEG, but not behavioral, effects of methamphetamine. Doxepin enhanced some of the behavioral effects of methamphetamine, as does atropine."
1156012,"Activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, hindbrain, and adrenal glands were compared in adult dogs, cats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, rats, sheep, and 150-day-old swine. Swine had the highest COMT activity and dogs or cats, the lowest in most tissues. MAO was more tissue and species variable. The ontogenesis of MAO or COMT was evaluated in the same six tissues of swine from 10 days before birth through 150 days of age. COMT and MAO generally increased in swine kidney and liver with age, but the developmental patterns were more variable in other tissues. COMT increased in heart, spleen, and adrenals through 14 days of age, decreased in spleen and adrenals to 150 days, but remained elevated in heart. Brain MAO activities were near or above 150-day-old levels at birth and changed little with age. Cardiac MAO fell from birth to 70 days of age, while splenic and adrenal activities increased with age. MAO substrate specificity to tyramine, benzylamine, and serotinin along with selective inhibition by harmine, pargyline, and clorgyline were used as indices of multiple enzymic forms. Type B MAO may dominate in all swine tussues except spleen, although the biochemical characteristics of this enzyme form do not seem to fit all of the patterns described for other species. Thermal stability of MAO in swine resembles that in the guinea-pig."
1156014,"The effects of quinidine and diphenylhydantoin on the membrane electrical resistance of guinea-pig taenia coli have been studied by means of the double sucrose gap tachnique. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 7.10-minus 5 quinidine induces an evident dose-related increase of membrane resistance, as indicated by the increase of the electrotonic potential. These effects are unaffected by tetrodotoxin (10(-6)) and in the presence of various changes of ionic environment (replacement of Na by Li, increase of K or Ca or Mg concentrations). Only a concomitant rise of both K and Ca (or Mg) can prevent the effects of quinidine on membrane resistance. The rate of repetitive discharge under sustained electrical depolarization is not affected by quinidine, at concentrations increasing membrane resistance. The experiments with diphenylhydantoin showed that this drug is practically ineffective on membrane resistance, but induces a decrease of the rate of repetitive discharge under sustained depolarization."
1156015,"A procedure was used where responses by a pigeon produced electric shock both to that pigeon (response-dependent shock) and to another pigeon (response-independent shock) working under the same schedule of food presentation. Both response-dependent and response-independent shock partially suppressed responding. Pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and ethanol increased responding suppressed by response-dependent shock, but only pentobarbital increased responding suppressed by response-independent shock. Morphine, d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, doxepin, and pentazocine either had no effect, or further decreased rates of responding suppressed by response-dependent or response-independent shock."
1156016,"1-n-Butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine hydrochloride, AP-237, was studied in a variety of general screening tests. Several routes of administration, including oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intra-muscular, were employed. It was compared to morphine and pentazocine in many tests. It was found to be a potent analgesic in rats and mice with better oral efficacy than the reference agents. It did not exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, or anticonvulsant activity but appeared to have some tranquilizing properties. Its general pharmacology resembles the reference agents morphine and pentazocine, but with several differences."
1156017,"The present investigation was performed to gain information on the changes in the microcirculation of the skeletal muscle during the application of vasodilating agents. The flow velocity in various microvessels was measured cinematographically in isolated and non-isolated muscles of the hindlimb in cats and rats. During the intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (1 mug/kg times min), bradykinin (2 mug/kg times min) and isoprenaline (1 mug/kg times min) a decrease in the flow velocity up to a complete stasis was found in most of the microvessels in the marginal parts of the muscles examined. These reactions set in when the femoral flow increased and disappeared when the femoral blood flow returned to the baseline level. The experiments demonstrate that the increase in total blood flow induced by the intra-arterial infusion of vasodilating agents may be associated with a reduced perfusion of certain parts of the striated muscles."
1156018,"1-n-Butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine hydrochloride, AP-237, is a new analgesic that has been reported in both Japan and the United States to have good analgesic activity in animals and is currently undergoing clinical trials. A detailed study of the analgesic and side effect profile of this compound is presented. AP-237 was an effective analgesic in a variety of species by several different routes of administration. Results of studies in an inflamed paw pressure and tail flick test in rats, hot plate and writhing test in mice, tooth pulp test in rabbits and intra-arterial bradykinin test in dogs are reported. AP-237 had a low physical dependence liability in rodents as measured by a mouse jumping test and a lack of withdrawal syndrom. Tolerance and cross tolerance results are reported. AP-237 is compared to morphine and pentazocine in most tests."
1156019,"Duration of postictal coma following maximal electroshock seizure and monoamine levels in the whole brain were measured in mice. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP), or intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prolonged the coma duration, whereas p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) did not affect the coma, and L-DOPA tended to shorten the coma and counteracted the effect of alpha-MT. When the shock was repeated five times with one hour intervals, the duration of coma was progressively increased being accompanied by elevated serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the brain. In alpha-MT treated group, a striking parallelism was remarked between coma prolongation and norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) reduction. These data suggest that prolongation of postictal coma is correlated with reduced NE and DA levels and/or with elevated 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the brain."
1156020,"The effects of a new psychopharmacologically-active agent taclamine (AY-22,214 (AY)(a dibenzocycloheptaisoquinolines)) on noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin(5-HT) turnover in the brains of normal and/or stressed animals were determined by the use of both non-isotopic and isotopic techniques; a comparison with chlordiazepoxide (CL) was carried out. Both AY and CL antagonized the increase in NA and 3H-NA turnover due to immobilization stress in whole, and selected regions, of the rat brain. AY, unlike CL did not decrease 3H-NA turnover in brains of non-stressed animals. AY accelerated the turnover of DA in whole brain and 3H-DA in the striatum. In contrast, CL decreased turnover of each. AY did not alter 5-HT turnover. CL decreased 14C-5-HT turnover in regions of rat brain; in addition, it antagonized the pargyline-induced rise in 5-HT and potentiated the subsequent fall in levels of 5-HIAA. Neither AY nor CL affected the 5-HT uptake in the mouse brain. It  is concluded that AY appears to exhibit both similarities and differences to CL with regard to its effects on biogenic amine turnover."
1156021,"The importance of frequency of administration in the development of tolerance to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) was studied with repeated administration of the drug prior to behavioral test sessions at 1-, 3-, 7- or 14-day intervals. Partial tolerance was seen to develop to the depressant effects of delta9-THC (10mg/kg i.p.) on food-motivated performance on a variable interval 60-sec (VI 60) schedule of reinforcement. The tolerance was most evident with the most frequent exposure to the drug. No signs of increasing responsiveness to delta9-THC were seen with any of the four inter-injection intervals. The role of hepatic metabolism in tolerance to delta9-THC was tested by pretreating animals with SKF-525A, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor, or phenobarbital, a microsomal enzyme inducer. The dosing schedules for SKF-525A and phenobarbital were sufficient to alter hexobarbital sleeping time significantly, but they did not affect the normal VI 60 sec performance. After a 5 mg/kg dose of SKF-525A the depressant actions of 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of delta9-THC appeared to show a slight but consistent enhancement during the course of tolerance development. Phenobarbital (80 mg/kg/day) pretreatment for seven days blocked the acute behavioral depressant effect of 3 mg/kg of delta9-THC and appeared to enhance the development of tolerance. A metabolic mechanism of tolerance development was suggested by the data, but not demonstrated definitively."
1156022,"From clinical experience it is known that the hypotensive action of clonidine and alpha-methyl-DOPA is antagonized by desipramine. This antagonism was investigated in detail in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Both the centrally acting hypotensive agents and the tricyclic antidepressants where infused into the left vertebral artery. (1) The central hypotensive action clonidine was antagonized by desipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline, protriptyline and mianserine. For the inhibition of the hypotensive action of clonidine by protriptyline a parallel shift of the dose-response curve was obtained, indicating the possibility of a competitive antagonism. The central hypotensive action of alpha-methyl-DOPA was antagonized by desipramine and imipramine and that of amphetamine by imipramine. (2) The modest central hypotensive action of tricyclic antidepressants themselves and that of cocaine is explained by means of the inhibition of noradrenaline re-uptake in the CNS, brought about by these compounds. (3) It seems likely that the antagonism occurs at the level of central alpha-adrenoreceptors in the brain stem. (4) The antagonism probably reflects a general interaction between centrally acting hypotensive drugs and tricylclic antidepressants. The alpha-sympatholytic properties of the tricyclic antidepressants probably give rise to a blockade of the central alpha-adrenoreceptors, stimulated by clonidine, noradrenaline (via amphetamine) and alpha-methylnoradrenaline (from alpha-methyl-DOPA). The cocaine-like activity of antidepressants does not play a part."
1156023,"Current pharmacologic texts recognize no significant pharmacodynamic differences between the various cardiac glycosides. To reconsider this concept, a special recording device was constructed so that electrocardiograms and phonocardiograms could be obtained in small mammals without anesthesia or premedication, and a spectrum of cardiac glycosides was studied. Utilizing guinea-pigs, cardiac rate reduction of 20% was sought and achieved with 0.07 mg/kg ouabain, 0.34 mg/kg digoxin and 1.12 mg/kg digitoxin. With comparable rate reduction, digitoxin produced significantly greater shortening of electro-mechanical systole than did ouabain or digoxin (P less than 0.05). Other authors have shown that cardiac glycosides produce slowing of cardiac rate prior to onset of positive inotropic effect. Therefore it is probable that for a given amount of vagal effect (sinoatrial slowing) digitoxin possesses greater positive inotropic effect (abbreviation of electromechanical systole) in guinea-pigs than do ouabain or digoxin. A review of the literature suggests that the same holds true for humans."
1156024,"Changes in mean arterial pressure (M.A.P.) have been produced in conscious rabbits by inflation of balloon cuffs previously implanted round the inferior vena cave and aorta; Sigmoid stimulus/response curves (M.A.P./Heart Period, H.P.) were constructed. Clonidine caused a striking dose dependent increase in gain of the reflex arc in both normal rabbits and rabbits with renal hypertension. The largest effect was upon vagal motorneurones but a similar but smaller effect was present in vagotomised animals. Similar changes in the baro-reflex arc were produced by injection of very much smaller doses of clonidine into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Recordings made from single aortic baroreceptor fibres in anaesthetised rabbits showed again a dose dependeent sensitisation. These results suggest that the bradycardia caused by clonidine is largely mediated via an action in the brain on the baroreflex arc, with an additional action on the baroreceptors themselves. Preliminary results in normal man show a similar increase in the gain of this reflex after intravenous clonidine (150 mug)."
1156025,"The accumulation of 3H-metaraminol in incubated lung tissue of the rat was examined in vitro. Lung tissue concentrated tritium after incubation with 3H-metaraminol. This uptake proceeds against a concentration gradient and shows saturation kinetics (Km 12.5 X 10(-7) M and Vmax 2.105 nM/g/15 min.) with great affinity for 3H-metaraminol. The accumulation of 3H-metaraminol is dependent of temperature and energy supply, and requires the presence of sodium ions. The loss of accumulated radioactivity showed the possibility that a small fraction of metaraminol is apparently firmly boune (e.g. neuronal sites), while a greater portion is taken up by extraneuronal structures (e.g. capillary endothelial cells). The first localization could represent uptake-1 and the second uptake-2. The results obtained also confirm the important role of the lungs as an organ which participates in the fate of endogenous substances and drugs."
1156026,"Using several routine screening procedures to determine anti-depressant drug activity in experimental laboratory animals, ketamine HCl was found to possess significant activity over a wide-range of oral doses. The tests used were (a) reversal of tetrabenazine-induced ptosis in mice, (b) reversal of reserpine-induced hypothermia in rats, (c) enhancement of yohimbine toxicity in mice and (d) inhibition of oxotremorine-induced tremors in mice. In general, the anti-depressant potency of ketamine HCl was substantially less than that of imipramine HCl."
1156027,"Etomidate, R-(+)-ethyl-1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate was found to be a potent, short-acting and safe hypnotic; when given intravenously in single doses to mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs. In rats of different body weight (50, 100, 200 and 300 g) two injection rates were used (2 sec and 2 min). By rapid iv injection in rats of 200 g etomidate (ED50 equal to 0.57 mg/kg) is about 6 times more potent than methohexital (ED50 equal to 3.51 mg/kg) and 25 times more potent than propanidid and thiopental (ED50's equal to 13.4 mg/kg). The safety margin (LD50/ED50) in these rats is 26.0 for etomidate, 9.5 for methohexital, 6.7 for propanidid and 4.6 for thiopental. Potency and toxicity of etomidate slightly increase with increasing injection rates without affecting the safety margin. The duration of hypnosis with etomidate is dose-dependent and the safety margin will therefore be widened when sleep of short duration is aimed at. Recovery after etomidate is very rapid. With lower body weights, higher doses in mg/kg are required for inducing hypnosis of comparable duration. No systematic differences were found after etomidate injection in incidence and duration of hypnosis nor in mortality between animals of different sex. ECG, blood pressure, haematological and biochemical analysis, urinalysis and histopathology did not reveal any drug-related adverse effect after daily injection of etomidate for 3 weeks in rats (highest dose 5.0 mg/kg) and 2 weeks in dogs (highest dose 1.50 mg/kg). No tolerance was observed after repeated administration. Etomidate is devoid of any teratogenic effect in rats (highest dose: 5.0 mg/kg daily from day 6 through day 15 of pregnancy), and in New Zealand white rabbits (highest dose: 4.5 mg/kg daily from day 6 through day 18 of pregnancy). The hypnotic effects of etomidate at very low dose levels in different laboratory animals are compared with the effects obtained in human subjects, in which successful induction of anaesthesia was obtained without producing any release of histamine and with only minimal effects on cardiovascular and respiratory functions."
1156028,"The cardiovascular effects of halothane anesthesia in a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen were studied on piglets 7 hr to 25 days of age. Blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral flows were recorded simultaneously in all animals. Body temperature and blood gas composition and pH were monitored and maintained within normal physiological limits for piglets. Inspired halothane concentration was kept at 1.0% during vascular surgery and then increased or decreased systematically. Halothane anesthesia depressed mean aortic pressure and increased carotid, femoral and renal resistances in piglets less than one week of age. These effects increased with increasing halothame concentrations from 0.25% to 1.5%. In older animals, mean aortic pressure changes were significant only at halothane concentrations above 1.0%, while peripheral resistances were unaffected. Although there was no concentration-dependent change in heart rate in either age group, heart rates were consistenly faster in younger animals."
1156029,Diazepam was shown to increase postexcitatory inhibition within the brain cortex as revealed by its influence upon the recovery cycles both of intracortical and primary responses. The specific interrelationship between diazepam and some drugs affecting brain GABA level suggests the possibility of a GABA mediated mechanism in the diazepam effect. The sensitivity of the brain cortex to diazepam is not lower than that of the amygdala and significantly higher than that of the hippocampus.
1156030,"Aluminum chloride (5 times 10-minus 4 M) abolished the inhibitory effects of papaverine chloride (1.5 times 10- minus 5 M) on contractions of guinea-pig ileum and rat colon evoked by calcium in Tyrode's solution containing high KC1. The inhibitory effects of cocaine hydrochloride (10- minus 3 M) and MgSO4 (2 times 10- minus 2 M) were not antagonized. In isolated rat colon depolarized by partial exchange of NaCl by 40 mM KC1, AlC13 decreased the phasic contractions, slowed the onset of tonic contraction while increasing maximal tone and induced superimposed spontaneous activity during the tonic phase. Similar changes were evoked by increasing the CaCl2 concentration from 1.8 times 10- minus 3 M to 7.2 times 10- minus 3 M. The increase in spontaneous activity was not blocked by atropine sulfate (10- minus 7 minus 10- minus 4 M) but was partially antagonized by 10- minus 3 M caffeine and completely blocked by papaverine chloride (5 times 10- minus 4 M). More than one aluminum site of action is proposed for effects of aluminum on the gastro-intestinal smooth muscle."
1156031,"The uptake of 3-H-oubain (2 times 10- minus 9 and 2 times 10- minus 5 M), 3-H-taurocholic acid (2 times 10- minus 8 and 2 times 10- minus M) and 3-H-corticosterone (2 times 10- minus 9 and 2 times 10- minus 5M) into rat liver slices was investiged. The steroids were extensively accumulated as demonstrated by the following T/M ratios: ouabain: 3.82 and 3.72 resp.; taurocholic acid: 10.49 and 9.88 resp.; corticosterone: 12.84 and 8.41 resp.. Only corticosterone uptake was dependent on the medium concentration but without alterations under anaerobic conditions. The contrary could be found in case of ouabain and taurocholic acid. Further differences between the steroids investigated could be shown in experiments on the interaction with organic anions (probenecid, para-aminohippuric acid, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate). At least no competition among the steroids concerning their uptake into liver tissue could be demonstrated. The results are discussed in contradiction to the current theories concerning the hepatic uptake of steroid compounds."
1156032,"The antiinflammatory activity of R-803 (alpha-methyl-3-phenyl-7-benzofuranacetic acid), a new nonsteroidal drug, has been demonstrated. The oral administration of R-803 inhibits carrageenan-induced edema of the rat's paw, ultraviolet-induced erythema of guinea-pig skin, adjuvant-induced and 6-sulfonamidoindazole-induced arthritides of the rat at doses in the range of 1.0 to 6.0 mg/kg. It also inhibits the cotton pellet-induced granuloma in the rat at higher doses."
1156033,"It is known that the effects of mescaline (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine), a hallucinogen, can function as a discriminative stimulus. The present investigation examined the ability of cinanserin, a serotinin antagonist, to block the stimulus properties of mescaline in the rat. After a reliable discrimination was established between the effects following the injection of mescaline (10 mg/kg) and those following administration of saline, subjects were pretreated with cinanserin HC1 (3 mg/kg) and then treated with mescaline. Such pretreatment was found to block discrimination, i.e., the response rate following the administration of mescaline plus cinanserin was appropriate for the saline condition. The present data suggest that antagonists of serotonin may be useful in furthering our understanding of phenethylamine hallucinogens."
1156034,"Chlorinated 3-phenyl-piperidines were administered to rats with the expectation--based on structural similarities--that they might resemble chlorinated amphetamines pharmacologically. The 3-chloro, 4-chloro, and 3,4-dichloro compounds all lowered serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in rat brain, whereas the 2-chloro compound had no effect. The brain levels and half-lives of the four compounds suggested that the compounds might be metabolized by hydroxylation at the 4- position of the phenyl ring. Desmethylimipramine, an inhibitor of amphetamine hydroxylation in the 4- position, markedly elevated brain levels of the 2-chloro compound and to a lesser extent of the 3-chloro compound. The 2-chloro compound did not lower brain serotonin levels even in desmethylimipramine-treated rats, however. The results suggest that some pharmacologic properties of the chlorinated 3-phenyl-piperidines are indeed similar to those of chlorinated amphetamines."
1156035,"The widely used bacteriostatic preservative methyl paraben (M.P.) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the carbachol-contracted guinea pig trachea and the isolated rabbit jejunum. The relaxant effects on the trachea were not blocked by dl-propranolol and the responses on the rabbit jejunum were not blocked by bretylium tosylate which abolished the responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Sub-threshold concentrations of M.P. (130 muM) produced a marked and significant enhancement of the responses of the trachea to the three catecholamines dl-isoprenaline (I), 1-noradrenaline (N), 1-adrenaline (A), a slight but significant enhancement of the responses of the trachea to the two non-catechol beta sympathomimetics salbutamol (S), and orciprenaline (O), but no significant enhancement of the responses to aminophylline (AM). It is concluded that the relaxant effect of M.P. is characteristic of a ""non-specific"" spasmolytic and this is consistent with its reported local anaesthetic activity. In addition, the specific ability of M.P. to enhance responses to catecholamines suggests that it may be interacting with a mechanism responsible for catecholamine removal (i.e., tissue uptake or uptake 2). In view of the widespread use of M.P. in pharmaceutical preparations in concentrations often equivalent to or greater than those employed in the present investigation, the fact should be stressed that its presence should not be overlooked in the interpretation of experimental and clinical studies."
1156036,"Mazindol, 5-hydroxy-5-(4'-chlorophenyl)-i, 3-dihydro-5H-imidazo-(2, 1-a) isoindole, has demonstrated anorexic activity and other pharmacological responses which suggest alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism. Studies of the effects of mazindol on neuronal uptake and/or release of norepinephrine showed that mazindol, when given before cerebral intraventricular injection of 3-H-norepinephrine by a mechanism that increases 3-H-normetanephrine synthesis via catechol-O-methyl-transferase and provided no significant effect on deamination of the catecholamine. Studies designed to measure norepinephrine release showed that mazindol (in contrast to d-amphetamine) did not cause release of 3-H-norepinephrine from neuronal stores. Furthermore, mazindol did not inhibit norepinephrine synthesis, whereas d-amphetamine did. The effect of d-amphetamine on norepinephrine release and synthesis may be more important than effects on uptake of this catecholamine. In contrast, mazindol appears to produce its primary effect on norepinephrine metabolism by inhibition of neuronal uptake mechanism."
1156037,"To demonstrate the role of endogenous renal prostaglandins as modulators of the renin-angiotensin-system in renal hypertension, rats with acute and chronic renal hypertension were pretreated with different inhibitors of the prostaglandin biosynthesis (indomethacin, mefenamic acid, acetylsalicylic acid. Development and course of acute and chronic renal hypertension after treatment were highly significantly different from untreated animals concerning elevation, duration and intensity of renal hypertension. Moreover, indomethacin enhanced renal vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II in the dog; accordingly, inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis increases acute and chronic renal hypertension. It seems that prostaglandins play an important part in blood pressure regulation."
1156038,"Reduction of the (expanded) body fluid volumes found in some patients with renal hypertension may be essential in the management of these cases. Illustrative examples are given of this ""volume dependent"" form of hypertension. In such patients, plasma renin activity (PRA) is low. Other forms of hypertension may be regarded as caused by ""inappropriate renin secretion"". Most often, however, both factors are operative. This concept is supported by experimental evidence obtained in animals. The combined effect of salt depletion (which increases PRA) and beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (during which treatment PRA is lowered) was systematically studied in 3 groups of hypertensive patients (including one group with chronic renal insufficiency). The results indicate that this combined therapy lowers the blood pressure in various types of hypertension, the effect being sometimes more than additive. There was, however, no correlation between the PRA levels and the blood pressure decrease after salt depletion or after propranolol. Consequently, on the basis of the PRA values, no group of patients could be identified for which this treatment would be specifically indicated."
1156039,"The effects of the antihypertensive imidazoline compounds 2-(5 fluor-0-toluidine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 600) and 2-(2, 6 dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 155, catapres) on intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal vascular resistance, plasma volume, plasma renin and aldosterone concentration were studied in five patients with essential hypertension. The antihypertensive action of both compounds was similar and was accompanied by a reduction in heart rate and in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance being unchanged. There was no significant decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Plasma volume and plasma concentrations of renin and aldosterone also did not change significantly. In the face of similar reductions in blood pressure, no differences were observed between cardio-renal haemodynamic responses after ST 600 and catapres. However ST 600 had a longer lasting effect (8-12 hours)."
1156040,"Ertyhro-1-(1-[2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-Et]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R28935), a new benzodioxanhydroxyethylpiperidyl derivative that is chemically but not pharmacologically related to pimozide, proved to possess potent central hypotensive activity when injected into the left vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Although almost as potent as clonidine, its hypotensive action is more prolonged. The central hypotensive effect is dose-dependent and stereospecific, the threo-isomer being much less effective than the erythro-form. In contrast to the effect of clonidine, the centrally induced hypotensive action of R 28935 is not diminished after pretreatment with piperoxane, yohimbine or desipramine. Accordingly, central alpha-adrenergic receptors are probably not involved in the central hypotensive action of R 28935. The following surgical interventions did not diminish the central hypotensive action of R 28935: bilateral vagotomy, bilateral cervical sympathectomy, bilateral extirpation of the stellate ganglia. Neuroleptic agents like pimozide, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and promazine were far less potent hypotensive agents. Promazine showed some central hypotensive action but the blood pressure-lowering effects of the other neuroleptic drugs are of peripheral origin and probably reflect the alpha-sympatholytic properties. From the results it si concluded that R 28935 depresses peripheral sympathetic tone via a centrally induced primary effect. Central alpha-adrenergic receptors do not play a role in this primary effect of R 28935, whereas they do play their part in that of clonidine or alpha-methyl-DOPA. As such, R 28935 is an example of a new class of centrally acting hypotensive compounds. Moreover, this compound provesthat it has been possible to separate the neuroleptic and hypotensive properties in benzimidazolinone derivatives."
1156041,"Erythro-1-(1-[2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-ET]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R 28935), provokes marked antihypertensive effects lasting several hours in conscious SHR (0.63 to 40 mg/kg i.p.) and beagles with renal hypertension (1.25 mg/kg p.o.). In SHR, this compound induces much less bradycardia, compared to equiactive hypotensive doses of clonidine, guanethidine and propranolol. Significant postural hypotension during tilting, is induced by guanethidine and mecamylamine but not by R 28935. In anaesthetized beagles with renal hypertension, the lowering of the blood pressure by R 28935, (0.02-0.64 mg/kg i.v.) is associated with a considerable decrease in the total peripheral vascular resistance, whereas the myocardial function is not affected. R 28935 is considered a potent antihypertensive drug, with attractive haemodynamic characteristics."
1156042,"The acute hemodynamic effects of the antihypertensive agent mebutamate were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar rats. Arterial and venous pressures and cardiac output (electromagnetic flowmeter) were recorded in artificially ventilated, open-chest, ether-anesthetized animals before and after varying doses of mebutamate were injected intravenously. In both normotensive and hypertensive rats mebutamate produced a moderate decrease in arterial pressure which was associated with a reduction in both heart rate and cardiac output; total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. These data suggest that mebutamate may have therapuetic value in reducing arterial pressure in mild to moderately severe hypertensive patients."
1156044,"Metabolites of [G-3H]digitoxin in the rat bile have been studied by combining column chromatography on Sephadex LH 20 and TLC on silica gel. Bile was collected during 6 hrs, after i.p. injection of 800 mug/kg of [G-3H]digitoxin. The following digitoxigenin containing compounds were separated: -mono-digitoxoside (43%, mostly conjugated), -bis-digitoxoside and digitoxin (12% and 2% resp., mainly non-conjugated). C-12beta-hydroxylated metabolites related to digoxigenin were identified as -bis-digitoxoside (18%), digoxin (4%) and -mono-digitoxoside (traces only). The results indicate that even with regard to the C12-hydroxylation the main metabolic pathway of digitoxin proved to be the cleavage of the third and second digitoxose and the conjugation of digitoxigenin -mono-digitoxoside. However the cleavage of the genin linked digitoxose as well as the epimerisation of the genin do not play a role in the detoxication of digitoxin in vivo. Besides these findings three groups of yet unknown metabolites amounting up to 10% of the excreted radioactivity were separated from the identified metabolites. Acid hydrolysis of these compounds yielded digitoxigenin or digoxigenin. Therefore it may be concluded that metabolic changes in the sugar moiety are their common characteristics."
1156045,"The influence of guanethidine on the nicotinic effects of acetylcholine was studied in anaesthetized atropinized dogs. Guanethidine (5 mg/kg i.v.) reversed the initial nicotinic pressor reaction, abolished the accompanying femoral vasoconstriction and reduced the increase of mean aortic flow. Therefore, nicotinic hypotension after guanethidine was due to a decrease of the peripheral vascular resistance. The height of the second pressor reaction was hardly affected by guanethidine. This drug inhibited the increases in mean aortic flow and heart rate but not the elevation of peripheral resistance, occurring at the secone nicotinic pressor phase. The present findings support the assumption that the initial hypertension is due to increased sympathetic outflow towards heart and vessels, whereas the second hypertension is due to adrenal medullary stimulation. The neurogenic femoral vasodilation at the onset of the second nicotinic pressor phase was blocked by guanethidine, which also inhibited the catecholamine-induced neurogenic vasodilation. These antagonisms may result from the interference of guanethidine with noradrenaline re-uptake."
1156046,"Paired click stimuli applied at varying time intervals were used to study the responses to polysynaptic input in the globus pallidus of freely behaving rats chronically implanted with semi-microelectrodes (60 mu). The average acoustic evoked responses (AAER) to 32 successive acoustic stimuli consisted of large amplitude potentials of long duration composed of 5 components (P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3) with latencies. The neuronal recovery function was long. Intraperitoneal reserpine administration heightened the amplitude of the AAER and shortened the neuronal recovery function. L-DOPA injection 2 hr after resperine treatment caused further heightening of the AAER but had no effect on the neuronal recovery function. When L-DOPA was given first, the AAER increased in the amplitude response and the neuronal recovery function was shortened consistently. Reserpine treatment 2 hr after L-DOPA, decreased the amplitude of the AAER but had not marked effect on the neuronal recovery function."
1156047,"In the dog, erythro-1-[2-(1,4benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-ET]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R 28935) lowers the blood pressure for several hours at dosages of 80 mug/kg when injected intravenously, of 10 mug/kg when injected into the vertebral artery and of 1.25 mug/kg when injected suboccipitally. No alpha- or beta-receptor blocking activity can be elicited at these doses. The carotid occlusion reflex is markedly reduced by low doses of R 28935 (40 to 80 mug/kg i.v.), whereas the pressor response elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus remains unimpaired. The hypotensive effect of R 28935 is not antagonized by piperoxan, desmethylimipramine or nalorphine. This lowering of the blood pressure is associated with a decrease of the peripheral vascular resistance and with a slight tendency towards bradycardia. It is concluded that R 28935 is a potent blood pressure lowering drug, acting on the brain stem, presumably in the pontomedullary region--although the drug has no alpha-sympathomimetic activity."
1156055,"Functional renal failure accompanying advanced cirrhosis of the liver carries a grave prognosis. Seven patients with the hepatorenal syndrome and five patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver without renal failure were studied by the xenon Xe 133 washout technique. Mean renal blood flow and its cortical component were decreased in both groups compared to normal transplant donors, but to a significantly greater degree in hepatorenal syndrome. In hepatorenal patients, intra-arterial infusion of subpresor doses of dopamine hydrochloride improved the angiographic appearance of the renal cortical vasculatrue and the cortical blood flow rate. Urine flow rate and glomerular filtration rate did not consistently improve with 12- to 24-hour intravenous infusions, although two patients survived, temporally related to the study. These patients had shown signs of liver function recovery."
1156056,"The effect of anabolic steroid therapy on anemia in 13 women with and without kidneys undergoing chronic hemodialysis for renal failure was investigated. All but one of the six patients with kidneys demonstrated a noticeable increase in hematocrit level (6.4% to 14.6%). Of the anephric women, four of the seven also showed hematocrit level elevations, but these were less remarkable (3.1% to 6.4%). A majority of patients demonstrated increments in weight and serum creatinine measurements but no definitive alteration in serum blood urea nitrogen levels. The androgenic effects of nandrolone decanoate were minimal and well tolerated. We conclude that anabolic steroid therapy is effective in ameliorating the anemia of women undergoing hemodialysis, if given in a dose that produces minimal and tolerable untoward effects."
1156057,Six consecutive patients with malignant disease who developed a pericardial effusion were successfully treated with a single pericardiocentesis (two patients) or with indwelling pericardial cather drainage (four patients). There were no complications in either group. Short-term catheter drainage appears to be a safe and effective alternative to surgical establishment of a pericardial window.
1156058,"Sudden catecholamine release, associated congestive heart failure, acute injury changes on ECG, and elevation of cardiac enzyme levels were observed after biopsy of a mediastinal mass. Five months later, a normal ECG and coronary arteriogram were recorded. Initial severe avoid unexpected catecholamine release, we recommend that all paragangliomas be evaluated for catecholaime production."
1156059,"Two cases of infection (miliary tuberculosis and a presumed viral infections) are described in which phagocytosis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets by reticuloendothelial cells was a prominent feature in bone marrow aspirates, associated with a clinical picture of fever, anemia, malaise, and hepatosplenomegaly. All these findings were ""transient,"" and disappeared on treatment of the underlying infection."
1156061,"Drug-induced osteomalacia appears to be a relatively common disorder in patients receiving long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy. The severity of clinical manifestations in any given individual appears to be a function of the combined effects of a variety of factors including drug type and total drug dose, dietary vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, and physical activity level. Aided by the recent development of sensitive techniques such as the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay and the photon absorption methods for bone mass determination, one can now detect abnormalities in vitamin D and bone metabolism with much greater precision. As a consequence, the incidence of  disordered mineral metabolism in patients receiving long-term anti-convulsant therapy can be determined with greater precision and therapeutic regimens instituted to prevent the associated morbidity."
1156062,"A data bank containing our clinical experience with more than 3,000 patients with suspected and documented ischemic heart disease is being used to expand our ability to care for patients. This report describes how the experience is documented, stored, and retrieved so that it can be used in patient management. Data acquisition is integrated with patient care by means of forms that are part of the patient record. Follow-up information is obtained at six months, one year, and yearly thereafter. All data are stored in a computer information system that allows the doctor to recall the experience of patients like his new patient. Prognostic information is available on each new patient both on-line and in the form of a printed laboratory report. The data bank represents an initial chapter of a computer textbook of medicine."
1156063,"One hundred ten individuals were divided into patients with digoxin intoxication; patients treated with digoxin; patients treated with digoxin and diuretics; patients treated with diuretics; and control subjects. Measurement of salivary potassium and calcium levels showed that 81% of the patients with digoxin intoxication had noticeable elevation of the salivary calcium level. In 22%, elevation of the salivary calcium level preceded clinical manifestations of intoxication. The high calcium level in the saliva was not accompanied by changes in serum or urinary calcium levels. The elevation of salivary calcium levels can be used not only as an additional indicator of digoxin intoxication but also for detecting impending intoxication in patients treated with this drug."
1156064,"Clinical records of 48 patients who died suddenly and unexpectedly following coronary care unit discharge were analyzed. Twenty-five had myocardial infarction as sole cause of death and 23 had other contributing entitles. Patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure had a higher total incidence of specific dysrhythmias in the coronary care unit compared to others. Large infarctions involving the anterior wall, especially in patients with moderate to severe heart failure in the coronary care unit, were negative prognostic factors. Serious dysrhythmias occurred with greater frequency in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure compared to others. Degree of congestive heart failure was not related to death among patients with atrioventricular block in the coronary care unit. Monitoring after the coronary care unit (Intermediate coronary care unit) may further reduce mortality."
1156065,"Six patients with sickle cell anemia were treated with sodium cyanate (30 mg/kg/day). In four, treatment was stopped because of definite or suspected toxicity, and no improvement was seen in the other two. Most alarming was the sudden development of peripheral motor neuropathy in a patient whose red blood cells contained less than 0.6 mols NCO-/mol of hemoglobin: six months after treatment was stopped, function had not completely returned in this patient. Safe oral dosage regimens may not be effective, but extra-corporeal treatment of sickle cells with cyanate, or other compounds, might circumvent that problem."
1156066,"Alcohol intakes and dietary habits of 304 alcoholic, hospitalized patients were evaluated. There were 195 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, 40 precirrhotics, and 69 noncirrhotics. Alcohol contributed 50% to 58% of total calories. Two thirds of the patients drank excessively for more than 20 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in the duration or degree of alcohol excess. Dietary intakes were assessed for a period of at least two years before the presenting illness. Noncirrhotics had higher food caloric intakes and higher protein intakes than the cirrhotics (P less than .05). The findings suggest that dietary factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease."
1156067,"Self-treatment with antibiotics was evaluated among patients at a university health service in an 18-month period. Sixty-two students ingested antibiotics, usually tetracycline (40%) or penicillin (21%), for varying intervals before seeking medical care. Respiratory symptoms were the most common reason (40%). The most frequent drug source was residual medication obtained by prescription from a private physician for a prior illness (43%). Although self-therapy was of short duration, the negative bacteriologic cultures obtained on our evaluation in all but four patients challenged precise diagnosis. The findings indicate that inappropriate use of antibiotics by patients would be curtailed by prescribing only the exact amount needed for a given illness and by emphasizing the need for completion of the course of therapy."
1156068,"Canine leukocytes were labeled with a gamma-ray emitting isotope by permitting them to phagocytize technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid particles in vitro and removing the unphagocytized particles by washing the cells. The labeled cells were reinfused intravenously into the donor dogs. Scintigraphic scans were performed 4 and 24 hours following the leukocyte infusion. In animals with sterile and infected intramuscular abscesses and pulmonary infections, it was possible to localize the lesions by scintigraphic scanning four hours following administration of labeled leukocytes. In one experiment, a positive scan was observed 24 hours after the leukocyte infusion. It was also shown that labeled leukocytes tend to concentrate in abscess fluid. These results suggest that technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid-labeled leukocytes may be a useful diagnostic tool in localizing abscesses and inflammatory lesions in humans."
1156069,"Twenty-six healthy controls and 45 patients with clinically suspected candidiasis were studied utilizing precipitin determination by double immunodiffusion, agglutinin titers, and presence of clumping factor by microscopy. The data are used to evaluate the specificity, reproducibility, and ease of performance of the procedures. Our results indicate that there is considerable overlap in agglutinin titers in patients with or without visceral candidiasis and that determination of clumping factor by microscopy only is inadequate for diagnosis. Precipitin tests were positive in 80% of patients with visceral candidiasis (exceptions were highly immunosuppressed hosts). This test is easily performed, reproducible, and can be applied in any general hospital laboratory. Neither agglutinin nor precipitin determination appears to be applicable to determining duration of therapy."
1156070,"A 78-year-old woman, who had received steroid therapy for four years, had strikingly prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT). The presumptive diagnosis was chronic hemolytic anemia. Platelet count and functions, fibrinogen, and factor XIII assays were all normal, but other factors assayed abnormally low; Sia water-dilution test was positive. When water-insoluble protein was removed by centrifugation, coagulation factors became normal. Dissolution of this precipitate in normal plasma caused marked prolongation of PT and PTT and lower factor assays. Serum electrophoresis showed a homogeneous M spike and an anomalous IgM, lambda-antigenic type in the gamma-globulin zone at point of origin. Ultracentrifugation of serum and of the precipitate showed 10% S17 and almost 100% S17 components, respectively. Five other patients with water-insoluble paraproteins were tested; two were clot-inhibitory."
1156071,"We describe five cases of tuberous sclerosis in members of one family, all having renal involvement but with differences in age of onset and mode of presentation. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features helpful in diagnosing this condition and in distinguishing it from polycystic kidney disease and renal neoplasms are stressed. Tuberous sclerosis should always be considered in differential diagnosis of patients with multiple cystic renal lesions, particularly when age of onset of symptoms ranges from infancy to adult life in different members of one family. Absence both of specific glomerular or tubular lesions in ultrastructure and of major abnormalities in renal tubular function supports the existing concept that replacement of nephrons by hamartomatous lesions is the cause of progressive renal failure."
1156072,"In two patients with hyperthyroidism who had no signs of heart disease, first-degree heart block with tall and large P waves occurred. In one patient, a left bundle-branch block and transient complete heart block with Stokes-Adams episodes also occurred, although there was no verifiable evidence of acute inflammatory disease."
1156079,"A single neuron, located in the center of each segmental ganglion of H. medicinalis is antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the ventral cord anteriorly and posteriorly to the ganglion, at the same threshold as the fast conducting system (FCS) and with a latency equal to the FCS conduction time. This neuron is activated trans-synaptically by tactile and photic stimulation of the skin and by stimulation of high-threshold fibres running along the cord. A spike evoked by intracellular stimulation of this neuron propagates along the FCS. Intracellular  staining shows that this neuron sends two axonal branches in the anterior and posterior median connectives. Direct electrical stimulation of touch cells (T cells), as well as mechanical stimulation of the skin, lowers the threshold of and may eventually fire, the FCS neurons, not only at the level of the ganglion to which they belong, but also at the level of the neighbouring ganglia. This effect is mediated by bilateral pathwasy located in the lateral connectives. It is concluded that the FCS consists of a chain of single neurons, located in each ganglion and electrotonically coupled to each other. Touch cells project with excitatory synapses on the FCS neurons."
1156080,"1. The effect of tetanic stimulation of ipsilateral group I afferents from the GS muscle on a synchronous stretch of the flexor EDL/TA muscles has been investigated in precollicular decerebrate cats. 2. The stretch-induced tension of the EDL/TA muscles increases remarkably during simultaneous stimulation of the GS nerve with maximal intensities corresponding to 1.5 times the threshold for the group 1 afferents. This increas appears above all in the dynamic part of stretch. 3. Under our experimental conditions there is no activation fo flexor-alpha-motoneurones during tetanic stimulation of the GS afferents without muscle stretch, as measured by the resting tension of the EDL/TA muscles. 4. Desptie an increase in the stretch-induced tension during fusimotor stimulation of antagonistic group I afferents, a transmission loss in the excitation via the psi-loop to the flexor-alpha-motoneurones occurs. This could be demonstrated by the ratio: increase in the tension T /increase in the number of Ia spikes. This is explained by snychronous convergence of the discharges of Ia inhibitory interneurones to the flexor-alpha-motoneurones. 5. The system studied demonstrates an input-output relation of the stretch reflex during conditions in which both reciprocal inhibition and autogenetic excitation via the psi-loop occur. It appears however, that the reciprocal inhibition is partly overwhelmed by the autogenetic excitation which results from the increase in the Ia discharge rate during fusimotor reflex. 6. It is postulated that static rather than dynamic psi-moto-neurones are involved in the investigated reflex arc."
1156081,"The effect of afferent impulses on single pontine RF units was recorded by means of tungsten microelectrodes in 22 curarized guinea pigs followed thermic stimulation of individual semicircular canals. The labyrinthine stimulation consisted of short-lasting circumscribed heating (45 degrees C) of the canals through a silver thermode. Unitary response to labyrinthine stimulation was characterized by excitation and inhibition of rest discharge rate. Out of 86 units, 66 received bilateral labyrinthine influences responding in greatest number (20 units) to four semicircular canals. Only two units were unaffected. No significant difference in RF responses was noticed between concordant and antagonistic canals. Reticular formation units showed great degree of facilitation of response and convergence of impulses from the single six semicircular canals."
1156083,"Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, strain Bd. 109 Sa, generates ATP mainly by oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport. During exponential growth the ATP pool is constant (9 mmoles/100 mugN) indicating that energy-producing and energy-consuming reactions are well balanced. The ratio of substrate respiration/endogenous respiration is approx. 2.5/1. Energy charge is constant both in endogenous and substrate respiration at values of 0.62 to 0.64. During endogenous respiration (starvation) the ATP pool oscillates at regular intervals. ATP over-production is started after the ATP pool has decreased to a minimum level of 6 nmoles/100 mug N. The alternating over- and under-production of ATP is interpreted as a special regulation which enables the organism to make economic use of its own cellular materials. Addition of substrate (glutamate) to starving cells does not influence the type of ATP pool oscillation as observed in endogenous respiration. The parasitic strain Bd. 109 Pa exhibits the same periodicity of ATP overproduction as does it saprophytic derivative, Bd. 109 Sa. Decrease of viability during starvation is paralleled by a decrease of the ATP pool."
1156084,For anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes a values of 14.0 g/mole was found for Ymax/ATP and a value of 6.8 mmoles ATP/g dry weight/hr for the maintenance coefficient. Both values are much lower than those previously determined for tryptophan-limited anaerobic chemostat cultures. It is concluded that generally the largest part of the maintenance energy is not used for true maintenance processes. For aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures two phases could be differentiated. Acetate production started at mu values higher than 0.53. The slopes of the curves relating the specific rates of glucose- and oxygen consumption with mu became higher and lower respectively above the mu value of 0.53. Using the YATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiment a P/O ratio of about 1.3 could be calculated for glucose- and tryptophan-limited chemostat cultures. In sulfate-limited chemostat cultures acetate was produced at all growth rates. At high growth rates also pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate were produced. With the YATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiment a P/O ratio of about 0.4 was calculated for sulfate-limited chemostat cultures.
1156085,"Development of microbodies in Candida tropicalis pK 233 was studied mainly by electron microscopical observation. The yeast cells, precultured on malt extract, scarcely contained microbodies and showed very low catalase activity. When the precultured cells were transferred to a n-alkane medium and incubated with shaking, the number of microbodies increased and concomitantly the activity of catalase was enhanced. That is, both the area ratio of microbodies in the cell and the ratio of microbodies to cytoplasm in area increased significantly during the utilization of n-alkanes for 8 hrs. Localization of catalase in the microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, but other organella in the cell, except for vacuoles appearing in the early growth phase and mitochondria, were not stained with this reagent. Microbodies seemed to grow by division. Biogenesis of microbodies in the yeast cells is also discussed."
1156086,"The products of glucose fermentation were studied in 87 strains of the genus Chlorella. Lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, glycerol, ethanol, H2 and CO2 were identified. The lactic acid was shown to be D(minus)lactic acid. The pattern of fermentation produces is species-specific and can therefore be used as a taxonomic character. Lactic acid was found in C. fusca (varieties vacuolata, fusca, and rubescens), C. zofingiensis, C. vulgaris (var. vulgaris and f.tertia), and C. protothecoides. Formic acid and H2 appeared in those species which contain hydrogenase. Rather large amounts of glycerol were produced only by the most salt-tolerant species C. luteoviridis, C. saccharophila, and C. protothecoides."
1156087,"The heterogeneity and the complexity of Emerson strain Chlorella pyrenoidosa chloroplastic DNA have been investigated by means of thermal denaturation and renaturation kinetics, and the results have been compared with those of the strain 211/8b of the same alga. The thermal denaturation properties are very close to those of the other strain: the Tm of 65 degrees C in 0.1 standard saline citrate, the maximal hyperchromicity of 41%, and the dispersion coefficent delta 2/3 of 6.65 degrees C. The first derivated curves of the melting profiles show also five components. Denatured chloroplastic DNA renatures rapidly. Two fractions are found; their kinetic complexities have been estimated: 1.5 times 10(7) daltons for the fast renaturing fraction; 2x 10(8) daltons for the low d (G + C) content of the chloroplastic DNA: 1.24 times 10(8) daltons). The unique nucleotide sequence is present in about 19 copies per chloroplastic genome. This report confirms the homogeneity of the chloroplastic genome of algae."
1156088,"The pattern of ribosomal proteins in plastids of a nonmendelian streptomycin resistant mutant does not differ from that of wildtype cells when compared by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis. The protein pattern of a mendelian resistance mutant is changes, however. Since the resistance in this mendelian mutant is probably caused by a change in the ribosomal proteins, the resistance in the nonmendelian mutant must be considered as a change of the ribosomal RNA."
1156089,Using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction catalase activity could be demonstrated histochemically in cytoplasmic structures of Phytophthora palmivora bearing general ultrastructural features of microbodies. These socalled U-bodies sediment together with the catalase activity in Ficoll-Sorbitol-Sucrose gradients following prior purification by differential centrifugation.
1156090,"1. Mutants derived from the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus strain H 16 auxotrophic for phenylalanine and tyrosine were isolated employing mutagenic agents (EMS, nitrite), the colistine counterselection technique and the ""pin-point"" isolation method. Three different types of mutants were found: (1) Mutants, requiring phenylalanine or phenylpyruvate for growth, were affected in chorismate mutase as well as prephenate dehydratase. Both activities were regained by reversion to prototrophy. The auxotrophic strains accumulated chorismic acid. (2) Strains with a growth response similar to that of the first group lacked only prephenate dehydratase activity which was partially regained by reversion. Chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase were derepressed up to two-fold. Mutants grown in minimal medium excreted prephenic acid. (3) The third type of mutants required phenylalanine or phenylpyruvate and grew slowly when supplemented with chorismate or prephenate. The enzymes involved in the specific pathway of phenylalanine and tyrosine were found to be present. Some of them were even more active than in the wild-type. 2. Mutants accumulating chorismic acid or prepheric acid were able to grow on minimal medium when incubated long enough. The chemical instability of the excretion products resulted in their nonenzymatic conversion to subsequent intermediates which were taken up by the cells, allowing growth. 3. A method is described for preparing barium prephenate using the auxotrophic mutant 6B-1 derived from A.eutrophus H 16. Prephenic acid, excreted by this strain, was obtained from the culture filtrate with a purity of at least 70% and a yield of approximately 180 mg per 21 of medium."
1156091,"1. A fully automated phototaxis monitoring device is described for measuring photo-topotactic responses of flagellated organisms. 2. Photokinesis can be demonstrated in Chlamydomonas cells only after a dark period of about 72 hrs. 3. Pre-darkening of a few hours duration raises the phototactic disposition, whereas pre-illumination has no significant effect. 4. Circadian rhythms can be initiated by only one period of darkness or lower light intensity, whereas a period of higher intensity does not induce rhythms. The period length of the circadian rhythms is about 24 hrs."
1156092,"Carbon-14 was incorporated from citrate-1,5-14C, glyoxylate-14C(U), or glyoxylate-1-14C into oxalate by cultures of Aspergillus niger pregrown on a medium with glucose as the sole source of carbon. Glyoxylate-14C(U) was superior to glyoxylate-1-14C and citrate-1,5-14C as a source of incorporation. By addition of a great amount of citrate the accumulation of oxalate was accelerated and its maximum yield increased. In a cell-free extract from mycelium forming oxalate from citrate the enzyme oxaloacetate hydrolase (EC3.7.1.1) was identified. Its in vitro activity per flask exceeded the rate of in vivo accumulation of oxalate. Glyoxylate oxidizing enzymes (glycolate oxidase, EC1.1.3.1; glyoxylate oxidase, EC1.2.3.5;NAD(P)-dependent glyoxylate dehydrogenase; glyoxylate dehydrogenase, CoA-oxalylating, EC1.2.1.7) could not be detected in cell-free extracts. It is concluded that in cultures accumulating oxalate from citrate after pregrowth on glucose, oxalate arises by hydrolytic cleavage of oxaloacetate but not by oxidation of glyoxylate."
1156093,"The spectroscopically different phycocyanins present in the type strain of Hemiselmis virescens, Millport 64, and in a second strain of this cryptophytan species, Plymouth 157, have been purified and compared.  They are similar in native molecular weight and in subunit structure, both containing alpha and beta subunits with molecular weights of approximately 10000 and 19000 respectively. However, they do not have the same chromophore composition.  Both subunits of the phycocyanin of Plymouth 157 contain two bilins with absorption maxima at 600 and 660 nm, respectively.  Only the beta subunit of Milllport 64 carries these chromophores; its alpha subunit bears another chromophore, with absorption maxima at 368 and 694 nm.  The spectroscopic differences between the two native phycocyanins can be entirely accounted for by their differing chromophore compositions.  The phycocyanin of Millport 64 is the only biliprotein so far described which contains three chemically different chromophores."
1156094,"Mycelial mats of Aspergillus ornatus grown on cellulose xanthate membranes placed on a defined agar medium showed o-pyrocatechuic acid carboxyalse activity which could be induced to over six times its basal level by the addition of 0.1% L-tryptophan to the medium.  Exposure of mature mycelial mats to cyclohexamide prior to induction indicated that de novo protein synthesis was required for this induction to occur.  The effect of age of this enzyme adaptation process was investigated by transferring membranes and mats of variuos ages from defined medium to fresh defined medium plus 0.1% L-tryptophan With increasing mycelial age, the basal enzyme activity level remained relatively unchanged while the level to which the enzyme could be induced decreased significantly.  This decrease was linear when plotted against the mean cell age of mycelium, conforming to a general model of  age-dependent modifications of the enzyme adaptation process proposed by Adelman.  Several possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed."
1156095,Action spectra for photoreactivation of ultraviolet-inactivated cells of representative species of five genera of yeasts indicate that the spectral requirements for photoreactivation are characteristic for individual genera and may be useful data in analyses of the systematics of yeasts.
1156096,"Formation of the photosynthetic apparatus was induced in aerobically grown dark cultures of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by lowering of the oxygen tension. Besides the wild type strain the carotenoid-less mutant strain A1a+ was investigated. Both strains exhibited initially a decrease of the molar ratio of total bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) to reaction center (RC) Bchl, followed by an increase. Synthesis of RC-Bchl preceded the synthesis of light-harvesting (LH) Bchl. Activities of photophosphorylation in membrane preparations, isolated from cultures after different periods of incubation at low aeration, decreased on the basis of total Bchl from about 9 to 2 mumole ATP/mumole total Bchl-min, whereas the rate on the basis of RC-Bchl remained constant (about 500 mumole ATP/mumole RC-Bchl-min). Under the same conditions the membrane proteins were labelled with U-14C-protein hydrolysate. Corresponding to RC-Bchl the synthesis of RC-proteins dominated during the first 30 min of incubation at PO2 below 3 mm Hg. After 45-60 min of membrane formation at low aeration the synthesis of LH-complex proteins exceeded the synthesis of RC proteins. The correlations between protein and Bchl synthesis in the sequential formation of RC- and LH-complexes are discussed."
1156097,"Klebsiella aerogenes NCIB 418 assimilates glycerol via alternative pathways: one involves a glycerol kinase with a high affinity for glycerol (apparent Km = 1-2x10(-6)M), and the second a glycerol dehydrogenase with a much lower affinity for its substrate (apparent Km=2-4x10(-2)M).  In variously-limited chemostat cultures, one or the other pathway predominated.  Thus, aerobic carbon-limited organisms contained only the glycerol kinase pathway whereas aerobic sulphate-limited or ammonia-limited organisms (grown on glycerol) used only the glycerol dehydrogenase pathway.  Anaerobic cultures invariably contained glycerol dehydrogenase, and glycerol kinase was absent.  Washed suspensions of aerobically-grown organisms oxidized glycerol with kinetics similar to that of the particular enzyme (the primary enzyme of the assimilatory pathway) which they possessed, thus indicating a close association between these two enzymes and the uptake process.  But a supply of exogenous glycerol was not a prerequisite for the synthesis of either glycerol kinase or glycerol dehydrogenase, and nor was molecular oxygen the key factor in effecting modulation between the alternative pathways of glycerol metabolism, as had been previously suggested.  The physiological significance of dual pathways of glycerol assimilation is discussed."
1156098,"Unstable clones excreting L-lysine into their growth medium are obtained at a very high frequency following UV irradiation in both haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, provided they carry a mutation affecting the first enzyme of the lysine pathway and confering resistance to end product inhibition.  The phenotype can be stabilized in some sublines; it appears as dominant and coupled with a decrease in spore viability.  Excretion in batch cultures is confined to the end of the exponential phase, and seems not to consist in a simple release of the lysine pool content."
1156099,"The major exocellular glycopeptide (peptidophosphogalactomannan) produced by Penicillum charlesii first appears in the culture filtrate when the growth medium is nearly depleted of NH4+. The extent of incorporation of exogenously supplied radioactive precursors (D-[U-14C] GLUCOSE, L-[U-14C]threonine and NaH2(32)PO4) into peptidophosphogalactomannan suggests that approximately 20% of the total quantity of peptidophosphogalactomannan is assembled from constituents taken from the growth medium before NH4+ starvation and that the remainder is assembled from constituents in the medium during NH4"" starvation. In the absence of NH4+, an increase in dry weight continues until the medium is depleted of glucose. However, peptidophosphogalactomannan accumulation proceeds until after glucose is depleted and growth is halted. These data suggest that peptidophosphogalactomannan is a product of cellular turnover."
1156100,"Carbon-14 was incorporated into oxalate and CO2 from either citrate-1,5-14C, succinate-1,4-14C, or fumarate-1,4-14C by cultures of Aspergillus niger pregrown on a medium which contained glucose as the sole carbon source and which did not allow citrate accumulation. In cell-free extracts of mycelium forming oxalate and CO2 from added citrate the following enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were identified: citrate synthase CE 4.1.3.7), aconitate hydratase (EC4.2.1.3), NAD and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41, 1.1.1.42), (alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2), succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), fumarate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.2), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). The in vitro activity of aconitate hydratase and of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase was shown to be almost identical to the rate of in vivo degradation of citrate or to exceed this rate. The degradation of citrate to oxalate was inhibited completely by 9 mM fluoroacetate. It is concluded that the TCA cycle is involved in the formation of oxalate from citrate."
1156101,"Bacteriophage 16-6-12 of Rhizobium lupini has a long, non-contractile tail and a head which is hexagonal in outline. The tail is 140 nm in length, 11 nm in diameter, and carries a short term fiber. Analysis of the tail structure by optical diffraction indicates that it is of the helical ""stacked disc"" type. After phenol-extraction from purified particles, the DNA of phage 16-6-12 can circularize in vitro. No significant difference in contour length was observed between the linear (14.34 plus or minus 0.28 mum) and  circular (14.44 plus or minus 0.24 mum) forms of molecules. After partial denaturation with alkali an AT-GC-map was constructed, which shows an asymmetric distribution of AT- and GC-rich regions. It is concluded that this phage DNA can circularize due to the presence of cohesive ends and that it is not circularly permuted."
1156102,"Agrobacterium tumefaciens was grown in a chemostat in a chemically-defined medium which hs alpha-methyl D-glucoside, magnesium, manganese, phosphate or urea as the growth-limiting nutrient. Steady-state biomass concentrations were dependent on the specific growth rate of the organism when alpha-methyl D-glucoside, manganese or phosphate were growth-limiting nutrients. During magnesium-limited growth, large undamped oscillations in biomass concentration occurred. In all chemostat cultures a variant organism was selected which had lost the ability to grow in the medium supplied, bur survived on products of carbon metabolism derived from the wild-type."
1156103,"Fractionation of proteins secreted into the culture medium by intact cells and protoplasts of Pichia polymorpha showing enzyme activity against laminarin, pustulan or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside has been performed, and the results compared with those obtained with cell-free extracts and lysed protoplasts. Fractionation with DEAE Sephadex A50 has proved to be the best method, yielding at least three fractions which hydrolyse laminarin. One of these fractions was active on both laminarin and pustulan. Filtration on Sephadex G-100 column only yielded one active preparation. Evidence supporting the conclusion that there are three different beta-glucanases located in the periplasmic space is presented."
1156104,"Schizophrenia is recognized by the presence of one or more clinical syndromes, but there is disagreement as to how far the boundaries of the concept should be extended. During the course of a World Health Organization study, using the Present State Examination and a computerized classification program, a nuclear schizophrenic syndrome was nearly always (95.1%) associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenic or paranoid psychosis. The only substantial exception was that 13 out of 79 patients diagnosed as manic were said to show the nuclear syndrome. The computer classification was concordant with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenic or paranoid psychosis, manic psychosis, or depressive disorder, in 90% of cases. If appropriate precautions are taken, many of the sources of noncomparability in epidemiological, therapeutic, and prognostic studies can be brought under control."
1156105,"We examined the relationships among family history of psychiatric illness, demographic and historical variables, clinical course and presentation, and treatment response for 58 patients satisfying research criteria for mania. Nearly two thirds of the group had excellent responses to somatic treatment, particularly lithium ion, while one third had poor responses to lithium carbonate, neuroleptics, or electric convulsive therapy. Responders frequently exhibited euphoric moods, grandiose delusions, and tended to have cyclothymic premorbid personalities. Nonresponders were rarely euphoric, frequently exhibited incomplete auditory hallucinations, and tended to hve formal thought disorder and depressive-withdrawn premorbid personalities. Responders tended (nonsignificant) to have greater genetic loading for affective illness and alcoholism. We could not distinguish the two groups by their age at illness onset, duration of illness, or number of illness episodes per ill patient year."
1156106,"Personality traits and clinical characteristics in psychiatric outpatients with affective disorder were examined. Two groups of unipolar patients, divided on the basis of treatment response to tricyclic antidepressants, were compared to a bipolar group. While the unipolar-T (tricyclic responder) group showed premorbid personality traits of chronic anxiety and obsessiveness, neither the bipolar nor unipolar-L (tricyclic nonresponder, lithium carbonate responder) groups showed such findings. In fact, the unipolar-L and bipolar groups were similar not only with regard to personality variables, but also in terms of both drug response and certain family history features. These findings cast doubt on the homogeneity of unipolar depression and suggest the possibility of a subtype of unipolar depression with psychobiologic and personality features resembling bipolar disorder."
1156107,"We used a method of detoxifying heroin addicts involving a self-regulated schedule of methadone hydrochloride detoxification in an inpatient setting. This method allows the addict to receive methadone on an ""as needed"" basis within specified guidelines, thus permitting him to regulate his own detoxification. For this study, 30 chronic heroin addicts were detoxified using this self-regulated detoxification procedure. Measures of length of stay, amount of methadone required, and degree of patient satisfaction indicate that this is a practical means of withdrawing chronic heroin addicts that may have advantages over fixed withdrawal schedules."
1156108,"Two prospective longitudinal surveys based on New York State high school students indicate well-defined steps underlying adolescent progression and regression in drug use. At least four stages of involvement with drugs can be identified: (1) beer or wine; (2) cigarettes or hard liquor; (3) marijuana; and (4) other illcit drugs. Two stages of legal drugs are necessary intermediates between nonuse and marijuana. Very few youths progress to other illicit drugs without prior experience with marijuana. This sequence is found in each year of high school in the year following graduation. Progression to a higher-ranked drug is directly related to intensity of use at the prior stage. The identification of stages in drug behavior has implications regarding the optimum strategy for studying factors that predict, differentiate, or result from drug use."
1156109,"Following initial diagnostic interviews with 20 families in an outpatient psychiatric clinic, a group of therapists made predictions of the anticipated responses of the families to therapy.  Changes in family structure, organization, and transactional patterns were predicted with use of the Family Category Schema.  The families' responses to the process of therapy was predicted in a questionnaire.  The results showed poor predictions of response to process.  However, a normative response picture of a family in therapy did emerge.  Also, all predictions erred in the direction of underrating the overall effectiveness of conjoint family therapy."
1156110,"Published controlled studies of various psychotherapeutic techniques in psychosomatic disorders with adequate designs have formed the basis for the following conclusions: Psychotherapeutic techniques are effective in some patients with psychosomatic disorders.  Some psychosomatic disorders, for example, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, and migraine headaches are perhaps more amenable to psychotherapy than others, for example, hypertension and ulcerative colitis.  There is evidence to suggest that there are differences between the effectiveness of various psychotherapeutic techniques; a few patients differ perhaps from the rest in that they are helped most by the technique that is less effective for the majority."
1156111,"In a follow-up of 43 private psychiatric patients referred for open bimedial prefrontal lobotomies between 1948 and 1970, patients were rated by personal interviews and review of medical records for symptom improvement and organic brain syndromes.  Initial diagnoses were obsessive-compulsive neurotic (27), hypochondriacal neurotic (five), manic-deprresive (depressed) (one), and schizophrenic (ten).  All had been severely impaired by illness intractable to extensive previous treatment.  Thirty-five were found to be virtually free of symptoms that prompted operation, six had some improvement, and two were unimproved. Six had moderate to severe organic brain syndromes; three had seizure disorders necessitating treatment; and 17 incurred substantial weight gains.  Best results were for hypochondriacal and obsessive-compulsive neurotic patients with phobic symptoms: poorest results were for paranoid schizophrenic subjects.  This study was undertaken to provide some increment of data that could aid ongoing efforts to evaluate the consequences of this treatment."
1156112,"Striatal adenylyl cyclase activity from autopsied human brain is selectively stimulated by low concentrations of dopamine.  Under the experimental conditions used, norepinephrine was about three times less potent than dopamine.  Histamine and serotonin were ineffective.  The stimulation by dopamine was competitively inhibited by haloperidol.  There was no difference between the basal adenylyl cyclase activity or its level after dopamine stimulation between nine control subjects without a psychiatric history and seven patients with chronic schizophrenia."
1156113,"The metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethylene glycol (MHPG), respectively, were studied in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute schizophrenia. Base line levels of these metabolites were not significantly different from those in normal, neurological, and affectively ill controls. Accumulations of 5HIAA and HVA following probenecid administration, which provide a measure of serotonin and dopamine turnover, were also not significantly different in patients with acute schizophrenia and affective illness. After patients had recovered from their acute schizophrenic illness, HVA accumulations were significantly reduced. We discuss results in relation to amine hypotheses of schizophrenia and the suggestion that altered dopamine metabolism may reflect a biological change predisposing to acute schizophrenia."
1156114,"From all US Army enlistees leaving Vietnam in September 1971, a random sample of 943 men was selected.  Of these, 470 represented a ""general"" sample of all enlistees returning at that time, and 495 represented a ""drug positive"" sample whose urine samples had been positive for opiates at the time of departure.  We attempted to locate and personally interview all of the men in the samples.  Results indicate that before arrival, hard drug use was largely casual, and less than 1% had ever been addicted to narcotics.  In Vietnam, almost half of the general sample tried narcotics and 20% reported opiate addiction.  After return, usage and addiction essentially decreased to pre-Vietnam levels.  We discuss the use of nonnarcotic drugs, predictors and correlates of drug use in the samples, and the relationship of drugs to post-Vietnam social adjustment."
1156115,"Three hundred twenty respondents in selected geographic areas were interviewed with a structured questionnaire that included the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Dimensional analysis indicates that some items are not pure measures of the constructs they were originally intended to assess. Moreover, some of the dimensions within the scale apparently convey different meanings to different segments in the population. In addition, different dimensions within the scale have varying demographic correlates. The analysis suggests that in order for the scale to be a truly useful device for assessing depressive symptomatology in a general population, additional items need to be added and some questions need to be followed by probes to clarify the exact frame of reference of the respondents."
1156116,"Depressive symptomatology, marital satisfaction and functioning, job satisfaction, and social relationships were investigated in 320 respondents comprising 160 married couples.  Responses to the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale indicated that 13% of the respondents had scores similar to those obtained by patients with diagnosed depressions and an additional 27% had scores comparable to those of persons with other psychiatric problems.  Responses to a variety of questions about the respondents' social life, job satisfaction, and marital function indicate that increased depressive symptomatology in this general population is associated with a decline in satisfaction and functioning in these areas.  The data suggest that this association is not solely due to response bias but is associated with a real decline in function, particularly in the area of child rearing."
1156124,"Relationships between duration of paralysis, recumbency, muscular activity, and urinary loss of calcium (Cau), phosphorus (Pu), and hydroxyproline (OHPu) were studied daily in 32 traumatic quadriplegic patients during comprehensive rehabilitation and randomly in those readmitted for treatment. Within days after onset, quadriplegic patients had increases in Pu, then OHPu, and finally, Cau. Patients actively engaged in rehabilitation exercises showed a steady fall in OHPu, whereas CAU remained high for up to 18 months. Patients paralyzed for over 18 months (late) had low Cau, Pu and OHPu; but if the patients were kept in bed, OHPu increased rapidly. Patients with early quadriplegia have an increased bone remodeling, suggesting that the excess OHPu and Cau are derived from resorbed bone. Patients with late quadriplegia have little bone remodeling, therefore the excess OHPu occurring during recumbency may be derived from the resorption of new collagen produced during the removal of weight bearing without further change in muscular activity. Resorbed new collagen is excreted in part as large, OHP-containing polypeptides; these were found in the urine of quadriplegic patients, and therefore were present in blood and may play a role in initiating ectopic bone and renal calculi. The presence of OHP in 11 bladder calculi from quadriplegic patients tends to support this hypothesis. These studies indicate that muscular activity and weight bearing influence the bone metabolism of quadriplegic patients and suggest that the presence in body fluids of increased catabolic products from bone may have a role in bone-related complications."
1156125,"Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was produced in ten guinea pigs by intradermal injection of peripheral nerve antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Six additional animals were injected with adjuvant only, and three control animals received saline. Slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity occurred in all animals ijected with antigen. Velocities progressively decreased through the first six weeks, at which time they started increasing, returning to the normal range in the third month. Six of the animals--generally those having received the greatest amount of antigen and adjuvant--developed severe encephalomyelitis and died early in the study. These animals also developed more severe peripheral nerve involvement, and conduction velocities decreased more than in mildly affected animals. Abnormal electromyographic findings were observed in all EAN animals surviving through the third week. Two of the six animals injected with complete adjuvant without antigen showed some minimal electromyographic changes. Several developed slight slowing of nerve conduction velocity during the first few weeks. Saline control animals had normal nerve conductions and electromyographic studies throughout the course of observation."
1156126,"Procedures for the prediction of one-leg and two-leg maximal aerobic power output (VO2 max) have been examined in a group of 15 young men having had fracture of one leg and consequent immobilization resulting in muscle atrophy. Extrapolation of the submaximal cardiac frequency (FH) and oxygen intake (VO2) responses to an assumed FH amx of 175 in one-leg and 195 in two-leg work resulted in a systematic overestimation of VO2 max. This overestimation could be removed by applying the appropriate regression equations, but the overall accuracy of the extrapolation method was limited to +/- 15% in the case of the injured leg and +/- 8% for either the uninjured leg or both legs combined. Prediction of VO2 max from leg muscle (plus bone) volume gave the same order of accuracy. However, it was shown that the VO2 max of the injured leg could be predicted with an accuracy of +/- 5%, if the observed VO2 max data of the uninjured leg and two legs were combined and utilized in the following formula: VO2 max (injured leg) = (A X 2) - VO2 max (uninjured leg), where A is the mean one-leg VO2 max predicted from the two-leg VO2 max observed. It was concluded that wherever possible the one-leg and two-leg VO2 max of patients undergoing rehabilitation therapy should be measured directly. If the patient is unable to pedal the bicycle ergometer with his injured leg alone then the VO2 max of this limb may be predicted from leg volume measurements or from the observed uninjured and two-leg VO2 max with an accuracy of approximately 8%."
1156127,"Of 131 patients having spinal cord injury who were admitted to the hospital for chronic symptoms over a two-year period, 62 (47 percent) developed heterotopic ossifications in hip muscles. Of these 62 cases, 51 were unilateral. In 83 (63 percent) of the 131 patients, decubitus ulcers developed and these were unilateral in 71 cases. A high correlation between ulceration and heterotopic ossification was observed (phi = 0.69, P less than 0.001). Because heterotopy in the absence of ulceration was infrequent (less than 1 percent of cases), it appears that ossification and reduced mobility of a limb predipose to the development of the decubitus ulcer."
1156145,"We followed up 250 patients surgically treated for hyperparathyroidism. Selective venous catheterization with radioimmunoassay was an effective method of preoperative localization, but its greatest contribution was in patients needing reexploration of the neck. Because of a 15 percent incidence of multiple gland involvement, we tried to identify all glands, if possible. If more than one gland was abnormal, it also was removed. If three or four glands were abnormal, a subtotal parathyroidectomy was done. Five patients showed persistent hyperparathyroidism because of failure to find or remove all hyperfunction tissue: two patients were successfully treated at a third operation; one has not undergone reexploration, and two have parathyromatosis. Only one patient developed late recurrent hyperparathyroidism. The removal of a single adenoma is adequate providing the remaining glands are grossly and histologically normal. Hypoparathyroidism is a potential, although uncommon, risk following subtotal parathyroidectomy."
1156146,"Jejunolieal bypass (JIB) patients provide a unique opportunity to study the relationship between small bowel loss and gastric secretory function. Preoperatively, and approximately one year postoperatively, measurements of gastric secretion were taken in 37 patients who underwent JIB for massive obesity. Basal acid output increased by 0.52 plus or minus 0.35 mEq/hr (P greater than.2), and peak stimulated acid output increased by 1.99 plus or minus 0.96 mEq/30 min (P smaller than .05). A separate group of 26 postoperative and 17 preoperative (control) JIB patients had fasting serum gastrin levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Postoperative patients had levels of 37 plus or minus 5 pg/ml, and control patients had levels of 36 plus or minus 4 pg/ml (P greater than .5). We conclude that following JIB for obesity, there is no significant change in basal acid secretion or in serum gastrin. There is a small, but statistically significant, increase in peak stimulated acid output. We currently find no clinical correlation with this change."
1156147,"Fifty-two patients had jejunoileal bypass surgery. End-to-end (Scott) or end-to-side (Payne) shunts were randomly selected for each patient; 31 standard length shunts and 21 shortened bypasses were performed. Only 22 patients had an acceptable result, whereas 30 patients had inadequate weight loss (less than 2.3 kg [5 lb] per month per year) or had gastrointestinal tract, metabolic, or surgical complications judged severe enough to render the outcome less than adequate. There was one death, and four patients required reanastomosis of the bypass. The primary deteriminant of success was age, ie, younger patients had clearly better results than older patients. In general, shorter shunts produced more weight loss than standard bypass procedures, but were associated with an increased complication rate. Three new complications of jejunolieal bypass are reported: acute comonic dilation with necrosis, beriberi, and lupus erythematosus."
1156148,"Of 93 patients with small bowel bypass for massive exogenous obesity, three developed calcium oxalate urinary calculi, four stones in their gallbladder, and one developed both gallstones and urinary calculi during a mean follow-up period of 17.6 plus or minus 9.0 months. The urinary oxalate excretion increased from 21.6 to 67.8 mg/24 hours (P smaller than .001); simultaneously, the urinary output decreased from 1,775 to 1,101 ml/24 hours (P smaller than .001). Postoperatively, there was a significant increase in the rate of bile salt synthesis from 1.6 to 4.9 gm/day (P smaller than .02) and in the bile sale glycine/taurine ratio from 4.6 to 6.8 (P smaller than .05). It is suggested that the postbypass increase in the biliary glycine/taurine ratio, with its consequent decrease in the zeta potential of the micelles in bile, is at least partly responsible for the increased incidence of cholelithlasis. The pathogenic basis for the increased incidence of urinary calculi is hyperoxaluria, which is probably related to an increased bile salt and glycine synthesis."
1156153,"Whereas 67 patients with duodenal ulcer had fasting and 30-minute postprandial mean serum gastrin levels not substantially different from 32 normal subjects, they had substantially higher fasting and histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion. The increased acid secretion found in patients with duodenal ulcer is not caused by increased serum gastrin levels. Ten patients with recurrent ulcer, after incomplete vagotomy and gastric resection, had high gastric acid secretion and normal serum gastrin levels. Three patients with recurrent ulcer following complete vagotomy and gastric resection, but with retained antrum, had both high gastric acid secretion and high fasting and postprandial secrum gastrin levels. Three patients with Zollinger-Ellison tumors had even higher basal acid outputs and serum gastrin levels. The combination of basic gastric acid secretory studies and serum gastrin determinations may identify three causes of recurrent ulcer: incomplete vagotomy, retained antrum, and Zollinger-Ellison tumor."
1156154,"Permanent pacemakers were implanted in 12 children, ages 2 weeks to 6 years. The cause of the arrhythmia was congenital in three, postoperative in six, viral in one, and unknown in two. One operative death occurred on the second postoperative day. Two late deaths occurred five and 10-1/2 years postoperatively. The late deaths were in patients with good cardiac capture in whom the block followed repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Ventricular arrhythmias were believed to be the cause of death. Reoperation was required 37 times: for pacemaker exhaustion, 17; electrode problems, 15; wound problems, four; and arrhythmia, one. Nine of 12 patients are alive nine months to ten years eight months postoperatively. The remaining three survived for eight to ten years. Frequent reoperation and dilligent correction of defective pacing is rewarded with long, active lives in children requiring implantable pacemakers."
1156155,"Four percent of 2,446 patients with malignant melanoma did not have a known site of primary origin. More than half were admitted with nodal disease only, and were treated with regional node dissections. Thirty-three percent of this group lived five years, and 22 percent lived ten years following treatment. One third were admitted with visceral metastases, many of which were amenable to surgery, and this group experienced a 5 percent five-year survival rate. Cutaneous dissemination carried a lethal prognosis. Recurrences following treatment tended toward the same region of the body as the original metastasis, and 50 percent of these recurrences occurred within six months of therapy. The sex ratio, age incidence, family history, and survival rates in these patients with unknown primary tumors are consistent with an unnoticed cutaneous lesion as the site of origin for the metastatic disease. It must be supposed that this lesion had undergone spontaneous regression."
1156156,"In 101 mice, Lewis lung tumor (25 mg apiece) was implanted subcutaneously in the right hind limb and the mice separated into various groups and protocols to test treatment with immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents. In those treated intralesionally with BCG, the growth of primary tumor was retarded (P smaller than or equal to .05). Tumor growth in animals treated with systemic BCG and serum from tumor-bearing mice was not different from controls. In 14 of 20 mice treated with chemotherapy (semustine and cyclophosphamide), there was no primary or metastatic growth (P smaller than or equal to .01). The observations show that this sort of systemic immunotherapy had no effect on mouse Lewis lung tumor, that intralesionally there was a retarding effect of BCG (although it did not influence metastases), and that this protocol of chemotherapy was strikingly effective."
1156157,"One hundred forty-eight cases of colon carcinoma were subjected to further pathologic study. Survival was correlated with stage and grade of the tumor and with the number of involved lymph nodes. In addition, cases were assessed as to the extent of local chronic inflammatory reaction about the lesion and the degree of sinus histiocytosis in draining lymph nodes. A correlation was possible between grading, staging, extent of lymph node involvement, and survival. A substantial difference in five-year survival was shown when local inflammatory reaction was present and when sinus histiocytosis was observed. The presence of both of these factors further improved survival. An adequate evaluation of these factors, both individually and in combination, should improve our ability to assess prognosis in colon cancer."
1156158,"One hundred thirteen patients (106 women, seven men), 18 to 64 years in age, with hypertension as a consequence of renal artery fibrodysplasia underwent operation during a 13-year period. Renal-systemic renin indexes confirming ischemic kidney hypersecretion with contralateral suppression, and demonstration of collateral vessels circumventing hemodynamically significant stenoses proved reliable predictive indicators of surgical curability. One hundred fifty-eight surgical procedures were performed, including bilateral operations in 18 patients. Most common of 129 primary operations were 98 autogenous saphenous vein aortorenal grafts. Initial nephrectomy was undertaken on three occasions. Ninety-five percent of patients benefited from operation. Sixty-two patients were cured of hypertension; 45 were noticeably improved; and six were surgical failures. No operative deaths occurred. Proper patient selection is the most important determinant of operative curability in patients with renovascular hypertension."
1156159,"Severe extremity ischemia developed in four patients who had ingested methysergide maleate or ergot for the relief of headache. Symptoms involved the upper extremity in two patients and the lower extremity in two. Spontaneous reversal of the ischemic picture was obtained by simple discontinuation of ergot in most instances, although intra-arterial vasodilators were used in one case. Angliography disclosed arterial spasm and was a useful adjunct in confirming the cause of ischemia in each of the patients. It was especially useful when a history or ergot ingestion was not immediately available."
1156160,"B-mode ultrasonography was performed in 246 patients with suspected abdominal masses over a seven-year period. In 105 (40 percent), the accuracy of ultrasonic diagnosis was evaluated surgically. Sonography was proven correct in 60 (57 percent) patients who had undergone operation. Among 141 patients who had not undergone operation and whose diagnoses were established by other means, ultrasonography agreed with the clinical diagnosis in 69 (31 percent). Ultrasound accuracy, as confirmed by operation, was highest for splenic masses (100 percent) and for aortic aneurysm (88 percent). Liver masses were correctly identified in 56 percent of patients and gallbladder lesions in 38 percent. While only a 48 percent accuracy was obtained in diagnosing pancreatic disease, 64 percent of all pseudocysts were localized. Ultrasonography correlated positively with operative findings in 56 percent of renal masses. Intraperitoneal abscess was accurately diagnosed in 61 percent of patients but retroperitoneal adenopathy in only 33 percent. Abdominal ultrasonography, while accurately diagnosing splenic and aortic masses, failed to identify approximately half of other mass lesions. Improved techniques hold promise of improving this diagnostic accuracy."
1156161,"Four hundred fifty cases of thyroid enlargement were studied by B-mode ultrasonography. Specific ultrasonographic patterns could be established for cyst, solid tumors, multinodular goiter, cystadenoma, and thyroiditis. Benign and malignant tissue could not be differentiated. In 155 cases, tissue diagnosis was established usually by operation but also by aspiration cytology. One hundred forty-two were hypofunctioning solitary nodules. The reliability of ultrasonographic diagnosis was 94 percent. It permitted safe aspiration of cysts, early operation of solid lesions, and avoidance of radiation hazard in the management of pregnant and pediatric patients. Our operative series showed the following incidences: cancer 16 percent, cyst 20 percent, and neoplasm 62 percent."
1156162,"The Doppler ultrasound flowmeter with a pencil probe, emitting at a frequency of 10 megacycles/second, was used to making recordings along intact and repaired digital arteries and veins. In normal digital arteries, the flow averaged 3.78 ml/min. The ability of the method to appraise the condition of an anastamosis was evaluated in five patients with partial or complete digit, hand, or arm replants, and found quite satisfactory. Beginnings were made in developing criteria for satisfactory flow in these small arteries."
1156163,"Short-segment aganglionosis is becoming more frequently recognized in view of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques, as well as the greater clinical awareness of the entity. A series of 37 patients who underwent rectal myectomy during a ten-year period was reviewed. Selected patients with short-segment aganglionosis, proved by muscle biopsy, responded well to a single transanal operation that required an overnight hospital stay. The complications were minimal, and the cure or marked improvement has persisted for as long as 11 years. When major surgery of an abdominoperineal pull-through type was required after the myectomy (four patients), no technical difficulties were encountered. Within the limits of its applicability, rectal myectomy has a definite place in the treatment of short-segment Hirschsprung disease."
1156164,"Six patients with ocular symptoms were referred by the Eye Service to the Vascular Service because of the presence of cholesterol emboli on fundoscopic examination of the retinal arteries. None of the six patients had classic intermittent retinal or cerebral ischemic attacks. Four-vessel aortic arch arteriogram was suggested and significant ipsilateral carotid disease was found in all patients. Four patients underwent carotid endarterectomy, with removal of ulcerated plaques from the carotid bifurcation. Two patients had total occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and therefore were not operative candidates. The presence of retinal cholesterol emboli is an indication for extracranial arteriography. When ipsilateral ulcerative disease is found, carotid endarterectomy is indicated regardless of the symptoms."
1156165,"Repair of thoracic aorta coarctation in infants has had a high recurrence rate in most series. Recurrence is the result of several factors, but the type and growth of anastomosis are of primary importance. Subclavian artery patch angioplasty was used consecutively in eight children under the age of 5 years. There are six long-term survivors who have been observed for an average of 22 months. Body surface area during this time increased from a mean of 0.22 sq m preoperatively to a mean of 0.54 sq m at present. Blood pressure in the arms and legs were recorded at recent examination using an ultrasound pressure recorder. Only one patient had a substantial gradient (30 mm Hg). All survivors are asymptomatic. Use of the subclavian artery appears to allow for growth at the repair site."
1156166,"Six patients underwent emergency surgery for descending aortic injury following blunt trauma to the chest; three survived. Associated injury was a critical factor in two of the three patients who died. In the third patient, prolonged ischemia of the lower half of the body due to total aortic distraction with a distal aortic flap produced irreversible changes that were manifest during reperfusion of the body. Angiography is recommended if the patient's condition is stable and other injuries demanding immediate surgical attention are not present. If, however, there are other serious injuries and adequate distal perfusion, then these other injuries should be corrected before aortic repair is undertaken."
1156167,"Nonspecific colitis proximal to an obstructing colonic carcinoma has appeared in the surgical literature for over 20 years, but it remains an uncommon and difficult clinical problem. This report details the case histories of five patients with this entity who have been admitted to the surgical service of Presbyterian Hospital since 1967. The colitis described is clearly related to the obstructive lesion and does not represent chronic inflammatory colitis in association with a carcinoma. The patients may initially have symptoms secondary to the obstructing lesion or fulminant peritoneal signs secondary to the colitis. The roentgenographic appearance is typical and closely resembles that seen in colonic ischemia. The pathologic process varies from fibrosis and stricture formation to transmural necrosis and perforation."
1156168,"Serum lysozyme and hemolytic complement (CH100) levels were measured in dogs with experimental Bacteroides peritonitis. The CH100 levels showed little change in surviving animals. Nonsurvivors showed a moderate decrease in complement levels shortly after contamination. Both surviving and nonsurviving animals showed a slight initial decrease in lysozyme levels shortly after contamination. In surviving dogs this was followed by an increase to normal levels. In nonsurvivors, levels continued to increase, reaching a threefold magnification just prior to death. As a result of antibiotic therapy, CH100 levels exhibited no major changes; however, dogs deprived of antibiotic showed noticeable and persistent increases in lysozyme levels while treated animals showed only a mild elevation in lysozyme levels. The changes in the level of serum lysozyme may be a good indicator of antibiotic efficacy and approaching death from Bacteroides peritonitis."
1156169,"Renal artery stenosis causing hypertension may be the sequel of blunt nonpenetrating abdominal trauma. Early recognition of such renal artery injury is essential. In the case reported, late recognition of unilateral traumatic renal artery stenosis led to surgical correction of the lesion and lasting cure of hypertension."
1156212,"The F-wave conduction velocity (FWCV) in the central segment (axilla to spinal cord) of the median and ulnar nerves was compared to the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in the more distal segments in nine patients with mild cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome. In four patients, FWCV was slow despite normal or borderline MNCV. In four others, both FWCV and MNCV were abnormal. One patient showed slow MNCV with normal FWCV. The average FWCV was significantly decreased (40.9 +/- 12.0 meters/sec for median and 42.9 +/- 8.3 meters/sec for ulnar nerves) when compared to the corresponding normal values (64.3 +/- 6.4 meters/sec and 63.1 +/- 5.9 meters/sec). These data support the hypothesis that the central segment of a nerve is predominantly involved in some patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome."
1156213,"Suckling mice were injected with 30 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg body weight of cytarabine subcutaneously two, three, and four days after birth. Twenty-four hours after the final injection, these mice showed extensive necrosis of undifferentiated cells in the external granular layer of cerebellum. One or two weeks later, a new external granular layer regenerated but it did so only incompletely and regionally. The mice allowed to live longer showed impaired cerebellar function, cerebellar hypoplasia, and other malformations, including heterotopic granule cells in the molecular layer, irregularly arranged Purkinje cells, and scanty cellularity in the internal granular layer."
1156214,"Irregularities in motor response after continuing levodopa therapy of Parkinson disease (the ""on-off effect"") were assessed with the addition of L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (carbidopa) in a double-blind study. Thirteen of 20 patients improved while receiving carbidopa and levodopa while only four of 17 patients improved while receiving placebo and levodopa. Twenty-three of 37 patients improved in a subsequent non-blind trial of carbidopa plus levodopa. Improvement was not dependent on an increase in dose or frequency of levodopa administration. Adverse effects included dyskinesia, imbalance, and confusion; nausea was eliminated. On patient died of glomerulonephritis that predated the drug trial, but worsened progressively during and after it. Carbidopa's suppression of the ""on-off effect"" suggests that extracerbral factors may be important in this phenomenon."
1156215,"A diabetic woman developed mononeuropathy of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve six months following repetitive palmar trauma. The illness was initially incorrectly diagnosed as motor neuron disease, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis of diseases that cause wasting of intrinslc muscles in the hand."
1156216,"A myopathy, which improved with cyproheptadine hydrochloride therapy, developed in a patient with carcinoid syndrome of ten years' duration. Biopsy examination revealed advanced atrophy of type II muscle fibers, with type I fiber preponderance. Many of the small fibers had degenerated. Carcinoid myopathy may be due to excess circulating serotonin."
1156220,"The importance of both preoperative fusion and the distance-near alignment relationship to the results of recession of the lateral recti for correction of exodeviation was studied. Satisfactory alignment was achieved after this procedure in 78% of patients with constant exodeviation and 80% of patients with intermittent exodeviation. In each fusion status, initial overcorrection of up to 20 prism diopters gave the highest percentage of good results (constant exodeviation patients, 88%; intermittent, 89%). Fifty-six percent of the satisfactorily realigned constant exodeviation patients and 69% of intermittent exodeviation patients remained satisfactorily realigned over an average follow-up interval of five years. If convergence insufficiency was present, satisfactory realignments noted at five to eight weeks could be maintained thereafter in 40% of patients. Where there was no preoperative convergence insufficiency, satisfactory results were maintained in 64% of patients with ""high"" and 68% of patients with ""normal"" distance-near ratios."
1156221,"A biomicroscopical study of the vitreous body was performed on 116 eyes of 58 patients with primary retinitis pigmentosa, and six additional eyes were examined histopathologically. A characteristic vitreous degeneration, found in all eyes, was clinically divided into four sequential stages that appear to parallel the magnitude of gross retinal destruction as determined by visual-field measurements. The vitreous breakdown in retinitis pigmentosa may be due to progressive loss of hyaluronic acid from the hyaluronic acid-collagen complex."
1156222,"A 15-year old girl with a jet black-pigmented lesion on the anterior surface of the upper nasal quadrant of her iris was followed up for 12 years, during which interval growth of the lesion was documented. Histopathological evaluation of the excised segment of the iris revealed a pigment epithelial proliferation originating from posterior pigment epithelium. Additionally, there was a band of spindle shaped smooth muscle cells in the posterior stroma and a zone of plump melanocytes in the anterior stroma beneath the proliferating pigment epithelial cells. This combination of abnormalities is thought to represent a benign hamartomatous maldevelopment of the involved sector of the iris rather than a true neoplasm. Such an elaborate dysgenesis is unlike the more modest melanocytic hamartomas of the iris associated with the phakomatoses."
1156223,A new technique for resecting the Müller muscle and the conjunctiva for correction of blepharoptosis has been developed. The operation is performed on all patients in whom a 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride solution instilled in the conjunctival cul-de-sac will elevate the blepharoptotic eyelid to a cosmetically acceptable level. The results of the surgery have been satisfactory in 27 of 28 operated eyelids.
1156224,"Indications for the procedure of aponeurotic repair are nearly all of the ptoses that have 8 mm or more of elevation from downward to upward gaze. Such cases have a levator with an adequate striated part, an inadequate superior tarsal (Müller) muscle, and an aponeurosis that has involutional changes such as a dehiscence or disinsertion. Local anesthesia is advised. The incision is made 7 mm above the lash-line, through the skin and pretarsal muscle only. Blunt dissection upward is used until the preaponeurotic fat pad is uncovered. The upper part of the aponeurosis is picked up under the fat pad and sutured to the lower part of the aponeurosis with 5-0 chromic gut. Fifty-seven eyelids in thirty-four patients have been operated on, with excellent results and minimal trauma."
1156225,"This procedure was first suggested for ""minimal ptosis of 3-4 mm."" However, since the amount of ptosis varies widely with the etiological factors, the true indication in any given case is not the amount of ptosis but the amount of levator action. Hence, unless there is at least 10 mm of levator action, this operation is contraindicated. Since the levator (except that part of the aponeurosis that is adherent to the tarsus) is not involved, the procedure has been simplified accordingly."
1156226,"An improved instrument for removing vitreous tissue consists of a replaceable cutting tip and a micromotor that powers the cutting tip. The cutting tip consists of a helical cutter and a metallic tube housing the cutter. An automated power-control unit is also available to control evacuation, infusion, and speed of rotation of the instrument. Several devices for monitoring the outflow of evacuation material and pressure in the eye and in the evacuation line are included. The cutting tip is illuminated by a fiber-optic system, which provides an additional factor of safety. The instrument contains a cleaning mechanism that eliminates the need for disassembling the cutting tip. When an automated control unit is not available, the vitreous nibbler may be used with manual suction, gravity-controlled infusion, and a simplified control unit."
1156230,"Among 18 patients with locally advanced malignant neoplasms of the head and neck region, bronchial washings failed to reveal tumor cells despite the demonstration of exfoliated tumor cells in washings from the region of the primary tumor in 13 (72 percent) of the patients. Among 17 patients with bronchogenic carcinomas, however, tumor cells were isolated from the bronchial washings in 14 (82 percent). These results indicate that, in patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck, tumor cells found in bonchial washings probably are not from  the primary head and neck neoplasms. Thus, cytologic examination of bronchial washings may be validly employed in the differential diagnosis of the pulmonary tumors in patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck region."
1156231,"After examination of the factors affecting the validity of audiometric tests in schools, screening programs are seen as having little value as a preventive measure because of their failure to reach their primary purpose, the early discovery of hearing loss and ear disease. The philosophy of screening is challenged and an approach of total prevention proposed that puts much more emphasis on primary prevention measures such as the control of determinants of ear disease and hearing loss in school-children."
1156232,"An experiment was designed to determine the frequency with which the stapes could be visualized radiographically. Ten human temporal bones were radiographically sectioned before and after stapedectomy using three routine views, and with lead-coated stapes replaced in the oval window. Five human temporal bones were radiographically sectioned before and after stapedectomy using the Guillen view, that is, with the tympanic cavity viewed through the orbit, and with the head tilted 15 degrees to the side under investigation. The Guillen view proved to be superior for evaluating the foot-plate and superstructure of the stapes because it placed these structures in a favorable position for contact with the x-ray beam."
1156233,Foreign bodies that result from traumatic injury may be the cause of many clinical symptoms. Chronic otitis externa is one of the many clinical symptoms following a traumatic perforation of a foreign body from the oral cavity penetrating the deep tissue of the neck and ultimately lodging in the external ear canal. We discuss two such uncommon cases.
1156234,"We report a case in which a child suffered apparently permanent damage to residual hearing due to use of a powerful hearing aid. After review of the literature on damage to residual hearing by powerful hearing aids, we suggest that due caution should be observed in the prescription and monitoring of hearing aid usage for hearing-impaired children. Uncritical advocacy of powerful binaural aids is challenged as a potentially dangerous practice."
1156236,"To our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with infectious mononucleosis associated with a mononuclear granulomatous mastoiditis and facial paralysis. Pathologic examination of tissue from this patient, removed at the time of radical mastoidectomy, provides a basis for further speculation about the relationship between facial paralysis and infectious mononucleosis."
1156238,"Two patients experienced chronic rhinorrhea following maxillary resection for cancer. This annoying symptom had been persistent for 12 and 13 years, respectively. Transposition of the parotid duct orifice on the operated side from a position lying above the maxillary prosthesis to a point below the prosthesis brought relief. Both patients had endured this nuisance for many years thinking it was a normal sequela of their operation. Multiple physicians had failed to identify the problem."
1156239,"Several substances are known to have a profound effect on both the kidney and the inner ear. The aminoglycoside antibiotics are toxic to both of these organs. Ethacrinic acid and furosemide affect transport mechanisms in the loop of Henle as well as the inner ear. In addition, studies have suggested antigenic similarities between the stria vascularis of the cochlea and the renal tubules. This report of potassium bromate poisoning and its resultant deafness and renal failure further emphasizes the curious relationship between these two organ systems."
1156240,"In a rare case of simultaneous glottic and supraglottic webbing a tantalum keel, as described by McNaught, and a silcone elastomer keel, as described by Montgomery, were placed simultaneously via laryngofissure. Use of different materials appeared to have no bearing on the final, successful outcome."
1156241,"Congenital (primary) cholesteatomata may arise in the petrous apex, mastoid, middle ear, or external auditory canal. Histological studies of the temporal bones of a 20-year old man with bilateral combined deafness show bilateral congenital cholesteatomata of the middle ears associated with dalivary choristomata and other anomalies of the middle and inner ears."
1156243,"As an attemp to improve the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of neoplastic neck nodes, we are evaluating ultrasound B-scans. Clinical examples are presented to demonstrate how ""B-scans"" may be used to evaluate lymph node size and response to therapy. Qualitatively, such scans may also be of value as a means of establishing lymph node boundaries and position with respect to other neck structures."
1156244,Selective internal carotid arteriography was performed on a patient subsequently shown at surgery to have a primary carcinoma of the sphenoid sinus. The arteriogram demonstrated supply to the tumor from numerous hypertrophied branches of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery and a dense tumor stain within the sphenoid sinus. This is the first such report found in the literature.
1156245,"The nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn is a little known entity to most otolaryngologists. Most of the reported cases have occurred on the face or scalp. The lesion is usually congenital. It is a hairless, yellowish-red plaque until puberty when it becomes verrucous and unsightly. Benign or malignant tumors frequently develop. Associated ocular and central nervous system defects are occasionally present. The treatment is full-thickness excision as early as is feasible for cosmetic purposes and to avert the potential development of benign or malignant tumors."
1156246,"A young man developed severe epistaxis following trauma that resulted in a Le Fort III fracture of the maxilla. Anterior and posterior packs were placed but bleeding recurred, selective catheterization showed the false aneurysm, and autologous clot was used to embolize successfully the bleeding site."
1156247,The afferent cochlear neurons to outer and inner hair cells differ not only in their relative numbers (95% to inner hair cells and only 5% to outer hair cells) and distribution pattern (great convergence for outer hair cells and divergence for inner hair cells) but also in their degeneration behaviour and metabolism. Some special afferent fibres seem to exist. The afferent neurons present three types of ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion with no morphological evidence for an extensive direct interaction between afferent neurons of the outer and the inner hair cell system at any level in the cochlea and even their efferent nerve supply is essentially separated.
1156248,"In this paper the main emphasis is laid on presenting an up-to-date description of the relationships between stimulus-related cochlear potentials: cochlear microphonic (CM) and summating potential (SP) and the preceding mechanical events. To this end, CM and SP (both DIF and AVE SP) magnitude functions, obtained with the differential electrode technique, are shown from various turns of the guinea pig's cochlea as recorded at a constant stapes displacement. The similarity between these curves and corresponding basilar membrane displacement functions is considered. The influence upon CM recording of the distributed nature of the generators, as well as the presence of strong nonlinear effects is discussed."
1156249,"In the normal (anaesthetized) animal cochlea, the frequency threshold curves for single primary fibres are up to an order of magnitude sharper than the analogous function derived from various reported measurements of the basilar membrane amplitude of vibration. This enhanced neural frequency selectivity is found in the same species and under conditions similar to those in which the mechanical measurements are taken. The sharpening process (at least near threshold) appears to be linear and is not dependent upon lateral inhibitory mechanisms. The variability of the neural frequency selectivity and its vulnerability to metabolic, chemical and pathological influences suggests the hypothesis that the sharpening is due to some form of ""second filter"" subsequent to the relatively broadly tuned basilar membrane. All fibres recorded from in the cochlear nerve in the normal cochlea show this enhanced frequency selectivity; in contrast, in pathological cochleas, all fibres, or a substantial proportion, have high-threshold, broadly tuned characteristics, approximating to those of the basilar membrane. The frequency selectivity of normal cochlear fibres is adequate to account for the analogous psychophysical measures of hearing. It is proposed that loss of this normal frequency selectivity occurs in deafness of cochlear origin, accounting for widening of the critical band. A new hypothesis for recruitment is proposed on this basis."
1156250,"Recordings of single-unit responses in the auditory nerve of normal and kanamycin-treated Mongolian gerbils indicate that inner and outer hair cells of the cochlea interact in phase opposition. After kanamycin treatment, the firing rate in some fibers is increased during the basilar membrane motion toward scala vestibuli, in others, during its motion towards scala tympani. Because of statistical correlation with anatomical changes and characteristic time patterns, the first response polarity is associated with inner hair cells, the second, with outer hair cells. It is shown that normal responses can be reconstructed from the two kinds of responses seen after kanamycin treatment. The phase opposition between inner and outer hair cells, in connection with the expected effect of spiral fibers, provides an explanation for neural sharpening of mechanical filter action in the cochlea."
1156251,"The middle components of the evoked cortical response (8-50 msec) were examined under improved signal processing conditions. 512 click stimuli were presented at 5 rates ranging from 1-16/sec to 10 normal-hearing subjects. The influence of stimulus numbers of 32, 64, 128 and 512 and stimulus rates of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16/sec was examined. Identifiable and repeatable responses were found with as few as 128 stimuli. Stimulus rate had little effect on middle component waveform or its identifiability. An enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio through improved filter conditions is suggested as one reason for the ability to identify middle components to fewer stimuli."
1156252,"Normative studies were carried out with 8 adult subjects whose averaged evoked responses to auditory stimuli were scored visually and by a number of differently defined quantitative methods (machine scoring). In order to compare different scoring methods a common signal-to-noise ratio measure was introduced based on a model where noise is distributed normally and signal is additive. Visual and machine scoring proved to be approximately equally sensitive, but the latter lends itself to a superior testing procedure which takes only one-third as long for equivalent results and is not contaminated by subjective error. The authors believe that the greatest promise for improving evoked response audiometry lies in the exploration of the new techniques proposed earlier. Progress in proving out one of these techniques, fast periodic stimulation, is reported."
1156255,"The sternal bursa developed as a microscopically recognizable synovial sac in turkeys at about 4 1/2 to 6 weeks of age. In birds 12 weeks old it was difficult to delineate the bursa grossly although microscopically it was a definite structure. After 12 weeks, the walls of the bursa were thick enough that the limits of the sac could be determined grossly. The synovial membrane was in the subcutis, and microscopically was a vascular band of loose to dense connective tissue of variable thickness. Laterally the membrane was folded so that in cross section it appeared as a tonguelike projection of variable length into the cavity. The lining cells centrally were flat fibroblasts while laterally they were cuboidal, particularly over the lateral folds. In older turkeys the cuboidal lining cells were sometimes stratified."
1156254,"A group of 83 two-to-eighteen-week-old chickens with acute infectious hepato-myelopoietic disease (a German form of inclusion-body-hepatitis) were observed to have the following histologic lesions: panmyelophthisis, small foci of liver necrosis, often with intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes (15 to 20% of chickens), involution-like atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus, loss of lymphatic tissue in spleen and cecal tonsils, and nonpurulent myocarditis. In 18 survivors 6 to 8 weeks after clinical signs of disease, nonpurulent myocarditis but normal lymphatic organs and bone marrow were present. A group of 75 chickens were infected after hatching with the field isolant ""1942."" Between the 3rd and 9th weeks postinoculation the same histologic changes-though mostly milder-were demonstrated. This syndrome differs somewhat from the syndrome described as inclusion body hepatitis in America and Europe."
1156256,"Enlarged sternal bursas evident in turkeys beyond 12 weeks of age were examined grossly and microscopically in 169 turkeys 3 to 26 weeks old. Grossly, the enlarged sternal bursas were sacs of varied size and wall thickness containing fluid in amounts from a fraction of a milliliter up to 70 ml. The fluid was usually the consistency of serum but was sometimes viscid, and in infected bursas it would be purulent. Its color varied from amber to red to dark brown depending on the amounts of and the changes in the blood pigments. The synovial membranes were smooth and glistening and of variable thicknesses. Strands or cords of the synovial membrane of variable thickness and number extended from side to side of the sac. Microscopically, the synovial membrane was focally thickened in the small bursas and generally thickened in the larger bursas. The thickening was the result of an increase in the very cellular fibrous tissue and in the number and size of blood vessels. The lining cells were flat fibrocytes one cell thick in the smaller bursas, and round stratified cells in the larger bursas. In infected bursas, mononuclear and heterophilic infiltration occurred. Hemorrhaging occurred quite often, the result of trauma to the highly vascular synovial membrane."
1156257,"A complement-fixation test to detect Newcastle disease virus with antiserum produced in guinea pigs is described. Methodology is given for serum production and for standardization of the test. The test was used to differentiate 13 strains of Newcastle disease virus. Velogenic strains, including isolants form 1970-71 disease outbreaks in California, Florida, and Texas, were poor complement-fixing antigens, whereas lentogenic strains, including LaSota, Hitchner, and England F, were strong complement-fixing antigens. Mesogenic strains ranged from weak to strong in complement-fixing capabilities. This test can be used to differentiate velogenic field isolants from vaccine strains such as LaSota, Hitchner, and Roakin."
1156258,"Four major types of surface conformation were observed in the ceca of uninoculated control chickens. Spatulate villi were found in the cecal neck region, low ridges in the region where the neck expands, protruding collarlike structures in the mid cecal pouch, and flattened collars in the distal portion. In ceca infected with Eimeria tenella, there was some erosion and sloughing of the mucosal cells. These lesions were slight in the neck region, more severe in the dilated portion, most severe in the midregion, and moderate in the distal area. Oocysts were observed in the mucosal tissue of the cecal pouch."
1156260,"Sera from 43,040 broilers in 36 flocks were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum by serum plate agglutination (SPA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. The importance of testing SPA-negative samples for HI antibodies was demonstrated."
1156259,A serum-free modified Casman broth medium was developed to grow Haemophilus gallinarum to titers of 10-8 organisms per ml. Formalin-inactivated bacterins prepared form the broth culture were used to immunize chickens. A single dose of bacterin containing adjuvant protected 6 of 7 chickens against a homologous challenge 4 weeks postvaccination. A second dose given 3 weeks after the first offered no better protection than a single dose.
1156265,"The primary objective of the experiment was to determine whether a specific portion of the high Z-high energy (HZE)* galactic cosmic ray particle spectrum, especially particles with Z greater than or equal to 6, can produce microscopically visible injury of brain and eye tissues. Pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris), obtained from the California desert, were selected as the biological target. Five of these mice were flown on Apollo XVII. Not only the brain and eyes but also many other tissues of these animals were studied for evidence of cosmic ray particle damage. The lack of prior experimental evidence as to the character of the potential injury induced by HZE particles required reliance on the physical characteristics of particle radiation in ascertaining the probable nature of the injruy. These characteristics and the key aspects of the experiment are summarized in this paper. Subsequent articles in this special supplement give details of the biological, engineering, and dosimetric aspects of BIOCORE together with the results."
1156266,"To detect the passage of cosmic ray particles through the heads of the pocket mice during the Apollo XVII flight, a ""monitor"" (dosimeter) composed of plastics was prepared and implanted under the scalp. The monitor was mounted on a platform, the undersurface of which fitted the contour of the skull. Numerous tests were run to assure that the presence of the monitor assembly beneath the scalp would be compatible with the well-being of the mice and that the capacity of the monitor to detect the traversal of cosmic ray particles would be preserved over the several weeks during which it would remain under the scalp."
1156267,"Tests were carried out on pocket mice to ascertain their tolerance to elevated oxygen pressures alone and to a combination of hyperoxta and heat in excess of that expected during the flight of the mice on Apollo XVII. the mice withstood oxygen partial pressures up to 12 pst at normal room temperature (24 degrees C, 75 degrees F) over a period of 7 days. A few mice previously exposed to increased PO2 died in the course of exposure to an oxygen pressure of 10 pst or 12 psi (517 mm or 620 mm Hg) for 13 d in ambient heat of 32 degrees C (90 degrees F). Supplemental vitamin E and physiological saline loading given prior to exposure had no apparent protective effect. The overall conclusion was that the pocket mice which were to go on Apollo XVII could readily survive the ambient atmosphere to which they would be exposed."
1156262,"Acute copper toxicosis resulted in Canada geese, Branta canadensis, following ingestion of copper sulfate at about 600mg/kg from a small man-made pond on a game farm. The lesions were those associated with copper toxicosis in other avian species. The primary pathologic change was necrosis and sloughing of the proventriculus and gizzard. A greenish discoloration of the lungs also occurred."
1156268,"An electron microscope examination was carried out on the lungs of 11 pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) that breathed oxygen at 10 psi or 12 psi partial pressure over a period of 7 d, at the end of which time they were decompressed to sea-level O2 pressure, either suddenly or in 30, 60, or 90 min. Vesiculation was noted in the endothelium of the alveolarcapillary wall in most of the animals and, occasionally, blebbing. Some mitochrondria were swollen in a few of the animals. Alveolar exudate was, in general, sparse. Compared with the lungs of other rodents, the lungs of pocket mice appeared relatively resistant to the toxic effects of oxygen. This conclusion needs, however, to be tempered by the fact that 5% N2 was used in the tests reported here. Nonetheless, the results suggest that the oxygen pressures anticipated on the flight of Apollo XVII should be well tolerated by the pocket mice."
1156269,"A study was made of the eyes of eight pocket mice exposed to oxygen at partial pressures of 8, 10, or 12 psi over a period of 7 d. At the termination of the exposure, the animals were decompressed to sea-level O2 either immediately or over a period of 30, 60, or 90 min. No pathological changes were found in any of the eyes, except in the retina of one of the animals exposed to 12 psi O2. Here, only a single rod photoreceptor was found damaged, an observation not regarded as significant. Hence, an oxygen partial pressure as high as 12 psi in the camister in which pocket mice were expected to fly on Apollo XVII would probably have no deleterious effect on the eyes of the animals."
1156270,"Experiments designed to ascertain the effects of oxgen at 8, 10, and 12 psi partial pressure on the brains of pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) were carried out at room temperature (24 degrees C, 75 degrees F) and at 32 degrees C (93 degrees F). The animals exposed to 8-12 psi at 32 degrees C had been in earlier KO2 oxygen tests. Five animals exposed either to 10 or 12 psi (517 mm or 620 mm HG) PO2 at 32 degrees C died during the course of the tests, possibly as a consequence of injury sustained by the earlier PO2 testing. Autopsy was not carried out. In the other 36 exposed animals, no pathological changes were observed in the brain. It is thus highly probable that oxygen pressures at the hyperbaric levels to which the pocket mice would be exposed during the Apollo XVII mission would not result in any lesions in the brain."
1156271,"The final phase to fly five pocket mice in the Apollo XVII command module was carried out at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. Upon completion of the 13-d space flight, the package was removed from the spacecraft and, after having been purged with an oxygen-helium gas mixture, was flown to American Samo. Four of the five mice were recovered alive from the package. Analysis of the mouse that died during the flight revealed several factors that could have contributed to its death, the chief of which was massive hemorrhage in its middle ear cavities."
1156272,"Five pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) were flown on Apollo XVII, each with a solid-state (plastic) nuclear track detector implanted beneath its scalp. The subscalp detectors were sensitive to HZE cosmic ray particles with a LET larger than or equal to 0.15 million electron volts per micrometer (MeV/mjm). A critical aspect of the dosimetry of the experiment involved tracing individual particle trajectories through each mouse head from particle tracks registered in the individual subscalp detectors, thereby establishing a one-to-one correspondence between a trajectory location in the tissue and the presence or absence of a lesion. The other major aspect was the identification of each registered particle. An average of 16 particles with Z larger than or equal to 6 and 2.2 particles with Z larger than or equal to 20 were found per detector. The track density, 29 tracks/cm2, when adjusted for detection volume, was in agreement with the photographic emulsion data from an area dosimeter located next to the flight package."
1156273,"The scalps of the four pocket mice that were recovered alive from the Apollo XVII flight contained acute focal lesions in the epidermis and an inflammatory reaction in the subjacent dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Hair follicles were focally damaged in three of the four mice. There were 13 scalp lesions singled out in the four flight mice because of histological features that distinguished them from changes observed in the scalps of the control mice. There was only one possible coincidence between a lesion and the trajectory of a cosmic ray particle registered in a subscalp dosimeter. There is, however, a possibility that at least some lesions were produced by unregistered particles."
1156274,"The olfactory epithelium, but not the nasal respiratory epithelium, of the four pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) that survived their flight on Apollo XVII showed both diffuse alterations and numerous disseminated focal lesions. The olfactory mucosa of the mouse that died during flight was also affected, but to a minor degree insofar as could be determined. All this was in contrast to the normal appearance of the olfactory mucosa of the numerous control animals. A number of possible causes were considered: systemic or regional infection; inhaled particulate material (seed dust); by-products from the KO2 bed in aerosol or particulate form; gas contaminants originating in the flight package; volatile substances from the dead mouse; weightlessness; and cosmic ray particle radiation. Where feasible, studies were conducted in an effort to rule in or rule out some of these potentially causative factors. No definitive conclusions were reached as to the cause of the lesions in the flight mice."
1156275,"In the five pocket mice flown on Apollo XVII, no evidence was found that the inner ear had been damaged, though poor fixation precluded detailed study. On the other hand, the middle ear cavity was involved in all the mice, hemorrhage having occurrred in response to excursions in pressure within the canister that housed the mice during their flight. The same occurred in flight control mice which had been subjected to pressure excursions of much the same magnitude. A greater degree of exudation into air cells and greater leukotaxis were noted in the flight animals than in the control animals. There was no increase in leukocyte population along the paths of the 23 cosmic ray particles registered in the subscalp dosimeters that traversed the middle ear cavities of the flight mice. The increased exudation and the greater response by leukocytes in the flight mice may have been causally related to the lesions found in their olfactory mucosa but there were no data in support of this possibility."
1156276,"Five pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) were flown on Apollo XVII, and four survived. All the eyes, except one eye from the dead flight mouse, were examined histologically. In the four surviving mice, a total of five cosmic ray particles which had registered in the subscalp particle detectors had trajectories that intersected the eyes. Four of them (Z equal to 6-9 for three of the particles and Z larger than or equal to 10 for the fourth) most likely went through the head before reaching the particle detector, while the thindown direction of the fifth (Z larger than or equal to 10) was not determinable. The retinas of the flight animals were found free from histological alterations such as might have been expected from encounters with cosmic ray particles."
1156277,"Tissue reactions were found around the monitor (dosimeter) assemblies that had been implanted beneath the scalp of the five pocket mice that flew on Apollo XVII. Mitosis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation was considerably reduced in comparison with that in control animals. Otherwise the brain tissue as well as the menings in the flight animals appeared unaltered. Since the animals were exposed primarily to high Z-high energy (HZE) cosmic ray particles at the lower end of the high LET spectrum, the lack of changes in the brain cannot be taken as evidence that the brain will suffer no damage from the heavier HZE particles on prolonged manned missions."
1156278,"The rationale for studying certain hypothalamic nuclei and the pituitary and adrenal glands of the pocket mice that flew on Apollo XVII was the need to evaluate the effects of the potentially severe stress on these animals in the foreign environment of flight canister, weightlessness, increased G forces, and other unnatural conditions. Decrease in body weight and variability of food intake were significant among the four flight animals that were recovered alive. The mean nuclear diameter of neurons in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei did not differ significantly from the values obtained in the control animals. On the other hand, the mean nuclear diameter of neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the flight mice was significantly greater than in the control groups. Comparisons of the adeno- and neuropypophysis revealed no significant differences among the three groups. Insofar as they were studied, the adrenals were similar in all groups."
1156279,"A sparse neutrophilic leukocytic infiltrate was found in the gingival sulcus, both in the flight and the control animals, while no changes were observed in the palate. Mitoses in gingival and palatal tissues were in approximately equal numbers in all animal groups. The tongues of flight mice and controls contained areas characterized by vascular dilatation, separation of muscle bundles, and regressive and degenerative changes in muscle fibers. Mucous glands in the posterior part of the tongue of flight and control animals exhibited acinar distension. Also examined were the vertebral column; femur, knee joint, tibia and fibula of the right hindlimb; and the tracheal cartilages. No evidence of cosmic ray particle effects was found in any of these tissues."
1156280,"Thirteen airline pilots were studied to determine the effect of preceding rotary accelerations on the choice reaction time to the horizontal acceleration of a vertical line on a cathode-ray tube. On each trial, one of three levels of ratary and visual acceleration was presented with the ratary stimulus preceding the visual by one of seven periods. The two accelerations were always equal and were presented in the same or opposite directions. The reaction time was found to increase with increases in the time the rotary acceleration preceded the visual acceleration, and to decrease with increased levels of visual and rotary acceleration. The reaction time was found to be shorter when the accelerations were in the same direction than when they were in opposite directions. These results suggest that these findings are a special case of general effect that the authors have termed ""gyrovisual modulation."""
1156281,"The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of mouse brain homogenates was examined after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (5763.8 mm Hg Po2) and compared to room air controls (158.8 mm Hg Po2). The effect of reduced glutathione on LDH activity after hyperbaric oxygen exposure was also examined. The activity of LDH after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen was significantly diminished when compared with controls. In the presence of reduced glutathione, homogenates exposed to hyperbaric oxygen demonstrated higher activity than did homogenates incubated without glutathione. It is concluded that oxygen-induced inhibition occurs through the oxidation of essential free sulfhydryl groups and that this oxidation can either be prevented by reduced glutathione or the disulfide bridges may be reduced to free sulfhydryl groups by the glutathione after oxidation."
1156282,"Magnitude and duration of cardiovascular responses following anesthetized dogs. During lower G forces (+1 to +3GZ), responses were variable. In most dogs during higher G forces (+4 or +5GZ), aortic pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, and dp/dt were dramatically compromised. These changes were observed whether the onset of the gravitational inertial force was slow (0.1 G/s) or rapid (1.0 G/s). Cardiovascular changes after acceleration were consistent. Left atrial pressure and arterial pressure rose and a transient rise in dp/dt was often observed. Cardiac output rose briefly, then fell; hence, peripheral resistance increased. Magitude and duration of these changes were directly related to G forces during acceleration. Our results confirm that +GZ stress produces major cardiovascular changes. Our experiments also demonstrate that responses following +GZ stress may be dramatic and prolonged. Increased peripheral resistance elevates perfusion pressure and, concurrently, the increased preload may cause acute cardiopulmonary congestion."
1156284,"Using intensity matching and magnitude estimation techniques, seated subjects made judgments of the perceived intensity of vertical, short-duration (30-60s), high-amplitude, low-frequency (0.25-4.0 Hz) vibration. Intensity matching (setting comparison frequencies to match the perceived intensity of a standard frequency) produced equal intensity contours that indicated minimum sensitivity in the vicinity of 1 Hz. Frequencies both above and below 1 Hz were judged subjectively equal at progressively lower accelerations. In the magnitude estimation procedure, subjects assigned values of subjective magnitude to various levels of a given frequency in proportion to the subjective magnitude of a standard level at the same frequency. For each of seven frequencies sampled, the data produced straightline functions on log-log plots of subjective magnitude vs. acceleration. Data from both the intensity matching and magnitude estimation experiments were combined to provide a model that allowed the extension of various vibration exposure criteria down to 0.25 Hz-using data at 4 Hz as a basis for extrapolation-even at intensity levels beyond the capabilities of available vibration devices."
1156288,"White rats selected preferred artificial gravity levels by locomotion in centrifuges consisting of two runways mounted in the nose of sounding rockets. Roll rate of the Aerobee 150A rocket was designed to produce an angular velocity of 45 r.p.m. during 5 min of free-fall, providing a gravity range range from 0.3 to 1.5 G depending on a subject's runway position. One animal was released at the high and one at the low gravity position in each flight. Animal positions were continuously recorded. Flight subjects were selected from about 100 trained animals adapted to the simulated launch environment for several months. In two flights excessive rollrates produced gravity ranges above the designed limits. In two other flights the desired range was produced. Locomotion patterns during these flights were similar. All four animals explored the entire available G-range. One rat settled at 0.4 G after 2 min; the others crossed the 1-G location in progressively narrower excursions and were near earth gravity at the end of the test period. Data were more varible than in laboratory tests above 1 G and the observation periods were necessarily few and short. Tentatively, however, the data suggest that normal earth-reared rats select earth gravity when available magnitudes include values above and below 1 B. Modification of gravity preference by prolonged exposure to higher or lower levels remains a possibility."
1156289,A biothermal model of the immersed man is presented and validated. Comparisons are made between analytic and experimental values of temperature-vs-time profiles for neck-immersed seminude and wet-suited subjects. An engineering example is presented to demonstrate how the model may be used to evaluate proposed life-support system designs.
1156290,"To better understand the effects of motion on tracking performance, a simulator, capable of being controlled in a static as well as motion mode, was developed. Using this simulator, 12 volunteers, separated into groups of four, attempted to track a wing angle target displayy. The target was driven with band-limited (0.5 rad/s) Gaussian noise so that a roll angle of 120 degrees was equivalent to 1 S.D. Different control dynamics (plants) were used for each group of volunteers. For manual control of plants of the form2, the experimental results indicate that large amplitude roll motion information reduces task learning time and cuases a significant improvement in tracking performance. For control of simpler plants, of the form K/S, no improvement due to the presence of the motion environment was observed."
1156291,"This study examined the hypothesis that prevention of hypocapnia and alkalosis would ameliorate the symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Five subjects were exposed to simulated high altitude for 4 d with 3.8% CO2 added to the chamber to maintain normocapnia. Four other subjects were exposed for 4 d to hypobaric hypoxia without CO2 supplementation, and became hypocapnic. Barometric pressure was lower in the group with added CO2 so that alveolar oxygen tensions  (55-60 mm Hg) would not be different. The severity of symptoms was clearly greater in normocapnic than in hypocapnic subjects. Thus, prevention of hypocapnia did not alleviate AMS symptoms. The efficacy of CO2 addition in reducing symptoms, as reported by earlier workers, was probably the result of induced hyperventilation and partial relief of hypoxia. Indeed, in the present study with two comparably hypoxic groups, CO2 addition augmented the sysptoms, possibly by causing increased cerebral vasodiladation and spinal fluid pressure."
1156292,"This investigation developed and provides guidelines for the determination and medical release of flight crew members for duty with hemoglobin values less than normal. This dilemma occurs commonly to the flight surgeon following blood donation, resolved hemorrhagic disorders, chronic idiopathic blood disorders, and pregnancy. Minimum safe values were computed and tabulated for otherwise healthy individuals at rest and exercise at the routine extremes of the flight environment of present pressurized jet airliners from known physiological parameters. These values were then correlated with the records of 62 pilots and stewardesses with subnormal hemoglobin values to assure the opertional predictive validity."
1156293,"A Seasickness Questionnaire, based on a peer-rating technique, was administered to 172 Israeli Navy sailors. Use of interrater agreement as a reliability index and two cutoff points for the partition of the sample resulted in the elimination of about one-third of the initial sampl and the formation of two subsamples-the ""sick"" (N equals 45) and ""not sick"" (N equals 73) sailors. By using differentially weighted scores for various intensities of seasickness, it was demonstrated that two normally confounded aspects of seasickness can be assessed independently: physical symptoms, which constitute the apparent severity of the sickness (A.S.S.), and level of actual performance (A.P.), which reflects the individual's attempts to cope with the sickness. A.S.S. and A.P. showed differential relationships with variables such as personality disposition of active coping, military rank, and sociometric status."
1156294,"Although spontaneous pneumothorax can usually be considered lightly when it occurs at ground level, its occurrence in aviation may result in the abort of a mission, a serious accident, or a major disaster. A case of spontaneous pneumothorax during chamber altitude and aerial flight is presented. A better understanding of the etiologies, precipitating causes, complications, likelihood of recurrence, and treatment may lead to the prevention of accidents. Diagnostic technics, operative procedures, and evaluation studies are discussed from the point of view of continuing a flying career."
1156296,"The metric system offers, due to its simplicity and uniformity, substantial advantages for the entire scientific community. To encourage those who may feel the the road to metrication is paved with agonizing frustrations, the author points out some lesser-known advantased of the metric system pertaining to acceleration research."
1156297,"The interest patterns of air traffic controllers were surveyed for the purposes of a) determining the interests of journeyman controllers, b) determining the relationships of controller interests to those of other occupational groups, c) devising an interest scale for air traffic work, and d) developing a measure for guidance for selection of air traffic specialtites (Terminal, En Route, Flight Service). A total of 787 male controllers from Terminal, En Route, and FSS facilities completed the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, a measure of interest patterns. It was found that none of the existing occupational scales clearly reflected the interest patterns of controllers. An air traffic controller scale was devised which distinguished the air traffic controllers from men in general and from men in other occupations. There were no substantial differences between the interest patterns for the three options; however, it was found that dissatisfied controllers scored lower on the overall air traffic controller scale than did satisfied controllers."
1156298,"Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions of arterial blood and subcutaneous tissue were studied in rats during 84 h of continuous exposure to oxygen. O2 and CO2 tensions in the subcutaneous tissue were measured by means of an implanted Silastic tonometer. As pulmonary edema developed after 48 h of exposure to oxygen, Pao2 started to decline and PaCO2 rose. Tissue Po2 decreased below the normal level already after 24 h of exposure, probably due to O2-induced vasoconstriction. After 84 h of oxygen exposure, the mean tissue Po2 was 29 mm Hg. In general, a distinctly hypoxic tissue microclimate was not observed. After 48 h of exposure to oxygen, the tissue PCO2 exceeded the control level. An 84-h exposure resulted in a profound retention of CO2, both in peripheral tissues and arterial blood. It is concluded that, in contrast to earlier suggestions, hypercapnia rather than hypoxia is the final factor leading to death in oxygen toxicity."
1156299,"Eight experimental subjects from the USAF Sschool of Aerospace Medicine (SAM) and four YF-16/17 test pilots were exposed to a simulated aerial combat maneuver (SACM) which included a maximum G exposure of 6 s at 8 G. The following physiologic parameters were examined relative to seatback angles of 23degrees, 28degrees, and 40degrees; heart rate and rhythm; arterial oxygen saturation; performance; intrathoracic (esophageal) pressure; arterial pressure; and subject comfort, effort, and fatigue. Relaxed and straining high sustained G (HSG) tolerances (6 G for 60 s) were also determined using only SAM subjects. The advantages of the 40 degree setback angle during the SACM included increased subject comfort, less fatigue and effort, greater pilot acceptance and a statisically significant reduction in the increased mean heart rate associated with G exposure. On the other hand, a statistically significant reduction in arterial oxygen saturation was obtained during the SACM at 40 degrees compared with the 23 degree back angle. An increase in relaxed G tolerance was found with the 40degree seatback angle--statistically significant only compared with the 28 degree seatback angle."
1156300,"Two fingerling fish and 50 embryonated eggs of (Fundulus heteroclitus) were flown aboard Skylab 3 in a plastic bag aquarium. Videographic picutres were taken with the on-board color-TV camera on flight Days 3 and 22 and video tapes were made for later evaluation on the ground. When observed first after 3 d in orbital weightlessness, both fish swam in tight circles for a considerable fraction of the observed time resembling the ""looping behavior"" as observed in previous studies with goldfish in parabolic aircraft flight. The frequency of looping diminished slowly after the third day until normal swimming  was prevalent. At flight Day 22, both fish swam normally with their backs turned toward the light source. Looping episodes could still be provoked at this time by gentle shaking of the bag aquarium. Of the fish eggs carried aboard, 96% hatched during the mission. The hatch fry displayed normal swimming behavior."
1156301,"Studies were conducted on cardiac frequency during submaximal and maximal work on 26 sea-level residents prior to transfer to and during stay at high altitude for 1, 10, and 20 months. Maximal O2 uptake and performance in a 1.6 km run were observed. Results indicated a significant drop in Vo2 after arrival at altitude followed by recovery with further stay. The mean maximum heart rate decreased to 182.8 beats/min after 1 month at high altitude from a seal-level mean value of 188.4 beats/min. It increased to 199.2 beats/min and decreased to 185.6 beats/min after 10 and 20 months, respectively. Heart rate, during submaximal work requiring 1.0 and 1.5 102/min, indicated the highest rate after 1 month at altitude and decreased with prolonged stay, but remained higher than the sea-level value. These changes were compared with the high-altitude native residents."
1156304,"The electroretinogram (ERG) and electrooculogram (EOG) are electrophysiological tests employed in ophthalmology to diagnose degeneration or injury to the outer half of the retina, including the rods and cones of the visual system. This pilot study  was undertaken to determine if sleep deprivation of more than 24 h in rated flying personnel may show an abnormality in retinal function as measured by the ERG and/or EOG. This may give insight to the visual function in flying personnel on deployment or other long missions where uninterrupted sleep may be a problem. The results of this study showed that some subjects deprived of sleep exhibited a statistically significant variance in their EOG ratios as compared to a nondeprived control group. No significant changes in ERG were detected. Principles and theory of electrophysiological testing in ophthalmology are presented."
1156303,"This study has shown that repetitive exchanges between the American Apollo space vehicle atmosphere of 100% oxygen at 5 psia (258 torr) and the Russian Soyuz spacecraft atmosphere of 30% oxygen-70% nitrogen at 10 psia (523 torr), as simulated in altitude chambers, will not likely result in any form of decompression sickness. This conclusion is based upon the absence of any form of bends in seven crewmen who participated in 11 tests distributed over three 24-h periods. During each period, three transfers from the 5 to the 10 psia environments were performed by simulating passage through a docking module which served as an airlock where astronauts and cosmonauts first adapted to each other's cabin gases and pressures before transfer. Biochemical tests, subjective fatigue scores, and the complete absence of any form of pain were also indicative that decompression sickness should not be expected if this spacecraft transfer schedule is followed."
1156305,"A resting ""normal"" ECG can coexist with known coronary heart disease (CHD). Combined sensitivity and specificity errors of at least 10% in exercise ECGs are not unusual. Improved screening for CHD was attempted using amplitude/frequency analysis of ECG recordings. Thirty normal males and 30 with documented CHD were selected. The ECGs were recorded on electromagnetic tape during supine rest. Analysis provided digital conversion, selection of four ECG segments, time-normalization and amplitude/frequency analysis. Analyses provided one digital, plot per each segment and one per each 30-subject average. The results from one ECG lead are presented. Significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) appeared in the comparisons between the normal and CHD groups. Retrospectively, amplitude criteria individually screened normal from CHD males to an improved degree compared with exercise ECGs."
1156306,"The regular physiological check-up of pilots pretends to be a thorough diagnosis and yet the psychological aspects are ignored almost completely sometimes. As an excuse for this procedure, it is stated that in his psychological aptitude test prior to flying training, the pilot had already been classified as suitable and fit. It is hoped that this paper will show that the flying fitness examination procedure presently oriented towards the physical status of the individual is by no means sufficient to determine the actual degree of flying fitness."
1156307,"World airline accident statistics for the period 1960 to 1970 indicate the number of seriously, but nonfatally injured is unlikely to exceed 25% of the occupant capacity of the largest aircraft using an airport. In only 1 accident out of 20 will this number be an underestimate. This estimate may be of value in medical planning for an airport disaster and in the assessment of loads on hospitals."
1156309,"The effect of propranolol on cardiac mechanics and haemodynamics was examined on isolated papillary muscle as well as in situ in the closed thorax in euthyroid and hyperthyroid cats. Under propranolol there occurred on isolated papillary muscle significant decreases of muscle contraction, contraction velocity, isometric tension rise velocity and load and velocity values of simultaneously determined force-velocity relations. The 50% decrease of the values found was demonstrable at ca. 5--8 mu/ml for euthyroidal muscles, at 0.3--0.5 mug/ml for hyperthyroidal muscles. Contractility indices determined in situ (dp/dtmax, VCEmax, extrapolated Vmax) showed in hyperthyroidism at equal propranolol concentration a decrease about twice as great as in euthyroidism. The findings, showing a raised responsiveness of the ventricular myocardium in experimental hyperthyroidism to the negative inotropic effect of propranolol are discussed with regard to the therapeutic use of propranolol in hyperthyroidism."
1156310,"Myocardial mechanics and oxygen consumption were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles taken from cats pretreated with cristalline L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) 8-18 days prior to the examination. Isotonic afterloaded and isometric contractions were employed. Oxygen consumption was determined polarographically. Data obtained were compared with control studies on papillary muscles taken from euthyroid cats. In isotonic afterloaded contractions the extent of shortening was nearly identical in both groups. However, maximum rate of isometric tension development and velocity of isotonic shortening were considerably increased in hyperthyroid myocardium. Myocardial oxygen consumption was significantly increased in hyperthyroidism, primarily due to an increased maximum rate of isometric tension development and-to a lesser extent-to increased isotonic contraction velocity. In isometric contractions maximum tension development (preload near Lmax) was similar in both groups. However, maximum rate of isometric tension development was markedly increased in hyperthyroidism. A close and linear relationship was found between maximum rate of isometric tension development (isometric contraction) and myocardial oxygen consumption. The results demonstrate increases of velocity factors of myocardial performance in experimental hyperthyroidism. Myocardial oxygen consumption is significantly increased. This increase in oxygen consumption quantitatively has its mechanical equivalent in increased isometric contraction velocity and, to a small amount, in increased isotonic contraction velocity."
1156320,"Feulgen-stained imprint smears from 24 biopsy specimens from transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder were examined by means of scanning cytophotometry. One hundred randomly selected nuclei were measured from each biopsy specimen and the results compared with analogous measurements of nuclei from normal urinary transitional cell epithelium (13 cases in the control group). 97% of the nuclei in the control group were diploid. Well differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder mainly had a diploid DNA-stemline comprising 85% or more of the cells. One case of a well differentiated bladder cancer with a tetraploid DNA-stemline was found. The different cases of moderately differentiated bladder cancer showed diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid DNA-stemlines, while 4 out of 5 poorly differentiated tumours had a diploid DNA-stemline. The fifth extremely de-differentiated bladder carcinoma did not have any DNA-stemline at all. Together with these changes of the ploidy of the DNA-stemlines, increasing undifferentiation of the tumour tissue was combined with a reduced number of cells belonging to the tumour DNA-stemline, and increasingly scattered distribution of cells not contributing to the DNA-stemline. This indicates increased proliferative activity and/or chromosomal instability of the poorly differentiated cell population. Predominance of cells in the diploid, tetraploid and or octoploid intervals without marked frequency of DNA-values in the intermediary classes seemed to be a sign of clinical more ""benign"" bladder tumours, while a clinically more ""malignant"" tumour is characterized by increase of DNA-values in the triploid and hexaploid classes."
1156315,"Practolol was injected intravenously at 3 dose levels (5, 15 and 25 mg total dose) in patients with ischemic heart disease and in non-cardiac cases. The influence of practolol on the P-Q interval at rest and at paced rates (atrial stimulation) of 110, 125 and 140 beats/min was studied: only the 15 mg dose produced a significant prolongation of the P-Q interval of normal patients at rest and at paced rates. No significant P-Q changes were found in patients with ischemic heart disease at all dose levels. It is concluded that practolol has no measurable direct effect on A-V conduction and that patients with ischemic heart disease are not more sensitive as regards A-V conduction."
1156321,"The main causes of mitotic disturbances of spindle formation and inadaequate development of the mitotic apparatus. Quantitatively of the greatest importance in both groups are collapse of the prophase and failure of cytokinesis, respectively. The division of polyploid nuclei is, in addition, complicated by alterations of multicentric spindles. Results of mitotic disturbances are changes in the degree of ploidy of cells or nuclei. In irreversible post-mitotic tissues these occur already in the growth phase, as is shown in the example of the heart. In reversible post-mitotic tissues these changes in the degree of ploidy modify the nuclelar pattern predominantly during the processes of ageing, reparation and regeneration, as is well documented in the liver."
1156318,The basal finger blood flow and the reaction to cigarette smoking was studied among diabetic patients with neuropathy and non-diabetic controls. Both  the basal blood flow and the reaction to cigarette smoking were lower among diabetics. The diminution of the basal blood flow was believed to be secondary to the diabetic microangiopathy. The absence of vasoconstriction was attributed to a blockade of the neurologic mechanism involved. The site of the blockade remains open.
1156326,"High levels of gas vapour phase constituents in cigarette smoke enhanced abnormal growth and tumorigenicity in primary cultures of hamster lung cells regularly exposed over long periods to the smoke from one of three types of cigarette. The ultrastructure of such cells was investigated by electron microscopy. Cells from cultures exposed to low levels of gas vapour phase constituents resembled cells from control, non-exposed cultures, and were filled with secondary lysosomes of the autophagic vacuole type. These autophagic vacuoles contained dense particles similar in size to the nucleoids of certain viruses. Cells from cultures exposed to high levels of gas vapour phase constituents and cells from tumours formed in nude mice after subcutaneous injection of transformed cultures lacked autophagic vacuoles but contained a higher number of cytoplasmic microfilaments. R-type (equals H-type) virus particles were found in the ER cisternae of control and exposure cultures at all ages, whilst A-type virus particles were found in close association with mitochondria in a transformed, exposed culture and in control cells which also formed tumours in nude mice but only after a much longer culture period."
1156327,"In all ovaries of BALB/c/Se/Si mice carriers of plasmacytoma LPC/I, a plasmacellular proliferation was histologically observed. In 30% of the examined mice the proliferation had reached a macroscopical expression. This finding has not been previously observed."
1156354,"1. The inactivation of rat skeletal muscle AMP deaminase by Dnp-F (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) is accompanied by the arylation of thiol, amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups. 2. The number of thiol groups that react with Dnp-F is about 12; this is the number that reacts with Nbs2 [5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] and N-ethylmaleimide without loss of enzyme activity, and it appears to be the same thiol groups that all three reagents attack. 3. Dinitrophenylation of these reactive SH groups is not the cause of inactivation, since active N-ethylmaleimide-substituted enzyme is also inactivated by Dnp-F.4. Complete inactivation of the N-ethylmaleimide-treated AMP deaminase occurs when about six tyrosine and two lysine residues are dinitrophenylated. 5. Since the treatment of Dnp-enzyme with 2-mercaptoethanol restores much of the enzyme activity, inactivation of AMP deaminase by Dnp-F is probably largely due to modification of tyrosine residues. 6. The kinetic properties of the Dnp-enzyme indicate that a marked decrease in V occurs only after extensive enzyme modification. The decreased activity after slight inactivation results from modification of Km."
1156355,"By using cytoplasmic and mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase isoenzymes from rabbit liver, it was shown that both enzymes exhibited similar ratios of serine transhydroxymethylase/threonine aldolase activities. Both enzymes catalysed the removal of the pro-S hydrogen atom of glycine, which was greatly enhanced by the presence of tetrahydrofolate. The cytoplasmic as well as the mitochondrial enzyme catalysed the synthesis of serine from glycine and [3H2]formaldehyde in the absence of tetrahydrofolate. The results are consistent with our previous suggestion that a role of tetrahydrofolate in the serine transhydroxymethylase reaction is to transport formaldehyde in and out of the active site (Jordan & Akhtar, 1970). The isoenzymes, however, showed remarkable differences in their inactivation by inhibitors. The serine transhydroxymethylase as well as the threonine aldolase activities of the cytoplasmic enzyme were inactivated in a similar fashion by chloroacetaldehyde, iodoacetamide, bromopyruvate and glycidaldehyde (2,3-epoxypropionaldehyde). These inhibitors had no effect on the two activities of the mitochondrial enzyme. The rate of inactivation of the cytoplasmic enzyme by glycidaldehyde was enhanced by the presence of glycine but decreased by the presence of serine. The implications of these results to the mechanism of catalysis and the nature of the active site of the enzymes are discussed."
1156357,"1. A system for separation of bile pigments by t.l.c. and for their structure elucidation is presented. Separated bile pigments are characterized by t.l.c. of derived dipyrrolic azopigments. 2. At the tetrapyrrolic stage hydrolysis in strongly alkaline medium followed by t.l.c. demonstrates the presence of bilirubin-IIIalpha, -IXalpha and -XIIIalpha and allows assessment of their relative amounts. 3. Most structural information is derived from analysis of dipyrrolic azopigments. Such derivatives, obtained by treatment of separated bile pigments with diazotized ethyl anthranilate, were separated and purified by t.l.c. Micro methods showed (a) the nature of the dipyrrolic aglycone, (b) the nature of the bonds connecting aglycone to a conjugating group, (c) the ratio of vinyl/isovinyl isomers present in the aglycone and, (d) the nature of the conjugating groups (by suitable derivative formation and t.l.c. with reference to known compounds). 4. In bile of normal dogs at least 20 tetrapyrrolic, diazo-positive bile pigments could be recognized. Except for two pigments the tetrapyrrolic nucleus corresponded predominantly to bilirubin-IXalpha. All conjugated pigments had their conjugating groups connected in ester linkage to the tetrapyrrolic aglycone, Apart from bilirubin-IXalpha, monoconjugates and homogeneous and mixed diconjugates of bilirubin were demonstrated; conjugating groups of major importance were xylose, glucose and glucuronic acid. 5. Bilirubin isomer determination on native bile and isolated bile pigments, and dipyrrole-exchange assays with [14C8]bilirubin indicated (a) that the conjugates pre-exist in bile, and (b) that no significant dipyrrole exchange occurs during isolation of the pigments."
1156359,"Standard methods of glycosaminoglycan separation were used to confirm the presence of hyaluronic acid in sheep and rabbit articular cartilage. During incubation of carilage in vitro in the presence of [1-14 C]acetate, cartilage cells synthesize this macromolecule and, under the conditions used, it appears to have a shorter turnover time than chondroitin suplhate in the same tissue. The possible functions of hyaluronic acid in cartilage are discussed."
1156360,"1. The carbohydrate compositions of human, pig and cattle transferrins and duck ovotransferrin have been determined. 2. Glycopeptides have been prepared from these transferrins and their carbohydrate compositions and amino acid sequences determined. One of the glycopeptides from human transferrin carries the C-terminal residue of the protein. 3. Each tranferrrin yielded two glycopeptides that appeared to be identical in carbohydrate composition but different in amino acid sequence. The two glycopeptides have been distinguished as type A, in which the residue following Asn(CHO)(where CHO represents a carbohydrate moiety) is a basic amino acid and type B in which Asn(CHO) is followed by a neutral aliphatic amino acid. Cattle transferrin is exceptional in having two glycopeptides in which this position is occupied by serine. 4. It is suggested that each molecule of human and cattle transferrin and duck ovotransferrin carries an average of two carbohydrate prosthetic groups. Hen and pig transferrins appear to carry only one carbohydrate group per mol of protein. 5. The N-terminal sequences of hen and duck ovotransferrins and of cattle, human and pig transferrins were also determined."
1156361,"1. Homogeneous preparations of D-4-deoxy-5-oxoglutarate hydro lyase (decarboxylating)(EC4.2.1.41) were analysed in the ultracentrifuge by the high-speed sedimentation-equilibrium method of Yphantis (1964). The molecular weight in 0.1 M-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride and in 0.1 M-beta-mercaptoethanol in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride was 113,000, 56,000 and 30,400 respectively. Polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicated a minimum molecular weight of 30,500. 2. Measurement of the thiol content of the enzyme, before and after reduction with NaBH4 or dithiothreitol under denaturing conditions, indicated the presence of eight thiol residues and two interchain disulphide bridges/enzyme molecule. 3. Amino acid analysis showed that the intact enzyme contains a total of approximately 100 arginine and lysine residues, but digestion of the enzyme with trypsin yielded about 49 peptides staining with ninhydrin  in a peptide ""map"". 4. With the knowledge that the enzyme contains only two substrate-binding sites, it is suggested that the enzyme probably consists of four polypeptide chains arranged in an alpha2beta2 confirmation."
1156362,"1. The kinetics of benzylamine oxidation by a soluble preparation of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase were investigated and were shown to conform to adouble-displacement (or Ping Pong) mechanism. 2. The pathway differs in detail from that followed by other amine oxidases, including the membrane-bound enzyme in rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes. 3. It is suggested taht the conformation of the protein in the soluble state differs from that in the membrane-bound state. 4. The full rate equations for this mechanism have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50039 (5pages) at the British Library (lending Division) (formely the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks, LS237BQ, U.K.. from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J (1975) 145,5."
1156363,"If the biological conversion of cholest-7-en-3beta-ol (I) into cholesterol (IV) occurred thorugh the intermediacy of cholest-7-ene-3beta,5alpha-diol (II) then the factor(s) adversely affecting the convwesion of the 5alpha-hydroxy sterol (II) into cholesterol must at least equally adversely affect the formation of cholesterol from cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. By using partial denaturation techniquws and dual-labelled precursors it was shown that the enzyme system responsible for the conversion of the 5alpha-hydroxy sterol (II) into cholesterol denatured faster than that for the corresponding conversion from cholest-7-en-3beta-ol (I)."
1156364,"1. RNAase (ribonuclease) U2, a purine-specific RNAase, was reduced, aminoethylated and hydrolysed with trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin. On the basis of the analyses of the resulting peptides, the complete amino acid sequence of RNAase U2 was determined, 2. When the sequence was compared with the amino acid sequence of RNAase T1 (EC 3.1.4.8), the following regions were found to be similar in the two enzymes; Tyr-Pro-His-Gln-Tyr (38-42) in RNAase U2 and Tyr-Pro-His-Lys-Tyr (38-42) in RNAase T1, Glu-Phe-Pro-Leu-Val (61-65) in RNAase U2 and Glu-Trp-Pro-Ile-Leu (58-62) in RNAase T1, Asp-Arg-Val-Ile-Tyr-Gln (83-88) in RNAase U2 and Asp-Arg-Val-Phe-Asn (76-81) in RNAase T1 and Val-Thr-His-Thr-Gly-Ala (98-103) in RNAase U2 and Ile-Thr-His-Thr-Gly-Ala (90-95) in RNAase T1. All of the amino acid residues, histidine-40, glutamate-58, arginine-77 and histidine-92, which were found to play a crucial role in the biological activity of RNAase T1, were included in the regions cited here. 3. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence of the sequence of the proteins has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50041 (33 PAGES) AT THE British Library (Lending Division)(formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975), 145, 5."
1156365,"1. A homologous series of beta-glcosidase (beta-D-glcoside glcohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21), which varied in relative amounts in different preparations from cultures of similar and different age, was observed in cultures od Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat grown for 4-8 week on cotton flock (cellulose) as carbon source. 2. Aging of the purified high-molecular-weight species led to some amount of siddociation into a homolous series of lower-molecular-weight speices. 3. Rough molecular-weight estimates, by gel filtration, of the various species derived from the purifeid high-molecular-weight enzyme were 350000-3800000, 170000, 180000, 83000-87000 and 45000-47000. 4. Electron micrographs of the negatively stained 350000-380000-molecular-weight enzyme showed that the molecule is an octamer in which each roughly spherical monomer occupies a corner of a cube with each side about 7.14nm long. 5. Carboxamidomethylation of the reduced form of each molecular-weight species of the enzyme led to irreversible dissociation of the molecules into electrophoretically identical polypeptides with a moleclar weight of 10000-12000. 6. These results suggest a slow association-dissociation of the type (8n)in equilibrium 2 (4n) in equilibrium 4(2n) in equilibrium 8(n), where n is defined as the monomer. The monomer is in turn made up of four polypeptide a subunits whi-ch are non-catalytic. 7. The Michaelis constants (Km) and heat stability of the four wnzymically active molecular species derived from the purified enzyme increased with molecular complexity, whereas all four species were inhibited by glycerol (100nM)  at low concentrations of substrate (o-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside) but activated at high substrat concentrations. 8. Only the lowest-molecular-weight species (45species (45,000-47000 mol. wt.) showed substrate inhibition."
1156366,"1. Pig skin dermatan sulphate was degraded by periodate oxidation followed by alkaline elimination or by chondroitinase-ABC to quantify irregular repeating units, i.e. those containing D-GlcUA (D-glucuronic acid) and L-IdUA-SO4 (sulphated iduronic acid). 2. Previous results of periodate oxidation (Fransson, 1974) indicated repeating sequences in pig skin dermatan sulphate containing, on average, 3D-GlcUA, 9 L-IdUA-SO4 or 28 L-IdUA units in addition to N-acetylgalactosamine sulphate. However, complete digestion with chondroitinase-ABC yielded, at the most, 3-4 disulphated disaccharides/chain. Consequently, more than one-half of the L-IdUA-SO4 residues were present in monosulphated periods, i.e. IdUA-(SO4)-GalNAc. 3. To determine the location of L-IdUA-SO4 residues along the copolymeric chain dermatan sulphate was digested with testicular hyaluronidase. (This enzyme cleaves GalNAc-GlcUA bonds within block regions containing D-GlcUA.) By NaB3H4 reduction GalNAc residues located in the reducing end of the fragments were converted into [3H]GalNAcOH (N-acetylgalactosaminitol). Finally, the radioactive product was fragmented by periodate oxidation followed by alkaline elimination. The bulk of the radioactivity was associated with periodate-resistant oligosaccharides indicating that clusters of GlcUA-GalNAc-SO4 periods are often adjacent to a varying number of (n = 1-4) of L-IdUA-SO4-containing periods. 4. To study the distribution of L-IdUA-SO4-containing periods in relation to blocks of IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 periods different fractions of hyaluronidase-degraded dermatan sulphate were degraded separately. In all types of fragments (mol. wts. 1,500-10,000) L-IdUA-SO4-containing periods were demonstrated. In short fragments reducing terminal GalNAc-6-SO4 (6-sulphated N-acetylgalactosamine) was found confirming that these sequences were joined to relatively long D-GlcUA-containing block sequences via GalNAc-6-SO4. Moreover, low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides composed of alternating sequences were encountered. An octasaccharide derived from the carbohydrate sequence -GalNAc---GlcUA-GalNAc-IdUA-GalNAc-GlcUA-GalNAc-IdUA-GalNAc---GlcUA-GalNAc (--- indicates the position of cleavage by hyaluronidase) was identified."
1156368,"6-O-methyl-, 6-O-propyl-, 6-O-pentyl- and 6-O-benzyl-D-galactose, and 6-O-methyl-, 6-O-propyl- and 6-O-pentyl-D-glucose inhibit the glucose-transport system of the human erythrocyte when added to the external medium. Penetration of 6-O-methyl-D-galactose is inhibited by D-glucose, suggesting that it is transported by the glucose-transport system, but the longer-chain 6-O-alkyl-D-galactoses penetrate by a slower D-glucose-insensitive route at rates proportional to their olive oil/water partition coefficients. 6-O-n-Propyl-D-glucose and 6-O-n-propyl-D-galactose do not significantly inhibit L-sorbose entry or D-glucose exit when present only on the inside of the cells whereas propyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which also penetrates the membrane slowly by a glucose-insensitive route, only inhibits L-sorbose entry or D-glucose exit when present inside the cells, and not when on the outside. The 6-O-alkyl-D-galactoses, like the other nontransported C-4 and C-6 derivatives, maltose and 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucose, protect against fluorodinitrobenzene inactivation, whereas propyl beta-D-glucopyranoside stimulates the inactivation. Of the transported sugars tested, those modified at C-1, C-2 and C-3 enhance fluorodinitrobenzene inactivation, where those modified at C-4 and C-6 do not, but are inert or protect against inactivation. An asymmetric mechanism is proposed with two conformational states in which the sugar binds to the transport system so that C-4 and C-6 are in contact with the solvent on the outside and C-1 is in contact with the solvent on the inside of the cell. It is suggested that fluorodinitrobenzene reacts with the form of the transport system that binds sugars at the inner side of the membrane. An Appendix describes the theoretical basis of the experimental methods used for the determination of kinetic constants for non-permeating inhibitors."
1156369,"1. The effect of the interaction between the charged matrix and substrate on the kinetic behaviour of bound enzymes was investigated theoretically. 2. Simple expression is derived for the apparent Km. 3. The apparent Km can only be used for the characterization of the electrostatic effect of the ionic strength does not vary with the substrate concentration. 4. The deviations from Michaelis-Menton kinetics are graphically illustrated for cases when the ionic strength varies with the substrate concentration. 5. The inhibition of the bound enzyme by a charged inhibitor at constant ionic strength is characterized by an apparent Ki. 6. When both the inhibitor concentration and the ionic strength change there is no apparent Ki, and the inhibition profile is graphically illustrated for this case. 7. Under certain conditions the electrostatic effects manifest thenselves in a sigmoidal dependence of the enzyme activity on the concentration of the substrate or inhibitor."
1156370,"A highly sensitive method for the separation and quantitative measurement of phospholipids containing primary amino groups, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, is described. The method involves a simple and quantitative derivative formation of the phospholipids containing amino groups to their u.v.-absorbing biphenylcarbonyl derivatives. These have molar extinction coefficients of about 23,000 at 268nm. The phospholipid derivatives are then separated and non-destructively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The amino phospholipids containing vinyl ether bonds (plasmalogens) can be determined separately from the diacyl- and alkylacyl-amino phospholipids. The lower limit of detection by high-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis of the phospholipid derivatives is about 10-13pmol or 0.3-0.4ng of phospholipid P. The quantitative range of derivative formation and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of the phospholipids containing amino groups was shown to be 10-500nmol. The method was shown to be applicable to the analysis of phospholipids containing amino groups in tissue samples."
1156371,"A method is described which permits the preparation of descrete classes of oocytes of different sizes from all stages of oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. This technique is used in the determination of the content of microtubule protein in oocytes during the course of oogenesis. These experiments show that microtubule protein is present in oocytes of all sizes assayed and that the amount is simply related to the volume of the oocyte. In the largest oocytes microtubule protein constitutes 1% of the soluble protein and this amount does not change on maturation and fertilization. These results show that the changes occurring in the oocyte on maturation which allow the cytoplasm to support microtubule polymerization occur as a result of a modification of the pre-existing microtubule protein, not from protein synthesis de novo. These experiments also indicate that the synthesis of microtubule protein either form 'masked' mRNA or from newly synthesized mRNA plays an insignificant role in microtubule protein synthesis at maturation, ovulation and immediately post-fertilization."
1156372,"The isolation of a highly purified phosphoprotein, previously named protein A, from human parotid saliva is described. This protein has an unusually high amount of glycine, proline and dicarboxylic amino acids. Together these amino acids account for 80% of all residues. The protein contains 1.9mol of P/mol of protein, probably as phosphate in an ester linkage to serine, and about 0.5% carbohydrate, but no hexosamine. The N-terminal is blocked and the following C-terminal sequence is proposed: -Aal-Asp-Ser-Gln-Gly-Arg-Arg. The sioelectric point is 4.43. The molecular weight of the protein determined by ultracentrifugation is 9900 and from chemical analyses 11000. Circular-dichrosim and nuclea-magnetic-resonance spectra indicate the absence of polyproline and triple-helical-collagen-like structure for the protein. There is little restriction on the orientation of the single phenylalanine residue in the protein., but there is also an indication of conformational restraint in the protein."
1156373,"The structures of the pyruvate kinases isolated from rabbit and sturgeon muscles were compared. Both enzymes are composed of subunits of 56000 mol.wt. Amino acid compositions of the two enzymes are similar, but not identical. Examination of the peptides produced by CNBr cleavage demonstrated that there are at least some highly homologous regions in the two proteins. There are only two replacements between an 18-residue portion of the polypeptide chain of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase and a portion of the polypeptide chain of the enzyme isolated from sturgeon muscle."
1156374,"Rat liver nuclei were fractionated into chromatin and nucleolar fractions. Chromatin DNA, which does not form hybrids with rRNA, was, nevertheless, able to hybridize with 32P-labelled total nucleolar RNA. The optimal temperature for this hybridization was 55 degrees C when the reaction was carried out in 2 X SSC (0.3 MnaCl + 0.3 M-sodium citrate). The hybrids formed were specific, as judged by analysis of thermal elution profiles. The low Tm (73 degreesC) observed could be explained by the low amount of DNA in the filters. The lenth of the hybridized sequences was extimated as 54 mucleotide pairs. Contamination to nucleolar RNA by nucleoplasmic RNA was ruled out by showing the former was able to form more hybrids than the latter. Competition experiments showed that hybridization of nucleolar RNA, although not competed with by rRNA, suffered pronounced competition from total microsomal RNA, even though the levels of competition obtained did not equal thsoe with cold nucleolar RNA as competitor."
1156375,"Crude extracts of rabbit liver catalyse in vitro the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The enzymic activity is contained in rough endoplasmic reticulum. It has an absolute requirement for a bivalent metal ion: Co-2+ greater than Mn-2+ greater than Ni-2+. Mg-2+ is ineffective. There is enzymic activity in the absence of detergent, but increased activity is observed in the presence of Triton X-100. The site of glycosylation of ribonuclease A is asparagine-34, and glycosylation occurs only at this point. These findings agree with the hypothesis that the sequence Asn-X-Thr(Ser) (where X may be one of a number of types of amino acid) is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for N-acetylglucosaminylation of a protein-bound asparagine residue."
1156376,"Incorporation of [3H]orotic acid into low-molecular-weight nRNA of rat liver, fractionated on polyacrylamide gels, increased 6-12h after partial hepatectomy and 6h after gamma-irridation at 2000 R. The incorporation of orotic acid was particularly increased into the 4.5S, 5S and approx. 10S nRNA fractions. If the irradiation was given after 6h of regeneration and RNA was isolated from the nucleus 12h after hepatectomy then the incorporation of orotic acid into these low-molecular-weight nRNA components was greater than after hepatectomy or irradiation alone."
1156377,"To investigate the possibility that mitochondrial transcription could be altered in tumours we started by characterizing the RNA obtained from mitochondria, isolated from Walker carcinosarcoma and purified by a procedure devised to compensate for the lower size and density of these organelles in 10-day tumours. The RNA was extracted by the 'hot phenol' technique and analysed by electrophoresis in 2.7 and 2.5% polyacrylamide gels at different running times, identifying the usual cytoplasmic contaminants 28 and 18S peaks plus the other five major peaks at 40, 20.5, 16.3, 15.4, and 4Se. The 28 and 18Se peaks were not eliminated by digitonin treatment of the mitochondria, indicating that they arise from cytoplasmic ribosomes tightly associated with the mitochondria. From its sensitivity to DNAase (deoxyribonuclease), resistance to RNAase (ribonuclease) and coincidence with external marker DNA, the 40Se peak was identified as containing mainly DNA. Sucrosegradient centrifugation for different periods showed a major component at 16.2S, the 28 and 18S cytoplasmic RNA species, peaks at 13.8, 6.4 and 4S and a small 19.5S peak. By polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the purified RNA classes separated by one or two cycles of centrifugation, the following correlation were established: 20.5Se19.5S; 16.3Se16.2S; 15.4Se13.8S. The 6.4S RNA ran as a mixture of 4 and 4.7Se species. When the 20.5Se and 15.4Se RNA species were centrifuged, they behaved as 16.2S and 13.8S respectively, thus suggesting that the 16.2S (16.3Se) arises by cleavage from the 19.5S(20.5Se), the 13.8S (15.4Se) being the other RNA from mitochondrial ribosomes."
1156378,"1. Two methods are described for the preparation of 'proalbumin' in good yields from rat liver. 2. One of the methods does not depend on the use of specific antisera. 3. The product from both methods is identical as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, isoelectric focusing on pH gradients, ion-exchange chromatography and quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. The protein also appears to be radiochemically pure by these criteria. 4. The protein is free from serum albumin as judged by isoelectric focusing and co-chromatography on ion-exchange columns. It is judged to be free from other proteins by these same criteria and by specific precipitation with antibody. 5. It is converted into serum albumin by limited tryptic hydrolysis. The albumin so produced has the same N-terminal (glutamic acid) and C-terminal (alanine) amino acids as reported for rat serum albumin. 6. A hexapeptide is liberated from the N-terminal end of 'proalbumin' simultaneously. It contains three arginine, one phenylalanine, one valine and one glycine residues."
1156379,"The efficiencies of two chromatographic species of [3-H]seryl-tRNA, namely peaks I and II, in cell-free amino acid incorporation were investigated. The maximum yield of polypeptide seems to be the same for the reaction mixtures containing either peak I or peak II, suggesting that the efficiency of both peaks in total protein synthesis is the same. The efficiency of transfer of serine into myosin heavy subunit (myosin H) by peaks I and II was also investigated. Peak II of [3-H]seryl-tRNA transfers three times as much serine into myosin H as peak I."
1156380,1. Plastid and mitochondrial preparations were obtained by density-gradient centrifugation of homogenates made by gentle disintergration of avocado fruit mesocarp and cauliflower bud tissue. 2. The mitochondrial preparations had respiratory activity but did not incorporate [1-14C]acetate into fatty acids. 3. The plastid preparations incorporated [1--14C]acetate into the range of fatty acids found in the parent tissue. No fatty acid synthetase activity could be detected in the 12000g supernatant of these homogenates. 4. Homogenates produced by rupture of the tissue in an Ato-Mix blender and plastid preparations disintegrated by ultrasonic treatment both had fatty acid synthetase activity which did not sediment at 105000g and which formed mainly [14-C]stearate from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA. 5. It is concluded that the plastids are the principal site of fatty acid biosynthesis in the tissues studied.
1156381,"1. The range of fatty acids formed by preparations of ultrasonically ruptured avocado mesocarp plastids was dependent on the substrate. Whereas [1-14C]palmitate and [14C]oleate were the major products obtained from [-14C]acetate and [1-14C]acetyl-CoA, the principal product from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA was [14-C]stearate. 2. Ultracentrifugation of the ruptured plastids at 105000g gave a supernatant that formed mainly stearate from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA and to a lesser extent from [1-14C]acetate. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into stearate by this fraction was inhibited by avidin. 3. The 105000g precipitate of the disrupted plastids incorporated [1-14C]acetate into a mixture of fatty acids that contained largely [14C]plamitate and [14C]oleate. The formation of [14C]palmitate and [14C]oleate by disrupted plastids was unaffected by avidin. 4. The soluble fatty acid synthetase was precipitated from the 105000g supernatant in the 35-65%-saturated-(NH4)2SO4 fraction and showed an absolute requirement for acyl-carrier protein. 5. Both fractions synthesized fatty acids de novo."
1156382,"The thymidine kinase activity of mouse spleen cells was found to parallel their DNA-synthesizing ability, both in vivo and in vitro. In the former case, more than 90% of the activity of these cells was found in the cytoplasmic fraction. This activity was labile, as was its template mRNA, compared with the nuclear component. The nuclear enzyme increased during culture of the lymphocytes in vitro. Mitogenic stimulation with concanavalin A resulted not only in a greater enhancement of the nuclear activity, but also in a marked increase in the amount of cytoplasmic enzyme. This effect appeared to be mediated via stabilization of the mRNA for the cytoplasmic component. These differences have been considered, especially with respect to the cellular changes that occurred during culture and mitogenic stimulation."
1156383,"A novel type of water-soluble phosphorylated glycosphingolipid was isolated from Aspergillus niger by a simple procedure involving precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and preparative t.l.c. Besides ceramide and phosphorus it contains inositol, galactose, mannose and small amounts of glucosamine."
1156384,"The porphyrogenic drug allylisopropylacetamide, a potent inducer of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase, specifically increases nucleoplasmic RNA synthesis in rat liver. The drug-mediated increase in nucleoplasmic RNA synthesis is blocked by cycloheximide and haemin, which also inhibit the enzyme induction."
1156386,"The addition of Zn2+ to human carbonic anhydrase B holoenzyme was shown to enhance the protein fluorescence, and this enhancement was correlated with the inhibition of the p-nitrophenyl acetate esterase activity. The affinity for the inhibitory Zn2+ was increased when the ionic inhibitors, acetate or chloride, were added, suggesting that the inhibitory Zn2+-binding site is within the region of the protein that undergoes an anion-induced conformational change. A similar fluorescence enhancement was observed when Zn2+ was added to human carbonic anhydrase C and to bovine carbonic anhydrase, demonstrating that the binding site is not a thiol group. Circular-dichroism studies showed that the C isoenzyme but not the B isoenzyme underwent a major conformational change in the presence of Zn2+. A mechanism for the Zn2+-induced fluorescence enhancement was suggested on the basis of studies with simple compounds."
1156387,"1. Two methods were used to obtain alpha-mannosidase free from unbound Zn2+, (a) by removal of excess of metal ion from preparations purified in the presence of Zn2+ and (b) by purification under conditions that eliminate the need to add Zn2+. 2. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography. 3. The molecular weight is estimated to be 230 000. 4. The enzyme contains between 470 and 565 mug of zinc/g of protein, corresponding to between 1.7 and 2 atoms of zinc/enzyme molecule. The contents of other metals are much lower. 5. The enzyme is inactivated by chelating agents and activity is restored by Zn2+. 6. No other metal ion was found to replace Zn2+ with retention of activity. Some bivalent metal ions, e.g. Cu2+, rapidly inactivate the enzyme. 7. The results indicate that jack-bean alpha-mannosidase exists naturally as a zinc-protein complex and may be considered as a metalloenzyme."
1156388,"Measurements of the endogenous RNA polymerase activities of nuclei isolated from immature rabbit uteri have shown that prior treatment of the animals with oestradiol-17beta has a profound effect on the apparent activities of both RNA polymerases A and B. Within 1 h of hormone treatment, the activity of RNA polymerase A is increased and continues to rise until about 4h when it reaches a plateau and remains steady until at least 8h. The activity of RNA polymerase B increases sharply after oestradiol treatment reaching an early maximum at 30-45 min. Thereafter this activity declines until by 1-2h it approaches control values but a second increase in activity then occurs with a maximum at 3-4h. Treatment of the rabbits with alpha-amanitin before the administration of oestradiol inhibits the hormone-induced stimulation of RNA polymerase A activity in isolated nuclei but when the administration of alpha-amanitin is delayed until after the early rise of RNA polymerase B activity, the oestradiol-induced stimulation of RNA polymerase A is retained. Similar results have been obtained in experiments with cycloheximide suggesting that the stimulation of RNA polymerase A activity by oestradiol is dependent on the hormone-induced stimulation of RNA polymerase B and the subsequent synthesis of protein using the RNA product of the early increase in RNA polymerase B activity. Measurement of the activities of RNA polymerases A and B after isolation of the enzymes from immature rabbit uterine nuclei before and after oestradiol treatment failed to show any differences. Therefore it would appear that the changes in the observed activities of RNA polymerases A and B in isolated nuclei are consequences of changes in the structure and function of chromatin rather than the results of modifications in the RNA polymerases themselves."
1156389,"Moraxella sp. isolated from soil grows anaerobically on benzoate by nitrate respiration; nitrate or nitrite are obligatory electron acceptors, being reduced to molecular N2 during the catabolism of the substrate. This bacterium also grows aerobically on benzoate. 2. Aerobically, benzoate is metabolized by ortho cleavage of catechol followed by the beta-oxoadipate pathway. 3. Cells of Moraxella grown anaerobically on benzoate are devoid of ortho and meta cleavage enzymes; cyclohexanecarboxylate and 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate were detected in the anaerobic culture fluid. 4. [ring-U-14C]Benzoate, incubated anaerobically with cells in nitrate-phosphate buffer, gave rise to labelled 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate and adipate. When [carboxy-14C]benzoate was used, 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate was radioactive but the adipate was not labelled. A decarboxylation reaction intervenes at some stage between these two metabolites. 5. The anaerobic metabolism of benzoate by Moraxella sp. through nitrate respiration takes place by the reductive pathway (Dutton & Evans, 1969). Hydrogenation of the aromatic ring probably occurs via cyclohexa-2,5-dienecarboxylate and cyclohex-1-enecarboxylate to give cyclohexanecarboxylate. The biochemistry of this reductive process remains unclear. 6. CoA thiol esterification of cyclohexanecarboxylate followed by beta-oxidation via the unsaturated and hydroxy esters, would afford 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate. Subsequent events in the Moraxella culture differ from those occurring with Rhodopseudomonas palustris; decarboxylation precedes hydrolytic cleavage of the alicyclic ring to produce adipate in the former, whereas in the latter the keto ester undergoes direct hydrolytic fission to pimelate."
1156390,"1. The aerobic metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a bacterium isolated from garden soil (Acinetobacter anitratum) was investigated. 2. Evidence for the formation of cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate and pimelate when either cell suspensions or cell-free extracts were incubated in the presence of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is presented. 3. Crude cell-free extracts required ATP, CoA, FAD and Mg2+ as cofactors for the production of pimelate from cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, suggesting the existence of an activating reaction with formation of CoA esters, in this system."
1156391,"A new technique for the determination of rate constants of protein degradation is described. By using the method, half-lives of total soluble protein of Lemna minor during growth on full culture medium and distilled water were measured. The method involves incubating Lemna on a growth medium containing 3H2O. After a short exposure (20 min) to 3H-labelled culture medium, 3H was found in soluble amino acids, especially aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and alanine. After transfer to a 3H-free medium for 30 min, 80% of the 3H originally present in soluble amino acids was lost. These results suggest that 3H enters and leaves amino acids at the alpha-carbon atom, a conclusion supported by the observed labelling of glutamates. The exchange of H and 3H on the alpha-carbon atom is catalysed by transaminases and the speed of this exchange ensures that when the 3H2O is removed, the 3H in free amino acids is rapidly lost, thereby eliminating problems connected with metabolic pools and recycling. After an exposure of 20 min to 3H-labelled medium all protein amino acids, except for arginine, were found to be radioactive. The loss of radioactivity from protein amino acids was used to measure protein degradation."
1156393,"1. Lipid extracts were obtained from castor-bean endosperm tissue at various times during germination and, after purification, the total lipid content was determined. Quantitative measurements of the triglyceride and phospholipid content together with the fatty acid composition were made. 2. The total lipid content of the endosperm rapidly decreased during germination; after 10 days less than 20% of the original weight of lipid remained. In contrast, the phospholipid content (initially less than 0.5% of the total lipid) increased slightly during this time. The fatty acid composition and the relative proportions of the triglyceride species of the total lipid extract remained constant during 10 days of germination. 3. Gibberellic acid (0.3 mM) markedly stimulated the rate of lipid breakdown but did not alter either the fatty acid composition or the relative proportion of triglyceride species. 4. The embryo had little effect on lipid metabolism in the endosperm tissue; only after 6 days of germination were differences observed in the rate of fat utilization in the presence and absence of the embryo."
1156392,"1. Isolation of free and membrane-bound ribosomes from embryonic chick sternal-cartilage cells labelled for 4min with [14C]proline and their subsequent analysis for hydroxy[14C]proline indicated that cartilage procollagen biosynthesis occurs on bound ribosomes. 2. Nascent procollagen polypeptides on bound ribosomes isolated from cells labelled with [14C]lysine were found to contain hydroxy[14C]lysine indicating that hydroxylation of lysine commences while the growing chains are still attached to the ribosomes. 3. Analysis of bound ribosomes labelled with either [14C]proline or [14C]lysine on sucrose density gradients indicated that cartilage procollagen is synthesized on large polyribosomes in the range 250-400S. 4. Microsomal preparations isolated from cells pulse-labelled for 4 min with [14C]proline were used to determine the direction of release of nascent procollagen polypeptides. Puromycin induced the vectorial release of nascent procollagen polypeptides into the microsomal vesicles suggesting that the first step in the secretion of procollagen polypeptides is their transfer from the ribosomes through the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum into the cisternal space. 5. The procollagen polypeptides secreted by cartilage cells were shown to be linked by inter-chain disulphide bonds. 6. Examination of the state of aggregation of pro-alpha chains in subcellular fractions isolated from cartilage cells labelled with [14C]proline for various periods of time have provided data on the timing and location of inter-chain disulphide-bond formation. This process commences in the rough endoplasmic reticulum after the release of completed pro-alpha chains from membrane-bound ribosomes. Pro-alpha chains isolated from fractions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were virtually all present as disulphide-bonded aggregates, suggesting that either disulphide bonding is completed in this cellular compartment, or that procollagen needs to be in a disulphide-bonded form to be transferred to this region of the endoplasmic reticulum. 7. Comparison of these results with previously published data on disulphide bonding in tendon cells suggest that the rate of inter-chain disulphide-bond formation is significantly slower in cartilage cells."
1156394,"In control animals a 2-fold increase in liver phosphorylase activity 10min after adrenaline treatment was associated with a 55% increase in plasma glucose (P less than 0.001); at 20 min plasma glucose was 247% of the control value (P less than 0.001). Liver phosphorylase activity was decreased by 74%, 20 min after fructose injection (P less than 0.001), and, although phosphorylase activity increased 5-fold within 5 min of adrenaline injection, no increases in plasma glucose concentration over that found in fructose-injected animals which did not receive adrenaline occurred at either 5, 10 or 20 min. The data confirm inactivation of liver phosphorylase after fructose injection and suggest inhibition of the adrenaline-activated enzyme by the decrease in Pi and elevation of fructose 1-phosphate concentrations produced by the injection of fructose. These findings may be causally related to the hypoglycaemia and the lack of response to glucagon seen in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance after fructose ingestion."
1156395,"It is shown that 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate is a permeant anion of whole mitochondrial membranes. It is also shown experimentally and algebraically that plots of reciprocal fluorescence against reciprocal membrane concentration, at a fixed 8-anilino-naphthalene-1-sulphonate concentration, are straight lines even when more than one binding site is involved."
1156396,"The relation between pyruvate utilization and acetylcholine synthesis was investigated in minces of adult rat brain. The flux of pyruvate to acetylcholine was less than 1% of that to CO2; nevertheless, a number of agents which inhibited conversion of [1-14C]-pyruvate or [2-14C]pyruvate into 14CO2 were associated with corresponding decreases in the conversion of [2-14C]pyruvate into acetylcholine. The amount of acetylcholine produced by minces of whole rat brain, measured by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, decreased similarly. Among the inhibitory compounds tested were 3-bromopyruvate, an irreversible inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase; 2-oxobutyrate, a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase; other 2-oxo acids; and amobarbital and pentobarbital. Linear-regression equations relating CO2 production to acetylcholine synthesis gave correlation coefficients of 0.89-0.93 for the combined observations. The inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis could not be attributed to inhibition of choline acetyltransferase. Incorporation of [2-14C]pyruvate into lipids, proteins and nucleic acids was effected less than that into acetylcholine. Under these experimental conditions, it was shown that pyruvate utilization can limit acetylcholine synthesis."
1156397,"The incorporation of [3H]acetate into chondroitin sulphate was used as a measure of the rate of synthesis of this polysaccharide in whole tibias and femurs of embryonic chicken cartilage in vitro. The incorporation is inhibited by puromycin and by cycloheximide, but the inhibition is relieved by the addition of D-xylose, beta-D-xylosides and beta-D-galactosides to the incubation medium. Beta-D-Xylosides can stimulate the incorporation to 300% of that of controls incubated in the absence of cycloheximide or puromycin, D-Xylose, beta-D-xylosides and beta-D-galactosides appear to act as artificial initiators of chondroitin sulphate synthesis and enable polysaccharide-chain synthesis to be studied as an event separate from the synthesis of intact proteoglycan."
1156398,"The urinary excretion of p-hydroxybenzoate was not altered by ubiquinone feeding, but, although decreased considerably, was not eliminated in protein deficiency. The incorporation of p-hydroxy[U-14C]benzaldehyde into ubiquinone in vivo increased in cold-exposed and p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate)-fed rats, and these changes were parallel with the changes in the incorporation of [2-14C]mevalonate under these conditions. Starvation, cholesterol feeding and cholic acid feeding resulted in the decreased incorporation of p-hydroxy[U-14C]benzaldehyde into ubiquinone, confirming the decreased ubiquinone synthesis. Feeding exogenous ubiquinone increased the hepatic ubiquinone concentration, but did not cause any decrease in the incorporation of p-hydroxy[U-14C]benzaldehyde into ubiquinone, indicating the absence of a feedback control."
1156399,"Several hydroxy- and keto-substituted monocarboxylates were found to undergo co- as well as counter-exchange across the mitochondrial membrane. The results argue against a simple Donnan system and may be explained by the existence of a transporter for monocarboxylates. In support of this explanation it was apparently possible to 'pump' pyruvate to the sucrose-inaccessible space by using the dicarboxylate transporter. Further, several aromatic and aliphatic analogues of pyruvate, but not of di- or tri-carboxylate transport inhibitors, have been shown to prevent pyruvate-exchange reactions. Palmitoylcarnitine was found to have a much stronger affinity for the carrier than either carnitine or pyruvate and the possible consequences of this for carnitine-palmitoylcarnitine exchange and on the control of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are explored. In view of the range of transport inhibitors and substrates it is suggested that the carrier has a fairly broad specificity. 'Inhibitor-stop' kinetic studies show that the speed of translocation of pyruvate at 1 degrees C is of the same order as malate. The possible correlation between the role of a hydroxy-keto acid transporter in substrate exchange and some whole animal experiments is briefly discussed. It is proposed that for reasons of control the cell will require membrane monocarboxylate transporters no less than di- or tri-carboxylate carriers."
1156400,"Rats were fed for 6 days on a diet containing either 3 or 20% high-quality protein. Nuclei were isolated from liver and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6) extracted with 1 M-(NH4)2SO4. The proteins were then precipitated with 3.5 M-(NH4)2SO4 and after dialysis applied to a DEAE-Sephadex column. The column was developed with a gradient of (NH4)2SO4. Polymerase I separated well from alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerase II. The enzyme activities were compared between the two dietary groups. Rats that had received 3% protein showed a lower polymerase I activity per g wet wt. of liver, per mg of DNA and per mg of protein. Polymerase II was lower in activity per g wet wt. of liver and per mg of DNA, but was higher per mg of protein. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretograms showed a higher proportion of contaminating proteins in polymerase II fractions isolated from 20%-protein-fed rats. The data explain the lower activity obtained per mg of protein in these rats. It is concluded that a decrease in dietary protein content from 20 to 3% induces a fall in content and specific activity of RNA polymerase I and II in liver."
1156401,"Alkaline RNAase (ribonuclease) and RNAase inhibitor were assayed to determine the potential role of the degradative process in regulating the amount of RNA in the mammary gland and mammary tumour. Very little free alkaline RNAase activity was found in the cytosol fraction of the mammary gland of virgin, pregnant, lactating or involuting Fischer rats. However, addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate to the assay medium revealed latent RNAase which, when expressed on a DNA basis, decreased during pregnancy and lactation. The cytosol latent RNAase is stable in 0.125 M-H2SO4. The non-cytosol RNAase activity also decreased during pregnancy and lactation. Addition of Triton X-100 produced slightly higher activity at all stages tested. The inhibitor activity in rat mammary gland was very low before pregnancy, increased gradually during pregnancy and more dramatically at parturition, continued to increase throughout lactation and returned to resting-gland values by the sixth day of involution. The increase during pregnancy may be due to the increased cellularity of the gland, whereas the gain during lactation was more than could be accounted for by increases in cell number. The R3230AC transplantable mammary tumour resembles the normal gland in early lactation with respect to both its cytosol and non-cytosol alkaline RNAase activities and its moderately high content of RNAase inhibitor. The relatively high inhibitor and low RNAase activities in both the gland of the lactating rat and in the tumour are of potential significance in maintaining high amounts of RNA and increased rates of protein synthesis in these tissues."
1156402,"1. Studies on the kinetics of pyruvate transport into mitochondria by an 'inhibitor-stop' technique were hampered by the decarboxylation of pyruvate by mitochondria even in the presence of rotenone. Decarboxylation was minimal at 6 degrees C. At this temperature the Km for pyruvate was 0.15 mM and Vmax. was 0.54nmol/min per mg of protein; alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor, Ki 6.3 muM, and phenyl-pyruvate a competitive inhibitor, Ki 1.8 mM. 2. At 100 muM concentration, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate rapidly and almost totally inhibited O2 uptake by rat heart mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate. Inhibition could be detected at concentrations of inhibitor as low as 1 muM although inhibition took time to develop at this concentration. Inhibition could be reversed by diluting out the inhibitor. 3. Various analogues of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate were tested on rat liver and heart mitochondria. The important structural features appeared to be the alpha-cyanopropenoate group and the hydrophobic aromatic side chain. Alpha-Cyanocinnamate, alpha-cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate and compound UK 5099 [alpha-cyano-beta-(2-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate] were all more powerful inhibitors than alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate showing 50% inhibition of pyruvate-dependent O2 consumption by rat heart mitochondria at concentrations of 200, 200 and 50 nM respectively. 4. The specificity of the carrier for its substrate was studied by both influx and efflux experiments. Oxamate, 2-oxobutyrate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methyl-pentanoate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, difluoroacetate, 2-chloropropionate, 3-chloropropionate and 2,2-dichloropropionate all exchanged with pyruvate, whereas acetate, lactate and trichloroacetate did not. 5. Pyruvate entry into the mitochondria was shown to be accompanied by the transport of a proton (or by exchange with an OH-ion). This proton flux was inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and allowed measurements of pyruvate transport at higher temperatures to be made. The activation energy of mitochondrial pyruvate transport was found to be 113 kJ (27 kcal)/mol and by extrapolation the rate of transport of pyruvate at 37 degrees C to be 42 nmol/min per mg of protein. The possibility that pyruvate transport into mitochondria may be rate limiting and involved in the regulation of gluconegenesis is discussed. 6. The transport of various monocarboxylic acids into mitochondria was studied by monitoring proton influx. The transport of dichloroacetate, difluoroacetate and oxamate appeared to be largely dependent on the pyruvate carrier and could be inhibited by pyruvate-transport inhibitors. However, many other halogenated and 2-oxo acids which could exchange with pyruvate on the carrier entered freely even in the presence of inhibitor."
1156403,"The colony-stimulating activity detected by its ability to promote colony formation by human granulopoietic progenitor cells was partially purified from medium conditioned by human peripheral leucocytes. The purification procedure utilized (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and yielded a purification of about 1000-fold. The medium from cultures of non-leukaemic cells contained three molecular species of colony-stimulating activity with approximate molecular weights of 93000, 36500 and 14700. On the basis of their sensitivity to enzymes, these species of activity appeared to be proteins. In contrast, medium from cultures of leukaemic cells contained only one detectable molecular species with colony-stimulating activity, usually with an approximate molecular weight of 36500. The results are discussed in relation to concurrent studies on the association of the different species of colony-stimulating activity with the cell surface membrane."
1156404,"The metabolic fate of [1-14-C]hexadecylsulphate and hexadecyl[35-S]sulphate, administered intravenously as the sodium and trimethylammonium salt to dogs and orally as the erythromycin salt to dogs, rats and humans, was studied. Studies with rats indicated that the compounds were well absorbed and rapidly excreted in the urine. However, after oral administration of the 14-C-and 35-S-labelled hexadecyl sulphate erythromycin salt to dogs, considerable amounts of radioactivity were excreted in the faeces as unmetabolized hexadecyl sulphate. Studies with two humans showed that orally administered erythromycin salt of [1-14C]hexadecyl sulphate was well absorbed in one person but poorly absorbed in the other. Radioactive metabolites in urine were separated by t.l.c. in two solvent systems. The main metabolite of hexadecyl sulphate in the dog, rat and human was identified as the sulphate ester of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. In addition, psi-[14-C]butyrolactone as a minor metabolic product of [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate was also isolated from the urine of rat, dog and man. However, there was still another metabolite in dog urine, which comprised about 20% of the total urinary radioactivity and carried both 14-C and 35-S labels. This metabolite was absent from rat urine. The metabolite in dog urine was isolated and subsequently identified by t.l.c. and g.l.c. and by isotope-dilution experiments as the sulphate ester of glycollic acid. Small amounts (about 5% of the total recovered radioactivity in excreta) of labelled glycollic acid sulphate were also found in human urine after ingestion of erythromycin [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate."
1156405,"Thymidine and uridine transporters in peripheral pig lymphocytes have structural features in common, but are not identical. Accelerated entry of [3H]thymidine begins 12h after the addition of phytohaemagglutinin. The increased thymidine uptake into the cells is characterized by an increase in Vmax. Without alteration of the apparent Km(0.6+/-0.08muM). Thymidine kinase activity is increased 12h after stimulation. Both the increased thymidine uptake and the increased thymidine kinase activity are inhibited in cultures incubated with puromycin: rates of degradation of the two systems are unchanged after phytohaemagglutinin addition, and indicate similar half-lives of about 2h. Thymidine kinase is rate-limiting for thymidine entry up to 18h after phytohaemagglutinin addition; increase in its synthesis is detectable about 6h before net incorporation of thymidine into DNA is significantly promoted."
1156406,"1. The biliary excretion of phenolphthalein di[35S]sulphate was studied in rats. 2. The conjugate was administered by continuous infusion at rates of 3, 4.5, 6, 9 and 12 mug/min, and kinetic analysis of the rate of biliary excretion was consistent with a two-compartment open-model system. 3. The results obtained after single injections of the ester were also consistent with the model. 4. An essential feature of the model is the presence of a compartment into which the ester may pass as an alternative to direct excretion via the bile. 5. It is suggested that such a compartment may be located within the liver."
1156407,"1. Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured with insulin, prolactin and cortisol. 2. Antibodies raised to fatty acid synthetase were used to measure the amount as well as the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of the enzyme in the explants over defined periods in organ culture. These measurements were also made after the hormones had been removed from the culture medium. The changes which occur in the activity of fatty acid synthetase are due to changes in the amount of the enzyme present. They are not due to activation or inactivation of the enzyme. 3. The rate of lipogenesis (measured from [1-14C]acetate) in the explants during culture varies independently of the amount of fatty acid synthetase both in the presence and after removal of the hormones. Hence the amount of fatty acid synthetase does not limit lipogenesis. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acids C8:0 and C10:0 (which are characteristic of rabbit milk) synthesized by the explants in the presence of hormones increases at about the same rate as the amount of fatty acid synthetase present. However, when hormones are removed from the medium the proportion of these acids synthesized declines as rapidly as the rate of lipogenesis and not as the amount of fatty acid synthetase presen. 4. The rates of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase and of the total particulate-free supernatant protein in the explants were compared by measuring the incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine into the protein of the explants. These rates increase by 5-fold and 3.6-fold respectively when explants are cultured with hormones, and they then reach approximately constant rates. When the hormones are removed there is a rapid fall in the rate of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase and of the total particulate-free supernatant protein to values which are similar to those obtained with freshly prepared explanted tissue. 5. In unstimulated explants fatty acid synthetase appears to be degraded with a half-life of 15-21h. During the hormonally stimulated differentiation of the tissue the rate of degradation of the enzyme is considerably decreased or is switched off completely. After the amount of fatty acid synthetase has increased to a maximum the enzyme complex is again degraded with a half-life of 23-29h. The removal of hormones after the explants have been hormonally stimulated for different times results in an increase in the rate of degradation of fatty acid synthetase. However, this increase only occurs if degradation was previously proceeding at a considerably decreased rate. The degradation of the total particulate-free supernatant protein continues throughout the period of differentiation of the explant tissue in culture. It appears to be somewhat decreased during the period of rapid maturation of the tissue during culture."
1156408,"Isolation of organelles from broken-cell suspensions of phototrophically grown Euglena gracilis Klebs was achieved by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose gradients. 2. Equilibrium densities of 1.23g/cm3 for peroxisome-like particles, 1.22g/cm3 for mitochondria and 1.17g/cm3 for chloroplasts were recorded. 3. The enzymes glycollate dehydrogenase, glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase, serineglyoxylate aminotransferase, aspartate-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, hydroxy pyruvate reductase and malate dehydrogenase were present in peroxisome-like particles. 4. Unlike higher plants glycollate dehydrogenase and glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase were present in the mitochondria of Euglena. 5. Rates of glycollate and  D-lactate oxidation were additive in the mitochondria, and, although glycollate dehydrogenase was inhibited by cyanide, D-lactate dehydrogenase activity was unaffected. 6. Glycollate oxidation was linked to O2 uptake in mitochondria but not in peroxisome-like particles. This glycollate-dependent O2 uptake was inhibited by antimycin A or cyanide. 7. The physiological significance of glycollate metabolism in Euglena mitochondria is discussed, with special reference to its role in photorespiration in algae."
1156409,"The enzymically catalysed incorporation of N-acetylneuraminic acid into human platelets, whether suspended in their own citrated plasma or in buffered saline containing 0.17 mM-sucrose, accelerated the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine. This acceleration decreased with time. The observations may be explained by assuming that N-acetylneuraminic acid is a component of a transport receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine."
1156410,"In starved newborn rats an increase in glucose turnover rate was observed 4 and 6h after birth, but a dramatic fall occurred at 16h. In suckling newborn rats, no decrease in glucose turnover rate was observed at 16h. The metabolic clearance of glucose did not change in fed or starved animals. The results are discussed in relation to metabolic adaptation to extra-uterine life."
1156455,"Two brothers with Thiemann's disease are described and the accumulated world literature is briefly reviewed. Thiemann's disease is considered to be a form of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the PIP joints of the hands, with occasional involvement of other joints. The characteristic deformity and x-ray findings are reviewed. Thiemann's disease is a genetic disorder and, in families in which detail is available, is inherited as an autosomal dominant with virtual complete penetrance."
1156454,"Recent reports of and our own experience with biochemical alterations of liver function secondary to salicylate therapy stimulated this prospective study. Thirty-four children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 6 children with acute cartilagenous necrosis of the hipfollowing slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and 2 children with ulcerative colitis and hip disease who were on salicylates were followed over a period of 1-27 months with serial determinations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bilirubin, and serum salicylate. Prothrombin time was measured in 14 children. Twenty-two of 34 children with rheumatoid arthritis and none of the 8 controls demonstrated abnormalities of various liver functions at serum salicylate levels between 7.0 and mg%. Three children demonstrated severe abnormalities characterized by marked elevation of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, and AP, prolongation of prothrombin time, and epistaxis. This type of reaction occurred within 5-14 days of initiation of aspirin therapy and occurred at serum salicylate levels between 18 and 43 mg%. Moderate changes in various liver function tests were observed in 19 other children. None of those children who were tested showed prolongation of prothrombin time. The serum salicylate level in this group varied between 7.0 and 38.2 mg%. The abnormal liver function tests returned to normal in 6 children upon withdrawal of aspirin and in 12 others even when salicylates were continued. Therefore, despite the occurrence of biochemical abnormalities following chronic salicylate therapy, it does not appear to be necessary to discontinue their use except in those children who develop bleeding."
1156456,"Three patients with aseptic meningitis were subsequently diagnosed as having lupus erythematosus. One patient had a single meningitic episode, another had chronic meningitis, and the third two acute episodes 5 years apart. All 3 patients developed further neurophychiatric manifestations of SLE, leading to death in 1. Aseptic meningitis appears to be an early manifestation of SLE and may herald more serious brain damage. No new cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in this series after initiation of therapy for SLE. In contrast, bacterial meningitis did occur as a late complication of the disease."
1156457,"Isolated osteoarthritis (OA) of the trapezioscaphoid (TS) joint is little recognized. Nine cases that were examined clinically and radiologically are described. Of these 4 had isolated TS OA, 3 also had generalized OA, and 2 also had rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms and signs, including pain in the wrist and thumb base, radial and volar swelling, and tenderness over the scaphoid, allowed distinction from other causes of pain at the thumb base. A wrist-working splint was beneficial in relieving pain."
1156467,"The effects of the essential oils of onion and garlic have been investigated in cholesterol-fed rabbits and have been compared with the effects of clofibrate. The marked rise in serum cholesterol and blood coagulability that followed 3 months of cholesterol feeding (0.2 g/kg/day) was significantly reduced by the essential oils of both onion and garlic. Fibrinolytic activity was actually increased even above the normal control levels. The essential oils of onion and garlic (equivalent to 1 g/kg/day of raw bulbs) proved more effective than clofibrate in the usual clinical dose of 33 mg/kg/day. Garlic was even more effective than onion. Cholesterol feeding increased the average lipid content of aorta from 5.95 to 13.75 mg/100 mg dry weight. With addition of clofibrate, onion or garlic the values were 7.79, 6.23 and 5.28 mg/100 ml, respectively. Thus it can be seen that the essential oils effectively prevent lipid acculation in the rabbit oarta."
1156473,"The hereditary polymyopathy and cardiomyopathy of inbred Syrian hamsters (UM X 7.1) are associated with a marked elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and aldolase levels. Fasting (overnight) further increases (+100-500%) the serum concentration of these enzymes in myopathic hamsters; however, no such effect is demonstrable in normal hamsters, or in first generation offspring produced by crossbreeding the two strains (myopathic and normal). The changes are reversible, and the enzyme values return to previous levels within 72 hr. Neither phenobarbital nor hydrocortisone prevents the rises, as shown by CPK determinations; on the contrary, hydrocortisone elicits even greater serum enzyme increases."
1156468,"The concentrations of individual phospholipids and of cholesterol have been determined in plasma samples taken from 77 apparently healthy individuals, and from 76 male patients presenting with atherosclerotic diseases. Significant differences in the relative and absolute concentrations of lysolecithin were found between different populations. In healthy individuals the plasma levels of lysolecithin were lower in women than in men and lower in the younger age groups studied. The relative and absolute concentrations of plasma lysolecithin were lower in men suffering from chronic ischaemic heart disease and peripheral arterial disease when compared with age-matched healthy male subjects. The lowest levels of plasma lysolecthin were, however, associated with patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction or acute myocardial ischaemia studied within 48 hr of the onset of chest pain. In a further study, significantly decreased relative concentrations of lysolecithin were found in blood platelets and erythrocytes as well as in plasma of patients suffering from chronic ischaemic heart disease. The results are discussed in terms of a possible thrombo-protective role for plasma lysolecithin in man."
1156469,"Serum lipids and lipoproteins and various lipid fractions in the aorta were compared in spontaneously-occurring and cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis of rhesus monkeys. A group of 30 normal monkeys were also studied. Serum cholesterol, total phospholipid and triglyceride values in spontaneous atherosclerosis were similar to normal, but were significantly elevated in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Fractionation of the major phospholipids in animals with spontaneous atherosclerosis showed increased PC with decreased LPC and SP + LPE, while PE was elevated and SP + LPE diminished in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Beta-lipoproteins were markedly increased in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis, but remained normal in spontaneous atherosclerosis. Among the aortic lipid, PC and PE were significantly elevated in spontaneous atherosclerosis, but in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis all the neutral lipids were raised, together with a specific rise of PC and decrease of SP + LPE. These observations tend to indicate that the mechanism of atherosclerosis production in the two states greatly varies."
1156470,"Marked hypercholesterolemia and moderate lipid infiltration of the aorta were induced by feeding rabbits a diet containing 1% cholesterol + 3% corn oil for 70 days. In the liver the concentration and pool size of cholesterol increased and those of triglycerides (TG) decreased. On dietary addition of vitamin A and vitamin E (44 000 I.U. and 125 mg respectively, once daily for 5 days a week) the following changes were noted in comparison with the fat-fed rabbits not receiving extra addition of vitamins. There was a slight decrease of the levels of plasma cholesterol and an increase of those of plasma TG. The liver cholesterol concentration increased but, according to the concomitant reduction of the liver weight, there was no significant change in lever cholesterol or TG pools. In the aorta the vitamins markedly reduced the lipid infiltrated area as well as the cholesterol content. Both niceritrol** and S-2040 [pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid di(beta-pyridylcarbinol ester)] in a dietary concentration of 0.5% decreased plasma cholesterol by about 20%. This reduction, as well as that induced by the vitamins, was confined to the VLDL-fractions only. S-2040 slightly reduced the cholesterol accumulation in the aorta. In rabbits given both the vitamins and niceritrol or S-2042 there was an additive reduction of plasma cholesterol. Here the nicotinic acid derivatives were partly able to counteract the increases of plasma TG induced by the vitamins. In the aorta the combination vitamins + S-2042 but not that of vitamins + niceritrol tended to give a better protection than the vitamins alone. On a normal diet vitamins A + E significantly increased the liver cholesterol concentration and pool and decreased the liver TG pool, but did not affect the other parameters. Possible mechanisms for the prophylactic action of the vitamins against lipid infiltration of the aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits are discussed."
1156476,"An echocardiographic study of left ventricular diameter was made in 27 patients with aortic regurgitation. Comparison was made with a group of 21 normal subjects and a group of 6 patients with large left ventricles without valvar regurgitation. Total stroke volume, total left ventricular output, and ejection fraction were derived by the method of cubing the left ventricular diameter to give approximate left ventricular volumes at and-diastole and end-systole. The patients were assessed independently and placed into three grades of severity. The eechocardiographic dimensions of patients with mild aortic regurgitation were not significantly different from those of the normal subjects. With increasing severity of aortic regurgitation, there were increases in group values for left ventricular diameter, total stroke volume, and total left ventricular output. The ejection fraction was depressed below the normal range in only one patient with aortic regurgitation. It is concluded that echocardiographic measurement of left ventribular dimensions is of value in assessing the severity of aortic regurgitation."
1156471,"Resorption rates have been investigated in the rabbit for atheroma-lipids and cholesterol injected subcutaneously, atheroma lipids in situ in the mildly atheromatous aorta and lipid in the degenerating peripheral nerve. Atheroma lipids injected subcutaneously resorb relatively rapidly, subcutaneous cholesterol and lipid in Wallerian degeneration are intermediate in this respect, whereas only the group with an initially low blood cholesterol (small than approximately equal to 100 mg/100 ml) showed even a suggestion of lipid resorption from their mild or trivial atheromatous lesions. Ti is not clear whether or not atheroma resorbed at all in the groups with initial blood cholesteroles above 100 mg//00 ml. The relative inertia of the arthromatous lesion is mainly attributed to the relative absence of reticuloendothelial phagocytes in it."
1156477,"Forty-two consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied over the first 3 days of their illness to determine the effect of oral or intravenous calorie intake on the circulating free fatty acid values. Repeated sampling in 9 patients showed that free fatty acid levels above 1000 mumol/l were seldom found beyond the first 10 hours after admission. Oral calories, chiefly in the form of carbohydrate, reduced free fatty acid by an average of 145 mumol/l for each intake of 90 or more calories (378kF) on the first day. Oral calories (especially carbohydrate) should be considered as possible antilipolytic therapy if it be held desirable to reduce circulating free fatty acid concentrations in patients with acute mycoardial infarction."
1156478,"Seventy-two patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrioventricular or bundle-branch block or a combination of both had His bundle electrogram studies performed during their stay in the coronary care unit. In 19 of the 72 patients a repeat His bundle electrogram was performed before discharge from hospital. These studies demonstrated that 30 of the 32 patients with atrioventricular block and narrow QRS complexes had a block above the origin othe His spike (proximal block). Eleven patients in this group had repeat His bundle electrograms performed before discharge and in 3 patients there was evidence of residual atrioventricular nodal dysfunction. Both the hospital and follow-up mortality in this group was low and there was no evidence to suggest that permanent pacing would benefit these patients. Of the 18 patients with bundle-branch block and a normal PR interval, 9 had prolongation of the HV interval, but there was no difference in mortality in patients with normal or prolonged HV intervals. Twenty-two patients with bundle-branch block also developed atrioventricular block. In 5 of these patients the site of the AV block was proximal and in 14 it was distal, while 3 patients had both proximal and distal block. The hospital mortality in those patients who progressed to second- or third-degree atrioventricular block was considerably higher than in those patients who remained in first-degree atrioventricular block."
1156479,"Fifteen cases of left posterior hemiblock associated with acute myocardial infaction were studied. In 5 cases the left posterior hemiblock was the only intraventricular conduction defect, while in the other 10 cases it was associated with complete right bundle-branch block. Left posterior hemiblock proved to be an early complication, appearing within a few hours from the onset of the acute episode, and an ominous sign, since hospital mortality rate was 87 per cent. Cause of death was mainly pump failure. In most of these cases ther was electrocardiographic evidence of infarction involving both anterior and inferior ventricular walls. Infarction of most or all of the ventricular septum was a common finding in the cases examined anatomically. Histologically, acute changes involving mainly the posterior septal and midseptal fibres were observed in 6 of the 8 cases studied. On the basis of these findings and of other published findings an alternative physiopathological mechanism for so-called left posterior hemiblock is proposed."
1156480,Plasma renin acitivity was measured in II cases of coarctation of the aorta before and after operation. The values of plasma renin activity in the recumbent position before operation were significantly lower than in the control group. After surgery plasma renin activity rose to normal levels. There was no correlation between plasma renin activity levels and arterial blood pressure. The renin-angiotensin system seems not to be involved directly in the maintenance of hypertension in patients with aortic coarctation.
1156481,Myocardial imaging using 201Tl was performed in 10 patients with supposedly normal myocardial perfusion and in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In all patients with acute myocardial infarction the scintiscan showed an area with diminished radioactivity at the site corresponding the electrocardiographic localization of the infarction. 210Tl seems to be of diagnostic value for recognizing acute myocardial infarction in the very first hours after its onset and for visualizing infarction in patients in whom pre-existing electrocardiographic abnormalities prevent its diagnosis and/or localization.
1156482,"An electrocardiographic study of the families of two children with isolated complete right bundle-branch block is presented. Several cases of classical complete right bundle-branch block were disclosed (17/69 and 3/22 respectively) in three generations of the two families. Personal interviews and parish registers showed that the two families were related, being descendants 8 generations back from a glass-blower who has emigrated to Sweden in the eighteenth century. It is concluded that complete right bundle-branch block can be an autosomal, genetic anomaly which is inherited dominantly but with reduced penetrance and/or expressivity."
1156483,"In a retrospective study of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary monitoring unit in 1971 12 per cent (39 patients) had low voltage electrocardiograms within 72 hours of admission. Of these, 7 patients (18%) died while in hospital and a further 9 (23%) died within one year of their infarction. Of the 23 patients who survived, 16 were severely incapacitated by their symptoms at the one-year follow-up. A low voltage electrocardiogram in association with acute myocardial infarction appears to imply a poor prognosis in terms of both mortality and morbidity, independently of other prognostic indices."
1156484,"The results of coronary arteriography, exercise, and pacing stress testing in 50 young patients with mild angina are analysed. There was a significant correlation between the results of stress tests and the secerity of disease. There were, however, patients with severe disease and negative tests. Fifty-six per cent of patients had disease which potentially could have been surgically treated. It is concluded that coronary arteriography is indicated in these patients with mild symptoms."
1156486,"A case of Prinzmetal variant angina with transient complete atrioventricular block and syncopal episodes following an anteroseptal myocardial infarction is described. The syncopal attacks were not prevented by demand cardiac pacing and were presumably caused by transient severe ischaemia of the left ventricle, with a consequent reduction in cardiac output. The left ventriculogram showed a large anterior dyskinetic area corresponding to the high grade proximal obstruction in the left anterior descending artery demonstrated by coronary angiography. All other coronary vessels appeared free of disease and it is suggested that the anginal episodes were caused by transient proximal segmental spasm of the right coronary artery. The anginal episodes were successfully prevented by a regimen of two-hourly coronary arterial vasodilator therapy."
1156503,"The well known associations of breast cancer with fertility patterns and diet are interdependent and it is difficult to estimate the extent to which breast cancer is related to diet. This was attempted by analysing breast cancer rates in populations of single (never married) women for which the contribution of childbearing would be small. Age specific breast cancer rates for single women showed the same variation by country, social class, urban-rural area and with time, as did the corresponding rates for married women, suggesting that common or related factors determined breast cancer rates in single and married women. Also, dietary correlations of breast cancer rates at 55-64 years, around 1960, were not sifnificantly different for single women and the general female population. This supported the view that the dietary associations with breast cancer, observed in larger studies of general female populations, did not arise indirectly from an association with childbearing rates. It was pointed our that the positive association of breast cancer with sugar, observed for single and for all women, was accopanied by a negative association with starch. These opposite associations with two forms of varbohydrate seemed inconsistent on general nutritional grounds and could be explained as arising indirectly to the association of breast cancer with affluence. Otherwise, it would seem necessary to establish a nutritional difference between starch and sugar, which could reasonably influence breast cancer rates, before the association was accepted as indicating cause."
1156505,"Administration of C. parvum to both intact and thymectomized mice resulted in the appearance in the peritoneal exudate of cells which inhibited tumour growth in vitro. This effect was mediated by intact, viable adherent cells, which it seems reasonable to categorize as macrophages, and was contingent on contact between the effector and target cells. No co-operation was observed between lymph node cells from C. parvum treated mice and peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice."
1156506,"A squamous cell carcinoma of spontaneous orgin in a WHT/Ht mouse was used to study the frequency with which the regional axillary lymph nodes draining subcutaneous or intradermal tumours gave rise to tumours after their isogeneic transplantation as whole nodes. This frequency (similar to 40%) was found not to vary significantly with the size or duration of the tumour drained and not to be increased by coincident infective, traumatic or antigenic stimuli acting at the tumour site or in adjacent tissue. Because tumour growth occurred in only 2/55 (4%) nodes which were left in situ in mice whose tumours were radically excised, it was concluded that tumour forming node transplants reflected a small and limited content (estimated to be about 13) of transnodally passing tumour cells destined to pass on to the blood; separate experiments showed that tumour cells reaching the blood survived for only a few hours. Nodes from tumour-excised mice gave rise to tumours as frequently when autografted as when isografted to mice with no previous expose to the tumour. A review of the finding reported here and of previous quantitative data for this system enabled us to exclude any implication of anti-tumour immunity from our interpretation of the results of the experiments."
1156507,"The technique of labelled mitoses was used to examine cell proliferation within grafts of human colonic and rectal tumours in immune deprived mice. Most of the data were obtained on the first passage but in some cases up to the third passage was used. It was found to be difficult to obtain precise kinetic data on this type of tumour material, but the results did allow some estimates to be made, particularly of the duration of the G2 and S phases of the mitotic cycle. The average G2 duration was 6 h and the average S phase was 14 h. It is concluded that whilst xenografts may differ in a number of respects from the tumour in the patient, they nevertheless constitute a type of experimental tumour that is worthy of further study."
1156508,"A proportion of W-256 tumour cells injected intravenously into a tail vein of the rat are diverted into venous plexuses en route to the lungs; here tumour cells remain trapped, proliferate and form invasive solid tumours in the pelvis and hindquarters, which cause paraplegia, metastases and death. Also, cells trapped in veins produce tumour nodules distributed along the length of the tail; this effect in markedly enhanced by temporarily arresting the outflow of blood from the tail for a few seconds only immediately after cells are injected. Continous monitoring of the radioactive signal over the lungs after W-256 cells labelled with 125IUDR were injected showed that massaging the tail or intravenously injecting isotonic saline into the tail dislodged cells trapped in veins. In heparinized rats, tail trapping was markedly reduced, although not entirely abolished, and venous trapping in vertebral and pravertebral regions was decreased. The anatomical distribution of growth of the trapped cells in rats closely resembled metastases involving dissemination via the ""vertebral venous system"" produced by certain cancers in man. Labelled tumour cells trapped in the lungs of untreated mature rats commenced dying rapidly in situ wiht 1-2 h after injection; the majority had disappeared within 24 h, and less than 1% of the injected tumour cells survived to form lung colonies. Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that the lungs play a vital role in rapidly eliminating a high proportion of blood-borne cancer cells in the adult individual."
1156509,"ICRF 159 and Triton WR 1339 have been examined for their ability to suppress subcutaneous growth and pulmonary metastases from a transplanted rat epithelioma. Neither compound influenced subcutaneous tumour development or reduced the propensity to metastasize when administered in regimens reported to suppress pulmonary, lymph node or intracerebral metastases in other experimental system."
1156510,The ultrastructure of two lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from Marek's disease lymphomata has been studied. The cells varied from 5 to 12 mum in diameter and had large round or oval nuclei. A nucleolus was occasionally present and about 3% of cells showed projections of the nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm contained many ribosomes and several mitochondria but endoplasmic reticulum was sparse. A small number of cells contained annulate lamellae and crystalline structures were occasionally seen. Cells with immature intranuclear herpesvirus particles were rarely present. The cells had many ultrastructural features in common with Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines.
1156511,The serum concentrations of the radiosensitizer metronidazole have been determined in mice for both oral and intraperitoneal doses of the drug and these have been related to radiosensitization studies in murine tumour systems. In preliminary work before a possible clinical trail the serum metronidazole concentration/time curves have been determined in 7 patients using single doses of metronidazole of up to 15 g. The data suggest that a linear relationship exists between the metronidazole dose expressed in mg/kg and the peak serum concentration. The possibility of achieving radiosensitization of tumours in patients after tolerable doses of metronidazole is discussed in relation to enhancement ratios determined for in vitro and in vivo systems. It is concluded that predictions from in vitro systems give values that are probably too optimistic.
1156512,"The x-ray dose required to cure half the mice bearing first generation transplanted mammary carcinomata 150 days after irradiation was determined. NDPP proved to be a relatively poor radiosensitizer in mice, for although a maximum enhancement ratio of 1-3 was obtained when x-rays produced from a 1-4 MeVp electron accelerator were given between 10 and 17 min after the administration of NDPP, this was at a drug concentration sufficient to cause marked kidney abnormalities in 5-10% of the mice."
1156513,"An attempt has been made to construct an assay potentially suitable for use with primary cultures of human tumours to measure the survival of exponentially growing monolayer cultures after exposure to anti-neoplastic drugs. Cell survival was assessed using their protein synthetic capacity after removal of drugs. HeLa cells were employed to avoid the ingerent variability and heterogeneity of primary cultures from human tumours, and an assay has been constructed using microtitration trays to provide large numbers of replicate cultures without the requirement of a large number cells. An increase in the duration of the exposure to drug increased sensitivity in nearly all cases examined. Similarly, an increase in the period of culture following drug removal produced increased sensitivity to alkylating agents but allowed recovery from exposure to certain cycle-dependent drugs. Some of the drugs used were shown to be unstable under culture conditions and vinblastine was actively metabolized, although this instability was not necessarily reflected in the time course of the drug's effect. Mustine sensitivity was shown to be reduced by an increase in cell density at a level where density limitation of 3H-thymidine incorporation becomes apparent. These variations and possible methods of minimizing their effects are discussed."
1156514,"This paper reviews data relating to obstetric radiography from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, i.e. for deaths in Britain from 1953 to 1967. Some 8513 cases were traced and used in the analyses, together with an equal number of matched controls. The relative risk estimate (1-47 overall) does not vary significantly between different tumour groups, for different ages at death, nor between sexes. Other epidemiological factors-sibship position, maternal age, social class, region of residence and maternal morbidity-are analysed and show varying degrees of association, but not sufficient to ""explain"" the observed risk in terms of a selection effect. The dependence of the risk on the number of films exposed is highly significant and adequately described by a linear relationship. The timing of and reason for the exposure are also examined. Analysis of the risk by year of birth shows a pattern of steadily declining risk for both solid and haematopoietic tumours; this may be partly attributable to lower radiation doses per film exposed but is also due to the smaller numbers of films used. A consequence may well be that the risk-always of small clinical significance-would become virtually undetectable in future investigations."
1156515,"Experiments were undertaken to test the general validity of the assumption that potentiation of tumour transplantability by sublethal whole body irradiation (WBI) implies some degree of immunological resistance in the intact host. A transplantable carcinoma of spontaneous origin in CBA mice which exhibits a large WBI effect was assayed quantitatively in mice which had been immunologically crippled in terms of allograft acceptance by depletion of thymus derived lymphocytes. The mean number of tumour cells required for 50% successful takes (TD50) in these mice was found to be not significantly different from that in normal controls but highly significantly greater than in WBI mice. On the other hand, in mice which underwent laparotomy immediately before assay, the TD50 was reduced significantly though not to the same extent as in WBI mice. It was concluded that WBI effect was not due to impaired host immunity but possibly to physiological changes resulting from acute stress. The hypothesis that hyperfibrinogenaemia which occurs after both WBI and laparotomy might increase tumour transplantability was rejected because of the lack of correlation between TD50 and fibrinogen levels at different times after each procedure. From this and other work it is apparent that TD50 data, in themselves, give no reliable indication of host immunity."
1156516,"Using a microassay for cellular immunity, tumour specific cytotoxicity was detected in 2/5 cases of ocular melanoma and 1/3 cases of primary cutaneous melanoma before treatment. Reactivity was measured against allogeneic skin melanoma target cells in short or long term in vitro culture. Lymphoid cells from patients with disseminated cutaneous melanoma were either non-reactive (4/8 cases) or gave a nonspecific cytotoxicity on target cells of diverse histogenic origins. Among tumour-free patients tested after surgery, 0/2 patients with ocular tumour were non-reactive 3-4 months post surgery. After sugical excision of cutaneous melanoma 2/2 patients gave tumour specific reactions during the first month after surgery. After longer time intervals, from 5 months to 3 years, only 1/8 patients were reactive. Preoperative radiotherapy in a total skin dose of 10,000 rad produ-ed a transient tumour specific reaction 24 h after therapy in a single case. Following local tumour excision in patients given preoperative irradiation, 2 cases which had previously demonstrated tumour specific CMI lost reactivity. Among 14 tumour-free individuals tested only after preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, at intervals from 5 day to 13 years, a single case gave tumour specific CMI. Palliative irradiation in doses 4000-4960 rad to the inguinal or axillary lymph nodes was found to induce a generalized lymphopenia within 48 h after treatment. Lymphoid cell preparations from patients with localized melanoma contained significantly increased numbers of immature cells (lymphoblasts and myeloblasts) and myeloid precursor elements. Those prepared from patients with disseminated disease had in addition elevated levels of eosinophils but reduced numbers of recoverable lymphocytes."
1156517,Twenty-eight mammary carcinomata were maintained in organ culture in the presence of various hormones. The effects of the hormones have been assessed histologically by estimation of total dehydrogenases activity of the pentose glycolytic pathway and by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine or uridine into DNA or RNA. No significant effects on tumour cell activity due to hormones have been observed.
1156518,"The transformation of Wistar rat embryo cells in vitro has been studied in passaged cultures using two criteria for transformation: (1) the ability of cells to form colonies in soft agar and (2) the ability of cells to form tumours in young syngeneic animals. In general there was good correlation between the two criteria. Spontaneous transformation was observed in all untreated cultures by 44 weeks although, by not allowing the cells to become confluent, the tendency was for cultures to transform earlier (i.e. 15-21 weeks). It was noticeable that despite untreated cultures having been in vitro for different lengths of time, most cultures transformed after a similar number of passages (42-50). Treatment of the embryo cells with the alkylating agent nitrosomethylurea (NMU) or benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) sometimes resulted in transformation after a shorter period in vitro than the controls (minimum 12 weeks) although some treated cultures took longer. Transformed cells produced transplantable fibrosarcomata in syngeneic hosts and those arising from NMU transformed cells were histologically different from those arising from spontaneously transformed cells. The significant of spontaneous transformation in in vitro rat cell transformation systems is discussed."
1156519,"Two temperature sensitive variants (ts13 and ts14) of an African green monkey tetraploid kidney cell line (epithelial), carrying temperature sensitive lesions in thymidine metabolism, were transformed by methylnitrosourea (MNU) at the permissive temperature of 33 degrees C, nor was there any transformation in the wild type parental cell line of BSC-1 at these temperatures under similar conditions. A comparative study of the cell cycle and metabolic efficiency in the 3 cell lines was performed in order to get an understanding of the physiology of the ""target cells"" in culture. Compared with the parental cell line of BSC-1, ts13 and ts14 cells were blocked in the G1 phase of the cell cycle during the time that the cell were in contact with the carcinogen (MNU); the variant cells also had higher mitotic indices at this time. The cells of ts13 which showed 50% more transformation than those of ts14 differed from the latter in having larger numbers of viable cells arrested in mitosis over the G1 period. The results were interpreted to indicate that there were other factors, besides cells arrested being in G1, which contributed to the difference in the frequency of transformation between the variant cell lines which had an otherwise similar physiology. Using gel electrophoresis a new protein was located in the nuclei of the transformed cells of ts13 and ts14 which was absent in the wild type cell line of BSC-1 or in the variants ts13 and ts14 at 39-5 degrees C."
1156522,"A single injection of urethane into adult male A2G mice produced an increase in the proliferative rate of alveolar wall cells, reaching a peak at 2 weeks post urethan (PU) and declining to control levels by 2 months PU. During this urethane induced proliferative response the single and double labelling indices and the native metaphase index were all elevated although there was no corresponding alteration in the arrested metaphase index. This proliferative response may not be restricted to hyperplasia of potentially neoplastic cells, such as type II epithelium, but may also include type I epithelial cells and alveolar macrophage precursors. However, it was impossible to identify individual cell populations by methods used. The growth rate of adenomata decrease with time and cell kinetic techniques showed that the rates of entry of adenoma cells into DNA synthesis and into metaphase were decreasing concurrently with the growth rate. Thus the rate of cell production falls as adenomata age but how much cell loss contributes to the decrease in growth rate is not yet known. Decreasing cell production could be due to an increased cell cycle time and/or a decreased growth fraction. The duration of DNA synthesis in adenomata increased markedly as the mice survived, suggesting that the cell cycle time might be increased, but further experiments are required to determine whether the growth fraction changes. Attention is drawn to a complication that Colcemid introduces into kinetic studies on alveolar wall cells."
1156523,"Dose-response curves have been obtained for the response of EMT6 mouse tumour cells in vitro to adriamycin, actinomycin D, nitrogen mustard, BCNU and CCNU. The experiments have been carried out with exponentially growing cells and with cells in early and late plateau phase. The results are discussed with particular reference to discrepancies with the results obtained by other workers in similar systems."
1156524,Conversion of 7alpha3H-testosterone to 17beta-oestradiol by human mammary carcinoma tissue in vitro has been demonstrated. It was characterized unequivocally by conversion to 17beta-oestradiol-3-sulphate upon incubation with adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulphate and the highly specific enzyme oestrogen sulphotransferase.
1156525,"In a controlled experiment groups of SPF Wistar rats were give 18 once-fortnightly doses of 0-5, 1-0 or 2-0 mg 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) suspended in infusine (I) or in carbon black (CB) + I by intratracheal instillation. Of rats examined post mortem, 1/16 given I+CB only, 0/16 given I only, 15/51 given BP in I+CB and 24/48 given BP in I developed squamous neoplasms of the lung. The incidence of tumours was significantly related to dose of BP. At the 1 or 2 mg dose levels BP in I only was more productive of tumours than BP in I+CB. Other changes encountered included squamous metaplasia of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium (Sq.M), but not of bronchial epithelium, and cuboidal and columnar metaplasia of alveolar epithelium in the vicinity of terminal bronchioles (CCM). Sq.M was associated with exposure to BP or I+CB. CCM was strongly associated with exposure to I+CB but only weakly with exposure to BP."
1156526,"The repeated intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke condensate (SWS) in rats at close to maximum tolerated dose levels failed to induce squamous neoplasms in the lungs although such treatment was associated with an increased incidence of cuboidal/columnar metaplasia (CCM) and squamous metaplasia (Sq.M) of alveolar epithelium. With one exception, various fractions of SWS had no effect on lung tumour incidence though some were more effective than SWS in increasing the incidence of CCM and Sq.M. The exceptional fraction, Fraction P, which contains most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of smoke and is the most effective of the fractions tested in producing tumours in mouse skin, gave rise to 4 squamous tumours of doubtful malignancy and one metastasizing squanmous carcinoma among 3 groups of 18 animals exposed at 3 different dose levels. The results are discussed in relation to the possible development of a method for comparing condensates for relative lung carcinogenicity."
1156527,"In a controlled experiment, 6 groups of SPF rats were given cigarette smoke condensate (SWS) in solid form without a vehicle once fortnightly by intratracheal instillation, at 3 dose levels with or without additional exposure to the vapour phase of smoke (VP) from 10 plain cigarettes each week. Treatment continued for life. Six other groups were similarly treated with one of 3 fractions of condensate with or without VP. Exposure to VP was associated with a significant reduction in body weight, but not signficantly with the incidence or severity of any observed pathological change in the lungs. A significant dose-related assoication was seen between SWS or its fractions and the incidence and degree of chronic respiratory disease (CRD), cuboidal or columnar metaplasia (CCM) and squamous metaplasia of alveolar epithelium (Sq.M) produced. No neoplasms, however, were elicited. A significant correlation was found between the degrees of CCM and of Sq.M produced in the 24 groups exposed to SWS or fractions. The results are discussed in the light of studies in which rats were exposed to tobacco smoke by inhalation and of studies in which the same condensate and fractions were applied to mouse skin."
1156528,"SPF rats were exposed to the smoke from 10 cigarettes per week from the age of 10 weeks until they died. Survival, body weight, tumour incidence and histopathological appearances of the lungs were compared with those for untreated sham exposed rats. Two further groups were given a single dose of 3,4-benzyprene (BP) by intratracheal instillation. One of these was then exposed to the smoke of 10 cigarettes per week till death. Compared with untreated or sham exposed rats, exposure to smoke was associated with a significant reduction in incidence of mammary tumours. Exposure to smoke was associated with an increasing incidence of collections of macrophages laden with golden-brown pigment (GBM) and of areas of cuboidal or columnar metaplasia (CCM) or squamous metaplasia (Sq.M) of alveolar epithelium. In control rats there was virtually no GBM, a low incidence of CCM and Sq.M. Four out of 406 smoke exposed rats which came to post mortem had squamous neoplasms in the lungs, 3 having lesions of doubtful malignancy and one having a squamous carcinoma. In contrast, no squamous neoplasms were seen in 197 control rats. This difference was not statistically significant. The findings in rats given a single dose of BP were, in all the above respects, similar to those in untreated rats, except that one developed a squamous carcinoma of the lung. The effects of a single dose of BP followed by smoke exposure were in general similar to those of smoke exposure only. Three rats on this treatment regimen developed squamous cancers of the lung. None of the treatments increased the incidence of adenomata of the lungs. The results are discussed in relation to other studies of the effects of smoke exposure on rats and other species."
1156529,"Forty Africans from Nigeria and 89 American negroes with colorectal polyps were analysed by age, sex and type of polyp. The Nigerians were much the younger group (mostly under 20 years of age, whereas most of the American negroes were over 50) and far fewer of their polyps were truly neoplastic (7.5% compared with 87% of the Americans). These differences may be partly due to the American negro population being older than the Nigerian, and partly to environmental factors like those previously postulated to account for the difference in colon cancer incidence between these populations."
1156530,"The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was produced and released by human colorectal carcinomata and also the normal attached mucosa when maintained in both monolayer and organ culture. Immunoperoxidase cytochemical methods were employed for the cellular localization of CEA which was demonstrable only on the neoplastic cells. Gel filtration and immunological methods confirmed that CEA, produced by normal and neoplastic cells, had properties similar to ""authentic"" CEA derived from metastatic colorectal carcinomata. In addition, two other CEA cross-reacting macromolecules, neither of which was CCEA-2, were produced by these tumours in culture."
1156531,"Peers and Linsell (1973) demonstrated a significant association between the incidence of primary liver cancer and ingested aflatoxin in a study in the Muranga district of Kenya. A study of hepatitis B antigen in the same district showed no significant differences between the low altitude area, with a relatively high incidence of primary liver cancer, and the high altitude area with a lower incidence of the tumour. Current evidence is more in favour of aflatoxin playing an important role in the aetiology of primary liver cancer but hepatitis B antigen may play an ancillary role."
1156538,"Measurement of the resting electrical potential difference on the surface of the skin has been made on patients with suspected basal cell carcinoma. It was demonstrated that in fifty-five lesions from forty-nine patients, the mean electrical potential difference from thirty-six basal cell carcinomas was found to be +II mV, from nineteen benign inflammatory lesions it was found to be +2 mV, and from normal skin, contra-lateral to the lesions in both groups, it was found to be -3 mV. All the measurements are relative to a reference electrode placed under the tongue. The difference between the means for the inflammatory lesions and for the normal skin was found to be statistically insignificant, but the difference between these means and the mean potential difference for the basal cell carcinoma group was found to be highly significant (P less than 0-1%). However, the populations overlap to such an extent as to make the measurement, in its present form, useless as a diagnostic technique."
1156542,"Fifty-seven subjects, forty-three with various combinations of atopic disease and fourteen non-atopic controls, were studied using a battery of immediate skin test allergens and a radio-immunoassay for serum Immunoglobulin-E (IgE). The geometric mean serum IgE level (units/ml) was 50 in strictly nonatopic controls, 170 in atopic respiratory disease (ARD) patients, 320 in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and 772 in those patients with both AD-ARD. The marked elevation of the serum IgE in the latter group was not associated with respiratory disease activity and not closely correlated with extent of the dermatitis, but may relate to patients with both AD-ARD being 'highly atopic'. Overall, there was no correlation between the serum IgE level and the frequency of positive skin tests. Compared to ARD patients, the serum of AD patients contained more IgE, yet they reacted significantly less frequently to common extrinsic allergens."
1156543,"Antireticulin antibody was present in 17% of sera from thirty-five patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, 45% from twenty-eight patients with adult coeliac disease and none of thirty healthy controls. There was a higher incidence of antireticulin antibody(a) in patients on normal diets than in those on gluten free diets, and (b) in patients with subtotal villous atrophy than in those with partial villous atrophy. Two patterns of tissue staining were demonstrated, one of which was almost invariably associated with jejunal subtotal villous atrophy. The Ig class of the antibody was IgG in all instances but in 64% antibody of the IgA class was also present."
1156544,"The reactions to monochromatic radiation of the skin of ten patients with xeroderma pigmentosum were investigated, and eight were abnormal. The abnormalities consisted of papular and vesicular reactions and delay in the development of the minimal erythema dose reaction with wavelengths principally in the 290-320 nm range. Three patients were too young for full action spectra to be obtained but of those patients in whom all wavelengths were tested only one showed a reaction to radiation above 320 nm and this was at 340 nm only. In only one patient was the minimal erythema dose at 300 nm at 24 h lower than normal. In six patients the repair synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid after ultraviolet radiation was estimated. Reduced levels were seen in five but repair was normal in one patient. The patient with normal repair also had normal reactions to monochromatic radiation. The abnormal reaction of the skin to artificial radiation and the abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis may enable the diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum to be made at a very early age. In one of the patients the diagnosis was made at the age of 6 months in a child with photosensitivity but with no other clinical signs of the disease. It is suggested that, by making the diagnosis as early as possible and by protecting the skin from natural sunlight, cutaneous malignancies may be prevented."
1156545,"Dequalinium chloride is a topical antiseptic, whose use may be attended by skin necrosis. Since microcirculatory changes are an early and distinct manifestation of tissue injury, the tissue damaging effect of dequalinium chloride on the microcirculation was examined. The immediate vascular reactions were studied by vital microscopy, of the hamster cheek pouch and the late effects were visualized by microangiography of the rabbit ear. An aqueous solution of dequalinium chloride in concentrations well below those used in clinical practice induced severe microcirculatory disturbances."
1156547,"In an attempt to avoid the side-effects of treating solar keratoses with 5% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ointment, a new pharmacological varnish containing 5% 5-FU and 5-10% salicylic acid to collodium was tried. Twenty patients with such lesions were treated. A drop of the varnish was applied on each lesion every 3 weeks. Only one to five applications on facial lesions were necessary to obtain apparent cure in all patients. Lesions reappeared in four patients, but were cured after a second and similar treatment. The keratoses of the hands were more resistant and needed seven applications in one patient and nine in the other."
1156548,"Twenty-five patients with clinically proven, patch test positive nickel dermatitis were studied with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Serial dilutions of NiSO4 were present in the lymphocyte culture. None of the controls showed lymphocyte blast transformation. In fourteen patients maximal incorporation of thymidine occurred at the highest dilutions (I:50,000-I:100,000). In eleven patients the highest incorporation occurred at the lower dilutions. The nature of the antigen responsible for the specific reaction remains unknown."
1156549,"Several anti-DNA agents have been tested for their value in the treatment of warts in humans. A pilot study was carried out on patients with warts resistant to other forms of treatment. The agents used were hydroxyurea, idoxuridine and photodynamic inactivation. Idoxuridine 20% in a cream base appears to offer some possibilities as a treatment when other measures have failed."
1156550,"Eighteen cases of Sweet's syndrome are described. This is the largest series so far reported and the first from the tropics. The essential features are the characteristic morphology, the histological appearances, the dramatic response to corticosteroids and the absence of scarring. Attention is drawn to the frequent involvement of the eyes and joints during the course of the illness. Fever and neutrophilia were found less frequently than a raised ESR or a preceding upper respiratory tract or skin infection. The term Sweet's syndrome is preferred to acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. The frequency of occurrence of different clinical manifestations is discussed."
1156551,"Cell migration and DNA synthesis in organ  cultured skin were studied. Cell migration leads to the formation of a new epithelial layer around the free edges of the dermis. No significant DNA synthesis occurs in this newly formed epithelium. In contrast, DNA synthesis in the original epidermis is maintained throughout the period of culture as shown by the uptake of radioactive thymidine. Addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium increases cell migration, and phytohaemagglutinin, while dramatically stimulating mitotic activity, suppresses cell migration. These results show that an increase in epithelial cell division is accompanied by diminished cell migration whereas an increase in cell migration occurs in the presence of a decrease in epithelial cell division. The behavaiour of skin in organ culture during the first 48-72 h can be compared with that seen in wound healing."
1156553,"Anti-tumour antibody was sought in the sera of three groups of patients; idiopathic vitiligo, malignant melanoma and miscellaneous skin disorders. No precipitating antibody to a series of prepared pigmented tumour antigens was demonstrated. All sera were tested for a number of auto-antibodies. No significant differences were detected between the groups. The evidence for an immunological factor in the causation of vitiligo remains circumstantial only."
1156554,"The leukocyte migration test was used to examine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to human liver microsomes and mitochondria. Testing of both these antigens with leukocytes from patients was carried out simultaneously in culture medium enriched by either 20% fetal bovine serum (the standard test) or substituted 20% autologous serum. Normal controls showed little or no reactivity in the standard test whereas the SLE group revealed a high incidence of significant leukocyte migration inhibition to both antigens which, however, was considerably reduced by the substitution of autologous serum. The results suggest that the sera of patients with SLE contain factor(s) capable of blocking the in vitro expression of cell-mediated immunity to human tissue antigens. These factor(s), if active in vivo, might have a role in controlling some of the auto-immune manfestations of the disease."
1156555,"Lichen simplex is generally regarded as a condition initiated and perpetuated by scratching and emotional tension. It was felt that the scratching might partly be a conditional response to itching and other signals, and that feelings of guilt, anxiety and hostility would be prominent features in these patients. Conditioning experiments designed to establish scratch responses to an itch stimulus (UCS) and a tone (CS) showed that lichen simplex patients conditioned more readily and extinguished more slowly than controls. These finding were more marked when the itch stimulus was applied to affected as compared with normal skin. It was not possible to distinguish differences in the psychological tests between patients and controls. The possible significance of these findings is discussed."
1156556,"After stripping with vinyl tape, dermatophytes may be cultured throughout the depth of the stratum corneum. In the present study skin strippings were used to investigate the horizontal spread of the dermatophyte infection. In five cases of tinea cruris and in twenty-two cases of tinea corporis, fungi could be cultured not only from the visible lesion, but in the majority of cases also from the normal-looking skin up to 6 cm from the margin of the lesion. No relationship could be found between the size and age of the lesion and the invasion of surrounding, normal-looking skin."
1156557,"In a group of 104 non-photosensitive subjects and seventy-eight suffering from a variety of photodermatoses, the most effective protective preparation against irradiation by short UV sunburn wavelengths (smaller than 320 nm) was found to be a mixture of 5% para-aminobenzoic acid and 2.5% of the ester amyl dimethylaminobenzoate in 70% ethanol with para-aminobenzoic acid being usually more effective than the ester, and mexenone the least effective individually. The protective capacity was found to be reduced by showering but not by exercise. The addition of glycerol to the formulations did not affect their protective capacity although the addition of propylene glycol did increase the protection obtained."
1156558,"A study of 157 psoriatic patients showed that 48.4% were HL-A 17 positive (control 6.0%). The relative risk of psoriasis in HL-A 17 positive individuals (14.7) was significantly higher than that reported from other centes, whilst that for HL-A 13 was lower. HL-A 17 was commoner in femal patients and associated with an earlier age of onset of psoriasis than when HL-A 17 was absent. The earlier age of onset in females is largely due to the higher frequency of HL-A 17. Family studies show that often the ingeritance of HL-A 17 is a necessary condition for psoriasis to appear and this probably applies in some instances to HL-A 13. It is likely that there is interaction between HL-A 17 and HL-A 13 and other genes predisposing to psoriasis. In some families there appears to be no association between psoriasis and the HL-A system. The general significance of these findings is discussed."
1156560,"In series of 419 consecutive patients with psoriasis the peak age-of-onset was between 5 and 9 years of age in girls and between 15 and 20 years in boys. Subsequently, there was a gradual decline in relation to age. The incidence of psoriasis in a parent of a proband was shown to be significantly higher in those patients where a detailed exmination of the family was undertaken, as compared with the information obtained only from case records."
1156561,"Infection due to opportunist mycobacteria is considered in general and that due to the fast growing mycobacteria in particular. The group is now seen to contain two facultative pathogens, M. fortuitum and M. chelonei (abscessus), all other synonyms for these two species having been shown to be invalid. Both organisms are ubiquitous and normally harmless; however, following injury or injection, they may cause chronic sub-cutaneous abscesses. Pulmonary lesions have also been described. More recently M. fortuitum has been found to cause osteomyelitis and corneal ulceration and both organisms have been identified in cases of septicaemia associated with renal dialysis. In the past M. chelonei my have been identified as M. fortuitum but although it is more difficult to isolate, it may in fact be the more common cause of disease. A case is reported of an English girl who received a small injury to her shin in Spain. The initial lesion failed to heal and for 18 months there was repeated formation small sinuses in the area. Healing then occurred spontaneously. Histology showed a chronic granuloma and on two occasions a rapid growing mycobacteria resistant to all antibiotics was isolated. This was initially identified as M. fortuitum but finally as M. chelonei and the latter diagnosis was confirmed by differential skin tests. Difficulties in interpretation of these tests are discussed."
1156563,"A nulliparous female aged 26 years, who presented with long-standing sore and cracked soles, showed congenital anonychia, long-standing hyper-and-hypo-pigmentation in axillae and groins, dry palmar and plantar skin as well as other skin and hair abnormalities. She gave a family history of nail, hair and pigmentary abnormalities and examination of living affected relatives confirmed this. This appears to be a hitherto undescribed autosomal dominant syndrome."
1156567,Atomic bomb survivors who worked at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima during the years 1968-71 and held handbooks identifying them as survivors took significantly more days of both annual leave and sick leave than did matched and paired control subjects. These differences in leave-taking patterns are considered to be due to behavioural causes as they could not be attributed to radiation dose-response effects.
1156566,"The activity of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) of erythrocytes, the lead (Pb-B) and cadmium (Cd-B) concentration in whole blood, the content of reduced glutathion (GSH) in erythrocytes, and the regeneration rate of GSH by intact erythrocytes were measured during an epidemiological survey of 84 men employed in a Belgian cadmium and lead producing plant. A control group of 26 persons (students and laboratory staff) was also examined. The logarithm of the ALAD activity is highly inversely correlated with log Pb-B (r = -0.760) but no correlation was found with log Cd-B. There exists a significant negative correlation between GSH and log Pb-B (r = -0.423) but not between GSH AND LOG Cd-B. The apparently good relationship between log ALAD and GSH disappeared completely by holding log Pb-B constant, but log ALAD remained highly inversely correlated with log Pb-B when standardized for GSH concentration (r = -0.748). In vivo investigation of the GSH regeneration rate of intact erythrocytes demonstrated clearly that the overall activity of the glutathione oxidation-reduction pathways is not impaired in Pb and Cd-exposed workers with significantly increased Pb-B and Cd-B, since their initial GSH regeneration rate (first 15 minutes) was identical with that of the control group. Results of similar in vitro experiments in which control whole blood was incubated before-hand with Pb2+ or Cd2+, or both, reinforce this conclusion. Since increased Cd-B and Pb-B do not influence the glutathione reductase system of erythrocytes, and since endogenous erythrocyte GSH is not correlated with Cd-B, the moderate decrease in endogenous erythrocyte Gsh found in Pb-exposed workers might result from a Pb-induced impairment for the erythrocyte mechanism for glutathione synthesis."
1156568,"This report studies 100 cases of occupational bladder cancer which were reported between 1949 and 1970 by large companies producing dye. It is estimated that in fact a great many more than 100 cases may have developed during the 56 years from 1914 to 1970, as this period corresponds with the beginning of dye production to the termination of benzidine and beta-naphthylamine manufacture in Japan. New cases of occupational bladder tumour should diminish significantly in the future in Japan on account of the prohibition of the production of beta-naphthylamine and benzidine. However, it is important to follow-up continuously workers who have been exposed to these amines. In Japan no cases of occupational bladder tumours from the rubber industry have been reported. It is emphasized that prospective epidemiological studies are required not only in the rubber industry but also in other industries where amines may constitute an occupational hazard."
1156569,"The effect of chronic cyanide exposure in the electroplating sections of three factories employing 36 workers was studied and compared with a control group. The concentration of cyanides to which the workers were exposed was measured. The regression line showing the relationship between thiocyanates in urine and the concentration of cyanides in the air was plotted. Increased percentages of haemoglobin and lymphocyte count were present in all exposed workers, in addition to punctate basophilia in 28 workers. Cyanmethaemoglobin was found to be characteristic. Apart from other complaints, two men with psychosis similar to one case reported in therapeutic thiocyanate intoxication were found. Twenty of the workers had thyroid enlargements to a variable degree and consistency, in two of whom it resembled lymphadenoid goitre. Thyroid 131I uptakes at 4 and 24 hours were significantly higher than in the controls, while 131PBI was unchanged. The reason for this iodine deficiency-like action is discussed."
1156570,"The energy cost of activity, depending on its intensity, varies between 6 and 50 kJ min-1 with average values for essential daily tasks and for hard work respectively of 12 and 28 kJ min-1. The levels of ventilation required to sustain these activities are, on average, 15 and 33 1 min-1 with an overall range of +/- 30%. Additional ventilation is needed for speech. The requirements for individual activities are reviewed."
1156571,"Surveys were carried out on random samples of the farming population in Devon and Wales in order to estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and of positive precipitin reactions to thermophilic fungi. Bronchitis, as defined, was common among the Welsh hill farmers, and the proportion of positive serological tests was higher in both the areas surveyed in Wales as compared with Devon. All three surveys confirmed a previous finding that the proportion of positive precipitin tests was higher among non-smokers than smokers. Although the numbers were small there was some indication that measurement of peak expiratory flow showed different relationships with age in non-smokers according to the presence or absence of positive precipitin tests. The difficulty of determining prevalence rates for farmer's lung is discussed, but the results suggest a rate not dissimilar to those found in two areas of Scotland which were more than 20 times higher than any figure previously reported in Britain."
1156572,"A study of the relative sensitivities of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF), and closing volume (CV) in the detection of subjects with byssinosis was carried out in a North Carolina cotton mill. Altogether 35 workers participated in the study. Of these, nine showed a decline in FEV1 of 10% or more during the first work shift that followed the weekend break. Twelve subjects showed a decrease in MMF of 15% or more. In contrast only six workers exhibited a 10% increase in closing capacity, while ten showed a 10% increase in CV. Recent evidence of the magnitude of variability in closing volume manoeuvres suggests that our chosen level of change was too low, A 40% change in CV would have identified only five subjects. CV is a more complex manoeuvre for the subject being tested and for the technician to perform, is more time consuming, and is subject to greater variation. To have any advantage over spirometry, CV would have to be appreciably more sensitive. Our study suggests that it is not. However, the MMF may prove to be more sensitive than the FEV1 in the detection of byssinosis."
1156573,"The effect of airborne dust on the guinea-pig ileum was studied. Tyrode extracts of airborne dust collected freshly in the cardroom of a cotton mill, and extracts of air pollutant samples drawn on the roof of the mill and of the local town hall were all found to induce the guinea-pig ileum to contract when applied in a tissue-bath. However, the force of contraction with air pollutants was rather greater than that with the cardroom dust. Considering the variables involved, the ileum response to the cardroom dust may have been due to ordinary air pollutants which constitute a significant part of the dust. It is concluded that this pharmacological phenomenon is probably not relevant in the context of byssinosis."
1156575,"The extracellular fluid of the plant pathogen, Fusarium solani f. pisi, grown on the plant cuticular polymer, cutin, was shown to contain cutinase and p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolase activities (R.E. Purdy and P.E. Kolattukudy (1973), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 159, 61). From this extracellular fluid two isozymes of cutinase and a nonspecific esterase (p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolase) were isolated using Sephedex G-100 gel filtration, QAE-Sephadex chromatography, and SE-Sephedex chromatography. Phenolics contained in the extracellular fluid were found to be associated with the cutinase but not with the nonspecific esterase, and the phenolic materials were removed from cutinase at the QAE-Sephedex step. A 34-fold purification of the nonspecific esterase and a 6.5-fold purification of cutinase were achieved by the procedure described. The two isozymes of cutinase (I and II) and the nonspecific esterase were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Molecular weights of cutinase I, cutinase II, and the nonspecific esterase were determined by Sephedex G-100 gel filtration, sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation, amino acid composition, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The values obtained with these techniques agreed with each other and were about 22,000 for both cutinases and 52,000 for the nonspecific esterase. The dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that a small portion of cutinase II contained proteolylic clips, near the middle of the polypeptide chain, and that the nonspecific esterase might also have undergone some proteolylic modification. The amino acid composition of cutinase I was similar to that of cutinase II except for the presence of a larger number of tryptophan residues in the latter, while the amino acid composition of the nonspecific esterase showed more differences from that of either cutinase."
1156576,"The stereochemistry of the two half-reactions catalyzed by the biotin-containing enzyme, transcarboxy-lase from Propionobacteria shermanii, has been determined. The pro-R hydrogen at C-2 of propionyl-coenzyme A is replaced by CO2 in formation of the S isomer of methylmalonyl-CoA, defining the process as retention of configuration. This C-2 hydrogen is abstracted at a rate identical with product formation. For the other half-reaction, pyruvate to oxalacetate, the chiral methyl group methodology of Rose (I. A. Rose (1970), J. Biol. Chem. 245, 6052) was employed. First, it was determined with [3-2-He]pyruvate that a kinetic deuterium isotope effect of 2.1 occurs at Vmax in this carboxyl transfer, indicating that the necessary requirement for discrimination against heavy isotopes of hydrogen existed. Then, 3(S)-[3-2-H,3-H]pyruvate, generated from 3(S)-]E-2-H,3-H]phosphoglycerate, was carboxylated and the oxalacetate trapped as [3030H]malate using malate dehydrogenase. Exhaustive incubation of the tritiated malate (3-H/14-C = 1.95) with fumarase to labilize the pro-R hydrogen at C-3 resulted in release of 65% of the tritium into water. Reisolation of the malate after fumarase action yielded a 30H/14-C ration of 0.67, indicating 34% retention as expected. The theoretical enantiotopic distribution for the observed k1H/k2H of 2.1 is 68:32. Selective enrichment of tritium in the pro-R position at C-3 of malate indicates enzymatic carboxylation of pyruvate with retention of configuration in this half-reaction also."
1156577,"The biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton of 3-ethylidene-L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (polyoximic acid) is described. This unique cyclic amino acid is the C terminus of the nucleoside peptide antibiotics, the polyoxins, elaborated by Streptomyces cacaoi var, asoensis. In vivo experiments show that 14-C from [1-14-C]isoleucine, [U-14-C]isoleucine, [1-14-C]methionine, [U-14-C]methionine, [U-14-C]threonine, and [1-14-C]glutamate is incorporated into polyoximic acid; however, 14-C from [5-14-C]glutamate and [methyl-14-C]methionine is not incorporated. The distribution of 14-C in polyoximic acid clearly shows that the intact carbon skeleton of L-isoleucine is utilized directly. The incorporation of 14-C from [U-14-C]methionine, [U-14-C]threonine, and [1-14-CA1glutamate into polyoximic acid occurred only after their conversion to isoleucine via 2-ketobutyrate. A scheme is presented in which either of the two beta-unsaturated amino acids isolated from Bankera fuligineoalba, L-2-amino-3-hydroxymethyl-3-pentenoic acid or L-2-amino-3-formyl-3-penetenoic acid, is regarded as a possible intermediate amino acid between isoleucine and polyoximic acid."
1156578,"We have developed a modified isolation procedure that yields kinetoplast DNA networks containing more than 90% closed circular DNA, as judged by two criteria: (a) In 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M sodium citrate (pH 7.0), less than 10% of the intact kinetoplast DNA melts in the temperature region of sonicated kinetoplast DNA. In 7.2 M NaCl04 the kinetoplast DNA melts with a Tm 26 degrees C higher than sonicated kinetoplast DNA. Even after complete melting in 7.2 M NaClO4 at 90 degrees C, the network remains intact, as judged by regain of hypochromicity on cooling and analysis in CsCl containing propidium dixodide. (b) In alkaline sucrose gradients more than 90% of the kinetoplast DNA sediments in a single peak. 2. In CsCl gradients containing ethidium bromide of propidium diiodide intact kinetoplast DNA gives a single uni-modal band showing an extremely restricted dye uptake. From the position of the bank relative to the bands of PM2 DNA, the superhelix  density of these networks is calculated to be +3.9 twists per 1000 base pairs. The superhelix density of closed mini-circles, efficiently liberated from the networks by shear in a French press, is -0.5 twists per 1000 base pairs. We attribute the high superhelix density (the highest yet observed in any DNA) of intact networks to their compact, highly catenated structure, leading to an additional constraint on dye uptake, superimposed on the restriction due to closed circularity."
1156579,"A continuous flow device utilizing a Clark oxygen electrode was constructed; this device had a dead time and resolution of 1 ms. Mixing was tested by observing the neurtralization of acid with base, and at the maximal flow rate, the mixing was 94% complete within 1 ms and better than 98% complete within 2 ms after initial mixing. Observation o of the oxygenation of hemoglobin gave data which agreed with previous data obtained by a stopped-flow optical experiment. The respiration of phosphorylating submitochondrial particles was measured utilizing this device. The burst of respiration in submitochondrial particles was triphasic, with a very rapid burst lasting some 60 ms, followed by a longer burst of respiration lasting more than 4 s."
1156580,"Spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae began a cyanide-sensitive oxygen consumption immediately upon exposure to a liquid medium, and spore germination and respiration were not affected by ethidium bromide, D-threochloramphenicol, and acriflavin until later during germ tube emergence. These inhibitors of the mitochondrial genetic system all inhibited total cell protein synthesis to the same intermediate degree from the outset of incubation. When spores were incubated in water under non-germinating conditions, protein synthesis and oxygen uptake proceeded at initial rates almost identical to those seen in spores germinating in the presence of the three mitochondrial system inhibitors. Although the spores respired at rapid rates from the onset of incubation, no cytochrome absorption peaks could be observed in mitochondrial fractions prepared from ungerminated spores; they were readily observed in germinated spores, however. When the spores were germinated in the presence of inhibitors of the mitochondrial system, an excess of cytochrome c was observed in the near absence of cytochromes a and b. The results indicate that the ungerminated spores of this organism contain a preserved, potentially functional aerobic respiratory system which requires cycloheximide-sensitive ribosome activity to become functional when the spores are inoculated into a liquid medium."
1156581,"An immunosassy for the quantitative determinations of ferredoxins in cell free extracts from plant tissues is described. The method is accurate for the assay of 0.3-1.5 nmol ferredoxin directly from the extracts. The following average values (nmol ferredoxin/mg extractable protein) were obtained: 3.9, 1.8. 5.90, 14.8 and 10.9 for Euglena gracilis, spinach, parsley, lettuce, and broccoli, respectively. Specific factors affecting the method are discussed in detail."
1156582,"In the presence of 0.1-5 muM N-methylphenazonium methosulphate approx. 50-70% oxidation of cytochrome b-559 can be induced by far-red light. The oxidation is best observed with long wavelength far-red light (732 nm) of moderate intensities (approx. 10(4) ergs/cm2 per s) and is reversed by subsequent illumination with red light. Concentrations of N-methylphenazonium methosulphate above 5 muM are inhibitory probably due to cyclic electron flow. The far-red oxidation is inhibited by low concentrations of the plastoquinone antagonist 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, while 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibits red light reduction and increases the amplitude of far-red oxidation. The effect of N-methylphenazonium methosulphate is mimicked by N-methyl-phenazonium ethosulphate, but not by pyocyanine or diaminodurene. Low concentrations (2-3 muM) of N-methylphenazonium methosulphate also stimulate a 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone-inhibitable red light reduction of cytochrome f."
1156583,"Insulin degradation by glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase has been studied using three different assay procedures: the measurement of the change in insulin immunoreactivity; the formation of 5% trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from 125 I-labeled insulin and the formation of GSSG via coupling to the oxidation of NADPH with the use of glutathione reductase. The extent of reaction as measured by each assay was different, and the ratios between the assays were not constant with time. Kinetic experiments with the NADPH-coupled assay and the trichloroacetic acid assay yielded similar results: Line-weaver-Burke plots with insulin as variable and GSH as fixed substrate gave a set of straight, intersecting lines, and such plots with GSH as variable and insulin as fixed substrate were parabolic. Apparent Km values for insulin at 1 mM GSH were found to be quite similar by three assay techniques; however, the V values per unit of enzyme protein varied considerably with different procedures. The results are interpreted as indicating that immunoreactivity is lost after reduction of only one of the disulfide bonds of insulin whereas the two interchain disulfide linkages must be broken to produce the trichloroacetic acid-soluble A chain. The results of the NADPH-coupled assay suggest that all three disulfide bonds of insulin are possible substrates for the enzyme. The trichloroacetic acid precipitation assay seems to be the most practicable technique for general use because of the greater ease in performing large number of samples, precision and sensitivity."
1156584,Palmitic acid stimulated the activity of mango peroxidase and reversed the inhibition due to the peroxidase inhibitor present in the preclimacteric fruit. The palmitic acid effect appeared to saturate in the range of 45 to 60 muM palmitic acid. Crude fatty acid extract of the mango exerted similar effect. The percentage stimulation was pH-dependent. Palmitic acid stimulated the enzyme by 18 percent at its optimum pH (5) but the stimulation was in excess of 63 percent at pH 2.5. At pH 2.5 the enzyme concentration versus velocity plot was non-linear and the activation by palmitic acid appeared to saturate between 32 and 48 muM concentration of the effector. The inhibition of the enzyme at and above 0.86 muM concentration of substrate (H202) was not found in the presence of palmitic acid. The effector also changed the heat inactivation kinetics of the enzyme and activated only two out of the four peroxidase isoenzymes present in the climacteric fruit extracts. The results presented indicate the regulatory nature of the enzyme and support its significance in fruit ripening.
1156585,"L-Leucine-pyruvate transaminase obtained from Acetobacter suboxydans exhibited absorbance maxima to 280 and 332 nm. The 332 nm peak was derived from the coenzyme bound to the enzyme protein with the epsilon NH2 of a lysine residue. The transaminase showed reactivity against many L-amino acids. The relation between the reactivity and the structure of the amino donor is discussed. The Michaelis constants for L-leucine, pyruvate, L-alanine and alpha-ketoisocaproate were 6.7, 3.1, 7.1 and 0.9 mM, respectively. The equilibrium constant was 5.3. The activation energy at pH 5.0 was 8,800 cal/mol."
1156586,"1. The enzyme activity in the particulate fraction from rat liver that hydrolyzes alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (Bz-Arg-NNap) has been separated into two approximately equal components by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. One component (peak II) is completely retained by the column at low ionic strength while the other component (peak I) passes through. 2. In contrast to the enzyme in peak I, the enzyme in peak II is extremely sensitive to inhibition by leupeptin, it will hydrolyze carbobenzoxy-alanylarginylarginyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine, and it will inactivate aldolase. 3. There appears to be also a minor high molecular weight component of the alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginyl-2-naphthylamine-hydrolyzing activity that is retained by the DEAE-cellulose but which has properties similar to those of the peak I enzyme."
1156587,"Physicochemical properties of beef liver argininosuccinase (EC 4.3.2.1) are reported, which show that the operational kinetic unit at pH 7.5 in the concentration range used for enzymic assays is of molecular weight 203 000. This information is utilized in the interpretation of initial velocity studies of the forward reaction (argininosuccinate as initial substrate) where, in an Eadie-Hofstee plot, deviation from linearity is observed. These results are examined with the aid of a rate equation, formulated as a ratio of two polynomials in initial substrate concentration, which provides a quantitative description of the system in terms of cooperative effects. The kinetics of the reverse reaction catalysed by argininosuccinase were also investigated by performing experiments of different design in which the rate of change of fumarate concentration was monitored as a function of time. Comparison of these results with numerical solutions obtained by integrating the differential rate equation reflecting the reversible reaction permitted estimation of the relevant kinetic parameters. One of the latter experiments involved a coupled assay with argininosuccinase and arginase as the consecutive catalysts and indicated that no chemical interaction occurred between the enzymes. This observation, which is relevant to consideration of fluxes in the urea cycle, was supported by both sedimentation velocity studies on mixtures of the enzymes and by other kinetic analysis."
1156588,"The microsomal membranes and the proteolipidic particles obtained by disruption of the microsomes by alkaline-earth ions at molar concentration have been compared by measuring the fluorescence properties of 1-anilino-naphthalene-3-sulfonate and naphthyl-1-phenylamine. The protein lipid arrangement of these two systems appears to be not essentially different. The study of fluorescence polarization of an hydrophobic probe (perylene) in function of Mg2+ concentration suggests a possible mechanism of disruption of the membrane by Mg2+ involving the strong structure-making effect of the ion. The comparison of the fluorescence polarization changes of perylene and equilenine (a competitive inhibitor of the isomerase) with the ionic concentration indicates that there is no direct relation between the bulk lipidic phase and the enzymatic binding site properties. Moreover, the emission of equilenine is completely quenched by I-, in contrast with the napththyl-1-phenylamine and perylene probes, which clearly demonstrates the accessibility of the catalytic site to water molecules and ions."
1156589,"Alkaline-earth ions (Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+) have two specific effects on the kinetic parameters of the beef adrenal 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity in the microsomes and in the particles obtained after disrupting the membrane structure by action of 1 M MgCl2. On the microsomal enzyme, a 2-fold increase of V is observed with the three cations under study. The small difference in the effect of the three ions could be related to their hydration energy. It is suggested that the interaction of the ion with water is the determinant step of the activation mechanism and not the fixation of the ion on the enzyme or on some others possible binding sites in this system. With the enzyme in the proteolipidic particles, the use of EDTA as a chelating agent for the cations present in the enzymatic assay, allows the characterization of two effects: at low concentration of EDTA, an increase of Km is observed and at higher concentration (2 mM), V is decreased. A subsequent addition of Mg2+ leads to an activation in two steps: V is increased in the first step without change in Km, the second step consists of a decrease of Km without any change in V. A relation between the structural perturbations induced by the ions (Gallay, J., Vincent, M. and Alfsen, A. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 397, 489-500) and their kinetic effect on the enzymatic reaction is established."
1156590,"Some structural features required for the enzymatic phosphorylation of phosvitin by purified rat liver cytosol phosvitin kinase have been investigated by testing the activity of such an enzyme toward phosphopeptides differing in size and chemical composition, obtained by pronase or acid hydrolysis of phosvitin. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (a) Phosvitin kinase phosphorylates even fairly simple phosphopeptides (mol.wt 1000-2000) at rates comparable with intact phosvitin. (b) Acetylation of both phosvitin and pronase phosphopeptides completely prevents their phosphorylation indicating that some lysine residues are strictly required for the phosvitin kinase reaction. (c) Accordingly polyphosphorylserine blocks Ser(P)n which are very actively phosphorylated in phosvitin and pronase phosphopeptides, do not undergo any more enzymatic phosphorylation once isolated as such in a form free of other amino acids. (d) The activity of phosvitin kinase toward substrates probably devoid of Ser(P)n blocks suggests that there are not required for the protein kinase reaction. However, they apparently enhance the phosphorylation rate of the peptide substrates, likely by making easier their binding to the enzyme. It is proposed therefore that the peptidic unit able to undergo phosphorylation by rat liver cytosol phosvitin kinase consists of one or more phosphorylserine residues having in their close proximity a lysine residue playing a critical role in the mechanism of transphosphorylation."
1156591,"The surface diffusion coefficient of cholesterol in cholesterol monolayers has been measured as a function of cholesterol surface concentration. Two different radiochemical methods, one integral and the other differential, were developed which gave comparable results. In the integral method two cholesterol monolayers, one of which is radioactive, are isolated on inert hydrophilic supports and then brought into contact. After some time the supports are separated and the radioactivity of the supports is measured. The differential method is an autoradiographic experiment. Two cholesterol monolayers, one of which is radioactive, are separated by means of a thin barrier. Upon removal of the barrier and at later times, an autoradiographic plate is brought to within a fraction of a mm from the aqueous surface and exposed. The plates are developed and analysed. The data show that the cholesterol surface diffusion coefficient in the dilute monolayers is approximately 10(-6)cm2/s and is nearly independent of surface concentration up to a concentration corresponding to an area of 40 A2/molecule. As the monolayer becomes compressed beyond this surface concentration, the diffusion coefficient decreases ubruptly with the deeply decreasing surface tension to about 10(-7) cm2/s, when a fully condensed surface layer of 38 A2/molecule is reached. This diffusion coefficient is of the same order of magnitude as the diffusion coefficients measured in lipid bilayers and in membranes."
1156592,"1. Erythrocyte ghosts exhibit resonance-enhanced Raman bands at 1530 cm(-1) and 1165 cm(-1) attributable to v(-C=C-) and v(=C-C=), respectively, of the conjugated polyene chains in carotenoids. In lipid extract of ghosts, these resonance-enhanced bands lie at 1527 and 1158 cm(-1). The spectra indicate the presence of membrane-bound beta-carotene. 2. The resonance-enhanced Raman spectrum of beta-carotene in lecithin liposomes is identical to that obtained with hexane or chloroform solutions. 3. Increasing proportions of cholesterol in cholesterol-lecithin liposomes up to a cholesterol: phospholipid molar ratio of 0.8-0.9 drastically decreases the intensity of both resonance-enhanced bands. 4. In ghosts the carotenoid bands respond to membrane perturbations. Trypsinization, lysolecithin treatment and reduction of pH increase the intensities of the 1530 and 1165 cm(-1) bands. In contrast, a decrease in the intensity of both bands follows equilibration of ghosts for 15 min at approx. 50 degrees C or addition of (0.1%) sodium dodecyl sulfate. 5. We suggest that perturbants known to change lipid-protein interactions in erythrocyte membranes modify the microenvironment and/or configuration of the membrane-bound carotenoid."
1156593,"When observed over a temperature range, erythrocyte membrane lipids undergo a transition at 18-20 degrees C (Zimmer, G. and Schirmer, H. (1974) biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 314-320). This observation has prompted an investigation of the effects that substrate binding has on the transition of the red cell membrane. Glucose and sorbose were compared, since transport kinetics of these sugars still pose unresolved questions. In membranes, preloaded with glucose, the break at the transition temperature was intensified, while it was abolished or reversed in membranes preloaded with sorbose. These results were corroborated using different solubilization procedures (sonication, sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment) of the membranes, and also different techniques (viscosimetry, 90 degrees light scattering, 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate fluorescence). In extracted membrane lipids, viscosimetry indicated a break at transition temperature after preloading with either glucose or sorbose. Disc electrophoresis revealed a different binding pattern of the two sugars. It is suggested, that the amplification of the discontinuity in red cell membranes by glucose and the abolition or reversal of the break by sorbose are mediated by membrane protein- and/or membrane lipid-protein interaction."
1156594,"The effects of bile salts, Tween 20 and hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide on the uptake of beta-[3H]carotene and [3H]retinol by rat-everted gut sacs were studied in vitro under conditions simulating those present in the intestinal lumen during lipid absorption. 2. Micellar solutions significantly enhanced uptake over emulsions. Maximum uptake occurred at the critical micellar concentration of the bile salts mixture. At higher detergent concentrations beta-carotene uptake declined sharply; retinol absorption remained high. 3. In beta-carotene absorption bile salts functioned not only as micellar solubilizers but also may have been required for interaction with the cell membrane or as a transport carrier. In retinol uptake their primary function appeared only to be micellar solubilization. Both uptake and efflux of substrates were enhanced in bile salt micellar solutions compared to the other detergents. 4. Beta-carotene cleavage and conversion to retinyl esters occurred only in bile salts solutions. Retinol esterification was seen with all detergents. These effects increased as the tri/dihydroxy bile salts ratio was increased. 5. Beta-carotene uptake appeared to be reversible and passive at low concentrations. Retinol uptake was reversible, 7-30 times more rapid, and partially inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol at higher concentrations. An energy-requiring step may have been rate limiting."
1156595,"The accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by placental slices is increased dramatically upon prior incubation of the slices in amino acid-free, buffered saline. This increase is inhibited by inhibitors of protein synthesis and is accompanied by an increased V for the transport process. While alternative explanations are discussed, these data suggest that the incubation effect may be mediated through an increase in the number of available transport sites which are synthesized during the incubation period. Incubation with an amino acid mixture diminishes the increase as well as general protein synthesis, suggesting that a reduced availability of amino acids may initiate compensatory changes in the synthesis of cellular transport proteins."
1156596,"Single-crystal X-ray methods have been used to characterize a nickel derivative of adenosine 5'-monophosphate, of stoicheiometry [Ni(5'-AMP)(H2O)5]-H2O. The metal atom binds to the N(7) position on the adenine base, with the five remaining octahedral coordination sites about nickel occupied by water molecules. The phosphate group is connected via intramolecular hydrogen bonds to coordinated water molecules."
1156597,"Looking for messenger RNA coding for yeast ribosomal protein, we devised a method to identify polysomes involved in ribosomal protein synthesis. Analysis of nascent protein elongated in vitro demonstrated that ribosomal proteins are synthesized both on membrane-associated and free polysomes."
1156598,"Plasma albumin levels were measured in partially hepatectomized, sham operated and control rats. The levels fell in both the partially hepatectomized and sham operated groups; while the latter group returned to normal within a few days, the low plasma albumin in the partially hepatectomized animals was sustained. Albumin synthesis rates in the isolated perfused rat liver were measured in the three groups of animals at varying intervals after partial hepatectomy. There was a significant depression of albumin synthesis rate in terms of both liver and whole animal weights when compared to the sham operated and control animals. This depression was almost completely reversed by the addition of arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan and valine added together to 10 times their normal plasma concentrations. The addition of hydrocortisone had no effect on the albumin synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy. Studies in vivo in the three groups of animals (partially hepatectomized, sham operated and control animals) revealed a fall in the albumin catabolic rate after partial hepatectomy coinciding with the fall in the albumin synthesis rate. An hypothesis whereby the amino acids may have their stimulatory effect is proposed."
1156599,"The synthesis of 5-S RNA was found to be unchanged at both the permissive (33.5 degrees C) and non-permissive (38.5 degrees C) temperatures in a temperature-sensitive Baby Hamster Kidney cell line (BHK 21 ts 422 E) as measured relative to synthesis of 18-S rRNA. The 5-S RNA is shown to be associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles even though rRNA processing does not yield a functional 28-S rRNA at the non-permissive temperature. The amount of 5-S RNA found associated with the 80-S ribonucleoprotein particles was the same at the permissive and non-permissive temperatures, indicating that an aberrant 5-S RNA contribution to rRNA processing is not a primary cause for the temperature-sensitive lesion of rRNA maturation in this mutant cell line. The amount of 5-S RNA in nucleolar 80-S RNA particles indicated that the association of 5-S RNA with the rRNA precursor particle occurs before the cleavage step at which 32-S precursor RNA is produced."
1156626,"Human evoked-potential research on the neurophysiological substrate of selective attention is reviewed. Most of these studies report enhanced amplitudes of potentials evoked by attended (task-relevant, meaningful, important, etc.) stimuli the results of which are generally regarded as providing an electrophysiological correlate for selective attention. In accepting such claims, there appears to be two major procedural problems generally not satisfactorily solved in these studies: (1) the inability to reliably separate the specific and non-specific physiological changes concomitant with selective attention from each other; and (2) inadequacy of peripheral sensory control possibly inducing contaminating changes already at the level of the proximal stimulus. Problem (1) originates from, and the importance of (2) is emphasized by, the temporal stimulus structure of experimental tasks in these studies which allows the subject to predict above the chance level the relevant events and, thus, to differentially prepare himself for these in advance (increased non-specific arousal and selective peripheral sensory orientation, the latter often made possible by insufficient control, have possibly been among these changes). Those studies to which these two (and other) remarks do not apply at all or only to an insignificant degree have generally shown no selective evoked-potential changes (or these changes have occurred only with a long latency ('P3' or 'P300') making their interpretation especially uncertain). There is one exception for this general notion, the reasons for and significance of which are dealt with in detail. Finally, the difficulties and inherent limitations of inferring brain events from scalp-recorded evoked-potential data, especially with respect to the important selective-filter hypothesis of selective attention, are extensively discussed and, in the light of these difficulties, some trends for future research proposed."
1156627,"Skin conductance response (SCR) habituation to loud tones was tested in chronically anxious patients and controls matched for age, sex and occupation. The results replicate Lader and Wing's finding of slowed response habituation in the patient group. These results are discussed in light of the Lader and Wing model attributing anxiety-proneness to an innate slowness in habituating to stimulation. Two factors which in themselves could cause slowed response habituation were present in the patient group during testing: increased physiological activity and increased threat appraisal. The latter resulted in the patients' frequently attributing signal value to the irrelevant tones. Because of the presence of these contaminating factors, and decreased response habituation in the patient groups can be considered only weak evidence in support of the slowed habituation model. Since the excessive test anxiety in the patient group contributes to both increased physiological activity and increased threat appraisal, it is suggested that SCR habituation testing be undertaken when both patient and control groups can be brought to equivalent states of relaxation."
1156628,"Small amounts of whole blood from repeatedly bled donors increased the replacement rate of plasma protein in dogs, cats and rabbits subjected to hemorrhage. Results obtained within three hours were statistically significant. This strongly suggests that a chemical mediator, to hasten restoration of plasma protein levels, is released into the blood during hypoproteinemia."
1156631,"The sodium content of red cells and plasma in some cirrhotic patients with ascites has been measured, before, during and after diuretic treatment. The results were compared with those found in 37 normal subjects and 42 untreated cirrhotic patients with ascites. In the 10 cirrhotic patients with ascites studied, the mean sodium content in erythrocytes before diuretic treatment was 9.95 (+1- SD 3.27) mEQ/kg, 27.15 (+/- SD 5.60) mEq/kg of dry weight and 15.02 (+/- SD 2.70) mEq/kg of red cell water. During diuretic treatment, the mean sodium content in red cells was significantly decreased to 6.27 (+/- SD 1.46) mEq/kg; 18.85 (+/- SD 4.36) mEq/kg of dry weight and 10.15 (+/- SD 2.41) mEq/kg of red blood cell water (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.01, and P less than 0.02 respectively). The mean plasma sodium concentration which was 135.95 (+/- SD 4.14) mEq/kg before diuretic treatment was significantly decreased during treatment to 129.19 (+/- SD 2.77) mEq/kg, P less than 0.001. Once the ascites had disappeared and the diuretic treatment had been discontinued the sodium concentration in both plasma and red cells became normal. The radioactive 22Na exchange ""in vitro"" between plasma and red cells of cirrhotic patients with ascites remained unmodified during diuretic treatment."
1156667,"A technique is described for assaying membrane bound enzymes. The results of studies with two sequential glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases are presented. The results are discussed in the light of recent suggestions concerning the structural organisation of these enzymes. A description, of the specificity of these enzymes for high molecular weight substrates, is presented."
1156668,"The collective kinetic behavior of a linear array of cells containing a substrate inhibited enzyme is studied with a model in which each cell is considered a well-stirred compartment surrounded by a semipermeable membrane. At large values of a reaction-permeation modulus, wherein substrate access to interior cells is limited, plots of total reaction rate versus concentration of the external reservoir show sharp projections which correspond to dominant reaction occurring in a pair of symmetrically placed cells. Over prescribed ranges of reservoir concentration, multiple stable steady states can occur, some of which are characterized by asymmetric profiles of concentration and reaction rate across the array. A simple stability criterion is proposed and applied to arrays with arbitrary numbers of cells."
1156669,"The assumption that prompted the studies reported in this paper was that the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge on the regulation of cellular growth might derive from the reductionistic approach used to investigate it. Thus an analysis of cellular growth which applied concepts derived from systems dynamics was undertaken. First of all a dynamic model of cellular growth has been constructed. It has the following features: the levels of DNA, ribosomes and proteins are the defining levels; cellular growth is expressed by a close loop in which the level of ribosomes per genome and, indirectly, the level of proteins per genome are stabilized around goal values by the action of negative feed backs. The validity of the model has been tested by its ability to predict the growth kinetics of a real system (exponentially growing Neurospora cells). The simulated growth has been found to reproduce with great accuracy that of Neurospora cells. A slightly modified model, which takes into consideration also the degradation of ribosomes and of proteins, is shown to predict with accuracy the dynamics of growth of both growing and resting fibroblasts. These latter results suggest that the rates of macromolecular turnovers play a central role in the control of proliferation of mammalian cells: the condition of zero growth seems to be achieved when the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of proteins are the same. The possibility is discussed that the model indicates a unifying hypothesis of the mode of action of growth controlling conditions (hormones, growth factors, contact inhibition)."
1156671,"Based on experimental data (see Lindigkeit et al., 1974) an algorithmic computer model was devised with the following parameters: (a) nbr. and position of hypothetic blocker sites at the DNA which inhibit transcription in such a manner that distinct RNA chain lengths arise; (2) time depending probability functions that a polymerase molecule (p.m.) is able to pass a blocker site; (3) time depending rate of viability of synthetizing p.m. and (4) distribution of the p.m. on the template at the time t0. For comparison between observed and computed results 3 parameters are used: (1) distribution of chain lengths of RNA molecules in vitro synthetized; (2) their total amount and (3) the number of active p.m. By means of comparisons between computed and experimental results it is possible to test hypotheses about internal structural and functional parameters of the system under investigation, e.g. estimation of the rel. influence of template vs. p.m. characters in the transcription process, hypotheses about the type of distribution of p.m. at time t0, their initiation and salt depending removal probability of the blocker structures."
1156673,"A metabolic system consists of cooperating biochemical reactions. The motion is described by differential equations in the metabolites. The right-hand sides of these equations are linear combinations of the velocities of the individual reactions. These velocities depend in a non-linear manner on the metabolite concentrations (according to the law of mass action). A characteristic ""metabolic"" time may be defined for the motion of the whole system. It scales the essential metabolic events whose evolution time is comparable to this metabolite time unit. The constituent reactions of the metabolic system have an individual characteristic time which need not coincide with the general metabolic time. The individual time characterises the approach to the individual equilibrium of the isolated undisturbed reaction. According to the ratio of these two time scales, a single reaction may be fast, or slow, or essential, as compared with the metabolic events. Characteristic time of a single reaction and its steady-state deviation from equilibrium are closely related. It can be shown that the relative deviation from equilibrium of a reaction within the metabolic network is of the same numerical order as the ratio between individual time to metabolic time. The interaction of many reactions with different characteristic times introduces a time hierarchy into the system. This can be made transparent by appropriate scaling and by linear transformation of the system. The subsystem of fast cooperating reactions (dehydrogenases, phosphotransferases) attains a state which is near to the individual equilibrium and reestablishes this state after perturbation. The equilibration is fast; an ultrarapid phase of cofactor equilibrium can be distinguished from the fast phase of substrate equilibrium (exchange of metabolic material between different pathways). During the slower metabolic phase these near-equilibria manifest themselves as stoichiometric linkage between unrelated metabolites. The latter cease to be independent variables and combine to metabolic pools. It can be strictly shown that the essential variables at the metabolic time scale are carrier pools and the degree of occupancy of these carriers by metabolic groups. Chemically different types of carrier pools may be functionally linked together by fast reactions. A consequence of such an arrangement of reactions are distance effects: Changes at one end of a metabolic map may be directly conveyed to other pathways via stoichiometric linkage brought about by fast equilibration of cofactor reactions."
1156677,"An analytic method is presented which can be used to determine if the following system of nonlinear differential equations has periodic solutions x1 = h(xn)-b1x1 xj = gj-1xj-1-bjxj j = 2, ... n A systematic dual input describing function procedure is given for constructing a function of the reaction constants R, where if R greater than 1 a periodic solution exists and if R smaller than 1 there is no periodic solution. The form of R constructed generalizes immediately to an arbitrarily large dimension. The method generalizes to cover systems displaying hysteresis kinetics, systems subject to chemical noise, and systems containing delay components. The method has been applied to a well known biochemical problem where h(xn)-k/(1 + alphaxnrho). For rho = 1, for all n, there are no stable limit cycles such that xj(t) greater than O, t larger than or equal to O. For rho = 2,n larger than or equal to 8 it is possible to construct a parameter set such that stable oscillations appear."
1156682,"Cowden disease represents an unusual, but unique syndrome which can be recognized most consistently by the development of characteristic verrucous, keratotic, papular, and nodular lesions about facial orifices, on the oral mucosa, and over the dorsal surfaces of the forearms and hands. The cause of these diverse hyperplastic changes is not known. Recognition of these lesions as signs of more extensive disease should alert the physician to examine the thyroid gland, breasts, female reproductive tract, GI tract, and skeleton for evidence of the associated changes we have enumerated. Because of the tendency for lesions of the thyroid, breast, and intestines to undergo malignant change, these patients require close observation and evaluation."
1156688,"Six theoretically possible syndromes of IGD are shown in Table 1. 1) IBGD is well-substantiated both in males and in females, and appears to be either of pituitary or more frequently of nonpituitary origin. 2) An example of isolated FSH deficiency has been described. The defect appears to reside at the pituitary level and may be localized to the FSH beta subunit. Recently a male patient has been studied with isolated FSH deficiency and a concordant testicular picture viz germinal cell aplasia. However, the syndrome is complicated by an associated chromosomal abnormality (XO/XXY/XY) whose significance is unclear. 3) Several examples of isolated hLH deficiency have been described. Several questions remain about the exact nature of the defect in some of the published reports of this syndrome."
1156710,"In recent years the United States has made considerable progress in providing family planning services for those in need.  This does not mean, however, that the problems posed by unwanted pregnancies and unwanted births have been completely overcome.  Estimates of the number of low-income women needing and receiving family planning services indicate that roughly 3.6 million women at risk of an unwanted pregnancy were receiving family planning services in 1973.  This represented almost two-thirds of those in need at the time.  Many programs are also seeking to meet the teenage need demonstrated by very high rates of out-of-wedlock births, premarital conceptions, obstetric problems, and legal abortion demands of women 15 to 19 years of age.  As of 1973, it appeared that between 1.3 and 2.2 million never-married teenagers were in need of organized family planning services, and that of these, services were being received by between 25 and 42 per cent."
1156711,"This report describes a rooming-in program based on allocation of resources to patients in accord with their health needs.  It outlines the advantages of having the healthy infant kept with the mother continually during the puerperium.  This promotes easier psychological adaptation of mother and infant, reduces the incidence of cross-infection in the hospital, encourages breast-feeding, and paves the way for providing the newborn with regular checkups at peripheral health centers.  The report also points out the need to instill a strong instructional component into the roomin-in program.  The basic elements of the overall program are maternal training based on indivisual instruction, group discussion sessions accompanied with instructional slides, and participation by the mother in the care of her infant under supervision of the midwifery team.  The adoption of a program of this nature does not imply an increase in existing human and material resources, but rather a rationalization of the distribution of present resources and the added contribution of the mother's active participation in helping to care for her child."
1156712,"Single radial immune diffusion and counterelectrophoresis tests were used to examine 2,593 serum speciments from apparently healthy men, women, and children of Peru for the presence of hepatitis B antigen (Australia antigen).  The object was to estimate the prevalence of the antigen in two contrasting geographic regions and to investigate the relationship between presence of the antigen and jungle hepatitis in eastern Peru.  In connection with the latter goal, both single and serial serum samples collected from hepatitis cases during an epidemic in the northeast were also examined.  Of the 2,593 apparently healthy subjects, the tests showed 1.4 per cent were carrying the antigen.  However, when the data were broken down by geographic region it was found that 1.8 per cent of the subjects from eastern Peru were carriers, as compared to only 0.5 per cent of those from the northern coast.  Moreover, incidences as high as 5 and 6.4 per cent were found in selected eastern areas, and a peak figure of 14.3 per cent was found in sera from children living in some of these areas.  Comparison of the proportions of male and female sera positive for the antigen indicated that the proportion of males with HB Ag was nearly twice as high.  However, sera collected from Indians of 20 different eastern tribes and from mestizos in the eastern region showed roughly the same proportion of samples positive for HB Ag in each ethnic group.  The study also showed a close correlation between presence of the antigen and hepatitis infection during a 1972-1973 epidemic in eastern Peru.  Testing of sera taken from hepatitis patients at that time showed many patients to be carrying HB Ag, specially in cases where serial blood samples were available.  In all, positive test results were obtained for 81.2 per cent of the patients from whom two or more samples had been obtained."
1156713,"In Central and South America, enteric infections constitute one of the leading causes of disease and death.  The terrible toll is exacted by a host of different microorganisms, virtually all of which are transmitted via contact with human excreta.  To change this picture we need many more water supply and sewerage systems, better food preparation and handling, and public comprehension of how elementary good hygiene promotes good health.  Attaining these objectives will be difficult, but less costly than one might suppose, and there is little to be gained by delay.  The basic enviromental causes of enteric disease are clear, current conditions have been aggravated by rapid population growth and urbanization, and basic corrective measures have already been postponed long enough."
1156715,"China's family planning efforts give the appearance of being substantial and effective, though in terms of hard data the precise degree of success achieved is hard to gauge.  The author's five-week tour of China, upon which this article is based, showed a country that seemed capable of controlling its rate of population growth, but it was unclear whether the desired level of growth had in fact been attained.  What was clear is that several unusual ingredients are primarily responsible for the marked progress made to date.  Foremost among them is a public attitude of strict adherence to a moral code which effectively limits sexual relations to married couples and which encourages delay of marriage well beyond the teenage years.  Enhancing this, a wide-ranging State publicity campaign promotes birth control through public address systems, brochures given newlyweds, classes and information provided to expectant parents, discussion groups designed to elicit ""voluntary"" adoption of birth control methods, and other means.  To complement this, the Government provides a nationwide network of free or nearly free family planning services organized down to the local level and fully equipped to assist with contraception, sterilization, or termination of pregnancy upon request.  Although general statistics have not been made available, it seems obvious that a substantial reduction in China's potential rate of population growth has been achieved."
1156726,"Twenty-one cases of malignant melanoma occurring in the Igbos of Nigeria have been analysed. The site of predilection is the sole of the foot. This result supports the conclusion that Negroes tend to have the disease in the non-pigmented parts. Since preventive surgery has been advocated in Caucasians in whom sole melanomas are not common, it merits consideration and, if possible, implementation in the African Negro. The challenge implicit in this form of preventive oncology should be accepted by plastic surgeons, including Africans who specialized in this field abroad."
1156719,"The mechanical and the diffusing lung properties have been measured in 19 cases of diffuse fibrosing alveolitis of unknown etiology (proved by histology in 17 cases). The characteristic findings are: a) a striking reduction of DLCO in all the cases; b) a marked reduction of the static and dynamic compliance, in correlation with the reduction of vital capacity; c) an increase in P1max in correlation with the decrease of FRC; d) an increase of the elastic recoil when it is considered at various percentages of the predicted lung volume, but in some cases a normal shape of the V-P curve if the measured lung volume is taken into account; e) a reduction of the maximum expiratory flows suggesting bronchiolar stenosis; f) alterations of DL more marked than those of CL suggesting that DL is a more sensitive test."
1156720,Central chemosensitivity is ascribed to three areas on the ventral medullary surface. The discharge frequency of neurons observed in these areas depends upon pH. Other neurons within the  same areas do not change their frequency during acidosis or alkalosis. Histologically the areas are characterized by superficial nerve cells.
1156728,"Microvascular repairs of 50 rabbits' femoral arteries averaging 0.9 mm in diameter gave an immediate patency rate of 100 per cent and a follow-up patency rate of 98 per cent after 3-41 days. The patency rate of 50 veins averaging 1.1 mm in diameter was 98 per cent immediately after surgery and 80 per cent after 3-41 days. No anticoagulants or antispasmodics were used. An additional 25 vein repairs with sufficient additional sutures to ensure more accurate apposition of the vein edges resulted in 100 per cent immediate patency and 92 per cent patency when examined during the 2nd week, the period which reveals the truest patency rate. Technical adequacy of the microvascular repair is the most important factor in ensuring final patency."
1156735,"This study of suicide in Dublin during 1964-1968 from coroners' records was undertaken to estimate the discrepancy between coroners' verdicts, the national suicide statistics compiled from them and the clinical assessment of probability of suicide by psychiatrists examining the same records. The large difference in numbers of suicides deriving from the two approaches has considerable implications for national suicide statistics, and these have been briefly considered. From the findings presented we believe that we are justified in concluding that: (a) there are real differences in national suicide rates, at least between Ireland, England and Wales, and Scotland, and (b) the Irish suicide rate is low, though not as low as official statistics suggest, and (c) the discrepancy between official and ""true"" suicide rates in Ireland is greater than in England and Wales and in Scotland."
1156736,"Basing hypotheses on interpretations of 12 personality factors most replicated in 10 past researches with children, this experiment sets up about eight subtests as specific markers for each. Ninety-five tests, taking eight hours in all, were administered to 394 14-16-year olds. A majority of the personality pattern hypotheses were sustained factor analytically by evidence on number of factors, significance of unique simple structure reached, and goodness of identifying match (chi-square test). Concept validities can be obtained for some six of the factors rivalling those for intelligence tests. A brief discussion is given of the bearing of the present results upon theoretical explanations of the given source traits, including extraversion, and it is pointed out that the psychological meaning of most, for personality research, is as important, in variance terms, as for the one or two, such as anxiety and extraversion, which have tended to monopolize discussion."
1156737,"Experiment I was run to determine if a closed-circuit television and a one-way window mode of supervision were as effective as the direct physical presence of an experimenter in inducing enhanced levels of signal detection in a Mackworth-type vigilance task. A control condition of complete subject privacy was also examined. The results indicated that both the television and the window conditions had a positive effect on overall performance which was similar to that observed in the experimenter-presence condition; however, the performance decrement over the 90 min vigil was equivalent for the four modes. A second experiment involving the variable of camera position with an addition of a fourth 30 min. period yielded no significant differences between the camera positions, but overall performance in the television condition was again better than in the control condition. This study suggested that performance can be enhanced even without the physical presence of the experimenter."
1156740,"An exploratory investigation of the relationship between serum uric acid levels in male university students and their scores on tests of convergent and divergent thinking was carried out. The data suggested that uric acid levels are lower in highly divergent thinkers than in less divergent. This led to the speculation that uric acid may be an important biochemical precursor of intellectual functioning. If it does affect intellectual functioning, this may result from the action of uric acid as an endogenous cortical stimulant, or possibly from its action as a facilitator of learning."
1156741,"Forty-eight severly blind children, able to cope with set-sizes of two and three, four, five or six serial items were tested on probed recall of Braille letters they could either name or discriminate, when the letters were (1) dissimilar in tactual characteristics and name sounds, (2) similar in feel, but different in name sound, and (3) dissimilar in feel but similar in name sound. Results showed that tactual similarity produced recall decrements by subjects able to be tested under set-sizes of up to five items, while phonological similarity produced recall decrements by subjects testable under set-sizes of five and six items. It was argued that tactual information survives perception and affects recall, and that blind children can encode tactual inputs either tactually or verbally, but that this probably depends upon different processes."
1156742,"Normal, autistic and deaf children were tested for their immediate memory of visually presented digits. The digits were exposed either with or without a left to right spatial display arrangement, and had to be recalled forewards as well as backwards. Normal and deaf children tended to be sensitive to both display conditions and recall requirements whereas autistic children were mainly affected by direction of recall. Serial position effects in the normal and deaf groups were more dependent on order of retrieval than on input order."
1156743,"The use of discrimination learning paradigms in the study of attentional transfer is discussed. The technique of go/no-go discrimination learning followed by stimulus generalization testing is contrasted with the more familiar simultaneous learning paradigm followed by a shift in the relevant cues. In the former paradigm the effect of training a discrimination on one dimension on the slope of the stimulus generalization gradient on an independent gradient dimension (extra-dimensional training) is assessed. A steepening of the gradient relative to appropriate control procedures is taken as evidence of positive attentional transfer. The relevance of the technique to the detailed study of attentional transfer in educationally subnormal (severely) (ESN(S)) children is considered. In Expt. I nine ESN(S) children were trained in a go/no-go discrimination involving stimuli differing in orientation, and were generalization tested on a dimension that was orthogonal, namely hue. Of the six subjects who learnt the discrimination five showed clear decremental gradients on the hue dimension. In contrast a Pseudo-Discrimination group (PD) of eight subjects matched to those in the TD group showed no gradients. These subjects were not trained in the orientation discrimination, but were reinforced for responding on 50 per cent of each of the S+ and S- stimulus presentations. They thus received equal exposure to, but no differential training on, the orientation dimension. An S+ only group of four subjects who received no exposure to the orientation stimuli showed no gradients when stimulus generalization testing on the hue continuum was carried out. The result is discussed in terms of transfer deriving from stimulus control by relational aspects of the stimuli; in terms of control by constant irrelevant stimuli; and in terms of the study of stimulus control in ESN(S) children. In Expt. II the influence of the codability of the colours on the location of the peak of the stimulus generalization gradients in the TD group is investigated."
1156748,"A survey of 539 women from the general population indicated a high prevalence of minor psychiatric illness in women aged 40-55 years. There was evidence of an increase in psychiatric morbidity occurring before the menopause and lasting until about one year after menstrual periods had ended. Vasomotor symptoms increased dramatically when periods stopped and persisted up to five years after the menopause. Both these features seemed to have a clear relation to the menopause but not the same relation. The findings suggested that further investigation of the relation between perimenopausal hormonal changes and psychiatric morbidity should be directed towards premenopausal women. Environmental factors, particularly in relation to children, seemed to be associated with increased psychiatric morbidity at this time of life."
1156749,"Direct arterial pressure was recorded continuously over 24 hours in 18 totally unrestricted people (six normotensives, four untreated hypertensives, and eight treated hypertensives). There was an almost equal fall of about 20% in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure during sleep in the three groups when compared with their waking pressures. This fall in pressure was greater than that observed previously in patients sleeping in a laboratory or hospital. Furthermore, it suggests that hypertensive subjects do not have a higher centrally-induced vasoactive component and that hypotensive drugs do not alter the pattern of blood pressure behaviour induced by sleep."
1156750,"A radioimmunoassay specific for the closed, three-ringed cannabinoid nucleus was used to detect and measure caname from hospital inpatients not suspected of taking drugs. None of these contained tetrahydro-cannabinol cross-reacting cannabinoids (THC-CRC). The other 393 specimens were from patients known or suspected to be taking various drugs. Of these 51 out of 162 from one hospital treatment clinic and 19 out of 50 from another were positive for THC-CRC. Out of 107 urine specimens from an independent drug treatment clinic 71 were positive for THC-CRC, as were 13 out of 74 specimens from patients in whom drug misuse was suspected or thought possible."
1156751,The concept of decision-aiding ranges were introduced to improve diagnostic efficiency. The clinical uncertainty in distinguishing borderline cases of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism among 1559 consecutive requests for thyroid function tests was 47%. This was reduced to 22% by using the free thyroxine index and to under 2% by using specific tests determined by the decision-aiding ranges.
1156759,"Various standard techniques of access to the circulation for haemodialysis are ideal for most patients. Another type of internal fistual of large vessels, between the saphenous vein and the femoral artery, has been found useful in patients whose peripheral vessels are unsuitable for the standard means of access."
1156760,A total of 160 strictures were examined in 154 patients with the fibreoptic colonoscope. When it was possible to make a pre-examination diagnosis colonoscopy proved it wrong in 52% of cases. Unnecessary laparotomy was probably avoided in over half this series. All strictures of the large bowel should be examined colonoscopially whenever possible before considering surgery.
1156761,"Sport for all"" means sports injuries for all. Facilities for their treatment are inadequate in the United Kingdom. An analysis of 1750 cases indicated that many injuries are specific to sporting activity and that the problem of their treatment cannot effectively be solved by the organization of special clinics for sportsmen based on existing services. There is a case for establishing regional or area clinics manned by appropriately trained, recognized, and committed specialists."
1156783,"This paper recommends that the secrecy long associated with the allocation of Health Service revenue should be replaced by an objective formula applied to areas and districts. In this way the allocations should be ""fairer"" and the different tiers of management within the reorganized N.H.S. would have a greater incentive for the better use of their resources. The Department of Health and Social Security has demonstrated its desire to be frank and objective in revenue resource allocation and it new remains for the other tiers to follow suit."
1156788,Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were assayed in every urine void throughout 24 hours in 17 normal people and in four patients with renal disease. The variation in NAG activity due to changing rates of urine flow was almost eliminated by factoring enzyme activity by the urinary creatinine concentration. Random samples of urine may thus be used for assay. The results of NAG assay in 36 patients with acute and chronic renal diseases showed that NAG was a sensitive indicator of renal damage. This simple test may be valuable in detecting or monitoring renal disease.
1156789,"Pigs susceptible to the fulminant hyperthermia-stress syndrome spontaneously developed the hyperthermia syndrome. Basal metabolic rates 10-fold higher than normal were observed in these animals. The metabolic rate exceeded a 17-fold increase over normal with a total heat production of over 28.25 J (6;76 kcal) h-1 kg-1. Heat loss by radiation ceased early in the syndrome, possibly owing to intense peripheral vasoconstriction--a finding which suggests that in man vasodilators might have an important therapeutic role."
1156818,"Recommendations for the prevention of tetanus in the wounded have been revised to incorporate the use of human tetanus immunoglobulin, which is now available in the United Kingdom. Surgical toilet is of prime importance for all wounds, and is usually sufficient for tetanus prophylaxis in patients with wounds that are less than six hours old, clean, non-penetrating, and with negligible tissue damage. Human tetanus immunoglobulin should be given to patients with more serious wounds sho have had toxoid injections over 10 years earlier, had an incomplete course, or do not know their immunity status. The importance of active immunization is emphasized. The recommendations should be regarded as guidelines as the circumstances in individual cases will differ."
1156819,From an examination of the factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of the 125I-fibrinogen test for detecting deep vein thrombosis it is concluded that there is a greater possibility of error if postoperative counts are referred to the preoperative baseline rather than counts made immediately after operation. A method is proposed for reducing other errors caused by instrument mishandling.
1156820,"In the use of low-level intravenous insulin infusion for treating diabetic hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis adsorption of insulin to containers or plastic infusion apparatus results in significant losses of 60-80% of insulin in dilute physiological saline solution (40 U/l). It is therefore necessary to add protein to the carrier solution to minimize losses and maintain a constant delivery rate. Recovery studies showed that 3.5% w/v polygeline solution (polymer of degraded gelatin) was a suitable medium for this purpose, offering some advantages over human serum albumin. A minimum concentration of 0.5% polygeline was required to ensure adequate delivery of insulin to the patient."
1156824,"Immobilization of normal people causes reabsorption of calcium from bone, a small rise in serum ionized calcium, and, rarely, frank hypercalcaemia. The hazard is increased when patients with renal osteodystrophy are immobilized because of pathological fractures."
1156825,"Fifty patients were interviewed before their first ever appointment at a psychiatric outpatient clinic about their attitude to the forthcoming visit. Many did not know that it was a psychiatrist they were to see at the hospital. Widespread misconceptions about the nature of a psychiatric consultation were uncovered. Many felt the referral carried an implicit threat of social stigma. Patient's misconceptions were relieved, and only 13% subsequently failed to attend the clinic compared with 30% of a control group."
1156826,"Some 12% of all geriatric admissions to University College Hospital and Whittington Hospital are for patients whose relatives or friends can no longer cope with them at home. The person principally involved with home support was interviewed in 50 such cases. The causes of inability to cope were identified on a quantitative and qualitative basis. The supporters were asked to assess which of the problems identified would have to be alleviated to restore a tolerable situation at home; 46 (92%) were able to do so. Identification of the ""alleviation factors"" forms a therapeutic and prognostic guideline in this type of admission and may have far-reaching social and economic implications."
1156827,"A survey to determine the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (R.H.D.) in Black children was conducted in the creeches and primary schools of the South Western Townships of Johannesburg (Soweto). A total of 12 050 Black children were examined by 10 cardiologists in May to October 1972. The overal prevalence rate of R.H.D. was 6.9 per 1000, with a peak rate of 19.2 per 1000 in children of the seventh school grade. The maximal age incidence was 15-18 years and there was a female preponderance of 1 6:1. A rise in prevalence occurred with increasing family size. Most children (92%) were asymptomatic, and in 82.5% R.H.D. was diagnosed for the first time during the school survey. The commonest valve lesion was mitral regurgitation, which was present in 93% and occurred as an isolated lesion in 47.5%. Lancefield's group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus was isolated from the throats of 52 per 1000 Soweto children. The auscultatory features of a non-ejection systolic click and late systolic murmur were prevalent (13.9 per 1000) and had several epidemiological factors in common with R.H.D. A comprehensive preventative campaign is urgently needed in South Africa, directed at both primary and secondary prophylaxis of R.H.D. The socioeconomic status of the community must be improved if optimal prevention is to be achieved."
1156828,"A comparison has been made between a series of hydroceles and cysts of epididymis treated by surgery with a complication rate of at least 17% haematoma and 10% sepsis, an average hospital stay of five days, and a much longer time off work, and a series treated by tapping and injection (described in detail) requiring one to three visits to outpatients, an almost negligible complication rate, and no failures in those completing treatment."
1156847,"Leucocyte migration in agarose was used to examine cell response in 48 rabbits infected with the Nichols strain of T. pallidum for 1 week to 16 months. The response of the peripheral leucocytes to T. pallidum antigen (TpAg), 3 and 15 mug/ml., Reiter antigen (RAg) 6 mug./ml., and VDRL reagent 1:500 was examined. The cells in the presence of RAg, TpAg--3 mug./ml.--and the VDRL reagent demonstrated a biphasic response; in the early stage of infection (until the 4th week) stimulation of leucocyte migration and in the later stage of disease inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed. The higher concentration of TpAg--15 mug./ml.--caused only inhibition of leucocyte migration. The leucocyte response in vitro could not be confirmed by intradermal skin tests with 5 x 10(7) heat-killed T. pallidum. No correlation between the cell response and the treponemal antibodies was observed."
1156848,"214 patients with genital herpes infection proven by culture and a control group of 410 other patients were included in a retrospective study devised to investigate the relationship of circumcision to genital HSV infection in the male. The percentage of patients circumicised in the control group was significantly larger than in the herpes group (P less than 0-01). The was not found to be the case for other sexually-transmitted diseases apart from monilial balanitis. There was also a significant difference in contraceptive methods in the two groups, barrier methods being used less ofter than other methods in the herpes group and the reverse in the control group. It is concluded that there is a positive relationship between absence of circumicision and genital HSV infection, but that a prospective study should be undertaken to confirm these results."
1156849,"Synaptic organization in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) was investigated electron microscopically in the cat. The number of synaptic knobs encountered in a survey of 69 somatic profiles cut through the nucleolar plane varied from 0 to 20 per profile. In 5564 mum of cell perimeters analyzed the number of synaptic knobs per 100 mu was 5.2, ranging from 0 to 22 in each somatic profile. About 46% of the axosomatic synaptic knobs were filled with round vesicles, and 54% with pleomorphic ones. Out of 1424 axodendritic synaptic knobs, about 63% were filled with round vesicles, and 37% with pleomorphic ones. After placing lesions in the spinal cord, frontal cortices or red nuclear areas, electron-dense degenerated synaptic knobs were observed in the LRN. In the cats with spinal lesions degenerated knobs with the active zones of the synapses were found both on somatic and dendritic profiles. On the other hand, in the cats with cortical or rubral lesions degenerated knobs with the active zones were encountered only upon dendritic profiles. These degenerated knobs found in the present study never exceeded more than 3% of the total synaptic population in the areas examined. Thus, the axon terminals of fibers arising from the spinal cord, frontal cortices and red nuclear areas  constituted only a small fraction of the total axonal endings in the LRN."
1156850,"The distribution of degeneration in the vestibular nuclei (VN) has been studied in transversely cut sections from 9 cats with stereotaxically performed lesions in the main reticular formation (RF) of the brain stem (Nauta of Fink and Heimer method). No projection was found from the mesencephalic reticular formation (R.mes.) and nucleus reticularis ventralis (R.v.). However, the reticular nuclei gigantocellularis (R.gc.), parvocellularis (R.p.c.) and pontis oralis (R.p.o.) were found to project bilaterally onto the 4 main vestibular nuclei with an ipsilateral overweight. By far the greates contribution comes from the R.gc. and R.p.c. In cases with R.gc. lesions some degeneration was found in the small cell groups x and f. The latter is also supplied from the R.p.c. The distribution of degeneration within the vestibular complex is rather diffuse, but a certain pattern can be discovered. After R.p.c. lesions the maximal terminal field in the VN is found within the superior nucleus, while the lateral and medial nuclei are preferred sites of termination of fibers from R.gc. and R.p.c. The projections of the R.gc. and the R.p.c. may be more different than appears from our findings since lesions of one of them will most likely have affected some ascending or descending fibers emanating from the other. Since the areas of RF projecting to VN receive afferents from many sources, these sources have possibilities to act on the VN even if they do not possess direct connections with this nuclear complex. These possibilities should be remembered in physiological studies of responses in the VN following stimulation of many parts of the CNS."
1156851,"The receptive fields of 107 single cells in area 17 of the hooded rat were examined. About half the cells responded to stationary as well as moving stimuli and about half only to movement. A variety of receptive field types were observed. Some of the cells responding to stationary stimuli had circular receptive fields, some with and some without annuli, some had elongated receptive fields, some had irregular receptive fields. Of the cells that responded only to movement, some were orientation or direction specific and some were not. Only two cells were found that responded to stimulation of the ipsilateral eye. Columnar organization of the cortex was not observed."
1156852,"The laminae of the midline cat trapezoid body (TB) are delimited and named on the basis of their characteristic fiber diameters. Proceeding ventrally from the dorsal boundary of the TB are found the medium, mixed, large, and small diameter populations (the MDP, XDP, LDP, and SDP respectively). Specific cell types of the cochlear nuclear complex give rise to the fibers of the TB. Medium diameter fibers originate from spherical cells while globular cells are the source of the large diameter fibers. Bilateral cochlear nuclei ablations demonstrate that, withe the possible exception of a few thin fibers, all midline TB fibers are second order. The discharge characteristics of single units recorded near the midline in the MDP, XDP, and LDP are presented. The MDP displays a dorso-ventral progression of best frequencies, from low to high. Very high best frequencies (greater than 12 kHz) do not seem to be represented in the MDP but are found in the XDP and LDP. Except for latent periods, the properties of units in the MDP are the same as those of spherical cells and eight nerve fibers for all parameters where comparisons are available. The excitatory response characteristics of units in the XDP and LDP are similar to those of the MDP. They differ from MDP fibers in having tuning curves with inhibitory sidebands as well as a lower mean spontaneous rate of discharge. The results confirm previous observations on the spherical cells and define the discharge characteristics of the globular cells."
1156853,"(1) Depolarizing after-potentials (DAPs) of hippocampal pyramidal cells were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in rabbits anesthetized with Nembutal and, in addition, curaized. (2) DAPs were classifiedl into two types. One was linearly related in magnitude to the spike and the membrane potential of the cell body while the other was not. Therefore, the former was tentatively called the true DAP and the latter the pseudo-DAP. (3) In accordance with reduction in the membrane potential, the magnitude of the true DAP diminished and at a membrane of--60 to--50 mV, the true DAP disappeared. On further reduction in the membrane potential, a hyperpolarization-going dip appeared in place of the true DAP. (4) The pseudo-DAP usually appeared when the membrane potential of the cell body was reduced beyond--60 to--50 mV. But the pseudo-DAP was not quantitatively related to the membrane potential. It was shown that the pseudo-DAP was a nonsynaptic process, and its possible relation to the dendritic spike was discussed. (5) It was demonstrated that it was the pseudo-DAP that led to the genesis of the so-called inactivation response, i.e. a large and prolonged depolarization of the cell membrane with a strong tendency to spike inactivation."
1156854,"The distribution of surface positive cortical potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal and lingual nerves which innervate the tongue was mapped in rabbits. All projections were bilateral. Judging from the extent of the cortical response area and the amplitude and latency of the responses, the major projection of the chorda tympani was ipsilateral, whereas that of the lingual and the glossopharyngeal nerves was contralateral. Both the chorda tympani and the glossopharyngeal nerve project to a confined area in the insular cortex and the lingual nerve projects to the appropriate part of the somatotopic pattern of somatic sensory area I. Further, a single unit study was undertaken to characterize the response of units in the cerebral cortex which was induced by gustatory stimulation of the anterior tongue, Twenty-four gustatory units were found in the insular cortex and the claustrum. The gustatory units were divided into an early response type (21 units) and a late response type (3 units) based on latency measurements. Gustatory units were also classified according to discharge patterns into excitation type (21 units) and inhibition type (4 units). Eleven units responded to 1 or 2 kinds of conventional taste stimuli, and 13 units responded to more than 3 different taste stimuli. Sensitivities of cortical units to the 4 conventional taste stimuli were found to be mutually independent and randomly distributed among cortical units. The frequency of discharges increased in the excitation type units and decreased in the inhibition type units monotonically with the excitation type units and decreased in the inhibition type units monotonically with an increse of NaCl concentration exfept at the highest concentrations."
1156855,"(1) The effect of stimulation of various skin areas on the function of the bladder was examined in anesthetized rats with the CNS intact, in decerebrated non-anesthetized rats and in spinal rats. The tone and contraction of the bladder was measured by the intravesical ballon method. (2) When the volume of the intravesical ballon was expanded so that the resting vesical pressure was increased from O to approximately 40 mm H2O level, the bladder revealed small spontaneous contractions in all experiments. Under these conditions intravesical pressure was increased approximately 40 mm H2O by application of tactile or nociceptive stimulation of the skin in the perineal area. This excitatory perneal-bladder response existed befor and after spinal transection and was shown to be a propriospinal reflex for which reflexly increased nerve discharges of vesical branches of the pelvic nerves were responsible. (3) When the volume of the intravesical ballon was further expanded so that the resting vesical pressure was kept about 200 mm H2O, the bladder had the usual large rhythmic contractions (micturition contractions) with amplitudes of about 610 mm H2O, and rhythms of 1--3/min in the CNS intact or decrebrated rats. These large contractions were driven by the rhythmic bust discharges of the vesical nerve branches of the pelvic nerves. The occurrence of the large contractions of the bladder could be inhibited by nociceptive stimulation which was localized in the perineal area. This inhibition of the large contractions was caused by disappearance of the rhythmic burst discharges in the vesical branches of the pelvic nerves. (4) On some occasions in the CNS intact anesthetized and in the decerebrated non-anesthetized rats the large contractions of the bladder disappeared during experiments even when the bladder was expanded enough for producing normal large contractions and kept at high intravesical pressure. Regardless of whether the large contractions existed or not at the high intravesical pressure, the vesical pressure was increased by perineal stimulation due to the same neural mechanism mentioned in (2) above."
1156856,"In convulsive pigeons on a diet of polished rice, a significant decrease of thiamine and calcium in the central nervous system rather than in peripheral nervous system was observed. In subcellular fractions of telencephalon in these same pigeons, thiamine and calcium levels decreased in the myelin-membrane and synaptosomal fractions. When radioactive thiamine was injected into the pieon during a convulsion, radio-activity was most prominent in the telencephalon and in subcellular fractions, in the myelin-membrane and synaptosomal fractions of telencephalon immediately after recovery from the convulsion. When calsium was added to the polished rice, the pigeons never had such convulsions. Thiamine and calsium concentrations in myelin-membrane and synaptosomal fractions of telencephalon of calcium-rice fed pigeons were significantly higher than in convulsive pigeons. It is suggested that calsium plays a role in binding the protein and thiamine which is related to the sodium transport system of excitable membranes."
1156857,Levels of ATP are near normal in the cockroach nerve cord when hypoxia is sufficient to cause coma as determined by behavioral observations and nerve cord electrical activity. During anoxia the major change in ATP occurs after loss of measurable nerve activity. High glycogen levels and reduced energy demands due to coma may contribute to the resistance to anoxic death.
1156858,"A bilateral microinjection into the anterior hypothalamus of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamin (5,6-DHT), a substance that lesions serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons, caused a rise in the body temperature of the rat. The anatomical sites were the same as those at which 5-HT given in the same dose range (1.25-2.5 mug) evoked a similar hyperthermia. When exposed for one hour to a temperature of either 35 degrees C or 8 degrees C, the rats were not able to defend against the heat or cold, respectively. The magnitude of this thermoregulatory deficit depended upon the dose of 5,6-DHT given as well as the site of injection. A partial recovery from the warmth deficit was evident 13-17 days following the 5,6-DHT microinjection. Food and water intakes were also suppressed significantly and body weights declined concomitantly. These results provide additional evidence to support the view that a serotonergic mechanism in the hypothalamus is involved in both thermoregulation and the control of ingestive behavior."
1156859,"In this investigation the efferent projections from ventral temporal neocortical and limbic cortical areas to the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices have been investigated in the rhesus monkey using silver impregnation methods. It was observed that virtually all ventral temporal neocortical areas contribute some afferents to the transitional zones of periallocortex (perirhinal and prorhinal cortices) forming the walls of the rhinal sulcus. These areas in turn project medially to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Additional direct sources of afferent input to the entorhinal cortex were found to originate in Brodmann's areas 51, 49 and 27, and Bonin and Bailey's areas TF and TH. These connections have been characterized as final relays in multisynaptic cortico-cortical pathways linking the entorhinal cortex and, ultimately, hippocampus to the association areas of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes."
1156867,"In this investigation, the efferent cortico-cortical projections of the orbitofrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey have been investigated using silver impregnation methods. Projections from this area were observed to terminate in the rostral portions of the temporal lobe (areas TA, TE and TG) and cingulate gyrus (area 24), the insular cortex, and some dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Although these connections characterized all areas, with the exception of Walker's area 14 and Bonin and Bailey's area FL, the caudal levels of the orbitofrontal area were found to give rise to an additional projection which terminated in the entorhinal cortex and the transitional cortices bordering the rhinal sulcus. The source of this projection correlated closely with an area labeled FF by Bonin and Bailey. This connection may provide a much more direct means for the frontal lobe to influence the hippocampus than those involving the cingulate gyrus."
1156868,"In this investigation the efferent projections of the entorhinal and prorhinal cortices relative to their sites of termination in the hippocampus and fascia dentata were investigated in the rhesus monkey using experimental silver impregnation methods. Contrary to the often cited observations of Lorente de No, all entorhinal areas, including the laterally lying prorhinal cortex, were found to give rise to the perforant pathway, and furthermore, each cytoarchitectonically defined subarea was found to contribute a unique component. These perforant pathway components terminate in distinct regions of the dendritic zones of the fascia dentata granule cell and the hippocampal pyramidal cell. A previously undescribed projection to the prosubiculum and hippocampus has been found to originate from the prorhinal cortex which forms the medial wall of the rhinal sulcus along the lateral-most portion of the entorhinal cortex in the rhesus monkey. These results, in conjunction with our previous observations regarding differential afferents to the entorhinal cortex, indicate that specific afferent and efferent connections characterize each cytoarchitectonically definable subareas of this periallocortical region. Additionally, they indicate that the perforant pathway might be conceptualized as the final link in a multisynaptic series of connections instrumental in providing the hippocampus with potential modality specific and multimodal input."
1156869,"Adult rhesus monkeys were subjected to complete cerebral ischemia for one hour and subsequent recirculation for up to 24 h. Animals with signs of functional recovery (e.g. spontaneous EEG activity) exhibited a partial replenishment of cellular energy sources (ATP, phosphocreatine) and a progressive normalization of cerebral lactate levels. Glucose and pyruvate concentrations showed a transient increase over control values during the early stages of postischemic recirculation. Monkeys without functional recovery lacked a significant resynthesis of energy-rich compounds; adenine nucleotides continued to decrease and lactate concentrations were higher than in animals subjected to ischemia without recirculation. Cerebral polysome profiles remained unaltered during the ischemic period but in all animals a marked disaggregation of polyribosomes with a concomitant increase in ribosomal subunits occurred after the onset of recirculation. In monkeys with indications of functional recovery these changes were reversible but a normal polysome profile was only observed after 24 h of recirculation. The results obtained indicate a postischemic depression of protein synthesis due to an inhibition of peptide chain initiation. After recirculation of the brain for 3-6 h there was evidence for an induction of enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis (ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase). No changes in the activity of these enzymes were observed at the end of the ischemic period, indicating that during complete cerebral ischemia not only the synthesis but also the catabolism of proteins is inhibited."
1156870,"The responses of single alpha motoneurons to various ""natural' stimuli were recorded from dissected ventral root filaments in lightly anesthetized control and recently decerebellate cats. The identity of the motoneurons was established by recording the unitary responses to orthodromic stimulation of nerves innervating the triceps surae muscles in the hindlimb. We recorded only the activity of units which responded to electrical stimulation of the medial or lateral gastrocnemius nerves, though some units responded to stimulation of both these nerves, and some also responded to stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. The distributions of unit latencies and amplitudes did not differ between the two groups of animals. Baseline firing rates were also similar. However, unit firing rates in response to neck extension, ipsilateral hindfoot dorsi- or ventral-flexion were significantly higher in decerebellate than in control cats. The discharge rates in response to other stimuli, including neck flexion, pinna stimulation, and noxious stimulation in the hindlimb, were not significantly different between the two groups. Since the alpha motoneurons showed an increase in responsiveness only to some stimuli, specific mechanisms probably explain this release. The most important mechanism seems to be a loss of inhibition normally exerted by the cerebellum on vestibular and joint proprioceptive reflexes. The pathways to the ventral horn cells are thought to involve the vestibulo-spinal and reticulo-spinal tracts."
1156871,"The evolution of the terminal degeneration has been compared in two systems of mossy fibres: the spinocerebellar and the pontocerebellar projections. The two systems exhibit both dense and clear types of terminal degeneration. However, there are important differences between the evolutive processes of terminal degeneration in the two systems: (i) the time course of the degenerating process is much faster for spinocerebellar than for pontocerebellar rosettes, and (ii) the glial phagocytic process accompanying the dense type of degeneration is different for the two systems. Spinocerebellar rosettes are generally removed from their glomerular central position by reactive glia, leaving fragments of the presynaptic membrane attached to their postsynaptic partner. This feature is exceptional for pontocerebellar rosettes which, in the course of their glial engulfment, leave free the postsynaptic differentiation of their former target granule cell dendrites. These differences of terminal degenerative processes have been reconciled with optical microscope observations by Brodal and Drablos1 of morphological differences between the rosettes of two different fibre systems."
1156872,"(1) Physiologically guided stereotaxic coagulation was placed so as to avoid major through pathways in the midbrain reticular formation of 7 cats. Diencephalic degeneration resulting from this was traced by the Nauta method. (2) Preterminal degeneration was found in: the intralaminar nuclei and the posterior group (PO); the ventral group of thalamic nuclei; the ventral thalamus, including the zona incerta, subthalamus and fields of Forel; and the lateral hypothalamus. (3) The results are discussed in relation to somatomotor reactions, reticular influences on the electroencephalogram and telencephalic representation of pain."
1156873,"Using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, the projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) to the cerebellar anterior lobe and paramedian lobule has been studied in 13 cats. Both the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule receive a somatotopically organized projection from the NRL. The projection to the paramedian lobule is nearly exclusively ipsilateral and originates mainly in the dorsal part of NRL, while the projection to the anterior lobe is bilateral (with ipsilateral predominance) and takes origin from all parts of the NRL. The lateral part of the NRL (closely coinciding with the parvocellular nucleus) projects to the rostral part of the anterior lobe and caudal parts of the paramedian lobule (both representing the hindlimb), while the medial part of the NRL (magnocellular nucleus) projects to the caudal parts of the anterior lobe and rostral parts of the paramedian lobule (representing the forelimb). The small subtrigeminal nucleus projects onto the anterior lobe as well as the paramedian lobule, but apparently mainly to their forelimb areas."
1156874,"The method of injecting radioactive amino acids for the marking of neurons and the demonstration of their terminals by means of radioautography has been applied to the olivocerebellar projection. After injections in the olive, labeled fibers were observed in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. The projections were distributed in specific regions of the cerebellum, depending on the position of the injections within the nucleus. A comparison of that topographical arrangement with Brodal's chart of olivocerebellar distribution indicates a close correspondence. In addition, the olivocerebellar climbing fibers terminate as a series of strips oriented perpendicularly to the long axes of the folia. In all regions observed so far, the strips of the projection alternate with empty spaces of the same width. It is postulated that another group of climbing fibers originating outside the olive interdigitate with the olivocerebellar fibers."
1156875,"In 16 kittens either the frontal or the inferior alveolar nerve was transected and in 17 adult rats either the supraorbital, the infraorbital or the mental nerve was divided. The postoperative survival periods were kept at 3-28 days for the kittens and 15-26 days for the rats. Sections from the caudal brain stem and the upper part of the cervical cord were impregnated according to the Fink-Heimer method, procedure II. In the kittens degeneration was found after the 8th postoperative day ipsilaterally in both the spinal and main sensory trigeminal nuclei and the spinal trigeminal tract. In the rats degeneration was found in all cases in the same ipsilateral structures as in the kittens. The amount of degeneration was relatively great in the rats, whereas it was very modest in the kittens. A somatotopical pattern was found for the degeneration both within the spinal and the main sensory nuclei. It was in agreement with what has been found in earlier studies, where other techniques have been used. By a comparison with the results of a previous study on the trigeminal nerve in the rat, where partial lesions of the ganglia had been made, it was found that the degeneration in the present study did not cover the whole area receiving primary trigeminal afferents. Possible explanations for this are discussed."
1156877,"Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into cerebellar cortex of the paramedian lobule in 12 cats, and the ensuing distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was mapped in some detail. The cells in the pontine gray which give origin to fibers to the paramedian lobule lie together, in part in groups, and in part in columns. The columns are situated both medial and ventrolateral to the peduncle, as well as in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus. The projection is bilateral with a clearcut contralateral preponderance, except in the lateralmost region in the dorsolateral nucleus, which projects mainly ipsilaterally. The column medial to the peduncle projects in a topographical pattern to the paramedian lobule. The dorsal part of this column projects to the rostral folia of the paramedian lobule, while successively more ventral parts in the column project to more caudal paramedian lobules. Within the other columns only a faint sign of a topographical organization is found. The location of the pontine columns projecting onto the paramedian lobule largely corresponds to the pontine terminal areas of fibers from the sensory cerebral cortex (SmI and SmII). The corresponding topography in these parts of the corticopontine and pontocerebellar pathways is suitable for a somatotopical impulse transmission from the sensory cortex to the paramedian lobule, in agreement with the results of physiological investigations. Furthermore, a correlation of the pontine areas projecting onto the paramedian lobule with the terminal areas of pontine afferents shows that the pons may be a relay station in mediating influences from other parts of the cortex (MsI, visual and acoustic), the cerebellar nuclei and the colliculi to the paramedian lobule."
1156878,"The present study was carried out in order to clarify the organization of the pontine projection from the inferior colliculus in the cat with the methods of Nauta27 and Fink and Heimer16 following lesions of different sizes and locations in the inferior colliculus. The inferior colliculus projects exclusively to the anterior two-thirds of the ipsilateral dorsolateral pontine nucleus. The majority of fibers originates from cells in the central nucleus and a small amount from cells in the external and the pericentral nuclei as well. Areas of the present projection largely overlap with areas of projection from the auditory cortex, and also fairly well with those from the superior colliculus. Possible pathways of the acoustic inputs to the cerebellum involving the pontine nuclei are discussed based upon the current findings, as well as upon those obtained by preliminary experimental studies of anterograde and retrograde axonal flow."
1156879,"Acute hydrocephalus was produced in newborn rabbits by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. The light microscopic changes which occurred in the ependyma and periventricular brain tissue were studied. Some animals also received intraventricular injection of Evans blue albumin (EBA) at various times after the kaolin injection to study the permeability of the ependyma. There was a progressive dilatation of the lateral ventricles from the second day after the kaolin injection. Marked hydrocephalus was seen after 2 weeks. The white matter of the cerebral hemispheres showed increasing reduction in volume with the degree of hydrocephalus. Neither destruction of brain tissue nor macrophage response or inflammation were seen. The ependyma adapted remarkably well to the increased intraventricular pressure by extensive flattening and stretching. No convincing breaks or ruptures were seen. There was a patchy spongy zone beneath the ependyma, probably indicating oedema of the periventricular white matter due to transventricular absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Denudement of the ependymal lining is not necessary for the concept of transventricular flow of CSF. No difference was seen in the penetration of EBA into the periventricular tissue between hydrocephalic and control animals. The reduction of the cerebral mantle thickness was probably caused by simple pressure atrophy. This indicates that the morphological changes may to a large extent be reversible if the hydrocephalus is properly treated within reasonable time. The role of morphological changes in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus if briefly commented upon in relation to certain aspects of human hydrocephalus."
1156880,"The present report summarizes the results obtained in previous experiments in which the responses to lateral tilt of both reticulocerebellar neurons located in the lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) and ascending spinoreticular tract axons, located in the lateral funiculi of the cervical segments C2-C3, had been recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats. Steady changes in unit activity were evoked by 15-20 degrees tilts which lasted as long as the position of the cat was maintained. Most of the units responsive to tilting showed an increase in discharge rate during tilt in one direction and a decrease in discharge rate during tilt in the opposite direction. Moreover the magnitude of the unitary responses was clearly related to the degree of tilt. The responses of the NRL neurons to tilt were attributed in part to direct efferent vestibuloreticular projections from the Deiters' nucleus, in part to some indirect influence of the lateral vestibulospinal tract on neurons of the cervical ascending spinoreticular pathway. Since most of these ascending units affected by tilt were influenced by stimulation of both ipsilateral and contralateral forelimb nerves, and some of them also by stimulation of high threshold neck muscle afferents, it was postulated that these neurons projected to the forelimb and the neck region of the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe. This corticocerebellar region may therefore integrate from time to time not only the signal input originating from macular receptors but also the somatosensory input which originates from neck receptors as a result of the actual displacement in head position induced by the vestibulospinal reflex."
1156881,"Some considerations on the principles of surgical treatment of partial epilepsy are prompted by the still relatively high number of unsatisfactory surgical results. The fundamental principle of surgical treatment, based on the view that partial epilepsy is due to the hyperactivity of given neuronal aggregates consequent to a cerebral lesion (the lesional-functional epileptogenic complex), is still regarded as satisfactory. The present concept of the lesional-functional epileptogenic complex and the means to topographically locate and delimit it are illustrated and discussed. Surgical failures are ascribed mainly to the difficulty in reaching a complete and detailed spatial definition, and then a complete removal, of the epileptogenic complex."
1156882,"The long secondary dendrites of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb are well developed in the mammalian neonate and show a considerable degree of interweaving and coiling characteristic of dendrite bundles. In a number of other areas throughout the central nervous system, we have made a provisional correlation between the appearance of these bundles and the development of specific items of output performance characteristic of the aras involved. On this basis we have suggested that the dendrite bundles may serve as a repository for the central program shaping the response. This hypothesis is explored further in the case of the olfactory bulb. Mechanisms are suggested whereby rudimentary appetitive programs already encoded along facing dendrite membrane pairs within the specialized intrafascicular milieu, may trigger and control nipple search and suckling in the still blind and only primitively mobile neonate."
1156883,"Histological changes are described in the brain of a patient in whom a hemicerebellectomy had been performed 14 years before death. There is cell and fibre loss, partial or total, in nuclei known to have direct connections with the cerebellum. In some nuclei the sequel to cell loss is marked fibrillary gliosis. In other nuclei the cells have disappeared without trace. The degeneration of these tracts with a direct connection with the cerebellum has also led to degeneration of other tracts in synaptic relationship with them. This transneuronal degeneration has occurred in the corticopontine tracts and in the central tegmental tract, in the former definitely, and in the latter probably, retrogradely. It is probable that transneuronal degeneration has also occurred in other tracts. The extent of the degeneration and, in particular, the occurrence of overt transneuronal degeneration, suggest that the examination of material after a very long term of survival might be of value in experimental work concerned with mapping neuroanatomical networks."
1156884,"In order to tag cells when they arise, pregnant mice were injected usually once or in some cases multiple times at a known time of gestation with tritiated thymidine. The offspring were killed and their brains prepared for autoradiography. Distribution of labeled cells was plotted using a drawing apparatus. Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei arise on gestation days 10-17. (Later periods were not studied.) Most neurons arise on gestation day 11. Many medium and small sized neurons arise after gestation day 11 with a limited number of small neurons observed to arise through the 17th day. Neurons for all parts of the complex arise at the same time, thus no gradients could be established."
1156885,"The perineuronal glial reaction after axotomy of the facial nerve was examined in adult mice and rats and in newborn rabbits. The facial nerve was damaged in two ways: by crush lesions, which were followed by complete neuronal regeneration, and by transection (in mice) or evulsion (in rats and rabbits), which caused extensive nerve cell disintegration. After nerve lesions which caused irreversible damage the microglial cells encircled the degenerating neurons and ultimately phagocytosed them. After crush lesions there were great species variations in the glial reaction: the neurons of rats and rabbits showed considerable and reversible separation of the synaptic terminals by glial cells, while mice showed no significant synaptic separation. It is suggested that the main function of the microglial cells may be to serve as potential phagocytes for disintegrating neurons, and that the reversible glial changes around regenerating neurons possibly represent abortive glial reactions."
1156886,"Lesions of the vestibular ganglion in the domestic hen have been made by mechanical damage and thermocoagulation, and the resulting degeneration of the proximal vestibular nerve fibers has been studied in Fink-Heimer9, Nauta18 and Eager8 sections of the brain stem. The vestibular nerve fibers were found to terminate within central regions of the superior nucleus, in the cell group A, the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus tangentialis, the cell group B, the dorsomedial part of the medial nucleus and the descending nucleus. The nucleus Deiter dorsalis does not receive vestibular nerve afferents. The findings are discussed in the light of the structural organization and physiology of the vestibular nuclear complex in birds and compared with the organization of the nuclear complex in mammals."
1156919,1. An inverse relationship was found between the plasma glucose and FFA concentrations of embryos aged between 14 and 20 d. 2. Both the plasma glucose and FFA concentrations were constant during hatching. 3. The insulin content of the pancreas increased between 14 and 20 d but fell during hatching.
1156920,"1. A new integrating method of assessing the proportions of cortical and medullary tissue in the avian adrenal gland is described and statistically evaluated. 2. It is shown that a single ""central"" section of the adrenal gland will suffice to obtain accurate results. 3. Each section was projected on to a grid of about 2500 intersection points and the ratio of points falling on cortical or medullary tissue was determined. 4. Applications of this method to normal fowls showed that there were significant breed, sex and, particularly, age differences in the cortico-medullary ratio of the fowl's adrenal glands."
1156921,"1. A total of 3236 females from eight meat-type strains, half of which were vaccinated for Marek's disease (MD), and 11,193 Leghorn females from ten strains, all vaccinated for MD, were adventitiously exposed to MD and lymphoid leukosis (LL) viruses and observed to 392 and 497 d of age, respectively. 2. In the meat-type birds, vaccination reduced total mortality from 43-4% to 27-1% and mortality due to MD from 16-4% to 5-4% but did not affect mortality and LL (2-9% and 3-4%). 3. In the vaccinated Leghorns total mortality was 11%, including 2-1% from MD and 1-2% from LL. 4. Significant differences between strains of chickens were found in total mortality, as well as in MD and LL mortality. 5. Strain by vaccination interaction was observed in total rearing and adult mortality, as well as in the MD mortality of adult meat-type females. 6. Leghorn strains with higher rate of egg production and meat-type strains with lower growth rate to have better viability."
1156922,1. Seven colostomised hens were fed on a control diet free of dried poultry manure (DPM) or one including 20% DPM. 2. Urate excretion was greater during DPM feeding by approximately the amount consumed: little urate was present in faeces. 3. Doses of 10-6 muCi of 14C-urate introduced into the crop were quantitatively excreted in the urine within 24 h. 4. The results show that none of the urate present in DPM is utilised by the laying hen.
1156923,"1. The effect of bovine growth hormone (GH) on cartilage, liver, muscle, pancreas and spleen has been investigated. 2. Tissue RNA was elevated in the liver, muscle and spleen of the GH-treated chicks while uptake of radioactive phosphate into RNA was stimulated for both liver and spleen. 3. The GH-treated chicks had an increased cartilage protein content together with a higher rate of incorporation of 14C-methionine pancreatic protein."
1156924,"1. Aylesbury ducklings, from 8 to 63 d of age, were fed on diets with or without supplemental copper (100 mg/kg). 2. Copper resulted in significant increases in growth rate and significantly smaller caeca both as a proportion of body weight and as the weight of unit length."
1156925,"1. Transfer of 125I into the egg in hens fed on diets containing rapeseed meal and a source of myrosinase, to liberate the antithyroid compounds from the glucosinolates, was studied. 2. It was found that less 125I was transferred if the diet contained a myrosinase source and rapeseed meal."
1156926,"1. Daily injection of hypothalameal extract (HE) and adenohypophyseal extract (AE) into hens aged 56 or 67 weeks for 14 d did not significantly influence the production of shell-less (SL) or ultra-thin-shell (UTS) eggs. 2. The injection of HE significantly increased hard-shell (HS) egg production in the younger hens. 3. Neither AE nor HE affected egg weight, serum calcium, gain in body weight or food consumption. 4. In a third experiment hens selected for poor egg production laid at a rate of 58% of which 36% were SL, 29% UTS and 35% HS eggs. Whereas the production rate of the good layers was 65% of which 1-4% were SL and 1-4% were UTS eggs. 5. Specific gravity of HS eggs, serum calcium, weight of ovary, oviduct, or adenohypophysis did not differ between good and poor layers. 6. Since SL and UTS eggs are easily overlooked the decrease in egg production with age may be as great as indicated by normal production records; the problem may be concerned more with the mechanism of shell formation."
1156927,"1. The progress of feather pecking and cannibalism was recorded from hatching to end of lay in a flock of caged layers and the influence of group size, floor area allowance and cage tier upon the incidence of these activities during lay assessed. 2. The largest group suffered more cannibalism and feather pecking than smaller groups, floor area allowance and tier being less important factors. 3. A significant trend was found for one death from cannibalism to be followed by more in the same cage.4. It was concluded that feather pecking and cannibalism are separate phenomena, although the same cage conditions increased the incidence of both. 5. Cannibalism may be divided into vent pecking and cannibalism affecting other parts of the body, the former is independent of feather pecking and the latter, though usually preceded by feather pecking, is only indirectly associated with it."
1156928,"1. The daily food intake of captive red grouse was measured throughout the year. It was positively related to body weight and to daylength, and negatively to air temperature. Grouse ate more during their main summer moult, and the hens ate most while producing eggs. 2. The total weight of eggs laid was positively related to daily food intake during the 5 weeks before laying, but not to daily intake during laying. The rate at which eggs were laid was related to daily intake during laying as well as before laying. The possible significance of these results for poultry management is discussed."
1156929,"1. The utilisation of fat and fatty acids supplied as maize oil, tallow or lard in the diet of 2-, 4- and 8-week old turkeys has been investigated: a mixture of 10% fat and 15% cellulose replaced glucose monohydrate in a low-fat basal diet. 2. At 2 weeks of age the absorbabilities of the fats were 96, 57 and 91% for maize oil, tallow and lard respectively; at 4 and 8 weekds of age the corresponding figures were 97, 70 and 92% and 98, 74 and 90%. 3. The unsaturated fatty acids (18:1, 18:2) were highly absorbed from all fats; this was true also of the saturated acids (16:0, 18:0) in the maize oil, but in lard and, especially, tallow the absorbability of these fatty acids was lower. 4. The effect of age on the utilisation of tallow could be explained by the improvement in the absorption of these fatty acids. 5. The determined and calculated ME values of the fats are given."
1156930,"1. Excessive amounts of food (two-fold more than the ad libitum intake) introduced into the gastro-intestinal tract of three adult male fowls, for 5 weeks, caused a marked increase in body weight resulting mainly from fat deposition. 2. The induced obesity was accompanied by an increase of the rectal temperature (0-2 to 0-3 degrees C) and a decrease of the skin and comb temperatures, a cessation in the growth of the comb, a reduction in the blood packed cell volume, an eight-fold reduction in the number of spermatozoa in the vasa deferentia and a concomitant depression in their motility. 3. A decrease of the testosterone and an increase of luteinising hormone concentrations in the blood plasma was obtained in two of the three treated birds."
1156931,1. The boundary tissue surrounding the testis has a mechanical function in sperm transport as well as being a significant element in the blood-testis barrier. 2. The designation of the cellular component is suggested to be myofibroblast thus indicating fibroblastic and contractile myoid cell features and suggests their dual functional role.
1156932,"1. A new method of determining dietary metabolisability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids is described. 2. The method requires the digestion of the faecal sample with 4N NC1 and ashing the residue. 3. Comparisons with the ""total collection"" method that the 4N HC1-insoluble method has similar accuracy."
1156937,"Effects of colchicine on the incorporation of [3H]-proline into odontoblasts and ameloblasts at various development stages and on the secretion of the radioactive materials from these cells into dentinal and enamel matrices were studied autoradiographically, at 2,4,8 and 24 h after the injection of colchicine.  In young functional and functional odontoblasts and ameloblasts, the number of autoradiographic silver grains over the cells increased while those over the matrices decreased 2,4, and 8 h after the injection of colchicine.  However, the total number of grains over the cells and matrices were fairly uniform in all stages of cell development at all times after the injection of the drug.  It is suggested that the drug does not appreciably affect the incorporation of [3H]-proline or the successive synthesis of the dentinal and enamel matrices but affects the secretion of the matrices in both functional odontoblasts and ameloblasts by interfering with the structure and function of microtubules in these cells."
1156938,"A death from cyanide poisoning during operation was attributable to the use of approximately 400 mg (10 mg per Kg) sodium nitroprusside as an hypotensive agent. Autopsy cyanide levels of 0.5 mg per cent in blood and 0.3 mg per cent in urine and thiocyanate levels too low to measure in either, suggest an abnormality of cyanide metabolism. The lethal dose of sodium nitroprusside appears to be 7 mg per Kg. A safe regimen would be 3.5 mg per Kg as the anticipated total dose for the period of hypotension. Patients resistant to the full hypotensive effects of sodium nitroprusside, or unable to maintain the level of hypotension, or requiring more than 3.5 mg per Kg to achieve the required effect for the anticipated time, may accumulate toxic levels of cyanide in the blood. Patients with Leber's optic atrophy, tobacco amblyopia and possibly those with other nerve atrophies should not receive sodium nitroprusside or any other cyanide precursor."
1156939,"Three different responses to sodium nitroprusside as a hypotensive agent during anaesthesia in children are described. A constant high dose (greater than 3 mg/Kg) response to, abnormal resistance to and tachyphylaxis to the drug are recognised and are dangerous and potentially lethal. They are probably related to abnormalities of cyanide-thiocyanate metabolism resulting in cyanide accumulation. The abnormal responses produce metabolic acidosis, an increase in mixed venous oxygen tension and a decrease in arterial mixed venous oxygen content difference. Tachyphylaxis may be due to depletion of endogenous thiosulphate and was reversible by sodium thiosulphate therapy (150 mgm/Kg) in two cases in which it was used."
1156940,An ultrasonic probe placed in the oesophagus of anaesthetized patients was used to observe the velocity of the blood flow down the descending aorta. The operating principle of the technique was the Doppler shift of the reflection of a continuously emitted MHz beam of ultrasound. The human oesophagus took up to 15 minutes to accommodate to the presence of the probe in the oesophagus. Changes in the diastolic portion of the flow pattern were seen with small changes in peripheral resistance (produced by transiently obstructing a femoral popliteal by-pass graft) (Figure 1). Surgical stimuli also produced marked changes in the flow pattern (Figure 3) before arrhythmias occurred. Following a prolonged period of cardiac arrest the flow pattern was observed to return to normal very quickly (Figure 4). It is suggested that the ultrasonic trans-oesophageal probe could play a useful role in patient monitoring in anaesthesia.
1156941,"Althesin in dose ranges of 40, 60 and 80 mul/Kg was administered to six healthy unpremedicated volunteers according to a balanced incomplete block design. Both subjective and objective changes resulting from the administration of the agent were studied and analyzed. In the dose ranges used, Althesin was found to have no deleterious effects on heart rate, respiratory rate or blood pressure and apnoea only occurred in one patient who had an end-expiratory CO2 level lower than normal, due to preanaesthetic hyperventilation. The onset of sleep is prolonged with Althesin at the injection rate of 1 ml/10 secs. The onset of anaesthesia is not influenced by the total dose, but the sleep time is directly proportional to the dose injected. Auditory evoked responses tended to lie on a curve which might indicate that with increasing dose the time to reappearance of these responses is not correspondingly prolonged. However, this last observation must be confirmed by studies on a larger scale."
1156942,This study reports retrospectively the post-anaesthetic complications in surgical out-patients. We have studied the incidence and severity of these complications during the first five post-operative days in 500 female patients who underwent tubal ligation by laparoscopy. The report shows that post-anaesthetic complications in surgical out-patients are frequent but of mild severity. Although they produced some discomfort for the patients most of them were of the opinion that the advantages of having the operation as out-patients made up for the discomfort.
1156947,"A selective, sensitive and rapid (2 min or less) method for detecting compounds with potential for cytokinin activity is described. The method does not measure cytokinesis; instead, it determines the ability of cytokinin-active agents to (i) activate the intake of either L-tryptophan or indoleacetic acid by germinated spores of the water-mould Achlya, while inhibiting the energy-dependent transport of all L-amino acids usually found in proteins; (ii) inhibit the energy-dependent transport of nucleosides and sugars by the same organism. The compounds with cytokinin activity generally activate auxin (tryptophan) intake at 10(-8) M or greater and inhibit at 10(-6) M or greater. The most effective activating compounds were N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, N6-benzyladenine. N6-furfuryladenine, and N6-(trans-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl)adenine. These compounds are classed generally as cytokinins in plant growth studies. A cell membrane - localized glycopeptide of molecular weight 6000 was isolated from this organism and shown to be the site at which cytokinins, auxin, and tryptophan bind. An earlier study had also established that calcium ions bind to this entity as well. Tryptophan binding to the glycopeptide was enhanced by cytokinins, suggesting that this may be the way in which whole cells display enhanced tryptophan binding in the bioassay. On the other hand, calcium binding was antagonized by cytokinin. The results suggest that this may be an important experimental system for use in studying one possible way in which cytokinin may regulate plant growth."
1156948,"Histone acetyltransferase activity of trout testis was studied both in intact nuclei, and in high salt nuclear extracts. With intact nuclei, the distribution of incorporated [14C]acetate in the various histones was similar to that observed in vivo; the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4 showed the highest specific activities, and lower amounts of label were detected in histones H2a and H2b. Histone H1 incorporated little or no label. Acetyltransferase activity could be detected in purified, sheared chromatin after the addition of MgCl2 or KCl, suggesting that the enzyme is bound to chromatin. Treatment of nuclei with 0.4 M NaCl caused the dissociation of acetyltransferase activity. Most of this solubilized activity failed to bind to DEAE Sephadex and behaved as a high molecular weight heterogeneous complex on Sephadex G-100, suggesting that the enzyme is present as an aggregate with other proteins in the extract. The pH optimum of this preparation was approximately 8.5, and the enzyme showed a preference for histones H3 and H4 as substrates."
1156949,"Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 of crude rat liver supernatant preincubated with [1-14C]oleic acid yields three peaks of radioactivity which are attributed to the presence in these fractions of fatty acid binding proteins. We have confirmed these observations with binding assays by phase partition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and thin layer electrofocusing. Peak I (mol. wt. 60,000 pI 5.01 was shown to be albumin, which mainly arises from a contamination of the liver preparation by blood. Peak II (mol. wt. 10,000, pI 5.9) is a fatty acid binding protein. Finally peak III (mol. wt. 1500, pI 5.7) is a fatty acid binding component, the chemical nature of which was not elucidated. These fatty acid binding fractions have no effect on the reaction of acyl-CoA synthetase whereas the crude liver supernatant does stimulate the activation of fatty acid as shown earlier. In consequence, the physiological role of these fatty acid binding fractions is not yet elucidated."
1156966,"To determine the incidence of and risk factors in cerebrovascular disease in Manitoba, all 1367 new cases in defined areas (population, 660 391) in an 18-month period were studied. Pertinent data were collected from hospital records, death certificates and autopsy reports. The annual incidence of cerebrovascular disease in these areas was 138/100 000 and the incidence was generally higher in men than in women. The incidence of cerebral infarction (INF) and that of hemorrhage (HGE) were similar in men and women less than 50 years old; thereafter the incidence of INF increased faster with age than did that of HGE, the disparity being greater in men than in women, whereas the incidence of HGE increased at similar rates in the two sexes. The incidence of INF was significantly greater in men than in women in urban areas, and in men it was greater in urban than in rural areas. Elevated concentrations of serum lipids and smoking are implicated as risk factors in INF, and hypertension as a risk factor in HGE."
1156967,"In 1969 a program was established to place physicians in area of Ontario deemed to be medically underserviced. The main features of the program are area designation, physician subsidies, student bursaries, community participation and physician recruitment. From 1969 to March 1973, 162 communities were designated as underserviced and 196 physicians placed. As the program became active the rate of increase of numbers of  physicians practising in northern rural areas (population, less than 15 000) increased sharply, exceeding that for the entire province. Fifty-three percent of bursaried students have honoured their commitment. Seventy-five communities have built modern medical centres that have been an important factor in attracting physicians. Still unanswered are whether the physicians will stay and whether the health of the population will be improved."
1156979,"Poisoning is a major and increasing health problem in the Western world. In 1972 the 310 poison control centres in Canada reported 53 531 enquiries about poisoning, 40% in adults. In 1964 the numbers of hospital admissions and deaths due to poisoning in this country were 2446 and 38, respectively, but in 1972 the figures were 6263 and 319, respectively. Most of the hospitalizations and deaths were among adults. Of 100 Canadian poison control centres two thirds were staffed by ""any nurse in the emergency room"", most of whom had received no training to answer the phone enquiries. However, two thirds agreed a training program is needed. Only 6.7% of 223 parents surveyed stated they would call a poison control centre if their child had accidentally swallowed a large amount of a  poisonous substance. Regionalization of centres, a training program for personnel answering telephone enquiries, the need for crisis intervention as part of poison control programs, and public education about poisoning and poison control centres are the new challenges facing those providing health services."
1156980,"A craniofacial team has been developed to corrdinate the treatment of patients with severe facial deformity and to minimize the surgical risks. Two hundred patients have been evaluated in the last 4 years and more than 100 treated by this team to correct orbital hypertelorism, oxycephaly and plagiocephaly with exophthalmos, features of Crouzon's disease and Apert's and Treacher Collins syndromes, hemifacial microsomia, and severe lower facial deformity and malocclusion. Surgical principles include extensive subperiosteal stripping of bone, osteotomy as necessary, and repositioning maintained by bone grafts. Postoperative evaluation is being maintained for 5 years or to maturity in younger children. Although many of the results are less than perfect, there has been sufficient improvement, especially psychologic and functional, to warrant continuation of the surgical program under closely controlled conditions."
1156981,"Thirty-six cases of Yersinia enterocolitica infection were detected in the years 1972-74. The form of the illness in young children was acute gastroenteritis and in older children ""appendicular syndrome"". Improved isolation and identification techniques have increased the laboratory recognition of this enteric pathogen."
1156982,"Cranial computed tomography has been performed in adults for the past 2 years but relatively few children have undergone this procedure. The specific uses in children are in detecting intracranial mass lesions and identifying the character of the lesion, and evaluating congenital cranial diseases such as cerebral dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis and leukodystrophies. This safe, rapid, noninvasive technique will soon replace or supplement standard neuroradiologic techniques in infants and children."
1156983,"Development of a sensitive, easily performed, reliable test would be an important advance in detecting cystic fibrosis, improving genetic counselling and providing early effective treatment. The sweat chloride test, which is reliable in diagnosis, is technically too difficult for a screening program, and only reliably detects homozygotes. In contrast, the meconium test for detecting homozygote newborns is simple, inexpensive, reasonably specific but its general application has yet to be evaluated. Detection of serum components is the basis of two new tests to distinguish patients with cystic fibrosis and carriers. The effect of these serum components on ciliary activity is the principle of one test, an extremely difficult procedure that is subjective and lacks sufficient specificity for routine use. The second test, in which serum components are separated by isoelectric focusing, may provide an objective biochemical means of detecting both homozygotes and heterozygotes."
1157002,"The recent increased public awareness of the necessity for early diagnosis of breast cancer has been accentuated by an intense exposure by the news media centering about the disease. This publicity includes the unfortunate but timely clinical sources of the wives of the President and the Vice President of the United States, Mrs. G.F. Ford and Mrs. N.A. Rockefeller. This paper attempts to quantitate in a subjective manner the impact of the events on the American public by comparing the incidence of operative procedures in similar populations in the Nashville community during October through December, 1973, and October through December, 1974, the latter period following the operative procedures upon Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Rockefeller. A statistically significant increase was noted in patients seen, biopsies performed, and cancers detected."
1157003,"Forty-two patients with Stage IV carcinoma of the breast were treated with an oral program of combination chemotherapy consisting of three drugs: methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide (substituting 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in cases with central nervous system involvement). Sixty-four percent of the patients responded to the therapy, with a mean and a median duration of remission of 10.7 and 10.0 months, and a mean and median survival of 12.3 and 13 months. This therapeutic program is equally effective for pre- and postmenopausal patients and does not appear to be influenced by prior response to hormonal manipulation, single or combination drug therapy, or duration of disease. The results are comparable to those shown by previous authors. Toxicity in this group, however, was minimal, and patient acceptance excellent."
1157004,"Single and combination chemotherapy was evaluated for antitumor activity against N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT)-induced bladder carcinoma in syngeneic mice. Two hundred fifty C3H/He mice having ingested FANFT for 10 months were randomly divided into groups of 30, and the following regimens initiated: cyclophosphamide (Cy), cis-diam-minedichloroplatinum (cis-Pt-II), dactinomycin, adriamycin, Cy plus cis-Pt-II, Cy plus 5-fluorouracil, and Cy plus adriamycin. The drugs were administered for 3 weeks. Each regimen was capable of producing a significant reduction in the mean bladder weight (MBW) when compared to a groups not receiving therapy (108.3 mg). Adriamycin (MBW equal 69.5), dactinomycin (49.6), and cyclophosphamide (42.9) were the best single agents, but the greatest inhibition of tumor growth was achieved by the combination of cyclophosphamide with 5-fluorouracil (38.3) or adriamycin (37.3). These combination chemotherapeutic regimens were able to effect a significant reduction in the number of bladders with Stage C tumors. It is hoped that information gained from this new animal model which allows evaluation of many antitumor drugs within a relatively short period of time will lead to therapeutic trials in patients with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer."
1157005,"A total of 313 patients with childhood acute leukemia received a combination of vincristine (2 mg/m2/week) and prednisone (60 mg/m2/day); 86% of 276 evaluable patients achieved a complete bone marrow remission in a median of 35 days. When a complete bone marrow remission was achieved, patients were randomized to one of three oral maintenance therapies: 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) (75 mg/m2/day), methotrexate (MTX) (25 mg/m2/twice weekly), or cyclophosphamide (CYC) (100 mg/m2/day). Patients receiving maintenance therapy were further randomized at 2 and 6 months after the start of maintenance either to continue or discontinue therapy. tthe median lengths of subsequent bone marrow remission for patients randomized at 2 months to continue vs. discontinue therapy were: 37 vs. 19 weeks for 6-MP patients; 25 vs. 14 weeks for MTX patients; and 29 vs. 13 weeks for CYC patients. The median lengths of subsequent marrow remissions for patients receiving maintenance therapy for 6 months and randomized to continue vs. discontinue were: 57 vs. 17 weeks for 6-MP patients; 60 vs. 40 weeks for MTX patients; and 23 vs. 10 weeks for CYC patients. Results indicate a significant advantage for continuing maintenance therapy at 2 and 6 months after the start of complete bone marrow remission."
1157006,"Delayed hypersensitivity, as determined by skin reactivity to 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), was tested in 112 patients prior to their undergoing curative radiotherapy. Of the strong DNCB reactors, 84% had an excellent radiation tumor response, while only 48% of the negative reactors had an equivalent response. Almost twice as many strong DNCB reactors were alive and free of disease (NED) at 6 months (70% vs. 38% for nonreactors). Similarly, the positive DNCB reactors had a median survival of 18 months, compared to 10 months for the nonreactors."
1157007,"The value of bone scanning with 99mTc-polyphosphate was assessed in 186 patients with various types of tumors. The sensitivity of this technique was greater than that of metastatic roentgenographic series and the reported results of 85-Sr-bone scans, in the detection of osseous involvement by tumors. Three cases with normal bone scans and abnormal roentgenographic studies illustrated the necessity and complementary value of comparing bone scan findings with radiographic studies. Patients with carcinoma of the breast, lung, or prostate displayed characteristic patterns of bone involvement by their tumors. The importance of clinical information, including bone symptoms, antecedent bone disease, and serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, was stressed in the detection and interpretation of bone scan abnormalities."
1157008,"Six families are presented with multiple cases of ovarian cancer, mainly serous cystadenocarcinoma. Three families had concomitant aggregation of breast cancer, suggesting genetic determinants common to both tumors. The exceptional cancer risk in these families prompted prophylactic oophorectomy in 14 asymptomatic women from four families. Review of the original microscopic sections from 8 women revealed that 3, representing two families, had abnormalities of ovarian surface epithelium and mesothelial tissue, which may be of etiologic significance and portend neoplastic changes. To enable early detection and prevention of ovarian cancer, new diagnostic techniques and etiologic studies should be applied whenever possible to high-risk families."
1157009,"By means of a sensitive and specific method utilizing gas-liquid chromatography, the excretion levels for three nucleosides, degradation minor base products of ribonucleic acid, primarily transfer ribonucleic acid, were determined in 24-hour urine specimens from over 200 patients with solid tumor malignancies. These nucleosides were N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, l-methylinosine, and pseudouridine. When compared to normal control values, elevated levels of these compounds were found for patients in each of several tumor types studied. Increases in pseudouridine excretion suggest increased tumor transfer ribonucleic acid turnover; in addition, for the methylated nucleosides, higher than normal values may reflect enhanced transfer ribonucleic acid methylase activity of the neoplastic cells."
1157010,"Forty-eight cases of primary insular carcinoid of the ovary were analyzed from a clinicopathologic viewpoint. Sixteen (33%) were associated with preoperative clinical evidence of the carcinoid syndrome. At operation only one ovary was usually enlarged, but in 16% the contralateral ovary was also enlarged by either a dermoid cyst or a mucinous cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma. The volume of the carcinoid was the most important determinant of whether the carcinoid syndrome was present. No patient had the syndrome whose carcinoid formed only a small portion of a teratoma. Pure tumors or components of teratomas between 4 and 7 cm in diameter were associated with the syndrome in one-half, and larger carcinoids in two-third of the cases. Prominent acinar differentiation also correlated with the presence of the syndrome. Although the prognosis was nearly always favorable after the removal of the tumor, tricuspid valve damage continued to progress and led to cardiac decompensation in one patient; fatal recurrences developed in two others. The primary insular carcinoid should be distinguished from carcinoid metastatic to the ovary, which is nearly always bilateral, is usually associated with the presence of peritoneal metastases, and has a poor prognosis."
1157011,"Four patients with malignant histiocytosis (MH) are described whose initial manifestation of the disease was massive splenomegaly without associated systemic symptoms. The diagnosis of MH was made after histologic evaluation of splenectomy specimens. Splenomegaly in an otherwise asymptomatic patient is unusual for malignant histiocytosis, but when such a clinical picture is seen, it may be confused with other diseases that often present with massive splenomegaly and that have a similar diffuse infiltrative pattern in the spleen. Although three of these patients did eventually develop systemic symptoms characteristic of MH 3, 6, and 10 months after the detection of splenomegaly, the 15-month asymptomatic survival of one patient who received no chemotherapy suggests that MH presenting with massive splenomegaly, rather than with constitutional symptoms, may have a protracted course."
1157012,"A case of primary fibrosarcoma of the liver occurring in a 51-year-old man is added to 11 previously published cases. The neoplasm was moderately differentiated and occurred in a cirrhotic liver. Review of the literature revealed this to be the 3rd case of fibrosarcoma associated with cirrhosis. In 4 additional cases of cirrhosis-associated fibrosarcoma, a coexistent primary carcinoma was present in a different part of the same liver."
1157013,"Two brothers with breast cancer are presented. One died 8 years after diagnosis and the other is presently living at 1 year with metastatic disease. The courses of 28 other previously unreported male patients with carcinoma of the breast are reviewed, and the possibility of male breast carcinoma being metastatic disease from the prostate is discussed. Useful etiologic information might be obtained from following the offspring of male breast cancer patients to see if they are at increased risk of developing the disease."
1157014,"A case of a 58-year-old woman with viscerally metastatic malignant melanoma is presented 12 years after spontaneous and complete regression of disease. Diagnosis of primary and metastatic lesions was confirmed by review of tissue sections. The presence and subsequent absence of visceral metastases were documented by open liver biopsies. Sections of metastatic lesions revealed extensive necrosis of tumor and infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Skin testing showed a strongly positive delayed hypersensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), to a standard battery of bacterial and fungal antigens, and to two of four preparations of allogeneic melanoma antigens. Values for cell- and serum-mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells and the response of the patient's lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin were slightly above the normal range. A review of the literature reveals 13 other cases of long-term spontaneous regression of melanoma. None of these, however, had biopsy evidence of visceral disease. In each of the 13 cases, regression was associated with an event that might be inferred to have altered the patient's hormonal or immune status. This patient also provides evidence of a complete, spontaneous, and long-term remission of metastatic disease associated with the spontaneous development of host immunity."
1157015,"Of seven patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder in the absence of an associated papillary carcinoma, five were found to have silent but extensive intraductal prostatic involvement. In three of these the carcinoma in situ was associated with microinvasion. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 68 years. All had symptoms characteristic of carcinoma in situ, including hematuria, dysuria, and urgency. In three patients the prostatic involvement was diagnosed on transurethral resection. In two it was discovered only after radical cystectomy. The prostatic involvement was neither suspected clinically nor has it been previously emphasized. Although three patients are alive, apparently free of disease up to 15 months postcystectomy, two have died, one of disease. The importance of prostatic assessment in the evaluation of the patient with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder is emphasized."
1157016,"Results suggest that cytotoxicity by cells from nodes regional to a primary tumor is unique. While a primary tumor was present, A) cytotoxicity was displayed by cells from lymph nodes (RLNs) to that tumor, B) cells from nonregional lymph nodes regional (NRLNs) possessed lesser cytotoxicity which failed to increase in response to a second tumor focus in an area drained by those nodes, and C) the second focus attenuated cytotoxicity of cells from LNs regional to the primary tumor. Following removal of the primary tumor, cells from RLNs rapidly lost cytotoxicity and with passage of time were unable to regain that function in response to a second tumor focus. In contrast, cells from NRLNs demonstrated increased cytotoxicity at any time following removal of the primary tumor when exposed to a second focus. These observations suggest that nodes regional to a distant metastatic focus may be unable to react to it and thus contribute little to the host response generated by the primary tumor. In addition, since nodes regional to a primary tumor manifest diminished cytotoxicity in the presence of a distant tumor focus, tumor cells gaining access and lodging in those nodes subsequent to the development of other metastatic foci are likely to proliferate, resulting in the ""positive"" lymph node. The findings are in keeping with our contention that host factors responsible for metastases, and perhaps metastases themselves, are at least in part responsible for growth of tumor in RLNs. They also have relevance to the site of administration of specific immunotherapeutic agents and to the significance of the removal of RLNs with a primary tumor."
1157017,"The material presented dates from a nationwide Cancer Registry, and covers all cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (T.C.) diagnosed in Denmark from 1943 to 1968, including those based on postmortem examinations. Direct comparison with clinical data from hospitals elsewhere will therefore tend to show less favorable results. In general, Danish cases show a higher average age than those from American hospitals. For the younger age groups this may to some extent be explained by the fact that therapeutic x-irradiation of the thymus during childhood has never been practiced in Denmark. However, the later occurrence in life of Danish cases and the less favorable prognosis might suggest a failure to realize the malignant character of the lesion in the earlier part of its course, and a variable experience on the part of the surgeons and the variety of institutions from which the material was collected. The age-adjusted incidence rate, the mortality, and complications are discussed. It is concluded that the prognosis may be improved considerably by more extensive operations on the thyroid gland, avoiding complications such as paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and tetany. The surgical efforts should be supplemented with suppression of the TSH production. In the present retrospective study it was not possible to report 20- and 30-year survival rates. This is a task for the future, as is the planning of prospective studies which, in the case of a disease as rare as papillary T.C., should be established on an international basis."
1157018,"Sixty-eight cases of thyroid cancer were followed for 10 to 38 years after diagnosis. A minimum followup period of 10 years was necessary because of the long natural history of low-grade thyroid carcinoma. The prognosis of the disease was evaluated with regard to several parameters: age, sex, histologic appearance of the tumor, extent of disease, and treatment. The best prognosis was found in women less than 40 years of age with papillary carcinoma in whom there was neither extrathyroid extension nor metastasis and who were treated by surgery alone. Extrathyroidal cancer in the neck treated by radical neck dissection had a 100% survival rate at 15 years postdiagnosis. The poorest prognosis was in male patients over 60 years of age with metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma."
1157019,"Two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven cases of carcinoid tumor from files at the National Cancer Institute were analyzed statistically. Tumors were found in the lung, ovary, and biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. Most were in the appendix, rectum, and ileum. Age-adjusted incidence rates were higher for black males, except for lung carcinoids. Carcinoids showed several differences from other kinds of tumor, including a low age for appendiceal and lung cases and low male/female and black/white ratios in the lung. Percentages of concurrent neoplasms and multiple carcinoids were low compared to other series. Five-year relative survival rates ranged from 99% (appendix) to 33% (sigmoid colon). Survival for colon cases was not so low as expected on the basis of the high rate of metastasis. Some appendiceal carcinoids were metastatic and may have killed 1 patient. Findings are compared with other studies."
1157021,"Review of 643 autopsies revealed 374 cases of malignant neoplasms, of which 140 were found to have evidence of disease metastatic to the vertebral bodies of the thoracolumbar spine. A comparison is made of the proportion of cases detected by clinical radiographs antemortem vs. the cases of metastatic tumor of the spine detectable by radiographs of slabs of the spine and by histologic examination. A high degree of correlation was found between metastases detected by fine-detail radiography and those detected by microscopic examination. Thus, the incidence of neoplastic metastases to the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies is presented, and the reliability of fine-detail radiography is assessing the presence of neoplastic metastases at autopsy is indicated."
1157022,"A large retroperitoneal seminoma in a 42-year-old man is described, which appears to have arisen as a primary tumor at that site. The mechanism for the development of extragonadal germ cell tumors is discussed, and the criteria for their distinction from metastatic occult or regressed testicular neoplasms are re-emphasized. Awareness by clinicians of this entity may save individuals with this neoplasm from unnecessary orchiectomy."
1157023,"Gastric submucosal cysts, carcinomas, and atypical hyperplasia have been observed in the superficial mucosa of 12 stomachs. It is thought that gastritis may give rise to these heterotopic glands, that the development of heterotopic cysts in the submucosa may make the surface mucosa prone to erosion, and that repeated erosion and regeneration may cause carcinoma or atypical hyperplasia."
1157024,"The combination of talents required to bring to all patients the maximum benefits of combined modality treatment is examined in the following steps: devising treatment strategy, carrying out treatment, extension widely to the community, and treatment research. The devising of strategy should rest upon the theoretical principles of cell kinetics and pharmacokinetics, which in most instances combine local removal in the primary tumor and anticipatory chemotherapy of occult metastases. The delivery of treatment involves implementation of these principles for each individual patient, and its success depends upon continual consultation among the various members of the treatment team. Wide extension of best treatment to all patients with cancer in the community will involve the good will and effective liaison of many individuals in federal, state, and local government, and many professional and lay people. Many problems of treatment are still unsolved, so research must provide new knowledge. While future advances will come in unexpected ways, the three most needed are a quantitative marder for cancer cells, better drug combinations for carcinomas, and an effective was to diagnose and repair immune deficits."
1157025,"Although breast cancer presents as localized disease and is treated with local modalities, i.e. surgery and radiotherapy, patients die with metastatic disease. For patients with positive nodes, the recurrence rates are well known. It is this group of patients who should receive more aggressive treatment. Chemotherapeutic regimens are available that cause responses in patients with advanced disease in the range of 20% to 65%, with about 15% complete responses The current paper deals with the application of several chemotherapeutic regimens at the time of surgery in those patients at high risk. The preliminary results indicate a significant decrease in the recurrence rates. Additional studies combining chemotherapy and hormonal procedures are mentioned."
1157026,"The most important developments in gynecologic oncology in recent years have been the advent of supervoltage irradiation that allows the delivery of better and safer therapy; the diligent search for new cancerostatic drugs and hormones and their clinical application, singly and in combination; and studies suggesting the possibility of immunotherapy. Conversely, few noteworthy developments have emerged in the operative management of gynecologic malignancy, even though refinements of surgical technique, improved preoperative and postoperative care, and better control of infectious problems gradually have decreased the operative morbidity and mortality rates and have improved the survival rates significantly. Surgery continues to be the dominant therapy. Irradiation, chemotherapy, and hormones are therapeutic adjuvants in the management of ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar, and other genital malignancies. As a result of earlier diagnosis, with the greatly diminished incidence of far-advanced carcinoma of the cervix, primary surgery is having a larger role in the management of the early stages of this lesion. Aggressive surgical removal of advanced, dissemenated ovarian carcinoma is worthwhile; diminishing the volume of the lesion significantly improves the response of residual tumor to adjuvant therapy."
1157027,"Considerable progress is being made in the chemotherapy of some gynecologic cancers. A random study comparing postoperative irradiation therapy with chemotherapy shows the two to be equally effective. Chemotherapy has the advantages of added safety and of being much less expensive for the patient. Postoperative chemotherapeutic treatment with VAC of patients with embryonal carcinoma of the ovary can prevent recurrence of this frequently fatal tumor. In some patients with advanced embryonal carcinoma of the ovary, chemotherapy with VAC may produce permanent remissions. Combined irradiation and chemotherapy and vincristine and actinomycin-D may be curative for some patients with advanced sarcomas in the pelvis or abdomen. This treatment combination is associated with severe complications; however, some are preventable."
1157028,"The problem of the malignant potential of neoplastic colonic polyps is being, in large measure, resolved by newly derived techniques. Now most polyps may be removed endoscopically using the fiberoptic colonoscope. The largest world experience is at the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York, where over 2000 polyps have been endoscopically removed without a single death and with but one complication requiring operative intervention. Laparotomy is now reserved for polyps not suitable for endoscopic resection or where a question of residual cancer exists. Experience with endoscopic resection has called for: 1) re-assessment of colonic polyps in terms of their malignant potential; and 2) clarification of the indications for laparotomy and bowel resection subsequent to or instead of endoscopic removal. Among all polypoid lesions 0.5 cm or greater in size in the Beth Israel series, a variety of pathologic types was encountered. If only the neoplastic polyps were considered, the incidence of ""malignant change"" was 10.5% for 855 polyps analyzed. There is, however, a need to clarify terminology and to differentiate between carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer whenever possible. Superficial cancers (carcinomas in situ) do not recur or metastasize and require no treatment other than polyp removal. When ""invasive"" cancer is present (4.5% of neoplastic polyps) or the lesion is a ""polypoid carcinoma"" each case must be individually evaluted. Criteria for diagnosis, gross morphological features suggesting cancerous change, and current management of ""malignant"" polyps are discussed. Colonoscopy is an important component of the followup program whether malignant polyps are resected endoscopically or by the transabdominal route."
1157029,"This paper outlines progress being made in the use of preoperative irradiation as an adjunct to surgery in the management of cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Studies have shown that the normal rectal mucosa has a marked capacity for repair during fractionated radiation treatments. There is evidence that the use of preoperative irradiation reduces the number of involved lymph nodes found at operation. No marked interference with the ability of the surgeon to perform an abdominal perineal resection has been observed. In patients who subsequently undergo such a procedure, there are some data indicating that longevity may be increased when surgery is supplemented with preoperative irradiation, although further comparative studies are needed. Two studies are now under way by national clinical investigative groups."
1157030,"If radical surgery is the only rational policy for most cases of rectal cancer, the problem of local treatment in poor surgical risk patients should be discussed in selected cases. Only limited, fairly-well-differentiated tumors, still confined to the rectal wall may have a sufficiently low probability of lymphatic spread to be amenable to local treatment. Rectal cancer, usually regarded as being slightly radiosensitive when treated by external irradiation, proves to be highly radiosensitive in the case of early cancer treated by intracavitary irradiation. This method is able to control a large amount of limited polypoid and ulcerative adenocarcinomas. In a series of 133 cases followed more than 5 years, the rate of death from cancer is only 9%, and the 5-year survival rate is 78%. As compared with local exision or electrocoagulation, intracavitary irradiation has several advantages. It does not require colostomy nor anesthesia. Contact x-ray therapy is an ambulatory treatment applicable even to elderly and fragile patients. There is no danger of fistula in the case of tumor of the anterior wall in female patients. It preserves all the chances of cure by subsequent surgery in case of failure."
1157031,"The rehabilitation of people with abdominal stomas depends upon a good stoma well placed, the guidance of an enterstomal therapist, and the availability of a clinic staffed with a multidisciplinary group to recognize and meet the continuing needs of stoma patients."
1157032,"Seven surgical treatments for the management of prostatic cancer are briefly reviewed. A transurethral prostatic resection is of value, not only for the relief of bladder outlet obstruction, but also in the definitive management of Stage A lesions. The long-term survival for patients with Stage C disease treated by radical prostatectomy plus interstitial irradiation demonstrates the efficacy of this mode of therapy. Pelvic lymphadenectomy has yielded valuable information on the stage of the disease; long-term survival was related to the presence of lymph node metastases. Lymphadenectomy may have contributed to the 5-year survival rate of those with regional lymph node involvement, but there is no direct evidence to support this view. The early results in patients treated by cryosurgery indicate that this mode of therapy can be very effective in the ablation of the local lesion and may very well have a useful place in the surgical armamentarium for the management of prostatic cancer."
1157033,"Eighty-nine patients with bladder cancer T3NxMo have been treated by preoperative external irradiation (4000 rads in 4 weeks) followed by cystectomy. Five-year survival is 50%. Of patients with T-reduction (T3 becomes P0, P1, or P2) the 5-year survival is 70%. Treatment mortality has been reduced to 3% during the last 2 years. T-reduction cannot be predicted by histologic grade. A second staging by palpation under general anesthesia (""T"" 4000) is reliable when T-reduction is felt; however, fibrosis can simulate a persisting T3 mass."
1157034,"A general review of the therapeutic experience of the management of carcinoma of the head and neck at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary is presented. Early lesions are highly curable by radiation therapy alone; the advanced lesions are preferably treated by combined irradiation and surgery, with improved survival rates. Concepts of various approaches are discussed."
1157035,"Recent advances in radiation therapy in the clinical management of patients with sarcoma of soft tissue are discussed. Radical dose radiation therapy combined with limited surgery has been shown to be highly effective as treatment of early to moderately advanced sarcomas of the extremities. Desmoid tumors which are nonresectable have been treated with moderate to high radiation doses with regular success. The multimodality treatment of rhadbomysarcoma of childhood has yielded a dramatic improvement in 2-year survival figures. This approach includes radiation therapy, multidrug and multicycle chemotherapy, and surgery. Finally, the dominant importance of the histologic grade of sarcoma to the prognosis is discussed in terms of a proposed clinical staging system."
1157036,"The development of intensive treatment techniques with combination chemotherapy, radiation, and selected surgery has produced dramatic improvements in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. This has been best demonstrated in the long-term disease-free survival of a majority of children with inoperable or metastatic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma treated with VAC chemotherapy (vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide). The addition of adriamycin and imidazole carboxamide to the combination therapy program for adults with soft tissue sarcomas has resulted in significant improvements in their response rates as well."
1157037,"This paper presents a destillation of the authors' current views concerning the optimal management of Hodgkin's disease in relation to site(s) and stage of disease, constitutional symptoms, histopathology, and prior treatment, based on experience with a series of controlled clinical trials under way at Stanford University Medical Center since 1962."
1157038,"Much of the approach to evaluation and management of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been modeled after Hodgkin's disease. However, as the name implies, they are quite different. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a group of diseases and syndromes. These many different presentations, syndromes, and possibly different diseases must be distinguished and separated in order to evaluate results. Advances in pathologic classification attempting to relate the disease to physiological activities of lymphocytes are being made, but a simple, clinically relevant scheme is not available at present. We recognize large differences in nodular vs. diffuse histologic patterns. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is only infrequently restricted to a single anatomical area, but when it is, radiation therapy can result in a significant proportion of cures. More widespread disease requires systemic therapy. Most encouraging results are found with whole-body radiation used as a systemic agent with the use of multidrug combination chemotherapy. Perhaps whole-body radiation will be most useful when combined with combination chemotherapy as systemic therapy for some groups of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."
1157039,"The majority of children with cancer can now be successfully treated with eradication of their disease of they receive the best therapy available in experienced cancer treatment centers. This has become possible due to five major factors: 1) the availability of new antitumor drugs, 2) the utilization of new therapeutic techniques, 3) improved supportive therapy, 4) the development of the cooperative, coordinated team approach, and 5) the philosophy of the therapeutic approach. With this increasing success, the long-term physical and emotional rehabilitation of the child with cancer becomes of great importance. The goal is a return of the child and his family to as normal in lifestyle as possible as quickly as possible. The achievement of this involves an aggressive and positive approach to the overall treatment plan, with involvement of all of the members of the treatment-rehabilitation team, including the patient and his family."
1157040,"Nineteen transplantable tumor lines were established from individual spontaneous mammary tumors of the DBA/2 Ha-DD mouse. Of these lines, 5 were classified as fast growing, 8 as medium growing, and 6 as slow growing, based on the time required for the tumors to reach a size of 10 mm in average diameter and on the average survival time of tumor-bearing syngeneic hosts. The relative differences in rate of growth among 5 of these lines remained stable during 11 to 19 transplant generations. In DBA/2J mice, a slow-growing and a fast-growing tumor line were cross-immunogenic. The differences in growth rate between these 2 tumor lines were not primarily related to differences in immunogenicity since they were not abolished in preirradiated hosts. The growth of cell populations from these 2 tumor lines in culture was comparable; however, cells from the fast-growing line had a plating efficiency about 4 times higher than those from the slow-growing line."
1157041,"The development of gonadotropin-induced structural change in a testosterone-secreting Leydig cell tumor and its relationship to plasma testosterone levels were studied in castrate, tumor-bearing mice 2 hr after daily injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Tumor cells from control animals were small, averaging less than 1.0 X 10(-9) ml in volume, and were poorly differentiated, having very little smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in their cytoplasm. Average plasma testosterone levels in these mice were near 1.3 ng/ml. Although a five-fold rise in plasma testosterone was measured 2 hr after the first HCG injection, no changes in the endoplasmic reticulum were detected at this time. After the second injection, plasma testosterone rose to only twice control levels, while ultra-areas of mixed rough endoplasmic reticulum and SER. Modest amounts of SER had appeared in many tumor cells after the third injection, and plasma testosterone showed a six-fold rise. Between the third and fourth injections, cell volume increased by about 70% as large accumulations of SER appeared in the cytoplasm of most cells. Plasma testosterone again rose to five times control levels. Increased cell volume and abundant SER were maintained by continuing daily injections of HCG, while the 2-hr plasma testosterone response persisted at five to six times the control level. These findings show that a maximal elevation of plasma testosterone can occur prior to changes in the endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig tumor cells. However, they also suggest that daily repetition of the maximal functional response requires that the cells acquire large quantities of newly produced SER."
1157042,"The L-[ethyl-1-14C]ethionine metabolites soluble in trichloroacetic acid were studied in rats by the use of column chromatography. After p.o. application of ethionine, its absorption from intestinal lumen was rapid and was complete in less than 2 hr. Any unabsorbed ethionine was later excreted in the feces. During the passage through the gastrointestinal tract, a portion of ethionine was metabolized. The chemical nature and biological significance of these metabolites is not yet known. The fate of absorbed ethionine was investigated in the small intestine, liver, blood, kidney, and urine as a function of time after application. A great part of ethionine was quickly oxidized to ethionine sulfoxide. In liver and kidney, the concentration of ethionine sulfoxide was higher than that of free ethionine. In all organs, the presence of N-acetylethionine sulfoxide was also demonstrated. Ethionine sulfoxide can be reduced and N-acetylethionine can be deacetylated in vivo as demonstrated by the formation of S-adenosylethionine from ethionine sulfoxide and N-acetylethionine. In urine, 4 main components were observed: N-acetylethionine sulfoxide, S-adenosylethionine, ethionine sulfoxide, and free ethionine. Some minor components, as yet unidentified, were also present in the urine and in different organs. The probable site of origin of urinary S-adenosylethionine is the kidney."
1157043,"An epithelial cell line COLO 16 has been established from a human squamous carcinoma, characterized and maintained for over two years. The cells produce a parathyroid-like hormone and carcinoembryonic antigen. The line is definitely not a ""HeLa contaminant."" The cell line is available to other investigators."
1157044,"Carcinoembryonic antigen and antibodies to thyroglobulin and to a microsomal fraction of thyroid were measured. Persons examined were normal volunteers, patients with thyroid cancer, and patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the thymus and/or tonsil who were otherwise normal. Elevated antigen and antibodies were most frequently found in the cancer thyroid group. Thyroid cancer patients with no previous history of childhood irradiation were more frequently positive for antigen and antibodies than all other categories studied. Thyroid cancer patients with a previous history of childhood irradiation showed normal frequencies of antigen and antibodies. The results suggest that the antigenic expression and host response to the tumor in patients with thyroid cancer depend on its pathogenesis. Mention is made of similar findings in animal model systems."
1157045,"Studies were made of the growth and therapeutic response of three lines of human tumor serially transplanted in immune-suppressed mice. They included a well-differentiated colonic carcinoma (HX 13), a poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma (HX 18), and undifferentiated small-cell carcinoma of the bronchus (HX 29). Their histological appearance and growth rates were stable, with volume-doubling times ranging from 6 to 12 days. Studies by the technique of labeled mitoses showed that the growth kinetics of the three tumor lines were very similar, with median intermitotic times in the range of 26 to 35 hr. An analysis of the incidence of single and double takes revealed evidence for variation in susceptibility among the recipient mice. One tumor (HX 18) was transplantable with single-cell suspensions but 10(5) cells were required for 50 percent takes. The response of the tumors to a range of chemotherapeutic agents was studied. There was evidence that drugs that are known to be effective in the treatment of patients did well, in particular 5-fluorouracil against the colonic tumors and cyclophosphamide against the bronchial carcinoma. Long-term regressions induced by cyclophosphamide in the bronchial carcinoma may reflect assistance from host defense mechanisms."
1157046,"Induced and constitutive microsomal enzymes of mouse and hamster lungs catalyze both the hydroxylation of benzo(alpha)pyrene and reactions that lead to its irreversible binding to macromolecules. For mouse and hamster, the induced lung hydroxylases have Km values of 1.10 and 0.52 muM, respectively. The induced hydroxylases are strongly inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone and are stimulated by cyclohexene oxide, an inhibitor of epoxide hydrase. Formation of the macromolecular product by the induced ""binding"" enzyme follows. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, except for substrate inhibition, and has Km values of 0.52 and 0.25 muM for lung microsomes from mouse and hamster, respectively. These reactions are also inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone. The reaction catalyzed by the constitutive hydroxylase of mouse lungs is characterized by a brief lag period but proceeds in a linear fashion after the lag. The enzyme requires 60 muM benzo(alpha)pyrene to achieve maximum reaction velocity. Above this concentration, strong substrate inhibition is observed; accurate values for Vmax and Km cannot be derived. The constitutive hydroxylases are moderately inhibited by butylated hydroxytoluene, retinol, cyclohexene oxide, and 7,8-benzoflavone. The product of the constitutive ""binding"" enzyme is formed in a reaction that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km value for enzymes from mouse and hamster lungs are 11.8 and 4.9 muM, respectively. Formation of this product is strongly inhibited by butylated hydroxytoluene and by retinol but not strongly by 7,8-benzoflavone or cyclohexene oxide. Since other evidence indicates that a constitutive enzyme may be involved in carcinogenesis by benzo(alpha)pyrene and since this reaction is inhibited by two known anticarcinogens, we suggest that it may be involved in this process."
1157047,"The effects of cancer patient and normal donor serum samples on the reactivity of patient and normal lymphocytes against both normal and malignant target cells were studied in microcytotoxicity assays. There were 17 of 140 cancer patient serum samples and 7 of 116 normal donor lymphocyte samples that selectively increased the growth of target cells in the presence of lymphocytes. This effect was most often noted with cancer patient serum against cultured tumor cells, but the effect was also noted against fibroblasts and with normal serum against both fibroblasts and tumor cells. Of 140 cancer-patient serum samples, 11 selectively decreased target cell survival in the presence of lymphocytes compared to medium and compared to other serum samples. In the absence of lymphocytes these serum samples were nontoxic. The effect was not observed with any of the normal serum samples studied. The lymphocyte-dependent serum toxicity appeared to be selectively directed against tumor target cells."
1157048,"The binding of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene to DNA in native and partially dehistonized chicken erythrocyte chromatin was studied. The amounts of carcinogen bound to DNA were measured, after removal of proteins with phenol, by using the absorption ratio A305/A260 or by counting the radioactivity of 14C-labeled carcinogen. Measurements of uncovered zones of DNA in chromatin were made by comparison of results obtained with free DNA and with chromatin at increasing ratios of carcinogen/nucleotide. The proportion of DNA accessible to the carcinogen was found to be 15% in native chicken erythrocyte chromatin and about 22% in native calf thymus chromatin. The amount of accessible DNA increases to 55% in chicken erythrocyte chromatin depleted of histones H1 and H5. Formaldehyde unwinding performed on DNA extracted from chromatin after modification showed an increasing number of defects in the double helix with the amount of DNA-fixed carcinogen. At high ratios of carcinogen/nucleotide, the recoveries of DNA (by phenol method) and of histones (by acidic extraction) decreased with increasing ratios. This suggests a covalent linkage between proteins and DNA."
1157049,"Normal thymuses from Buffalo and Long-Evans rats of various ages, and spontaneous and urethan-induced thymomas in Buffalo rats, were examined by electron microscopy. Histological variabilities among thymomas of the lymphoid, mixed, and epithelial cell types were a reflection of the number of lymphoid cells within the network composed of neoplastic epithelial reticular cells. In the cytoplasm of these cells, development of tonofilaments and membrane-bound bodies and inverse development of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were recognized in the sequential process from the lymphoid cell type to the epithelial cell type. An important role of the development of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum for thymic function was suggested. Phagocytic activity of the neoplastic epithelial reticular cells was revealed, and some of the membrane-bound bodies in these cells, especially those with moniliform structures, were regarded as remnants of damaged lymphocytes. Evidence for neoplastic epithelial reticular cell-lymphoid cell transformation could not be established from study of the thymoma tissue. No virus-like structures were observed in these thymomas."
1157050,"The effects of single agent therapy with 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide on a human malignant melanoma transplanted and passed serially in thymusless nude mouse were studied. Tumor response varied. A single dose of 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea induced initial tumor regression, but thereafter growth resumed at a rate similar to that in the untreated control animals. Wehn 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was given in divided dosage at an interval of 8 days, marked and persistent tumor regression was observed. 5-Fluorouracil had no effect. Treatment with 5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide was always reflected by almost total regression of tumors, an effect that was independent of dose within the range tested in this study. The results resemble those reported from clinical practice in patients with disseminated malignant melanomas treated with the same agents. This suggests that the pattern of drug susceptibility is preserved after transplantation of tumors in the nude mouse. The human tumor-nude mouse system is advocated as a new in vivo model for determination of individual tumor response to chemotherapeutic agents, and its potential as a model for the proving of new chemotherapeutic agents is suggested."
1157051,"An integrated series of studies was presented in which several factors were assessed as to their capability to influence the outcome of carcinogenicity of benzidine dihydrochloride in mice. In all studies C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ F1 mice of both sexes were utilized. Animals were either 6 or 1 week of age at the beginning of carcinogenic treatment. Six-week-old mice were exposed to p.o. administration of carcinogen delivered either in food (50 or 100 ppm daily) or by stomach intubation at equivalent dose levels at twice-weekly intervals. In addition, a 150-ppm dose level in food was administered for 39, 54, or 84 weeks. A limited 3-week, daily intubation of benzidine (30 or 100 mug/mouse) was also explored in 1- and 6-week-old mice. Animals were killed in all studies at 90 weeks of age, at which time their tumor incidence was evaluated. Depending upon experimental conditions, benzidine treatment effected development of liver tumors, lung adenomas. Harderian gland cystadenomas, and lymphoreticular neoplasms. Continuous feeding of adult mice for 84 weeks at three dose levels of benzidine resulted in development of liver tumors with a positive dose-response relationship in both sexes. The analysis of data revealed a greater susceptibility of females than of males (94% versus 44% at 150 ppm). Twice-weekly administration of benzidine by stomach intubation was shown to be less hepatocarcinogenic than continuous feeding of equivalent amounts. In the series in which male mice were fed food containing 150 ppm of benzidine for only 34 or 54 weeks, in contrast to the above 84-week schedule, a negative relationship was observed between the incidence of liver tumors and the duration of treatment. Daily administration of 30 mug of benzidine to infants by stomach intubation for a 3-week period significantly enhanced development of liver tumors only in males (66%). Introduction of 150 ppm of benzidine into food offered to mother and offspring from delivery to weaning led to development of liver tumors in 95% of male mice and in 5% of females. No liver tumors developed following similar 3-week treatment of 6-week-old adults."
1157052,"We have confirmed the finding by Rajalakshmi that transfer RNA (tRNA) from livers of ethionine-treated rats can act as a substrate for homologous tRNA-methylating enzymes in vitro. This methyl-deficient tRNA from liver can be methylated in vitro by enzymes from normal or ethionine-treated rats. The in vitro inhibition of tRNA methylation that follows ethionine treatment can be at least partially relieved in vitro. The liver extracts from ethionine-treated animals contained a low-molecular-weight inhibitor of tRNA methylation. Dialysis of enzyme preparations from ethionine-treated, but not control, rats resulted in large increases in tRNA methylase activity, with either Escherichia coli or homologous tRNA's as substrate. Furthermore, the tRNA methylase activity of control rat liver enzyme extracts was greatly depressed by dialysate from liver homogenates of ethionine-treated rats. After 5 days of ethionine administration the liver tRNA methylase activities were significantly higher than those of control preparations despite the continued presence of the dialyzable inhibitor(s). The liver tRNA's from these animals were poorer methyl acceptors than those from 3-day-treated rats, although still better than tRNA's from untreated rats. These observations have been interpreted to indicate that ethionine causes the accumulation in the liver of inhibitors of tRNA methylation. Early in the course of ethionine administration, methyl-deficient tRNA can be isolated. When the period of ethionine treatment is extended, the organism attempts to maintain homeostasis by production of increased amounts of tRNA-methylating enzymes. The increased quantities of these enzymes are able to overcome, at least partially, the effects of the inhibitors and to decrease the extent to which methyl-deficient tRNA is produced."
1157053,"The effects of 6-thioguanine on purine biosynthesis and cell viability have been examined in H.Ep. 2 cells grown in culture. Toxicity is not reversed by aminoimidazolecarboxamide, suggesting that inhibition of purine biosynthesis de novo is not the sole mechanism of toxicity. Also, 6-(methylmercapto)purine ribonucleoside, a potent inhibitor of purine biosynthesis de novo, produces more marked reductions in cellular pools of purines than does 6-thioguanine without killing cells. There is no apparent inhibition by 6-thioguanosine 5'-monophosphate of other enzymes leading to the synthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate as determined in whole cells by measurements of radioactive hypoxanthine or guanine incorporation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 1 mM thymidine protects cells from 6-mercaptopurine or 6-thioguanine but fails to protect cells from 8-azaguanine toxicity. On the other hand, inhibition of RNA synthesis by 6-azauridine plus deoxycytidine protects cells against 8-azaguanine but does not protect against 6-thioguanine or 6-mercaptopurine toxicity. In agreement with the in vitro data, arabinosylcytosine (a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis) fails to protect mice against 8-azaguanine but has previously been shown to protect mice from 6-mercaptopurine or 6-thioguanine toxicity. The results support the hypotheses of others that incorporation into DNA (as 6-thioguanine nucleotide) is a mechanism of toxicity for these thiopurines, whereas 8-azaguanine is toxic due to its incorporation into RNA."
1157054,"Earlier studies showed that phenobarbital feeding enhanced hepatic tumorigenesis in rats previously fed 2-acetylaminofluorene for a brief period. As part of an investigation of the mechanism of this enhancement, the present study evaluated the relative enhancing abilities of amobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), agents that resemble phenobarbital to varying degrees in their effects on liver structure and metabolism. A comparison of hepatic tumor yields in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene, followed by the test substance (sequential treatment), showed that amobarbital and diphenylhydantoin had no enhancing activity, whereas the enhancing effect of DDT was similar to that of phenobarbital. These results show that the sequential treatment technique readily distinguishes among substances differing in enhancing ability and should prove useful in screening additional substances for this activity. The comparative biochemical effects of these substances in the liver can then be correlated with their relative enhancing abilities to provide information on the molecular events specifically associated with enhancement. Such correlations were initiated in this study by comparing the effects of the four test substances on liver weight and DNA synthesis. The results showed that the enhancers, phenobarbital and DDT, each stimulated liver DNA synthesis and increased liver weight, whereas the nonenhancers, amobarbital and diphenylhydantoin, had neither effect. Phenobarbital and DDT both increased the early tumor incidence rate and maintained an increment in tumor incidence over that in the other treatment groups throughout the experiment, although it is not clear whether this increment would persist indefinitely. In addition, although the spectrum of tumor types observed ranged from highly differentiated to poorly differentiated in all treatment groups, DDT and phenobarbital selectively increased the incidence of highly differentiated tumors throughout most of the experiment."
1157096,Long term human lymphoblastoid lines differ in their ability to grow in medium containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and to incorporate analog into their DNA. Eight Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines divided at least twice in BrdU-containing medium and made DNA in which over 90% of the thymidine residues were substituted with analog in both strands. Three infectious mononucleosis-derived lines and 24 lines transformed in vitro were inhibited by BrdU after one cell division and made only hybrid DNA in which one strand was substituted with analog.  One out of eight normal individuals from whom long term lines were prepared gave cell lines which divided at least twice in BrdU and gave DNA in which both strands were substituted with analog. It would appear that intrinsic cellular factors regulate the response to BrdU and that Burkitt's tumor lines are characterized by their ability to make stable doubly substituted DNA containing a high proportion of halogenated analog.
1157097,"Foldback DNA is defined by its rapid, concentration-independent renaturation, consistent with intramolecular base pairing of inverted repeat sequences. Foldback DNA, isolated from renatured mouse main band DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography, is spread for electron microscopy by the formamide isodenaturing technique. A large fraction of the molecules can be recognized as intramolecular ""hairpins""--structures in which complementary sequences on a single DNA strand form base-paired ""stem"" regions analogous to tRNA stems. The stem regions of the hairpins have a wide distribution of lengths, averaging about 1000 base pairs. About 60% of the stem regions terminate in single-stranded loops, ranging from 400 to many thousands of nucleotides in length, while 40% of the hairpins do not have discernible loops. There are about 40,000 hairpin-forming sequences in the main band portion of the mouse haploid genome. They appear to be either clustered in groups or confined to about one third of the DNA, rather than uniformly or randomly distributed. Another large fraction of the molecules seen in foldback DNA consists of linear structures, some of which are probably also hairpins. The electron microscopic results, along with simple theoretical considerations, make possible a better interpretation of our previous studies of the yield and S1 nuclease resistance of mouse foldback DNA."
1157188,"A number of complexes of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) have been prepared, characterised and tested for their ability to cause regression of a mouse plasma cell tumour. All active compounds possess two cis amine ligands but the oxidation state of the platinum is not critical. Relatively minor structural and substituent changes in the amine can lead to major and dramatic changes in the therapeutic index, generally, but not necessarily, associated with changes in toxicity. Some preliminary results on the relationship between structure and solubility are also reported."
1157189,"3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) in chloroform and trifluoroacetic acid-d1 yielded 3-methylcholanthrene-d4 (MC-d4), a compound selectively deuterated at the 1-, 5-, and 6-carbon atoms. In turn, the protodedeuteration of the labeled hydrocarbon at the 6-carbon atom led to 3-methylcholanthrene-d3 (MC-d3). A comparative test for carcinogenicity between MC and MC-d3 by repeated skin painting on female Swiss mice showed a significantly lower tumorigenic activity of the latter. The result implies that the 1-carbon atom of the hydrocarbon is a critical binding-site to cellular targets in the tumor-initiating process."
1157190,"The effect of puromycin has been investigated on protein and glycoprotein synthesis and on ultrastructure of the Golgi complex from rat liver. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein in Golgi fractions and into serum proteins was depressed rapidly after puromycin treatment. In the serum proteins, incorporation returned to normal levels at 2 h whereas in Golgi fractions it continued to rise to 200% of the control levels at 3 h and was still elevated at 24 h after puromycin treatment. Incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into glycoprotein was depressed in Golgi and serum fractions in a similar manner but slightly later than that of leucine. Leucine labelled material found at 3 h was a poor acceptor for carbohydrate, since [14C]glucosamine incorporation was not elevated above control values. Galactosyl transferase activity was not depressed in the Golgi membranes and, at 3 h, was elevated implying that an adequate supply of enzyme was available at all times. The activity of the galactosyl transferase in serum appeared to be depressed suggesting that transport of enzyme from Golgi complex to serum was defective. Ultrastructural changes in the Golgi complex were observed to occur rapidly after puromycin treatment. The cisternae became irregular, compressed, and degenerated progressively from central region towards the periphery. Irregular tubular structures formed at the expense of cisternal membrane and showed accumulation of low density lipoprotein. Vesiculation and degenerative changes of the Golgi membranes continued from 2-12 h while more typical arrangements of the Golgi complex were observed between 24-48 h. The morphological changes correlated with changes in glycoprotein synthesis."
1157191,"A sensitive rat model has been designed to detect potential weak bladder carcinogens or co-carcinogens. The test compound is given to animals which have received a single initiating, but non-carcinogenic, dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The model has been used to investigate two compounds currently under suspicion as weak bladder carcinogens, namely sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate, and one compound known to be cytotoxic but not carcinogenic for the bladder epithelium namely cyclophosphamide. For comparison, these three compounds were also tested as solitary carcinogens in animals not pre-treated with MNU. At the very high dose levels used, sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate were weak solitary carcinogens producing 4/253 and 3/228 bladder tumours respectively, and the first of these tumours did not appear for more than 80 weeks. When tested in the MNU/rat model more than half the animals receiving either sodium saccharin or sodium cyclamate developed bladder tumours from 10 weeks onwards. By contrast, cyclophosphamide failed to produce any tumours when tested either as a solitary carcinogen or in the MNU/rat model. It must be emphasized that the doses of saccharin and cyclamate used were far higher than those consumed by man, including diabetics, and these results should not be directly extrapolated to man without careful consideration of many other factors including negative epidemiological findings. The theoretical basis of the model is discussed and also the relevance, in terms of environmental human exposure, of detecting compounds which have a synergistic effect with other known bladder carcinogens. It appears that this model can be used to detect a carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic potential in compounds which are organotropic for the bladder more rapidly and with fewer animals than if the compounds are tested as solitary carcinogens by more conventional methods. It is suggested that it could be used to detect those compounds which require further investigation."
1157217,"In 20 unanesthetized sheep, we measured lung lymph flow and lymph and plasma protein concentrations during steady-state base-line conditions and during steady-state elevations of pulmonary microvascular hydrostatic pressure (range 3 to 23 cm H2O). In every sheep there was a base-line lung lymph flow (average 5.7 +/- 2.5 (SD) ml/hour), demonstrating that net fluid filtration occurred. The base-line lymph-plasma total protein ratio averaged 0.69 +/- 0.05, indicating a high protein osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid at the filtration site. Lymph flow increased and lymph protein concentration decreased approximately linearly whenever hydrostatic pressure rose. A new steady-state condition was reached in 1-2 hours. The difference in plasma-to-lymph protein osmotic pressure increased by half the hydrostatic pressure increment (50% negative feedback regulation). Extravascular lung water content, measured post-mortem, did not change significantly until microvascular hydrostatic pressure more than doubled, indicating a large safety factor that protects the lungs against fluid accumulation normally. The major contributions to the safety factor appeared to be a sensitive and efficient lymph pump coupled to a washout of interstitial protein. The fluid filtration coefficient, whose calculation required many assumptions, averaged 1.64 +/- 2.65 ml/(cm H2O times hour) in the base-line condition and did not change significantly over the pressure range studied."
1157218,"The effects of bronchial arterial administration of vasoactive substances on the pulmonary circulation were studied by a new technique for selective catheterization of a  bronchial artery in intact dogs. In most experiments, this technique permitted pressor agents to be distributed mainly to one lung with smaller amounts to the other lung. The intercostal arteries were avoided, and in all but 2 of 23 experiments only microscopic quantities of injected India ink could be identified in the distribution of the esophageal and mediastinal branches. These studies indicate that serotonin, angiotensin, histamine, and norepinephrine injected selectively into a bronchial artery increase lobar arterial pressure. Since blood flow was constant and left atrial pressure did not change, the increase in pressure suggests active pulmonary vasoconstriction. Additionally, the responses to bronchial and lobar arterial injections of pressor agents were similar. The contribution of bronchopulmonary shunt flow to pulmonary flow was small, since, under conditions of controlled lobar blood flow, changes in bronchial flow elicited by 65-75-mm Hg changes in bronchial arterial pressure produced little if any change in pressure in the perfused lobar artery or small vein. Bronchoconstriction contributed little to the response to bronchial administration of pressor agents, since responses were similar in the ventilated and the collapsed lobe. Injection of vasoflavine dyes into the bronchial artery showed the close proximity of bronchial and pulmonary arteries and confirmed the bronchial arterial origin of the vasa vasorum of pulmonary arteries. No vasa venorum were identified. Although no direct anatomic bronchial artery-pulmonary artery shunt was identified, ascorbic acid and 5-hydroxydopamine diffused rapidly into intrapulmonary arteries from the bronchial artery. These data suggest that the pulmonary pressor response results from passage of the vasoactive agents from the bronchial artery to the lobar artery through the vasa vasorum and by diffusion. Since no vasa venorum were found, pulmonary venoconstriction probably resulted from pressor agents reaching the veins by way of bronchopulmonary shunt flow. These results suggest a mechanism by which pressor substances present or liberated in the bronchial vascular bed can affect tone in the pulmonary vascular bed."
1157219,"Small papillary muscles about 2 mm long and 0.2 mm thick were dissected from the right ventricles of 16-19 day-old rats. Resting (between twitches) and active (at twitch peaks) striation patterns were photographed in living muscles using a light microscope. External muscle length was varied from Lmax, the length at which peak twitch tension was maximum, to 0.75Lmax, the length at which peak twitch tension was about 10% of maximum. Resting and active tension versus muscle length curves were similar to those obtained from other papillary muscle preparations. Resting average sarcomere length at Lmax was about 2.23 mu; it decreased with decreasing muscle length in the range between Lmax and 0.75Lmax. Near 0.75Lmax, resting average sarcomere length was about 1.5-1.6mu. Considerable internal shortening occurred during contractions, and the active average sarcomere lengths measured at the twitch peaks were less than the resting values. At Lmax, the active average sarcomere length was 1.98mu. At 0.75Lmax, there was only about a 3-6% decrease in average sarcomere length at the twitch peaks. However, at external muscle lengths between Lmax and 0.75Lmax more internal shortening was present than there was at Lmax, since average sarcomere length decreases of about 15% were observed. The finding that peak active tension decreases as sarcomere length decreases below about 2.0mu suggests that some of the factors limiting force generation at short lengths in skeletal muscle may also limit it in mammalian cardiac muscle."
1157220,"Controversy exists regarding the mechanism by which catecholamines stimulate renin secretion in vivo. A sensitive rat kidney slice system was utilized to study the direct effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on renin release in vitro. Catecholamines were protected from degradation by the addition of ascorbic acid to the incubation medium. Significant dose-related stimulation of renin release was observed with epinephrine and norepinephrine in concentrations from 1.5 times 10(-9) to 1.5 times 10(-7)M and with isoproterenol in concentrations from 2 times 10(-9) to 2 times 10(-7)M. No significant stimulation was seen with 10(-10)M concentrations of the three agents. Methoxamine (10(-6)M) stimulated renin release significantly (P less than 0.01). The stimulation observed with epinephrine, norepinephrine, or isoproterenol was blocked by d,l- and l-propranolol (2 times 10(-4)M) but not by d-ropranolol (2 times 10(-4)M) or phentolamine (9 times 10(-4)M). Methoxamine-induced stimulation was abolished by d,l-propranolol but not by phentolamine. These data  that the in vitro kidney slice system is responsive to physiological concentrations of catecholamines when they are protected from degradation. The results further demonstrate a direct stimulatory role for beta-adrenergic agents on renin release and suggest that alpha-adrenergic effects seen in vivo are mediated indirectly by hemodynamic, vascular, or functional changes in the kidney."
1157221,"The vasoactive properties of potassium were assessed in the microcirculation of the hamster cremaster muscle and the muscular and epithelial portions of the hamster cheek pouch. Tissues were transilluminated and suffused with a physiological salt solution whose potassium concentration varied from 0 to 20 mM. Vessel diameters were measured and normalized as a percent of the control diameter (+/- SE) observed during exposure to 4.7 mM K+. Altering the potassium concentration in the suffusion solution caused a transient vascular response. The peak changes in the vascular diameter of the arterioles supplying striated muscle varied directly with the suffusion solution potassium concentration from a minimum of 78 +/- 3% in 0 mM K+ to 155 +/- 15% in 15 mM K+. Vascular diameter increases were sustained for the full 5-minute test period only in 15 mM K+. In the epithelial portions of the cheek pouch, only the constrictor component of the potassium response was observed. The data indicate that potassium is sufficiently potent to participate in initiating functional hyperemia in striated muscle and might cause as much as a 6.3-fold increase in flow. Functional hyperemias exceeding approximately 3 minutes cannot be due to potassium ion, since the dilation induced by this agent is transient."
1157222,"Change in aortic water and electrolyte distribution and in ion turnover were studied during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension in the rat. Treatment with DOCA plus saline during the prehypertensive phase was associated with increases in 42K turnover (0.0142 +/- 0.0005 vs. 0.0102 +/- 0.0003 min-1), cell water (0.89 +/- 0.03 vs 0.76 +/- 0.02 kg/kg dry weight), and the ratio of weight to length. These parameters were further increased during the development of hypertension. Significant increases were also observed in total K, Ca, and Mg contents and in Na and C1 contents corrected for the extracellular space. The turnover of 36Cl was increased (0.230 +/- 0.006 vs. 0.136 +/- 0.004 min-1) in DOCA hypertensive rats as was the content of slowly exchanging Cl. Removal of extracellular Ca greatly increased the steady-state turnover of 42K. For control rats, a Ca concentration of 0.1 mM reduced the rate of 42K turnover to less than 50% of the Ca-free value (0.063 +/- 0.004 min-1), whereas DOCA hypertensive rats exhibited only a 10% reduction. At the highest Ca concentration, 5 mM, the 42K turnover was greater in DOCA-treated rats with the hypertensives operating at 67% of maximum efflux or about twice the efflux in controls. It is concluded that significant alterations in ion transport by vascular smooth muscle occur before and during the development of hypertension induced by treatment with DOCA plus saline. Such changes may result from a reduced ability of Ca to stabilize the membrane. It is proposed that such alterations contribute to the changes in vascular reactivity and the hypertrophy associated with hypertension."
1157223,"Angiotensin III (des-1-Asp-angiotensin II) is a potent steriodogenic agent in many species. The effects of the heptapeptide in the adrenal zona glomerulosa are resistant to blockade by C-terminally substituted analogues of angiotensin II (1-Sar-8-Ile- or 1-Sar-8-Ala-octapeptides). For this reason, the effects of 7-Ile-angiotensin III, a C-terminally substituted analogue of the heptapeptide, and 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II on aldosterone biosynthesis in rabbit adrenal cortical cell suspensions and on urinary aldosterone excretion in sodium-deprived rats were studied. In the vitro studies, 7-Ile-angiotensin III was a better antagonist of angiotensin II- or angiotensin III-induced steroidogenesis than was 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II. In the rats, subcutaneously administered 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II (0.9 mumoles/kg) produced prolonged blockade of the pressor responses to exogenous angiotensin II. 70Ile-angiotensin III (0.9 mumoles/kg) had no effect on resting blood pressure or on blood pressure responses to angiotensin II infusions. At the doses studied, however, 7-Ile-angiotensin III caused a marked decrease (50%) in aldosterone excretion in sodium-deprived rats, but 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II had no effect on aldosterone excretion. In the sodium-deprived rats, the administration of 7-Ile-angiotensin Ile was not associated with an acute increase in plasma renin activity, but treatment with 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II resulted in a sixfold increase in plasma renin activity, but otensin III was not associated with an acute increase in plasma renin activity, but treatment with 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II resulted in a sixfold increase in plasma renin activity. These results are consistent with a role for angiotensin III in the control of aldosterone biosynthesis."
1157224,"Previous studies in exercising animals have demonstrated that the extravascular lung water accessible to measurement by dilution methodology increases in the transition from rest to low-level exercise and thereafter does not change with progress to high-level exercise. In normal humans, similar systematic examination is essential to provide a background for the interpretation of changes in measured extravascular lung water in pathophysiological states. Moreover, such an examination might provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the change in the pulmonary diffusing capacity with exercise. We therefore measured both the pulmonary extravascular lung water (by use of the triple indicator-dilution technique) and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in 11 subjects, seated on an exercise bicycle, at rest and usually during two levels of exercise. The central blood volume increased by 50% with a tripling of the cardiac output. The accessible lung water increased from an average of 2.16 g/kg to 2.55 g/kg in the transition from rest to low-level exercise, but it did not increase further at the higher level of exercise. The simultaneously measured diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (single breath and steady state) continued to increase over the whole range of cardiac outputs. We infer that the proportion of the pulmonary parenchyma perfused by blood flow increases slightly in the transition from rest to low-level exercise but increases no further at the higher level of exercise. The continued increase in the pulmonary diffusing capacity over the range in which the estimated lung water values do not change appears to imply that part of this increase may be blood flow dependent rather than dependent on the recruitment of additional surface for exchange."
1157226,"Fifty-nine patients (mean age 57 years) underwent aortic valve replacement or mitral valve replacement combined with saphenous vein bypass grafting (39 single, 19 double, 1 triple) between May, 1970 and January, 1974. The hospital mortality for aortic valve replacement was 4.7% (2 of 43 patients) and for mitral valve replacement 6.3% (1 of 16 patients). There was a 21% incidence of postoperative myocardial injury in the patients with aortic valve replacement and a 6.2% incidence in the patients with mitral valve replacement. Variations in operative technique and in the methods of intraoperative myocardial preservation (coronary perfusion or profound hypothermic ischemic arrest) did not affect hospital mortality or the incidence of myocardial injury. Prolonged periods of ischemic arrest (greater than 50 minutes) were not used. The late mortality for aortic valve replacement was 16.3% (seven patients) and for mitral valve replacement 25% (four patients). There was symptomatic improvement in the majority of survivors. Operative mortality rates for the combined procedures are comparable to those from our institution for valve replacement alone."
1157227,"Maximal exercise tests and angiographic evaluations were obtained in a group of patients before and after myocardial revascularization. Patients were classified on the basis of angiography and operative records. Two primary groups of 33 patients with complete revascularization and 95 patients with postoperative residual ischemia were studied. The residual ischemia subgroups included patients with partial revascularization, progressive coronary atherosclerosis, or graft failure. Patients with complete revascularization had statistically significant improvements in work capacity, maximal heart rate, maximal rate-pressure products, abnormal exercise electrocardiograms, exercise-induced angina pectoris, and atrial gallop sounds. A spectrum of lesser improvements in these measurements was observed in the subgroups with residual ischemia. Total graft failure resulted in no significant improvements in exercise-test parameters. Maximal stress tests provide a useful adjunct to routine clinical follow-up of myocardial revascularization patients. Myocardial revascularization is associated with significant patient palliation as determined by serial stress testing."
1157228,"The effect of augmented and reduced blood flow rates through autogenous vein grafts (AVG) on the histological characteristics of veins used for arterial substitutes was studied in 22 dogs. In each animal autogenous jugular veins were implanted as conduits to replace excised segments of both iliac arteries. In one group (control) blood flow through the AVG conduits was not modified, but in the remaining animals blood flow rate was either augmented by a distal femoral arteriovenous fistula or reduced by a distal arterial stenosis. In the control group in which there was no modification of blood flow, subendothelial proliferative lesions (SEPL) were found in the vein graft, and typical SEPL were found at each anastomosis. However, in those animals in which blood flow was reduced by an average of 44% through the graft, SEPL were more numerous throughout the length of the vein graft, and the anastomotic SEPL were more prominent. In contrast, those animals in which a unilateral distal arteriovenous fistula augmented blood flow through the AVG (average 6.7-fold increase), no SEPL were detected along the length of the graft. Although SEPL were present at the suture lines, the lesions were much less prominent. These findings suggest that the magnitude and distribution of SEPL in AVG are determined, in part, by the rate of blood flow through the graft."
1157229,"Aneurysms of the ascending aorta, if undiagnosed or untreated, may result in left ventricular failure from aortic valvular insufficiency. Aortic rupture, dissection, or compression of adjacent vital structures may also occur. The application of refined cardiopulmonary bypass devices, prosthetic heart valves, and synthetic grafts now allows successful surgical management of this disorder. This report presents our current diagnostic methods, surgical techniques, and the early and late results of 100 consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta. There were 72 males and 28 females, ranging in age from 25 to 72 (ave 51.2) years. All patients had angiographic studies to demonstrate precisely the location of the aneurysm and the presence or absence of aortic valvular insufficiency. Sixty-three patients required concomitant aortic valve replacement, and the remaining 37 patients had only aneurysm resection and replacement. Pathological studies revealed 69 aneurysms were atherosclerotic, 22 were secondary to cystic medial necrosis, with the remaining 9 considered to be possibly leutic in origin. Despite the magnitude of the surgery and the advanced ages of some of these patients, the overall operative and hospital mortality rates were 4% and 9%. Survival rates by actuarial representation in 82 patients at 2, 4, 6, and 8 years were 82.9%, 78%, 70%, and 69.5%, respectively."
1157230,"Our experimental studies since 1972 show that the heart is preserved best during cardiopulmonary bypass when it is in the beating, nonworking state. Results after mitral valve replacement (MVR) from 1968 to 1974 using various techniques of cardiac preservation were compared. In group I were 47 patients (1968 to 1972) in which either profound, topical hypothermia with prolonged ischemic arrest (19) or ventricular fibrillation with continuous coronary perfusion (28) was used. In group II there were 22 patients (1972 to 1974) in whom the heart was in a beating, nonworking state between brief periods of ischemic arrest. In group I 55% (25/47) required inotropic support postoperatively, and 17% (8/47) died. In group II 5% (1/22) required inotropic support postoperatively, and this patient died (5% mortality). Extended periods of ischemic arrest were necessary because of intraoperative complications in this patient. These data show that depressed postoperative myocardial performance occurs rarely when the heart is preserved in the beating, nonworking state during MVR and ventricular fibrillation and prolonged topical hypothermic anoxic arrest are avoided."
1157231,"In vivo function of glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine heterografts used for mitral valve replacement was evaluated by cardiac catheterization in 14 of our first 33 patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement with this prosthesis. Diastolic gradients were present in each patient. Average mean diastolic gradient was 6.5 mm Hg for the group, and average end-diastolic gradient was 3.0 mm Hg. Calculated mitral valve orifice areas ranged from 0.92 cm2 to 3.39 cm2, the average being 2.15 cm2. With rapid pacing (heart rate approximately 140), average mean gradient increased by 6 mm Hg. No patient had mitral regurgitation. Two patients had calculated mitral valve areas of 1 cm2 or less; one of these was found at postmortem examination to have thrombus adherent to the ventricular aspect of 2 of the 3 valve leaflets, rendering them immobile."
1157232,"Eight youngsters (five female, three male, ages 10 to 19 years, mean 15 years) with isolated severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation have been subjected to mitral annuloplasty because of limiting symptoms and prominent ECG and X-ray changes. They have been followed for up to 11 years (mean 3.7 years), and 7 have had excellent results. An early (1961) patient had a small annulus and was not a favorable candidate; he had only transient improvement. Seven are greatly improved, have decreased cardiac size (often dramatic), and have improved ECG's. One has undergone successful pregnancy, and none has been limited in activities. The extent and duration of improvement, lack of mortality, and resumption of normal activities by these youngsters indicate surgical success. The essence of childhood and youth is activity and the future life span hopefully long; hence, annuloplasty would appear to be the procedure of choice for severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the pediatric age group, avoiding the usual need for anticoagulation and uncertain long-term results associated with mitral valve replacement."
1157233,"Clinical use of profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest has been accompanied by occasional postoperative neurological abnormalities. In a series of infant baboons, surface cooling to 32 degrees C (brain) followed by perfusion cooling by cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane oxygenator and heat exchanger to 18 degrees C was carried out, after which the circulation was stopped for 30 minutes. The animal was rewarmed to 35 degrees C. Marked alterations in the regional cerebral circulation were observed during perfusion cooling and rewarming. Regional cerebral ischemia was negatively correlated with jugular outflow (total cerebral blood flow) during rewarming, while regional hyperemia showed positive correlation both following perfusion cooling and after rewarming. A higher degree of ischemia in brain ischemic samples was found during rewarming than during cooling. These alterations in regional cerebral perfusion were associated with lactacidosis and hyperglycemia after rewarming, and may be considered potentially responsible for posthypothermic cerebral dysfunction."
1157235,"This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of the inspiration of O2-enriched air on the size of myocardial infarction. In 15 anesthetized dogs, epicardial electrograms were recorded from 10 to 14 sites on the anterior surface of the left ventricle before and after intermittent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery or one of its major branches. In each dog, one occlusion was carried out while the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) was 0.20 and the other while the FIO2 was 0.40. With an FIO2 of 0.20 the average ST-segment elevation (ST) was 4.0 +/- 0.6 mV (SEM) and the number of sites exhibiting ST-segment elevations exceeding 2 mV (NST) 15 minutes following occlusion was 6.2 +/- 0.7 sites; comparable values following occlusion with an FIO2 of 0.40 were 1.8 +/- 0.4 mV (P less than 0.01) and 2.7 +/- 0.7 sites (P less than 0;01), reflecting reduction in acute myocardial ischemic injury; An FIO2 of 1.0 did not decrease myocardial injury further. In 24 other dogs, occlusion was maintained for 24 hours. In nine dogs in which FIO2 was increased from 0.20 to 0.40 30 minutes after occlusion, myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) was less depressed in sites having comparable levels of ST-segment elevation at 15 minutes than in dogs that respired an FIO2 of 0.20 during the entire 24 hours. All (54) sites with ST-segment elevations greater than 3 mV in the 0.20 FIO2 group showed early signs of myocardial infarction, while only 49% of such specimens showed infarction in the 0.40 FIO2 group. Thus it is concluded that 0.40 FIO2 following an experimental coronary artery occusion decreases acute ischemic injury and reduces the eventual development of necrosis, as evaluated by enzymatic and histological techniques."
1157236,"To assess the effects of sodium nitroprusside (5-10 mug/min) on total and regional cardiac performance, energetics, and lactate metabolism during acute ischemia, studies were performed in 21 open-chest dogs. For studies of regional function and metabolism, length gauges were sutured to the epicardial surface and an epicardial vein adjacent to the artery to be occluded was cannulated. Following occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, epicardial vein blood flow, and systolic shortening of the ischemic segment decreased significantly, In the blood samples from the ischemic zone, but not in those from the coronary sinus, lactate extraction shifted to production. In seven control dogs these alterations persisted throughout the experiment. In 14 animals treated with nitroprusside, cardiac output increased while peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure decreased. Systolic shortening in the ischemic segment increased from 1.10 +/- 0.24 (SEM) to 1.77 +/- 0.30 mm (P less than 0.005). In eight dogs, regional venous outflow increased from 1.9 +/- 0.1 to 3.0 +/- 0.4 ml/min despite a slight reduction in mean arterial pressure. Concomitantly, regional negative lactate balance was reduced from -61.0 +/- 20.0 to -23.2 +/- 5.7% (P less than 0.05). These results indicate that nitroprusside significantly improves both total cardiac performance and the mechanical performance of regional ischemic myocardium. Moreover, this improvement in mechanical function occurred concomitantly with apparent increase in regional perfusion and reduction in lactate production, suggesting that nitroprusside simultaneously alleviates ischemia."
1157237,"The prognostic value of the left ventricular ejection fraction(EF) was compared to that of other commonly used indices--severity of coronary artery disease, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, and abnormal ECG--in 144 patients with coronary artery disease followed for an average of 14 months on medical management. During this period, 14 patients (10%) died. Analysis of the mortality demonstrated that the EF was the most powerful predictor of short-term survival. Thus, patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease and anormal EF (greater than 0.50) had a significantly lower mortality (12%) than did patients with three-vessel CAD and a reduced EF (33%, P less than 0.001). Similar comparisons were observed within the subgroups with abnormal hemodynamics or an abnormal ECG. Therefore, the EF appears to be an important prognostic guide in the medical therapy of coronary artery disease, and is of significantly more discriminant value than other measurements when combined abnormalities exist."
1157238,"In the acute phase of myocardial infarction, short-term prediction of the likelihood of survival helps the physician choose the appropriate therapy for individual patients. Of 122 patients admitted to the coronary care unit of the Thoraxcenter, University Hospital, Rotterdam, with an acute myocardial infarction, 16 died from pump failure. In these and the 106 survivors, the predictive value of peripheral systolic (SP) and diastolic (DP) blood pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW), mixed venous oxygen saturation (MVO2sat) in the pulmonary artery and heart rate (HR), both alone and in combination, was evaluated at the time of admission and 24 hours later. When, at admission, (DP X MVO2sat)/PCW exceeded 250%, 97/99 patients survived, whereas values below 250% were associated with death in 14/23. All other papameters, taken alone or in other combinations, showed less discriminatory power. Thb mean value of this index in survivors (549%) was statistically different (P less than 0.001) from the mean value in nonsurvivors (183%). Twenty-four hours later all survivors with admission values lower than 250% had an improved index. Of the 14 nonsurvivors with admission values lower than 250%, seven had already died, and in seven others the index had decreased still further; Linear discriminant analysis showed that (0.024 SP -- 0.217 PCW + 0.234 MVO2sat) was the most powerful prognostic index at the time of admission; its time course did not provide a more effective prediction of ultimate fatality than (DP XMVO2sat)/PCW. Determination of (DP X MVO2sat)/PCW in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction provides a reliable prognosis for short-term patient survival. Its practical value in guiding patient management, more particularly for initiating mechanical circulatory assistance or for emergency surgery, must be further assessed."
1157239,"In order to determine the reproducibility of analyses of left ventriculograms, 35 cineangiograms were evaluated by four observers, two using standard quantitative techniques to determine ventricular volumes and a newly devised quantitative system to evaluate wall motion and two others using only visual inspection of the angiograms. Objective analysis repeated by the same observer correlated well for end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction (r = .98, .99, respectively) and only one of 105 (1%) wall segments were identified differently. Variability in assessments increased when comparisons were made with a second objective observer. Correlation coefficients for the three volumetric parameters were .93, .98, and .95 and there was disagreement in the assessment of 8% of wall segments. Wide variability was present between an objective and two subjective observers in analyses of end-diastolic volumes (r = .63, .64). Regional wall motion was assessed differently in 19% and 27% of segments, respectively. Though the correlation of objectively and subjectively determined ejection fractions was much better than the correlation for volume (r = .92, .84), it was not as good as the correlation between two objective observers. Occasional errors of clinical significance occurred. We conclude that subjective analysis has a significant error rate and that reproducibility and accuracy of analysis of left ventriculograms require objective analysis."
1157240,"Threshold bipolar pacing was performed from one of 12 selected atrial sites with temporary implanted electrodes in 69 patients following open-heart surgery in order to study P wave polarity and morphology and the P-R interval during paced ectopic atrial rhythms. A negative P wave was recorded in lead  I only with pacing the left atrium and only when pacing near the left pulmonary veins. A positive bifid P wave in V1 was recorded only with left atrial pacing and only when pacing was near the inferior pulmonary veins and coronary sinus. P wave polarity and morphology were otherwise of no use in localization of the origin of the impulse in these studies. The pacing stimulus to P wave interval was found to vary between 10 and 54 msec, making the duration of the P-R interval an unreliable indicator of the site of origin of the paced impulse. Although the relation of these paced rhythms to spontaneously occurring ectopic rhythms is unclear, the previously published criteria for localizing ectopic atrial rhythms are again demonstrated to be unreliable. P wave polarity and morphology and the P-R interval are of limited value in ascertaining the origin of ectopic atrial rhythms in man."
1157241,"The specialized atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system was electrophysiologically delineated during open-heart surgery in four patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels and associated ventricular septal defect and one patient with single ventricle. Two consistent observations were made: 1) In no case was the specialized A-V conduction system found in the right atrium, whether or not there was a coronary sinus ostium present. 2) Specialized A-V conduction system electrograms were never delineated posterior to the ventricular septal defect, in contradistinction to this usual location in hearts having ventricular septal defects associated with other congenital lesions. In three of five patients, the initial course of the A-V conduction system of the ventricles was delineated between the anterior aspect of the ventricular septal defect and the pulmonary artery. In one patient the proximal portion of the A-V conduction system was delineated on the anterior aspect of the pulmonary conus. The course and extent of the A-V conduction system delineated in the morphological left ventricle suggests it is a left bundle branch. The surgical implications of the ectopic location of the A-V conduction system anterior to the ventricular septal defect, and the variability of the more proximal portion of the A-V conduction system are discussed."
1157242,The sequence with which 18 to 70 ventricular sites recovered excitability after normal excitation was determined in 15 dogs. At the epicardial level the recovery sequence was similar to that of normal activation. The sequence of excitation and recovery differed at the endocardium with some basal areas recovering excitability earlier than the apex despite later activation. Evidence of a normal epicardial to endocardial recovery sequence was also obtained. The findings are compatible with and provide a tentative explanation of some features of T waves in human body surface electrocardiograms.
1157243,"Maximal systolic endocardial velocity (SEVM) and maximal diastolic endocardial velocity (DEVM) were determined echocardiographically in patients with muscular dystrophy (MD). The SEVM of the muscular dystrophy patients was 5.5 +/- 0.9 cm/sec and the DEVM was 13 +/- 3 cm/sec. The SEVM in MD was significantly less than that seen in age-matched normals (P less than 0.05), persons with myotonia congenita (P less than 0.02), deconditioned patients (P less than 0.001), or older normal persons (P less than 0.05). The Sevm of the MD patients was not significantly different from persons with spinal muscular atrophy. The DEVM of the muscular dystrophy patients was significantly less (P less than 0.001-0.05) than any other group. No correlation could be found between age, heart rate, type or severity of dystrophy and SEVM or DEVM values. The echocardiogram was more selective in correctly identigying muscular dystrophy patients than the electrocardiogram. The abnormality in DEVM was present despite lack of symptoms, normal cardiovascular examination, normal chest X-ray and normal electrocardiograms in 18 of 22 patients. We believe that the DEVM correlates with myocardial relaxation."
1157244,"Echocardiographic studies were performed in 22 patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. In atrial flutter, the echocardiograms consistently demonstrated regular undulatory waves of the posterior left atrial wall and upper left interventricular septum coinciding with each flutter wave of the electrocardiogram. The mitral valve was slightly reopened by each flutter wave occurring after diastolic mitral closure. The phonocardiogram simultaneously recorded with the echocardiogram showed only occasional atrial sounds. Coarse atrial fibrillation produced undulatory low frequency motion of both leaflets of the mitral valve during diastole. Atrial fibrillation with fine fibrillatory waves failed to show any significant and constant undulations of the left atrial wall and upper left interventricular septum. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with atrial flutter could have diagnostic implications in doubtful cases with nondiagnostic electrocardiograms."
1157245,"The echocardiographic findings in three patients who presented with pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade are described. Cyclic respiratory changes affected the diastolic movement of the anterior mitral leaflet, viz., during inspiration its anterior excursion decreased in amplitude and the E-F slope diminished. This inspiratory alteration in mitral valve motion was accompanied by an increase in right ventricular dimensions and a reciprocal decrease in left ventricular dimensions. Pericardial paracentesis confirmed the presence of effusion and relieved cardiac tamponade in all the patients. Repeat echocardiography, performed in two of the patients immediately after the pericardial tap, showed that the E-F slope had become steeper and that phasic respiratory variations in the diastolic motion of the anterior mitral leaflet were no longer present. The compatibility of our observations with the theories which endeavor to explain the mechanism of the paradoxical pulse in pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade is discussed. We suggest that the abnormalities in anterior mitral leaflet motion defined by echocardiography constitute a useful addition to the study of patients with suspected cardiac tamponade resulting from pericardial effusion."
1157246,"The echocardiographic features of postinfarction pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle are described for the first time. Because ultrasound allows the detection of soft-tissue structures in a manner not possible with other diagnostic techniques, the left ventricular wall can be visualized separating the left ventricular cavity from the saccular aneurysm which is delineated by pericardium and/or extracardiac tissue. In addition to these anatomic findings, relevant qualitative hemodynamic data can also be obtained. Echocardiography seems to be a safe and specific method for the diagnosis of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. It is suggested that echocardiography should be used in the incipeint phase of pseudoaneurysm formation to detect subacute cardiac rupture."
1157247,"Platelet survival time was measured (autologous labelling with 51chromium) in 68 men with coronary artery disease (CAD). Survival was shortened slightly (3.2 +/- 0.04 days; mean +/- SEM) as compared to normal (3.7 +/- 0.04 days; N = 18; P less than 0.001), and 60% had shortened survival (less than 3.3 days). Thirty-seven had hyperlipoproteinemia (36 with Type IV and one with Type III) and platelet survival was shortened (3.1 +/- 0.10 days) and significantly different from survival of men with normal lipoproteins (3.3 +/- 0,12 days; P less than 0.05). Twenty-two with shortened platelet survival and CAD received either clofibrate or sulfinpyrazone. Clofibrate prolonged platelet survival (2.6 +/- 0.09 to 3.4 +/- 0,14 days; P less than 0.001) and ten of 12 had prolongation of survival. Sulfinpyrazone increased survival (2.8 +/- 0.12 to 3.6 +/- 0.21; P less than 0.001) and nine of ten had prolognation of platelet survival. Clofibrate lowered serum cholesterol and tryglyceride but alteration in lipids did not correlate with alteration of survival. Sulfinpyrazone did not alter lipids. Data suggest that survival is shortened in CAD and that clofibrate and sulfinpyrazone alter survival. Platelet suppressant agents may prove beneficial in reducing the extent and complications of atherosclerotic arterial injury."
1157248,"The relationship between left ventricular filling pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure to pulmonary edema was examined in a group of 37 patients, the majority of whom were hypovolemic. Sixteen patients developed pulmonary edema during fluid infusion. In the 21 patients who did not develop pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was slightly elevated but the colloid osmotic pressure was not reduced. The majority of these patients were treated with colloid solutions (group I). In five of the 16 patients who developed pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was elevated and there was no reduction in the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. These patients received only colloids (group II). In the other 11 patients who developed pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was normal but the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced to 16 +/- 2 torr (group III). The colloid osmotic pressure in this group was significantly less than in the other two groups (P less than 0.01). Most of these patients received large volumes of crystalloid solutions. After administration of furosemide, clearing of pulmonary edema in this group was associated with normalization of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Infusion of large volumes of crystalloids in hypovolemic patients can be hazardous, for reduction of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure may predispose to the development of pulmonary edema even when the left ventricular filling pressure remains normal."
1157249,"The anatomy of the coronary artery circulation was examined by means of selective coronary arteriography in 19 patients, evaluated because of disabling chest pain and ECG abnormalities, with typical clinical findings of the systolic click syndrome (SCS). In 17 (89.5%), the elft circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) was absent; a single marginal branch arose from the left main vessel, but no vessel was present in or near the atrioventricular (A-V) groove. In contrast, the LCCA was identified in 74 of 78 control patients (94.9%) considered to have representative normal distribution of coronary artery branches, All but two patients with SCS exhibited reduced contraction of the segment of left ventricular (LV) myocardium surrounding the mitral valve ring (extent of systolic diameter decrease 1.4 +/- 3.1% vs normal 31.8 +/- 3.4%, P lwss than 0.001), as well as of the LV inflow tract (diameter decreasce 16.2 +/- 2.5% vs normal 38.6 +/- 1.8% P less than 0.001); both of these regions of the left ventricle derive their vascular supply from the LCCA, An identical segmental LV contraction disorder was observed in seven patients with functionally single vessel occlusive coronary artery disease involving the LCCA, An identical finding in this study was a relatively high incidence of absent LCCA (42%) in 19 patients with atypical angina and normal coronary arteriograms. It is concluded that a congenital anomaly of the coronary circulation, with absent LCCA, may be responsible for segmental myocardial dysfunction in some patients with SCS. In turn, this segmental contraction disorder may determine functional abnormality of the mitral valve apparatus."
1157251,"In this study of low birth weight infants (less than 2500 g), we compared the birth weight distribution of patients with patent ductus arteriosus associated with prematurity with that of patients having congenital heart disease other than patent ductus arteriosus. Among 1436 low birth weight infants 37 infants had congenital heart disease other than patent ductus arteriosus and 198 had isolated ductus arteriosus. Infants with congenital heart disease had a mean birth weight of 2018 grams (standard deviation = 370 g) which was significantly greater than that of infants with patent ductus arteriosus. Four of the 37 infants with congenital heart disease other than ductus arteriosus were among 1150 low birth weight infants born in this institution, an incidence of 3.5/1000 live low birth weight infants. Seventy-eight of the 198 infants with patent ductus arteriosus were among 1150 low birth weight infants born in this institution, an incidence of 70/1000 live low birth weight infants. Twenty-one of the 37 infants with congenital heart disease were of appropriate weight for gestational age and 16 were small for gestational age."
1157252,"The lordotic right posterior oblique projection of the left coronary artery is obtained by combining cranial angulation of the X-ray beam with rotation of the patient into the right posterior oblique position. This projection is helpful for separation of the main left coronary artery and the proximal portions of the left anterior descending and circumflex divisions, especially in patients in whom the left anterior descending artery is directed cephalad early in its course. The obtaining of an image from the lordotic right posterior oblique projection adds less than two minutes to the procedure and improves arteriographic assessment of the left coronary artery."
1157253,"In cardiac anomalies causing severe obstruction in the left side of the heart, such as aortic atresia, mitral atresia, or occasionally severe aortic stenosis, maintenance of circulation depends upon shunting of pulmonary venous blood into the right atrium. The usual pathway by which the shunt is achieved is across the atrial septum through the foramen ovale. When this route is closed or severely narrowed, alternate but less common pathways may exist. These involve either anomalous connections of pulmonary veins to systemic veins or communications with the coronary venous system. In the latter, as commonly occurs in aortic atresia, left ventricular myocardial sinusoids carry pulmonary venous blood from the left ventricular cavity and into the cardiac veins. In other instances of severe left-sided obstruction, a direct communication may exist between the left atrium and the coronary sinus."
1157267,"Although intermittent ECG sampling is a commonly used method for arrhythmia detection there are no controlled studies of its efficiency. In the present study a continuous ECG was recorded for three hours in 52 patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. All ECGs were interpreted minute to minute to get the true arrhythmia content. Intermittent ECG samples were simulated by analyzing the first two and first five minutes of every 15 minutes in the ECG material. Two minute long ECG samples were also used every 30 minutes. The 15 and 30 minute long periods were classified as containing arrhythmias or not according to the arrhythmia content of the samples. These findings were subsequently compared with the true arrhythmia content. The arrhythmia detection rate depends on the sampling time and true arrhythmia occurrence. The distribution of arrhythmias within the periods was also of importance. With a five minute long ECG sample about 80% of the intervals containing any type of ventricular tachyarrhythmia will be detected. This is reduced to about 50% when one minute long ECG strips are used. Infrequent types of VPCs such as R on T or ventricular tachycardia are very poorly detected also when sampling as much as one-third of the total time. The study also included a comparison between the results obtained from the clinical material and the results obtained by the use of computerized arrhythmia models. It is concluded that intermittent ECG sampling besides a low detection rate for infrequent arrhythmias and short ECG samples, also brings a risk of underestimating or overemphasizing the arrhythmia occurrence depending on a periodic type of arrhythmia distribution among the patients. These factors make intermittent ECG sampling an unsuitable method for evaluating antiarrhythmic drugs."
1157268,"The effect of atrial pacing and recording site and ventricular pacing site on assessment of conduction over the accessory pathway (AP) was examined in a group of patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The importance of initial localization of the AP by recording the sequence of retrograde atrial activation during circus movement tachycardia is demonstrated. Inability to record or pace near the AP may lead to significant errors in the assessment of the antegrade and retograde conduction properties of the AP. During ventricular pacing, retrograde atrial fusion was consistently demonstrated with laterally located APs."
1157269,"Antegrade (AERPAP) and retrograde (RERPAP) effective refractory periods of the accessory pathway were measured at multiple cycle lengths in 47 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In 20 patients the effect of changing cycle length on AERPAP could be determined. In 12 patients Aerpap decreased by 10-45 msec, in six it increased by 10-35 msec, and in two it was unchanged. In 13 of 15 patients in whom the effect of decreasing cycle length on RERPAP could be assessed, RERPAP decreased by 10-60 msec. In eight patients, the shortest AERPAP correlated well (r equals 0.83) with the shortest R-R interval of consecutive pre-excited beats in atrial fibrillation. However, predominantly normal conduction was observed in six of 28 patients with atrial fibrillation, probably because of concealment in the bypass. Therefore, induction of atrial fibrillation during electrophysiological evaluation may privide additional information. The RERPAP at the cycle length of the arrhythmia was shorter than the cycle length of reciprocating tachycardia in all but one of 21 patients. At the same or comparable cycle lengths, AERPAP was usually greater than RERPAP."
1157270,"The directions and magnitudes of time-normalized P, QRS, and ST vectors, and other ECG parameters were analyzed during and after multistage exercise in 56 ostensibly healthy men aged 23 to 62. By selective averaging with a digital computer system a single representative beat was obtained from each stage. Measurements were taken from this beat. During exercise, the interval between the spatial maximum of the P wave and the onset of the QRS complex decreased while the magnitude of the P wave increased. The direction of the P vectors did not change. This pattern corresponds to the electrocardiographic manifestations of predominant right atrial overload. No significant changes in the QRS duration were observed. Also the magnitude and spatial orientation of the maximum QRS vectors remained constant. The interval between the QRS onset and the maximum spatial magnitude of the T wave shortened. The terminal QRS vectors and the ST vectors gradually shifted toward the right, and superiorly. The T magnitude lessened during exercise. In the first minute of the recovery period the P and T magnitudes markedly increased. Afterward all measurements gradually returned to the resting level. Mechanisms which may explain the observed ECG changes during and after exercise are discussed, including changes in the blood conductivity and intracardiac blood volume. Age did not contribute to the variance of the ECG measurements, but a significant reduction of this variance could be otained in some ST-segment measurements by relating them to heart rate with linear regression equations (P less than or equal to 0.05). Therefore it is expected that the sensitivity of the exercise ECG for detection of ischemic heart disease would be increased when heart rate dependent normal limits for ST-segment measurements are used. Different criteria should be employed for the interpretation of the ECG during and after exercise."
1157271,"Qestionnaires were sent to 1,817 adults screened twice for coronary risk factors 10 to 11 months apart and to their physicians. Physician questionnaires returned on 1,764 persons indicated that 359 (20.4%) of the total group and 227 of 1,191 persons (19.1%) with one or more abnormal risk factors during the first screen did not return for follow-up care. Only persons with one or more risk factors were given advice or medication. When the 227 patients that did not return for follow-up are removed from the group with one or more risk factors, the 239 patients who received advice or treatment comprise 24.8% of those who could have been treated. Of the total 1,764 patients, 13.5% recieved treatment or advice. Qestionnaires returned by 1,396 persons who received follow-up care by their physicians confirmed that only those who had one or more risk factors received advice or treatment. Results of the patient questionnaires show that 223 persons received advice or treatment (23.2% of all with risk factors who returned for follow-up; 16.0% of the 1,396 persons). Furthermore, of 116 persons prescribed medication for risk factor control, 60 (51.7%) were not taking this medication. Of 20, persons given advice for reduction of risk factors, 162 (78.9%) were not following this advice. These data indicate physician indifference and patient apathy to reduction of coronary risk factors in asymptomatic individuals."
1157272,"While left ventricular (LV) performance in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) has been extensively investigated, little attention has been given to right ventricular (RV) function in this disease. For this purpose, a new geometric model for RV volume has been developed and RV end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI), stroke volume index (SVI) and ejection fraction (EF) have been determined from biplane RV cineangiograms in 26 patients. Eight patients served as normal (control) subjects (group I). Eighteen patients with obstructive CAD comprised two other groups: six who had no significant disease of the right coronary artery (RCA) (group II) and 12 who had a high grade RCA lesion (group III). The mean values for EDVI, SVI and EF in group I were 76 +/- 11 ml/m2, 50 +/- 6 ml/m2, and 66 +/- 6%. The only significant difference between groups I and II was that SVI was lower in group II than in group I (P less than 0.01). No measurements in groups II and III were statistically different from each other. However, markedly subnormal values were found in group III (EDVI: 61 +/- 16 ml/m2, SVI: 33 +/- ml/m2 and ef: 52 +/- 7%); all values being significantly lower (SVI and EF: P less than 0.001; EDVI: P less than 0.05) than in group I. RV end-diastolic pressure was normal in all patients. These findings may related to 1) reduced RV compliance, 2) distorted LV geometry, 31 possible RV ischemia or 4) reduced Frank-Starling effect."
1157273,"The double Master's test, the maximal treadmill stress test, the resting apexcardiogram, and the postexercise apexcardiogram significantly correlated with the development of subsequent coronary heart disease within five years in 100 asymptomatic persons. The maximal treadmill stress test correlated better than the double Master's test in predicting subsequent coronary heart disease. The presence of both an abnormal maximal treadmill stress and an abnormal a-wave ratio in the postexercise apexcardiogram had  the best value in predicting subsequent coronary heart disease."
1157274,"The sensitivity of rest and stress myocardial perfusion studies using scintillation camera imaging of intravenously administered rubidium-81 (81Rb) in the detection of myocardial ischemia was compared to that of stress electrocardiography by relating results in 40 patients to the degree of stenosis delineated by coronary arteriography. Of 33 patients with greater than 75% stenosis of at least one of the three major coronary vessels (significant stenosis), rest and stress 81Rb imaging detected ventricular ischemia in 29 (88%) whereas simultaneous stress electrocardiography was positive (1 mm or greater horizontal ST-segment depression) in only 19 (58%) of the same patients. Five of the 29 patients who developed stress-induced scintigraphic evidence of ischemia did not develop angina or a positive electrocardiogram with stress. In 31 of the 33 patients with significant coronary stenosis, either the stress scintigram or the stress electrocardiogram  was positive. In seven patients with less than 50% narrowing of a major coronary vessel on coronary arteriography, the stress scinitigrams were negative, whereas the stress electrocardiograms were positive in the two of these patients with the syndrome of angina with normal coronary arteriograms. It is concluded that high resolution images of the myocardium can be obtained with 81Rb using the scintillation camera with special shielding, and that rest and stress 81Rb scintigraphy appears to provide greater sensitivity and specificity when compared to stress electrocardiography in the nininvasive identification of significant coronary stenosis."
1157275,"Fifty-six patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by sinus bradycardia (SB) were treated with intravenous atropine and monitored in a coronary care unit. Atropine decreased or completely abolished premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and/or bouts of accelerated idioventricular rhythm in 27 of 31 patients (87%) and brought systemic blood pressure up to normal in 15 of 17 patients (88%) with hypotension. In addition, atropine administration was associated with improved atrioventricular conduction in 11 of 13 patients (85%) with acute  inferior myocardial infarction associated with 2 degrees or 3 degrees atrioventricular block. Seven patients developed ten significant adverse effects: ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in three, sustainedsinus tachycardia in three, increased PVCs in three, and toxic psychosis in one. These major adverse effects correlated with either a higher initial dose of atropine (i.e., 1.0 mg aa compared with the usual 0.5 or 0.6 mg) or a total cumulative dose exceeding 2.5 mg over 21/2 hours. Atropine is the drug of choice for management of patients with SB and hypotension and is effective in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias as well as conduction disturbances in patients with inferior myocardial infarction. Serious adverse effects, however, preclude use of atropine without careful medical supervision."
1157276,"Twenty-four patients with proven coronary artery disease and abnormally-contracting segments were studied by both echocardiography and biplane angiographic techniques. Comparison was made between the left ventricular biplane angiographic volumes and those obtained from echocardiographic measurements which were calculated from cubed function and regression equaltion methods. The percent abnormally contracting segment (ACS) was obtained from biplane left ventricular angiography and was calculated from the diastolic and systolic anteroposterior and lateral angiocardiograms. The angiographic end-diastolic volume correlated with that calculated from the echocardiographic dimensions with an r value of 0.865 and SEE of +/- 22.64 ml. The angiographic end-systolic volume and echo end-systolic volume did not correlate as well, with an r = 0.7063. The difference in stroke volume predicted by the diastolic and systolic echocardiographic dimensions and the actual stroke volume determined by Fick technique was related to the percent abnormally contracting segment of the left ventricle (r = 0.8967). The percent ACS could be estimated from echo and Fick stroke volume measurements by the cube function and regression equations. Echo ventricular volume determinations were analyzed for the cube function method and the regression equations of Fortuin et al. and Teichholz and coworkers, with the method of Fortuin et al. producing the most sensitive relationship: % ACS = 0.32 (SVecho - SVFick) % + 8.9%. The correlation coefficient for the estimate was 0.8967 with a SEE of +/- 4.78%. In patients with coronary artery disease and abnormally contracting segments, echocardiography can provide reliable measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume but estimates of end-systolic volume are less accurate. If mitral regurgitation or a ventricular aneurysm can be excluded, the difference in echocardiographic and forward stroke volume by an independent method is related to the angiographic and forward stroke volume by an independent method is related to the angiographic abnormally contracting segment, and this relationship permits estimation of the size of the abnormally, contracting segment."
1157277,"Serial assessment of the status of the pulmonary vascular bed requires bed requires cardiac catheterization. We have demonstrated the right ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTI) may be measured from the pulmonary valve echo. The right ventricular ejection time (RVET) and right pre-ejection period (RPEP) were measured in 45 normal patients. The RVET and RPEP decreased with increasing heart rate but increased with age. The RPEP/RVET, however, was uninfluenced by either age or heart rate. The RPEP/RVET was, therefore, determined from the pulmonary valve echo in 64 patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac catheterization. Increased pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PADP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) resulted inan increased RPEP/RVET. The use of the RPEP/RVET permitted the serial echographic evaluation of the pulmonary vascular bed in selected patients; marked elevation of the ratio indicated the presence of pulmonary hypertension."
1157278,"Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic findings in 35 patients with Marfan's Syndrome and ten patients without Marfan's or other clinically apparent connective tissue disorders but with angiographic and echocardiographic evidence of mitral prolapse are reported and compared. Echocardiography revealed aortic root dilatation and/or mitral valve prolapse in 97% of the patients with Marfan's Syndrome. Aortic root dilatation was found in 60% of this group (74% of males, 33% of females) while mitral valve prolapse was found in 91% (87% of males, 100% of females). The incidence of aortic dilatation and mitral prolapse in patients with Marfan's syndrome was essentially equal in children and adults of the same sex. None of the nine adults or one child with mitral prolapse but without evidence of Marfan's Syndrome or other clinically apparent connective tissue disorder had aortic root enlargement. Ausculatory examination and phnocardiography revealed abnormalities in 54% of the patients with Marfan's Syndrome. Aortic regurgitation was found in 23% of this group (35% of males, 0% of females) while mitral regurgitation and/or mitral clicks were found in 46% (39% of males, 58% of females). Aortic regurgitation was much more frequent in adult males with Marfan's Syndrome (7/14, 50%) than male children (1/9, 11%), while the incidence of abnormal mitral sounds was essentially the same in adults (33% of males, 60% of females) and children (43% of males, 57% of females) of the same sex with Marfan's Syndrome. Abnormal mitral sounds were more frequent in patients without Marfan's who had mitral prolapse (90%) than in those with Marfan's (46%). It appears that cardiac abnormalities are a consistent manifestation of Marfan's Syndrome and that ultrasound is a more sensitive indicator of these abnormalities in such patients than ausculation or phonocardiography."
1157279,"The echocardiographic abnormalities in five cases of aortic valve endocarditis are described and are correlated with the anatomical appearance of the valve at the time of aortic valve replacement. These electrocardiographic findings are compared with those which have been reported previously in this condition. Thickening of the aortic leaflets in systole or multiple linear or coalescent aortic valve echoes in diastole are highly suggestive of valvular vegetations. Ruptured aortic leaflets may produce chaotic, high-frequency echo patterns which differ from those produced by vegetations. The specificity of these echocardiographic patterns is discussed."
1157280,"Echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization findings were compared in 61 patients with mitral stenosis without other significant lesions in an attempt to determine the clinical usefulness of echocardiography in the assessment of such patients. There was a poor correlation between the E-F slope on the echocardiogram and the calculated mitral valve area (r = 0.51). A review of reported data relating the E-F slope to mitral valve area indicated that echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve area had low sensitivity and specificity. The amplitude of excursion of the anterior leaflet did not differ significantly in patients undergoing valvotomy and those undergoind valve replacement. The data obtained suggest that while the echocardiogram is a reliable method of diagnosing mitral stenosis, the E-F slope is an unreliable index of the severity of the lesion."
1157281,"Real-time, two dimensional echocardiography was used to identify great artery relations in 23 infants and small children, including 16 patients with angiography documented transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, or pulmonary aresia. Using this technique, the heart was scanned perpendicular to its long axis at the origin of the great arteries. Great arteries cross-sectioned perpendicular to their long axes appear as circles; when sectioned longitudinally these arteries appeared as elongated sausage-shaped structures. I- patients with normally related great arteries, a curcular structure (aorta) always was positioned posterior to an elongated, sausage-shaped structure (distal right ventricular outflow tract and proximal main pulmonary artery). In transposition of the great arteries, two adjacent circular structures were observed; the anterior circle (aorta) was located to the right, left or directly anterior to the posterior circle (pulmonary artery). In pulmonary atresia or hypoplasis, a large posterior circle (aorta) was associated with an anteriorly positioned structure that was either short and small (atretic right ventricular outflow tract) or elongated with an area of severe narrowing (hypoplastic right ventricular outflow tract). Thus, real-time two-dimensional echocardiography provides a rapid, noninvasive means of accurately identifying congenital malformations of the great arteries in infants and small children and may be a useful adjunct to cardiac catheterization in the diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease."
1157282,"Postoperative data were obtained at cardiac catheterization in twelve patients studied 6-29 months following Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) to assess the incidence and severity of abnormalities of right ventricular (RV) function. Age at operation was 5-13 months in seven patients (infant group) and 19-25 months in the remaining five patients. RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) decreased in all patients following surgery and averaged 123% of normal in the postoperative group (NS). RV ejection fraction (EF) was depressed postoperatively averaging 0.45 (69% of normal (P less than 0.001) as was RV systolic output (78% of normal, P less than 0.01). LVEDV averaged 65% of normal (P less than 0.001), LVEF 0.67 (103% of normal, NS), and LV systolic output 67% of normal (P less than 0.001) following operation. Left atrial (systemic venous) volume was decreased in all postoperative patients averaging only 39% of normal (P less than 0.001). A high incidence (greater than 50%) of partial baffle obstruction was found and LV systolic output showed a significant negative correlation with baffle gradients. The low output postoperatively may be related to decreased LV filling pressure, a small LV reservoir, and thus a small atrial ""booster pump."" Pressure-velocity indices of RV contractile function in four patients showed a poor correlation with pump function. Long-term follow-up will be required to determine the clinical significance of the abnormalities of venous return and ventricular function."
1157283,"In the 20-year period ending December 31, 1973 we operated on 105 patients for palliation of tricuspid atresia (TA) with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Pott's anastomosis (85), Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (19), intrapericardial aorta (Ao)-to-right pulmonary artery (RPA) (18), Glenn procedure (3) and miscellaneous shunts (2) have been used. Of patients undergoing operation more than 15 years ago, 45% (9/20) are still alive. The over-all operative mortality was 9%. It was highest in patients less than one month of age (7/23, 30%). There were no operative deaths in patients older than 12 months. The median age at first operation for the entire series was five months. Our results indicate the Pott's anastomosis and Ao-to-RPA anastomosis are superior to the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (BT) for palliation of TA. Of patients surviving BT, 69% (11/16) required reoperation, compared to 22% (17/78) surviving Pott's anastomosis and 13% (2/16) surviving Ao-to-RPA shunts. All three patients undergoing Glenn procedures (superior vena cava-to-RPA anastomosis) required reoperation or died without significant benefit. Ballon atrial septosomy and Pott's anastomosis appear to be indicated for infants less than six months of age, and Ao-to-RPA shunt with simultaneous atrial septectomy (if indicated) for older children."
1157284,"Four of 220 patients without bifasicular block (complete right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock) or transient complete heart block immediately after surgery had an unexpected cardiac arrest one to 15 years after satisfactory surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The postoperative electrocardiograms (ECG) revealed complete right bundle branch block in two patients and no intraventricle conduction abnormality in two patients. Each of the four patients had premature ventricular contractions on previous postoperative ECG. The cardiac arrest occurred during normal activity in three patients and mild exercise in one. Following the cardiac arrest, three patients died and one patient survived. Eighteen months before the cardiac arrest, the survivor had a stress test which revealed multifocal premature ventricular contractions with short bursts of ventricular tachycardia after exercise. This ventricular arrhythmia was suppressed with quinidine therapy. Although complete heart block cannot be excluded in these four patients, we reasoned that the cardiac arrests were probably preceded by ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Because of this experience, we believe that any patient who has had intraventricular surgery should be evaluated for ventricular arrhythmia. If frequent premature ventricular contractions or serious ventricular arrhythmias are documented, we seriously consider antiarrhythmic therapy in an attempt to prevent ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death."
1157285,"While acute regurgitation is the most common valvular lesion associated with aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, this report describes the pathological findings in five patients in whom primary right-sided valve dysfunction was simulated by sinus of Valsalva aneurysms. In two patients aneurysms of the noncoronary sinus projected into the right atrium at the level of the tricuspid valve and caused tricuspid incomptence. In three patients aneurysms of the right sinus of Valsalva projected into the right ventricle immediately below the pulmonic valve and caused pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. In only one of these patients was the aneurysm perforated at necropsy. Although valvular dysfunction was evident clinically, in none was there a clinical suspicion of a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. In addition to valvular dysfunction, two patients had conduction disturbances and two, right coronary arterial occlusions found to be the result of aneurysms. The risks of valve dysfunction, arrythmias, aneurysm rupture, and sudden death and the ability to correct this lesion surgically make it especially important to consider aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysm as a cause of obscure right-sided valvular disease."
1157286,"Thirteen patients with severe hypertension were treated with combined minoxidil, propranolol, and furosemide (mean daily doses 33 mg, 475 mg, and 578 mg, respectively) for nine to twenty-five months (mean 13.8). Average mean blood pressure while on aggressive therapy with conventional medication was 144 +/- 14 mm Hg; on minoxidil and propranolol it was 108 ""/- 10 mm Hg (P less thator to optimum blood pressure control and required large doses of furosemide to control. Propranolol blunted the reflex tachycardia associated with arteriolar dilator therapy but all patients continued with a clinically hyperdynamic circulation. Seven of seven had elevated ejection fractions on echocardiogram, and two of three had elevated cardiac indices. Three of three who had heart catheterization had pulmonary hypertension which was aggravated by exercise. An additional three patients on hydralazine, propranolol, and furosemide also had pulmonary hypertension suggesting this is not unique to minoxidil. Two of thirteen developed pericardial effusions. Renal function improved in three and worsened in three."
1157287,Congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm is rarely diagnosed on the basis of an abnormal cardiac silhouette. Patients with a left atrial appendage aneurysm often present with symptoms of systemic emboli or supraventricular arrhythmias. A patient with left atrial appendage aneurysm was diagnosed by correlation of two noninvasive techniques echocardiography and radionuclide scintiscanning. Angiography was confirmatory and aneurysmectomy was successfully performed.
1157289,"1. Three commercially available kit procedures for human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) were investigated. 2. The comparison of the methods included procedure, accuracy, precision, sample requirement and time required for analyses. 3. While one kit gave significantly higher values and requires more time to obtain results, each of 3 procedures was concluded to provide clinically useful information."
1157290,"1. Six subjects were investigated during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to determine whether the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone were released in an episodic manner. 2. Analysis of plasma obtained every 20 min. during a normal working day provided no evidence for pulsatile release of either steroid although values were lower in the afternoon than in the morning (p less than 0.001). A good correlation (r=0.908) was obtained for the release of both hormones. 3. Cortisol secretion was inversely related to that of the ovarian steroids."
1157291,"1. We describe an enzymatic endpoint method for glucose using the hexokinase reaction and the Union Carbide fast centrifugal analyzer. The new method permits the direct spectrophotometric measurement of serum blanks, and eliminates the need for separate blank determinations or computer-assisted calculation of the sample blank absorbance values. 2. The direct automatic blanking is accomplished by measuring the absorbance of the test solution 2 seconds after the reactants have been mixed. Our studies show that no appreciable conversion of glucose occurs during this time interval. 3. The results of the new method agree well with the results from the conventional hexokinase assay. In addition, the method requires only 5 microliters of serum, and has a high sample throughput rate."
1157292,"Human skeletal muscle creatine kinase is inhibited by a dialyzable factor in human serum. The inhibitor was fractionated from other serum components by ultrafiltration and chromatography on Sephadex G-10 and was identified as uric acid by spectral, chromatographic, and kinetic methods. Its quantitative kinetic properties are identical to those of uric acid, both as a substrate for uricase and as an inhibitor of creatine kinase. Inhibition of creatine kinase by the natural inhibitor and by known uric acid is completely reversible by addition of thiol compounds."
1157293,"1. The limited bilirubin binding capacity of human serum albumin, and the fact that kernicterus can occur once the serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration exceeds this capacity, makes the assessment of non-albumin bound free bilirubin valuable in cases of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. 2. Present methodology for this assessment utilizes Sephadex column chromatography, and is somewhat tedious and slow. 3. We have developed a procedure for assessing the albumin binding capacity of serum by titrating a sample of the serum with T-20 Dextran coated charcoal. 4. The method requires 2 ml of serum, takes 90 minutes to complete and is highly reproducible. 5. By this method, we can determine the reported secondary loose binding capacity of the albumin as well as the tight binding capacity which is determined by existing methods. 6. The tight binding capacity of a pool of normal adult human serum was found to be 20 mg/dl of serum. 7. This is in agreement with existing methods. The loose binding capacity was found to be an additional 10 mg/dl of serum. Added phenobarbital was found to lower the tight binding capacity, but not the secondary capacity."
1157294,1. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) has been elaborated and compared to the UV spectrophotometric procedure of Barrett and Thorp. 2. Both methods are specific when used to determine CPIB levels in normal sera from laboratory animals or humans treated with clofibrate (Atromid-S). Serum from patients treated with other drugs or abnormal sera from patients affected with a variety of diseases will often contain high and fluctuating levels of non-specific UV absorbing substances and this usually precludes the use of the UV procedure. 3. The GLC method is also applicable to the analysis of CPIB in urine samples.
1157295,"1. A direct, fast, and efficient manual method is described for determining total serum globulins. The procedure is based on the reaction of tryptophan residues with glyoxylic acid in the presence of an oxidizing agent to produce a highly colored 4-carboline derivative. 2. A single, odorless reagent is employed and Beer's law is obeyed up to at least 7 g/100 ml of globulin at 565 nm. 3. Results of parallel assays demonstrate good agreement between our method and a reference cellulose acetate electrophoretic method and poor agreement with a HABA dye binding method."
1157296,"Rivotril is extracted from blood into an organic solvent mixture, Mogadon, (Nitrazepam) is used as internal standard. The drugs are then back-extracted into acid which is heated to produce the corresponding benzophenones. These are extracted into benzene and separated by gas liquid chromatography with electron capture detection."
1157299,"The most challenging mission of medical personnel today is quality assurance in health care. To meet this challenge, the essential elements of a six-phase system for total quality control for the medical laboratory are outlined under the headings of design control, incoming material control, process control, output control, reliability control, and special verification studies. Review of existing goals and activities of programs related to this mission indicates both problems and rich opportunities for individual laboratory professionals and their organizations. For effective implementation of this mission, the laboratory professionals will have to create the atmosphere of a collegium where all interested scientists communicate across disciplines to eliminate the systematic biases and improve the accuracy, precision, and specificity of clinical laboratory measuring systems, to assure medically meaningful and useful assay results for the broad spectrum of health care that is necessary for the well, the near-well, and the sick."
1157300,"As the domain of monitoring therapeutic drugs rapidly expands from experimental investigations to everyday patient care, all clinical laboratory scientists, but especially clinical chemists, must learn to deal with their involvement in this expansion. First, the theoretical concepts underlying clinical pharmacology must be appreciated so that the laboratory's participation in it can succeed. Individual differences cause unpredictable variations of response to the customarily standardized drug dosage. Properly used, assays of drugs in blood can eliminate such variabilities. Second, the practical selection of which drug assays a laboratory intends to provide must be based on a rational evaluation of assay usefulness, integrating both clinical and laboratory considerations. Such a decision model is suggested; it is generally applicable in allocating priorities among an ever-increasing number of proposed tests under the constraint of finite resources."
1157301,"A new glucose dehydrogenase preparation has been used to determine the glucose concentration in serum or plasma with the GEMSAEC(ENI) analyzer. The reaction is sufficiently linear to be suitable for a kinetic determination. A sample volume of 15 mul or less is needed, and 14 determinations can be done simultaneously within 160 s (the time needed for loading the samples and reagents into the distribution disc plus a reaction time of 70 s). The reaction is linear up to 300 mg of glucose per 100 ml, but with special computer software linearity could be extended to 1 g of glucose per 100 ml. Day-to-day and within-day precision have been tested with a number of different sera and standards. Accuracy has been checked by comparing the results with those obtained by the hexokinase and the glucose oxidase/peroxidase methods. A better agreement was found with the hexokinase method. The proposed procedure has the advantage of involving only one enzymatic step and of directly measuring reduced coenzyme formation at 340 nm."
1157302,"This report describes a radioimmunoassay for the simultaneous detection of morphine and barbiturates. Morphine and barbiturate antibodies, obtained from goats, were mixed with 125l-labeled antigens. By adjusting concentrations of the morphine and barbiturate antibodies and radiolabeled antigens, closely superimposed standard curves for the two drugs would be obtained. As a consequence, similar response curves were obtained for urine specimens containing morphine or barbiturates. Although concentrations as low as 25 mug/liter could be measured, to ensure against false positive reactions the test should be performed at the 100 mug/liter concentration. Unknown samples positive by the dual assay were confirmed by separately testing the specimens with the individual radioimmunoassay specific for morphine or barbiturate. Equivalency tests of urines positive for morphine, positive for barbiturates, or negative for both demonstrated complete correlation between the single and dual assays. The mixed reagent retained its sensitivity and specificity for at least three months when stored at 4 or 25 degrees C. The dual radioimmunoassay is a rapid, simple procedure that can be adapted to automated processes and that is suitable for large- and small-scale screening."
1157303,"We compared the free-thyroxine index in normal adults and in euthyroid patients taking diphenylhydantoin. All subjects had normal serum thyrotropin concentrations. Serum thyroxine concentrations were determined by two commonly used competitive protein-binding assays, which yielded slightly different values, but which consistently showed the same degree of decrease in mean serum thyoxine concentration in drug-treated patients as compared to the normal subjects. When 14C-labeled diphenylhydantoin was added to serum before the assay, it was separated from thyroxine in the Ames method, whereas by the Murphy-Pattee method both drug and thyroxine were extracted together. Thus, the decrease in serum thyroxine concentrations during diphenylhydantoin therapy cannot be the result of drug interference with the binding of thyroxine to binding proteins in the assays. Triiodothyronine uptake, evaluated by two methods, was identical in the two groups. The free-thyroxine indexes for all normal persons were within the manufacturer's normal range, but 21% of the drug-treated patients had subnormal indexes by the Ames method; the indexes as measured by the Murphy Pattee method were in the lower half of the normal range. Because the triiodothyronine uptake was unaffected by the drug treatment, the decreases in the indexes must have resulted from the lower serum thyroxine concentrations. We conclude that the free-thyroxine index may not provide a valid estimate of either the clinical status or the free-thyroxine concentration in patients taking diphenylhydantoin."
1157304,"We estimated cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activities in erthrocytes and plasma of 443 men, 188 women not taking oral contraceptives, and 70 women who were taking oral contraceptives. Men in the first six decades of life had higher plasma cholinesterase activity than did women who were not taking oral contraceptives, and these women had higher plasma cholinesterase activity than women taking oral contraceptives. After the age of 60 there was no intersex difference. Activity of erythrocytes from the oral contraceptive group was higher than in the other groups, men had the lowest activity, and there was an increased activity with age in both sexes until the age of 60. These findings suggest that there is no single ""normal"" value for cholinesterase activity for adults."
1157305,"A method for trend detection, Trigg's technique [Oper. Res. Q. 15, 271 (1964)], has been investigated for use in monitoring trends in control data produced by multitest continuous-flow analyzers. Simulated trend data were used to optimize the method. Actual control data were analyzed retrospectively to determine the frequency of trends and the accuracy of several parameters obtained from Trigg's method. The prospective use of the technique has successfully uncovered important trends. Criteria for the interpretation of the Trigg's trend data are suggested and an algorithm for the computer implementation of Trigg's calculations is included."
1157306,"2,3-Diphosphoglycerate was determined in the erythrocytes of 17 diabetic and 18 obese patients. Results for obese subjects were significantly (P less than .01) different from those obtained for 21 healthy subjects. Results for obese and diabetic patients also differed significantly (P less than .01) but not those for diabetic and healthy subjects. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, or bicarbonate measurements did not differ among the three groups."
1157307,"Creatinine amidohydrolase is used to measure serum creatinine in a totally enzymatic procedure. Creatine, produced by hydrolysis, is acted upon by creatine kinase, and then by pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, to result in a change in absorbance at 340 nm. The amount of creatinine present is related to the rate of change in A340 and is determined from a standard curve. Absorbance and concentration are linearly related to 100 mg/liter and only 250 mul of serum is required. At 1.0 g/liter, heparin, oxalate, citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, ascorbate, or glucose had no significant effect on the accurate determination of creatinine; higher concentrations (30 g/liter) had inhibitory effects on the test. Analytical recovery of creatinine added to either normal or abnormal sera averaged 102%. When results of this procedure and of the standard direct Jaffé test were compared, the latter were significantly higher. Unlike the Jaffé method, the present method of determining creatinine is rapid (about 10 min per test), subject to few or no interfering substances, and requires no serum deproteinization."
1157308,"We describe high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with electrochemical detection as a possible reference method for serum uric acid. Separation was effected on a column packed with ""Vydac"" strong anion-exchange resin, with use of a detection potential of +0.80 V vs. an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Results were linearly related to concentration up to 1.0 g/liter, and no interferences were seen. Assay of human sera gave within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation of 0.83% and 1.1%, respectively; analytical recoveries averaged 100%. Comparison of the new procedure (x) with the phosphotungstate and uricase methods (y) showed the following linear regression and correlation coefficients for results: y equal 0.963x + 0.219 (r = 0.995), and y = 0.991x + 0.165 (r = 0.999), respectively. As compared to these methods, the procedure we describe is more accurate, because of the selective detection system based on retention time and redox potential. Samples can be analyzed at the rate of 20/h. No deproteinization is required."
1157309,"We describe a method for quantitatively estimating 24 ninhydrin-reacting substances, including the commoner amino acids, in fecal dialysate prepared from ingested dialysis bags retrieved from fresh stool. It is accurate to 2 mumol of alpha-amino nitrogen per liter of fecal dialysate, and for most substances recovery of added standards is 100%. It involves dilution, ultrafiltration, and automated ion-exchange column chromatography of the dialysate. Some normal values are provided."
1157310,"We assessed several methods of inorganic phosphate assay for their suitability in estimating phospholipids in digested extracts of amniotic fluids. The extraction and digestion procedures used for phospholipids from amniotic fluid were also examined critically. The effect of contamination by blood or obstetric cream has been examined. Accordingly, we suggest a method for measuring total phospholipids in amniotic fluids, and results of it are compared with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio measurement in some clinical situations."
1157311,"I describe optimum kinetic procedures for measuring glucose and triglycerides in plasma and serum by enzymatic techniques. Glucose was measured by the hexokinase method at a 1000-fold sample dilution. Absorbance and concentration are linearly related for concentrations up to 4 g/liter. Results are reproducible to about 25 mg/liter (standard error). Comparisons between the kinetic glucose method described here and an automated o-toluidine and a manual end-point method showed no apparent bias between the methods; correlation coefficients were 0.998 and 0.991, respectively. Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) were measured in a fully enzymatic system by measuring free glycerol after hydrolysis with lipase. Absorbance and concentration are linearly related to greater than 2.5 g/liter at a 300-fold sample dilution. Repeatability was about 30 mg/liter (standard error). Compared with a manual method, the correlation coefficient was 0.978, with a slope of 0.93."
1157312,"Many of the difficulties encountered in the original Fiske and SubbaRow method for estimating serum phospholid were corrected through the use of vanadium pentoxide, a catalyst used in sample digestion, and through other minor modifications. Results obtained by the modified method agree well with those obtained by three other established phospholipid procedures. The greatly improved speed, simplicity, accuracy, and precision now makes the modified Fiske and SubbaRos method ideal for clinical or research use."
1157313,"The conventional population-based normal range has recently been shown to be a generally defective reference criterion for assessing individual laboratory test results. Applying a previously derived formula to published data, we find that the use of age-, sex-specific normal ranges may fail to produce a substantial improvement in sensitivity over nonspecific ranges, even when age-sex differences in mean values are statistically significant. This occurs when the difference in means is not accompanied by a sufficient reduction in the variation among individuals within a given class. Turning therefore to comparison of an individual's current measurement with his own previous value(s), I suggest a simple statistical model that leads to sequential testing of each new observation against an exponentially weighted moving average of previous results. Estimates of biological and analytical components of variance are required. The ability of this method to detect trends in very short series is explored with the aid of computer-simulated laboratory data. A sample of these data is also used to illustrate the application of these estimation and testing procedures by means of a graph."
1157314,"An automated continuous-flow procedure has been developed for the rapid determination of urinary proteins of plasma origin. Antiserum to whole human plasma was used as the reagent, and the antigen-antibody reactions were quantitated by nephelometry. By adding polyethylene glycol (mol wt 6000-7500) to the reaction medium, reaction time was decreased to less than 3 min; no sample blanks were required; and samples were analyzed at a rate of 70 per hour. Recovery studies yielded an average of 98.5% of the added protein. In-run replicate precision (CV) of the method was 1.45%; day-to-day precision was 2.58%."
1157315,"We modified the method of Yang and Biggs [Clin. Chem. 17, 512 (1971)] for greater speed and simplicity. Serum is incubated with an emulsified olive oil substrate, the fatty acids extracted, the copper soap formed, and phases separated, all in a single tube. An aliquot of the organic phase is removed for color development. One analysis can be completed in 35 min, 20 in less than 2 h. The method is accurate and precise. Results correlate well with the unmodified colorimetric method, and with the classical titrimetric lipase procedure. The reference interval (normal range) is 20 to 180 U/liter."
1157316,"We describe a modified competitive protein-binding method for assay of plasma cortisol. Plasma samples are deproteinized by dilution with an ethanol/phosphate buffer, followed by heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Horse serum is used as the source of transcortin. Free radioactivity is separated from the protein-bound component by partition into liquid scintillation counting within 60 min. The assay has better specificity and precision than a competitive protein-binding assay in which ethanol extraction and Florisil adsorbent are used, and results correlate well with those of a specific radioimmunoassay method."
1157317,"The elements of the mechanized fluorometric lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) assay of Fleisher and Schwartz [Clin. Chem. 17, 417 (1971)] were made optimum; a manual adaptation was also developed. Hydrolysis of the monodecanoyl fluorescein substrate by hog pancreatic lipase is a zero-order reaction. The hydrolytic activity of normal human serum, serum from hospitalized patients without pancreatitis, and serum from patients with acute pancreatitis showed considerable overlap. Bile salts, considered activators in titrimetric or turbidimetric lipase assays, inhibited hydrolysis of the substrate by human serum. We conclude that monodecanoyl fluorescein is not a specific substrate for the serum lipase measured in acute pancreatitis."
1157318,"This procedure positively identifies codeine and morphine in urine. Urine samples are hydrolyzed and extracted with organic solvent, and the extracts are evaporated and acetylated. The presence of codeine and morphine is ascertained by gas chromatography (3% OV-25 and 3% Poly-A 103 columns) and confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (system: ethyl acetate/acetone/concd ammonium hydroxide, 100/10/4.5 by vol; reagent: iodoplatinate). As little as 0.5 mg each of codeine and morphine per liter, in free and conjugated forms, is detectable by this method."
1157319,"Hemoglobin A2 is batch fractionated with diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel A (Bio-Rad Laboratories) equilibrated with a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane HCl buffer (pH 7.68, 8.75 mmol/liter, 6.36 mmol of CL- per liter). Hemoglobin A1 and F become bound to the resin, allowing the separation and quantitation of A1. Hemoglobin S alters the equilibrium condition, but adjustments are easily made so that A2 can be separated in the presence of S. The procedure is simpler than electrophoretic or chromatographic methods, requires 5 min, is accurate (A2 fraction is at least 94% A2, less than 6% A1), precise (SD +/-0.24 for duplicates), and has a normal limit of 2.6 +/-1.02%."
1157320,"Measurement of serum ascorbate may be useful in long-term population studies because of the possible influence of ascorbate on numerous physiological factors. We describe an automated method for determining ascorbate in serum and urine by using the reduction of ferric iron by ascorbate and the formation of a color between the resulting ferrous iron and Ferrozine [3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine]. A centrifugal analyzer is used to rapidly and simultaneously measure ascorbate in the samples and standards and minimize interference from slower reacting substances in the sample. The method is highly precise and specific. Data are also presented on the stability of ascorbate in serum, urine, and aqueous solutions."
1157321,"Direct iodination of morphine or dihydromorphine with iodine-125 results in products that bind to antibody raised by immunization of animals with a 3-O-carboxymethylmorphine/bovine serum albumin immunogen. Iodination of morphine or dihydromorphine with iodine-127 under identical conditions failed to yield these immunologically active products, suggesting that the results obtained with iodine-125 are in part due to a radiolytic reaction not observed with the iodine-127."
1157322,"We developed an assay for methemalbumin in biological fluids by using diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography to separate this protein from interfering components, including hemopexin, transferrin, hemoglobin, and haptoglobin/hemoglobin complex. Initial screening of the samples requires measurement of A280/A405 ratios of the peak tubes of the isolated albumin fraction. Values exceeding 30 indicate that methemalbumin is absent, and no further work is required. Values of less than 30 suggest that methemalbumin is present in the original sample, whereupon the presence and amount of methemalbumin can be ascertained by coloremetric assay for iron with use of ferrozine. Results may be expressed either in terms of micrograms of methemalbumin iron per gram of albumin or in milligrams of methemalbumin per liter. The reproducibility of the method is of the order of +/- 7% (SD). Normal persons have essentially no methemalbumin iron in their serum. Three individuals with hemorrhagic pancreatitis showed values of 65, 98, and 198 mug of methemalbumin Fe per gram of albumin."
1157323,"We present a modified Evelyn-Malloy method, adapted to the Abbott Biochromatic Analyzer (ABA-100) for the determination of both total and direct bilirubin. It requires less than 25 mul of serum or plasma. At least 50 samples can be assayed per hour with economy of reagent consumption and the precision compares favorably with that for conventional manual methods."
1157324,"We evaluated a slight modification of the automated oxidase/peroxidase method for glucose determination in blood with use of 4-aminophenazone [J. Clin. Pathol. 22, 246 (1969)]. Nonsugar reducing substances did not interfere, except for ascorbic acid in very high concentrations. Lipemic sera gave slightly lower values. Values for reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity were closer to such values for the hexokinase method than was the case for some other commonly used methods."
1157325,"Human serum can be depleted of insulin and growth hormone by treatment with dextran-coated charcoal or by dialysis, or both. Inclusion of such hormone-depleted serum in the standard curve of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for immunoreactive insulin more nearly mimics the conditions under which an unknown human serum sample is assayed. Compared to the usual standard curve in which serum albumin is the only protein, the addition of hormone-depleted serum can cause an increase (by an average 64% under the conditions we used) in the absolute value for apparent insulin in serum. The effect of hormone-depleted serum should be tested in the standard curves of double-antibody radioimmunoassays and included routinely in these standard curves if it changes the results. When used in conjunction with an eventual reference standard for human insulin, this modification of the insulin assay may make the measured values of human serum insulin from different laboratories more comparable."
1157326,"We describe an indirect method for assessing variation in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (NADPH) activity in liver tissue. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-CoA and mevalonate concentrations in the tissue homogenate are estimated in terms of absorbances and the ratio between the two is taken as an index of activity of the enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoZ to mevalonate. The ratio increases under conditions in which activity of this enzyme in liver reportedly decreases (e.g., fasting, cholesterol feeding) and decreases under conditions in which the activity of this enzyme reportedly increases (e.g., Triton injection, phenobarbital treatment). We assessed the magnitude of hepatic cholesterogenesis in intact male albino rats by using [1,2-14C] acetate, in fed controls, fasted, cholesterol-fed, Triton-treated, and phenobarbital-treated. The ratio, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA/mevalonate was estimated in liver tissue for all the above groups. The method is simple, reproducible, and does not require any unusual chemicals."
1157342,"The thyroids of two brothers aged 13 and 15 with congenital goitre, butanolinsoluble iodine in blood and which had pronounced decrease of immunoreactive thyroglobulin content in the thyroid were studied. Two types of thyroglobulin were identified. The first amounted to only about 200-300 mug/g wet tissue and was fully immunoreactive with anti normal human thyroglobulin antiserum (iTG-G). It was purified by affinity chromatography. The other was mainly associated with intracytoplasmic membranes, amounted to about 8 mg/g wet tissue and was only partially immunoreactive (piTG-G). Both had abnormal amino acid compositions but only iTG-G showed a decreased carbohydrate content. Surprisingly, piTG-G showed a normal iodination level (0-5%) and a normal iodoamino acid composition. Immunochemical studies performed on slices or cell-free fractions incubated in the presence of labelled amino acids and/or monosaccharides showed that: (1) thyroglobulin peptide chains were being synthesized and almost normally discharged into the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; (2) incorporation of sugars into iTG-G was decreased; (3) sialyl- and galactosyltransferase activities were normal and the enzymes normally located, and (4) albumin which is present in the thyroid as the iodinated protein was probably not synthesized by the goitrous tissues. Two major abnormalities were detected by light and electron microscopy: absence or pronounced scarcity of colloid in the follicular lumina and overdistended endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. These observations are compatible with a defect in TG transport from the cell into the lumen as the cause of the goitre. Whether defective thyroglobulin export is basically related to abnormality of the protein structure or to another cause is discussed."
1157343,"Some aspects of the hormonal abnormalities of Klinefelter's syndrome have been studied in nineteen patients. As a group the plasma production rate, the total and free levels of testosterone, and the metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and oestradiol were low. Plasma oestradiol, LH and FSH levels were elevated and there was increased peripheral conversion of testosterone to oestradiol. The production rates of oestradiol and the binding capacities of the sex steroid binding globulin were normal. There were fluctuations in the blood levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and oestradiol, but these appeared to be less marked than in healthy men. Both LH and FSH levels were suppressed by acute or prolonged testosterone administration and there was no evidence for a differential effect on LH. It is suggested that the threshold for suppression of LH and FSH is increased in hypergonadotrophic states. Although no statistically significant relationships were found between the hormonal and clinical abnormalities of the syndrome it is probable that the hyperoestrogenism and androgen deficiency are linked to the development of the signs of feminization and hypogonadism."
1157344,"Resistance to bacterial infection, particularly septicemia and pneumonia, is decreased in patients with uremia. Tests of monocyte function in 21 patients with chronic uremia and in 21 normal healthy subjects showed an increase in attachment rate, spreading activity and Nirtoblue-tetrazolium reduction in the uremic subjects. In contrast, phagocytosis of IgG-coated red cells was impaired."
1157345,"Because of excessive eltrafiltration (UF), the RP 6 dialyzer requires a closed recirculating dialyzate delivery system. The purpose of this study is to present the characteristics of the RP 6 dialyzer on a single needle system which programs the UF rate of this dialyzer. The single needle system consists of one blood pu-mp and two roller pump heads, switched on and off at preselected maximum and minimum out let pressures (OP). It is possible to decrease the UF rate by lowering the OP in the bubble trap chamber. By varying OP from 0 to 100 mm Hg, we obtained an UF rate in vitro of 6.5 ml per minute. The clearance values, in ml/min, obtained at OP 0 to -100 NN Hg, QB 300 and QD 500 are (in ml/min): urea: 160.0, creatinine: 145.0, sucrose-C14: 105.4, sodiumiothalamate-i125: 79.9, cyanocobalamin-co58: 73.7 and inulin-3H: 40.7. The priming volume (corn-oil) at OP 0 to -100 MM Hg, QB 250, QD 500 varies between 140 ml (at the minimum OP) and 150 ml (at the maximum OP). We performed 370 dialyses. The dialysis runs were well tolerated: moderate hypotension occurred in 4% and cramps in 1.6% of the dialyses. In most cases no fluid perfusion was necessary. The residual blood volume (Technetium99m) is estimated at 8.2 ml(n equale 11)."
1157346,"The plasma concentration and urinary excretion after a single 500 mg dose of Aminosidine have been studied in 12 patients with different degrees of renal failure and 4 normal subjects. In normal subjects the plasma half-life is 2.47 hr; in patients with creatinine clearance (Ccr) of 30-60 ml/min, its 6.7 hrs.; in patients with Ccr of 10-30 ml/min, it is 16.7hrs.; in patients with Ccr less than 10 ml/min, it is 36.6 hrs. A dose of 0.5 g of Aminosidine should be given to normal subjects every 12 hr. When renal function is reduced, the interval (in hr) between doses should be the following: Ccr 60-40 ml/min: 19-28;Ccr 40-30 ml/min; 28-35; Ccr 30-20 ml/min: 35-47; Ccr 20-10 ml/min: 47; Ccr less than 10 ml/min: 76."
1157347,"A 22 year old man with renal failure associated with salt wasting, retinitis pigmentosa, and imino acid abnormalities is reported. Renal tissue showed changes compatible with medullary cystic disease or juvenile nephronophtisis. Special studies were carried out to clarify the mechanism of renal salt wasting. Retinal pigmentary changes were found in three siblings and a male cousin; in two siblings studied abnormal retinal function was demonstrated. the parents who were first cousins once removed were normal. Fifty kindred members were examined and none showed unequivocal signs of renal disease. Autosomal recessive transmission of ocular and renal disease appeared likely. The separation of medullary cystic disease from juvenile nephronophthisis on the basis of onset and mode of inheritance is probably artificial."
1157348,A case is reported of a twenty-one year old man who developed severe hypercalcemia late in the diuretic phase of acute reversible renal failure secondary to severe trauma. Hypercalcemia persisted for approximately five months. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels were undetectable and sub-total parathyroidectomy had no appreciable effect on the serum calcium. The most likely source of this patient's hypercalcemia was resorption of calcium from metastatic deposits in soft tissue and possibly from bone. Failure to incorporate calcium into bone during the period of immobilization may explain the prolonged hypercalcemia.
1157349,"Five life threatening complications of percutaneous femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis (Shaldon Technique) are presented. They occurred over a period of five years during which 700 uneventful catheterizations were carried out. In three instances femoroiliac vein thrombosis occurred, and on one occasion this was complicated by pulmonary embolism. In two other instances perforation of the inferior vena cava occurred with profuse bleeding. These complications can be aboided by early removal of the catheters after dialysis and by cautiously manipulating the wireguide when resistance or obstruction is encountered during insertion."
1157350,"The clinical course of a 9 year old black male with Bartter's syndrome who has been followed since age 1 1/2 years is presented. He had been unable to conserve sodium on a low salt diet and has failed to show improvement in serum electrolytes while on a sodium loading regimen. He is now refractory to spironolactone and KCI therapy, even in conjunction with supplemental sodium. On two separate trials his electrolytes have approached normal with the combination of propranolol and spironolactone along with KCI and NaCl supplementation. However, his response to this regimen has been a temporary one with relapse to the pretreatment chemical status despite increasing doses of propranolol and potassium chloride."
1157351,"Platelet function studies were performed on healthy volunteers, patients with stable chronic renal failure, hospital dialysis patients and home dialysis patients. In the non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure, there was inverse exponential relationship between serum creatinine and platelet adhesiveness indicating progressive impairment of platelet adhesiveness with creatinines in excess of 6 mg/100 ml. In the dialysis population there was an inverse linear relationship between platelet adhesiveness and pre-dialysis creatinine values. Platelet aggregation by ADP was normal in chronic renal failure patients with serum creatinines less than 6 mg/100 ml but was impaired in others. Both groups of dialysis patients also had impaired platelet aggregation but improvement appears obtainable by home dialysis. The results suggest that in chronic renal failure, platelet function is normal until serum creatinine exceeds 6 mg/100 ml and thereafter progressively deteriorates. Improvement is not obtained by 12 m2 hours of hospital dialysis but is by 18 m2 hours per week of home dialysis. Platelet function studies may be of value in assessing the adequacy of dialysis."
1157352,"Total body potassium (TB K) and daily urinary creatinine excretion were measured in 12 patients with mild chronic renal disease (CCr/1.73 m2 BSA greater than 40 ml/min, Group I) and 12 patients with severe renal disease (CCr/1.73 m2 BSA less than 19 ml/min, Group II). Creatinine excretion as a function of total body potassium was significantly lower in the males and females of Group II as compared to males and females in Group I. TB K was linearly related to creatinine excretion in both groups of patients. Mean TB K was not significantly different from mean predicted normal values (TB Kp) in both groups. The decreased creatinine excretion observed in severe renal failure cannot be due to a significant loss of lean body mass because TB K was not significantly decreased below predicted normal values. Decreased creatinine biosynthesis, alternate routes of excretion, metabolic reutilization, or conversion of creatinine to other metabolites may have contributed to the decreased creatinine excretion noted in this group of patients with renal failure."
1157353,A girl who developed HUS at 2 years of age had four further episodes of the disease during the next 2 1/2 years. No renal or hematologic abnormalities were detected during or between the attacks. Reduced levels of serum complement were found during three of the episodes.
1157372,"The sternocleidomastoid muscles from five children with muscular torticollis--examined by transmission electron microscopy, exhibited a marked increase in interstitial collagen deposition, and scattered areas of amorphous ground substance with electron dense deposits. No vascular abnormalities were observed. Ultrastructural muscle abnormalities showed various stages of immobilization degeneration including nearly complete loss of myofibrils. The muscle abnormalities ultrastructurally are consistent with immobilization degeneration, probably secondary to the marked fibrosis in the sternocleidomastoid muscle."
1157373,"The unstable hip can be diagnosed in newborns with acceptable accuracy. The following factors are associated with the newborn unstable hip: female preponderance, breech presentations, cesarean section deliveries, first borns, left hip involvement, the Caucasian race, and increased birth weight. These findings suggest that the newborn unstable hip is determined prior to delivery, possibly within the last 4 weeks of intrauterine life. Diagnosed at birth, treatment in the average case is relatively short-term, effective, and without complication."
1157376,"In 14 hips in 11 children under 3 years of age, proximal femoral epiphysiolysis occurred from varying degrees of trauma. The vulnerability of the blood supply of the upper femoral epiphysis, and its important weight-bearing function, demands early diagnosis, reduction, and adequate fixation. The nature of the injury, however, determines the eventual outcome. Early diagnosis and investigation of the underlying pathology is necessary to avoid such complications as varus deformity, avascular necrosis, heterotopic new bone formation, non-union, and premature closure of the growth plate."
1157374,"This is a case report of an inferior dislocation of the hip in a 5 1/2-year-old child, characterized by acute flexion with slight abduction of the hip and flexion of the knee. The dislocation is reducible by traction in a cephalad direction, gradual extension and internal rotation of the hip."
1157378,Subtrochanteric fractures are relatively rare in children and usually result from severe trauma. The unique biomechnical forces about the hip following fracture tend to complicate treatment. Remodeling and growth stimulation generally ensure good results by nonoperative means in children under 10 years of age. Open reduction should be considered in older children when good alignment cannot be achieved by closed methods.
1157375,"External rotation contracture of the extended hip is common in young infants, decreasing progressively with growth so that it appears to be present in less than 5 per cent of the children over age 18 months. Persistence of the external rotation contracture was the main cause of toeing-out gait in this study. Femoral neck anteversion, as a cause of internal rotation posturing of the limb, does not become clinically recognizable until complete resolution of the external rotation contracture of the hip has occurred, that is, usually after 18 months of age. Femoral neck retroversion was not present clinically in any of the patients examined, and so appears to be quite rare. Approximately 80 per cent of children under 18 months of age who toe-in have internal tibiofibular torsion; most of these also have significant talar neck adductus! Approximately 70 per cent of children over age 2 years who toe-in have excess femoral neck anteversion as the cause. Approximately 75 per cent of the children with metatarsus adductus deformity have coexistent internal tibial torsion and talar neck adductus; only 25 per cent of children with internal tibial torsion have coexistent metatarsus adductus deformity. Physiologic genu varum usually occurs prior to 2 years of age and physiologic genus valgum usually occurs after 2 years of age."
1157380,"A rare case of anterior slip of the capital femoral epiphysis demonstrates that the mechanism of the posterior, inferior slip of the capital femoral epiphysis is a combination of weight bearing in the frontal plane and muscle pull in the horizontal plane. Sudden violent motions cause some of the unusual positions of acute slip."
1157382,"A case of symptomatic non-union of the clavicle occurred in a 12-year-old boy. Differential diagnosis roentgenographic and histologic observations, including the results of resection of the non-union site and stablization of the proximal clavicle using the coraco-acromial ligament demonstrated that this rare condition can be restored to full asymptomatic function without any internal metallic fixation devices."
1157381,"An analysis of 1004 X-rays has demonstrated that the medial patella facet is significantly smaller in patients with patellofemoral instability. There is no such significant difference in the width of the whole patella. Therefore the longitudinal ridge separating the smaller medial facet from the larger lateral facet must be closer to the medial patella border. As this ridge articulates with the groove between the femoral condyles, its medial position is accounted for by the patella being more laterally positioned in patients with patellofemoral instability."
1157383,"An infant male presented at age 17 months with an established pseudarthrosis in a kyphoscoliotic right tibia. During the ensuing 6 years, three unsuccessful McFarland bypass bone grafts were performed. Then the distal end of the proximal fibula was placed into the medullary cavity of the proximal end of the distal tibia without disturbing the proximal portion of the fibula. This was augmented by autogenous bone graft. Union occurred in one year. The child has been followed for 7 years and the pseudarthrosis remains healed."
1157384,One patient with osteomyelitis of the anterior tibial tubercle and a second patient with arteriovenous malformation of the anterior tibial tubercle were originally misdiagnosed as having Osgood-Schlatter disease. These patients demonstrate pitfalls in the diagnosis of Osgood-Schlatter disease.
1157385,"Classification of epiphyseal injuries include only simple fractures and few cases of comminuted fracture of the distal tibial epiphysis, epiphyseal plate and adjacent metaphysis. On the basis of a review of the literature, as well as our own experience, it appears that that fracture is unstable and requires open reduction and internal fixation."
1157386,"The pathogenesis of metatarsus varus was investigated by a series of dissections of 14 normal feet of stillborn or infants who died during the perinatal period. The deformity could not be produced without the surgical incisions described below. A valgus position of the hindfoot was produced by maximal dorsiflexion of the foot. The deformity of the fore part of the foot could not be produced even by extreme traction on the tibialis anterior tendon even after capsulotomy of the first tarsometatarsal joint. Only extensive capsulotomies in the tarsometatarsal joints distal to the joint of Chopart made it possible to displace the bones into the position analogous to metatarsus varus. It is suggested that metatarsus varus may be a deformity which occurs on a maximally dorsiflexed foot and that the primary mechanism of the forefoot deformity is a subluxation in the fore part of the foot. Secondary contractures of the soft tissues, and adaptive bone changes offer a possible explanation for lack of spontaneous recovery as well as the difficulties encountered in treating late cases."
1157387,"Section of the abductor hallucis tendon is recommended for early correction of the metatarsus adductus deformity especially in the residual of a treated equinovarus foot. The operation is simple and safe, with very little postoperative morbidity. The effectiveness of the procedure is enhanced if a tight abductor hallucis tendon is demonstrated. The operation may also be helpful in conjunction with other surgical procedures for correction of the varus deformity of a clubfoot."
1157389,"Trisomy 8 syndrome, with or without mosaicism, is characterized by the following clinical signs and symptoms: mental retardation, deformed skull, prominent forehad, high-arched palate, low-set and/or dysplastic ears, long and slender trunk, reduced joint mobility, and deep plantar furrows. The deep furrow or longitudinal crease of the sole may be pathognomonic for the syndrome. It should be noted that it has been seen in other rare syndromes. It is recommended that a child with mental retardation and associated multiple anomalies should be subjected to a cytogenetic study in order to define the incidence of this syndrome. Differnetial diagnosis should include: Fong's syndrome, arthrogryposis and otopalato-digital syndrome. It is interesting to note that there seem to be individuals who have had no physical abnormalities and have been identified during an evaluation for repeated abortions. The above described case of trisomy 8 mosaicism was seen and treated for many years by many different specialists without an accurate diagnosis."
1157388,"A rare complication of osteoid-osteoma is localized overgrowth and/or deformity of bone. Six of 64 cases reviewed had this growth disturbance. All patients developing deformities had their onset of symptoms before 5 years of age. Not one of the patients had limb equalization or correction of the deformity after removal of the osteoid-osteoma. The longest follow-up was 8 years. Speculations on the underlying cause for this form of growth abnormality, and the incidence in infants and very young children suggests that immediate surgical treatment is the best course of action."
1157390,"Of 221 children with head injuries and resultant deep coma followed for long-term problems, 156 became totally independent, functional individuals, only 61 lacking normal cognition and speech. Reconstructive surgical procedures for residual spasticity was necessary in 45 patients. Achilles lengthenings were the most common procedure performed; after Achilles lengthenings, toe flexor releases were most often required. Twenty children had anoxia from drowning or anesthesia problems; 7 of these had spastic hip deformities or dislocations, all within 6 months of the anoxic event. Progressive cerebrospastic syndromes and post-infectious cerebrospasticity most often require orthotic devices for their orthopedic management."
1157391,"Flexion contracture, internal rotation and external rotation of the hip were reported in 40 infants at 6 weeks and 3 months and in an independent sample of 40 infants at 6 months of age. Population means and normal ranges of motion were determined for use in the evaluation of hip problems and their treatment. A mean hip flexion contracture of 19 degrees was present at 6 weeks of age, decreasing to 7 degrees by three months, but still persisting at 6 months suggesting that forceful extension of the hip in infants may be contraindicated. Hip flexion contracture decreased in every child from 6 weeks to three months. In all cases, external rotation was greater than internal rotation. Internal rotation greater than external rotation before the age of 6 months appears contrary to normal development. There was a significant correlation between the changes in hip flexion contracture and internal rotation from 6 weeks to 3 months. An interesting extension of this study would be a longitudinal follow-up of infants beyond 6 months of age to further define these developmental trends."
1157392,"Previous experiments have demonstrated that decalcified, lyophilized bone matrix is a powerful substratum for differentiation of mesenchymal cells into new bone. The present experiment employs parabiosis as a tool to distinguish between cells of hemotogenous origin and mesenchymal cell populations derived from the site of implantation of bone matrix. The results indicate that the osteoinductor releasing cells are blood-borne monocytoid cells which enter the tissues by diapedesis and become histiocytes, macrophages, matrixclasts and osteoclasts; their precursors are derived from bone marrow at sites remote from the area of bone induction. The cell populations responding to the osteoinductor released by this mechanism develop into osteoblasts and osteocytes and are the progeny of perivascular mesenchymal cells."
1157393,"Hemodynamic (CATELIX/DF32P system) assessment of circulatory disturbances in idiopathic avascular necrosis (12 femoral heads of 10 patients), demonstrate that vascularity in the necrotic portion was less than 15 per cent (mean, 9%) of normal levels. In 2 cases reassessed after surgery, the recovery of vascularity was to 98 per cent. The vascularity in the translucent portion was fairly well maintained at 50 to 139 per cent. From a histological point of view, vascularity of less than 15 per cent is indicative of ischemia and necrosis of the bone. Hemodynamic methods demonstrate the presence of focal necrosis, long before there are obvious roentgenological abnormalities. The CATELIX/DF32P system is better than the G-M probe/32P system in some respects and is now readily available."
1157394,"The problem of the accuracy of current data regarding prognosis of brachial plexus palsy in the newborn infant was studied by means of a retrospective review of hospital records, letters to parents of affected infants, and follow-up examinations of available children. Only 11 cases of mild upper plexus injuries were found in a review of 19,314 newborn infants' charts, an incidence of 0.57 per 1,000 live births. Four cases were available for examination and 4 others were evaluated from follow-up records. Three were lost to follow-up. No instance of permanent paralysis was found, thus raising the possibility that while permanent paralysis is still seen, it may now represent a diminishing minority of the total, at least in the United States with modern obstetrical care. This is in contrast to the opinion one might formulate from a review of the orthopedic literature on this subject."
1157395,"The purpose of this study was to determine whether the accumulation of substantial levels of fluoride in the skeleton during bone formation would significantly reduce, or prevent, the occurrence of osteoporosis experimentally induced at a later time with a low mineral-containing diet. Male weanling rats were pretreated for 15 weeks with either 0 or 50 ppm F in their drinking water, followed by treatment for four to twelve weeks with diets either optimal or deficient in both Ca and P. Intake of the Ca and P deficient diet resulted in a progressive loss of bone mass (per unit volume of femur), with little effect on the remaining bone. High skeletal F offered no protective effect. Ca and P depletion caused a significant decrease in bone breaking strength but produced only slight reduction in percentage ash in bone. Fluoride offered little protection against either. Neither skeletal F nor dietary Ca and P levels influenced the concentration of Ca, P or Ca/P ratios in bone ash. Skeletal Mg levels were slightly lower in the Ca and P depleted rats; however, F treatment essentially eliminated this. Ca and P depletion resulted in higher F levels in both incisors and bone. We conclude that osteoporosis was produced by feeding the Ca and P deficient diet. High skeletal F did not prevent nor reduce the severity of this dietary-induced osteoporosis."
1157398,"The clinical findings, roentgenographic findings, and results of various forms of treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in 50 elbows were reviewed in a study of the records of 42 patients. All the patients were males; two-thirds were between 9 and 15 years of age when they first had symptoms. Pain, loss of motion, locking, and clicking were the most common symptoms. Roentgenographically, rarefaction and flattening of the capitellum were common features. Some form of surgical treatment was used for 38 elebows; removal of loose bone and curettage and trimming of the crater were the most frequent procedures. The results of treatment were generally satisfactory. This review suggests that loose bodies should be removed and that, in most instances, no other procedures are indicated."
1157400,The case histories and gross and microscopic findings of two adolescent patients with Scheuermann's kyphosis demonstrate that the anterior longitudinal ligament is bowstrung across the apex of the hyphosis. The microscopic findings include markedly irregular end plates and end plate disruption with protrusion of disk material into the vertebral body. The ring apophysis does not show avascular necrosis. The intervertebral disk is interpreted as normal both by routine histology and electron microscopy. It is postulated that Scheuermann's kyphosis may be secondary to vertebral osteoporosis occurring during the juvenile period rather than to an intrinsic abnormality in the intervertebral disk or ring apophysis.
1157406,"The clinical features are presented of 17 fractured Charnley femoral prostheses occurring over a period of about ten years and arising from some 6,500 operations, with more than a 3 1/2 year follow-up. The patients especially at risk are males weighing over 170 lb (75.5 kg) and from these is an obvious need for a heavier design of prosthesis. Whereas the overall fracture rate is only 0.23 per cent, the rate for males over 196 lb (88 kg) is 6.0 per cent. It is believed that defective surgical technique, in failing to provide adequate support by cement to the concavity of the upper levels of the prosthesis is probably the main cause of fracture and reasonably good cement technique explains why the fracture rate is not higher in the present series. Indications for improving cement technique are outlined."
1157399,"The causes of irreducibility of juxta-epiphyseal fractures of the proximal phalanx are illustrated in a patient with button hole rent in the periosteum and extensor hood mechanism causing trapping of the distal fragment. The entrapment, in the manner of a Chinese finger trap, was aggravted by traction on the digit. Open reduction was necessary to reduce the fracture."
1157401,Eighty-six patients with idiopathic scoliosis managed by Harrington instrumentation and spinal arthrodesis were ambulated 10 days following surgery. Preoperative reduction of the curves was obtained by Cotrel traction and modified Cotrel localizer cast. Patients were kept immobilized in plaster cast for 7 months following operation. No significant loss of correction was found in these patients ambulated early as compared to a previous group kept recumbent for 3 to 6 months and reported by the authors (DBL). The only exception to this was a patient with double structural curve patterns. A successful surgical program for most cases of idiopathic scoliosis included: (1) Preoperative reduction and balancing of curves by non-skeletal traction and/or correction body cast; (2) Meticulous spinal arthrodesis and employment of Harrington distraction internal fixation; (3) Autogenous iliac bone graft; (4) Ambulation at two weeks following surgery in a well fitting body cast and removal of this cast after 7 months. Deep infection rate was 1 per cent without the use of routine prophylatic antibiotics. One neurological complication resulted from the use of a single distraction rod bridging two curves where the rod was not prebent to allow for kyphosis. There were no pseudarthroses. The average follow-up was 28 months with a range of 18-39 months.
1157402,"The Milwaukee brace possesses excellent passive properties in addition to the well known dynamic action, and is of definite value in the bracing of paralytic curves in children in whom a fusion should be de-delayed. This application is a temporary but at the same time a long term expedient to allow spine growth prior to surgery."
1157408,"Significant differences in ROM exist between different THR prosthesis designs: several of the prosthesis designs tested are marginal in flexion; several millimeters of socket wear will decrease the ROM. The results also emphasize the importance of proper component orientation at surgery. The surgeon has less latitude in orienting the components of a THR with limited ROM. Subluxation and dislocation due to rim contact can be minimized with most prosthetic units by instructing the patients to abduct and/or externally rotate their hips during acute flexion. Analyses suggest that impingement of prosthesis neck and socket rim may lead to increased risk of dislocation and increased rim wear. Prostheses with adequate ROM for everyday activities should provide stability, less frequent neck and socket contact with decreased rim wear, less force transmission to acrylic-bone interface, and less diminution of ROM with wear of the socket wall."
1157404,"The problems with severe forms of scoliosis following poliomyelitis include the associated muscle imbalance, soft tissue contractures and pelvic obliquity. Such deformities militate against optimal correction and maintenance of that correction and their treatment is often marred by pseudarthroses. Seventeen patients with an average curve of 93 degrees have been treated and followed for up to 38 months. Preliminary traction was used in 8 patients, then a staged anterior and posterior correction and fusion was done, using Dwyer's instrumentation of the major curve in all and a Harrington rod to supplement the posterior fusion in eleven patients. With this technique the major curve was corrected by 80 per cent with an average 2 per cent loss over 18 months. No pseudarthroses were seen when the Harrington rod was used. Great care must be taken if halo-pelvic traction is to be used for patients with pelvic obliquity, for preliminary correction halo-femoral traction will often be adequate. In the more severe forms of paralytic scoliosis a combined staged anterior and posterior correction and fusion should be considered if the aim is maximal correction of the scoliosis and avoidance of pseudarthroses."
1157403,"This is a 5- to 10-year survey of 160 children, all with severe surgically-treated spinal tuberculosis. The treatment consisted of: anterior spinal fusion alone, anterior with posterior fusion, posterior fusion alone and posterior with anterior fusion. The results indicate that in the less severe cases, where an abscess is not evident on plain radiographs, psoterior fusion alone can be of value in the growing spine. In severe cases, especially where an abscess is seen, the combined approaches give the best results. The risk of posterior fusion alone is an unsatisfactory, long term neurological outcome in too many patients. The combined procedure of anterior fusion with posterior fusion is the treatment of choice for all immature spines with this disease."
1157410,The techniques used in fixation of the femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement are often based on empiricism and raise questions about: venting the medullary canal with a catheter during the insertion of cement; the inclusion of blood into cement during insertion with possible deleterious effects; recementing a prosthesis; increased strength imparted to an endoprosthesis by cement itself. Biological variables are minimized by the use of paired wet formalin preserved femurs; one acting as control. A single static load was applied until failure. The results show trends and gross differences and are not statistically evaluated. The methylmethacrylate-bone-metal system consistently produces good results with reasonable but not careless variations in technique. A hemiprosthesis is presented which can easily be converted to a standard Charnley prosthesis by using a small amount of fresh cement.
1157405,"The applied tensile tractive force between skull and pelvis of the Halo Pelvic Distraction appliance has been measured using a simple compression spring device. Details of these external force measurements with daily distraction and correction of spinal deformity are illustrated for 10 patients which include tuberculous kyphoses, paralytic scolioses, and congenital and idiopathic scolioses. The relationships between applied load, time, amount of distraction, and extent of spinal curvature were studied in terms of the biomechanical proerties of elasticity and plasticity. A linear relationship exists between the total distraction distance and the reduction in the angle of the spinal deformity. For this correction procedure the rates of distraction, the total distraction amount, the total duration of the distractional period, and the maximum load depend on each individual spinal deformity with its particular peculiarities."
1157411,"Clindamycin phosphate or methicillin was given preoperatively to 47 patients undergoing hip operations for arthritis. Serum, cortical and cancellous bone specimens were simultaneously obtained during the operation and assayed for antibiotic concentrations. Both gave levels in bone/serum concentration ratio significantly higher for clindamycin than methicillin. No patients studied developed deep infection. It is concluded that clindamycin phosphate and methicillin give comparable concentrations in bone which exceed the minimal inhibitory antibiotic concentration of gram-positive pathogens that frequently cause infection after orthopedic surgical procedures."
1157412,The microbiological counts were determined in an operating room suite of 8 rooms and a hallway. The bacterial counts in an empty operating room jumped statistically from 13 CFU/ft2/hr (+/- 31) to 24.8 (+/- 58.8) when the doors were left open (people in the hallways) and 447.3 (+/- 186.7) when 5 people were introduced. The wearing of a surgical face mask had no effect upon the overall operating room environmental contamination and probably work only to redirect the projectile effect of talking and breathing. People are the major source of environmental contamination in the operating room.
1157413,"Airborne micro-organisms, a suspected cause of surgical wound infection, are significantly reduced by the use of filtered unidirectional air flow (UAF) in operating rooms. A horizontal UAF system was installed at UCLA for evaluation and to determine procedures which would optimize its use. Major findings are listed: though the air flow was found to be somewhat turbulent and non-uniform in velocity downstream from the filter-bank entrance, the gross flow direction was maintained throughout the protected region; airborne particles were swept downstream with little vertical drop and no large scale recirculation; proper orientation and placement of objects in the clean air stream maximized its purging effect; correlation of non-viable with viable particle counts was not possible; better control of sources of contamination, particularly the operating team, would further reduce the potential for airborne infection; as yet there is no definitive proof that the addition of filtered UAF in a modern operating room reduces occurrences of deep wound sepsis."
1157414,Ten patients with 11 supracondylar fractures of the femur were treated with early weight-bearing and early knee motion. All fractures united. A good functional range of painless knee motion was restored in each case. No deformity or shortening developed during treatment in the cast-brace.
1157415,"Seven cases of ossicles in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus revealed that: trauma is not necessarily an antecedent; some knees with ossicles are asymptomatic; some knees may be treated conservatively and without surgery; ossicles can be distinguished from loose bodies under fluoroscopic examination. Microscopically the ossicles are living bone. Although the etiology is not proven, perhaps merit should be given to the theory of a vestigial or sesamoid-like bone."
1157416,"Ultrasonic velocity measurement in bone can be used as a clinical tool that will accurately and objectively monitor the progress of fracture healing. This technique may provide a rational basis for evaluating the effectiveness of various modalities in clinical treatment. The eventual goal of this technique is to determine the status of healing fractures, prescribe appropriate treatment, give the rationale for the timing and form of a rehabilitative program that would accelerate the patient's return to productivity. An instrument has been developed to measure ultrasonic velocity in the long bones of the extremities. Serial measurements of tibial fractures and the measurement of a large group of normals shows no statistically significant differences in ultrasonic measurements have been found on the basis of race, sex, or pregnancy among normals. But a numerically small but statistically significant variation with age was found. While the number of fracture cases observed was small, the evidence is clear that ultrasonic measurement in fractured tibia may give a more reliable indication of the general pattern of healing response than the clinical and roentgenographic examination."
1157417,"The ligaments are a major stabilizing component of the cervical spine and are critical for spinal stability as well as stabilization therapy. Relatively little information is available on the anatomic details and function of the cervical ligaments. Fifteen fresh cervical spines were dissected and the ligaments examined grossly and functionally. Eight different intrinsic ligaments of the lower cervical spine were identified. The largest and most rigid of these are the annulus fibrosus, posterior longitudinal ligament, and capsular ligament. By virtue of their size and certain biomechanical observations, these ligaments stabilize the cervical spine. The other ligaments play a more specialized and secondary role. The intertransverse ligaments, although thin and frail, are consistently found and appear to limit rotation and lateral bending, the anterior longitudinal ligament limits extension and the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments limit spinal flexion. Under physiologic conditions, the elastic ligamentum flavum permits extension of the spine without impinging upon the spinal cord or nerve roots. As a group, the ligaments of the cervical spine control motion within finite limits without jeopardizing spinal cord or nerve root function."
1157418,"Pain and neurological disturbances were the most frequent symptoms in patients with giant-cell tumors of the spine (4 cases) and sacrum (1 case). A good prognosis is possible in patients with vertebral tumor localization. There were no recurrences at follow-up 6 to 16 years after the first admission. The patient with a sacral tumor is alive more than 15 years after the first admission with some remaining neurological symptoms. Early surgical and/or radiation therapy is important. If institution of treatment is delayed more than three months after the onset of nerve root symptoms, there is a great risk of development of irreversible neurological lesions."
1157419,"Protrusion of the acetabular component into the true pelvis following total hip replacement has occurred in 5 patients, 4 with severe rheumatoid arthritis and 1 with a destructive type of degenerative hip disease. Preoperatively all hips had severe protrusio acetabuli, a markedly thin acetabular medial wall and advanced osteoporosis. Four had a McKee-Farrar prosthesis, a metal-to-metal device with high frictional torque, particularly when the contact is equatorial, and no damping capacity against marginal impingement in the extreme range of motion. In order to reduce the incidence of intrapelvic protrusion, extreme care should be given to preserve the medial bone stock of the acetabulum, more so when it is already damaged or defective. If anchoring holes are used they should be restricted to the superior ilium, pubis and ischium and should not perforate the medial wall. Once loosening is present, reoperation is indicated to avoid progressive bone reabsorption by the abrasive motion of the loosened prosthesis, that might lead to irreparable bone loss. To reduce the stress transmitted to an already weakened acetabulum, select a total prosthetic device with low friction; fix it with acrylic cement in order to distribute the stress over a large surface; carefully orient both components to avoid marginal impingement; be certain to preserve the medial wall as much as possible and if it is already defective reinforce it by bone grafting and/or wire mesh."
1157420,"Movement between screw threads and bone inhibits bone formation, revascularization and remodeling of dead bone. Movement causes the screw to become enveloped by fibrous tissue in response to necrosis and resorption of adjacent dead cortical bone. This results in a radiologically discernible radiolucent ""halo"" about the screw, a certain sign of screw loosening."
1157422,"This study was conducted to evaluate the theory that increased rigidity in the subchondral cancellous bone and trabecular stress fractures are responsible for the development of osteoarthritis. Histological sections of the entire femoral head were examined in 80 normals, 50 cases with early degenerative changes, and 50 cases with advanced osteoarthritis. It was found that trabecular stress fractures occur normally and show no greater incidence in early osteoarthritis. Increase in thickness of the trabeculae not associated with fractures is seen, but only after considerable cartilage disruption. It is concluded that trabecular stress fractures are not of importance in the development of osteoarthritis."
1157423,"Ten ulnae of mongrel dogs were osteotomized and a 3 to 5 mm cylindrical segment of bone removed from each shaft. In 10 ulnae of the opposite forelimb, living muscle tissue was placed in the resection site. The control ulnae (Set 1, Set 2) revealed 60 per cent unions, while the experimental ulnae revealed 100 per cent non-unions as determined by radiological and histological examination. Although necrotic muscle will be invaded by primitive bone, healing is certainly delayed or does not occur. A large muscle mass contributes a barrier too large to be successfully incorporated into the healing process of a fracture of the shaft of a long bone. On the basis of this experiment fractures should be opened and obstructing tissue removed whenever conservative measures fail to remove muscle interposition."
1157424,"Rabbits knee joints which had been immobilized for only 2 weeks regained motion during the first 2 months of remobilization. Histologically, joint tissues were normal. Only 9 of the 14 rabbits immobilized for 6 weeks regained normal or partial knee motion. Animals that regained knee motion generally did so during the first 4 months of remobilization. There are 2 types of repair of the damaged cartilage; replacement by fibrocartilage and proliferation of chondrocytes. Normal chondrocyte alignment and normal collagen fibril orientation was not restored. Repaired cartilage did not withstand normal joint stress."
1157427,"A series of 521 cases of CSM in 22 clinics in Spain and Portugal were studied. The severity of the clinical picture, both before and after the operations, was graded following a six point scale (a modification of Nurick's). The operations the patients underwent were classified into eight types and their results expressed by using the same scale. Some improvement has been attained in all grades of myelopathy with all types of operations, but better results, especially in advanced cases, have been obtained when surgical fixation of the spine, as well as laminectomy, has been carried out."
1157429,"In this study electro-oculographic recordings were made after caloric vestibular stimulation (C.O.G.) in 42 patients with severe head-injuries. The curves with eyes open and the changes when eyes were closed were evaluated and scored. A correlation was found between the C.O.G. and the state of consciousness but only the degree of improvement of the C.O.G. showed a good correlation with the clinical improvement. The presence of a paradoxical response in patients with a prolonged coma was found to predict possibilities of further improvement. It was proposed that in the patients with a paradoxical response a rather diffuse biochemical dysfunction of the brain-stem was present, which could be influenced by treatment. In the second part of this study the results of the trials with a treatment with L-Dopa and physostigmine are given. It was found that patients in a vegetative state or in a state of prolonged coma could be stimulated with the therapy only when the paradoxical response had been present. L-Dopa and physostigmine respectively improved the motor pattern and the contact activities."
1157430,"32 patients with the chronic progressive form of the multiple sclerosis were treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide and prednisone during 20 days, to produce immunosuppression. The effect of treatment was measured by scoring three different Kurtzke scales just before treatment (1), just after treatment (II), and 3 months after treatment (III). The results indicate that in the treatment period I to II most patients improve, some dramatically. The improvement continues in 15 of 25 patients scored between 6 and 33 months after treatment. Better results were found in patients with shorter duration of their disease. More improvement is found as the IgG percentage of the spinal fluid at I is higher. The improvement is less when the initial condition (I) is more serious."
1157433,"In the author's opinion, nearly all common pediatric infections can be treated with penicillin G, oxacillin or nafcillin, ampicillin, sulfa, or kanamycin. Nevertheless, the pediatrician should also be knowledgable concerning the indications for use of the other antibiotics mentioned in this review."
1157439,"This case study deals with an eight-year-old girl who developed persistent abdominal pain and vomiting for which no physiological cause could be discovered. After two months of unsuccessful treatment for her illness, the girl was referred for a psychiatric consultation. During the psychiatric interview, the psychogenic nature of the girl's illness became readily apparent, as did the nature of the conflict which had produced it. The tendency is strong for psychogenic illness, such as this, to become chronic without psychiatric treatment. Many physicians are reluctant to apply clinically basic psychiatric techniques to the treatment of physical illness. A suggestion is made that closer collaboration between psychiatry and other medical specialties could be of great value in preventive medicine."
1157440,"A case of cystic fibrosis presenting as a right lower quadrant mass in a five-year-old white female is presented. At laparotomy, a mucoid, impacted appendix was found which microscopically suggested the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis must be added to conditions presenting with abdominal masses."
1157441,"A 17-month-old Thai female with neuroblastoma presented with an abdominal mass and the classical findings of kwashiorkor. Concomitant with effective repair of the child's protein deficit, the mass enlarged dramatically and metastases were noted. This is the first known report of such an occurrence."
1157445,"The post-distributive neonatal:maternal plasma salicylate concentration ratio following salicylate administration to the mother before delivery is appreciably higher than unity. The protein binding of salicylate and the albumin concentration in one such plasma pair were considerably higher in the neonatal than in the maternal plasma. Equilibrium dialysis of neonatal plasma or serum from 6 newborn infants against that of their mothers produced a neonatal: maternal salicylate concentration ratio above unity in all cases even if the albumin concentration in the neonatal serum did not exceed that in the maternal serum. However, there was a strong correlation between the neonatal:maternal concentration ratios of salicylate and albumin. These observations demonstrate that conclusions concerning the distribution of a drug across the placenta in relation to its plasma protein binding characteristics must be based on the results of binding studies with plasma or serum from neonates and their mothers, and not from other adult subjects."
1157446,"Nine patients were studied with tritium-labeled EPEG, a new epipodophyllotoxin antineoplastic agent. Four patients received 220 and 5 received 290 mg/sq m body surface area intravenously in 500 ml in 1 hr. Postinfusion plasma decay was biphasic with mean values for the parameters at 220 mg/sq m, A, 25.8 mug/ml; B, 3.35 mug/ml: alpha, 0.50 hr-1; beta, 0.074 hr-1, and mean values at 290 mg/sq. m, A, 33.7 mug/ml; B, 4.35 mug/ml; alpha, 0.36 hr-1; beta, 0.066 hr-1. Mean volume of distribution was 32.07% of body weight. Urinary recovery was 43.5%, of which 66.8% was unchanged drug. Penetration of drug into the cerebrospinal fluid was poor. The results indicate that both renal excretion and metabolism are important for elimination of the drug."
1157447,"The pharmacology of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) PTG, a new anticancer drug, is reported. Six patients with advanced cancer were treated with PTG (67 mg/m2 of body surface area intravenously) specifically labeled with tritium as the first dose of a weekly x 6 course. Recovery of drug in the urine was 44.49 +/- 8.2% of the administered dose in 72 hr, of which 78.7 +/- 5.1% was metabolite. Recovery in the feces was 0 to 10.05% in 4 patients. Plasma decay fitted the equation Cp = Ae(-alphat) + Be(-betat) + Ce(-gammat) by nonlinear least-squares regression. Mean values for the parameters (after infusion) were A 14.3 +/- 5.5, B 9.66 +/- 3.98, C 2.44 +/- 1.33 mug/ml; alpha 2.05 +/- 1.25, beta 0.26 +/- 0.15, gamma 0.038 +/- 0.016 hr(-1). Levels of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were less than 1% of plasma levels in 3 patients at 24 hr after treatment and 27% in 1 patient who had had brain surgery and brain radiotherapy. Four of 4 patients considered evaluable for toxicity (greater than 2 consecutive weekly doses) developed leukopenia (WBC les than 5,000/mm3). Mean nadir of WBC was 3,600/mm3. The most marked leukopenia (WBC, 2,300/mm3) was seen in the patient with the longest terminal phase plasma half-life (38.5 hr). Two of 5 patients evaluable for response received clinical benefit (1 laryngeal carcinoma, 1 histiocytic lymphoma). It is concluded that PTG has a long terminal phase half-life (11-38.5 hr), is largely metabolized, and does not penetrate the normal blood-brain barrier."
1157448,"Blast injury traumatic tattooing is a discouraging problem, because concomitant injuries so often preclude adequate preventive measures at the time of injury, and treatment is frequently less than satisfactory. The patient must be cautioned that all of the tattooing is not likely to be eliminated. We favor planned staged excisions, using deep dermabrasion as a final step."
1157449,"The first step in rehabilitation of massive lower face injuries is usually control of drooling by the Wilkie operation. When destruction is extensive, the floor of the mouth, chin, upper neck, and mandible should be first restored as a foundation on which the lower lip is independently reconstructed. Local tissue should be used as much as possible. All remnants of normal lip tissue should be conserved and utilized in the reconstruction. When both lips are damaged, upper lip segments are often best used to fill out the lower lip, with total reconstruction of the upper. Although many of the principles of treatment of these injuries are well established, there are still major unsolved problems. These include adequate support of the lower lip, maintenance of the flat shape of the lips, and determination of the end-point of surgery."
1157498,"In 120 patients with atherosclerosis, complicated in 43 patients by a haemorrhagic, in 47 patients by an ischaemic, and in 30 patients by a transient cerebral insult, phase analysis of platelet aggregation was performed by the turbidimetric method according to Born with graphic recording according to O'Brien. An increase in the platelet activity was found in ischaemic insult, manifesting itself by the occurrence of spontaneous aggregationin 60% of the cases, an acceleration of ADP-induced aggregation, and the second aggregation phase in all patients examined. A direct correlation was revealed between the secondary aggregation and the intensity of spontaneous and of ADP-induced aggregation, and the possibility of a transformation of the spontaneous into the secondary aggregation of platelets was demonstrated. Haemorrhagic insults were characterized by the absence of spontaneous and secondary aggregation and by the suppression of ADP-induced aggregation. In a transient insult, the mean values of the aggregatogram items did differ from normal. In vitro, the role of increased permeability of platelet membranes in the mechanism triggering off spontaneous aggregation and the second phase of ADP-induced aggregation was documented."
1157499,"In surgical treatment of acquired defects of mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves, in many instances severe disturbances of cardiac conduction are observed. With due regard to the individual and typical anatomical features of human heart, the author investigated the structures of fibrous rings and triangles and their interrelationships with the cardiac conduction system. The material studied consisted of 230 hearts obtained from persons aged 20-80 years. The author assumes that within the heart cavity ""dangerous zones"" have to bbe singled out, whose traumatization in heart surgery may produce a disturbance of elements of the conduction system. The ""dangerous zones"" are situated at the base of the right-side surface of the interatrial septum above the fibrous ring of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, along the base of the membranous segment of the interventricular septum, in front of the posterior fibrous triangle, and at the fibrous ring encircling the bases of the posterior and right aortic semilunar valves."
1157500,"A parallel study of plasma renin activity, renin content in the kidneys and renal prostaglandin - like activity (PGE2, A2 and F2alpha) in 10 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats (Pkamoto-Aoki), and 10 control normotensive Wistar rats was carried out in order to investigate the role of humoral factors in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Peripheral plasma renin activity was assayed by the method of Serebrovskaya, while renal renin activity was estimated by the author's own modification of the method of Serebrovskaya. Prostaglandin-like activity of the renal prostaglandins was assayed by the method of Lee et al. The final evaluation of the PGE2 and PGF2alpha activity was made by biological assay on isolated rat stomach and chicken rectum strips, while PGA2 - like activity was assayed by its vasodepressor effect on the arterial blood pressure of anaesthetized, vagotomized and atropinized rats. It was established that peripheral plasma renin activity was normal, while renin activity in the kidneys of SHR with a long (11 months) duration of hypertension was decreased. Renal prostaglandin activity of SHR did not significantly differ from the controls. It is pointed out that lack of changes in the pressor and depressor renal systems indicates that renal humoral factors are not of prime importance in the patho-genesis of the chronic stage of spontaneous hypertension in rats."
1157501,"In experiments on 100 cats with multichannel recording, the effects of three vasodilators - papaverine, chloracyzine, and bencyclane (Halidor) - on the volume velocity of the blood flow (by microthermistor technique) and on oxygen tension (by polarography) in the carotid artery, the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and in white matter were tested. Considerable differences were found in the effects of the drugs mentioned, although all of them augment the total and local blood flow in the brain, and in most instances elevate the oxygen tension in arterial blood and cerebral tissue. Characteristic of papaverine is a uniform augmentation of blood supply to the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and white matter, whereas chloracyzine, and especially bencyclane, primarily augment the blood supply to the cerebral cortex. In an analogous way the drugs tested influence the cerebral blood flow and oxygen tension in experimental cerebral ischaemia induced by intracarotid infusion of a serotonin solution."
1157502,"If the antiarrhythmic agents mentioned above are administered in combinations of their respective isoeffective doses, following the ""principle of isoeffectivity"", a potentiation of their effects takes place. The authors describe methods for the preparation of combined solutions and for the toxicity testing of combined antiarrhythmic agents. When combinations are administered, the toxicity does not increase but on the contrary tends to decrease. If antiarrhythmic agents are combined without regard to the principle of isoeffectivity, the antiarrhythmic effect of the combination deteriorates, and adverse effects may be produced. The basic prerequisite of the potentiation of antiarrhythmic effects in combinations is, in the authors' opinion, the use of drugs differing in both chemical structures and mechanisms of antiarrhythmic actions."
1157503,"The formation of infarctoid areas in rat myocardium following intraperitoneal injection of cobalt dichloride (30 mg/kg) is connected with metabolic (toxic) and ischaemic lesions of myocardial cells. The ischaemic lesions are sequelae of thrombosis taking place after 3-8 hours in consequence of thrombocytic aggregation in the capillary lumen. With the aid of polarization and electron microscopy, the myocardial-cell changes in the affected zones were classed into four morphological types, as follows: contracture type, intracellular myocytolysis, primary clumpy disintegration of myofibrils, and intravital autolysis of ischaemized cells."
1157504,"In experiments on 50 dogs it was found that on stimulation of the vagus nerve, tissue thromboplastin and activators of fibrinolysis are released from arterial and venous walls. The release of these factors elicits changes in the blood coagulation, with a resulting acceleration of blood coagulation and an activation of fibrinolysis."
1157505,"In a representative sample of men aged 50-54 years (N = 400), the frequency and distribution of individual risk factors of ischaemic heart disease were established. In 10.3% (41 persons) no risk factor was present, whereas 36.9% (147 persons) exhibited 3-7 risk factors each. With the number of risk factors, the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and the incidence of exercise coronary insufficiency rose statistically significantly during a 3-year follow-up period. The most frequent risk factors appear to be low physical activity, excess cigarette consumption, and body overwieght."
1157506,"The purpose of the study was to assess the frequency of infarction of the posterior wall of the left ventricle which shows a high R wave in leads V1-2 on electrocardiogram. Serial electrocardiograms of 1 452 patients with myocardial infarction were analyzed. Features of posterior wall infarction were found in 106 cases (7.3%). In 13 cases, the area of infarction was limited to the posterior wall; in 12 cases, concomitant features of lateral wall infarction were found; in 38 cases, the changes involved the inferior wall as well, and in 43 cases, the inferior and lateral walls were involved concomitantly. A high R wave in V1-2 was observed already in the first ECG obtained on the day of the onset of the disease in 32 out of 106 cases, while in 74 cases it appeared only in the subsequent days. High voltage of R wave was found in V1 exclusively in 20 cases, in V2 exclusively in 36 cases, and simultaneously in V1 and V2 in 50 cases. The analysis suggests that posterior wall infarction is fairly frequent (7.3%) but occurs in only 1% of cases as an isolated process. Knowledge of the features of posterior wall infarction is of practical importance; simultaneous detection of features of infarction of the posterior and the inferior or lateral walls is proof of a widespread myocardial necrosis and may be of prognostic significance."
1157507,"A simple bedside intracavitary electrocardiographic technique is described. Two electrode catheters are used: one tripolar catheter positioned across the tricuspid valve in order to record the His electrogram, and a hexapolar catheter positioned through the superior caval vein near the sinus node with the proximal electrode and 6 cm lower in the right atrium with the tip electrode. This technique allows a better analysis of intraatrial conduction, widening the interpretation of the P-A interval obtained by the His bundle electrogram."
1157508,"The automated physiologic profile provides the critical care physician with hemodynamic, oxygen consumption and tissue utilization data at reasonable cost. A paramedical assistant performs all data acquisition, recordings and blood sampling procedures. Data reduction is performed through use of off-the-shelf desk-top calculator equipment and accessories and a standardized graphic display is provided for the physician in charge. The physiologic profile has been utilized in high-risk patients requiring medical and surgical interventions. It is routinely employed in postoperative monitoring of cardiac patients and patients undergoing major surgical procedures with associated cardiovascular decompensation. Diagnosis of cardiac and pulmonary deterioration and promptness of advanced support interventions represent additional areas of effective clinical application."
1157510,"Pulmonary barotrauma developed in 18/430 patients receiving respirator support for longer than 12 hours. Pneumothorax occurred in 15 of these patients and was treated with tube thoracostomy and 15-20 cm H2O pleural suction. Full reexpansion of the lungs were achieved in all but three patients, two of whom had bronchopleural fistulae. Major complications occurred in 8/15 patients developing pneumothorax. We recommend extreme conservatism in clamping or removing tube thoracostomy. There should be no air leak and full lung expansion for 48 hours, followed by a trial of underwater seal drainage without recurrence of pneumothorax. Removal should be preceded by an additional trial of tube clamping."
1157530,"Each of 100 chest radiographs selected randomly from a hospital population were read by five experienced radiologists. The films were rich in abnormal findings. Disagreement analysis was performed considering the entire content of the interpretation. The disagreements were graded by a panel as to type (false negative, false positive, and indeterminate) and significance. The overall repeatability of the panel's performance was 75 percent. Forty-one percent of the reports contained potentially significant errors and 56 percent indeterminate disagreements. Among all errors 78 percent were false negatives and 22 percent were false positives. The error rate varied among readers. An average of 25 percent of important findings were omitted by an individual reader. An association between specific abnormalities and the types of disagreement was found."
1157531,Blood utilization in 400 consecutive adult patients undergoing a wide variety of cardiovascular operations requiring cardiopulmonary bypass was documented following institution of: 1) complete oxygenator hemodilution; 2) intraoperative phlebotomy and autologous transfusion; 3) infusion of residual oxygenator red cells; and 4) use of reconstituted frozen cells in patients whose blood type was uncommon. These techniques have resulted in an average utilization of 4.8 units of blood per adult patient. Fourteen patients required no blood at all and a total of 259 patients required less than 5 units of blood during their entire hospital course. Physiologic effects of this blood program and hemodilution were evaluated in ten patients and the results indicate that marked reduction of red cell mass by hemodilution with hypothermia and low flow perfusion is not detrimental to satisfactory whole blood oxygenation during open heart surgery.
1157532,"Regional pulmonary function studies using 133xenon gas, spirometry, and arterial blood gas levels were performed before and 1 to 47 months after pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma in 27 patients. The mean loss in forced vital capacity was more after right pneumonectomy (44.9 percent of preoperative value) than after left lung resection (41.4 percent). There was no significant change in regional pulmonary function distribution within the remaining lung in 24 patients. Two patients developed significant changes in regional pulmonary blood flow; one had hepatic cirrhosis, and the other sustained a myocardial infarction after pneumonectomy. The third patient with significant apical hyperperfusion before pneumonectomy gradually developed abnormal distribution of ventilation concomitant with electrocardiographic evidence of cor pulmonale within two years after pneumonectomy. The mean ventilation of the apical zones was significantly lower than the mean of 14 healthy subjects. This finding and the higher incidence of ventilatory defects were related to old age and heavy smoking. Seven patients with marked reduction of pulmonary blood flow to the tumor-bearing lung (9 to 33 percent of cardiac output) had technically successful pneumonectomy. A formula and nomogram were developed to estimate the prognostically significant forced expiratory volume in one second after pneumonectomy from the preoperative studies."
1157533,Cardiac involvement and prognosis were studied in the acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome which recently has been found among Japanese infants and younger children. The reason for its particular predilection for the main coronary arteries and the pathologic process are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and nutrient of the main coronary arteries.
1157534,"Two patients are described who presented with congestive heart failure and were found to have an atrial septal defect with a pulmonary blood flow approximately twice the systemic blood flow. Most of the usual clinical signs of atrial septal defect were absent, and the diagnosis was established by right heart catheterization and radioisotopic angiography. Both patients had hypertension and coronary artery disease. Atrial septal defect in the adult patient may not be recognized because of associated cardiac disease, including coronary artery disease and hypertension, or pulmonary disease which may obscure the usual clinical signs of a septal defect. Radioisotopic angiography and right heart catheterization should be considered in any patients with heart disease or congestive failure of obscure cause even if the usual diagnostic signs of atrial septal defect are absent."
1157535,"The two current criteria for diagnosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) were evaluated; they are marked left axis deviation (LAD) and a delay in the time of inscription of the intrinsicoid deflection (ID) in lead aVL asynchronous to V6. From 400 electrocardiograms with a LAD of --30 degrees or greater, 62 percent showed asynchronous activation of the left ventricle. There was only a general relationship between the degree of LAD and delayed ID in aVL. The incidence of delayed ID in aVL was as follows: 2 percent with mean frontal QRS axis at 0 degrees; 9 percent at --15 degrees; 41 percent at --30 degrees; 69 percent at --45 degrees; 82 percent at --60 degrees; and 100 percent at --75 degrees or greater. The lack of correlation between both criteria in many instances questions their validity. The LAD alone should not be considered synonymous with LAFB. Recognition of delayed inscription of the ID in aVL is a useful supplemental criterion for diagnosis."
1157536,"Wolff, Parkinson, and White, in their initial description of the syndrome that bears their names, emphasized the association of tachycardias with the electrocardiographic abnormality. Subsequent investigations have identified, both anatomically and electrophysiologically, that dual pathways of atrioventricular (AV) conduction exist. Furthermore, experimental and clinical evidence has stressed that the mechanism of tachycardia production in the syndrome appears to reentry utilizing these dual pathways. However, recent studies have emphasized that other mechanisms of tachycardia production may be responsible for the arrhythmias seen in this syndrome. The present report identifies that AV nodal reentry may be the sole mechanism for tachycardia induction in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. This finding may be of great clinical significance in light of the availability of surgical therapy for WPW patients with intractable arrhythmias."
1157537,"The measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase and cathepsin activities in bronchial aspirates obtained through bronchoscopy from a series of 75 patients suggests a procedure that may have value as a routine diagnostic examination. Using this approach, seven patients with neoplasms in the lung showed elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and cathepsin in bronchial aspirates without elevation in acid phosphatase activity."
1157538,"This study investigated the hypothesis that an individual's maximal oxygen consumption can be realistically predicted by the maximal time achieved in the Balke or Bruce treadmill protocols. The range of maximal oxygen consumption that can be expected for healthy individuals of any given age and activity was also evaluated. The maximal oxygen consumptions achieved by 79 men exercised using the Balke protocol and 77 men using the Bruce protocol were linearly regressed by a least-squares fit technique on maximal treadmill time and on age with activity status classified. Statistical analysis demonstrated an inadequate relationship for predicting maximal oxygen consumption from maximal treadmill time using either protocol. Also, maximal oxygen consumption correlated poorly with age even though activity status was considered. These findings make the nomogram for predicting an individual's functional aerobic impairment a clinical technique of questionable value. Since maximal oxygen consumption can only be grossly estimated from the maximal time performed in the Bruce or Balke protocols, there is no necessity to use them in preference to other clinically acceptable protocols."
1157543,A patient with coronary artery disease exhibited reduction in systemic arterial pressure and striking changes in pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulse contour during an episode of exercise-associated angina pectoris. There is suggestive evidence that these phenomena were secondary to marked but reversible exacerbation of mitral regurgitation.
1157544,"A case of the sporadic variety of the prolonged Q-T interval syndrome without deafness is presented. The patient is unusual because of a long survival to age 13, despite progressive worsening of her disease, and the presence of marked atrioventricular conduction abnormalities in addition to the usual ventricular trachyarrhythmias. Successful therapy was finally achieved with a combination of permanent pervenous ventricular pacing and propranolol."
1157545,Cardiac rupture following acute myocardial infarction occurs most frequently in patients with electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction. Unusual presentations of cardiac rupture need immediate recognition to enable successful surgical treatment. An unusual case is presented of cardiac rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction despite a normal electrocardiogram prior to the rupture.
1157546,"Following near-drowning in fresh water, a 19-year-old man experienced severe adult respiratory distress syndrome, necessitating ventilatory support with positive end-expiratory pressure and high oxygen concentrations. Post-extubation, his course was highlighted by persistent hypoxemia and interrupted by a lung abscess which responded promptly to antibiotics. Pulmonary function tests were consistent with severe restrictive disease and chest radiograph revealed persistent bilateral alveolar and interstitial infiltrates. An open lung biopsy on the 26th hospital day showed interstitial fibrosis. Over the ensuing two months, the chest radiograph and pulmonary function tests returned towards normal. We attribute the pulmonary fibrosis to incomplete resolution of the alveolar interstitial pathology secondary to the near-drowning and exposure to high oxygen mixtures."
1157547,"Drug-induced noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurred in a previously patient receiving dextran 40. Dextran 40 should be considered another etiologic factor of drug-induced noncardiogenic pulmonary edema when this syndrome occurs in the absence of known precipitating causes such as shock, aspiration, and overwhelming pneumonia."
1157549,"A 22-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis was treated by volume-controlled lavage of each of her lungs on two occasions. Following the first lavages, the patient's vital capacity increased by 1.03 liters and her 1-sec forced expiratory volume increased by 0.70 liters/second. Similar improvements, although less pronounced, were noted after both lungs has been lavaged a second time. It is concluded that volume-controlled lung lavage can be of benefit as an adjunct in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis."
1157550,"A 60-year-old woman with recent onset of exertional chest pain, left anterior hemiblock and negative stress electrocardiogram was found to have hypoplasia of the coronary sinus with drainage of the major coronary venous blood by way of the Thebesian system into the left ventricle. This abnormality appeared to be of no great functional significance."
1157551,"The echocardiogram of a woman with an anterior mediastinal mass showed an echo-free space between the chest wall and the right ventricle. The interface of mass with pericardium was outlined by a narrow echo. These findings suggested a homogeneous fluid-filled, thin-walled sac. Postoperation, echocardiography was normal."
1157569,"Silver sulfadiazine is a new topical antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against most bacterial (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and many fungal species. This broad spectrum of activity suggests that silver sulfiazine may be useful in clinical situations which require the inhibition of cutaneous bacterial and/or fungal colonization. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of this agent on a bilirubin-protein binding. Using chromatographic procedures on artificially jaundiced sera and human serum albumin solutions, we were unable to detect any releast of protein-bound bilirubin by a saturated suspension of silver sulfadiazine."
1157570,"108 white rats weighing 170-250 G were given trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and the combination trimethoprim 1/sulphamethoxazole orally and parenterally in order to test the preventive effect of these substances on experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Oral applications of 48 mg/kg/24h of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole prevented abscess formation. Intraperitoneal applications of 48mg/24h of the combination did not seem as effective as the oral applications. On the other hand, there was no difference between the effects of oral and parenteral applications when the doses were 96 mg/kg/24h. The preventive effects of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole alone were much less than those observed when the combination trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole was given. No peritoneal or other tissue damage was observed after intraperitoneal injections of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole in rats."
1157571,"A study was made of fosfomycin in the treatment of chronic urinary infection in 51 patients. 72% of the 67 bacteria isolated and tested in the laboratory with discs containing 50 mug of fosfomycin were found to be sensitive to the antibiotic. The majority of E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa strains were sensitive to the antibiotic. Generally, 60 mg of fosfomycin/kgbody weight was administered intramuscularly 6-hourly for 7-15 days. A clinical and bacteriological cure was obtained in 39 patients (76%), and after 4-6 weeks in 31 patients (61%). Blood and urine fosfomycin levels were determined in seven patients, three with normal renal function, three with moderate renal insufficiency, and one with severe renal insufficiency. The antibiotic levels and elimination time maintained a clear relation with the degree of renal insufficiency."
1157572,"Mecillinam (FL 1060) is a new beta-lactam antibiotic particularly active against gram-negative organisms. When given intravenously, very high serum levels were maintained for a short period of time. Lower peak levels but comparable bioavailability were obtained after intramuscular administration. Gastrointestinal absorption of mecillinam is poor, and for effective oral therapy the drug must be given in the form of its pivaloyl-oxymethyl ester pivmecillinam (FL 1039) which is well absorbed and rapidly transformed to mecillinam by enzymatic hydrolysis in the body. Urinary recovery of mecillinam after orally administered pivmecillinam was 45% in the first 6 h compared with 55 and 59% after mecillinam given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes, respectively. By increasing the dose the orally active ester produced proportionally higher levels of mecillinam, and the area under the serum curve was doubled with the dose. Higher peak levels and prolonged maintenance of high serum concentrations were seen after administration of pivmecillinam with probenecid. The presence of food in the stomach did not influence the absorption of pivmecillinam to any great extent."
1157573,"The penetration of parenterally administered gentamicin into the CSF was examined in dogs. The experiments were carried out in three stages: (1) in healthy dogs, (2) in dogs with meningitis, and (3) during recovery from the acute inflammation. Gentamicin was found to penetrate poorly into the CSF, reaching mean peak levels of 0.7 mug/ml in healthy dogs. During the height of the meningeal inflammation the mean peak gentamicin level in the CSF was 0.9 mug/ml. The ratio of mean maximum CSF to mean maximum serum levels of gentamicin was 5.8% in healthy dogs, and 11.3% in dogs with meningitis. Thus, inflammation increases the penetration of parenterally administered gentamicin into the CSF, but therapeutically adequate levels for gram-negative bacillary meningitis are not achieved."
1157574,"Upon exposure of Enterobacter cloacae silver sulfadiazine, a number of ultrastructural changes involving the cell envelope take place. Foremost among these is a modification of the cell wall from an undulating structure to one which is smooth and has become enlarged. Strains of E. cloacae resistant to silver sulfadiazine do not exhibit these changes."
1157575,"The efficacy of mebendazole against enterobiasis was tested on 150 institutionalized mental retardates (range 5-25 years). At the start of the trial all patients swallowed on tablet containing 100 mg mebendazole. Another tablet was administered to all patients 2 weeks and 1, 2 and 3 months later. 19 patients were further treated with one tablet 4 and 5 months after the start of the trial. The presence of E. vermicularis was checked with cellophane adhesive tapes from the anal skin and from the right-hand finger-tips before the trial and after 1, 3 and 6 months. 94 subjects were positive before the trial. At the first post-treatment examination, all patients were found negative. However, 12% were reinfected. No side effects were observed or reported."
1157576,"27 patients with ear, nose and throat infections have been treated with cephradine orally. Ten patients received 250 mg and 17 patients 500 mg every 6 h during 10 days. 26 patients were cured. One patient failed to respond to treatment but reinfection could not be excluded. Determination of plasma concentrations showed that cephradine was well absorbed. The drug showed no severe adverse effects. Cephradine is a good replacement in patients with allergy to penicillins. It is also suitable when broad-spectrum therapy is needed."
1157577,"In maxillary sinusitis, the blood circulation is supposed to be impaired in the oedematous sinus mucosa, and in such cases the transport of antibiotics into the maxillary sinus should be reduced. To prove the accuracy of this assumption a comparison has been made between the concentrations of penicillin and doxycycline (Vibramycin, Pfizer) in sinus mucosa and secretions and the serum concentrations in patients under treatment with these antibiotics. Measureable concentrations of penicillin (greater than 0.2 mug/ml) were reached in the secretions only if the serum concentration was high (greater than 4-5 mug/ml). In contrast, measurable concentrations of doxycycline were achieved in both mucosa and secretions in all patients treated with this antibiotic. This must depend on the fact that doxycycline, due to its optimal lipid solubility, was able to penetrate poorly vascularized tissue. In most cases, the concentrations of doxycycline far exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the isolated organisms, and in some cases the local concentrations were higher than those found in the serum. The clinical response to doxycycline was good and correlated well to the laboratory data."
1157578,"A total of 204 patients between the ages of 20 and 80 and suffering from respiratory tract infections were treated by general practitioners with doxycycline. The infections were representative of those usually encountered in practice except that there were only three cases of pneumonia. The response to treatment, both subjectively and objectively, was good; by the third day, 84% of patients were improved. 89% of patients were cured by the tenth day. Failure to improve was noted in only 5% and failure of cure in 11% of patients. The participating physicians assessed the result of treatment as good or very good in 87% of patients and as moderate in 8%, only 5% of the patients had a poor or negative result."
1157579,"Doxycycline levels were measured in 44 patients undergoing lung surgery; 44 determinations were made on serum, 37 on resected lung tissue, 11 on bronchial wall, and 8 on bronchial secretions. The concentrations in lung tissue were, with few exceptions, higher than the serum concentrations, while those in homogenized bronchial wall specimens were slightly lower than the serum readings. All these concentrations were on average considerably higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations for the pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. The comparatively low bronchial secretion concentrations were accounted for by the surgical circumstances. All patients had been intensively trated pre-operatively, and showed no florid mucosal inflammation at the time of the operation: as inflammation subsides, so the antibiotic concentration in the bronchial secretion declines rapidly. The lung and bronchial wall tissue levels indicate that doxycycline has great promise in the treatment of pulmonary and bronchial disorders."
1157580,"The two studies which are reviewed in this paper demonstrate the value of fluorescent microscopic observations in the studying of the distribution of antibiotics in lung tissue and in sinus secretions. In the lung tissue study, the standard microbiologic assay data on doxycycline concentrations in respiratory tissue take on greater meaning when one is able to visualize the relative distribution of doxycycline-derived fluorescence among bronchiolar, vascular and parenchymal sites. In the sinus secretions study, doxycycline was shown to pass into the sinus secretions in concentrations, in most instances, which are significantly greater than the relevant MICs. These therapeutic levels were achieved and assayed in sinus secretions, even though a corresponding fluorescence was not always demonstrated. When fluorescence was shown, the wide homogeneous distribution of doxycycline throughout the aspirate of purulent maxillary sinus mucus was striking. Fluorescent microscopy can provide a dynamic visualization of doxycycline's presence in human tissue and secretions. Fluorescent microscopy, together with standard microbiological assay methods, affords both qualitative and quantitive data on the drug's biologic activity."
1157581,"The role played by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possibly by other species of mycoplasma in respiratory tract infections in man is considered. The in vitro sensitivity of human mycoplasmas, that is, M. hominis, M. fermentans, M. orale type 1, M. pneumoniae, M. salivarium and T-mycoplasmas to different tetracycline analogues and some other antibiotics was determined. The strains tested were often somewhat more susceptible to doxycycline than to methacycline, minocycline and tetracycline, while oxytetracycline, per unit of weight, was in most instances 8-16 times less effective than doxycycline. The difference between the minimum concentrations of the above-mentioned tetracyclines, that inhibited metabolism of M. pneumoniae in liquid medium, and the minimum lethal concentrations of these antibiotics was small. Variation of the inoculum size of this organism had comparatively little effect on the result of the susceptibility tests with doxycycline. The study indicates a cidal rather than static action of doxycycline on M. pneumoniae. This organism as well as T-mycoplasmas were sensitive to low concentrations of erythromycin, while the strains of the other species studied were resistant to even 100 mug/ml of this antibiotic. M. pneumoniae and T-mycoplasmas were resistant to 20-80 mg/ml lincomycin, while the other human mycoplasmas were moderately sensitive. Chloramphenicol and gentamycin were generally less effective, per unit of weight, than the tetracyclines against most of the strains of mycoplasma tested. Some known effects of antibiotic treatment of mycoplasma infections in man are also discussed."
1157597,"A twofold synopsis is presented on human developmental anatomy prior to birth. The first portion of the paper focuses on conceptual perspective and the second part on factual understanding. Section 1 gives an overview of the wide assortment of somatic changes manifested in the prenatal segment of human ontogeny; it illustrates alterations occurring in number, kind, location, size, and shape of body components. Section 2 presents a chronological panorama of human anatomical modifications during prenatal life; it traces somatic changes from ""zygote to embryo"", from ""embryo to fetus"", and during ""the fetal period""."
1157598,"Infant visual attention and habituation were examined with a procedure providing independent assessment of an infant's latency of orienting to a pattern (attention getting) and his subsequent fixation of that pattern (attention holding). 18 male and 18 female, 17-week-old infants were given 2 trials with a red circle, 16 trials with either a 2 times 2, 8 times 8, or 24 times 24 checkerboard pattern, then 2 more red-circle trials. The major results were that habituation occurred in fixation time with males habituating more than females, and that a general decrease occurred in latency with females selectively increasing or decreasing their latency depending upon the pattern they had previously seen. These results indicated the necessity of separating attention-getting from attention-holding measures and that both sexes remembered something about the visual patterns but demonstrated that memory differently."
1157599,"2 experiments examined the persistence and generalization of effects of exposure to modeled self-reinforcement standards. Children observed a peer model exhibiting either a high or low standard for self-reward at a novel game or saw no model. Subjects then played the game, either with or without specific instructions to follow the model's example. 2 weeks later, in a new situation, subjects played either the same game or a different game. In these subsequent sessions, substantial persistence of the effects of exposure to the model and generalization of these effects to a new game were demonstrated. Initial differences between the 2 modeling conditions and between instructed and noninstructed subjects, however, generally did not persist in this later test."
1157600,"6 groups of middle-class children (N = 116) received training in a motor skill, skipping, and a cognitive task, conservation of substance, under 2 conditions of teacher supportive behavior. Children in 3 treatment groups received instruction under the condition of increased teacher support, while instruction was given with nonvaried teacher support to 3 control groups. Experimental and control group gain scores on the 2 learning tasks were compared. Findings suggested that preschool children, especially girls, benefit significantly by increased teacher support in learning a motor skill, but greater gain was made in the cognitive area when receiving training under the condition of nonvaried teacher support."
1157601,"9 Piagetian measures of conservation, classification, and role taking, and a task designed to test verbal egocentrism were administered to children in 3 social settings in rural Hungary. The work is an extension of research carried out by Hollos and Cowan in Norway. In each setting 45 male and female children with equal numbers of 7-, 8-, and 9-year-olds were tested. Factor analysis yielded a logical-operations factor and a role-taking factor. Age and setting effects were significant for both factors. The socially isolated children performed less well on role-taking tasks but did significantly better on logical operations at all ages than village and town children. The results are almost identical with the findings of the Norwegian study, further supporting a threshold hypothesis regarding the amount of social interaction needed for the development of logical operations. Language stimulation and the effect of linguistic role marking in Hungarian do not seem to be significant factors, nor is schooling."
1157602,"The study was designed to determine whether outer-directedness, measured by glances at E during object assembly tasks administered according to the Turnure and Zigler (1964) procedure, predicts changes in preschoolers' Binet IQs over 6 months. With MA as a covariate to control for the small but significant relationship betweeen glances and developmental level, an ANOCOVA showed a significant interaction resulting from increases in the IQs of non-outer-directed Ss and declines in the IQs of outer-directed Ss. Glances at E's puzzle while S assembled his own were unrelated to glances at E or to IQ changes, but, unlike glances at E, were significantly related to improvements in performance from puzzle 1 to puzzle 2."
1157603,"A paradigm of specialized brain hemisphere processing abilities was used to test cognitive skills and cognitive style in ""learning-disabled"" (LD) and ""normal"" children. Results indicate that (1) verbal ability is not a unitary factor, and LD children are deficient in only some aspects of verbal ability; (2) the LD group perform as well as the control group on right-hemisphere tests; (3) LD boys are more field sensitive (field dependent) than the control boys; (4) LD children may be attempting to use a nonverbal information processing mode to deal with academic tasks. The need for information on nonverbal processing skills in order to aid verbal processing is discussed."
1157604,"On the basis of visual orientation on a block design task, 180 kindergarten through fifth-grade children were assigned to 3 categories of task approaches: (a) inner directed or task oriented (TO), (b) information seeking (IS), and (c) approval seeking or cue dependent (CD). The performance and self-perceptions of the children were then examined as they worked on a concept-identification task in which an external cue was either relevant or irrelevant. The results showed that performance of the children in the 3 categories on the task was differentially affected by the manipulated cue conditions, though not consistently across grade levels. The relationship between task-approach categories and self-perceptions also differed over grade levels."
1157605,"Interactions of 45 black inner-city mothers with their healthy full-term newborn infants were observed during a bottle-feeding on the third day after birth. An exhaustive catalog of some 100 mother and infant behaviors was used to describe objectively the interactions of mothers and infants. In addition to being observed with their mothers, infants were examined with the Rosenblith scale. The infants' birth weights, birth order, and sex and maternal medication were found to affect the infants' behaviors and/or the patterns of mother-infant interactions."
1157606,"Second graders, fifth graders, and adults participated in 2 experiments designed to study the effects of sorting on subsequent recall of unrelated words. 1 group sorted the items freely, while a second group was constrained to learn the sorting schemes generated by free subjects. In the first experiment, subjects sorted until they reached a criterion of organizational stability. In Experiment 2, sorting was terminated prior to reaching a stable criterion. Recall and output clustering were reduced in Experiment 2, relative to Experiment 1, because of organizational instability. No meaningful differences were found in either experiment in the sorting schemes generated by free subjects in the 3 age groups, nor was there an effect of age of yoking partner on performance of constrained subjects. This result differed from previous research, and it was concluded that the sorting technique diminished differences in organizational behavior usually found between older and younger subjects."
1157607,"Infants with 0-3 Apgar scores at 1 minute had significantly lower 8-month mental and motor scores than infants with 7-10 scores and significantly lower mental but not motor scores than infants with 4-6 Apgar scores. Correlations indicated significant relationships (independent of birth weight) between Apgar scores and Bayley mental and motor scores for random, Colored Portuguese, and total samples but not for Negroes and whites. Results demonstrated a significant difference in Apgar scores by 8-month classifications with significantly lower scores for children classified as abnormal, and by longevity with significantly lower scores for neonates who died within 2 days."
1157608,The relationship between the single-word utterances and 2-word sentences of 12 children was examined as part of a longitudinal study of language development. Children whose single-word utterances usually named objects produced sentences which named many objects. Children whose single words were frequently interjections produced sentences which expressed desire for an object. 2-word sentences seem to have some of their structural and functional roots in the single-word phase.
1157609,"The present study examined the ability of parents to bias home-observation data by influencing their child's behavior in socially desirable and undesirable directions. Parents of 12 deviant and 12 non-deviant boys, aged 4-8, were given the response set to present their child as ""good"", ""bad"", and usual (normal) during 6 45-minute observations of family interaction. Deviant and non-deviant children showed significantly more deviant behavior under the bad condition as compared with normal, whereas their good and normal conditions did not differ. Parent positive and negative behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the deviant sample; parent positive and commanding behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the nondeviant sample. Parent self-report of behavior change was generally consistent with the observation data. The results suggested implications for naturalistic observations of families and for child behavior change interventions."
1157610,"Reaction-time performance and heart-rate responses associated with attention were used to assess the hyperactive child's attentional deficit and his response to methylphenidate. Attentional deficits shown by long response latencies were reflected in heart-rate responses theoretically incompatible with sustained attention. Subjects exhibiting the greatest attentional deficit displayed the most favorable response to methylphenidate in both reaction-time performance and physiological measures. However, subjects who showed the greatest improvement in social behavior were those who showed the least improvement in reaction-time performance."
1157611,"Our study investigated the role of 3 structural principles--hierarchical complexity, interruption, and role change--in the development of children's construction play. The 3 principles are formally parallel to dimensions of language structure. Children from 2 to 6 were required to use varying combinations of structural features in order to build a series of modeled constructions. Predictions about the order of difficulty of our constructions, formulated on the basis of their constituent structural features, were confirmed by the results. Hierarchical complexity and role change, features of ""deep structure"", added significantly to the difficulty of a construction strategy. Interruption, a ""surface-structure"" feature, had, in contrast, a minimal effect. The results lend further support to the notion of a cognitive organization common to language and other modes of behavior."
1157612,"Assertiveness and affective quality of voice intonation were compared for approving, neutral, and disapproving statements made by 20 sets of parents of elementary-aged children who demonstrated emotional or behavioral disturbances in school and 20 sets of parents of ""normal"" control children. For mothers, a significant interaction (p = .01) was found between parental group and verbal affect: mothers of ""normal"" control children demonstrated more assertive voice intonation when expressing affective verbal content (approval or disapproval) than when making neutral statements; mothers of ""disturbed"" children demonstrated less assertive voice intonation when expressing affective verbal content than when making neutral statements. Differences between mothers on affective quality of voice did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found for fathers."
1157613,"The rated and observed moral behavior, judgment, and affect of 120 preadolescent, predominantly lower-class boys from early-divorced (before the boys were 6), late-divorced (between 6 and 10), and parentally intact homes were investigated. In addition, the mothers' discipline (power assertive, inductive, and love withdrawal) and affection were examined by asking subjects about their mothers' methods of dealing with their transgressions. Moral behavior was assessed with resistance-to-temptation, self-criticism, altruism, reparation, and teacher-rating measures, while moral judgment was evaluated with 3 Kohlberg items and moral affect was investigated with 2 story-completion items maximizing guilt. The major findings were: (1) when relevant variables (IQ, SES, age, sibling status) were controlled, few differences were found between father-absent and father-present boys; (2) however, father-absent boys were reported by their teachers as less advanced in moral development than father-present boys; (3) the sons of the divorced women showed more ""social deviation"", according to their teachers, but were more advanced in level of moral judgment than were the sons of widows; (4) divorced women disciplined with more power assertion than widows, according to their sons' reports."
1157614,"The effects of salience on 4- and 6-year-old children's ability to classify multiplicatively was investigated. A rank-ordered salience hierachy consisting of 3 dimensions was first assessed for each S. Several weeks later half the Ss of each age group were presented with a series of 9 3 times 3 matrix problems consisting of values from 2 dimensions ranked high in salience. The remaining half received identically structured matrices consisting of values from 1 highly salient dimension and of others from a dimension ranked low in salience. The goal in each problem was to select that compound stimulus from a set of alternatives that appropriately filled an empty cell in the matrix. Prior to the matrix problems, half the Ss in each matrix condition received sensitization training designed to increase the salience of the relevant dimensions in the matrix problems. The results showed that the pre-assessed salience of the relevant dimensions affected matrix solution in that more accurate performance was associated with those problems with both relevant dimensions relatively high in salience than those with one high and one low. Although the older Ss solved more problems, the evidence for coordination in the younger Ss was clear. No effects of sensitization training were found."
1157615,"The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McCarrell, Yussen, and Flavell (1972) that ""memorizing and perceiving are functionally undifferentiated for the young child"" by presenting preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children a ""memory"" and a ""look"" problem under several treatments in which semantic category cues were present. Surprisingly, preschoolers showed functional differentiation even in the absence of semantic cues--a finding interpreted as evidence for a functional differentiation in the young child's deployment of attention. Second and fifth graders also exhibited functional differentiation in the absence of semantic cues, and there were age changes in the facilitating effects of input and retrieval cues on children's memory."
1157616,"Teachers from grades K through 6 nominated the most physically active and most physically passive students from each sex. Half the schools were attended mainly by low-SES Mexican-American students and half upper-middle-SES Caucasian students. The main finding was that physically active students were more likely to have an older brother than were physically passive students. This effect was independent of sex, grade level, race, SES, and other-sibling combinations. A second study confirmed this relationship when college students rated themselves on the same active-passive dimension."
1157617,"The power of various pictorial movement cues in eliciting a reading of movement was studied to determine the relationship between the ease with which a picture is interpreted and the degree to which the picture retains the structure of reality. Movement was indicated in 2 ways: pictorial conventions indicated movement by lines, blurs, and vibration marks; and pictorial postures indicated movement by figures which were isomorphic with the postures involved in real movement. Preschoolers, first graders, sixth graders, and college students were asked to label and sort pictures of human figures as ""moving"" or ""still"". Members of the 2 young groups did not classify pictures with conventional cues as ""moving"" as often as they did pictures with postural cues. Members of the 2 older groups classified both types of pictures as ""moving"". Since postural cues for movement are recognized at an earlier age than conventional cues, those that are more similar to reality may be easier to understand."
1157618,70 preschool-age children were administered a modified version of the Matching Familiar Figures test as well as a modified version of the picture completion task from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Sex of subject and cognitive tempo were combined factorially with type of creativity measure in a 2 times 2 times 4 repeated-measures design. A significant effect for cognitive tempo was found showing reflective subjects scoring higher than impulsive subjects on each measure of creativity.
1157619,This paper draws upon data collected in conjunction with the Schools Council (Great Britain) Research and Development Project in Compensatory Education to demonstrate that a picture reading task can provide a fairly good prediction of the later reading performance of 100 5-year-olds and that it is a sufficiently interesting clinical tool to merit further consideration from nursery and infant school teachers. The test's success seems to relate to its ability to measure differences in children's understanding of the nature and purpose of reading.
1157620,"This research replicates and extends a study by Hartrup (1958) of the effects of continuous nurturance and nurturance withdrawal on children's behavior. Kindergarten and second-grade children interacted with either a continuously nurturant adult or an adult who was initially nurturant and then withdrew nurturance. A questionnaire was administered to assess children's perceptions of thier experiences and their perceptions of the reasons for the adult's withdrawal. Sessions ended after an assessment of the adult's social reinforcer effectiveness. The results indicated that the adult's social reinforcer effectiveness was an interaction of the effects of sex, children's frequency of verbalization, and nurturance condition. The results partially replicated Hartrup's (1958) and are discussed in terms of suggestions for future research on less complex contrasts between adult interaction patterns."
1157621,"Significant gains in conservation of number, amount, mass, and weight were made by 53 nonconservers (age 6-9) who either simply observed conserver's performance on mass and weight problems or argued with conservers in a social conflict situation about these problems. There were no significant differences in conservation performance between the modeling and social conflict treatments. It was suggested that the social conflict effect could be attributed to modeling effects."
1157644,Two cases of stercoraceous perforation of the cecum with adjacent mass formation simulating a neoplasm are described. The predisposing factors for the formation of fecalomas and the mechanisms of perforation are discussed and a review of the literature on this subject is presented. There were no demonstrable predisposing colonic lesions to account for the fecaloma formation in these casesmboth patients recovered completely after surgical treatment of the lesions.
1157645,"The case of a woman who had had a perianal sinus tract for nine years, in whom squamous-cell carcinoma arose in the sinus tract, is presented. We believe that long-standing perianal sinus tracts should be examined carefully for tumor development. In suspected cases, a biopsy specimen should be obtained from the central part of the lesion."
1157646,"A giant gas cyst of the sigmoid is reported, and the relevant medical literature is discussed. The vast majority of these lesions are pseudocysts and are a complication of diverticulitis that has not been emphasized in previous reports. The diagnosis should be able to be established by various roentgenographic procedures."
1157752,"In this study, the two determinants of the rate of osteoclastic bone resorption, cell number and cell activity, were evaluated to characterize the response to two chronic resorptive stimuli, a calcium-deficient diet and a phosphorus-deficient diet, fed to rats for 8 days. The number of osteoclast nuclei was determined directly and the resorptive activity of osteoclasts indirectly from cell size. In our sampling site in the tibial diaphysis, there were marked increases in osteoclast layer width (i.e., cell size) and in the number of osteoclasts and osteoclast nuclei in both test groups. Also, in both test groups the increase in the number of osteoclast nuclei was greater than the increase in osteoclast width, emphasizing the importance of osteoclast stem cell activity in the resorptive response. When the data on the control and test animals were pooled, there was a strong correlation between the width of the osteoclast layer and the number of osteoclast nuclei (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). Thus, these two resoprtive stimuli produced proportional changes in osteoclast cell number and probably activity, raising the possibility that the resorptive response is sterotyped. These results also suggest the existence of a control mechanism which coupled the proliferative activity of osteoclast stem cells and the resorptive activity of osteoclasts. Despite the fact that the rats were subjected to chronic resorptive stimuli, forming surface and the total number of osteoblasts were also increased. Moreover, in data pooled from control and test rats, there was a strong correlation between the number of osteoclast nuclei and the number of osteoblasts (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). This implies that chronic resorptive stimuli directly or indirectly stimulate osteogenic stem cells to increase production of osteoblasts as well as osteoclasts. The observed coupling of differentiated cell number probably contributes to the established phenomenon of coupling between the rates of bone accretion and resorption."
1157753,"Five male rabbits were actively immunized against testosterone to determine if this procedure could permanently inactivate circulating testosterone. To assess the response to immunization, serum LH, serum testosterone and antitestosterone titer (titer) were measured by radioimmunoassay at various times after immunization. All rabbits produced antisera to testosterone and developed serum LH levels similar to those measured in castrated males. The rise in serum LH was particularly pronounced after a booster immunization but these elevated levels were not maintained which suggests that biological neutralization was only transient. Serum testosterone rose dramatically after immunization and was directly correlated with titer. High serum testosterone concentrations were associated with both high and low serum LH. No correlation existed between titer ans serum LH. It is concluded that active immunization against testosterone does not necessarily result in a permanent neutralization of circulating testosterone and that titer alone is an inadequate criterion of neutralization."
1157754,"We have measured plasma thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH with specific radioimmunoassays in rats during adaptation to severe iodine deficiency after they had previously received regimens supplying various quantities of iodine. Rats were maintained on a high-iodine diet (HID) containing 3 mg iodine/kg or a low-iodine diet (LID) containing 30 mug iodine/kg supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mug iodine/ml of drinking water before swtiching to KID alone. Frequent serial blood samples were obtained up to 3 months, using 6 or more animals for each time interval. In animals originally fed HID, T4 remained at 4-6 mug/100 ml unitl the tenth day of LID, then rapidly decreased to a value of less than 0.4 mug/100 ml at 1 month. TSH was initially 50 muU/ml and increased linearly to 165 muU/ml on day 16. Thence there was a much more rapid rate of rise to 640 muU/ml at 38 days. The rats changed to LID alone after having been fed LID with iodine supplementation underwent similar qualitative hormonal changes. However, the decrease in plasma T4 and the increase in plasma TSH occurred sooner in the rats which had drunk water containing only 0.1 or 0.2 mug iodine/ml than in the previous experiment. Rats which had received 0.4 mug iodine/ml showed a pattern essentially identical to that of the animals which had been fed HID. plasma T3 did not change significantly in any of the experiments, remaining at 60-90 ng/100 ml, although there was a tendency for the values to be somewhat lower after several weeks of LID. There was a highly significant negative correlation of plasma T4 with plasma TSH. There was no significant correlation of plasma T3 with either plasma T4 or plasma TSH. It is concluded that the combined physiologic effect of plasma T4 and T3 concentration is more important in determining TSH secretion through negative feedback effects on the hypothalamus and/or pituitary than is the concentration of plasma T3."
1157755,"Purified rat tumor thyroglobulin from the experimental rat thyroid tumor, line 1-1C2, was studied for its thyroid hormone content after in vivo and in vitro iodination and compared with normal and desialylated normal rat thyroglobulin. Tumor thyroglobulin had a very low sialic acid and iodine content; after in vivo iodination it contained only small amounts of triiodothyronine (T3) and no detectable thyroxine (T4). After in vitro iodination with 125I it showed a distribution of T3 and T4 very similar to that of normal and desialylated normal thyroglobulin iodinated in vitro. In vitro iodination dissociated tumor and desialylated normal thyroglobulin to a greater extent than normal thyroglobulin. Tumor tissue, on the other hand, showed considerable iodinating activity in the 105,000 X g pellet when studied with exogenous acceptors. These results are compatible with a role for sialic acid in the maturation and migration of thyroglobulin to the iodination site, rpovided that the intracellular distribution of the iodinating enzymes are normal."
1157756,"The increase in blood insulin level induced by adrenergic beta-stimulants, glucose and tolbutamide was strongly exaggerated in pertussis-sensitized rats. Moreover, the decrease in blood insulin caused by the alpha-receptor-mediated action of epinephrine in glucose- or tolbutamide-treated rats was effectively reversed by pertussis sensitization. The rise of blood insulin concentration due to adrenergic alpha-blockade was also enhanced by pertussis sensitization. It is concluded that the secretion of insulin resulting from the stimulation of adrenergic bate-receptor is enhanced by pertussis sensitization, probably due to activation of a process occurring in the chain of events leading to the discharge of insulin from the pancreatic beta-cell."
1157757,"In hypophysectomized immature female rats (HIFR), the ovarian weight response to subcutaneously implanted diethylstilbestrol capsules (DESC) is inhibited by small doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This effect, reproduced by equivalent doses of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) but not by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), is inhibited by treatment with antiandrogens. These data implicate gonadotropic stimulation of interstitial cell androgen production in the control of follicular maturation in rats."
1157758,"Silastic capsules containing estradiol-17beta were implanted subcutaneously into male and female sheep which had been gonadectomized as adults, In both sexes, this treatment resulted in a prompt decrease in serum LH concentrations reflecting a negative feedback suppression of tonic LH secretion. In females but not males, this decrease was followed, within 24 h, by an LH surge after which circulating LH declined to low levels resembling those in intact ewes during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. In males, only a sustained reduction in circulating LH was observed. Three weeks after placement of the initial estradiol implants, while serum LH levels were low and stable, additional estradiol implants were inserted. This additional treatment effected step-like increments in circulating estradiol to approximately 20 or 55 pg/ml (depending on the number of implants) and elicited single or multiple LH discharges in females but failed to induce LH surges in males. These findings lead to the conclusion that the mechanism which governs the cyclic mode of LH secretion in sheep, as in rats, undergoes sexual differentiation. Further, the presence of multiple LH surges in some females suggests that an increment and sustained elevation in circulating estradiol can induce the occurrence, or permit the expression, of consecutive signals for the LH surge in the ovariectomized ewe."
1157759,"The effect of 2 weeks of continuous exposure to 4C on the metabolism of iodothyronines in the rat was studied. Metabolic clearances of [131I]triiodothyronine ([131]t3) and [125I[-thyroxine ([125I]T4) were increased in exposed animals. Estimated absolute turnover of T4 was increased approximately 2-fold as a result of cold exposure. Urinary and fecal clearances of labeled hormones were elevated. Intracellular total radioiodine and iodothyronine radioiodine concentrations were reduced in liver and kidney 24 h after a single injection of tracer hromones. Plasma hormonal binding was not altered. Expanded tissue spaces of [125I]T4 (liver, 52.4%, kidney, 66,7%) were measured by analysis of composite plasma and tissue disappearance curves in subgroups of animals sacrificed 6-24 h after dose injection. Enlarged tissue spaces ot [131I]T4 (liver 8.3%, kidney 26.2%) were observed in the cold-adapted groups. Fractional disappearance rates of labeled iodothyronines from the total rat were accelerated as determined in individual exposed animals and by composite disappearance curve analysis. These investigations suggest that the observed altered kinetic parameters of iodothyronine disappearance from plasma, tissue and total body pools are due to increased hormone flux, owing to increased deiodinative and fecal hormone disposition. Moreover, the data demonstrate that alterations in the peripheral metabolism of T3 and T4 become manifest early in the adaptation process to cold."
1157760,"Human pituitary prolactin (hPRL) contains a single major component. Upon iodination by a lactoperoxidase procedure approximately 50% of this component remains ulaltered in molecular size and net charge by the criteria of quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Aminiotic fluid hPRL contains two components which remained ulaltered after iodination by the lactoperoxidase procedure used. Unaltered iodinated products can also be obtained from both sources by a stoichiometric chloramine T procedure, but in vastly diminished yield."
1157761,"The dynamics of parathyroid hormone (PTH) biosynthesis, storage, and secretion in bovine parathyroid slices in vitro in response to alterations in the concentrations of extracellular calcium were studied. Hormone biosynthesis was evaluated by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to measure incorporation of [3H]leucine into newly synthesized PTH and proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH) during short (35 min) incubations. Amounts of newly synthesized PTH stored in and secreted from the tissue slices were determined by electrophoretic analysis of [3H]PTH in extracts of tissue and media. Total PTH and ProPTH is slices and media were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. PTH secretion rates changes 5-fold when calcium was lowered from 2mM to 1mM. Secretion of some PTH continued despite high concentrations of calcium (5 mM). Biosynthesis of ProPTH was changed only slightly, and conversion of ProPTH to PTH was independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. Tissue stores of PTH increased during incubation of parathyroid slices in medium containing high amounts of calcium. The increase in stores was much less, however, than predicted by the findings of marked suppression of secretion and little change in rates of PTH biosynthesis. In high concentrations of calcium, a large fraction (up to 50%) of newly synthesized PTH was degraded within the tissue, whereas in low concentrations of calcium, little (less than 10%) of the PTH was degraded. No fragments of PTH or ProPTH were identified in either extracts of tissue or media, suggesting that degradation occurred rapidly by general proteolysis rather than by limited, specific endopeptidase activity. The data suggest that the parathyroid cell contains a calcium-sensitive degradative pathway for PTH and that this pathway may be involved in the regulation of hormone production and secretion."
1157762,"Our studies were designed to determine whether changing peripheral progesterone levels in rabbits reflected changing metabolic clearance rates (MCR) or changing production rates (PR), or both. Plasma progesterone concentrations rise from nonpregnancy levels to peak values at the end of the first third of gestation and at midpseudopregnancy. In the pregnant rabbit, these decline slowly during the second third of gestation and then more rapidly until near nonpregnancy values are reached at term. Progesterone levels decline sharply during the second half of pseudopregnancy. During pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, we found only small variations in MCRs which cannot account for the approximately 10-fold increase in plasma progesterone concentrations. The increases can, however, be accounted for by changes in PRs which rose sharply after conception of hCG injection to 14-fold the nonpregnancy level on day 16 of gestation and 11-fold on day 7 of pseudopregnancy. These results indicate that changes in ovarian PRs are the major factor for the variations in peripheral progesterone levels during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. The rabbit differs in this respect from the guinea pig, in which changing progesterone concentrations during pregnancy were shown to reflect sharply reduced MCRs. After a single injection of progesterone in 20-day pregnant rabbits, the disappearance of the steroid from the circulation consisted of two components; an initial phase during which progesterone disappeared rapidly (t1/2 = 2.4 +/- 0.2 min) followed by a slower rate of disappearance (t1/2 = 21.5 +/- 2.2 min)."
1157763,"Two bull calves were subjected to changes in daily illumination over a 12-week interval, with ambient temperature maintained at 22 C. When photoperiod was shortened from 16 to 8 h, serum prolactin decreased from a maximum of 57 mg/ml to a minimum of 8 ng/ml. Conversely, with another 4 bulls, increasing the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h of light caused serum prolactin concentrations to increase from 25 to 100 ng/ml. The increase in serum prolactin in response to increasing photoperiod was delayed approximately 7 weeks, whereas the response to decreasing photoperiod was delayed only about 1 week. Changes in photoperiod had no effect on serum LH concentrations. We conclude that changes in photoperiod account, at least partially, for the seasonal changes in serum prolactin previously noted in cattle."
1157765,"Holtzman male rats were castrated or sham-operated at 22 days of age and raised in a 12 h light: 12 h dark illumination cycle. At age 63 days they were sacrificed by decapitation at six different times during the light:dark (L:D) cycle, and hypothalamic histamine (H) concentrations were measured using a modified single isotope-enzyme microassay. Hypothalamic H was significantly elevated in the castrated rats at all but two of the six times sampled during the L:D cycle, when compared with the sham-operated controls. Both surgical groups had similar 24-h rhythms of hypothalamic H concentrations, with the peak concentration occurring during the light phase followed by a rapid drop to the minimum 2-3 h later. However, the castrated rats appeared to attain both maximal and minimal concentrations somewhat earlier in the day. These results provide circumstantial evidence that hypothalamic H may have a role in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in the male rat."
1157766,"Serum progesterone and estrogens were measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of immature, mature, and pregnant African and Asian elephants. Progesterone was elevated from 26 to 215 pg/ml in nonpregnant animals and up to 480 pg/ml in late pregnancy animals. No relationship to reproductive state was evident for the low levels of estrogens which ranged from 9 to 37 pg/ml."
1157768,"The involvement of the ovaries during late pregnancy in the rat upon serum prolactin was investigated. Ovariectomy on day 17 or day 21 of pregnancy prevented the dramatic rise of prolactin found in sham-ovariectomized animals between days 21 and 23 of pregnancy. While animals ovariectomized on day 17 of pregnancy failed to carry viable fetuses beyond day 19 of pregnancy, rats ovariectomized on day 21 of pregnancy had viable pups in utero on day 23 of pregnancy. These data suggest that the rise in serum prolactin during late pregnancy is stimulated by ovarian factors."
1157767,"The hypothalamic-pituitary sex of the androgen insensitive, genetically male rat pseudohermaphrodite was studied by examining its vaginal cytology, response to ovarian transplants and urinary steroidal excretion patterns. More than half the pseudohermaphrodites studied were in constant vaginal estrus, while the remaining rats displayed either persistent diestrus or irregular cyclicity tending towards lengthened estrus. Following gonadectomy and ovarian transplantation, normal females displayed regular 14-day cycles while pseudohermaphrodites remained in constant vaginal estrus. In pseudohermaphrodites with ovarian transplants, only C19 steroids were detected in the urine while females excreted both C21 and C19 steroids. Indicative of the urinary findings, transplants in females had corpora lutea and maturing follicles while grafts from pseudohermaphrodites and males contained follicular cysts and luteinized theca. In addition, distribution and activity of histochemical 3beta-hydroxy-delta5 steroid oxidoreductase were similar in the grafts from pseudohermaphrodites and males, but unlike the females. Although previous reports have shown that much of the sex-dependent differentiation of the genetic male rat pseudohermaphrodite is phenotypically female, our results suggest that the phenotype of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of this animal is, at least in certain respects, male."
1157782,"Although gasoline blending streams exhibit widely varying sulfur concentrations, significant quantities of low-sulfur motor gasoline cannot be manufactured by reallocation of existing components without substantial sacrifices in the useful properties of the remaining fuels having normal sulfur levels. To meet the anticipated demand for low-sulfur unleaded gasoline which may be required for catalyst-equipped automobiles it will be necessary to install process equipment based on known hydrotreating technology. The effects which this construction program would exert on the activities, abilities and needs of one petroleum refiner are sketched for two degrees of sulfur removal. The impacts of installing the process facilities which would be necessary are discussed in terms of time requirements, capital needs, and added energy expenditures."
1157783,"A National Fuels Surveillance Network has been established to collect gasoline and other fuels through the 10 regional offices of the Environmental Protection Agency. Physical, chemical, and trace element analytical determinations are made on the collected fuel samples to detect components which may present an air pollution hazard or poison exhaust catalytic control devices. A summary of trace elemental constituents in over 50 gasoline samples and 18 commercially marketed consumer purchased gasoline additives is presented. Quantities of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Sb, B, Mg, Pb, and S were found in most regular and premium gasoline. Environmental implications of trace constituents in gasoline are discussed."
1157784,"An epidemiological survey was conducted in Houston, Texas on five trace metals in policemen, parking garage attendants, women living near freeways and three control groups of subjects. The controls were matched with the exposed groups for covariate information such as age, sex, smoking habits, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, hair color, and education. Each subject was sampled four times for blood, urine, hair, and feces, and these samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese, and copper. Lead and cadmium were correlated with airborne exposures but zinc, manganese and copper were not. The second part of this paper deals with a market study of platinum and palladium markets and a design of an epidemiology survey of individuals occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed to these two metals. The market survey shows that although the catalytic muffler will have a major impact on the market, it is predicted that producers can meet these demands."
1157786,"Examples of repercussions from well-intentioned controls are cited in connection with lead in gasoline, sulfur in fuel, high industrial stacks, reduction of atmospheric particulates. The importance of tradeoffs is emphasized, and the current energy crisis cited as an example. The danger of overemphasis of past errors is that the drive for control may be weakened."
1157787,"The effect of the two parameters is reviewed. Variability with time is discussed in relation to stability and other atmospheric conditions. The magnitude of ground level concentrations from elevated release is discussed as an interaction between rate of emission release, physical height of stack, and thermal conditions. The point is made that plant effluent rates have increased in proportion to stack height."
1157788,"The solution of the continuity equation in practical applications is examined, and the values needed for approximate solutions are indicated. Models are adequate for investigating what could happen, but are less satisfactory for predicting what will happen. An example is given in relation to the distribution of SO2 over Connecticut. More knowledge is needed about atmospheric chemistry before better predictions can be expected. The effect of particulates on atmospheric opacity is reviewed."
1157791,"Housing was originally devised as a control of the thermal environment, but numerous other functions have been added with resulting competition and confusion. Current design gives insufficient attention to thermal factors and relies upon supplementary heating and cooling to compensate for faults. These are wasteful of energy, and the exhaust from air conditioners adds to the heat island conditions in city cores. The impact of consumerism on domestic space and the importance of personal space and privacy are reviewed."
1157792,"Definitions and the seven principles of ecology are listed. NEPA expresses or implies all seven. Section 101 is quoted in illustration. CEQ Guidelines implement Sec. 102(2)(C). The reasons for initial delays in implementation are reviewed; these are now largely resolved. The policy involves action through integrating engineering, economics and ecology. Alternative actions must be considered, and short-term effects weighed against the long-term goals. Twelve modes of approach are advocated."
1157793,"The primary goals of land-use planning are enunciated. A plea is made for consideration of the total biosphere and not just its separate components. The environmental impact statement process is reviewed and some suggestions made for its strengthening. Moves for international adoption of this process are noted, as well as the concept of eco-development currently under examination by UN agencies."
1157795,"Analyses have been made of the effects of environmental controls and planning at regional, subarea, and project levels. The results obtained at the regional level are reviewed for a proposed highway development around Baltimore, Md. The findings for both short-term and long-term effects of alternative transport policies are summarized in respect of population and employment, economic indicators, traffic and travel, air quality, water and solid waste, noise, and environmentally sensitive areas. Problems at subarea and project levels are briefly considered."
1157796,"A model aquatic ecosystem is devised for studying relatively volatile organic compounds and simulating direct discharge of chemical wastes into aquatic ecosystems. Six simple benzene derivatives (aniline, anisole, benzoic acid, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, and phthalic anhydride) and other important specialty chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, 2,6-diethylaniline, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol were also chosen for study of environmental behavior and fate in the model aquatic ecosystem. Quantitative relationships of the intrinsic molecular properties of the environmental micropollutants with biological responses are established, e.g., water solubility, partition coefficient, pi constant, sigma constant, ecological magnification, biodegradability index, and comparative detoxication mechanisms, respectively. Water solubility, pi constant, and sigma constant are the most significant factors and control the biological responses of the food chain members. Water solubility and pi constant control the degree of bioaccumulation, and sigma constant limits the metabolism of the xenobiotics via microsomal detoxication enzymes. These highly significant correlations should be useful for predicting environmental fate of organic chemicals."
1157797,Recent evidence from epidemiologic studies conducted in several areas of the United States shows an association of excess risk of asthmatic attacks with elevated levels of suspended sulfates within specific temperature ranges. These findings are disscussed in the context of experimental animal studies which tend to support these observations.
1157798,"An emission spectrochemical method is described for the determination of trace quantities of platinum, lead, and manganese in biological tissues. Total energy burns in an argon-oxygen atmosphere are employed. Sample preparation, conditions of analysis, and preparation of standards are discussed. The precision of the method is consistently better than +/- 15%, and comparative analyses indicate comparable accuracies. Data obtained for experimental rat tissues and for selected autopsy tissues are presented."
1157799,"Preliminary studies have been conducted on various parameters in order to assess the possible and relative toxicities of a number of metallic salts. Upon oral administration in lethal-dose experiments, two soluble Pt4+ salts were more toxic than the other salts tested. Following intraperiotneal injection in lethal-dose experiments, PbCl2 was less toxic than several of the soluble or partially soluble salts of Pt4+, Pd2+, and Mn2+. An intake of a total of approximately 250 mg of Pt4+ per rat in the drinking fluid over a 30-day interval did not affect the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase in rat liver microsomes. In rats receiving soluble Pt4+ salts in the drinking fluid, the highest concentration of Pt was found in the kidney and an appreciiable concentration was found in the liver."
1157808,"Seventy-three samples of serum, from 69 horses and one zebra, were subjected to the Rose Bengal Plate, serum tube agglutination, complement fixation, and anti-equine globulin (Coombs') tests for brucellosis. Fifty-one of the samples, from 48 horses, were submitted by practising veterinary surgeons; of these, 22 samples were associated with clinical conditions which might have been due to brucellosis. Fourteen samples were from healthy horses known to have been in contact with infected cattle, and six were from horses which were known not to have been exposed to brucellosis. More reactions at accepted diagnostic levels were obtained to the anti-globulin and complement fixation tests than to the agglutination test. Two horses showed no reactions, other than inconclusive titres to the antiglobulin test, and these titres could have resulted from exposure to Brucella. Eight of nine positive Rose Bengal tests were confirmed by a reaction at diagnostic level in at least one of the other tests, but two sera showing a reaction at diagnostic level to the other tests gave a negative Rose Bengal result."
1157810,"Many normally fertile stallions harbour bacteria in and on the genital organs. Many mares served by such stallions are unaffected by the bacteria to which they are thus exposed; however, some mares so exposed will become infected and diseased. Presumably, the genital defenses of such mares had been compromised. Strain differences in pathogenicity of bacteria do exist. Some mares affected with pyometra had irregular ovarian activity and some had normal ovarian cycles. In the former group, destruction of the endometrium many have prevented the production of endogenous luteolysin. The leukopenia which occurs in both groups is due to neurtropenia."
1157811,"A group of clinically normal horses was subjected to controlled strenuous exercise. Elevated serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase and creatine kinase were observed after exercise but no significant change in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was noted. These changes were reduced by repeated exposure to exercise suggesting that measurement of serum enzyme elevations, particularly creatine kinase, might be a useful index of fitness in the horse. Administration of prednisolone prior to exercise also reduced these changes. Since the serum enzyme concentrations had returned to normal within 72 hours of exercise, and since the cytoplasmic enzyme glutamic oxalacetic transaminase was not released from the tissues this supported the hypothesis that efflux of intracellular enzymes into the circulation was due to a temporary selective change in cell membrane permeability rather than to tissue necrosis."
1157812,"Patterns of doping in Britain have on the whole changed from the use of CNS stimulants and depressants to therapeutic substances, or to accidental doping by feeding contaminated food or food supplements. Progress in detection and identification is largely a result of improvements in separation and isolation, especially by gas chromatography, together with the introduction of mass spectrometry. Radiommunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography promise to be important techniques in the future, especially in detection of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids."
1157814,"Repeated electric stimulation of the ulnar nerve fibers was applied at the wrist in 7 normal and 32 pathological subjects; the response reflexes were simultaneously recorded in the chin muscles and at the upper limb, on the flexor carpi ulnaris. Although it is possible to obtain two distinct polysynaptic reflexes by cutaneous stimulation of the limb, the palmo-mental reflex causes a unique response, the latency of which may diminish to 35 msec. This response occurs most often at the threshold which elicits a nociceptive reflex of the upper limb. The palmo-mental reflex is almost always bilateral for a unilateral stimulation and in numerous instances is characterized by a wide receptive field. These findings suggest that the palmo-mental reflex is an early event in a general nociceptive response. In the normal subject this fragment of a general response to a painful stimulus is highly suppressed as are the local reflexes by suprasegmental control. The palmo-mental reflex is liberated and augmented in the event of habitually bilateral lesions of the pyramidal tract or the extra-pyramidal formations."
1157815,"An analysis was made of parameters of the EMG contraction pattern of the soleus and the tibialis anterior muscle in normal test subjects. Constant isometric contractions were consecutively executed with both muscles during 60 sec under standardized conditions. The EMG was derived with surface electrodes, then converted analogue to digital and analyzed with the aid of a PDP 8/I computer. Values measured were tension, integrated amplitude, peak-to-peak amplitude and number of peaks. The fluctuations in tension exerted (coefficient of variation) were more marked in the tibialis anterior than in the soleus muscle. The difference between males and females in tension exerted was different for different muscles. The EMG pattern showed significant intermuscular differences, as did the fatigue phenomena. One of the causes is the ratio between tonic and phasic motor units. The same applies to intermuscular differences in fatiguability. Different muscles may dominant in different individuals. The above observations can explain the great range of variation in normal values. Comparative clinical studies will require a cataloguing of normal values for all muscles. This study can contribute to this."
1157816,"Visual evoked responses (VER) in four cases of occipital apoplexy supplemented perimetric diagnosis with new electrophysiologic parameters. These included diagnosis of (1) optic radiation involvement by delay in the initial VER component; (2) stirate cortical involvement by obliteration of the initial and late VER components; (3) suprastriate involvement by selective loss of the late VER components, and (4) recovery at one or more of the above levels in the visual process by follow-up examination."
1157817,"The pattern of glucose CSF concentration after induced hyperglycaemia was studied in 14 patients suffering from acute meningitis and 10 having meningism, as judged by normal CSF. Four out of the first group of patients had symptoms and signs likely to be due to cerebrospinal canal obstruction after the acute phase of the disease was over. When the patterns of CSF glucose concentration of the two groups were compared it was noted that patients suffering from acute meningitis showed generally a quicker and more profound rise of glucose levels after induced hyperglycaemia than patients with meningism. In four cases CSF glucose levels showed a partial or complete failure to rise, despite adequate increase of blood glucose concentration. Subsequent investigation revealed permanent obstruction of the cerebrospinal canal in three of the cases. The usefulness of serial CSF glucose estimations after induced hyperglycaemia as an early screening test for cases with possible obstruction is discussed."
1157818,"The significance of pyloric reflux of bile and duodenal juice in experimental gastric stress ulceration was studied using a swine shock ulcer model. Following a haemorrhagic shock of 3 h duration, nine of the ten control piglets (90%) with normal bile flow have gastric mucosal lesions. None of the five piglets with permanent bile diversion (ligation of common bile duct; cholecystojejunostomy) has gastric lesions. Intragastric instillation of pure bile prior to the shock in piglets with permanent bile diversion induced gastric lesions in only one of the five test animals (20%). If duodenal juice was used instead, four of the six test animals (67%) have lesions. The results indicate that, in the pig, an uninterrupted flow of bile into the duodenum is a prerequisite for the development of gastric mucosal lesions following haemorrhagic shock. They also suggest that duodenal juice containing both bile and pancreatic juice has a stronger ulcerogenic influence on shocked porcine gastric mucosa than bile alone."
1157819,"The capacity for recovery of the normothermic left ventricular myocardium from a regional complete ischemia (RCI) was investigated using changes in the myocardial metabolic status (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate (CrP), free creatine, glycogen, glucose, lactate) and alterations of the morphology as parameters. In dogs, an area of the anterior wall of the left ventricular myocardium was temporarily deprived completely of its blood supply by 5--7 overlapping ligatures extending into the heart cavity. The metabolites of the adenylic acid-CrP system returned to normal tissue levels after 30 and 60 min of RCI within 14 and 35 days of recovery, respectively; restoration averaged 82% after 100 min, 74% after 140 min, and 38% after 180 min of RCI after 5 weeks of recovery. At the same time glycogen amounted to 163% after 100 min, 114% min, and 65% after 180 min of RCI. The biochemical data correlated well with the structural changes in the affected myocardium, especially with the amount of de- and regenerating heart muscle cells. These obviously were functionally defect and were not comparable with normal structured and functioning heart muscle cells."
1157822,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction of isoproterenol and calcium upon the force velocity characteristics of opposum oesophageal circular muscle, in vitro. Isotonic and isometric recordings were used to determine the velocity of shortening and force, respectively. All muscle was studied at its length of optimal tension development (Lo). To determine the effect of isoproterenol upon muscle contractility, studies were performed at 2.5 mM calcium Kreb's solution. The maximal velocity of shortening (V max) and the peak force (Po) of oesophageal muscle were 6.2 plus or minus 0.3 mm/s and 16.8 plus or minus 1.0 gm, respectively, at 2.5 mM calcium. Isoproterenol (10--5 M) decreased the V max to 4.9 plus or minus 0.6 mm/s and the Po to 9.8 plus or minus 1.3 gm (P less than .01). Increased calcium (5.0 mM), alone, did not alter either V max or Po. However, at 5.0 mM calcium, 10--5 isoproterenol reduced the V max to 6.0 plus or minus 0.6 mm/s (P less than .05) and the Po to 13.9 plus or minus 0.8 gm (P less than .05). These studies indicate that isoproterenol significantly reduces the V max and Po of oesophageal smooth muscle during the neural mediated ""off response"". This effect of isoproterenol is reversed, in part, by an increase in calcium concentration."
1157835,"Methods for the cultivation of erythroid colonies in vitro are expected to allow selective assay of the earliest committed erythropoietic progenitors in the hemopoietic tissues of man and other species. In the present study, factors affecting erythroid colony formation were examined in methyl cellulose cultures of mouse bone marrow. Efficiency of colony formation observed after 2 days of culture was increased as much as 5-fold (to an average of 325 colonies/10-5 nucleated marrow cells) by the addition of thiol (either beta-mercaptoethanol or alphal-thioglycerol) at a final concentration of 10 minus 4 M. Optimum efficiency required 0.5 erythropoietin units/ml and was influenced by the purity of the preparation. When cultures contained thiol and high doses (3 units/ml) of purified erythropoietin, a second population of erythroid colonies became apparent after 5 days of culture, and increased in size to macroscopic dimensions by the tenth day, when they contained as many as 10-4 cells. Feeding was not required. These colonies, thought to be analogous to the ""bursts"" reported by Axelrad and coworkers in plasma clot cultures, were observed here at a 6-fold higher frequency (25/10-5 marrow cells) and were linearly related to the number of marrow cells plated, down to limiting numbers of colonies. On the basis of their impressive proliferative potential exhibited in culture, the cells originating these colonies are thought to represent a class of very early erythropoietin-responsive red cell progenitors."
1157836,"The conditions under which mouse fetal liver cells in vitro are most sensitive to erythropoietin have been investigated with the object of establishing a rapid and sensitive bioassay for this hormone. Fetal liver age and incubation times are shown to be relatively unimportant. Of the commercially available media studied, Eagles Minimal Essential Medium plus 5 percent Fetal Calf Serum is superior to other media used to study erythropoiesis in mouse fetal liver cells. The number of cells per 1 ml culture is important since some evidence was obtained for cell cooperation occurring above 10-6 cells per culture. To minimize this possibility 5 x 10-5 cells are used. If (59Fe) ferric citrate is used to assess heme synthesis, no significant advantage is observed by prior binding of the isotope to mouse serum transferrin. Butan-2-one is preferred to cyclohexanone for extracting heme. Using the conditions described in this report the mouse fetal liver cell assay for erythropoietin is capable of detecting erythropoietin concentrations as low as 0.001 unit culture. Preliminary results using normal human sera show that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect erythropoietin over a range of serum concentrations. This allows a full dose-response relationship to the sera to be determined and, by a comparison with an erythropoietin standard, detailed quantitative results can be obtained. Therefore the technique seems to fulfill the need for a rapid and sensitive erythropoietin bioassay for routine clinical use."
1157837,Hereditarily asplenic mice and normal litternates were transplanted subcatneously with 20x10(6) congenic spleen cells at birth. Eighty per cent of the recipients developed subcutaneous nodules closely resembling the spleen structure seen ia a normal mouse. The growth of the graft was associated with hyperplasis of the majority of the bone marrow cellseries and an increased number of stem cells (CFU-spleen) and agar colony forming cells (CFC) per femoral shaft. Particularly noticeable was the hyperplasia of the granulocytic series which paralleled the increase of CFC number and of serum colony stimulating factor. The presence of the graft did not modify the erthrocytic seroes and the leukocytics of asplenic mice but reduced the average platelet count. It is xonxluded that the growth of the transplant was associated with the hematopoietic alteration described. These results would also indicate humoral or cellular influences of the spleen on the release of or production of marrow cells.
1157841,"In this study we have analyzed the sterol compositions of two continental shelf species of crustacea, the lobster (Homarus americanus) and the shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Cholesterol was found to be the most abundant sterol in these two species with smaller amounts of desmosterol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and 22-dehydrocholesterol."
1157842,"An unknown dansyl derivative was identified as dansyl sarcosine. In molluscs, sarcosine was found to be largely localized to the nervous system. Examination of individual snail neurones, regions of the octopus brain and the squid giant synapse showed dramatic variations in sarcosine levels."
1157846,Rat liver microsomes deacetylated N-acetylethionine and N-acetyl-methionine to ethionine and methionine. The deacetylation of N-acetylmethionine was more rapid than the deacetylation of N-acetylethionine. Ethionine was slowly converted to ethionine sulfoxide by the microsomal preparations. N-Acetylethionine and N-acetylmethionine were not oxidized by the microsomes.
1157847,Rat pituitary MAO activity was reduced by constant darkness and by additions of melatonin in vitro and was increased by constant light and by pinealectomy. Hypothalamic MAO activity followed the same pattern but was less dramatically affected. The data suggest that MAO may be a target enzyme for melatonin.
1157850,"In late winter and in spring, the conduction velocity of the R2 axon of Aplysia californica is 0.48 m/sec or more in all specimens. However, in the summer, fall and early winter, some sexually mature animals exhibit markedly diminished R2 conduction rates (as low as 0.24 m/sec). It is possible that this reduced velocity is a reflection of the age of the specimen from which the axon is taken."
1157854,Limulus CNS chromatophorotropin causes melanin dispersion in isolated legs of Uca. Theophylline potentiation of extract activity suggests that the material may act through the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system. The extracts are also active on the chromatophores of 7 decapod species from 6 families.
1157858,"Ureteral contractions occur at intervals which are integral multiples of the period of pacemaker potentials recorded in vitro from the renal pelvis with a sucrose gap, suggesting that a gating mechanism in the pyeloureter regulates the rate at which the pacemaker initiates contractions."
1157859,"The steady state oxygen consumption of two echidnas was measured during locomotion on a treadmill. The change in power input with change in velocity is similar to that found in other mammals, but the total energy requirement for locomotion is less. The significance of these findings in an animal with low basal metabolism and distally heavy limbs is discussed."
1157860,"Acetazolamide and ouabain, metabolic inhibitors which interfere with certain membrane transport systems, reduce the rate of water elimination by male Glossina morsitans morsitans. The results suggest that water is transported across membranes during diuresis and that a ouabain sensitive Na+K+ATPase and an acetazolamide-sensitive carbonic anhydrase are involved in diuresis."
1157861,"Field studies have shown that there is a seasonal variation in mitosis of lens and corneal epithelium (high in May and June, low during the rest of the year). This phenomenon can be reproduced in the laboratory by temperature manipulation. The response in the lens depends on the presence of the pituitary gland while the corneal one seems to be independent of it."
1157863,Units responding to stretch of single extraocular muscles were found in the bulbar and cervical portion of the descending trigeminal nucleus of the lamb. The electrolysis of these bulbar sites provoked degeneration of nervous fibres which could be followed till the first cervical segment of the spinal cord.
1157867,"Microbodies and Woronin bodies, organelles surrounded by a single unit membrane, were identified in the hyphal cells of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by employing a fixative containing TAPO. The fine structure of the organelles is described and their possible significance discussed."
1157869,The co-administration of cannabinol with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol accelerates the rate of clearance of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol from rat blood. This increased rate of clearance appears to follow that of cannabinol. The implications of these findings are discussed.
1157871,A new tricyclic agent with an allenyl side chain experimentally shows antidepressant activity similar to amitriptyline and imipramine but also exerts marked CNS depression. Such dual activity should be of clinical interest for treatment of mixed anxiety and depression.
1157873,"The nodes formed by the mid-ventral tracheal anastomoses in abdominal segments 3-6 are modified into conspicuous glandular organs in larvae of certain Lepidoptera. They comprise clusters of extremely large cells penetrated by an extensive lacunar system opening onto the tracheal wall. These cells appear to sequester substances from the haemolymph which may be conjugated with a lipoid synthesized within them and the product excreted into the lacunar system, ultimately passing into the tracheal lumen."
1157874,Proof is given that the granula occuring in the epidermal discoid nerve terminals of Lacerta sicula consist of glycogen. Staining with PA-PbCi shows 300 A sized alpha-particles and 70 A sized beta-particles. The electron-dense boundary appearing after digestion with alpha-amylase consists of limit-dextrins.
1157876,"Pericapillar spaces of the rat pineal gland belong to the most active sites of this organ. Neighborhood of sympathetic nerve endings, capillaries and pinealocyte processes facilitates possibly the synthesis and the secretion of methoxyindoles. Lipid droplets migrate through the pinealocyte cellular processes towards the terminal enlargement or poles, where they are secreted into the pericapillar space, and the possibility that indoleamines are included in the lipid droplets has been discussed."
1157879,"The thromboplastic activity and the fibrinolytic activity were examined in 7 human meningiomas and 6 gliomas obtained at neurosurgery. Two different haemostatic patterns emerged, meningiomas having lower thromboplastic and higher fibrinolytic activity than that of gliomas. This difference might help to explain the better haemostatic capacity of gliomas during and after operation than that of meningiomas."
1157882,"The incorporation of 3H-leucine into neurohypophyseal proteins was measured in vitro, 24 h after the administration of a single dose of estradiol (0.3 mug) to castrated female rats. Estradiol treatment caused a significant increase of 3H-leucine incorporation into proteins of the posterior lobe. The effects of estradiol depended largely upon time injection. Rats injected at 06.00 h, i.e., at the end of the dark period exhibited a 74% increase in protein synthesis, whereas rat injected at 14.00 h, i.e., at the middle of the light period only showed a 30% of increase."
1157955,"A peptide that exerts a depolarizing action on frog spinal motoneurons was found in the dorsal root of bovine spinal nerve. Pharmacological, chemical, and immunological properties of this motoneuron-depolarizing peptide were investigated and the results indicated that the peptide is identical with an undecapeptide, substance P, recently isolated from bovine hypothalamus by M.M. Chang and S.E.Leeman. The amount of hypothalamic substance P in bovine dorsal root determined by bioassay or radioimmunoassay was 24-130 pmole/g wet wt, whereas that in the ventral root was 9-27 times less. The effects of synthetic hypothalamic substance P on the isolated spinal cord of the frog and the newborn rat were studied. The peptide exerted a powerful depolarizing action on the motoneurons, its potency being about 200 times higher than that of L-glutamate. Distribution of substance P in the cat spinal cord was studied. The concentration of the peptide was highest in the dorsal part of dy lowered. When the dorsal root of the cat was ligated, substance P accumulated in a high concentration on the ganglion side of the ligature. These results, taken together, support the hypothesis that hypothalamic substance P is an excitatory transmitter of primary afferent neurons."
1157958,"Several hours to days after an animal is given reserpine its cardiovascular system becomes supersensitive to catecholamines. This phenomenon can be demonstrated for vascular tissue by in vitro experiments. This type of supersensitivity has been termed ""nonspecific"" because the tissue is supersensitive to varied agonists, including acetylcholine, calcium, potassium, and the catecholamines. Animals that have been treated with reserpine have been found to have a transient decrease in the calcium content of their vascular tissue. The responses to norepinephrine of aortic strips from reserpine-treated rabbits, even though of greater magnitude than those of untreated aortic strips, were less dependent on extracellular calcium than responses of strips from untreated rabbits. On the other hand, the responses to potassium were more dependent on extracellular calcium. In addition, when aortic strips from reserpine-pretreated animals are subjected to potassium in a calcium-free medium, they are not supersensitive to the ion. When aortic strips are placed in a calcium-free, depolarizing medium they are still supersensitive to norepinephrine and isoproterenol but not to acetylcholine. Tension decline and 45Ca efflux studies suggest that reserpine-treated tissues retain longer than untreated tissues a calcium fraction involved in contraction. It is concluded that reserpine alters binding or movement of calcium in at least two sites. The lack of supersensitivity to acetylcholine and potassium in a calcium-free medium indicates an effect of reserpine (or the loss of adrenergic transmitter) on the utilization of extracellular calcium, while some other site must be involved in at least part of the supersensitivity to the catecholamines."
1157959,"Several lines of evidence have been found which suggest that a partial depolarization is an important event in the development of postjunctional (nondeviation) supersensitivity in the vas deferens and atrium. In the vas deferens of the guinea pig, experiments with microelectrodes indicate that a depolarization of approximately 10 mV occurs after denervation or decentralization. The time course of the depolarization is the same as the time course of the development of supersensitivity found 7 days after denervation in the rat vas deferens. An analysis of the magnitude of junction potentials in the vas deferens supports the conclusion that changes in adrenergic receptors are not a significant factor in postjunctional supersensitivity. An analysis of membrane potential in guinea pig atria demonstrates a high correlation between the appearance of supersensitivity and a partial depolarization in that tissue alsomit is suggested that chronic interruption of the innervation to smooth or cardiac muscle leads to an alteration in the binding of calcium to the cell membrane and a consequent depolarization. The result is a resting membrane potential closer to the threshold for excitation."
1157960,"The effect of postganglionic denervation on the incidence of nexal contacts in the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens was investigated. The chronically denervated tissue exhibited twice as many nexuses as control. This increase in the incidence of cell contacts may contribute to the supersensitivity and/or the increase in maximum response of the denervated vas deferens. The effects of denervation, decentralization, and pretreatment with reserpine on the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in vasa deferentia of rats and guinea pigs were also investigated. One day after denervation there was a substantial decrease in the endogenous norepinephrine and ATP concentrations. The norepinephrine concentration remained low (less than 10% of control) throughout subsequent days (up to 14 days) whereas the ATP concentration, after the first postoperative day, rose significantly. The rise in ATP concentration was temporally correlated with the development of postjunctional supersensitivity. Decentralization and pretreatment with reserpine both resulted in a significant increase in ATP concentration which preceded by 2 to 3 days a significant increase in sensitivity of the vas deferens. It appears that a change in the tissue concentration of ATP may be one of the initial events that occurs following interruption of the neural contact to the smooth muscle of the vas deferens."
1157961,"Our experiences with 343 vaso-epididymal anastomosis operations carried out for the relief of obstructive azoospermia in the past 20 years were reported. The etiologic factors in obstructive azoospermia were discussed. Smallpox was the single most common factor responsible for the obstructive lesion in our series. Obstructive azoospermia due to congenital anomalies was very infrequent. The pathologic physiology of obstructive azoospermia was reviewed. In 37 patients vaso-epididymostomy could not be carried out because of some genital pathology or congenital abnormality. Vaso-epididymal anastomosis was performed in the remaining 281 patients. The operation was succesful in 137 patients (48.75%), and pregnancies occurred in 40 instances (14.23%). However, even after successful operations, the postoperative sperm counts were above 20 million/ml in only 56 patients (19.93%). Persistent necrospermia resistant to treatment was noted in 48 patients (35.04%). In 71 patients (51.83%), spermatozoa appeared in the semen within the first 3 months after operation, but, in 17 patients (12.41%), the appearance of spermatozoa in the semen was delayed for 1 year or more. Twenty patients (7.11%) again became azoospermic after a variable length of time. In this series, bilateral operations were performed on 185 patients and unilateral operations were performed on 96 patients. Our results indicated beyond doubt that bilateral operation is the method of choice. In addition, an analysis of our data showed that operations performed with an internal nylon splint yield more satisfactory results."
1157963,"The morphologic characteristics, occurrence, origin, and significance of spermiophage cells were reported. In the majority of patients with obstructive azoospermia and after ligation of the vas deferens, spermatogenesis continued normally and the spermatozoa so formed were eliminated by epididymal macrophages. The spermiophage cells are most probably derived from the monocytes of blood and tissue histiocytes. In order of frequency they were found in the epididymides of patients with obstructive azoospermia, rarely in the damaged seminiferous tubules of the testes, and in semen and prostatic secretions before and after vaso-epididymostomy or vaso-vasostomy. The occurrence of spermiophage cells in the prostatic secretions was documented for the first time. The ingested sperm heads, or the products of sperm disintegration along with some antigenic components, may be carried by macrophages to the basal capillaries; such a situation may favor the formation of autoantibodies against spermatozoa. This hypothesis is substantiated by the findings of various investigators."
1157964,"Chronic administration of alpha-chlorohydrin (8 mg/kg for 30 days, caused lesions in the testis of dog. Seminiferous tubules presented marked degenerative changes. Leydig cell hypertrophy was conspicous. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. Obstruction of the epididymal lumen was not seen. Alpha-Chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid in the testis, caput epidiymis, corpus epididymis, and cauda epididymis. The total cholesterol per gram of testis was increased significantly after alpha-chlorohydrin administration. The anti-androgenic nature of alpha-chlorohydrin is suggested."
1157965,"Therapeutic donor insemination was performed in 107 ""normal"" patients, using an intracervical technique and two inseminations per cycle on alternate days. Seventy-seven patients became pregnant (71.9%), and 103 conceptions occurred. Of these pregnancies, 72.8% occurred in the first 3 months of treatment and 95.2% occurred within 6 months. The spontaneous abortion rate was 18.4% The number of females born was slightly higher (54%) than the number of males (46%). There was one complication in this series (acute pelvic inflammatory disease), most probably due to inadvertent intrauterine (endometrial) insemination."
1157966,"To determine whether exposure to synthetic hormones resulted in increased chromosome damage in cells other than lymphocytes, we evaluated series of lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures from five control women and five women taking oral contraceptives (OC). The results of this study showed: (1) no difference in chromosome breakages between lymphocytes and fibroblasts; (2) no differences in breakages in replicate fibroblast cultures exposed to fetal calf serum, autologous serum, homologous serum, or homologous serum from OC users; (3) no difference in breakage between lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures from OC users, compared with lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures from control women; and (4) no increase in the frequency of cytogenetically aberrant stem-lines in fibroblast cultures from women taking OC. These findings suggest that synthetic hormones do not cause increased chromosome breakages in fibroblasts from women taking OC."
1157967,"Copper wire intrauterine devices (CuIUD) were surgically inserted into mature female rabbits 15 days prior to artificial insemination. Gold wire intrauterine devices and sham surgery served as controls. Animals were autopsied 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 192 hours after artificial insemination. At autopsies performed 48 to 144 hours after insemination, the reproductive tract was flushed and the embryos were examined. At 192 hours, implantation sites were counted and measured. A significant (P less than 0.05) loss of copper from the devices was observed when the devices were weighed after autopsy. The CuIUD had no effect on ovulation, fertilization, or embryo transport up to 120 hours after artificial insemination. The presence of a CuIUD resulted in a slight, but not statistically significant, increase in embryonic degeneration by 120 hours, almost total absence of blastocysts from the uterus by 144 hours, and complete absence of implantation sites 192 hours after insemination. The antifertility effect of a copper intrauterine device appears to occur in the late preimplantation stage of pregnancy in the rabbit."
1157983,"Changes in the national-origins quota system, the preference system, labor certification and adjustment-of-status provisions led to changes in the size and composition of immigration. Within a context of increasing size and changing area of origin, the proportion of immigrants with a stated occupation increased, and the occupational composition of total immigration and of immigration by continent of origin changed. Europe and the Americas generally switched to lower-skilled levels, and Asia, Africa and Oceania, to white-collar, especially professional, levels. The composition of occupational groups also changed, with Asia generally increasing its contribution and most noticeably so in the professional group. Adjustment of status has generally increased, but it has not become mainly a subterfuge for foreign students and exchange visitors to remain in the country. Relatives and refugees dominate the adjustee group."
1157984,"More than one-third of the Colombian population can be classified as migrants. The prevailing direction of movements is urbanwards, yet it is significant that better than a third of all movements are to rural destinations. Nationwide comparisons of migrants and residents on demographic characteristics would indicate that all streams are selective of the younger and unmarried population, with women predominating in urbanwards movements and men in those to rural areas. However, when compared in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, migrants are more sharply differentiated among themselves than they are from the resident population at each of their respective destinations. Within the migrant population, a natural funneling of the more able migrants to the largest centers suggests itself. Migrants have consistently higher activity rates than the remainder of the population and, in the case of men at least, appear capable of competing for jobs on an equal basis with residents at their respective destinations. Female migrants, however, are consistently overrepresented in lower-status activities, particularly in domestic services."
1157985,"California's Family Law Act of 1969, effective January 1, 1970, instituted non-adversary proceedings for divorce, suggested a more equal division of community property and reduced the minimum waiting time for a final divorce decree. A rapid increase in the number of divorces granted in California followed. Analysis revealed that the 1969 Law did not lead to any real increase in marital dissolution among Californians or produce any significant changes in the characteristics of the population filing for divorce. What was seen were certain modifications in behavior on the part of divorcing persons to take advantage of the Law's new provisions."
1157986,"This paper investigates whether convenient working conditions reduce the constraint of children on married women working. It is assumed that convenient working conditions are most important for women with heavy child-care responsibilities. Therefore, differentials in participation rates, by presence and age of children, are expected to be less pronounced in those occupations where a high proportion of jobs have convenient working conditions. Data are selected from the 1960 1/1000 Public Use Sample of the United States population. Those studied comprise white married women living with their husbands. The paper involves a comparison of differential participation rates of women by presence of children, between occupations grouped according to measures of convenience, using a multivariate analysis. The results indicate that differentials are least pronounced in those occupational groupings which have the highest percentage of convenience factors."
1157987,"When fertility is examined in the detail of individual parity progressions and birth-order transitions, important interactions between the effects of income and education are seen. Among the findings are: the negative effect of education on fertility is stronger at all parities for less educated compared to more highly educated women. Additional income has a more positive effect for more highly educated than for less educated women. For women with 0-8 years of education the effect of more income is positive when the family has no children but negative thereafter, but for college-educated women the effect of more income is positive. And additional income has a less positive (more negative) effect on fertility among nonwhites than among whites."
1157989,"A population consisting of women who have conceived before a time t ignores all women whose conception time exceeds t. Such a population is considered as a truncated population, and the samples are called truncated samples. Under the assumption that fecundability among women varies according to a Beta distribution (with parameters a and b), the distribution of conception times in a truncated population can be considered as truncated Type I geometric. This paper presents an algorithm to obtain the moment and maximum likelihood estimates of a and b from the truncated samples. Large sample properties of the estimators are also studied. Examples using the Hutterite and the Princeton Fertility Survey data are given."
1157988,"While the U.S. Bureau of the Census has had a long-standing policy of abstaining from enumerating the religious beliefs or backgrounds of the American people, at least two-thirds of the Jewish population of the United States has been enumerated in decennial censuses and sample surveys in the guise of persons of Russian stock or origin. This has come about through the migration policy of the old Russian Empire and the statistical categories utilized by American immigration authorities and by the U. S. Bureau of the Census for immigrants and their children. Comparisons between the returns from an ethnic survey and a survey on the religious composition demonstrate the close congruence between persons of Russian stock or descent and American Jews on the national level."
1157990,"The paper provides a general method for estimating age-reporting errors from two consecutive census populations along the lines suggested by Demeny and Shorter (1968). When the true age structures in the two censuses are the same, the general method and the Demeny-Shorter method give identical results. However, the latter method faces increasingly the problem of inconsistency of the results with the underlying sssumptions as the disparity between the age structures becomes more and more significant. The present method is more general in the sense that it always gives consitent results irrespective of the populations under consideration."
1157991,"A life table model which can recognize increments (or entrants) as well as decrements has proven to be of considerable value in the analysis of marital status patterns, labor force participation patterns, and other areas of substantive interest. Nonetheless, relatively little work has been done on the methodology of increment-decrement (or combined) life tables. The present paper reviews the general, recursive solution of Schoen and Nelson (1974), develops explicit solutions for three cases of particular interest, and compares alternative approaches to the construction of increment-decrement tables."
1157992,"An assessment of the occupational opportunities for selected groups of in-migrants (i.e., Negroes) requires a technique which controls for effects of both national and local employment patterns. We suggest a measure based upon the location quotient and referred to as the ""differential opportunity ratio"" as a method which provides the necessary controls. It is applicable in the comparative studies of cities and in analyses of other population groups for which data are available."
1158001,"Miconazole nitrate was used topically in 83 dermatophytic and candidal infections. Complete cure was obtained in 81% of the cases. The in vitro studies made before, during and after treatment showed no evidence of resistance to the drug. The miconazole 2% cream and powder preparations were well tolerated. Only one case of sensitization was observed."
1158002,"Two cases with umbilical polyp are reported. This rare malformation arises from remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct and may be clinically mistaken for a granuloma pyogenicum or other benign or malignant umbilical neoplasms. Histologically umbilical polyp shows branching glandular structures lined by intestinal mucosa in connection with the surface of the skin. When the umbilical polyp is not associated with any other types of underlying abnormalities, it may be treated by a simple surgical excision."
1158003,"The influence of local application of triamcinolone acetonide on patch test reactions was investigated in patients with a contact allergy to nickel sulfate. In 15 patients the reaction to patch tests with a mixture of 5% nickel sulfate and 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in petrolatum was compared with the reaction to 5% nickel sulfate in petrolatum. In eight patients the test area on the skin was infiltrated with triamcinolone acetonide or saline solution after which test were performed with nickel sulfate. In eight patients the test area was pretreated with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide cream or the cream base alone before the patch tests with nickel sulfate were done. In general, all three methods gave partial suppression of the size of the reaction."
1158004,"Two pretibial epidermolysis bullosa families, with a total of four cases directly examined and another eight cases known from references, were studied. Both families showed an autosomal dominant inheritance. In one family there was a case of ""bullous epidermolysis albo-papular of Pasini"". All cases were compared with those of the literature."
1158005,"A typical case of inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus (ILVEN), with quite a psoriasiform histologic pattern, is reported. Intralesionally administered paramethasone acetate caused a temporary suppression of the clinical and histopathologic inflammatory features. The concept of ILVEN is briefly discussed."
1158007,"The local pharmacology, the thermal response and the response to hypothalamic stimulation of sweat glands of the hairy surface of the beagle are described. The results, together with those of electron-microscopic examinations, support the idea that these sweat glands are apocrine and are not directly innervated. No clear relationship with thermoregulation could be found and a pheromonal function is tentatively suggested."
1158008,"Rabbits were immunised with a fraction of normal human epidermis to produce circulating antibodies. In each experiment, half of the immunised rabbits were given a dose of the same antigen intravenously and the changes in the titres of antibodies were recorded. Doses of the antigen used in different experiments varied from 0.09 to 3.5 mg protein per rabor the first 24 h, followed by a secondary rise. Administration of corticosteroids together with the antigen intravenously could check this secondary rise in antibody titre. Repeated intravenous injections of the antigen led to severe anaphylactic reactions, while subcutaneously administered antigen produced no significant effects."
1158009,"Tritiated thymidine (3HT) was used in one of three ways to label deoxyribonucleic acid replication in epidermal cells of miniature swine: (1) the radioactive material was injected intracutaneously in vivo; (2) the radioactive material was injected intracutaneously into biopsy specimens and the specimens incubated in vitro in Eagle's medium, or (3) uninjected biopsy specimens were incubated in Eagle's medium with added 3HT. The first two methods yielded the same proportions of labeled cells with uniform distribution of labeled cells. The third method resulted in labeling of cells mainly at the periphery of the biopsy specimens. The advantages of the in vitro over the in vivo technique of injection of 3HT includes the fact that injecting a biopsy specimen avoids the problems of large amounts of radioactive waste disposal in animal studies or the legal and ethical problems of tracer studies in humans."
1158010,"In 13 patients with psoriasis a lower total cholesterol (TC) concentration was found compared to healthy controls of the same population. No differences in the concentration of serum triglyceride (TG) or phospholipids (PL) were detected between these two groups. In the same patients, serum triglyceride fatty acid analyses showed a reduced concentration of linoleic acid and a raised level of palmitoleic and myristic acids. No differences were detected in the major phospholipid fractions. The increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) following intravenous heparin was comparable in the psoriatic patient and in the controls. It is concluded that no basic abnormality of serum lipids exists and that the changes described were due to a selective loss via the scales or due to malabsorption."
1158011,"An attempt has been made to show and discuss today's problems of genodermatology, mentioning the important groups of the heterogenous diseases and enzyme defects which are coupled with the skin diseases. Moreover, the chromosomes breakage syndromes are reviewed. To a great extent, these problems are of theoretical interest, but the genetic counselling is on the increase and already plays an important part in the daily routine of the large hospitals."
1158012,"The etiology and treatment of Behçet's diseases are still undecided. There are three principal etiological hypotheses: viral, autoimmune and defective fibrinolytic activity. Accordingly, antiviral, immunosuppressive and fibrinolytic enhancing agents have been tried. Corticosteroids, however, still consitute conventional therapy. Follow-up of cases has so far revealed that none of the above therapeutic measures fundamentally alters the course of the disease, and serious complications may occur and progress during their administration."
1158013,"Isopathic phenomenon of SAGHER was elicited in 21 proved leprosy patients (consisting of 7 lepromatous, 7 tuberculoid, 3 neuritic, 2 borderline, and 2 indeterminate types). The substances used to elicit the isopathic phenomenon were BCG lepromin, Indian ink and staphylococcal vaccine. Isopathic phenomenon was elicited in most of the cases and BCG was the substance which produced the most responses. The phenomenon could be used to classify difficult cases of leprosy."
1158029,"The effect of hyperglycemia on the growth hormone response to oral L-dopa (500 mg.) was assessed in eight normal and eight insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. A peak growth hormone response of 21.0 +/- 4.0 ng./ml. (mean +/- S.E.M.), significantly above baseline (p less than 0.01), was achieved in the normal group following oral L-dopa. Glucose concentrations did not change and were approximately 80 mg./100 ml. throughout. Administration of 100 gm. oral glucose with the L-dopa, or thirty minutes thereafter, totally suppressed the growth hormone response in all eight and six of the subjects, respectively. A peak growth hormone response of 20.0 ""/- 1.7 ng./ml. (mean +/- S.E.M.), significantly above baseline (p less than 0.001), was obtained in eight nonobese, insulin-dependent diabetics, in spite of prevailing hyperglycemia (mean plasma glucose 243-258 mg./100 ml.) throughout the test. Endogenous hyperglycemia was achieved in these patients by lessening the usual strict adherence to plasma glucose control for the purpose of the study. These results suggest an abnormality in the hypothalamus or pituitary of diabetic subjects allowing growth hormone responsiveness in spite of hyperglycemia."
1158030,"Fed male Wistar rats were eviscerated by two procedures. The first group of eviscerated rats were left with a nonfunctional liver in situ while the second group were eviscerated by a newer technic, developed in this laboratory, that preserves liver function. The animals were maintained on a regimen of saline and antibiotic treatment, and abdominal aortic blood was drawn at intervals up to seventy-two hours postoperatively from animals with a functional liver and up to six hours postoperatively in those with nonfunctional liver status. Blood concentrations of glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and immunoreactive glucagon were measured. Our results indicate that even with a functional liver, totally pancreatectomized eviscerated rats maintained normal amounts of plasma IRI and IRG for more than twenty-four hours. IRI and IRG were measurable even at forty-eight hours postoperatively. At the same time, these animals developed abnormally high blood glucose levels, which were sustained despite the presence of ""normal"" IRI in plasma. It had been suggested that the presence of measurable IRI and IRG in the classically prepared eviscerated animal was due to a deficit liver destruction of these substances. To the contrary, our data suggest that even with a functional liver, the eviscerated preparation maintains a circulating level of insulin and glucagon-like materials forty-eight hours after the known sources of such substances are removed. The physiologic meaning of immunoassay results following pancreatectomy are thus difficult to interpret."
1158031,"A survey of twenty diabetologists revealed that they employ diagnostic criteria differing quite substantially. In some populations, including the general population of the United States, these disparities would result in very major differences in the rates of ""diabetes."" Under certain common circumstances, some diabetologists would classify as normal more than half of the one- and two-hour values considered to be abnormal by other well-qualified diabetologists."
1158032,"Plasma lipids, blood glucose, and urinary glucose excretion were measured in 270 juvenile diabetic children upon admission to and throughout periods of summer camping during which the effect of a usual and a modified diabetic diet was assessed. The usual diabetic diet contained 700-1,500 mg. cholesterol daily with a polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) ratio of 0.1, while the modified diet limited cholesterol to 300 mg. daily with a P/S ratio of 1.0. Both diets maintained calories with 40 per cent as fat, 40 per cent as carbohydrate, and 20 per cent as protein. Analysis of fasting blood glucose, qualitative and quantitative glucose excretion, and body weight indicated that groups were comparable except for the diet used. Elevated mean levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were approximately equally distributed in diabetic children of both sexes upon admission to camp, with 24 per cent demonstrating hyperlipoproteinemia. Eleven per cent had type II, 10 per cent type IV, and 3 per cent type V hyperlipoproteinemia upon admission. After following the usual diet, 21 per cent were type II, 1 per cent type IV, and none type V, with no reduction in the over-all incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia despite lower triglyceride and glucose levels. After consumption of the modified diet, hyperlipoproteinemia was reduced to 5 per cent, with 4 per cent type II and 1 per cent type IV. Results of this study indicated that plasma lipids in juvenile diabetics were elevated when first observed and that the control of blood sugar levels along with a diabetic diet with lower cholesterol and increased polyunsaturated fat significantly reduced the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia more effectively than control of blood sugar levels alone."
1158033,"Previous studies of the amount of peripheral nerve myelin have been based on histologic examination. In this study, myelin content was measured directly after quantitative isolation from sciatic nerve. There was a decrease in the amount of myelin beginning at nine months, the time of maximal myelin content in normal rabbits, and beginning at six months, the amount was decreased in diabetic as compared with control animals. Composition of myelin isolated from young (age three to four months) and old (age nine to thirteen months) rabbit sciatic nerves was also determined and is similar to that of other species. Although the composition was not affected by diabetes, with aging there was a significant decrease in the amount of cholesterol and an increase in glycolipid."
1158034,"Irreversible second-phase aggregation of platelets in diabetic patients is prevented in vitro by 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA), a competitive inhibitor of the labile aggregation-stimulating substance (LASS) which is formed from arachidonic acid. Thus, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis inhibits platelet aggregation in diabetic subjects. These findings indicate that platelets from diabetics are subject to control by intracellular mechanisms operative in the regulation of platelet function in normal individuals."
1158035,"There have been differences of opinion among authors concening in the levels of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and nucleotides in nonacidotic diabetic patients. Our data suggest that abnormal levels of 2, 3-DPG in diabetic patients are related to the presence of vascular complications and not to the duration of the disease per sec. 2,3-DPG levels are normal in diabetic patients with no evidence of vascular complications (group A). In ambulatory patients with vascular complications (group B), significantly higher levels of 2,3-DPG are found than in normal subjects and patients in group A. In hospitalized diabetic patients with active peripheral vascular complications (group C), levels of 2,3-DPG are likewise significantly increased over those of normal subjects and patients of group A. 2,3-DPG was found to be significantly elevated in patients of group C as compared with group B. 2,3-DPG levels in venous blood from infected legs as compared with those of the peripheral venous blood were not significantly different, thereby ruling out local factors. There were no differences in the blood lactate levels in any of the group studied. The elevation of the 2,3-DPG levels may be a reflection of attempted red blood cell compensation for tissue hypoxia in the diabetic with vascular disease."
1158036,"Renal substrate exchange was examined in five male patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of several years' duration. Insulin was withheld for twenty-four hours prior to the study. A renal vein was catheterized from the femoral vein, and PHA-clearance was employed for the determination of effective renal blood flow. None of the patients was in ketoacidosis, but all were moderately hyperglycemic in the fasting states (16.8 +/- 1.5 mmol/L.) (225-384 mg./100 ml.). Nevertheless, no net release of glucose from the kidney was detectable. Instead, there was a significant net renal uptake of glucose (320 +/- 80 mumol/min.). In addition, there was a significant net uptake of glycerol and a net release of pyruvate. Renal amino acid exchange was similar to that reported for healthy subjects: glutamine, glycine, proline, and citrulline were taken up and serine, alanine, cystine, tyrosine, and threonine were released by the kidney. It is concluded that (a) in nonketoacidotic diabetics there is no net production of glucose by the kidney; (b) renal amino acid exchange in diabetics is similar to that of healthy individuals; and (c) the kidney is not an important gluconeogenic organ in human diabetes."
1158037,"To document and characterize the immediate phase of glucogen secretion as detected in peripheral blood in man, we have given pulses of L-arginine (0.1 gm. to 10.0 gm.) intravenously over twenty to thirty seconds to twenty-three healthy young men. Peak glucagon and insulin levels averaging four and five times basal levels respectively were reached two to five minutes after arginine administration and had returned to baseline levels by fifteen to thirty minutes. Computing the area above basal for the initial ten minutes after arginine stimulation established a dose-response relationship for the acute phases of glucagon and insulin secretion. A maximal glucagon response was elicited by doses of arginine of 5.0 gm. or greater, whereas for insulin, the plateau was reached at 2.5 gm. of arginine. Sequential 5.0-gm. pulses of arginine administered every thirty minutes showed that there was no augmentation or attenuation of the timing, magnitude (area 0-10 minutes) or absolute peak values reached for either the glucogon or insulin responses. The effect of induced hyperglycemia on the acute phase of insulin and glucagon secretion was assessed by administering the arginine during marked elevation of ambient glucose concentration achieved by the intravenous administration of glucose. This resulted in marked suppression of the acute glucagon response and dramatic accentuation of the insulin response."
1158038,"Using uniformly labeled 14C L-lactate, we have studied the turnover and oxidation of lactic acid in a patient who presented with a mild lactic acidosis while on phenformin medication. As with other cases of lactic acidosis associated with phenformin therapy, this subject had impaired renal function as evidenced by serum creatinine levels of 2 mg./100 ml. and BUNs of 40 mg./100 ml. Comparison of the rate of lactate oxidation relative to the rate of lactate turnover in this subject while on and off phenformin therapy suggests that a prime factor leading to the elevated lactate levels in this situation in impaired peripheral aerobic metabolism. Although lactate oxidation was increased in the presence of phenformin, the control studies clearly demonstrate that aerobic metabolism was not keeping pace with the increased level of anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism brought on by the drug. It is concluded that it is this imbalance in lactate metabolism that is responsible for the lactic acidosis that accompanies phenformin therapy."
1158039,"Proinsulin levels (PLC) in serum were determined after gel filtration on specimens obtained during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) in seven patients with repeated abnormality in OGTT and in a group of seven control subjects matched for age. Fasting and thirty-, sixty-, and 120-minute postglucose venous samples were analyzed for glucose (PG) and immunocreactive insulin (IRI) as well as PLC, PG and IRI mean concentrations were greater at all testing times in the patient population, but the mean IRI/PG was significantly higher in the patients only at fasting. PLC mean levels were higher in the patients but not to a level of significance. Percentage of total IRI atributable to PLC at each time point was identical between the two groups. The apparcent diminished effectiveness of circulating insulin in chemical diabetes cannot be attributed to an abnormal proportion of proinsulin."
1158040,"The effect of muscular exertion of moderate intensity on blood sugar (BS), plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), glucagon, and cortisol (F) has been studied in endocrinologically normal children with short stature and compared with children with clinical diabetes mellitus and obese children with normal and diminished carbohydrate tolerance. In diabetic children, physical exertion induces a rise in plasma GH levels comparable to that in controls; in obese children with normal or with diminished glucose tolerance, the rise is considerably smaller. Physical exertion caused no change in F levels in the groups tested, although basal level in the obese children was significantly higher than in the controls. Basal glucagon levels were similar in all groups and showed no change on physical exertion. The behavior of GH and glucagon in diabetic children was comparable to that in the controls even where blood sugar level was high."
1158041,"To investigate the aminogenic glucagon response in diabetes mellitus, arginine infusion tests were carried out on twenty-four diabetic patients before and after treatment. Eleven healthy men served as a control group. Plasma glucagon was measured by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum, G21, specific for pancreatic glucagon. Out of twenty-four patients, five were treated with diet alone, eight with sulfonylurea, and eleven with insulin. In all these diabetic groups, the glucose tolerance improved after treatment for diabetes mellitus, while the insulin response to the glucose did not show any remarkable change. The fasting levels of the plasma glucagon did not differ from that of the normal subjects both before and after treatment. Hyperresponsiveness of the plasma glucagon to arginine infusion was observed in all diabetic groups, in comparison with that of the normal controls. The exaggerated response of the plasma glucagon to arginine was lowered following appropriate treatment in each diabetic group. However, as far as the changes in glucagon area during the arginine test are concerned, the aminogenic hyperresponsiveness of the plasma glucagon was reduced prominently in the diabetic group treated with sulfonylurea. The relationship between the response of glucose and plasma insulin and between glucose and glucagon to arginine was investigated, and the importance of the changes in the insulin:glucagon ratio was emphasized. Moreover, the possibility that long-term administration of a sulfonylurea may reduce an exaggerated glucagon response to arginine was discussed."
1158042,"This report analyzes age-specific glucose (PG) and immunoassayable insulin (IRI) responses during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and examines test results in children and adolescents with OGTT abnormality using the age-appropriate control data. Controls' (n = 93) and patients' (n = 63) results were compared on the basis of statural age (SA) at the time of testing. Control tests (n = 101) showed significant positive correlation of fasting and four-hour postingestion PG with SA (p less than 0.001), but mean area under the PG curves did not vary between the SA groups (I--18.69 months, II--70-131 months, III--132+ months). The absence of differences of other sampling times permits uniform diagnostic criteria for this age group. IRI was positively correlated with SA at all testing times, and mean levels differed significantly between each SA group at every sampling time; the mean areas under the IRI curve also differed significantly between SA groups as did the mean ratios of IRI area to PG area (group I--0.2639 +/- 0.0175 S.E.M., group II--0.3864 +/- 0.0235, group III--0.6262 +/-0.0491). Patient tests (n = 110) were separated into normal (N), borderline (B), and chemical-diabetic (C) for each SA group. IRI means were above control data for each test type in each SA group at all sampling times; one fourth of these differences were significant. IRI responses also increased within each SA group from N to B to C tests. Mean IRI areas and IRI area to PG are mean ratios were higher than in controls, and this difference was greatest with the  most abnormal (C) test type in each SA group. A subgroup of three patients who had low IRI responses from the outset and developed overt diabetes in one to three years was excluded from the analysis. In contrast to apparent relative insulin inefficiency with normal maturation and with chemical diabetes, they had exceptional responsiveness to their low IRI levels. Variable involvement of alpha as well as beta cells in the pathophysiology of diabetes is suggested as one explanation for these paradoxic observations. Changing receptor affinity might also be implicated."
1158043,"Low plasma renin activity (PRA) has been reported in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus complicated by hypertension and nephropathy. We have assayed PRA in twelve normal subjects and in eight age- and sex-matched juvenile diabetics of greater than twelve years' duration without hypertension and nephropathy under control conditions and following stimulation with diazoxide. During control conditions PRA did not decrease with time in the diabetics as it did in the normals. Following diazoxide infusion, PRA increased in both groups, and although the levels were often higher in diabetics than in normals, the mean differences were not statistically significant. The findings are consistent with the suggestion that PRA is normal or possibly elevated in clinically uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and decreases with establishment of hypertension and nephropathy."
1158044,"The effects of tolbutamide infusion (1 gm. over forty minutes) on plasma pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity (PGLI), serum insulin, and blood glucose were studied in six patients with chronic pancreatitis and six matched controls.asal PGLI levels were significantly higher in the patients, despite higher fasting glucose concentrations. Tolbutamide infusion had no significant effect on mean PGLI levels in controls but was associated with significant elevation in pancreatitis patients, despite higher circulating glucose levels in the latter. The data suggest that chronic calcific pancreatitis patients hypersecrete immunoreactive glucagon, possibly from a nonpancreatic source and that this immunocreactive material may be stimulated by sulfonylureas."
1158045,"A fifteen-year-old diabetic girl developed multiple inflammatory areas on the extremities and abdominal wall at the site of insulin injection. The bizarre clinical manifestations led to great difficulties in determining both its etiology and its treatment. However, three months after her initial hospitalization, we found that the lesions were probably secondary to self-injection with a chemical agent rather than a result of insulin allergy. If idiopathic recurrent dermal infection is observed, then factitial origin should be suspected."
1158046,"Hyperthermia has recently been recognized as a manifestation of hypoglycemia. We describe two episodes of hypoglycemia associated with nausea, vomiting, chills, and impaired consciousness which were followed by marked hyperthermia. We suggest that the hyperthermia may result from excessive reaction to preceding hypothermia caused by the hypoglycemia. We would like to alert the clinician to the possibility of a previous, severe hypoglycemic episode in any diabetic patient with hyperthermia and coma."
1158048,"Changes in gingival hyperplasia were studied in 48 patients treated for epilepsy with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) over a two-year period. During this time changes in the dose of DPH were made in some patients in order to increase control of seizures or decrease side-effects: in 27 patients the dose was increased, in nine it was decreased and in 12 the dose remained unchanged. It was found that the severity of gingival hyperplasia varied directly with both the dose and serum level of the drug."
1158049,"This study used a method specifically adapted to motor handicap, one which measured pedaling rate and basal oxygen consumption. Its aim was to investigate whether bicycle ergometer work could distinguish any difference in mechanical efficiency between two groups with cerebral palsy. 10 patients aged between 18 and 30 years (six dyskinetic/ataxic, four spastic) were studieed. Six non-handicapped young adults formed a control gorup. The results showed a highly significant difference between the dyskinetic/ataxic group and the spastic group. Results for the dyskinetic/ataxic group and the control group did not differ significantly from those obtained for normal population. The observed difference between the two groups with cerebral palsy seems to be the result of the greater amount of energy required to be expended by the spastic group in order to overcome the constant increase in muscle tone during the bicycle egometer test."
1158050,"In order to investigate flexor hypertonia of the extremities in newborns, a neurological examination and superficial electromyogram (EMG) recordings were carried out on 50 full-term infants both before and after the first 48 hours of life (the 'birth-shock period). EMG amplituds on the flexor side of the upper arm in the traction response were low during the first 48 hours despite flexion of the elbow (hypertonia); after the first 48 hours EMG amplitudes increased in a large percentage of the infants although elbow flexion decreased (hypotonia). This finding suggests that the frflex response to passive movement (traction) is weaker during the first two days of life than after this time. Flexor tone of the upper arm in recoil of the forearm increased during the first 48 hours in spite of low EMG amplitudes; after the first 48 hours the amplitudes increased although flexor tone of the upper arm decreased. The popliteal angle was more than 90 degrees in 27 infants and less than 90 degrees in 23 infants during the first 48 hours; after this period the angle was more than 90 degrees in 11 infants and less than 90 degrees in 39 infants. EMG amplitudes on the flexor side of the thigh in most cases increased after the first 48 hours for both groups of infants, i.e. those with an angle more than 90 degrees and those with an angle less than 90 degrees. It is suggested that flexor hypertonia of the extremities in newborn infants is not a result of muscle contraction (i.e. real muscle strength) but rather is residual from the infant's position in utero."
1158051,"In a longitudinal study, 19 infants who displayed the setting-sun eye phenomenon were observed during the first year of life. Nine of the infants showed no signs of illness, eight had an evident increase in intracranial pressure requiring surgical relief, and two had transient signs of increased intracranial pressure which resolved spontaneously. The setting-sun phenomenon could be elicited both by alteration of the infant's position and by removal of light, and it also occurred spontaneously. The effectiveness of the eliciting mechanism depended on the age of the infant. The component parts of the phenomenon consist of downward rotation of the eyeballs and retraction of the upper eyelids, sometimes accompanied by raising of the brow. The phenomenon can be observed in healthy infants, and its value in early recongnition of increased intracranial pressure is limited. The response might indicate increased intracranial pressure if it can be elicited by alteration of position in infants older than four weeks of age or if there is a marked response to removal of light in infants younger than eight weeks or older than 20 weeks of age, especially if the response is combined with constant or intermittent strabismus or undulating eye-movements."
1158052,"This study provides strong and unexpected evidence that one admission to hospital of more than a week's duration or repeated admissions before the age of five years (in particular between six months and four years) are associated with an increased risk of behaviour disturbance and poor reading in adolescence. The children who have experienced these early admissions are more troublesome out of class, more likely to be delinquent and more likely to show unstable job-patterns than those who are not admitted in the first five years. They include a high proportion of poor readers, though this is partly explained by poor application to work in the classroom. In contrast, nervous, shy or withdrawn behaviour is not more frequently reported in adolescence among children who have had early hospital-admissions. The association of troublesome and socially difficult behaviour with early admissions is explained neither by the initial selection of children for hospital nor by the physical disabilities they sometimes carry in later life. The interpretation of this association is complicated by the fact that some pre-school children appear to benefit from hospital stay. The children most vulnerable to early admission are those who are highly dependent on their mothers or who are under stress at home at the time of admission. There is evidence that early admissions to hospital are more frequent today than 25 years ago and that re-admissions are more frequent. Although the length of stay has been greatly reduced, the proportion of children who experience 'long or repeated' admissions is no less than in 1946 and may be greater."
1158053,"The six components considered to be essential for obtaining an optimal developmental profile of a child are described. It is emphasised that, in order to plan appropriate services for children, the consideration of these components should be made routine in developmental assessment."
1158054,An attempt to derive a practical scoring technique for name-printing by children in kinderten (age-range 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years) as a quick test of skills and maturity is reported. The relationship of the Print-Your-Name test scores to other established tools of developmental assessment is examined. Teachers' assessments of the study children's readiness for academic promotion and of those children with school problems tended to correlate with the test scores.
1158055,"Herpes simplex encephalitis was diagnosed by immunofluorescence and histology of a brain biopsy on the 19th day of life in a neonate in whom symptoms had begun at 12 days. Treatment with steroid, diuretic and cytosine arabinoside was begun and initially there was dramatic improvement in the symptoms. This improvement was not sustained, however, and the infant developed evidence of severe brain-damage. Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection is discussed and available therapy for this severe disease is outlined."
1158056,"The post-mortem examination of the brain of a 2 1/2-year-old girl with clinical featutes of oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia and hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrom) revealed a unilateral absence of the olfactory foramina of the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone and ipsilateral absence of olfactory bulb and tract. Other cerebral abnormalities were also present. In this report, unilateral arhinencephaly in this disorder has been documented for the first time and an attempt has been made to correlate various nosological, clinical and pathological aspects of the case with previously reported instances of arhinencephaly. It is concluded that unilateral arhinencephaly occurs in a variety of cranial and facial abnormalities and is not specific for any particular syndrome."
1158057,"The case of an infant with Werding-Hoffmann disease, who died at the age of 4 1/2 days, is reported. At autopsy there was severe cerebellar hypoplasia, associated with degenerative changes in the brain-stem nuclei. This case supports the concept that cerebellar hypoplasia may develop as a manifestation of the neuronal abiotrophy of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. A similarity has been noted between the cerebellar lesion found in the child reported here and that produced by viral infection in experimental animals."
1158064,"Chenodeoxycholate was administered to 13 patients with cholesterol gallstones. During the treatment period the bile composition changed markedly. Chenodeoxycholate increased from 42.9% of the total bile salts before treatment to 79.3% after 8 weeks of treatments. Ursodeoxycholate increased from 2.3 to 12.6% and lithocholate from 1.1 to 3.3%. In contrast, cholate decreased from 40.3% of the total bile salts to 3.1% and deoxycholate decreased from 12.5 to 2.5%. Less than 5% of chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate, cholate and deoxycholate in bile were sulfate esters. In contrast, considerable amounts of lithocholate were sulfated. The sulfation of lithocholate increased from 32.8% of the total lithocholate before treatment to 73.9% after 8 weeks of treatment. Sulfated lithocholate is more rapidly eliminated in feces and urine than the nonsulfated compound. Furthermore, sulfated lithocholate is less toxic. Therefore, the increase in the sulfation of lithocholate observed in most of our patients represents a protective mechanism."
1158068,"The effects of secretin, cholecystokinin, synthetic pentagastrin, sodium dehydrocholate and sodium taurocholate on hemodynamics of the canine liver were studied in a total of 57 dogs. Bile flow was also measured. Dehydrocholate and cholecystokinin significantly decreased systemic arterial pressure while the other substances did not. Hepatic arterial vessels were dilated by pentagastrin and the bile salts; however, flow was not increased in the latter case. Intraheptic portal venous resistance was decreased by pentagastrin and increased by the bile salts. Portal flow was decreased by the bile salts and increased by pentagastrin. Apart from this, mean changes in portal venous flow and portal pressure were not statistically significant. All were potent choleretic agents except pentagastrin which produced only a relatively small transient increase in bile flow."
1158069,"Since chronic pentagastrin stimulates pancreatic and proximal duodenal growth (15), we studied jejunal structure and function following subcutaneous pentagastrin (2 mg-100 g-1 day-1). After 15 days, macroscopic enlargement was confined to the proximal duodenum with a significant increase in wet weight (from 231 +/- SEM 6 to 308 +/- 13 mg) but there was no significant difference in wet and defatted dry intestinal weights, histological measurements of villous height and mucosal thickness or in glucose absorption per unit length of distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Since chronic pentagastrin causes parietal cell hyperplasia and hypersecretion of gastric acid, the results suggest that the adaptive changes seen in the jejunum after ileectomy are neither mediated by gastrin nor by factors present in gastric secretions."
1158070,"Outpatient treatment of haemorrhoids by elastic band ligation without anaesthetic was performed in 75 patients. Clinical review showed that 65 returned to work within 24 h of ligation, 8 in 48 h and 2 after 48 h. No patient required hospitalisation for either rectal bleeding or pain after ligation. In the first week after treatment 36 were completely symptom-free, 26 had minimal discomfort and 13 had moderate pain with a sense of imcomplete evacuation in the rectum, and some frequency of call to stool lasting up to 7 days in 1. Follow-up at 8-26 months (mean 10 months) showed that 59 were symptom free, only occasional rectal bleeding occurred in 7 and more frequent irregular bleeding in 2. Religation of residual haemorrhoids was performed in 7 and 2 and a haemorrhoidectomy. For the majority of patients hospitalisation and loss of work were avoided."
1158071,"The insulin response to oral and intravenous glucose was measured in ten patients after resection of antrum, duodenum, proximal jejunum, and the head of pancreas (Whipple's operation). Compared to matched normal subjects the operation reduced neither the total nor the gut hormone induced part of the insulin response to oral glucose. The results suggest, that hormones from the first part of the intestinal tract are not necessary as incretins."
1158072,"When Yoshida sarcoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the left footpad of Donryu rats, the weight of the left lumbar lymph nodes increased proportionally to the number of the inoculated cells. Resection of primary implants the day after the inoculation of 5 x 10(6) cells failed to rescue the host rats and they died of metastases within 12 days. There was no significant difference in mean survival days between the rats (8.9 days) whose primary implants were resected on the 5th day after inoculation and the control rats (8.6 days) bearing the primary implants. Mitomycin-C, a highly effective drug against Yoshida sarcoma cells, produced many long survivors (over 30 days) in the treated rats whose primary implants were resected the day after inoculation, but failed to do so when resected 5 days after inoculation. All of them died of metastases within 20 days. Based on these results, this present system is discussed for its usefulness as a screening and evaluation model for antitumor agents."
1158073,"Two transplantable strains of adenocarcinoma were established from the carcinomas of the colon and rectum induced by infusion of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in inbred ACI/N rats, The tumors are solid type, not converted to ascite form yet, either papillary or tubulo-papillary adenocarcinomas, and particularly grow slowly, showing 2 to 4 months of survival in animals transplanted subcutaneously. Besides histological resemblance of the tumors to human adenocarcinoma of the large intestine, marked mucin production in tumor was noted in one of these strains."
1158074,"An effective antireflux operation, posterior gastropexy with cardiac calibration, was performed on 24 patients with well established peptic strictures of the esophagus. Without intraoperative or postoperative dilation, the diameter of the strictures went from a mean of 6.3 mm to a postoperative mean diameter of 13.0 mm. Significant increases in sphincter pressure were recorded and endoscopic evaluation showed a return to normal. Preoperative dysphagia was relieved. It is concluded that an adequate antireflux operation will obviate the need for postoperative dilations or more formidable operations such as interposition."
1158075,"To investigate both the cause and reversibility of pyloric sphincter dysfunction in patients with gastric ulcer, pyloric sphincter pressures were measured in 10 normal subjects and 13 patients with gastric ulcer before and during gastric acidification. Fasting serum gastrin concentration was significantly higher in patients with gastric ulcer than in normal subjects. Compared to normals, patients with gastric ulcer had significantly lower pyloric pressures in response to intraduodenal amino acids and sodium oleate. However, during gastric acidification, these same patients demonstrated normal pyloric responses to these stimuli. Serum gastrin concentrations did not change during gastric acidification. These studies show that: (1) in patients with gastric ulcer the pyloric sphincter does not respond normally to intraduodenal stimulation; (2) fasting serum gastrin concentration is elevated in patients with gastric ulcer; and (3) in these patients, pyloric sphincter dysfunction can be reversed by gastric acidification. The mechanism of pyloric dysfunction in patients with gastric ulcer remains unknown."
1158076,"Alimentary hyperglycemia in patients who have undergone gastric operations may be due, in part, to altered intestinal signals for glucose disposition. We measured glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) pancreatic glucagon (IRG), and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) after oral glucose in patients with prior antrectomy or vagotomy and pyloroplasty and in normal individuals. All subjects had normal assimilation coefficients for intravenous glucose, which suggests that the responsiveness of the pancreatic beta-cells had not been altered by the surgical procedures. The early hyperglycemic response to oral glucose and the associated elevation of plasma GLI were much greater and the IRI levels slightly higher in both experimental groups in comparison to normal subjects. A decrease in the level of IRG, albeit not statistically significant, was noted in all groups after the ingestion of glucose. In gastrectomy patients, secretin infusion during repeated oral glucose tolerance tests partially corrected the hyperglycemia and lowered plasma GLI and IRI levels. The responses of the vagotomy and pyloroplasty patients and of the normal subjects were not altered by secretin infusion. We conclude that the intolerance or oral glucose after gastric surgery may be related to elevated GLI levels, and that the beneficial effect of secretin may be due to its ability to decrease these levels."
1158077,"The secretory response to 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPG) administered orally in 4 different dosages and to placebo was evaluated in healthy volunteers over a 2-hr period. During stimulation of gastric secretion by histamine, DMPG at the highest dosage (1.5 mug per kg) reduced volume by 47% and acid output by 79%. Pepsin concentration was not affected. At the same dose, DMPG inhibited basal secretion by 54% and 99% for volume and acid output, respectively. There were no side effects secondary to DMPG administration, which indicates that this compound may be useful in treating peptic ulcer disease."
1158078,Sixty-six patients underwent ileorectal anastomasis for Crohn's colitis sparing the rectum between 1957 and 1972. Excellent results were achieved in 26 patients and satisfactory results in 12. Unsatisfactory progress necessitated further surgery in 21 patients. Seven patients with diversionary ileostomies and ileorectal anastomoses never had their ileostomies closed. No anastomotic leaks developed. Five patients died from causes not directly related to the ileorectal anastomosis. These results indicate that ileorectal anastomosis is a safe and useful procedure for selected patients with Crohn's colitis.
1158079,"Nineteen New Zealand White Rabbits were inoculated intramurally into the intestine with a 100- or 0.2-mu filtrate of homogenate of fresh ileum or colon from each of 6 patients with histologically confirmed Crohn's disease and compared with 22 animals injected with homogenates of normal ileum or colon from each of 5 patients; 4 sham controls were also included. The animals receiving Crohn's homogenates put on less weight than the controls; mucosal ulceration, ileal thickening, and abscess formation were seen in 8 animals and granulomatous changes evolved in 9. No significant macroscopic abnormalities or granulomatous changes were present in any of the 22 control inoculated rabbits. Successful first passage was achieved from 6 of 11 rabbits. The results of these experiments therefore confirm and extend those of our earlier reports and demonstrate that the transmissible agent or agents responsible must approximate to the size of a virus or be capable of being deformed to pass through a 0.2-mu filter."
1158080,"It has been suggested that the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) plays an important role in preventing gastroesophageal reflux. This study was designed to determine if abolition of the LES alone is sufficient to induce gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis. Studies were performed in the Australian brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) which has a lower esophagus resembling that of man. Esophageal manometry, esophagoscopy, and contrast radiography of the lower esophagus and stomach were performed before and after surgery in a group of animals undergoing cardioplasty and in a group of sham operated control animals. In the animals undergoing cardioplasty, LES pressure fell from a preoperative level of 12.6 +/- 1.3 mm Hg to 0 mm Hg. This was followed by the development of gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis. Sham operation did not alter LES pressure or result in either gastroesophageal reflux or esophagitis. In 4 of 5 animals undergoing cardioplasty, LES activity returned after 10 weeks, and this time gastroesophageal reflux ceased and esophagitis healed. It is concluded that abolition of the LES alone can induce gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis."
1158081,"Pepto-Bismol liquid (primary active constituent, bismuth subsalicy-late) protected the gastric mucosa of rats against the formation of hemorrhagic lesions or erosions in response to cold + restraint stress, to a combination of aspirin and cold + restraint stress, and to ethyl alcohol. The protective effect of Pepto-Bismol in these studies was clearly demonstrated. Although the mechanism of action of Pepto-Bismol was not delineated, there was a suggestion that the degree of coating of the gastric mucosa was related to protection."
1158082,"The three muscle layers of the opossum stomach were compared in their responses to electrical field stimulation. Strips were cut from the muscular wall of the stomach with their longer axes in the direction of the longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscle layers and stimulated at 1-min intervals with 20-sec trains of 1-msec pulses at 10 Hz and supramaximal strength at 500 ma. Strips either contracted, relaxed, or did not respond during the stimulus trains. Responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, 10(-6) M. Contractions, but not relaxations, were abolished by atropine, 10(-6) M. Relaxations were not antagonized by propranolol, tolazoline, or phenoxybenzamine. Thus, the responses represent excitation of both cholinergic excitatory and nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves. In strips cut longitudinally, cholinergic contractions occurred more frequently than in the other two kinds of strips. After atropine treatment, the incidence of relaxation was greater in strips cut in the direction of the oblique layer than in the other two groups. The results suggest that, of the two kinds of nerves, the cholinergic excitatory innervation is usually dominant in the longitudinal muscle layer, and that the nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation is more complete in the oblique muscle layer."
1158083,"Gastric emptying and antral contractile activity were simultaneously measured in 3 dogs with gastric and duodenal fistulas. Contractile activity was monitored by two force strain gauge transducers on the serosal surface of the antrum of 2 dogs and a single strain gauge transducer on the serosal surface of both the antrum and fundus of the 3rd dog. Both the frequency and force (motility index) of antral contractions were determined for each 1 min period. Gastric emptying and contractile activity were recorded and compared minute by minute with test meals (154 mM saline) of 60, 120, 240, and 480 ml. Although the rate of gastric emptying increased with the frequency and force of antral contractions, up to 67 ml min-1 (mean 6.9 ml min-1) were emptied without measurable antral contractile activity and 0 to 96 ml min-1 (mean 19.4 ml min-1) were emptied during maximal antral activity (minute motility index greater than 119 mm). Antral contractile activity increased with the size of the test meal and decreased expoentially with the rate of gastric emptying. Fundal contractile activity was generally absent during the test meal. These studies suggest that although the antrum has a significant role in the emptying of liquids, other undefined factors may modify its effect on gastric emptying."
1158084,"The small intestinal electrical control activity (ECA) was driven by an electrical stimulus and the resultant effects on the frequency and the phase relationships of control waves recorded. The small intestinal ECA can be driven from all sites from which it could be recorded. The mean maximum driven frequency (MDF) was the highest near the pylorus and it decreased distally, but at any given site it was the same before and after dividing the small intestine into small segments. The length of the frequency plateau decreased and phase lag per cm increased with an increase in plateau frequency. The direction of phase lag was orad proximal to a stimulation site and aborad distal to it. Intravenous atropine (up to 100 mug per kg) or reserpinization of dogs before an experiment had no effect on the MDF in the frequency plateau region. The study confirms the validity of an array of bidirectionally coupled relaxation oscillators as a model of small intestinal ECA and shows that the frequency and the phase relationship of small intestinal control waves can be altered by electrical stimulation. The study also points out some differences between the small intestinal and gastric ECA's at the cellular level."
1158085,"Relative rates of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis were estimated in patients with cholesterol gallstones and biliary obstruction by determining the hepatic activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the respective rate-determining enzymes for cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. As compared with eight control studies, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was 27% higher in 12 gallstone subjects, but 75% lower in 5 subjects with biliary obstruction. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was reduced in the gallstone (47% lower) and biliary obstruction (78% lower) subjects. Liver cholesterol concentrations were 56% higher in the gallstone and 53% higher in the biliary obstruction subjects than the control group. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of gallstones is related to both increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased bile acid formation, whereas cholesterol accumulates in biliary obstruction because of defective removal since cholesterol production is low."
1158086,"The hepatic lesion in Reye's syndrome (acute encephalopathy with fatty degeneration of viscera) was studied by light microscopy of sequential biopsy specimens obtained in 49 children. The hepatic lesion is a morphologically characteristic, rapidly evolving, and reversible toxic hepatitis. In specimens obtained with 48 hr of onset of neurological deterioration, the severity of the diffuse microvesicular steatosis is best appreciated in frozen sections stained for lipid content. Variation in severity of hepatocyte glycogen depletion in early biopsies correlates with other histological measures of severity, and with the occurrence of hypoglycemia, severity of the encephalopathy at the time of admission, and mortality rate. Histochemical studies suggest that the hepatic lesion is attributable to mitochondrial injury and other evidence that supports this hypothesis is briefly reviewed. The etiology of the syndrome and its relationship to the viral disease which usually precedes it are unknown."
1158087,"Plasma renin activity and aldosterone metabolism were investigated in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. All patients initially showed marked elevations of plasma and renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Although metabolic clearance of aldosterone was reduced, increased secretion rate was the major factor leading to elevated plasma levels. The elevated plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were only minimally affected by posture, dietary sodium restriction, and diuretic administration, suggesting a near-maximal degree of secondary aldosteronism. In most patients plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone returned to normal when spontaneous natriuresis appeared. However, in 2 patients during spontaneous diuresis and in all 3 given aminoglutethimide, sodium excretion was poorly correlated with plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone, suggesting that other tubular and/or vascular factors are important in the intense sodium reabsorption found with cirrhosis and ascites."
1158088,"Bile salt synthesis and bile salt pool size were determined by isotope dilution in two groups of healthy premature infants, utilizing nonradioactive deuterium-labeled bile salts. All 9 infants were between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation; however, in one group (4 infants), the mothers had received either dexamethasone or phenobarbital prior to delivery. The total bile salt pool averaged 20 mg for the infants of untreated mothers and 79 mg for the infants of treated mothers; similarly, the bile salt synthesis of 8 mg per day in the untreated group was increased to 27 mg per day for the treated group. Expressed per sq m of body surface, the cholic acid pool for the treated group was 321 mg per sq m, and the cholic acid synthesis rate equaled 98 mg per sq m per day; values equal to those for full term infants and nearly 4 times those for the untreated prematures. The intraduodenal bile salt concentrations obtained during meals were also low in the untreated group, equaling 1.2 mM as compared to 5.3 mM for the treated group. The reductions of bile salt pool size, synthesis, and intestinal concentration establish that the functional maturity of the liver, and possibly the gastrointestinal tract, is reduced in premature infants. The results further suggest that this maturity may be dramatically influenced by medications administered to the mother prior to delivery."
1158089,"Dose-response relationships, biochemical mechanisms, and sex differences in the experimental fatty liver induced by tetracycline were studied in the intact rat and with the isolated perfused rat liver in vitro. In the intact male and female rat, no direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and hepatic accumulation of triglyceride. With provision of adequate oleic acid as a substrate for the isolated perfused liver, a direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and both accumulation of triglyceride in the liver and depression of output of triglyceride by livers from male and female rats. Marked differences were observed between female and male rats with regard to base line (control) hepatic concentration of triglyceride and output of triglyceride. Accumulation of hepatic triglyceride, as a per cent of control values, in response to graded doses of tetracycline, did not differ significantly between male, female and pregnant rat livers. However, livers from female, and especially pregnant female rats, were strikingly resistant to the effects of tetracycline on depression of output of triglyceride under these experimental conditions. These differences between the sexes could not be related to altered disposition of tetracycline or altered uptake of oleic acid. Depressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride accounted only for 30 to 50% of accumulated hepatic triglyceride, indicating that additional mechanisms must be involved in the production of the triglyceride-rich fatty liver in response to tetracycline."
1158090,"The normal surface anatomy of rat hepatocytes, sinusoids, and bile canaliculi was examined by scanning electron microscopy following finger fracture of tissues that were perfused via the portal vein and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. These normal findings were contrasted with several models of cholestasis, including infusion of sodium taurolithocholate (TLC), bile duct ligation, and ethynyl estradiol treatment, in order to examine the effects of cholestasis on morphology of the bile canaliculus. TLC-induced cholestasis was associated with specific dilation and disruption of canalicular membranes, which corresponded to evaginations of pericanalicular ectoplasm observed by transmission electron microscopy, and suggested a direct toxic effect of the bile salt on membrane structure. Infusions of lithocholate sulfate or simultaneous infusions of TLC and sodium taurocholate prevented these severe abnormalities from occurring. Bile duct ligation produced progressive canalicular dilation (from 1 to 96 hr) and loss of microvilli, but did not result in the type of membrane changes produced by TLC. No significant changes in canalicular morphology were observed following ethynyl estradiol treatment. These studies demonstrate that scanning electron microscopy is a useful technique for the evaluation of both normal and abnormal hepatic surface morphology, and indicate that TLC produces a distinctive abnormality in the structure of the canalicular membrane, which was not seen in other models of cholestasis."
1158091,"This is the report of the presence of a benign gastric ulcer in a patient with achlorhydria and documented pernicious anemia. The pernicious anemia was established by a Histalog-fast achlorhydria, a Schilling test of 2.1% excretion of tagges vitamin B12 in a 24-hr urine, and reticulocytosis after administration of cyanocobalamine. Following Histalog (1.5 mg per kg of body weight), the gastric volume was 40 ml, there was no acid, and the pH was 8.1. The ulcer demonstrated by gastroscopy was confirmed at gastrectomy. Histological examination of the ulcer and the remainder of the stomach showed no malignancy. The principal conclusion of this paper is that the patient did not have an acid-produced ulcer, but that bile regurgitation coupled with alcohol ingestion produced the lesion. Surgical investigation of the ulcer seemed mandatory because of the known increased incidence of gastric carcinoma in patients with pernicious anemia."
1158092,"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, an uncommonly reported and poorly defined clinicopathological entity, obscured clinical diagnosis and was misdiagnosed on hepatic biopsy in a recent case. Approximately 19 cases are recorded in the English literature. Six patients had Felty's syndrome, about 12 patients had congestive heart failure, and the patient under discussion had subacute bacterial endocarditis. Light- and electron-microscopic examination was utilized to define nodular regenerative hyperplasia pathologically. Features common to all reported cases are discussed but elucidation of the pathogenesis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia must await further investigation."
1158093,"A case of actinomycosis involving the liver is reported. The liver scan with 99mTcS colloid showed multiple areas of focal abnormalities. 67Gallium citrate liver scan showed these areas to concentrate intensely. This pattern of differential hepatic scintigraphy is seen in pyogenic abscesses as well as malignancy of the liver. Actinomycosis may mimic the clinical picture of a malignant neoplastic process, making the differential diagnosis of 67Ga-positive lesions of the liver more difficult."
1158094,"A marked increase in bromosulfophthalein, dibromosulfophthalein, and indocyanine green fractional clearance was found in a patient who had received phenobarbital for 30 years and other anticonvulsant agents for 6 years. This was related to a marked increase in hepatic blood flow, while hepatic extraction remained normal. These changes were associated with signs of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction (in particular a 2-fold increase in liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity and hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes). Drug administration (especially phenobarbital) should be considered as a possible cause of increased bromosulfophthalein clearance in man."
1158099,"Histological observations were made on the oesophagus of 2 birds showing different feeding habits. The birds taken for study included frugivorous form, M. haemacephala and H. smyrnensis, which is primarily piscivorous. Various histological modifications such as relative development of mucosal folds, mucous-secreting glands and musculature have been shown to be correlated with the specific feeding habits of the birds."
1158102,"The hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular relationship and intra-hypophysial vasculatisation have been described in order to understand the regulatory mechanism of hypothalamic control over the functions of the pituitary gland. In Glossogobius giuris, the disposition of the blood vessels in the head region is on typical teleostean pattern with certain modifications. The nucleus preopticus is supplied through the nucleus preopticus artery, a small blood vessel arising from the anterior branch of the posterior cerebral artery, whereas the pituitary gland receives blood through a pair of hypophysial arteries. The blood from the pituitary is drained off by the pituitary veins whch pour their blood into the supra-orbital sinus. The anterior cerebral vein after taking the blood from anterior part of the brain including the hypothalamus and the nucleus preopticus joins with the supra-orbital sinus. The hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system is absent in this fish. The saccus vasculosus receives blood from the posterior cerebral artery through a small blood vessel and is collected by a prominent saccus vasculosus vein which pours blood into the supra-orbital sinus before it joins the infra-orbital sinus to form the heat vein. There seems to be no physological connection between the saccus vasculosus and pituitary gland. The highly vascularised neurohypophysis interdigitate with the pars intermedia and extends upto the proximal pars distalis. The blood vessels are restricted to the neurohypophysial extensions only. However, in the rostral pars distalis the blood vessels are present but the neurohypophysis does not extend to this part. The blood capillaries enter the rostral pars distalis from the capillary network on the surface of pituitary gland along with the connected tissue covering of the pituitary. The neurohypophysis shows a greater vascularisation in comparison to that of the other glandular part of the pituitary gland. In the present study of Glossogobius giuris, though an extensive ramification of neurohypophysis occurs with the pars intermedia and the proximal pars distalis, the neurosecretory axons do not innervate the endocrine cells of the pituitary gland and the blood vessels are found restricted to the neurohypophysial extensions except that of the rostral pars distalis. The neuro-vascular way of hypothalamic control over the functions of the pituitary gland seems to be justified as the neurosecretory fibres have been found associated with the blood vessels."
1158103,"Small paired testes of Nandus nandus are situated posteriorly in the body cavity. They open posteriorly in a common sperm duct. A urinogenital sinus is present. Each testis consists of a large number of seminiferous tubules extending from the periphery towards the centre. The seminiferous tubules are separated from each other by a layer of interstitial tissue. 6 different stages of spermatogenesis are recognised. On the basis of morphological and histological changes in the testes during different months of the year, the reproduvtice cycle has been divided into post-spawning (October to December), pre-spawning (January to March) and spawning (April to August) periods. The monthly volume of testes is in direct correlation with the monthly changes in water temperature. Statistical observations indicate that the process of spermatogenesis is very active during pre-spawning period. The relative number of spermatozoa is maximum in July (69.89%), suddenly decreases in August (54.28%) and continues to decrease upto October (49.66%) indicating the maximum spawning in July and August."
1158105,"Longevity of eight laboratory strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, with various geographic backgrounds, was studied under constant laboratory conditions of 33 degrees C and 70% relative humidity in standard medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) during a period of 227 days starting from the egg stage. The eggs were collected from the same parents, first a few days after emergence and afterwards at intervals of 13, 9, 10 and 11 days. Mean survival time (MST) was found to be strain-specified. It ranges from 128.6 days for KJ (Kyoto, Japan) to 174.2 days for ES (Edinburgh, Scotland). MST was highly correlated with the percentage of adults alive after 227 days, which did not change the ranking order of strain longevity. Parental age had no effect on longevity. The mean adult longevity of the strains was correlated with the available data on adult weight, growth rate, viability and productivity. There was no relationship between adult weight and longevity. LIfe span was found to depend on growth rate (measured as 13-day larval weight), percent viability (from 13-day larvae to adulthood) and productivity. Developmental time was also found to influence adult life span within certain limits (two extreme strains deviated). The data suggest that ageing and death in T. castaneum is under genetic control and support the idea that ageing, allied to development, is genetically controlled."
1158107,"The ultrastructure of perfused livers and of mitochondrial fractions from 6-month-old and 30-month-old C57/BL mice were studied. In old mice the liver cell mitochondria were enlarged and rounded with a light 'foamy', vacuolated matrix, short cristae and a loss of dense granules. Quantitative studies showed a 60% increase in the mean size and an increased proportion of larger mitochondria in intact 30-month-old perfused livers. Endothelial and Kupffer cell mitochondria were smaller than those of the parenchymal cells. Mitochondria in pellets prepared from 6- and 30-month-old livers were rounded and condensed, although there were a few larger and 'foamy' mitochondria in the preparations from old mice. Up to 47% of large mitochondria in the old livers were lost during cell fractionation."
1158116,"When surgical treatment of varicose veins is not indicated or is withheld because of associated problems of greater magnitude, other therapeutic measures may be considered. These include elastic support, elevation of the legs, exercise to strengthen the calf musculature, and sclerotherapy. Each of these measures, independently or in combination, provides considerable relief of signs and symptoms of the venous problems in many patients. In difficult venous stasis problems in which the optimal treatment remains in doubt, a therapeutic trial of elastic support is safe and often helpful in defining the role of chronic venous insufficiency in the patient's symptom complex."
1158167,"The first two postnatal years are a time of rapid craniofacial growth. We selected 30 cleft lip/palate children, each seen at 6, 12, 18, 24 months, at which time lateral X-ray headfilms were taken. There were five boys, five girls, in each of three cleft-types: cleft palate only (CP), unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip/palate (BCLP). Three dimensions were selected: 1) anterior cranial base (S-N); 2) upper face height (N-Pt.A); 3) maxillary depth (Pt.A-Ptm). All were in the midsagittal plane. This is a repeated measures study on the factor patient age, so that for each combination of sex and cleft-type the same subject was measured at the four levels of patient age. The multiple comparison technique utilized was the Newman-Keuls Procedure. There is no significant joint effect in the 6-24 months period. The factors seem to operate singly. There is no main effect due to the factor sex. Dimensions N-Pt.A. and Pt.A-Ptm show a significant main effect due to the factor cleft-type. There is a highly significant main effect due to the patient age factor."
1158168,"Deciduous dental eruption in a group of 658 children below 3 years of age in Southern Tunisia was found to be correlated with the general somatic development. On the other hand, this association was less close than that among the different components of somatic growth, suggesting that dental eruption is less affected by the factors which delay somatic growth in that area. Attempts were made to obtain methods of estimating the ages of children using the number of erupted deciduous teeth, both by means of regression equations and by a table of the median age of children with different numbers of pairs of teeth. In both cases the estimates obtainable are not accurate enough to do more than divide the children into coarse age groups. It is concluded that in anthropometric work there is no substitute for accurately known chronological ages."
1158169,"In a Sordaria fimicola (Rob.) Ces. and de Not. colony grown on agar medium in a petri plate, perithecia developed in a narrow band around the plate edge after the colony margin reached the edge. Physical wounding of the colony carried out shortly before or during the time perithecia were developing around the plate edge stimulated perithecium development in the wound area. Diffusion barriers were created by cutting small trenches in the agar parallel to the plate edge. The trenches were made at several different positions between the plate center and edge using cultures of several different ages, and the resultant distribution of perithecia along the trench edges suggested that the colony center and periphery produce diffusible inhibitors of perithecium development. These inhibitors may be responsible, in part, for the observed pattern of perithecium development in the colony."
1158170,"Simultaneous amputation at three different anterior and three posterior levels in the earthworm Eisenia foetida did not produce any measurable effect on the number of segments regenerated posteriorly compared to controls with intact heads. In every group, the number of segments formed depended only on the level of the posterior cut, declining by ten every time the level of the posterior cut was moved ten segments further from the head end. Repeated anterior amputation to prevent regeneration of the brain and subpharyngeal ganglia was without effect. No consistent differences were observed in the anterior neurosecretory cells either at the start or the end of regeneration. These results are discussed in relation to the ""progress zone theory,"" the limited clonal cell life theory, and the theory of ""sequential cumulative inhibition."" It is concluded that the information determining the number of segments regenerated posteriorly resides in the tissues adjacent to the cut surface."
1158171,"The amino acid profile of bovine bones at 2, 25 and 130 months of age was examined and the data were expressed as amino acid residues per 1000 total amino acid residues recovered. As age advance proline and hydroxyproline significantly increased in whole bone (P less than .01), while valine, tyrosine, methionine and histidine decreased (P less than .01). To a lesser extent phenylalanine and glutamic acid decreased with increasing age (P greater than .05). A substantial increase (P less than .05) in glycine and arginine, and a considerable decrease (P less than .05) in valine, tyrosine, methionine and histidine occurred between young (2 months) and intermediate (25 months) age bovine bone. The largest differences in amino acid distribution during growth were observed in bones from the young and intermediate age groups. Lower amounts of glycine were present in lumbar vertebra (P less than .05), whereas the highest amount of glycine was found in sacral vertebra when vertebra, ribs and femurs were compared. Proline and hydroxyproline residues were highest in the rib and femur. Vertebrae often contained higher levels of threonine, arginine, histidine, lysine and aspartic acid than either the rib or femur."
1158172,"A multivariate method, canonical discriminant analysis, was used to discern a pattern of growth in Notonecta maculata. A stepwise procedure reduced the 11 metrical characters measured on individuals of both sexes, from the 1st larval stage to the adult, to 4 significant variates which were used in the canonical analysis. The four canonical variates accounted for the meaningful part of the variablity. Relying on bivariate allometry and on an experimentation with a juvenile hormone analogue, each independent direction of variation was related to combined effects of such biological factors as a general growth trend, sex and juvenile hormone."
1158173,"The effect of cold stress on muscle growth in young poultry stock has been examined during an experiment involving one hundred and eight chicks. They were divided into two groups, namely the control group and the cold stress group. The newly-hatched chicks of broiler type were chilled at a temperature of 10 degrees C for a total of four hours. The breast and thigh muscles of one side of each bird were analyzed for fat, protein, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium during the two weeks after hatching. In the stressed chicks, body weight, breast and thigh muscle weight were consistently lower over the fortnight than in the controls. The body weight of the stressed birds was increased by two-fold, whereas, in the controls, the increase was there and a half times. The breast and thigh muscle weights of the stressed chicks increased by seven times and two times, respectively. In the normal birds breast and thigh muscle weights were enhanced fifteen times and four times, respectively. The protein content of the breast muscle in the normal birds was enhanced by thirty-fold and that of the thigh muscle by five-fold. In the stressed chicks the increase in the protein content in the breast muscle was twelve-fold and that of the thigh muscle was two-fold. Muscle fat content was lower in the chilled birds than in the controls. Levels of potassium and magnesium were also lower in the stressed chicks than in the normal birds."
1158174,"This study determined for 121 boys and 111 girls of the serial experimental group of the Burlington Growth Centre the age, time interval and age sequence of 14 stages of mineralization of all tooth types. The two sexes differed significantly in the age at which the stages of tooth mineralization appeared, and in the length of the interstage intervals. In the canines, there was maximum sex difference in mineralization, which was almost 20 per cent and resulted from a delay in the boys. Changes in sequence of mineralization were due to delay rather than to acceleration. Sex differences in tooth mineralization manifested themselves before puberty, and mineralization was not accelerated at puberty. In contrast, post-pubertal mineralization of third molars appeared to be accelerated in both sexes and occurred earlier in the boys."
1158187,Gastric emptying of solid meals labelled with 129Cs was studied in patients for up to one year after vagotomy and antrectomy or after proximal gastric vagotomy. Significant delay was found one month after vagotomy and antrectomy but this had returned to normal by six months. No delay was found after proximal gastric vagotomy. The effect of posture on gastric emptying was also studied in the same subjects. No significant differences were found between gastric emptying in the supine or sitting positions after solid meals.
1158188,"The effects of administering a single dose of (200 mg to 50 mg/kg body weight) aspirin or an equimolar mixture of aspirin (200 mg/kg body wt) with sodium bicarbonate on the fine structure of the rat gastric mucosa were investigated in order to establish the role of particles of the drug in the development of gastric damage. The sequence of cellular events involved in the development of a lesion and the influence of short-term starvation were also investigated. Aspirin-bicarbonate solutions produced much less damage in starved rats than aspirin suspensions given at low (50 mg/kg body weight) or high therapeutic doses (200 mg/kg body weight). Also, when non-starved rats were given 200 mg/kg aspirin, only slight damage was observed. The presence of particles of the drug in intimate contact with the mucosa is thus important in the development of gastric damage. A sequence of events with time involving direct physical exfoliation of mucosal cells and selective structural damage to parietal cells followed by structural damage indicative of a disturbance to oxidative and biosynthetic functions in cells near the developing erosion was observed. The implications of these results on the development of aspirin-induced lesions are discussed."
1158189,"Controversy exists as to whether a transmissible agent is responsible for Crohn's disease. Previous reports have suggested that sarcoid-like granulomas can develop in animals following inoculation of homogenates derived from bowel affected by Crohn's disease. This study involved the injection of Crohn's tissue homogenates into experimental animals under a variety of conditions which might be expected to favour the demonstration of such an agent. Homogenates have been inoculated into the ileum of rats, mice, and rabbits and also given inoculated into ileum and footpads of rats which have previously been rendered lymphoedematous by surgical interruption of the draining lymphatics. Bowel homogenates from a total of 17 patients with Crohn's disease have been injected into 91 experimental animals. No macroscopic or microscopic changes indicative of Crohn's disease were detected. Thus study does not support the suggestion that a transmissible agent is present in Crohn's disease."
1158190,"A case of adenocarcinoma of the ileum, occurring in an area concomitantly the site of Crohn's disease, is described. Examination of the literature suggests that there are certain characteristics of the small bowel carcinoma which arises in Crohn's disease. These include invisibility of the tumour on macroscopic inspection, dysplasia in the surrounding mucosa, and a peculiar endometriosis-like pattern of invasion. The finding that these tumours have certain characteristics is taken as evidence that carcinoma is a complication of Crohn's disease of the small bowel."
1158191,"The ability of patients with coeliac disease to produce primary and secondary antibody in response to a new antigen has been tested. Eight patients with coeliac disease were injected intravenously with the coliphage phiX 174. Antibody levels were measured throughout the primary response. On day 28 a second injection was given and the secondary response was also studied in detail. The production of antibody in the primary response is lower than in a group of normal subjects. The secondary response is severely reduced and the difference between the coeliac group and controls is highly significant. The secondary response in the coeliac patients contains a much higher proportion of IgM antibody than normal. These abnormalities correlate approximately with clinical status and with hyposplenism. It is concluded that in patients with coeliac disease the ability to produce antibody is impaired, with a defect in switching from IgM to IgG antibody."
1158192,"Clinical studies suggest that steatorrhoea can be associated with excessive absorption of dietary oxalate. We examined the influence of bile salts, Ca++, and long-chain fatty acid on the absorption of oxalate and water by rat intestine in vivo. Absorption was measured under steady-state conditions during single-pass infusions. Each intestinal segment served as its own control. In jejunum, 10 mM taurocholate, the principal salt in rat bile, depressed absorption of oxalate and water. Absorption was not depressed further by Ca++ or linoleic acid. In ileum, 10 mM taurocholate did not inhibit absorption. Linoleic acid, 2 mM, depressed absorption of both oxalate and water. In colon 10 mM taurocholate decreased absorption. Net water transport was depressed further when linoleic acid was added to the infusion, but oxalate absorption was enhanced. Ca++ negated these effects of linoleic acid. It is concluded that long-chain fatty acids may enhance the absorption of oxalate from the rat colon. This observation may be relevant to understanding hyperoxaluria in patients with steatorrhoea."
1158193,"A reinvestigation of the relationship between the Crick-Harper-Raper (CHR) and the GIH clinical units (CU) of secretin has been undertaken in anaesthetized cats with the knowledge that for some time before 1970 the CHR standard used by The Boots Company to assay secretin had lost some specific activity. One clinical unit of GIH secretin (batch no. 17421) is 3-8 times more potent than 1 Crick-Harper-Raper unit of restandardized Boots secretin (batch no. 142) in increasing the flow rate of pancreatic juice, and four times more potent in increasing the amount of bicarbonate."
1158293,"The material of 22302 flies of Anthomyiidae, Muscidae and Calliphoridae collected by trap-method in Cuba 1966 was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. Relative density, seasonal incidence and food preference were ascertained in 20 species. In potential vectors of human diseases the ecological characters and classification of synanthropy are given."
1158313,"Eighteen patients with parkinsonism were treated with a combination of L-dopa and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, L-alphahydrazinomethyldopa (MK-486). Modification of L-dopa effect by MK-486 was also studied in parkinsonian patients as well as in cats. (1) Concentrations of dopa and dopamine in plasma and brain were measured in cats following intraperitoneal injection of L-dopa alone (100 mg/kg) or combined with MK-486 (10 mg/kg). Dopa levels in plasma and brain in the combination with MK-486 were three times as high as in L-dopa alone. Dopamine levels in caudate nucleus and putamen were increased nearly fourfold with the combination. (2) Plasma dopa and dopamine levels were measured in parkinsonian patients. Clinical pharmacological studies disclosed that a 1 : 10 ratio of MK-486 to L-dopa in dosage was preferable. (3) Maximum plasma dopa levels with the combination were four times those following L-dopa alone. Plasma dopa sustained a high level over a period of five hours. MK-486 markedly reduced plasma levels of dopamine. (4) There was no significant difference in dopa and dopamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid between L-dopa alone and a combination of MK-486, but dopamine levels in the CSF were still high at four hours after the combination of MK-486. (5) In clinical studies of eighteen patients with parkinsonism, the effectiveness of the combination therapy (mean dosage of L-dopa: 750 mg/day) was observed in all cases. Marked improvement was noted in 10 cases out of 15 (67%) with akinesia, in 12 cases out of 17 (71%) with rigidity and in six cases out of 14 (43%) with tremor. Maximum plasma dopa levels were higher in those cases with marked improvement, and were highest in patients with diskinesias as a side effect. (6) An addition of vitamin B6 did not show adverse effects. (7) Transient nausea and vomiting as a side effect, less severe than those experienced with L-dopa alone, were noted in five cases (28%). Dyskinesias in extremities, face, mouth and tongue were observed in six cases (33%). These dyskinesias were seen in a high percentage of cases with marked improvement and were never observed in the extremities contralateral to the side of thalamotomy."
1158314,"A case of hypertrophic interstitial neuritis with a disturbance of intelligence and schizophrenic symptoms was reported.  The patient, a 41-year-old male, showed monologia at the age of 14 and auditory hallucination at the age of 21.  He was diagnosed as schizophrenia.  Torsion of the head to the right side and muscular atrophy were also noticed at 21 years.  Atrophy of the muscles progressed gradually, particularly in the distal parts of the upper and lower extremeties.  Psychiatric examination revealed schizophrenic symptoms such as auditory hallucination, thought disorder, lack of spontaneity, autism, apathy, etc.  There was also a disturbance of intelligence (imbecility).  In neurological examination, the torsion of the head to the right side, slight exaggeration of the peripheral reflexes, muscular atrophy in the distal parts of the extremeties were noted.  The bilateral ulnar nerves were markedly hypertrophied.  The biopsy of the right ulnar nerve revealed a remarkable thickening of the endoneuria and ""onion bulb"" formations.  A large amount of the interstitial accumulation of PAS positive substance, which showed metachromasia in cresyl violet staining, was also noted.  Schwann cell processes were proved electron-microscopically to surround the myelin sheaths and some of them meandered and extended and into the metachromatic substance.  The basement membrane of the sheath cell was hypertrophic in some portions and elongated into interstitium.  The nucleus of the sheath cell was hyperchromic and showed marked atrophy.  Histological examination of the biopsy specimen obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle suggested neurogenic muscular atrophy.  The relationship among the hypertrophic interstitial neuritis, schizophrenic symptoms, disturbance of intelligence and torsion of the head was also discussed."
1158315,"The peripheral nerve and spinal ganglion of chloramphenicol-administered and normal animals were examined mainly with the electron microscopy.  The experimental animals consisted of three dogs and one rabbit.  They were highly injected or given orally high doses of chloramphenicol with a duration from 70 to 130 days.  Pathological finginds were briefly summarized as follows.  In the sural nerve the changes in myelin sheaths and Schwann cells were more prominent than those in axons.  The myelin sheaths were swollen and had a tendency to be curled and compress the azon in some fibers.  Other fibers showed the degeneration of myelin sheaths, revealing fragmentation, thinning, and honeycomb structure.  The changes in axons were mild, showing an increase of neurofilaments and local accumulation of mitochondria.  Schwann cells were often hypertrophied and abundant endoplasmic reticula, vacuoles and ribosomes were observed in the cytoplasm.  The processes of Schwan cells were not active, but the picture that a myelinated fiber was surrounded by some processes of Schwann cells was seen in some occasions.  In the posterior root ganglion at the lumbar cord, some of nerve cells showed changes, such as breakdown of Nissl substance, swollen mitochondria and indentation of nuclear membrane.  The satellite cells showed no significant change."
1158316,"Peculiar dense particles were accumulated within smooth-surfaced cisternae of some neuronal perilarya of cerebellar nuclei in rat.  The particles were 200-450 A in size and spheroidal or slightly irregular in outline.  They were low in contrast after uranyl acetate treatment, whereas they showed increase in electron density after uranyl and lead staining.  Wigh respect to the possible nature of these intracisternal dense particles, the following interpretation was discussed.  The particles concerned were probably identified as glycogen which had been synthetized by the agranular endoplasmic reticulum as an unusual cytological event."
1158317,"L-dopa (100-200 mg/kg/day) was given orally to rats for one, two, or three months.  The cerebrum, cerebellum, heart and kidney were then examined using the light and electron microscope.  With the light microscope, there was observed the occurrence of small hemorrhagic foci and occlusion of the capillaries, venules and occasionally small veins by amorphorus eosinophilic material or agglutinating red blood cells in all the tissues examined.  On the other hand, with the electron microscope, there was seen the presence of two distinct changes in the brain, heart and kidney, which were never found in the corresponding tissues from the control rats.  One was concerned with intravascular abnormalities, i.e. formation of thrombi in the microvasculatures.  Above all, microthrombi that were thought to be equivalent to amorphous eosinophilic material in light microscopy consisted of diffusely distributed, electron-dense, fine granular substances and randomly scattered, much electron-denser, large granular material.  The other was concerned with mitochondrial alterations in the parachymal cells, i.e. nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells and renal parenchymal cells.  In general all the changes that were detected by search at both light and electron microscopic levels tended to be developed increasingly with prolongation of the period to sacrifice from commencement of L-dopa administration so that effect of L-dopa on their formation was apparently time related."
1158318,"Changes in urea cycle enzymatic activities in the liver induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation in rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes in the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the limbic area were studied in comparison with these activities in non-stimulated controls. In stimulating the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, the two-hour sessions were followed by significantly reduced activity in arginase and the arginine synthetase system in the liver, but the six-hour stimulation sessions were followed by normal range activity in these enzymes. In stimulating the lateral hypothalamic area, the two-hour sessions were followed by only slightly reduced activity in the arginine synthetase system in the liver. Stimulation of the center median nucleus of the thalamus, the medial area of the amygdala and the dorsal hippocampus produced no significant changes in urea cycle enzymatic activities in the liver. The possibility that ammonia metabolism in the liver may be modified through some functional linkage between the brain and the liver was suggested."
1158325,"Insulin is released into the circulation early during fetal life, but the physiological significance of the hormone in the fetus is still unclear. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible effects of insulin on the protein metabolism of skeletal and heart muscle during the perinatal period in the rat. When incubating hemidiaphragm in a bicarbonate buffer, 0.1 U/ml ox insulin failed to enhance the incorporation of leucine-4,5-3H into muscle protein before birth and during the immediate neonatal period. From 3 days of age onwards a stimulatory effect of insulin on protein synthesis was constantly observed. While insulin thus was ineffective in promoting protein synthesis in hemidiaphragms before the third postnatal day, it significantly enhanced the synthesis in heart muscle at an earlier stage of development. Insulin stimulated the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-1-14C into the diaphragm muscle during late fetal life as well as through the early neonatal period. The role of insulin in protein metabolism during fetal life may thus be limited to the augmentation of amino acid transport in skeletal and heart muscle and to a stimulatory effect on protein synthesis only in certain tissue(s), e.g. heart muscle."
1158326,"Cholesterol and cholesterol esters were measured on day 90 in the plasma and aortas of rats treated on day 4 as follows: control, gonadectomy, testosterone propionate (TP), estradiol-17beta (E). Sex differences were observed in sterol concentrations of control animals but were abolished by castration. TP and E significantly altered sex gland weights, aorta cholesterol and plasma cholesterol esters of both sexes. Little effect on plasma cholesterol or esterified cholesterol of the aorta was noted in any treatment group. A dose effect of E was observed in organ weights and sterols of male rats."
1158328,p-Hydroxycinnamic acid was found to be located within the plastids of the green alga Dunaliella marina. Thylakoid fractions desintegrated by ultrasonic treatment were capable of converting L-phenylalanine into o- and p-hydroxycinnamic acids; the hydroxylation reaction was increased by addition of NADPH. Hydroxycinnamic acids produced when [3-14C]cinnamate was incubated with varying amounts of [4'-3H]L-phenylalanine exhibited a 3H/14C ratio 10-150 times higher than that of the cinnamic acid reisolated from the incubation mixture. The lack of equilibration between cinnamate formed from L-phenylalanine and cinnamate added to the solution supports the hypothesis that cinnamate as an intermediate in hydroxycinnamate formation remains bound to the membrane enzyme complex. A model of membrane-bound multienzyme complexes is proposed for the conversion of aromatic amino acids into phenols.
1158329,"The conversion of L-phenylalanine into benzoic acid and other aromatic carboxylic acids was investigated in Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Astilbe chinensis, and Hydrangea macrophylla in vivo and in vitro. Comparative feeding experiments with radioactively labelled L-phenylalanine and cinnamic acid administered to intact leaf discs of A. chinensis indicated a rapid formation of benzoic acid from L-phenylalanine, whereas cinnamic acid was a poor precursor. Using a pulse-chase labelling technique followed by a fractionation of the tissue into subcellular components, chloroplasts could be identified as the predominant, if not exclusive, site of benzoic acid formation in A. chinensis. Experiments in vitro with chloroplasts and thylalkoids of N. officinale, H. macrophylla, and A. chinensis demonstrate the capacity of thylakoid membranes to catalyze the degradation of L-phenylalanine to benzoic acid. The results obtained upon stimultaneous incubation with [4'-3H]L-phenylalanine and [3-14C]cinnamic acid lead to the hypothesis that the reaction of L-phenylalanine to benzoic acid proceeds via a cinnamic acid pool which is different from that of soluble cinnamic acid."
1158330,"Gel filtration and ion-specific electrodes were used together with atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a search for substances in rat liver which are capable of binding alkali cations. In the cytosol, a material which binds K specifically and reduces the ion activity of potassium can be detected. The binding material, which may be destroyed by alpha-chymotrypsin, has been purified about 100-fold. Its molecular weight is around 5 x 10(3). 1 muval K becomes bound per 20-40 amino acid residues; the total binding capacity may amount to 10-15% binding of the K in rat-liver cytoplasm. Washed nuclear residues, consisting mainly of chromatin, are capable of binding Na in a cation-specific mode. DNA and RNA are ruled out as binding material, so it is assumed to consist of protein, and would then contain about 20 amino acid residues per Na. The cation-binding processes are discussed with regard to nucleo-cytoplasmic sequestration of Na and K, with consequences for the cellular chemi-osmotic gradients, and for the regulation of gene activity in the nucleus."
1158331,"Phosphatidylglycerol is the main component (87%) of the membrane phospholipids of Mycoplasma hominis. It is immunologically active. Antibodies directed against phosphatidylglycerol were detected in rabbits intravenously immunised with native M. hominis or isolated M. hominis membranes. The intravenous method of immunisation was chosen in order to select for a response to surface antigenic determinants. Anti-phosphatidylglycerol antibodies were induced in rabbits by intravenously injecting the flocculated complexes of methylated bovine serum albumin and a phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixture. These antibodies were specifically bound to intact M. hominis, as shown by complement fixation and Coombs tests. Native M. hominis were not agglutinated by anti-phosphatidylglycerol antibodies; but after partial digestion of the membrane proteins with Pronase, the mycoplasmas were heavily agglutinated by the anti-phosphatidylglycerol antibodies. The same amount of anti-phosphatidylglycerol antibodies was bound to intact M. hominis, containing 600 mug of phosphatidylglycerol as to 6 mug of phosphatidylglycerol in the optimal configurational arrangement of a mixed phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol micelle. It is concluded that the major part of the phosphatidylglycerol in native M. hominis membranes is masked, probably by membrane proteins, and is not accessible to the anti-phosphatidylglycerol antibodies."
1158333,"The biologically active partial sequence Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe (position B 22-25 of the insulin B chain) in the form of the synthetic tetrapeptidamide, was compared in several bioassays with the following analogous synthetic peptides: homoarginyl-, ornithyl-, lysyl-, citrullyl-, alanyl- and NG-nitroarginyl-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2. The syntheses of the lysyl- and alanyl-tetrapeptidamides are described. After intraperitoneal injection of the peptides in doses of 3-100 mumol per 100 g rat, together with [U-14C]glucose, the natural sequence Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe showed the highest insulin like activity (incorporation of labeled carbon into the diaphragm). The activity of the homoarginyl peptide was a little weaker. The ornithyl- and the lysyl-peptide, however, showed a remarkably diminished activity. The activity of the citrullyl-peptide was even lower and the alanyl-peptide was inactive. In vitro assays with rat diaphragm showed the same range of effects for the elevation of glucose uptake and glycogen content of the diaphragm. The activity decreased in the following order: Arg- greater than Har- greater than Orn- greater than Cit-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2. Alanyl- and Nitroarginyl-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2 were without effect. In isolated fat cells the glucose oxidation was enhanced significantly only by the arginyl-peptide. The results show that among the structures examined the guanidino group carried by the C5 chain of arginine is the most effective. The results are in accordance with our preceding work [1] using semisynthetic insulins obtained from natural A-chain and synthetic B-chain variants. In these products the replacement of Arg B 22 by ornithine or lysine also led to drastically diminished activity and after replacement of Arg B 22 by alanine the activity also disappeared."
1158334,"Serum growth hormone was significantly higher in rats fed on a non-protein than on a 25% casein diet. In both dietary groups, hypophysectomy provoked a decrease in the RNA/DNA ratio of the liver, and, especially in the protein-deprived rats, a decrease in the RNA synthesis per liver cell, measured as the product of the RNA/DNA ratio, and the ratio of specific RNA activity to specific nucleotide activity, two hours after administration of [3H]orotic acid. In the protein-deprived rats, full reconstitution of these figures was obtained with a combination of growth hormone, hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine, but not quite with growth hormone alone. The possible role of growth hormone in protein deprivation is discussed."
1158335,"The proteins of calf thymus chromatin were analysed quantitatively using a combination of polyacrylamide and cellogel electrophoreses. Quantification was achieved by determining the staining values of each purified histone with amido-black. The results indicate that, on average, 700 molecules histone F1, 850 of F2al, 1440 of F2a2, 1 890 of F2b, 2380 of F3 and 500-1000 non-histone molecules are bound per 10(5) base pairs of DNA. This suggests a moderately dense protein covering of the DNA."
1158337,"A community hospital serving part of a state hospital's receiving area opened a psychiatric inpatient unit. The authors studied the impact of the new unit on the number of psychiatric admissions to the state hospital, and also sought to determine if the two facilities provided duplicate services to the area. In comparing admission rates to the state hospital before and after the opening of the community unit, they found the unit did not have a significant impact. In comparing sample groups of patients at the two hospitals, they found that each served a different socioeconomic group and therefore did not offer duplicate services."
1158385,"A technique of pronase digestion followed by density gradient centrifugation was used to study the morphology and phagocytic function of isolated rat liver macrophages in the normal rat and at varying times after the in vivo administration of carbon tetrachloride. Administration of the hepatotoxin results in a transient fall in the number of isolated macrophages. This deficit is corrected by a rapid influx of mononuclear cells from elsewhere in the animal which quickly differentiate into liver macrophages. Despite changes in the morphology of isolated macrophages, no evidence was found to suggest in vitro functional impairment of these cells. In vivo studies of intrahepatic shunting showed that this became a significant phenomenon 6 hours after the administration of the hepatotoxin. The enhanced antibody response to sheep red cells which occurs after carbon tetrachloride administration appears to be due to a series of events in which the decrease in the number of liver macrophages is an early significant factor, while intrahepatic shunting is a major contributing factor at a later time."
1158386,"Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from C. parvum-pretreated (CP) and normal CBAT6T6 mice and their in vitro handling of 125I-labelled Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (125I-labelled KLH) studied in relation to the humoral anti-KLH responses induced in corresponding animals. CP pretreatment exerted an adjuvant effect on the production of anti-KLH antibodies, both IgM and IgG, which was also demonstrable with a normally subimmunogenic dose of antigen. There was a clear difference between the handling of 125I-labelled KLH by CP and normal macrophages. The initial uptake of the antigen by CP macrophages was slower than that by normal ones. Moreover, 125I-labelled KLH was degraded to a lesser extent within CP macrophages, although the rates of antigen digestion were similar in both kinds of cells. The lower extent of 125I-labelled KLH degradation within the CP macrophages was due to a larger amount of antigen being retained on the cell membrane, where it escapes digestion. The findings suggest that intensified presentation to lymphocytes of antigen on the macrophage surface could be a causal factor in the adjuvant action of CP."
1158387,"The effect of synthetic complexes of polyribocytidylic acid (poly-IC) on the production of homocytotropic antibodies by guinea-pigs was studied. It was observed that poly-IC has a definite adjuvant effect on the production of both IgG1 and IgE. The adjuvant effect was present when poly-IC was injected 24 hours after the antigen, but was absent when the polynucleotide was injected 48 hours after the antigen. In comparison with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) the adjuvant effect of poly-IC was weaker, more than 0.5 mg/kg of this polynucleotide being required to show an adjuvant effect, whereas only 20 mug/kg of LPS was enough to show a positive adjuvant effect. Furthermore, considerably less antibody was detected in the animals stimulated with the polynucleotide."
1158389,"Rabbits foetal sera harvested on the 28th day of gestation and sera from newborn rabbits were subjected to chromatography on Sephadex G-200. IgM and IgG were found in these sera. These immunoglobulins carried only maternal allotypic specificities and therefore, were not synthesized by the foetuses, but were transferred from the maternal circulation. The elution profile of the IgM found in the foetal sera and in sera from newborn rabbits indicated that this immunoglobulin was in its polymeric form. It was concluded that relatively high concentrations of polymeric IgM are transferred from mother to foetus."
1158388,"CBA/J mice bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma exhibited concomitant immunity to the tumour. The cellular basis for this immunity was investigated by local transfer of mixtures of lymphoid and tumour cells into the footpads of syngeneic mice. Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from tumour-bearing mice 1 day after intraperitoneal injection of saline had a marked tumour-suppressive effect, whereas normally resident peritoneal cells did not. Peritoneal exudate cells from which adherent cells had been removed ('lymphocytes') had a suppressive effect at high or low lymphocyte: tumour cell ratios in normal recipients. In irradiated (450 R) recipients the lymphocytes were suppressive at high ratios only. At low ratios the lymphocytes were suppressive only if the irradiated recipients had been partially shielded or if the lymphocytes were admixed with peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice. It is concluded that an amplifying mechanism, possibly involving macrophages, can operate in tumour cell suppression initiated by immune lymphocytes."
1158390,"Free malarial merozoites isolated from in vitro cultures of P. knowlesi and emulsified with Freund's complete (FCA) or incomplete (FIA) adjuvant were used to vaccinate twelve Rhesus monkeys against the uniformly lethal infection caused by P. knowlesi. Initial challenge of six monkeys with the same parasite variant as used for vaccination produced no detectable infection in three monkeys, while three others developed low-grade parasitaemia (maximum 1.5 per cent), which terminated after 6-11 days. Vaccination with merozoites in either FCA or FIA induced protection against homologous variant challenge. Six other monkeys were challenged first with a parasite variant different from that used for vaccination. Two animals immunized with merozoites in FIA alone or in FCA on only one occasion developed fatal infections. The other four animals vaccinated at least twice with merozoites in FCA showed low-grade parasitaemia (maximum 1.5 per cent) which terminated after 8-12 days. Eight monkeys rechallenged on eleven occasions at intervals of up to 16 weeks were completely resistant to several variants and a distinct laboratory strain of P. knowlesi, but developed chronic malaria similar to that in unimmunized controls when challenged with a different species of malaria, P. cynomolgi bastianellii. It is concluded that merozoite vaccination of Rhesus monkeys induces immunity against the erythrocyte stages of P. knowlesi far greater in degree and significantly broader in variant specificity than that achieved by previous methods of immunization or by repeated drug-controlled infections."
1158424,"Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga, Andrographis paniculata, bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, rind of Citrus decumana, Desmodium triflorum, seeds of Hydnocarpus wightiana, rhizomes of Kaempfaria galanga, Lippia nodiflora, tender leaves of Morinda citrifolia, rhizomes of Pollia serzogonian, Tephrosia purpuria and rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbeth showed good in vitro anthelmintic activity against human Ascaris lumbricoides. While, the alcoholic extracts of the bark of Alibzzia lebbek, the bulb of Allium sativum, rhizomes of Alpinia calcaratta, rind of Citrus acida, rind of Citrus aromatium, rind of Citrus medica, rhizomes of Curcuma aromatica and rind of Punica granatum showed moderate invitro activity."
1158425,"Aconitine, 10 mug, administered intraventricularly in cats produced cardiae arrhythmias. Intraventricular administration of phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and practolol abolishes the centrally induced cardiac arrhythmias. Intraventricular reserpinization also abolished these cardiac arrhythmias whereas intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine and tetrabenazine had no effect. Brain stem noradrenaline probably plays a role in these centrally induced cardiac arrhythmias by aconitine."
1158429,"It is generally believed that the stimulation of vagus nerve has no direct effect on ventricular myocardium. But recent work has demonstrated clear-cut negative inotropic effect of vagal stimulation on ventricles. In an attempt to study further the effect of vagal stimulation on heart, 15 dogs were studied hemodynamically under nembutal anaesthesia. Bilateral vagotomy caused 9% elevation of heart rate whereas arterial pressure and cardiac output increased by 5% and 3% respectively. Stroke volume output decreased by 8%. Stimulation of the cut peripheral end of vagus caused cardiac standstill followed by vagus escape. During the steady state of vagus escape there was marked reduction in arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output, but the stroke volume was significantly elevated above the mean control. These findings suggest that when heart rate decreases, the stroke volume increases in order to restore the decreased cardiac output and that this happens inspite of the negative inotropic effect of vagal stimulation. Thus the Frank-Starling mechanism has a very significant role in an intact organism with normal hemodynamics."
1158430,"The activity of delta5-3beta Hydroxysteroid hydro-genase, dihydro orotic dehydrogenase, B-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was studied in the testes of hereditary dwarf mice treated with Prolactin or LH. Two months old dw/dw dwarf mice were injected twice daily, for 14 days, either with 100 mug ovine Prolactin, or 5 mug ovine LH twice a day. Prolactin treatment increased the activity of all the enzymes assessed. Treatment with LH stimulated the activity of all the enzymes as compared to the saline treated animals but less than the Prolactin treated ones. The data bearing that the increased activity of several oxidising enzymes in the testes of hereditary dwarf mice is increased with Prolactin, is consistent with the suggested effect of this hormone on testicular steroidogenesis."
1158426,Intraventricular administration of aconitine nitrate (10 mug) consistently produced hypertension and tachycardia. Peripheral vaso-constriction due to increase in central vasomomotor tone mainly responsible for hypertension whereas stimulation of central beta-receptors with sympathoadr renal discharge responsible for tachycardia.
1158432,"Studies have been done on the effect of Penicillin, Streptomycin and Isonicotinic Acid hydrazide on small intestinal oligosaccharidase and it was observed that the drug penicillin inhibited the enzyme lactase and sucrase by 62.7% and 34.7% respectively, whereas I.N.H. inhibited the enzyme sucrase and maltase by 57.1% and 56.14% respectively. Streptomycin did not show any inhibitory effect on those enzymes. Lactose tolerance test showed impairment of lactose absorption in case of penicillin. Fasting serum sugar level was diminished both in penicillin and streptomycin and the absorption capacity was increased after oral administration of streptomycin."
1158427,"Several agents with specific action on biologically active substances in brain were investigated for their influence on morphine analgesia. It was observed that imipramine, chlorpheniramine, and haloperidol antagonized morphine analgesia. The probable mechanism of action has been discussed."
1158433,"Six new substituted acylamides, chemically related to lignocaine were studied for local anaesthetic activity and toxicity in mice, frogs and guinea pigs. Only one of these compounds, w-pyrrolidino 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl acetanilide was found to possess potency comparable to lignocaine with a slightly higher therapeutic index. Study of the S.A.R. of this group indicated that by removal of two methyl groups at position 3 and 5 in the above compound, a local anaesthetic with greater potency than lignocaine may be obtained. Further exploration of the potentialities of a compound having pyrrolidine group as a part of basic side chain is indicated."
1158435,"Changes in blood levels of Glucose, Pyruvic acid, Lactic acid, Glycogen, Free Fatty Acids and total Serum Cholesterol have been studied in normal healthy human adults under the effect of mental stresses of pre-examination tension and pre-operative apprehension. A highly significant rise in all the parameters was noted."
1158431,"The paper describes the effect of two drugs, (Eltroxine and Neomercazol) on the nature and activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in albino rats. Four organs namely liver, kidney, brain and heart were examined from this point of view. Biological activity measurements were done using tyramine hydrochloride as the substrate. The liver MAO from normal as well as the drug treated rats were subjected to DEAE gel filtration studies. These investigations show that there is a significant difference in the biological activity as well as in the actual nature of the enzyme as a result of treatment with the drugs mentioned above."
1158436,"Histamine content of the digestive tract of a catfish Clarias batrachus has been estimated biologically on the atropinized guineapig ileum. A significant decrease of histamine content has been observed with the decrease of gonosomatic index (G.S.I.) during breeding season in female fishes, while no such type of change in histamine content of male fishes during breeding season has been noted. In the summer histamine content of both the sexes was signivicantly lowered in comparison with the histamine content during breeding season in both the sexes. It is concluded that higher histamine content in prespawing female fishes during breeding season may be due to the inhibition of the enzyme histaminase by gonadotrophines. It is also suggested that the route of inactivation of histamine during breeding season may be different in both the sexes, while in summer a common factor may be involved in depletion of histamine content of both the sexes."
1158437,"The effect of lithium and Diphenylhydantoin separately and in combination on whole brain serotonin, sodium and potassium were studied in mice. 9 day treatment with lithium was found to significantly raise brain serotonin. Lithium enhanced the sodium lowering effect of diphenylhydantoin. Though neither drug affected brain potassium, combination of the two drugs significantly lowered brain potassium. The possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed."
1158438,"Cannabis extract caused a marked reduction in the body weight and in the weights of seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, epididymis, preputial gland and perineal complex (Penis and its bulb and levator ani muscle) of castrated adult male mice. Cannabis extract administration in combination with testosterone propionate (TP) inhibited growth stimulation produced by TP alone. Anti-androgenic nature of the compound is suggested."
1158434,"About 250 to 450 ml of blood was infused within 3 to 5 minutes to study the effect of rapid intravenous infusion of blood on electrocardiogram of 21 anaesthetised dogs. In 16 dogs with initial heart rate above 136/min, i.v. infusion resulted in bradycardia, decrease in P wave amplitude, increase in R wave amplitude and increase in PR, QT and ST intervals. In 3 dogs with initial heart rates above 136/min there was no change in the heart rate, while in 2 dogs with heart rate below 136/min there was tachycardia after the infusion."
1158522,"We investigated the effect of FeSO4 on phagocytosis-associated, increased oxidative metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt, with special attention to its effect on H2O2 levels. The availability of glutathione eroxidase and glutathione reductase for H2O2 disposal and hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation also are evaluated. The results show an impairment of phagocytosis-associated hexose monophosphate shunt activity together with an increase both of resting and phagocytosing formate oxidation. These apparently paradoxical findings are resolved by demonstrating a direct enhancement of formate oxidation by FeSO4 in a cell-free system. In addition, measurement of H2O2 concentrations via scopoletin fluorescence shows reduction of H2O2 by Feso4. There is no effect on either glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase activities. These data suggest that one mechanism of FeSO4 imairment of microbicidal activity is by its removal of H2O2."
1158523,The effect of dextranases (EC 3.2.1.11) from the oral isolates Actinomyces israelii and Bacteroides ochraceus on water-insoluble glucan production by the Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) and sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth glass surfaces by S. mutans was studied. Collection on membrane filters of water-insoluble polysaccharides synthesized from radioactive sucrose was used to demonstrate the marked sensitivity of insoluble glucan formation to the presence of dextranase. Concentrations of A. israelii dextranase as low as 0.002 U/ml inhibited insoluble glucan formation by 60%. Similar results were obtained the the B. ochraceus enzyme. An assay for sucrose-stimulated adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces involved attachment of radioactively labeled nongrowing cells to the bottom of glass scintillation vials. This facile and sensitive assay was utilized to demonstrate that sucrose-dependent adherence was affected by low levels of dextranase from either A. israelii or B. ochraceus. Enzyme at 0.005 U/ml reduced adherence of S. mutans by 80%. Treatment of S. mutans cells previously attached to glass with low concentrations of the dextranases resulted in removal of 50% to 60% of the bacteria. The results indicate that dextranase-producing oral bacteria may affect sucrose-dependent colonization of S. mutans on the tooth surface and offer a possible explanation for both the difficulties involved in implanting this bacterium into the human mouth and the limited intraoral transmission of S. mutans from one tooth surface to another.
1158524,"Examination of the culture fluids from a number of strains of oral streptococci and latobacilli has shown the presence of an erythrocyte-sensitizing antigen with the properties of lipoteichoic acid. The antigen was isolated from the culture fluids of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus fermentum and characterized chemically and serologically, For other strains, serological evidence for the presence of lipoteichoic acid depends on the reactivity with antiserum specific for the glycerol phosphate backbone. The relative concentrations of the antigen in culture fluids from different organisms, in culture fluids from different stages of growth, and in extracts of organisms was estimated by determining the maximum dilution that fully sensitized erythrocytes; the culture fluid titer, which is the reciprocal of the dilution, varied from 4 to 320. Strains of Streptococcus mutans were generally characterized by a high level of extracellular lipoteichoic acid, the amount being greater than that detectable in cell extracts; this conclusion was confirmed by using the quantitative precipitin method. A high-molecular-weight fraction obtained from S. mutans BHT culture fluid was effective in sensitizing erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 mug/ml, compared with  2 mug/ml required for cellular lipoteichoic acid from L. casei. The detecting procedure depends on the teichoic acid sensitizing erythrocytes but, as shown with L. fermentum, low-molecular-weight nonsensitizing teichoic acid may also be present in culture fluid."
1158525,"In our previous papers we reported characteristic morphological changes of the capillary endothelium in the lung and of the arterial endothelium. These changes were induced by administration of various soluble immune complexes. In this paper we have induced pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs under allergic procedures. Administration of soluble immune complexes alone produces interstitial pneumonia. However, these changes would not normally result in diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. The administration of soluble immune complexes to guinea pigs plus exposure to a 60% oxygen-rich atmosphere yielded diffuse pulmonary fibrosis."
1158526,"In active anaphylactic shock of rats pretreated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine, both plasma thrombin clotting time and the amount of antigenically active fibrinogen degradation products in the serum were increased. The formation of clottable fibrinogen fragments was shown by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thrombin-induced clots. When plasma of rats pretreated with 125I rat fibrinogen and then subjected to anaphylaxis was submitted to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fibrinogen-split products were also detected. Fibrinogen degradation results from the proteolytic effect of an activated fibrinolytic enzyme."
1158527,"A machine has been designed for use in a retail pharmacy which counts tablets and records the count beside a machine-read bar code indicating the identity of the drug. Such data could be used for retail stock control and passed on for use by wholesaler, manufacturer and prescription pricing bureau for their routine processes. Thus present processes would be greatly simplified and some other advantages gained."
1158528,The traditional strategies proposed for development of the agricultural production of the underdeveloped countries are examined in this article. It is shown that the application of these strategies in the past has proven insufficient to eliminate world hunger. The limitations of these strategies are discussed and proposals are made for achieving the agricultural development in the underdeveloped world that will be necessary to eliminate hunger in the near future.
1158529,"Data on capital expenditures and the availability of funds assembled from the annual financial and service records of 42 short-term voluntary hospitals in New York City over two decades were used to analyze the behavior of annual capital expenditures on building and equipment assets. Desired expenditures on capital as a factor of production are viewed as being the result of changes in anticipated output and of the substitution of capital for labor. Actual capital expenditures in each year also reflect the availability of flows of nonoperating revenues and the completion of capital programs initiated in previous years. Nonoperating revenues include philanthropy and earnings on financial assets as principal sources. A monetary revenue series, adjusted for changes in hospital charges, was used to measure output and thus to seperate the effects of demand for hospital services and supply of funds on investment behavior. The data were approached as annual aggregates for 42 hospitals over the years 1946-1966 and as annual hospital averages for teaching and nonteaching hospitals over the same period. In both approaches four causal factors-output, substitution, the flow of nonoperating revenues, and a distributed lag-explained about 95 per cent of the sample variance of capital expenditures. Allowing for available funds reduced the average time required for 95 per cent completion of a capital adjustment from 7 to 3 years. Responsiveness of hospitals to these economic variables suggests that socially desired investment can be attained by (a) ""monetizing"" needs of groups now underserved; (b) improving availability of funds if used for acceptable public purposes; and (c) including consumers in determining institutional and regional priorities."
1158531,"In the age of the common man, and ever bigger government, inexorable forces have been interposed between the traditionally independent physician in the Golden Age of Medicine in the United States and his patients. These forces; and associated pressures; come from the insurance industry, the hospital industry, and government involvement in the financing of health services. With these forces arrayed against the physician, the author contends that only medical unionism can protect his best interests and can at the same time serve as an effective consumer advocate for the public."
1158532,"There is a real and conscious need for hospital workers to have meaningful work and to be adequately recognized for this work, both materially and in terms of respect and status within the institutions in which they are employed. These needs are frustrated by the conditions of work in the large modern hospital. Two main stabilizing forces, operating in part on different sets of workers, prevent hospital workers from collectively asserting their needs against the hospital's priorities. For the unskilled and semiskilled workers there are forces which lead to a typical industrial work ethic-alienation from the content of their work. For the skilled workers, there is the ideology of professionalism. The result is an increasing division of the nonmanagerial hospital work force into two groups with opposing class identifications: a proletarianized body of semiskilled and unskilled workers and a large group of skilled workers who are allowed to participate, through the ideology of professionalism, in the real status of the doctors."
1158534,"This presentation provides an alternative explanation of the present composition, nature, and functions of the health sector in the United States to those frequently given in sociological, economic, and medical care literature. These expalantions usually maintain that the Amcerican health sector is a result of the value system of the assumedly middle class American society. In this presentation it is postulated that the present economic structure of the United States determines and maintains a social class structure, both outside and within the health sector, and that the different degrees of ownership, control, and influence that these classes have on the means of production, reproduction, and legitimization in the United States explain the composition, nature, and functions of the health sector. It is further postulated that the value system is not the cuase, but a sysmptom, of these class controls and influences. The paper is divided into three sections. The first part profices a description of the class structure, which includes the corporate class, upper middle class, lower middle class, and working class, and it describes the mechanisms whereby this structure is maintained and replicated, both outside and within the health sector. The second section analyzes: (1)the production characteristics and social make-up of the thre main sectors of the U. S. economy-the monpolistic, state, and competitive sectors-and it focuses especially on the monopolistic sector, which is assumed to be the dominant sector in the U. S. economy, with its needs determining to a large degree the functions of the social sectors, including those of the health sector; (2) the increasing dominance of the monopolistic sector in the health sector, by means of the financial institutions, which conflicts primarily with the providers'relative control of the financing of health services; and (3) the main conflict in the control of the reproductive (academic) an distributive (delivery) institutions which, it is postulated, is not, as is generally belived, between the providers and the so-called consumers, but rather between the corporate and upper middle classes (including the providers), who control those institutions, and the majority of the U. S. population, the lower middle and working classes, who do not control them..."
1158535,"Entrenched social and economic inequities combined with spiralling inflation have led to a growing number of health worker strikes. The bases of conflict, as yet unresolved, challenge the caste-like structure of health systems. By highlighting the need for change, health worker strikes may foster an internal dynamism and the more democratic organization of working conditions in health services."
1158536,"The widespread bad harvests of 1972 in various regions of the world, the consequent reduction in grain reserves, the rapid rise in food prices almost everywhere and its impact on inflation, all have served to draw renewed attention to the problem of hunger which affects millions of human beings in the world today. During the 1974 United Nations World Food Conference many important matters relating to this problem were debated: the creation of international grain reserves; problems concerning world trade of foodstuffs; the current difficulties with certain key agricultural production factors, such as fertilizers; the necessity for organizing a worldwide information system on the situation; and prospects of various harvests and threats of famine in underdeveloped countries. It is often the case that discussion of the hunger problem does not correspond to the gravity of the crisis; true causes of the present situation are not examined, and measures are not adopted that will once and for all--for the first time--abolish hunger. In view of the prospect that the real issues are often ignored, the Transnational Institute provides this analysis in an attempt to clarify what must be done to abolish hunger in the belief that this is within the reach of humanity when and if we are determined to end the irrationalities of the present economic system and the relations of domination which some individuals and countries seek to continue."
1158537,"Immunosuppression, whether arising as a consequence of disease (haematopoietic and lymphoreticular malignancies) or therapy (against hemograft rejection or malignancy results in a higher than normal incidence of invasive fungal infections such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis and cryptococcosis. Normal host defense mechanisms, both immunologic and non-immunologic, are not fully functional and may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases.Candida, normally a superficial colonizer, may invade the gastrointestinal, respiratory or urinary tracts. Aspergillus and mucor species may cause hemorrhagic or necrotising pneumonias and secondarily spread to the brain. Cryptococcus may infect the meninges in the appropriate host. Therapeutics for these diseases is limited. Amphotericin B may alter the course of any of the four diseases. Fluorocystosine has found some use in the treatment of candidiasis and cryptococcosis."
1158538,"Despite the real and symbolic inportance of methadone to the drug addict, the counseling relationship is still central to the rehabilitative process. This paper discusses the unique aspects of counseling relationships in methadone programs due to the interaction of the physiological and counseling components of treatment. A point of view is presented which emphasizes the need for an open and honest discussion of the worker's role and the expectations of the program early in the treatment process as a means of establishing a therapeutic contract. Affirmation of the authority inherent in the worker's role, and in the structure of the program, lends structure to the counseling relationship and facilitates the rehabilitative process. The contract will also help the patient clarify his personal goals of treatment. It has been noted that methadone can speed up the rehabilitative process because it allows the addict to shift his attention away from the craving for drugs. While counseling staff view methadone as a tool to help patients achieve physiological stability so that psychosocial rehabilitation can occur, patients often view methadone as the primary component of treatment. This differing view of the role of methadone in treatment can lead to conflicts between patients and counselors. The skill of the counselor lies in helping the patients move away from a singular concentration on the drug (methadone), by encouraging a longer point of view and the first steps in the process of personal and social rehabilitation."
1158539,The effects of intra-osseous dental anaesthesia on heart rate and blood pressure was examined in 17 healthy volunteers. Adrenaline containing anaesthetic solutions were accompanied by increased heart rate and elevated systolic blood pressure which were not acceptable to a high proportion of subjects. Noradrenaline at the same concentration as adrenaline (1/80 000) usually decreased the heart rate and elevated the blood pressure. A few subjects experienced a feeling of weakness in the lower extremities when noradrenaline was injected. Endogenous catecholamine formation in these test conditions gave rise to insignificant circulatory effects.
1158541,"In many places in North America both by law and by delegation by physicians, pharmacists are responsible for choosing a specific brand or supplier of a drug. Only in the past few years, the importance of this selection has become recognized. Although the clinical importance of variations in biovailability is limited to only a few classes of drugs, adequate bioavailability information on which to base such a choice is imperative. Government and non-government groups now seem to be moving rapidly in the direction of providing guidance to pharmacists in drug selection. The lack of in-vivo data, particularly in patients with the disease in which the drug is used, is badly needed by such groups and individual practitioners in order that any decision on product selection be an informed one."
1158548,"Various methods of steroid administration are reviewed, with emphasis on single dose alternate-day oral administration as compared with daily administration. Alternate-day therapy produces less adrenal and pituitary gland suppression and a reduced frequency of cushingoid features. Furthermore, the ability to resist infection is evidently better preserved. However, an overall therapeutic advantage cannot be claimed as there are few clinical trials with which to make a direct comparison. The numerous studies dealing with this form of therapy lack the rigorous control needed to answer the question of whether alternate-day steroid therapy should be substituted for daily therapy in certain diseases."
1158558,"Gelatin or poly-L-tyrosyl gelatin shows extensive degradation when exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 230 nm. Bovine serum albumin, a globular protein, exposed either to such ultraviolet radiation or to gamma-irradiation in the solid state resists the photolysis of peptide bonds. Molecular weights are determined by the ultracentrifugal ""low speed"" sedimentation equilibrium method. The effect of different speeds on the apparent average molecular weight of heterogenous material is clearly illustrated."
1158559,"The esterification of Ribonuclease-A in methanol/0.1 M hydrochloric acid has been studied by measuring the decrease in the number of titratable groups of the protein and estimating the amount of methanol incorporated. Esterification of nearly five of the 11 free carboxyl groups of the protein resulted in almost complete inactivation of the enzyme. The initial products of esterification have been chromatographed on Amberlite columns, and five partially active methyl ester derivatives of Ribonuclease-A have been isolated. The dimethyl ester, the initial product of esterification with reduced catalytic activity, has the carboxyl groups of Glu-49 and Asp-53 modified. Even in the non-aqueous solvent, as in the native structure of the protein in aqueous solution, these carboxyl groups are the fast reacting ones. Subsquently, the esterification reaction appears to proceed preferentially at the C-terminal region of the molecule. Comparison of the reactivities of carboxyl groups of Ribonuclease-A in acidic methanol to that known in aqueous solutions (with carbodiimides) suggests that the structure of Ribonuclease-A in the non-aqueous solvent resembles, at least in part, the structure in aqueous environment."
1158560,"Syntheses of (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n, two synthetic polytripeptide analogues of the non-polar regions of collagen, via the corresponding tripeptide p-nitrophenyl-esters are described. The sequential polypeptide (Pro-Leu-Gly)10 was also obtained by solid-phase synthesis. In the following paper, conformational investigations on these polymers, both in solution and in solid state, will be described."
1158563,"Various methods of preparing human kininogen were investigated with an aim to limit the immunoreactive contaminant proteins to permit purification by immunosorption. A five-step procedure is described giving 7.5% yield of highly purified kininogen (pharmacological purity 14--20) from pooled human plasma, and containing approximately 30% alpha-2HS-glycoprotein and 2.8% albumin. Alpha-2HS could not be removed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing in column. Analysis of heterogeneity of kininogen after chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex using various linear gradients and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 suggested that a minor component may be an aggregate, not included in the yield. It remains uncertain whether this component derives from an occasionally observed high molecular form of active kininogen in the primary purification steps in the 7-12 S sieve fractions from Sephadex G-200, and excluded from further purification by pooling. Purification with immunosorbents was investigated using batch operations with antibody specific polymers prepared with antisera insolubilized with ethylchloroformate. It was found that the adsorption-desorption procedure was favourable for immunization purposes in producing highly specific immunologically pure kininogen. The kininogen obtained by this method or by the removal of contaminant alpha-2HS and albumin with the corresponding antibody specific polymers gave similar heterogenous patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating a main band of kininogen and several faintly stained bands which responded only to anti-kininogen. With 200 mug of the kininogen protein purified by immunosorption using monospecific antiserum the kininogen precipitation titre was 1:8 after 6--8 weeks in rabbits. With a polymer prepared with 4 ml anti-kininogen serum (1:8) and incubated with 800 mug highly purified kininogen approximately half the protein was desorbed with 2 M and 3 M sodium iodide in the first adsorption-desorption procedure."
1158593,"A brief survey of the development of the idea of the analytic pact and its relationship to the concepts of the therapeutic and working alliances has been presented. I have suggested that the therapeutic alliance be defined as the full-scale therapeutic rapport which includes all the the elements favorable to the progress of therapy. This includes such factors as the patient's motivation for treatment based on ego-alien symptoms, positive transference, and the rational relationship between patient and therapist. I have considered the working alliance as more limited in scope and suggested that it be considered as referring to the healthier interpersonal interchange between the analyst and patient. In general, the relationship is in part dependent on the maturer portion of the patient's ego and is related to the reality relationship. I have ascribed the working alliance to the appropriate maturation of many of the ego's functions. It should be noted that the working alliance is actually one of the factors contributing to a good therapeutic alliance. Case reports have illustrated these considerations and amplified the discussion of the alliances, with emphasis on their technical management. These points are pertinent to the general conduct of therapy and the timing of interpretations. Care directed to the building of good alliances can be of great importance in creating a milieu conducive to therapeutic progress. Identification and its role in the development of the working alliance, and the special place of affection for the analyst were discussed and the differences between transference affection and the affection based on the realities between patient and therapist were related to the effects of interpretation."
1158594,"This paper is a study of the framework and boundaries of the patient-analyst and patient-therapist relationships, and is based on the thesis that the manner in which the therapist manages these ground rules implicitly conveys important information about him to the patient, and influences both the patient's ongoing incorporative identification with the therapist and the ""field"" or person onto whom he projects his intrapsychic fantasies and with whom he interacts. After a review of the relevant literature, a series of fifteen postulates, drawn from previous observations in this area, are presented; each relates to the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship, and to the consequences of deviations and modifications of these boundaries and of the techniques of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The main clinical presentation is drawn from the psychotherapy of a patient whose therapist made several deviations in technique, and this is supplemented by the review of several vignettes from the psychotherapeutic and psychoanalytic literature. In concluding, the following are discussed: the manner in which maintenance of the ground rules reflects the intrapsychic state of the therapist; the consequences of deviations in these ground rules, especially on the patient's incorporative identification with the therapist; the manner in which deviations in technique are antithetical to a sound therapeutic alliance, unless a clearcut emergency exists; the unconscious meanings of unneeded deviations in technique for both the patient and therapist; the technical measures needed to modify as far as possible the consequences of an unnecessary deviation in technique; the need for flexibility and humanity within the basic ground rules of therapy and analysis; and the importance of the actualities of the therapist in the therapeutic relationship."
1158595,This is a study of two patients who had what might be considered classical examples of narcissistic transferences. They were both severely disturbed persons and one could decompensate into a disruptive psychosis. Consequently it is not surprising that their transference projections would be consonant with their primitive orientations. They projected hateful and hating parts of the self onto the analyst. But within all this hatred was a part of the self that had the potential to achieve good things for the patient. I believe the latter is a special feature of narcissistic transferences that has revieved very little emphasis and a feature that may cause us to view such patients and their projections somewhat more optimistically in terms of their potential for growth and treatability.
1158596,"Narcissistic defects are often associated with the use of habitual defensive operations in which meanings are shifted in order to protect the self-concept. Such cognitive maneuvers, used as a character style, not only protect against threatening ideas and emotional responses, but also lead to a constellation of traits and patterns of relationship that constitute a narcissistic personality disorder. Reconstruction, with clear designations of a self-as-actor, are useful in the psychotherapy of such persons provided that these reconstructions are done with the utmost tact and concern for maintenance of the therapeutic relationship."
1158597,"The concept of interpretation and its function in the psychoanalytic process is updated by emphasizing the analyst's contributions to the psychoanalytic treatment process through his interpretations of resistance and transference. By incorporating Kohut's recent contributions to the psychoanalysis of narcissistic personality disorders into our general considerations regarding the process of interpretation, we have been aided in our effort to unify the theory of the psychoanalytic treatment process. We offer a broadened definition of the interpretative process and stress the added ""interpersonal"" dimension of resistance and transference, namely, those elements in the development of both, which are affected by the analyst;s personality and the manner of his interpretive and noninterpretive interventions. This makes the artificially sharp dichotomy between verbal and nonverbal interpretations or between interpretations and noninterpretive interventions unnecessary. The recognition of the ""self-object"" role of the analyst in the narcissistic transferences not only lends more precision to our understanding of archaic narcissistic experiences (whishes, demands, fantasies, etc.), but makes their interpretation within the transference our preferred analytic response. The need to foster the so-called ""real relationship"" between patient and analyst and the need to deal with such ""nontransference"" aspects of the relationship noninterpretively is thus replaced with interpretive interventions. To underline our emphasis on the analyst;s contributions to the analytic process, clinical samples and brief vignettes illustrate the manner in which interpretations may retard or promote the analytic process."
1158598,"In the study of impediments to the success of psychoanalysis as a treatment method, the character structure of the analysand has received the most attention. Psychoanalysis has come to be used for the treatment of an ever-widening range of psychopathological states, and the analysts have become confronted with a greater incidence and variety of clinical situations which can develop into therapeutic obstacles. Whether the psychoanalytic impasse will become a therapeutic stepping-stone or an obstacle to treatment often depends upon the emotional response of the therapist and his resultant behavior. Accordingly, there has been a heightened interest in the study of countertransference. Some therapists equate the psychoanalytic treatment of patients with severe character deformations with ""wild"" analysis and therefore feel needless guilt and anxiety when they attemtp to treat patients who suffer from them; thus they increase the likelihood of their becoming therapeutic obstacles. We have considered the psychoanalytic impasse as an inevitable aspect of the analytic sequence and discussed countertransference reactions in this context. Technical complications resulting from adverse countertransference reactions are examined both in terms of the patient's provocations and responses in the analyst. Among the analyst's responses, three were emphasized: (1) helpless fellings which represent the patient's helplessness and vulnerability; (2) rage reactions; and (3) profound anxiety reactions. The patient's need to construct and environment similar to the early traumatic environment within the analysis can become a very difficult situation for a therapist. The resolution or at least understanding of these interactions becomes equivalent to the lifting of infantile amnesia, a step which has been considered the essence of psychoanalytic resolution. Thus, adverse reactions can become keys to the gaining of fundamental insights, permitting the analytic process to continue its inevitable course."
1158599,"Psychoanalysts tend to idealize the classic model of technique, central to which is the development of insight through interpretation. This is so even though from Freud onward they have realized the inapplicability of this model to many kinds of people and clinical exigencies. As a consequence of this idealization, other factors which plausibly contribute to change, and other elements in the psychotherapeutic situation within and outside of the mainstream of psychoanalytic technique, have been inadequately exploited theoretically and clinically. These include the roles of affect, action, and will; the meaning of insight to the patient and insight as a defense against change; some dangers of insight; factors common to all psychotherapy; and the interpersonal relationship. In this paper I discuss these variables and issues, with reference to case examples, suggest that this sociopsychological problems for psychoanalysis can be understood with reference to some aspects of history of psychoanalysis, and suggest some options and opportunities."
1158600,"The development constructs of Mahler and her coworkers are seen as clinically based theory which enrich practice. Freud discovered the importance of the infantile past and psychosexual development in particular, he related these findings to the psychodynamics of neurotic structures, and devised a successful therapeutic model based on his findings. Mahler has uncovered and detailed other aspects of infantile mental life, related genetically not to neurotic byt also to other mental structures, thereby broadening the range of applicability of Freud's therapeutic model. Clinical vignettes are offered depicting unresolved residua from the infantile developmental phases described by Mahler. The issue of the analyst's and the patient's conviction concerning reconstructions that attempt to reach across the ""primal repression barrier"" is discussed. Finally, it is suggested that working through involves, among other things, completion of developmental process that had been interrupted in the childhood of the patient."
1158601,"A satisfactory psychoanalytic definition and theory of affects has not yet been evolved. In spite of this, analysts work with affects using, for practical purposes, a common-sense definition leading to a therapeutic advantage in coordinating affective and cognitive structures as they appear in the course of a prolonged analysis. Undoing of defenses facilitates this process, allowing the ego's integrative capacities to function more adequately and satisfactorily in relation to inner and outer reality. A developmental hierarchy of affects emerges in this way ranging from primitive--all or none--affective experiences to adult, modified expression of such ego experiences. A brief historical survey of the changing forms of the theory of affects is included, as are clinical vignettes illustrating the therapeutic aspects of dealing with affective expression in the psychoanalytic situation. The therapeutic gains of such work comes about through the integration of earlier affective experiences into more developed cognitive structures allowing a variety of ego functions greater control over adult experiences."
1158602,"In certain special situations in psychoanalytic treatment there is a need to mobilize ego strength: (1) those patients who are ""so infantile"" that they need ego strengthening to mature sufficiently to cope with their lives; (2) patients who regress partially during psychoanalysis and cannot progress without analytic intervention to help strengthen their ego; (3) those patients with a strong tendency toward regression whose egos need immediate strengthening in analysis to prevent an immobilizing regression; (4) those patients for whom a stressful reality situation so undermines their confidence that they fall into a severe regression and need to be helped out of this as an emergency to avoid permanent trouble, such as flunking out of school or getting fired from their jobs. All attempts to mobilize ego strengths require an especially thorough understanding of the psychodynamics and especially of the transference and countertransference. In addition, the patient's ego must be assessed as having the potential for more effective functioning. Usually the patient has been unable to realize this potential because of the various degrees of regression, and the analyst has already made exhaustive analytic interpretation of the unconscious material, including the transference and resistance. He may then shift to a more direct approach, pointing out the patient's ego strengths and giving him an accurate picture of the way he can use these strengths toward his own goals. The aim is to help the patient use his own willpower and ego functions gradually to work on and finally resolve some of his neurotic problems. Accurately and honestly mirroring the patient's ego potentials, encouraging him to use his ego, and providing examples of how others have used their own willpower in comparable situations are usually helpful. The analyst must not impose his own values or goals on the patient but must work with the goals, problems, and strengths the patient has. Seven analytic cases are presented to illustrate different ways of helping the patient to mobilize and utilize his own ego strength. We are not suggesting any new ""technique,"" but only that there is something, which can be recognized as willpower, that can be mobilized for therapeutic effect; the appeal is make primarily by the usual procedure of pointing out reality but with encouragement to the patient in coping with both external and internal stresses, these latter being most often regressive tendencies."
1158603,"The author describes the history and treatment of a nine-year-old boy who had presented autistic features of withdrawal and bizarre behavior until the age of four and was later diagnosed as suffering from a minimal brain dysfunction. Treatment was recommended because of enuresis, violent arguments, especially with mother, odd interests, fears, dangerous accident-proneness and inability to tolerate physical closeness, and was continued for two years. The therapy dealt initially with apparently typical oedipal conflicts, but interpretations were followed by rage reactions and the emergence of primitive defenses: projection, grandiosity, idealization and depreciation. The therapist was forced into physically controlling the patient's rage, challenging the narcissistic reality distortion and vigorously interpreting the negative transference. Support of the family was secured by monthly joint therapy sessions. Psychotherapy helped the family to resolve a deadlock created by the patient's rages, and helped the patient to progress from a borderline personality organization, with predominance of narcissism and primitive defenses, into a more advanced organization, centered upon masculine identification."
1158604,"Parkinson's law--work expands or contracts to fill the time available for it--may influence how much and how fast patients benefit from psychotherapy. This is probably most true with respect to brief psychotherapy, and would come about from setting the end at the beginning. This procedure brings forcibly to the fore issues of separation and individuation, in the psychological context of the ultimate termination of life; it counteracts passive, timeless waiting for change to come without the assertion of one's own will and action, and it highlights a variety of ways people characteristically behave with respect to endings. Case examples are offered along with a discussion of practival issues relevant to the use of brief psychotherapy whose ending is predetermined."
1158605,"The point of departure for this paper is the oft-stated complaint by some patients as well as by some therapists that it is very difficult to know the psychoanalytic therapist ""as a person."" This complaint reflects the view that psychoanalytic psychotherapists are generally impersonal and cold as a function of their therortical orientation. However, numerous opportunities exist in psychoanalytic psychotherapy treatment situations for patients to be aware of a variety of authentic facets of therapists' personalities. Knowledge of, and reactions to, these facets are an important dimension of psychotherapy, in part because the therapist's personality inevitably colors the nature of the treatment. A patient's reaction to the real components of his therapist may be interwoven with his transference reactions. A case example shows how awareness of the patient's conflict about his knowledge of his therapist signified a major turning point in his therapy."
1158606,"Three patients in psychotherapy who were symptomatically unable to drive automobiles also gave histories of having been afflicted with oculomotor disorders in childhood. This calls attention to the previously undiscussed visual dimension of automobile driving, which is considered in general terms. The specific question of an inhibition of visual function resulting in avoidance of automobile driving is then raised, and a case illustration given in which the attachment of sexual and aggressive meanings to the act of looking was important in the formation of an automobile driving symptom. The particular impact of ocular deviation on early psychosexual development is explored, using the clinical material as a point of departure."
1158607,"This paper provides an experiential view of a borderline syndrome and its psychotherapy. In a letter to her therapist a gifted patient speaks of the symptoms and treatment of her illness. This provides the basis for studying the precipitous transference relationships in borderline patients and the urgent need in these patients for clarity and dependability from their therapists. Common fears of being ""set adrift"" by psychotherapy are contrasted to the characteristic tenacity of the patient-therapist bond. A review of the patient's life allows the reader to evaluate the clinical applicability of her insights. The letter's multiple communicative functions illustrate some of the qualities of the object relations sought by borderline personalities, and stress is placed upon the sublimatory aspect of such letters and the prognostic importance of the capacities for sublimation."
1158608,"The concepts of the ""therapeutic alliance"" (Zetzel, 1956) and ""working alliance"" (Greeson, 1965) are traced in their antecedents to Freud and other analysts and compared especially with Freud's ""analytic pact."" Differences both in theory and practice are elucidated with the aid of case material. While the therapeutic and working alliances are often used interchangeably, they are found to take up their positions at diametrically opposite points along a continuum defined by the analytic pact and show a marked tendency to depart from the guidance offered the traditional analysis by the fundamental rule. They should be regarded more as exercises in analytically oriented psychotherapy than parameters of the traditional technique. Nevertheless, as a basis for comparisons, it should be recognized that the latter technique: (1) does not formulate in theory many of the measures left for pragmatic fulfillment; (2) does not include genetic, structural and adaptive viewpoints that later developments require. Current tendencies to include the analyst's self-observations in relation to the total analytic process point up the growing influence of these more recent considerations."
1158609,"Certain aspects of the history of hysteria from 1882 to the present day are discussed. Freud's discoveries about hysteria are contrasted with those of Janet, and it is shown how Freud, by treating the hysteric in a new setting, was able to reformulate his conception of the hysterical symptom so that it might be seen as a communication rather than as a stigma. This contrast between the views of Freud and Janet about the nature of the hysterical symptom is shown to be reflected in the current confusion about the concept of hysteria, and is also illustrated by means of two case histories, in both of which a change in the therapeutic setting led to a corresponding change in the understanding of the illness involved. The implications of these observations for the understanding of the history of hysteria are discussed."
1158610,"This paper traces the transformation of narcissism, paralleling the transformations of object love, occurring between early and late adolescence. Narcissism is examined in terms of three lines of development: erotic self-love, omnipotence, and the regulations of self-esteem. The transition occurs relatively rapidly in most normal and psychoneurotic individuals and involves a massive reorganization of the psyche. The acquisition of a body image of an adult sort probably acts an organizer. A normal consequence is the first romantic love relationship. An understanding of these issues is of importance in psychoanalytic psychotherapy of both adolescents and adults."
1158611,"The motives of reproduction in women--the reasons why they want to have children--are experienced on three different levels: (1) as an elementary and universal human event which, however, event on casual observation betrays its recondite and complex motivation. For the psychotherapist and social scientist it becomes soon (2) a complex question in which covert psychological and sociogenic motives interact. In our time, moreover, reproduction has become (3) an enormous, and ominous social problem. Freud's theory of the motives of reproduction can be viewed as a basic sequence and can be conceived as a linear process. The changes this theory has undergone are defined by the separation of reproductive and sexual motives, and are discussed in some detail."
1158612,"This paper explores aspects of the psychopathology of the patient-therapist relationship, and specifically defines and illustrates the concept of therapeutic misalliances. After a review of the relevant literature, two extended clinical vignettes are presented in order to explore efforts by both patient and therapist to create and modify conscious and unconscious misalliances. A tentative effort is made to delineate attempts on the part of the patient to ""cure"" his therapist of countertransference difficulties that have contributed to a therapeutic misalliance. Such efforts are based on the patient's extensive unconscious perceptions of his therapist's difficulties and these are documented in detail. In discussing this clinical material, the following are considered: The means of recognizing therapeutic misalliances from the therapist's subjective awareness and from the patient's associations; the interfering and therapeutically helpful aspects of the creation and analytic resolution of misalliances; the techniques through which therapeutic misalliances may be modified; the motives in both the patient and therapist or analyst that prompt the creation of misalliances; the curative aspects of the patient's positive introjective identification with the therapist and the damaging aspects of incorporative identifications with a therapist who is in difficulty; the importance of the adaptational-interactional framework in understanding the patient-therapist and patient-analyst relationships; and the importance of the therapist's personality and behavior, in addition to his role in providing the patient with well-timed and meaningful interpretive interventions."
1158613,"Surgical procedures were performed in 863 cases of carcinoma of the large intestine in the Second Department of Surgery, Osaka University Hospital, Japan, between 1924 and 1973. There were 262 cases (30.3%) of carcinoma of the colon and 601 cases (69.7%) of carcinoma of the rectum. Sacral resection was the main procedure for rectal carcinoma until 1934. From 1954 through 1962, the abdominoperineal excision became predominant with radical operability 73.3%. Operative mortality declined to 2.3% and the five-year survival rate reached 52.1%. In 1963, sphincter-preserving operations were introduced, after which the radical operability increased to 76.1% and the survival rate to 56.8%. In these years, we selected cases for low anterior resection. Welch's invagination anastomosis and Bacon's pull-through operation according to each indication. For colonic carcinoma, the operative mortality was 2.2%, the five-year survival rate 63.2% and the ten-year survival rate 44.2% in the last period."
1158617,"1. Among all tissue examinations, 8.6% were on male urogenital organs, of which 2.9% were for carcinoma of the prostate. Biopsies of the prostate comprised a large percentage of all male urogenital biopsies. Since the specimens examined by various pathological laboratories in Tehran were received from all over the country, comparison of these statistics is significant. 2. Male urogenital tumors comprised 6.7% of male biopsies, of which 2.7% were for tumors of the prostate. 3. Male urogenital cancers comprised 2.3% of biopsies examined, of which only four were prostatic carconomas. Carcinoma of the prostate was the rarest cancer of the male urogenital organs in Iran. 4. We found 933 cases of cancer of male urogenital organs in 31 years. This comprised 6% of all male cancers, of which only 0.33% were carcinoma of the prostate. 5. Bladder carcinomas were the commonest and prostate carcinomas the rarest among males. 6. We found that 97% of prostate tumors were benign and 3% were malignant. Prostatic carcinoma was four times more prevalent among high income patients than among low income patients. 7. Benign tumors were most common in the 40 to 70 age groups, whereas the peak incidence for carcinoma of this organ was 50 to 70 years of age. 8. No particular clinical symptoms were found. Most patients reported pollakiuria, dysuria or urinary retention. 9. The initial growth site of tumors in the few cases that we were able to study was in the cortex region, especially from the posterior lobe. 10. Histological types of tumor found did not differ from other figures reported. We found no sarcomas. 11. No systematic study of asymptomatic nodules of carcinoma of the prostate has been made and we have never found any signs of such solitary nodules. This may be due to the low average age and the rarity of malignancy of the prostate in Iran. 12. The frequency of death in Iran due to carcinoma of the prostate is impossible to state since death certificates, in the majority of cases, specify secondary symptoms of the disease and not the original disease. 13. The incidence of prostatic carcinoma in the provice of Fars was five times greater and in Isfahan four times greater than in the province of Tehran. However, the figures for Tehran were compiled over the last 31 years, whereas the figures for Isfahan and Shiraz are only for the last ten years, and comparison of these three sets of figures may not be accurate. 14. Carcinoma of the prostate is not as common in Iran as it is in Europe and America. It is rather rare in Iran and compares favorably with figures for the Near Eastern and Far Eastern countries. The Middle Eastern countries of Lebanon, Israel and Afghanistan are very similar in incidence to Iran. In other countries in our region, the incidence is 1.8%."
1158618,"Nine children admitted with typhoid perforation of the ileum underwent a modified ileostomy procedure. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. X-rays do not help in diagnosis in the majority of cases. 2. Blood urea is raised in almost all cases and vigorous attempts should be made to bring its level to normal before operation. 3. Leukopenia does not exist in patients with typhoid perforation; leukocytosis is the usual finding. A positive Widal test is not generally found in these cases and positive blood cultures should not be expected. 4. Ileostomy through the site of perforation, as described, is a simple, safe and short operation in a critically ill patient with a necrotic bowel. Also, resuscitative drugs are not needed."
1158620,We have analyzed 196 cases of pyloroduodenal obstruction due to peptic ulcer disease. Obstruction occurred in 19% of peptic ulcer patients. Males predominated five to one over females. Diagnosis could usually be made on clinical grounds alone. Air contrast x-ray studies were better than conventional barium meal x-rays and are recommended. Symptoms were relieved with conservative treatment alone in 17% of patients. We suggest that such therapy should take the form of preoperative preparation and that the period between diagnosis of obstruction and surgery should be kept to a minimum. Gastrojejunostomy for drainage was the procedure of choice. Postvagotomy gastric atony was very infrequent.
1158622,"The role of puerperal endometritis in intrauterine adhesion formation was studied by hysterography in 171 women who had cesarean sections. Of 28 patients who developed significant endometritis, only one developed intracervical adhesions. In the control group of 143 cases, there was also only one such case. Endometritis alone apparently does not play a significant role in intrauterine and endocervical adhesion formation. The possible role of placental fibroblasts in preventing endometrial regeneration is discussed."
1158628,"Patients were treated with protriptyline or nortriptyline (double-blind). They were assessed on the Zung Depression Scale and on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). A good response was heralded by low ratings on criticism of self and others,and on projected (paranoid) hostility. The outcome was better with initial low scores on depressive symptoms, particularly unworthiness, restlessness and constipation. As to reported side effects, initial loss of interest augured badly for drowsiness, lack of clear mind for blurred vision, loss of libido for constipation and ideas of suicide for dry mouth."
1158629,"In 15 normal volunteers the action of succinic semialdehyde (SSA), and in 24 volunteers the effect of sodium succinate (SS), on the HNA have been investigated. As a result it was found that SSA brings about some enhancement of the excitatory process in cortical - mainly verbal -activities, accompanied by subjective improvement of memory and concentration. In the other hand, the administration of SS improves the stability of cortical excitatory process and its equilibrium with cortical inhibition; and enhances the connecting activity of the verbal system. These changes parallel the subjective elevation of mood and of general tone. In the basis of this study, one may suggest that succinic acid may be a psychoenergizer. The task of further investigations is to establish the range of therapeutic activity of these compounds."
1158630,"The effect of marijuana and placebo on pain tolerance was compared in cannabis-experienced and naive subjects. A statistically significant increase in tolerance was observed after smoking marijuana. Although there was no statistically significant interaction between the drug effect and having had previous cannabis experience, there was a definite trend towards a greater increase for the experienced (16%) compared to the naive group(8%)."
1158631,"For nearly 20 years, disulfiram implanted subcutaneously, has been used in alcoholics who have failed to respond to other treatment. Significantly positive results have been reported in a large number of cases. Despite this extensive use, many questions remain as to how these effects are exerted. As the reaction to alcohol following disulfiram implantation occurs less frequently and in lower intensity than following oral ingestion, psychological mechanisms probably play a vital role. Based in part on out own recent series of cases, the following explanations are offered regarding the possible mechanisms of action: (1) high motivation to stop drinking is manifested by agreeing to the precedure and reinforced by the procedure; (2) palpable presence of hte drug in the site of implantation; (3) generally sufficient reactivity of the agent to indicate activity to the patient;(4) in obsessional patients there is a removal of the fear of resumption of drinking for an extended period of time. For the more sociopathic patients the implant appears to provide a more structured ego boundary to allow the patient to change."
1158632,"The morphologic appearance and time course of regenerating rabbit corneal epithelium was studied after 6.0 mm. corneal abrasions. The immediate response to injury was separation and thickening of basal and squamous epithelial cells at and near the wound margin. A variable number and distribution of polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared on the basal lamina and regenerating epithelial edge at 3 hours, persisting up to 38 hours after abrasion. Most of the epithelial cells at the wound margin were extensively flattened after 15 hours. These flattened epithelial cells showed a wide variety of surface ruffling near their free edges. This ruffling activity often was associated with long fingerlike processes (filopodia) extending out on to the basal lamina. The method of epithelial cell movement on the basal lamina appeared to depend mainly on the ruffling and filopodial activity of squamous epithelial cells. Ruffles and filopodia projected out ahead of the cell edge, contacted the basal lamina, and appeared capable of drawing the cells forward into the area of the defect. Normal corneal re-epithelization proceeded with two or three cell layers moving as an orderly sheet over the basal lamina until the defect was closed. The corneal surface showed no defect at 55 hours and was returned to normal at 114 hours."
1158633,"The peak velocity-amplitude characteristics of voluntary saccades and the fast phases of caloric, rotational, and optokinetic (OKN) nystagmus were compared in ten human subjects in both light and, except for OKN, darkness. All these fast eye movements had similar velocities and all slowed in darkness. This study supports the presumption that the identical brainstem firing patterns found in monkeys for all fast eye movements also occur in man."
1158634,"Saccadic and pursuit tracking movements were elicited to determine the ability of the amblyopic eye to sense and respond to position and motion of the retinal image. Amblyopic eyes were found to initiate saccades as rapidly as normal eyes (200 to 300 msec.), however, the amblyopic eye's saccades were reduced in amplitude, highly variable, and required refinement by subsequent saccades, particularly in response to nasalward displacements of the retinal image. Pursuit responses of amblyopic eyes to both constant and sinusoidal velocity targets contained brief periods of abnormally slow following movements interrupted by position-corrective saccades. As with the saccadic response, the amblyopic eye's pursuit movements were more accurate for temporal than for nasal retinal image motion. Abnormal saccadic and pursuit eye movements in amblyopia result from reduced monocular position and velocity sensitivity probably associated with binocular suppression scotomas normally found in amblyopia."
1158635,"Lenses incubated for 24 or 63 hours in media containing either lysophosphatidyl choline or phospholipase A gained Na+ ions and water. Electrolyte imbalances and damage to lens fiber membranes occurred at lysophosphatidyl choline and phospholipase A concentrations of 7.5 mug per milliliter and 0.25 mug per milliliter, respectively. Intravitreal injection of 250 mug of lysophosphatidyl choline or 0.4 mug of phospholipase A induced posterior subcapsular cataracts which progressed to maturity only in the latter instance. This is the first demonstration of the cataractogenic effects of a naturally occurring aqueous humor phospholipid or its generating enzyme."
1158636,"The occurrence of attachment sites between the basal plasma membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium and its basement lamina have been observed in a variety of animal species, including man. Similar structures connect adjacent basal infoldings of the retinal pigment epithelium. The topographic distribution of such attachment sites and basal infoldings in rat eyes show small differences between the peripapillary, posterior, and peripheral retina. Such attachment sites may help to provide a firm connection between the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid."
1158637,The usefulness of a technique for scleral-chorioretinal biopsies was evaluated on a human eye destined for enucleation due to a malignant melanoma of the choroid. The operative procedure was without complication. The biopsy specimen was removed and carefully evaluated both by light and electron microscopy. The underlying choroid and retinal tissues were successfully preserved by this technique.
1158638,"Continuous exposure of mice to near-ultraviolet (UV) light (black light) over a period of 19 weeks induces adverse alterations in lens protein chemistry, in lens epithelial cell differentiation, and in retinal photoreceptor structure at more than a doubled rate as for 12 hours a day of intermittent exposure. No histologic changes were found in the cornea. The results may indicate the presence of repair mechanisms in these ocular tissues for damage induced by radiant energy."
1158654,"Right heart intracavitary ECG were studied in 60 patients.  The procedure is performed by means of a nonmetallic saline-filled catheter introduced percutaneously.  It is a simple, quick bedside method requiring minimal equipment.  The intracavitary recording visualizes clear and high-voltage P waves, so that a more precise interpretation of complicated rhythm disturbances is possible.  It has a distinct advantage over the esophageal lead recording in the differentiation between atrial and ventricular ectopic rhythms.  The precise localization of the tip of the catheter used for central venous pressure monitoring can be determined.  In 10 patients, doubtful surface ECG diagnoses were confirmed and in 10 others the original ECG interpretation was changed following intracavitary recording.  In the remaining 40 patients, the method was used in order to avoid aberrant placement of the central venous pressure catheter."
1158655,"Left ventricular pressure-volume relationships were studied in 30 patients with aortic incompetence: six with an acute lesion, 21 with chronic disease and three patients in whom a cusp perforation was superimposed on chronic disease.  In acute aortic incompetence, systolic function was depressed and in diastole an unprepared ventricle with a normal modulus of elasticity and a normal rate of change of instantaneous stiffness of the pressure-volume relationship was unable to tolerate the volume load, so that the early diastolic and end-diastolic pressures were elevated.  Compliance was greatly reduced at these volumes because the ventricle was operating on the steep portion of its pressure-volume curve.  In chronic aortic imcompetence, systolic function was, however, normal but adaptive processes allowed the ventricle to operate with a smaller rate of change of instantaneous stiffness and a flatter pressure-volume curve, so that the volume load could be accommodated at a lower end-diastolic pressure.  In patients with an acute phase superimposed on chronic disease, the sudden additional volume overload shifted the position of the diastolic pressure of the patient from the adaptive pressure-volume curve of chronic aortic incompetence, so that although the rate of change of instantaneous stiffness was low, the lowest diastolic pressure recorded and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were elevated."
1158656,"A rare case of telangiectatic communication between the conal branch of the left coronary artery and the pulmonary trunk in a 50-year-old woman is reported.  Unusual features included the presence of clear-cut angina on effort, unstable auscultatory findings and a RSR' pattern in lead V1, probably related to concommitant diffuse coronary atherosclerosis.  Ten previously reported cases of the condition are briefly reviewed."
1158657,"Contrast mammography, with oxygen or positive contrast material, was performed on 88 women with various diseases of the breast.  The examination was done after simple mammography had failed to establish a clear diagnosis.  In each case, the roentgenologic diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination.  In some cases, bicontrast studies of the duct system or of cysts were performed.  With contrast mammography, a correct diagnosis was established in 98.7% of malignant tumors and in 97.8% of benign tumors.  Bicontrast studies demonstrated intraductal and intracystic malignancies."
1158658,"Twenty-five Israeli soldiers, seen over a period of five years, suffered from diarrhea lasting from one month to three years.  This was accompanied by weight loss and, in some cases, by evidence of malabsorption and/or mild abnormalities in small bowel and rectal biopsies.  The etiology of the diarrhea is unknown, since a routine search for parasites or pathogenic bacteria was unrewarding.  An infectious etiology is, however, most likely."
1158659,"The incidence of clinical otosclerosis in the general population of Lithuania (USSR) was recorded from December 1961 to May 1970.  A total of 974 otosclerotic individuals were found during this period, 27.2% of whom were males and 72.8%, females.  In the majority of these patients, the clinical diagnosis of otosclerosis was confirmed at operation.  The incidence of clinical otosclerosis in the population was found to be about 0.1%.  The ratio of incidence of clinical:histological otosclerosis in the population investigated is assumed to be 1:4.  The age period at risk for clinical otosclerosis is between 16 and 50 years, the greatest age period at risk being 20 to 40 years."
1158653,"Glycopeptides obtained from rat brain by proteolytic digestion with papain have been separated from glycosaminoglycans by means of gel filtration. The glycosaminoglycans appear in the void volume, whereas the glycopeptides are retarded. Glycopeptides of groups A+B (Brunngraber et al., 1973) (MW = 3800-500) C+D (MW = 2000) which were partially resolved by the method, were identified in the elution profile. Nucleic acids, also solubilized by papain, are eluted together with the glycosaminoglycans."
1158660,"Simultaneous determinations of cerebral blood flow, measured by 85Kr clearance, and of intracranial pressure, measured in the cisterna magna, were made in anesthetized normocapnic and hypercapnic vagotomized cats. All animals were tested at their normal arterial pressure and at elevated arterial pressure induced by angiotensin infusion. Autoregulatory responses of cerebral blood vessels to the elevation of blood pressure were quantitatively characterized by a pressure-flow function. In 10 of 12 animals, hypercapnia interfered with the autoregulatory responses of the cerebral vasculature. Analysis of the simultaneous behavior of intracranial pressure and cerebral vascular resistance did not indicate that changes in intracranial pressure affected the autoregulatory responses. The results of this study support the view that CO2 interferes with the basic reaction of vascular smooth muscle to contract after distension by increased transmural pressure."
1158650,"Following the results of previous researches suggesting that platelets might carry microbial forms, the incorporation of 14C-thymidine in suspensions of platelets from 500 normal human subjects has been taken under examination. The results have always yielded positive data even though with marked differences of a quantitative order from a case to another. The hypothesis that such an activity might be the consequence of a synthesis of DNA in the mitochondria had to be excluded. The peculiar relations linking the incorporation rate to the number of platelets and to the presence of plasma or serum in given amounts and the strong inhibition exerted by oxytetracyclines suggest that the detected metabolic activity may be attributed to the presence of bacterial L-forms carried by platelets. The results of cultural, optical and electron microscopical investigations, which will be published elsewere, confirmed such interpretation."
1158652,"1. Taurine levels have been determined in eight rat organs. 2. During postnatal growth the taurine content in retina, heart, small intestine, spleen and lung increases with advancing age, although adult values are not reached at the same time. 3. In contrast the taurine content decreases with age in brain cortex, liver and kidney. 4. The taurine in subcellular fractions of adult, 20-day-old and 5-day-old rat tissues exists predominantly in the cytosol of the cell. Taurine content in particulate fractions shows marked variations during development in the different organs. 5. Taurine distribution in the subcellular fractions suggests that some of the cellular taurine in the tissues is not freely mobile in cytosol."
1158661,"Chromosomal mosaicism, with supernumerary C or C group elements, was observed in the cultured amniotic fluid cells of four fetuses undergoing prenatal diagnosis. There were discrepancies in the karyotypes of cells from different culture flasts of a single fluid sample, between cultures from successive uterine aspirations, and between cultures of amniotic fluid and fetal tissues obtained by pregnancy interruption. Most alarming was the finding, in one case, of identical mosaicism in different culture flasks as well as in repeated amniocenteses derived from a phenytypically normal fetus. In each instance, the aborted fetus or newborn infant proved to be phenotypically and cytogenetically normal. This suggests that mosaicism, demonstrated in cultured amniotic fluid cells, may not reflect the chromosomal constitution of the fetus and may pose a dilemma regarding an accurate diagnosis."
1158662,"Plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids and free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, and serum levels of immunoreactive human growth hormone (HGH) and immunoreactive insulin were determined before and after L-dopa stimulation in 18 obese and six normal-weight subjects.  A blunted response of HGH was found in the obese subjects who received 0.5 g L-dopa, but when the dose was doubled, a normal response was obtained in 7 of 13 of the obese subjects.  No significant fluctuations in free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid, glucose or insulin levels were found in the obese and normal-weight groups and no increase in HGH was seen in the obese group after the subjects had been asleep for 90 min.  In the obese subjects, the blunted response of HGH to stimulation with 0.5 g L-dopa and the lack of HGH increase during sleep are attributed to hypothalamic under-responsiveness, which is considered a basic disturbance in obesity."
1158651,A convenient method for the purification of aspartate aminotransferase [L-aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1)] from wheat germ is described. An overall purification of 150 fold was achieved. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 the purified enzyme revealed two protein bands both provided with enzymatic activity. The holoenzyme is readily resolved on conversion to the aminic form and gel-filtration. The apoenzyme is reactivated by pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Kinetic data indicate that a Ping-Pong mechanism is operative similar to that found for the tyrosine aminotransferase by Litwack and Cleland (1968). Phosphate ion behaves as a competitive inhibitor towards the coenzyme. The relatively low affinity between coenzyme and apoenzyme from wheat germ allowed the determination of the dissociation constants for coenzymes (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate) and of the inhibition constant for phosphate.
1158663,"Comparative ultraviolet (UV) spectral measurements of direct and scattered sunlight, between 300 and 400 nm, reaching the Dead Sea and Beersheba were made.  It was found that the sunlight reaching Beersheba is at least twice as high in UV content as that reaching the Dead Sea.  The UV content of the sunlight reaching the Dead Sea in the erythemal band (290 to 330 nm) is particularly low.  The implications for heliotherapy are discussed."
1158767,"A case of Goldenhar's syndrome associated with cardiac malformations such as single ventricle, atresia of pulmonary artery, and patent ductus arteriosus is described. The association of cardiac malformations with Goldenhar's syndrome is very rare and suggests that it is necessary to perform a careful clinical evaluation in this syndrome whether or not additional malformations may exist in visceral organs."
1158770,"The effect of minocycline on nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) was investigated, with particular reference to its action against Chlamydia trachomatis. Preliminary laboratory studies showed that the drug was active against a laboratory chlamydial strain (Lb4f) in vitro. A group of 133 men with first attacks of NGU was then treated with minocycline, 100 mg twice daily for 3 weeks. Isolates of C trachomatis were obtained from 33 of these men before treatment; all of them gave negative results on cell culture after therapy. Of the 133 patients, 119 (90%) had symptoms on their first attendance, but after one week's treatment only 16 of the 133 (12%) and after 3 weeks 6 of the 133 (5%) had symptoms. All 133 men had demonstrable urethritis initially; by the end of the first week of treatment only 43 of the 133 (32%) and by the end of the third week 32 of the 133 (24%) had evidence of urethritis. There were no differences in clinical response between the Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative groups. A group of 24 female sexual contacts of men with NGU yielded C trachomatis on cell culture. After 3 weeks' therapy with minocycline all these women gave negative results on cell culture. It is concluded that minocycline is a useful addition to existing remedies for NGU. The future structure of treatment trials for NGU is discussed."
1158771,"Acquisition of immunity to Hammondia hammondi, a newly recognized coccidian of cats, was studied in 18 specific-pathogen-free cats. One cat was given a single oral inoculation, 11 cats were given 2 oral inoculations, and 1 cat was given 3 oral inoculations of homogenized mouse carcasses containing H hammondi. In all cats, oocyst shedding began 6 to 9 days after the 1st inoculation. Oocyst shedding peaked at 1 to 2 days after the onset of shedding and lasted for 1 to 2 weeks. None of the cats became sick. Of the 11 cats inoculated twice (between 2-51 days after the 1st inoculation), 5 shed oocysts 7 to 14 days after the repeat inoculation; however, fewer oocysts were shed at this time. One cat that was inoculated thrice (14 and 51 days after the 1st inoculation) shed oocysts 14 to 17 days after the 3rd inoculation but not after the 2nd inoculation. Spontaneous oocyst shedding was studied in 9 of these 13 H hammondi-infected cats for 5 months. Two cats spontaneously shed oocysts: One cat (inoculated only once) spontaneously re-shed oocysts 21 to 24, 31 to 33, 49 to 50, and 118 to 120 days after inoculation; The other cat (inoculated twice-the 2nd time, 6 days after the 1st inoculation) re-shed oocysts 38 to 48, 85 to 89, and 133 to 136 days after the 1st inoculation. The course of H hammondi infection was studied in 5 cats given weekly injections of 6-methyl prednisolone acetate for at least 7 weeks, starting 18 days before inoculation in 2 cats, and starting 14, 34, and 45 day after inoculation in 3 cats. The induced hyperadrenocorticism did not affect the prepatent period or induce parasitism of extraintestinal organs. The 3 cats infected for 14, 34, and 45 days, re-shed oocysts after hyperadrenocorticism was induced. It was concluded that immunity to H hammondi infection in cats is less stable than immunity to the related coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii."
1158775,"Globoid cell leukodystrophy was diagnosed in a purebred Beagle bitch. Clinical signs and histopathologic and ultrastructural features were consistent with those reported in globoid cell leukodystrophy in man, cat, and other breeds of dogs. The occurrence of the disorder in 2 clinically affected females from a related litter and a familial history of inbreeding support the existence of a familial pattern."
1158776,"The clinical, histopathologic, and behavioral features of 25 cases of intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (ICE) in the dog were reviewed. A typical ICE consisted of a keratin-filled crypt in the dermis and subcutis that opened to the skin surface. Most of these tumors occurred on the back, neck, sides of the thorax, and the shoulders. Two distinct patterns existed-a solitary form (single growth) and a generalized form (up to 40 growths). The Norwegian Elkhound appeared to be a breed predisposed to the development of the generalized type. Breed predilection for the solitary form was not observed. The ICE was a benign neoplasm, and simple surgical excision was curative except in the generalized cases in which additional growths developed. Keratoacanthoma of man and ICE of the dog were compared, and it was concluded that although they are similar in many respects they are not identical entities."
1158779,"Venous aneurysm was diagnosed in a 3-year-old horse, using contrast radiography and acid-base analysis of blood samples taken simultaneously from the right jugular vein and a swelling in the right mandibular angle. Attempted surgical correction was followed by rupture of the right maxillary vein. Hemorrhagic shock developed, and the horse died."
1158780,"Autogenous bone grafts were obtained from the tuber coxae of 9 horses. The method used involved an oblique incision to expose the lateral aspect of the tuber coxae. The periosteum was incised and reflected in order to make a 5- by 2.5-cm opening in the lateral cortex for graft retrieval. The method provided good visualization, ample grafting material, and freedom from postsurgical complications."
1158781,"The peptide antibiotic longicatenamycin produced by a Streptomyces strain S-520 is a complex mixture of several congeners. The determination of the total structure of longicatenamycin was performed on the mixture using the procedure of N-bromosuccinimide oxidation followed by EDMAN degradation. The structure of the most abundant congener of longicatenamycin can be represented as cyclo (glycyl-L-2-amino-6-methylheptanoyl-D-valyl-D-ornithyl-threo-beta-hydroxy-L-glutamyl-5-chloro-D-tryptophyl) (Fig. 1: 1=4, m=0, n=3). There are three amino acid positions in which variations are found. The antibiotic complex contains compounds in which L-2-amino-6-methyl-heptanoic acid is replaced with either L-2-amino-5-methylhexanoic acid of L-2-amino-7-methyloctanoic acid; further D-valine with D-isoleucine as well as D-ornithine with D-lysine."
1158782,"Utilizing a mutant of Micromonospora inyoensis which requires the addition of 2-deoxystreptamine for sisomicin production, the bioconversion of 2-deoxstreptamine containing pseudodisaccharides and pseudotrisaccharides into sisomicin was demonstrated. The trisaccharides tested were structurally related minor components found in the sisomicin or gentamicin fermentations. Based upon the specificity of the structural configuration of those compounds which were converted to sisomicin versus those which were not, a pathway for the biosynthesis of sisomicin is proposed."
1158783,"The chemical dimers of rifamycin SV resembled the corresponding monomeric analogs with respect to the inhibitory properties versus the nucleic acid polymerases. At low doses, such compounds blocked the initiation step of the DNA transcription catalyzed by the bacterial RNA polymerase, as observed for the parental antibiotic and its derivative rifampicin which are largely used in therapy. At concentrations one to two orders of magnitude higher, the chemically modified rifamycins inhibited also other nucleotidyltransferases. The widespread toxicity of the dimeric and monomeric semisynthetic rifamycins versus these enzymes was not causally related with an enhancement of their lipophily. The observed effects might be due to a loss of selectivity in the inhibition mechanism which was originally specific for the RNA polymerase from E. coli at the beginning of its catalysis. The rifamycin derivatives might then react with the catalytic portion of other nucleotidyltransferases interfering adversely with the enzyme activity in a number of ways and/or at different levels."
1158818,"The mass and infrared spectra of the methyl esters of 9 chlorophenoxy acid herbicides are presented. Ultraviolet data are discussed and proton magnetic resonance spectra are tabulated. Because of the sensitivity of the technique, the mass spectra are most useful for the identification of those compounds in residues, especially by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The pure herbicides used for the recording of the spectra were obtained by synthesis and recrystallization."
1158819,"A simple, direct, and rapid method is given for the analysis of citrus oils for the fungistat biphenyl by high-speed liquid chromatography. The method is extended to orange juice and various ""dry flavors"" by an extraction procedure. Analytical limits are less than 1 ppm without need for any cleanup or concentration steps."
1158820,"Carbamate pesticide residues are extracted from vegetables and fruits with methylene chloride. The extracts are spotted on silica gel plates and the pesticides are detected by an enzymatic inhibition technique. For quantitative determination, aliquots of the methylene chloride extracts are evaporated to dryness in a rotary evaporator. After the residues are dissolved in ethanol, 0.5N NaOH is added in the hydrolysis step. To remove a number of possible interferences the hydrolyzed phenols are steam-distilled and treated with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and/or 4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene to form the ether derivatives. Efficiency in the conversion of the phenolic moieties to the phenyl ethers is about 100%. The resulting electron-capturing derivatives enable the carbamate pesticides to be detected in vegetables and fruits at the 0.05 ppm level. Recoveries of 90-94% were obtained from vegetables and fruits fortified with 0.5-2.0 ppm carbaryl, Mesurol, and propoxur."
1158821,"A rapid, multiresidue procedure utilizing the minimal cleanup necessary for gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis is presented. The samples are extraced with acetone and partitioned with methylene chloride-petroleum either to remove water. The organophosphorus and organonitrogen compounds are then quantitated by GLC, using a KCl thermionic detector. A Florisil cleanup of the extract is performed prior to the determination of organochlorine compounds by a GLC electron capture detector. Carbon-hydrogen compounds such as biphenyl and o-phenylphenol undergo the Florisil cleanup and may also be quantitated by GLC. Quantitative recoveries for 15 organophosphorus, 9 organochlorine, 5 organonitrogen, and 2 hydrocarbon pesticides show the range in polarities of pesticides recovered, from Monitor to biphenyl. The method is simple and fast with a great potential for the analysis of many more compounds."
1158822,"A method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid), dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichloro-benzoic acid), and mecoprop (MCPP; 2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] propionic acid) residues in soil, wheat, and barley. Soil and crop samples are extracted with acidic acetone and methanol, respectively. The extracts in diethyl ether are esterified with diazomethane and cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. Extracts are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, using an electron capture detector to determine 2,4-D and dicamba residues. Mecoprop in the extract is not detected at low levels of concentration. However, bromination of the extract increases the response of the electron capture detector to mecoprop. The method is sensitive to about 0.05 ppm 2,4-D and dicamba and 0.5 ppm mecoprop. Recoveries of these 3 herbicides added to soil, wheat, and barley samples at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm levels were between 65 and 93%. The method was used for the simultaneous analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop residues in wheat, barley, and soil samples obtained from fields sprayed with the herbicide formulation Kil-Mor."
1158823,"A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the determination of residues of resmethrin ((5-benzyl-3-furyl)methyl cis-trans-(+/-)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate) in corn, cornmeal, flour, and wheat. The commodity, fortified with resmethrin, was extracted by tumbling with pentane and transferred to acetonitrile, the fat was partitioned off, and the sample was chromatographed with 3% ethyl acetate in pentane on Florisil containing 0.5% water. The resmethrin residue was determined by GLC with a flame ionization detector. The results were compared with known standards that had undergone the same cleanup procedures. The method was sensitive to concentrations of resmethrin to 0.2 ppm, recoveries averaged 83%, and reproducibility was good."
1158824,"An interlaboratory investigation of technical chlordane residues in food crops was carried out to determine the most practical and consistent method of reporting results. Using a technical chlordane reference standard, 8 gas chromatographic stationary phases were studied for their resolution capabilities. The best separations were obtained with SE-30 and its OV-1 equivalent. Using these columns and electron capture detection, potatoes and carrots from supervised field experiments were analyzed in duplicate and quantitated by using 4 methods of calculation. The data were statistically treated to determine the precision and bias for each method. Also, 1 sample was analyzed in duplicate on 2 different occasions by 6 laboratories to substantiate the initial conclusions. Based on the criterion of high precision it is suggested that a comparison of total area under the chromatogram of the sample with total area of standard technical chlordane be the method of quantitation. Only peaks which are common to both standard and sample have any significance in this type of calculation."
1158825,"A quantitative gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the determination of residual methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, and trichloroethylene in spice oleoresins. The proposed method involves vacuum distillation in a closed system with toluene as a carrier solvent. Quantitation by electron capture GC on Porapak Q is facilitated by water extraction and by the addition of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene as an internal standard. Recoveries from oleoresins spiked at 30, 15, and 6 ppm ranged from 93 to 102%. To assess the possibility of interference from spice volatiles, the procedure was applied to 17 different spice oleoresins from 3 different manufacturers. No interferences were found, but methylene chloride levels up to 83 ppm and ethylene dichloride levels up to 23 ppm were detected. Trichloroethylene was not detected in any of the oleoresins."
1158826,Samples of filter paper were found which contain sufficient nitrite to cause significant error in determining the nitrite content of cured meat products by the official AOAC method. Six of 28 boxes of filter paper examined were contaminated with nitrite. All 6 contaminated boxes were the same brand and grade. These samples of filter paper could contribute from 4.6 to 18.4 ppm nitrite to the amount of nitrite analyzed for in meat.
1158827,"An improved cleanup technique has been developed for the extraction of endosulfan and endrin from crops. The technique involves the use of Nuchar C-190N as adsorbent and a mixture of n-hexane and acetone (4+1) as the eluting solvent. The mean percentage recoveries of endosulfan (I and II) and endrin from plant tissue extracts fortified at levels of 0.5-2.0 ppm varied from 86 to 102 and 97 to 100, respectively."
1158828,The method of preparation of scopolamine hydrobromide affects the infrared (IR) spectrum of the product. A column chromatographic procedure is used to both isolate the drug from tablets and injections and form the hydrobromide salt. This yields reproducible IR spectra and thus constitutes an identity test for scopolamine hydrobromide.
1158829,"A colorimetric method is presented for the estimation of diazepam as the pure drug and in formulations. Diazepam is hydrolyzed with 6N HCl to 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone, which is extracted with chloroform to give a yellow solution whose absorbance is measured at 410 nm against a solvent blank. The color obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 0-30 mug/ml. In 5 determinations, recovery was 99.0 +/- 1.9%. The method is applicable to pure diazepam and its formulations for oral and parenteral use. No interferences were observed from pyridoxine hydrochloride and commonly used preservatives, vehicles, and colors."
1158830,"Two colorimetric micromethods are described for the determination of atropine-hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine), using p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and citric acid-acetic anhydride as the color reagents. These methods are sensitive to 60-1200 and 10-360 mug alkaloid/10 ml. The colorimetric methods were also successfully applied after a preliminary thin layer chromatographic separation of the alkaloids. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was also developed, which yielded comparable results with the colorimetric methods."
1158831,"A method is described for the quantitative determination of morphine, codeine, cryptopine, thebaine, papaverine, and narcotine in opium by high-performance liquid chromatography. The alkaloids are isolated from a dilute acid extract by adsorption on an Amberlite XAD-2 resin column and eluted first with methanol and then with chloroform-methanol (3+1). After solvent removal by reduced pressure evaporation, the alkaloids are redissolved in chloroform-methanol (3+1). The sample solution, plus brucine as an internal standard, is injected onto a Corasil II column and eluted with hexane that is gradient programmed with a solution of chloroform-methanol-diethylamine (100+300+1). The absorbances of the separated alkaloids are continuously monitored at 254 nm, using a flow-through ultraviolet double-beam photometer."
1158832,"Eight laboratories conducted a test for the estimation of the bioavailability of iron from 4 sources, using depleted male albino rats. Ferrous sulfate was used as the reference standard. Ferric orthophosphate was found to have a relative biological value of 11 (range 6-22), an old sample of hydrogen-reduced iron 27 (range 15-41), and ferric citrate 96 (range 75-125). Good results were obtained with a simplified basal diet prepared without ingredients that had previously contributed variable quantities of iron. There was no apparent advantage in using the change in hemoglobin during the repletion period instead of the final homoglobin value as the criterion of response to iron supplements. Several statistical treatments of the data yielded similar conclusions regarding relative biological values of the iron sources."
1158833,"The trichothecenes are a group of fungal metabolites with a tetracyclic, sesquiterpenoid ring system and include a number of compounds which are highly toxic. These compounds are produced by various species of the imperfect fungi including members of the following genera: Calonectria, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium. Both biological and chemical methods for detection of various trichothecenes are reviewed. Some of the bioassay techniques in use for the detection of the various trichothecenes include the rabbit dermal toxicity tests, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of protein synthesis tests; these are highly sensitive but lace specificity. The sensitivity of these tests for the T-2 toxin are 0.005 mug for rabbit skin toxicity, 0.03 mug/ml for inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes, and less than 1 mug/ml for cytotoxicity to human karyoblast cells. In the present state of development of the chemical assay methods, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography are specific for various trichothecenes but lack sensitivity. The lower detection limit of the trichothecenes on thin layer plates varies from 0.2 to 2-3 mug/spot while gas-liquid chrommatography has a reported sensitivity of approximately 0.05 mug/injection."
1158834,"Penicillium expansum 1071, 1172, NRLL 973, and Penicillium patulum ATCC 24550 were inoculated into Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and McIntosh apples. The decayed tissue was trimmed from the sound tissue, each fraction was weighed, and the patulin concentration in the juice was assayed by thin layer chromatography. The quantity of patulin in the whole apples and in decayed tissues was calculated and these values were used to determine the percentage of total patulin removed by trimming. The patulin content ranged from 140 to 4880 mug/apple. Trimming removed 93-99% of the total patulin, regardless of incubation temperature, fungus strain, or apple variety. Trimming of defective tissue from fungus-rotted apples could substantially reduce the patulin concentration."
1158836,"The nitrate electrode has been utilized in the determination of nitrate content in food products. The AOAC xylenol method was employed for comparative results. A reasonable correlation (r=0.91) was found between the 2 methods in the analysis of 49 samples containing 30-350 ppm nitrate. At the average nitrate content (100 ppm) of these foods, the standard error was 4.3 ppm. The electrode responds directly to the ionic activity of the nitrate ion. It has a linear concentration range of 1-6000 ppm nitrate and can be used over a wide pH range. The electrode does respond to some extent to anions other than nitrate, and some interferences do occur. These interferences are easily controlled by the use of cation exchange resins. The Corning known addition (spiking) method is used on all samples to insure correct electrode response in solutions containing variable background ionic composition. The electrode has the advantage of simplicity, speed, reproducibility, and accuracy. Work time saved using the electrode as opposed to the xylenol method is about 7 hr for the analysis of 20 samples. Error, and the need for repeating analysis, is much less frequent."
1158837,"Roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid) is extracted from the premix with aqueous 1% ammonium carbonate. The extract is filtered, diluted, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using an air-acetylene flame and an arsenic electrodeless discharge lamp. The instrument response of the sample is compared to that of a standard solution of arsenic trioxide. Recoveries range from 99.7. to 100.4% and coefficients of variation range from 0.35 to 0.63%."
1158838,"A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of strychnine. Grain baits containing strychnine alkaloid are ground, mixed, and extracted by shaking with chloroform. Without further cleanup, extract filtrates are injected directly into a liquid chromatograph. Chromatography is complete within 7 min and peak heights are used for quantitation. Separations were made on a 30 cm times 4 mm id stainless steel column packed with mu Porasil (8-12 mum silica). The eluting solvent was methanol-chloroform (10+90) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Recovery of spiked samples ranged from 91.5 to 95.2%. Confirmation of strychnine from a commercial sample was made by high resolution mass spectrometry with mass agreement to 1.2 ppm."
1158839,"A simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic procedure, using a 6' times 1/4'' glass column packed with 5% SE-30 on Chromosorb W (DMCS) and a flame ionization detector, is described. Grain baits containing strychnine alkaloid are ground, mixed, and extracted by shaking with chloroform containing an internal standard, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene. Without further cleanup, extract filtrates are injected directly into a gas chromatograph. Peak height ratios are used for quantitation of strychnine. The analysis of commercial samples shows that the method compares well with a commonly employed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method; good precision, with recoveries ranging from 89.9 to 91.7%, is obtained in the analysis of prepared samples. The method is sensitive to 2 mug strychnine."
1158840,"The rotenoids deguelin, B-dihydrorotenone, dehydrorotenone, rotenone, 6alpha beta, 12alpha beta-rotenolone, and tephrosin were chromatographed on 8-12 mum silica. A mobile phase of chloroform-isooctane (35+65) pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min through a 30 cm column was used and the absorbance of the eluate was monitored at 294 nm. Rotenone, B-dihydrorotenone, deguelin, and dehydrorotenone are completely resolved while 6alpha beta, 12alpha beta-rotenolone and tephrosin chromatograph as one peak. This method has potential as a preparative separation technique for rotenoids. Also described is a procedure to quantitatively measure rotenone in pesticide formulations. Samples were extracted with chloroform and chromatographed at a flow of 2.5 ml/min. The method is rapid (rotenone is eluted in 12 min) and reproducible."
1158841,A method for the determination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in dairy products is described. Fat is extracted from the products by the official AOAC method. The PBB residues are separated from the fatty material by gel permeation chromatography prior to gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) quantitation. An additional cleanup using petroleum ether elution through a miniature Florisil column is necessary for thin layer chromatographic (TLC) confirmation. Recoveries of PBBs from samples fortified at levels from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm ranged from 94 to 104% with an average of 99%. GLC sensitivity permits the estimation of PBB residue levels as low as 0.007 ppm. Routine TLC confirmation is limited by sensitivity to greater than or equal to 0.2 ppm.
1158842,"An improved analytical method for the determination of coumestrol in dried alfalfa and leaf protein concentrates is described. In this method, chlorophyll is removed from an alcohol extract prior to the paper chromatographic-fluorometric measurement of coumestrol. Ninety-eight per cent of the coumestrol added to alfalfa leaf protein concentrates is recovered by this method. This improved method gives replicate values with lower standard deviations and coefficients of variation than the literature method."
1158843,"An atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, using the vapor generation technique for the determination of selenium in animal feed premixes containing 0.4-0.002% selenium, is described. After the sample was digested in perchloric acid and hydrogen peroxide and reduced with 6M HCl, 3 aliquots of sample, each containing about 0.4 mug Se, were taken for analysis by the standard addition method. Sodium borohydride pellets were used for the generation of selenium hydride. The relative standard deviation of a single determination averaged +/- 19%."
1158844,"Strain-specific low-molecular-weight polysaccharides of different chemical compositions were obtained from cells of nine different wild-type strains of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa. The polysaccharides are free of typical capsule components like hexuronic or aminohexuronic acids but contain (except that of strain 39/2) substantial amounts of phosphorus. A number of unusual o-methyl sugars (2-o-methyl-D-galactose, 2,3-di-o-methyl-D-galactose, 2-o-methyl-L-fucose) as well as 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose (abequose) were identified in the R. gelatinosa polysaccharides. o-Methyl and dideoxy sugars however, are typical constituents of O-specific chains of the lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, respectively). Considering both the R-type character of the R. gelatinosa lipopolysaccharides and the occurrence of these strain-specific ETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES, THE ASSUMPTION SEEMS TO BE JUSTIFIED THAT THE LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYSACCHARIDES ARE RELATED TO O-specific chains of lipopolysaccharides (haptens) rather than to capsular or slime antigens. In serological terms the polysaccharides of R. gelatinosa have to be classified as K-antigens. They are able to cover the O-specificity of the respective different strains and confer on them additional specificity which is demonstrable by bacterial agglutination."
1158845,"Morphological mutants of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) were isolated by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. They occurred on plates in large, regular cell packets, whereas the parent cells usually grew as groups of two or four cells or as short chains. The mutants required a much higher concentration of Mg2+ for growth than the parent cells. The concentrations of Mg2+ and other components of the culture medium tested did not significantly affect the morphology of either the parent or mutant strains. The mutant strains were not agglutinated by antiserum to M. lysodeikticus, which mainly interacts with teichuronic acid on the cell surface, and chemical analysis of isolated cell walls of the mutants indicated the absence of teichuronic aicd. No significant differences were detected between the parent and mutant strains in the amounts of other cell wall components, e.g., peptidoglycan, protein, and teichoic acid. They possible roles of teichuronic acid in cell separation and attachment of divalent cations are discussed."
1158846,"Carotenoid pigments were purified from a previously undescribed, red, halophilic spirochete (spirochete RS1), and from Spirochaeta aurantia strain J1. Both spirochetes are facultative anaerobes and produce pigments when growing aerobically. The major pigments of the two spirochetes were identified by means of chromatographic analysis, absorption spectroscopy, hydride reduction, acetylation and silylation experiments, and mass spectrometry. It was concluded that the major pigment from spirochete RS1 was 4-keto-1',2'-dihydro-1'-hydroxytorulene. This conclusion was further supported by infrared spectroscopy and additional analytical data. The evidence showed that the major pigment from S. aurantia was 1',2'-dihydro-1'-hydroxytorulene. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric evidence indicated that this pigment was also present, as a minor carotenoid component, in spirochete RS1. These pigments have been previously detected almost exclusively in gliding bacteria, such as species of Flexibacter, Stigmatella, and Myxococcus. The occurrence of 4-keto-1',2'-dihydro-1'-hydroxytorulene and 1',2'-dihydro-1'-hydroxytorulene in both spirochetes and gliding bacteria may have significance with respect to the evolutionary development of these organisms."
1158847,"Pseudomonas putida, strain 40, originally isolated by enrichment on caffeine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, has been developed to grow on 0.5% caffeine. The organism will grow on any N-methyl derivative of xanthine containing one or more methyl groups at the 1, 3, or 7 positions. An investigation of the activities of resting cell suspensions and cell-free preparations together with the detection of metabolic intermediates suggest that caffeine is first metabolized by the action of an enzyme which is capable of hydrolytically removing all three methyl groups with the production of methanol and free xanthine. The methanol presumably is oxidized to the final product, CO2, through the sequential action of methanol, formaldehyde, and formate dehydrogenases, which are induced by growth on caffeine. Furthermore, the xanthine would seem to be channeled through conventional pathways of purine degradation through the action of xanthine dehydrogenase and uricase, both induced by growth on caffeine. However, a variety of data suggests that the metabolism of caffeine may be compartmentalized in the cell and metabolized separately from externally added xanthine. Additional studies indicated that the cell is permeable to the methylxanthines. The significance of these findings is discussed."
1158848,"Gluconobacter oxydans is well known for the limited oxidation of compounds and rapid excretion of industrially important oxidation products. The dehydrogenases responsible for these oxidations are reportedly bound to the cell's plasma membrane. This report demonstrates that fully viable G. oxydans differentiates at the end of exponential growth by forming dense regions at the end of each cell observed with the light microscope. When these cells were thin sectioned, their polar regions contained accumulations of intracytoplasmic membranes and ribosomes not found in undifferentiated exponentially growing cells. Both freeze-fracture-etched whole cells and thin sections through broken-cell envelopes of differentiated cells demonstrate that intracytoplasmic membranes occur as a polar accumulation of vesicles that are attached to the plasma membrane. When cells were tested for the activity of the plasma membrane-associated glycerol dehydrogenase, those containing intracytoplasmic membranes were 100% more active than cells lacking these membranes. These results suggest that intracytoplasmic membranes are formed by continued plasma membrane synthesis at the end of active cell division."
1158849,Acetylene reduction has been demonstrated in pure cultures of rhizobia. The requirements and conditions necessary for the activity in Rhizobium sp. 32H1 are described. The most important factors are a low cell density and a very low oxygen concentration.
1158850,"The production of extracellular alpha-amylase and protease by protoplasts of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been achieved. The production of enzymically active protease was totally dependent on a high concentration of either Mg2+, Ca2+, or spermidine, but production of active alpha-amylase was not. This cation dependence of protease production was seen immediately upon addition of lysozyme to intact cells. The cations could prevent the inactivation of protease and alter the cytoplasmic membrane configuration of protoplasts. Production of active alpha-amylase and protease by protoplasts was totally inhibited by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, or the organism's purified extracellular protease. The evidence suggests that these degradative enzymes act specifically on the emerging polypeptide of the extracellular enzyme and that the polypeptide emerges in a conformation different from that of the native molecule."
1158851,"Cells grown in minimal medium and harvested in late exponential phase secreted extracellular protease linearly when suspended at high density in fresh medium. If the cells were suspended with 0.2% (wt/vol) yeast extract and no additional carbon source, the rate of exoenzyme production was increased several-fold. When pyruvate, L-malate, succinate, or alpha-ketoglutarate was added, repression of exoenzyme secretion was observed. The most effective repressor was alpha-ketoglutarate. These compounds were also preferred substrates for growth of Pseudomonas maltophilia. The data suggest that exoenzyme secretion is controlled by a mechanism similar to catabolite repression. In support of this was the observation that alpha-ketoglutarate repressed exoenzyme secretion preferentially with respect to total protein synthesis. The addition of inhibitors that affect protein synthesis indicated that exoenzyme secretion is several times more sensitive than is total protein synthesis. The addition of chloramphenicol and rifamycin-SV to actively secreting cell suspensions suggested that de novo protein synthesis is required, but that exoenzyme secretion may be supported for at least 30 min in the absence of messenger synthesis. Rifamycin-insensitive protease secretion could be reversed by either alpha-ketoglutarate or chloramphenicol, suggesting that alpha-ketoglutarate is coupled to a post-transcriptional control mechanism."
1158852,"In Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5, lipid synthesis appears to be correlated with protein synthesis. Inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol (50 mug/ml) caused the nearly simultaneous inhibition of incorporation of radioactive oleic acid into polar lipids before the cessation of growth. In addition, de novo fatty acid synthesis, as determined by the incorporation of radioactive acetate into cellular lipids, was also inhibited. Removal of the antibiotic resulted in the resumption of growth, protein synthesis, and polar lipid synthesis. Inhibition of protein synthesis by leucine deprivation also produced a marked reduction in the incorporation of radioactive oleic acid into the total polar lipids at about the same time that growth stopped (30 to 60 min after the removal of leucine). However, the different classes of lipids behaved differently. For example, the incorporation of oleic acid into cardiolipin was inhibited immediately upon removal of leucine from the cultures, whereas incorporation into phosphatidyl-glycerol was maintained at near normal rates for 60 min after the removal of leucine and then ceased. In contrast, the accumulation of radioactive oleic acid in a neutral lipid identified as diglyceride occurred to a much greater extent in leucine-deprived cultures than in control (+ leucine) cultures. Upon addition of leucine to leucine-deprived cultures, the rates of synthesis of phosphatidyl-glycerol and cardiolipin returned to normal; the amount of radioactivity in the diglyceride fraction decreased to normal levels concomitantly with increased phospholipid synthesis."
1158853,"The role of Mo in the activity and synthesis of the nitrogenase components of Clostridium pasteurianum has been studied by observing the competition of Mo with its structural analogue W. Clostridial cells when fixing N2 appeared strictly dependent upon the available Mo, showing maximal N2-fixing activity at molybdate concentrations in the media of 10 muM. Cells grown in media with 3 times 10(-6) muM Mo, although showing good growth, had only 15% as much N2-fixing activity. In the presence of W the synthesis of both nitrogenase components, molybdoferredoxin and azoferredoxin, was affected. Attempts to produce nitrogenase in W-grown cells by addition of high molybdenum to the media in the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis showed that Mo incorporation into a possible inactive preformed apoenzyme did not occur. Unlike other molybdoenzyme-containing cells, in which W either is incorporated in place of Mo to yield inactive protein or initiates the production of apoprotein, C. pasteurianum forms neither a tungsten substituted molybdoferredoxin nor an apoprotein. It is concluded that in C. pasteurianum molybdenum is an essential requirement for both the biosynthesis and activity of its nitrogenase."
1158854,"Systematic isolation and purification of the biologically active component of ginseng extract were followed by observing the incorporation of labeled leucine into serum protein at 6 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection in a mouse. Ginseng saponin mixture (fraction 5) exhibited high activity for such incorporation. Seven saponins were isolated from fraction 5 by means of preparative TLC, and assayed. Administration of all these saponins (ginsenoside-Rb2, Rc, Rc2, Rd, Re, and Rg1)except for ginsenoside-Rb1, caused an increase of leucine incorporation over that in control animals. The incorporation rate was directly proportional to the dose in the case of ginsenoside-Rd, which had the highest activity. The increase specific radio-activity of serum protein was not due to a decrease in the pool size of free amino acids in the liver. It was conclusively shown that the active component stimulating serum protein biosynthesis is saponin."
1158855,"Cysteine synthase [O-Acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulfide) EC 4.2.99.8] has been highly purified from the extract of rape, Brassica chinensis var. Komatsuna. The purified preparation appeared to be homogeneous on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showing a molecular weight of about 62,000. The latter method also suggested that this enzyme was composed of two identical subunits. The enzyme contained 2 moles of pyridoxal phosphate per mole of enzyme."
1158856,"D-Glucosamine was found to be phosphorylated by a rat liver extract in the presence of a high concentration of glucose, which was formerly believed to be a strong competitive inhibitor of this reaction. Results suggested that glucosamine may be phosphorylated by high Km hexokinase, i.e. glucokinase [EC 2.7.1.2]. The enzyme involved was separated from specific N-acetyl-D-glucosamine kinase [EC 2.7.1.59]. The phosphorylation was not inhibited by a physiological level of glucose or glucose 6-phosphate, which strongly inhibited low Km hexokinase. The apparent Km of glucokinase for glucosamine was estimated as 8 mM, which is ten times that of low Km hexokinase."
1158857,"Intima-media of bovine aorta was digested with pronase, after preliminary extraction of saline (1%)-soluble substances and fat. Crude glycopeptide fraction was then obtained from the resulting complex carbohydrate fraction by fractionation with CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride). Complete separation of sialoglycopeptides was achieved by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column at pH 7.2 followed by repeated chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column at pH 5.2. Nine sialoglycopeptides (SGP 1-SGP 9) thus obtained were homogeneous on high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and pH 5.2. The analytical data showed great heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of these preparations, although they consisted of the same monosaccharides (galactose, glucose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid), except that SGP 1 lacked galactosamine. Heterogeneity was also observed in their peptide chains. It was noticed, however, that the contents of hexose, hexosamine, and aspartic acid of the fractions (SGP 3, SGP 4, and SGP 5) which eluted from the DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column at lower molarity of the eluting salt were higher than those of the fractions (SGP 7, SGP 8, and SGP 9) which eluted at higher molarity, while the contents of sialic acid and hydroxyamino acids were in an opposite relationship. Representative fractions (SGP 7 and SGP 9) of the latter contained many more alkali-sensitive linkages than those (SGP 3 and SGP 5) of the former, indicating the presence of many more O-glycosidic linkages between hydroxyamino acid(s) and sugar(s) in the latter than in the former. The sialoglycopeptides contained significant amounts of sialic acid, ranging from 10% (sgp 1) to 32.4% (SGP 8). The highest contents were in SGP 8 and SGP 9, which contained equimolar amounts of sialic acid and hexosamine. Furthermore, infrared spectra indicated the presence of sulfate groups in most of the sialoglycopeptides."
1158858,"Sclerotic and non-sclerotic tissues of intima-media of human aorta were digested with pronase, after preliminary extraction of saline (1%)-soluble substances and fat. Subsequently, sialoglycopeptide fractions were obtained from the pronase digests by fractionation with CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride). Complete separation of sialoglycopeptides was achieved by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column at pH 7.2, followed by repeated chromatography on the same Sephadex column at pH 5.2. The purified sialoglycopeptides thus obtained showed heterogeneity of their carbohydrate chains, although they contained the same monosaccharides (galactose, mannose, glucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid). Heterogeneity was also observed in their peptide chains. The contents of hydroxyamino acids and alkali-sensitive linkages of these preparations indicated that the fractions eluted from the DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column at higher molarity of the eluting salt at pH 5.2 contained many more O-glycosidic linkages between hydroxyamino acis(s) and sugar(s) than those eluted at lower molarity. The present data indicate that the concentration of sialoglycoproteins in intimamedia of human aorta increases significantly in arteriosclerosis in terms of defatted dry tissue. Moreover, the chemical nature of the sialoglycoproteins was modified slightly in the disease."
1158859,"To clarify the mode of interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and protein polypeptides with special reference to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the binding of SDS to several protein polypeptides was investigated by the equilibrium dialysis technique. Each of the binding isotherms was characterized by the presence of two phases: an initial gradual increase in the amount of binding to 0.3-0.6 g/g (first phase) and a subsequent steep increase to 1.2-1.5 g/g (second phase). The binding was completed at a concentration of SDS below the critical micelle concentration. Throughout the first and second phases, the isotherms obtained were different for each kind of protein. On the basis of experiments with bovine serum albumin and ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22], the isotherms were profoundly affected by the method used for modification of the sulfhydryl groups. The claim of Reynolds and Tanford (Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. U.S., 66, 1002 (1970)) that the isotherms are virtually identical for many kinds of proteins was not supported by the present data. Changes in the gross and local conformations were examined with reference to the isotherms by measurements of CD spectrum, free boundary electrophoresis, and gel filtration. The results obtained were collectively interpreted based on the model of SDS-protein polypeptide complexes proposed by the present authors (J. Biochem., 75, 309 (1974))."
1158860,"Pork liver has previously been reported to contain a soluble enzymatic pathway which converts L-fucose to 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate and D-arabinose to 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabonate. We now report the isolation from pork liver of a soluble NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase which acts on both 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabonate. This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity by a five-step procedure; the final step involved affinity chromatography on NAD+-agarose. A purification factor of about 3000-fold was achieved with a yield of over 20%. The enzyme was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.1 and 7.0 and on the basis of sedimentation equilibrium analysis with the ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is about 100,000 while disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and thiol showed the presence of a polypeptide of molecular weight 26,800; these results suggest that the enzyme is a tetramer. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 5.4. The enzyme is unstable in the dilute state and in the absence of thiol but can be kept for 2 years at -70 degrees at a protein concentration of 4 mg per ml and in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol."
1158861,"The inactivation of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) from porcine heart and the specific modification of arginyl residues have been found to occur when the enzyme is inhibited with the reagent butanedione in sodium borate buffer. The inactivation of the enzyme was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. This loss of enzymatic activity was concomitant with the modification of 4 arginyl residues per molecule of enzyme. All 4 residues could be made inaccessible to modification when a malate dehydrogenase-NADH-hydroxymalonate ternary complex was formed. Only 2 of the residues were protected by NADH alone and appear to be essential. Studies of the butanedione inactivation in sodium phosphate buffer and of reactivation of enzymatic activity, upon the removal of excess butanedione and borate, support the role of borate ion stabilization in the inactivation mechanism previously reported by Riordan (Riordan, J.F. (1970) Fed. Proc. 29, Abstr. 462; Riordan, J.F. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 3915-3923). Protection from inactivation was also provided by the competitive inhibitor AMP, while nicotinamide exhibited no effect. Such results suggest that the AMP moiety of the NADH molecule is of major importance in the ability of NADH to protect the enzyme. When fluorescence titrations were used to monitor the ability of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase to form a binary complex with NADH and to form a ternary complex with NADH and hydroxymalonate, only the formation of ternary complex seemed to be effected by arginine modification."
1158862,"Oxygen-linked effects of inositol hexaphosphate occur in heme-containing non-alpha chains isolated from normal human hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin, and the abnormal human hemoglobin Abruzzo, beta143(H21) His leads to Arg. The occurrence of these effects implies that the chains undergo ligand-linked conformational changes. Inositol hexaphosphate lowers the oxygen affinity of isolated beta and gamma chains by differential binding to their deoxy conformations. Neither 2,3-diphosphoglycerate nor inorganic phosphate produces such an effect. In the case of Abruzzo beta chains, the binding of inorganic phosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is also oxygen-linked. Stripped beta chains isolated from hemoglobin Abruzzo have much higher oxygen affinity than beta chains isolated from HbA. Their higher oxygen affinity and enhanced allosteric interactions with phosphates account, in large part, for the abnormal functional behavior of the hemoglobin Abruzzo tetramer. In this hemoglobin variant the substitution of arginine for histidine at beta143 involves a residue known to interact with anionic allosteric effectors of hemoglobin. It is of interest that the effect of inositol hexaphosphate observed with isolated gamma chains is comparable to the effect observed with isolated beta chains, even though the gamma143 position is occupied by an uncharged serine residue."
1158863,"Centrifuge transport, equilibrium dialysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on the binding of Mn2+ to myosin revealed two sets of noninteracting binding sites which are characterized at low ionic strength (0.016 M KCl) by affinity constants of 10(6) M-1 (Class I) and 10(3) M-1 (Class II), respectively. At 0.6 M KCl concentration, the affinity of Mn2+ for both sets of sites is reduced. The maximum number of binding sites is 2 for the high affinity and 20 to 25 for the low affinity set. Other divalent metal ions displace Mn2+ from the high affinity sites in the following order of effectiveness: Ca greater than Mg = Zn = Co greater than Sr greater than Ni. The inhibitory effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ upon the Mn2+ binding are competitive with inhibitor constants of 0.75 to 1 mM which is similar to that of the low affinity divalent metal ion binding sites. Exposure of myosin to 37 degrees partially inhibits Mn2+ binding to Class I parallel with inhibition of ATPase activity. The binding of Mn2+ to the high affinity binding sites is not significantly influenced by ADP or PPi, although Mn2+ increases the affinity of ADP binding to myosin at high ionic strength."
1158864,"The amino acid sequence of the proinsulin C-peptide isolated from guinea pig pancreas was determined and experimental data are presented. Digestion of the C-peptide with chymotrypsin provided two dodecapeptides, a tetrapeptide, and glutamine, which account for the intact chain. Reaction of the C-peptide with cyanogen bromide resulted in cleavage at the single methionine and provided two additional fragments. Digestion of the large peptides with papain provided a variety of small peptides and the complete sequence was assigned by identification of the fragments. Although guinea pig insulin differs markedly from mammalian insulins, guinea pig C-peptide has many features of primary structure in common with the C-peptides of other mammals. The conservation of specific residues in C-peptides indicates that these residues form essential elements in the three-dimensional structure of proinsulin."
1158865,"The proportion of palmitate at position 2 of triacylglycerols synthesized by microsome-cytosol preparations of rat, mouse, or chicken adipose tissue was found to be markedly increased by the addition of an inactivated preparation of pig adipose tissue microsomes. A phosphate extract of pig adipose tissue microsomes was also active in directing palmitate to position 2 of rat triacylglycerols. The proportion of palmitate at position 2 of triacylglycerols synthesized was reduced by prior repeated extraction of the pig adipose tissue microsomes with phosphate. The pretreatment specificity was restored when the extract was added back to the microsomes. These observations support the proposal that the unusually high proportion of palmitate at position 2 of lard results from the action of a factor controlling the specificity of the acyltransferase(s) from pig adipose tissue."
1158866,"Proton-decoupled natural abundance 13C NMR spectra of carbon monoxide hemoglobins were recorded at 15.18 MHz by the Fourier transform method, under conditions of spectrometer sensitivity sufficient for detection of individual carbon resonances. The aromatic region of each spectrum contains broad bands of methine carbon resonances, and some relatively narrow peaks arising from nonprotonated carbons. Resonances of heme carbons were detected in spectra of carbon monoxide hemoglobins, but not in spectra of ferrihemoglobin (as a result of paramagnetic effects). Spectra of carbon monoxide hemoglobins from various species yielded only a few well resolved individual carbon resonances, most notably those of Cgamma of tryptophan residues. A comparison of the spectra of human adult, human fetal, chicken AII, and bovine fetal hemoglobins yielded specific assignments for all resonances of Cgamma of tryptophan residues. In the cases of human fetal, chicken AII, and bovine fetal hemoglobins, each tryptophan yielded a completely resolved individual carbon resonance. The chemical shift difference between the resonances of Cgamma of Trp-130beta and Cgamma of Trp-37beta is about 6 ppm. The chemical shift difference between Trp A12[14]alpha and Trp A12[15]beta is 1 ppm or less. A comparison of the chemical shifts of analogous tryptophan residues of the four carbon monoxide hemoglobins suggests very similar conformations in solution."
1158867,"Rabbit hemopexin associates with rose bengal producing a hypochromic shift in the absorption spectrum of the dye; the extinction coefficient of the dye bound to heme-saturated hemopexin is approximately 20% lower than that of the dye bound to the apoprotein. The interaction of apo- and heme-saturated hemopexin with rose bengal was studied in detail by difference spectroscopy. Apo-hemopexin has one tight binding site for the dye with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range and a set of several weaker binding sites. In contrast, heme-saturated hemopexin has a very low affinity for the dye. Evidence that histidine residues of hemopexin participate in the binding of heme was obtained by photooxidation of hemopexin sensitized by rose bengal. Progressive modification of the 16 histidine residues of hemopexin is effected by illumination of the dye-hemopexin complexes. The midpoint of this pH-dependent reaction is at pH 6.8 +/- 0.1. In 15 min of irradiation, apo-hemopexin loses 50% of its ability to form a low spin hemichrome complex with deuteroheme while only 10% of the ligand coordination to heme iron of the deuteroheme-hemopexin is lost. At that time, approximately 2 more histidine residues are modified in apo-hemopexin than in deuteroheme-hemopexin, and no change is found in other potentially photolabile amino acid residues. The characteristic circular dichroism positive extremum at 231 nm of hemopexin also was decreased by photooxidation, and the loss was slower in the deuteroheme-hemopexin complex than in the apoprotein. When deuteroporphyrin IX was used as the photosensitizing agent, similar results were obtained."
1158868,"With pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the effects of various complexes of ferric cytochrome P-450 on the relaxation rate of bulk solution water protons have been determined. For the camphor, metyrapone, and 4-phenylimidazole complexes, the experimental results are consistent with outer sphere relaxation effects. However, for the substrate-free enzyme, the magnitude and temperature dependence of the paramagnetic relaxation effects indicate the presence of exchangeable protons in the coordination sphere of the heme iron atom. The exchange rate (9.3 x 10(4) S-1 at 25 degrees) and the thermodynamic activation parameters for the exchange process are very similar to those of acid metmyoglobin and acid methemoglobin, suggesting that a water molecule, and not an amino acid residue of the protein, coordinates to the ferric cation of the enzyme in the absence of added substrate or ligands. From the equations appropriate for coordination sphere protons, the distance between these protons and the ferric heme cation was evaluated as 2.1 A, which further supports the interpretation. These experimental results demonstrate that the solvent accessibility of the ferric cation of substrate-free cytochrome P-450 is significantly reduced by the binding of substrate or nitrogenous ligands to the hemeprotein."
1158869,"A bile canalicular membrane fraction was isolated from 24-hour regenerating rat livers, and its properties were compared to those of homologous fractions prepared from the livers of sham-operated and unoperated controls. These canalicular membrane fractions were found to be closely related in terms of their morphology, their purity, their yield, and their qualitative protein banding profiles on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. However, when a rigorous examination of plasma membrane enzyme marker activities was made, the regenerating liver membranes were shown to possess an increased specific activity of alkaline phosphatase and lower levels of Mg2+ ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase in comparison with control specific activity values."
1158870,"1. The subcellular distribution of binding sites for 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin was studied in rat cerebral cortex. Primary fractions showing higher specific activity than homogenate were P2 (crude mitochondria and nerve endings) and P3-P2 was subfractionated on a Ficoll gradient with the P2B (nerve ending) subfraction exhibiting the greatest recovery (65%) and enrichment of toxin binding. Toxin binding showed a distribution similar to that of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and sodium and potassium ion-activated ATPase. 2. P2B and P3 were subfractionated on five-step discontinuous sucrose gradients. The highest specific activity of toxin binding and acetylcholinesterase was associated with fractions of relatively low buoyant density, while choline acetyltransferase activity was associated with fractions of higher density. 3. Toxin binding, acetylcholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase activities were relatively high in olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, thalamic region, caudate nucleus, and brain stem; intermediate in hippocampus; low in cerebellum. 4. The relationship of toxin binding to the putative acetylcholine receptor in brain is discussed."
1158871,"Beta-Ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase catalyzes a common step in the utilization of protocatechuate and cis,cis-muconate by bacteria. Either of the two compounds elicits the synthesize of an enol-lactone hydrolase in Acinetobacter. The enol-lactone hydrolase that is induced by each compound was purified, and the properties of the proteins were compared. Both enzymes appear to be dimers with molecular weights of approximately 25,000. The amino acid compositions of the enzymes differ, and the two proteins do not cross-react serologically. The NH2-terminal amino acid residue of the protocatechuate-induced enol-lactone hydrolase (ELH I) is methionine and the NH2-terminal amino acid residue of the cis,cis-muconate-induced enol-lactone hydrolase (ELH II) is proline. Therefore, ELH I and ELH II appear to be the products of different structural genes. The serological specificity of ELH I and ELH II made it possible to demonstrate the mutually independent regulation of their synthesis in wild type cells and in constitutive mutant strains. The synthesis of ELH I is not impaired in mutant strains that cannot synthesize ELH II. The rapid characterization of mutant strains that produce ELH I or ELH II constitutively was made possible by the development of pH indicator enzyme assays that were performed with toluenized cells. cis,trans-Muconate, which does not support the growth of Acinetobacter, elicits the synthesis of the enzymes that normally are induced by cis,cis-muconate to 20% of fully induced levels."
1158872,"Cold-insoluble globulin (CI globulin) was purified from human plasma and identified on the basis of its sedimentation coefficient, electrophoretic mobility, and concentration in normal plasma. CI globulin was distinguished from antihemophilic factor (AHF) by amino acid analysis, position of elution from 4% agarose, and electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate without prior reduction. CI globulin and AHF could not be distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction and probably have very similar subunit molecular weights. CI globulin apparently consists of two polypeptide chains, each of molecular weight 2.0 x 10(5), held together by disulfide bonds. CI globulin was a substrate for activated fibrin-stabilizing factor (FSF, blood coagulation factor XIII). FSF catalyzed the incorporation of a fluorescent primary amine, N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, into CI globulin and also catalyzed the cross-linking of CI globulin into multimers, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction. In the presence of fibrin, cross-linking of CI globulin by FSF occurred without the formation of CI globulin multimers. Instead, polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 2.6 x 10(5) and 3.0 x 10(5) were seen. The formation of these polypeptides coincided with the loss of the alpha chain of fibrin and CI globulin. The polypeptides were not seen when fibrin alone was cross-linked. The formation of the polypeptides was greater in fine clots than in coarse clots, and greater in clots incubated at 0 degrees than in clots incubated at 37 degrees. In clots made from purified fibrinogen, CI globulin, and FSF, the concentration of CI globulin in the clot liquor was greater if either FSF or calcium ion was omitted and cross-linking did not take place. These observations suggest that CI globulin is enzymically cross-linked to one of the chains of fibrin, most likely the alpha chain, and is thus covalently incorporated into the fibrin clot. CI globulin is very similar to a protein in the plasma membrane of fibroblasts. The cross-linking of CI globulin to itself and to fibrin may typify reactions also involving the fibroblast membrane protein."
1158873,"Dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate penetrates intact human erythrocytes and cross-links many of the membrane proteins to hemoglobin as well as to each other. The cross-linked complexes so produced have been analyzed by both one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, making use of the easy cleavability of the disulfide-containing reagent. The basic pattern of cross-linked complexes appears identical with that seen with unsealed ghosts. Although subtle relative motions cannot be ruled out, no rearrangement of nearest neighbor peptide chains, on a scale that would alter the cross-linking pattern, occurs during osmotic lysis of erythrocytes. Superimposed on the basic pattern was a series of complexes involving globin chains. Bands 1, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 3, 4.1, 4.2, 6, and 7 (nomenclature of Steck, T.L. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 66, 295-305) are all cross-linked to hemoglobin. Bands 2.2 and 2.4, recently shown to be accessible to the external surface of the membrane (Staros, J. V., and Richards, F. M. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 2720-2726), may be transmembrane proteins on the basis of the present findings. Band 5 is the only major band to show no detectable complexes with hemoglobin; oligomers of Band 5 itself, however, are seen. The absence of hemoglobin/Band 5 cross-linking in this case could reflect a special, as yet unexplained, environment for the Band 5 peptide. The amount of Band 6 in isolated membranes diminishes with increasing reagent concentration."
1158874,"AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat muscle. The preparation exhibits a single polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 60,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 11.3 S. Analysis by sedimentation equilibrium techniques showed the nat-ive enzyme to have a molecular weight of 238,000, whereas the enzyme, when analyzed in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, had a molecular weight of only 59,500. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and peptide mapping was performed on a tryptic digest of S-carboxymethylated enzyme. NH2-terminal analysis by both the dansylation and cyanate procedures failed to identify a free NH2 terminus. Treatment of the enzyme with carboxypeptidase A resulted in the release of approximately 0.5 mol each of valine and leucine per 60,000 g of enzyme. The data presented indicate that hte native enzyme has a tetrameric structure consisting of four polypeptide chains each having a molecular weight of 60,000. The COOH-terminal analysis can be interpreted either as an indication of subunit heterogeneity or as a result of incomplete digestion of a  -X-Leu-Val sequence at the end of a single type of polypeptide chain. Tryptic peptide maps strongly support the latter interpretation and suggest that the subunits are essentially identical."
1158875,"Upon reaction with N-ethylmaleimide, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas dissociates into subunits. At pH7, the rate of the dissociation is close to both the reaction rate of the buried--SH groups and the rate of inactivation (Iborra, F., Mourgeon, G., Labouesse B., and Labouesse, J. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 39, 547-556). The pH and enzyme concnetration dependences of the reaction rate of the 16 cysteinyl residues of the enzyme as well as that of its inactivation support the idea that inactivation by alkylation of the--SH groups is due essentially to the dissociation of the protein into inactive subunits and not to the chemical blocking of a catalytic residue. This is confirmed by the independence on N-ethylmaleimide concentration of the reaction of the buried--SH groups and of the inactivation of the enzyme at high N-ethylmaleimide concentration. The dissociation becomes in this case the rate-limiting step of the chemical reaction. The monomeric structure is stabilized by the blocking of the--SH groups exposed during the dissociation. The dissociation constant of the dimeric enzyme is progressively increased during the alkylation. The tightness of the associated structure depends on the protonation of groups titrating between pH 7 and pH 9."
1158876,"Phenylalanine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. (ATCC 11299a) has been purified 25- to 30-fold by a procedure which has been modified from that previously described for this organism (Guroff, G., and Ito, T. (1965) J. Biol. Chem. 240, 1175-1184; Guroff, G., and Rhoads, C. A. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 3641-3645). Further purification yielded a preparation which was judged to be about 80% pure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing and standard analytical polyacrylamide gels, but the activity in this preparation has proved to be very labile. The enzyme appears to be a single protein chain of between 25,000 to 27,000 molecular weight. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan inhibit the activation of the enzyme by iron in a competitive fashion. The tyrosine metabolites, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic and homogentisic acids exhibit a biphasic effect on activation, stimulating at low iron, and inhibiting at higher iron concentrations. The hydroxylation itself is inhibited by tyrosine and related compounds such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine. p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is a competitive inhibitor with respect to both substrate and cofactor. The data indicate a variety of means by which the bacterium can regulate phenylalanine hydroxylation."
1158877,"The ethylisocyanide equilibria of all the five known hemoglobins M, namely Hb M Iwate (alpha287 Tyrbeta2), Hb M Boston (alpha258 Tyrbeta2), Hb M Hyde Park (alpha2beta292 Tyr), Hb M Saskatoon (alpha2beta263 tyr), and Hb M Milwaukee-I (alpha2beta267 Glu), were studied both in the half-ferric and fully reduced heme states. In the half-ferric state, no heme-heme interaction was observed for Hb M Iwate, Hb M Boston, and Hb M Hyde Park, but Hb M Saskatoon and Hb M Milwaukee-I show small but definite heme-heme interaction with Hill's n of 1.3. The beta chain mutants, Hb M Hyde Park and Hb M Saskatoon, have almost normal affinity for ethylisocyanide and a normal Bohr effect, whereas the alpha chain mutants, Hb M Iwate and Hb M Boston, have abnormally low affinity and almost no Bohr effect. Hb M Milwaukee-I showed a large Bohr effect and low affinity. These results are consistent qualitatively with those on oxygen equilibria reported previously. In the fully reduced state, in which all four hemes were in the ferrous state and capable of binding ethylisocyanide distinct differences were found in the extent of heme-heme interaction. Namely, the n values for proximal histidine mutants, Hb M Iwate and Hb M Hyde Park, were 1.1 and 1.0, respectively, whereas the distal histidine mutants, Hb M Boston and Hb M Saskatoon, showed high n values of 2.4 and 1.6, respectively. Hb M Milwaukee-I also exhibited a high n value of 2.0 The ethylisocyanide affinity of the four histidine mutants was high compared with that of Hb A, while that for Hb M Milwaukee-I was almost normal. All five Hbs M had approximately normal magnitudes of Bohr effect. In the half-ferric state, the proximal and distal histidine mutants of the same chain showed similar affinity for ethylisocyanide and Bohr effect, rather different from those of the mutants of the opposite chain. These differences seem to be derived from the difference of abnormal bonding of ferric iron to tyrosine or glutamic acid. On the other hand, the reduction of iron, which abolished the abnormal bonding and made all of the chains capable of binding ligand, extinguished the differences of alpha and beta chains, and the effect of amino acid side chains close to iron on ligand binding properties became clear. Proximal histidine, which is considered to trigger the transition between the T and R states, seems to be essential to the heme-heme interaction."
1158878,"The first 107 residues of Fragment C of human serum albumin have been sequenced and two positions at which affinity labels block the indole site determined. Histidine 23 is the position of blockage by bromoacetyl-L-tryptophan and lysine 67 is the position of blockage by 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride and probably pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The presence of an indole ligand at the binding site markedly reduces incorporation of the label into the above lysyl residue, and in the case of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride, increases incorporation into three other positions, lysine residues 13, 39, and 84. It is concluded that binding of the indole ligand on the site brings about conformational changes in the albumin structure exposing new reactive positions for 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride. There is a large accumulation of basic and hydrophobic residues and no glycine, serine, threonine, valine, aspartate, or cysteine residues in the sequence 10 to 43. Lysine 71 has been identified by amino acid analyses and sequence studies as the position acetylated by acetylsalicylic acid (Hawkins, D. R., Pinckard, N., Crawford, C. P., and Farr, R. S. J. Clin. Invest. (1969) 48, 536), establishing the structural relationships of two major ligand binding sites on albumin. The lone tryptophan is at position 86. Evidence indicates that within residues 1 to 86 of Fragment C and within residues of the A-Phe fragment (Mr equals approximately 10,000), the latter known to be adjacent to Fragment C in the whole albumin structure, exists the major binding sites of all ligands for human serum albumin."
1158879,"Avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase (EC 1.13.11.27) was purified to a 1000-fold increase in specific activity over crude supernatant, utilizing a substrate analogue, o-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, to stabilize the enzyme. The preparation was homogeneous with respect to sedimentation with a sedimentation velocity (s20,w) of 5.3 S. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 97,000 +/- 5,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and the molecular weight of the subunits was determined to be 49,000 +/- 3,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed heterogeneity of the purified enzyme. The multiple molecular forms were separable by isoelectric focusing, and their isoelectric points ranged from pH 6.8 to 6.0. The amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the three forms isolated by isoelectric focusing were very similar. The forms of the enzyme had the same relative activity toward p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate. Conditions which are known to accelerate nonenzymic deamidation of proteins caused interconversion of the multiple molecular forms. Iron was the only transition metal found to be associated with the purified enzyme at significant levels. The amount of enzyme-bound iron present in equilibrium-dialyzed samples was equivalent to 1 atom of iron per enzyme subunit. Purification of the enzyme activity correlated with the purification of the enzyme-bound iron. An EPR scan of the purified enzyme gave a signal at g equal 4.33, which is characteristic of ferric iron in a rhombic ligand field."
1158880,"Follicle-stimulating hormone of a high state of physicochemical and biological purity was isolated from acetone-preserved human pituitary glands. The follicle-stimulating hormone was dissociated into alpha and beta subunits by treatment with 8 M urea and the subunits were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The subunits were freed of undissociated or reassociated follicle-stimulating hormone by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. For the establishment of the primary amino acid sequence, the alpha subunit was reduced and either carboxyamidomethylated or S-aminoethylated prior to a thermolytic or a tryptic digestion. Each digest was gel filtered on a column of Sephadex G-50 to separate the glycopeptides from the peptides. The glycopeptides and the peptides were purified further by sequential gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, G-15, and Bio-Gel-P-2 and were isolated by high voltage electrophoresis at pH 6, 3.5, and 2. The purity of the isolated peptides was ascertained further by amino acid analysis. The amino acid sequences of the peptides were determined by Edman degradation followed by subtractive amino acid analysis. COOH-terminal sequences were established by digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. The primary amino acid sequence of human follicle-stimulating hormone-alpha is identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin-alpha and differs from that of human luteinizing hormone-alpha in having the tripeptide Ala-Pro-Asx- at the NH2-terminal end."
1158881,"In teleosts glucosephosphate isomerase exists as two tissue-specific isozymes. Most tissues contain the more acidic liver-type isozyme, while white muscle contains the more basic isozyme; and a few tissues contain both the liver- and muscle-type isozymes as well as a hybird. The isozymes were isolated from catfish liver and muscle and from conger muscle and shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, analytical ultracentrifugation, and rechromatography. Both isozymes are of molecular weight 132,000 (S020,w = 7.0 S) and composed of two subunits of Mr approximately 65,000. The muscle and liver isozymes were shown to have distinct isoelectric points (catfish liver = 6.2; muscle = 7.0) and amino acid compositions. Tryptic peptide maps, after S-carboxymethylation and carbamylation, revealed several distinct differences in the primary structures of the isozymes. Although the isozymes could also be distinguished on the basis of their stabilities, most of their basic catalytic properties were found to be similar. A conger was obtained which was heterozygous for the variant allele at the muscle-glucosephosphate isomerase locus. A comparison of the variant conger muscle isozyme with the wild type revealed a single altered peptide, suggesting a point mutation. The structure-function studies, as well as the genetic studies, clearly establish that the two types of isozymes are of independent genetic origin."
1158882,"A triglyceride lipase different from lipoprotein lipase, but measurable only after intravenous heparin injection, has been isolated from human plasma by sequential use of heparin-Sepharose and concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Using these procedures, phospholipase A1 activity was found to chromatograph identically with the triglyceride lipase. The constancy of the ratio of activities after isoelectric focusing (pI 4.1) and during thermal deactivation indicates that this enzyme has hydrolase activity against both triglycerides and phospholipids. This conclusion was supported further by the homogeneity of the protein as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."
1158883,"Equilibrium dialysis studies on the binding of the blood group B-specific Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin to methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside demonstrated the existence of one carbohydrate binding site per subunit for the tetrameric protein, with an intrinsic association constant of 8.6 x 10(4) (M) (-1) at 2 degrees and 3.3 x 10(4) (M)(-1) at 20 degrees. These values correspond to a free energy of binding, ΔG(0') (pH 7.2), of -6.21 kcal/mol and-6.06 kcal/mol at 2 degrees and 20 degrees, respectively. The sites appeared homogeneous and noninteracting. B. simplicifolia lectin receptor sites per human B erythrocyte varied from 0.72 x 10(5) to 1.34 x 10(5) with an apparent association constant of 1.1 x 10(7) (M)(-1) to 2.9 x 10(7) (M)(-l). The binding characteristics of B. simplicifolia lectin are compared to other purified lectins."
1158884,"The total degradation of heparin by the joint action of a purified heparinase and a heparitinase from Flavobacterium heparinum is reported. The heparinase acts directly upon heparin, yielding 52% of a trisulfated disaccharide (O-(alpha-L-ido-4-enepyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1leads to 4)-2sulfoamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-sulfate) and 40% of a tetrasaccharide besides small amounts of hexa- and disaccharides. The tetrasaccharide is in turn completely degraded by the heparitinase, forming trisulfated disaccharide and disulfated disaccharide (O-(alpha-D-glyco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-(1leads to 4)-2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-sulfate) in equal amounts. These and other results indicate that the tri- and disulfated disaccharides are linked alternately, in a proportion of 3:1, respectively. The primary structure of heparin and the mode of action of the heparinase and the heparitinase are proposed based on the analysis of the different products formed by the action of the enzymes."
1158885,"In a condensation between [3-3H3]pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P as catalyzed by 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-P aldolase (EC 4.1.2.14) of Pseudomonas putida, C--C synthesis occurred appreciably faster than C--3H bond breaking. Since tritium is present in tritiated pyruvate in tracer amounts, this result showed hydrogen isotope discrimination in pyruvate deprotonation and suggests enolpyruvate generation to be at least partially rate-limiting in the condensation reaction. Consequently, in a condensation reaction between [3-3H, 2H,H]pyruvate of known chirality and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P, the newly synthesized C--C bond would be enriched for at what was the C--H bond of chiral pyruvate, discriminating against the C--2H and C--3H bonds. Additional studies showed that condensations between (3S)-[3-3H, 2H,H]- or (3R)-[3-3H, 2H,H]pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P yielded predominantly (3S)- or (3R)-2-keto-3-deoxy[3-3H, 2H]gluconate-6-P, respectively. By comparison with sterochemical models, it was concluded that condensation occurred with retention of configuration at C-3. Thus in the turnover of substrates as catalyzed by this enzyme, both the exchanging proton from water and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P attack the same face of the enzyme-bound pyruvyleneamine."
1158886,"In Pseudomonas saccharophila 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate-6-P aldolase (EC 4.1.2.21) is induced by growth on galatose while 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-P aldolase (EC 4.1.2.14) is constitutive. These enzymes catalyze identical reactions except for the configuration fixed at C-4 during the condensation reaction. It was found with each enzyme that in a condensation between [3-3H3]pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-P, the respective condensation products were formed 8 to 10 times faster than tritium was released to water. Since pyruvate deprotonation is obligatory for condensation, the above result requires a hydrogen isotope effect in enolpyruvate formation, which must be then at least partially rate limiting for C--C synthesis. Further, condensation between D-glyceraldehyde-3-P and (3R)-[3-3H, 2H,H]pyruvate or (3S)-[3-3H, 2H,H]pyruvate, as catalyzed by each enzyme, enriched for (3R)- and (3S)-3-3H, 2H-labeled condensation product, respectively. Thus, each enzyme catalyzes C--C and C--H synthesis with retention of configuration at C-3. This shows that the active sites of both enzymes are asymmetric since solutes can only approach a single face of the bound pyruvyl enolate. In addition, the respective aldehyde specific portions of the two active sites must have opposite chiralities, with respect to each other, for correctly orienting the carbonyl faces of the incoming D-glyceraldehyde-3-P, to generate the correct configuration at C-4 of the respective condensation products."
1158887,"Polycations, including ribonuclease A, ribonuclease S protein and peptide, spermine, spermidine, and polylysines, enhance unstimulated and stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of beef thyroid membranes at low concentrations and inhibit these activities at high concentrations. Peak polylysine stimulation occurs with degrees of polymerization of 6 to 14, and for large polymers a potency limit for this maximum is reached at 4 X 10(-5) M expressed as lysine residues. Both enhancement and inhibition appear to be due to charge-charge interactions and are abolished by KC1. Polyanions are inhibitory only. The biphasic effect of polycations is seen on basal cyclase activity, occurs with prostaglandin E1- and 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate-stimulated cyclase, but is most striking with thyrotropin. There is little enhancement of F--activated cyclase. The enhancement is not sensitive to changes in pH, Mg2+, or regenerating system and does not correlate with the stability constants between polycations and ATP. We suggest that the polycation effect is a general, electrostatic effect on membrane conformation and is not restricted to a particular receptor domain."
1158888,"A particulate enzyme from bovine aorta catalyzes the incorporation of mannose from GDP-D-[14C]mannose into three products as follows: 1. Most of the radioactivity which is incorporated in short term incubations is into a product that is soluble in CHCl3/CH3OH (2/1, v/v). This product was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20. The purified glycolipid was stable to alkaline saponification but released [14C]mannose when subjected to mild acid hydrolysis (1/2 = 7 min at 100 degrees in 0.01 N HCl). The purified glycolipid had the same mobility on silica gel plates in an acidic, basic, or neutral solvent system as did glycolipid had the same mobility on silica gel plates in an acidic, basic, or neutral solvent system as did authentic dolichyl mannopyranosyl phosphate. The synthesis of the 14C-mannolipid was reversed by the addition of GDP and Mg2+. 2. [14C]mannose is also incorporated, although at a slower rate into products which are soluble in CHCl3/CH3OH/H2O (1/1/0.3, v/v). When the 1/10.3 soluble material was chromatographed on Avicel plates, it gave rise to three distinct radioactive bands which appear to be lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Mild acid hydrolysis of the 1/10.3 soluble material released water-soluble, neutral 14C-oligosaccharides which eluted from Sephadex G-50 in two or three peaks between the standards cytochrome c and GDP-mannose..."
1158889,"A fractionation procedure has been developed which permits the isolation of 1 to 2 mg of homarine from a single shrimp. This procedure was used to show that homarine is endogenously synthesized by Penaeus duorarum in the free unbound form, and to study the metabolic precursors involved. Injected DL-[14C]tryptophan was not converted to [14C]homarine. However, [6-14C]quinolinic acid, a known catabolite of tryptophan, is an effective precursor. [2-14C]Acetate and [U-14C]glycerol are effectively converted to [14C]homarine while [14C]bicarbonate is poorly utilized. The injection of L-[U-14C]aspartate resulted in labeled homarine, but the quantity converted was less than expected. Since [14C]glycerol is an effective precursor there is a possibility that quinolinic acid may be formed in P. duorarum by a condensation similar to that of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with aspartic acid or a closely related metabolite. It is suggested that decarboxylation of quinolinic acid gives rise to picolinic acid which is methylated to yield homarine. L-[methyl-14C]Methionine efficiently provides the N-methyl carbon presumably via S-adenosylmethionine."
1158890,"Omega-Cyclohexyl undecanoic acid and omega-cyclohexyl tridecanoic acid were found in 10 strains of acido-thermophilic bacteria isolated from different Japanese hot springs. These unusual fatty acids were found in the esterified form in glyceride type complex lipids and constituted 74 to 93% of the total fatty acids in the bacteria. The fatty acids other than omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids found were 14-methyl hexadecanoic acid (3 to 15%) and 15-methyl hexadecanoic acid (1 to 6%), and trace amounts of straight chain and methyl-branched tetra- and penta-decanoic acids. Biosynthesis of omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids increased with increase in the concentration of glucose in the culture medium. The metabolism of omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids was studied using deuterium-labeled precursors by mass fragmentation analysis. The deuterium of [2-D]glucose was specifically incorporated into position 2 of the cyclohexyl ring of the fatty acids, indicating that the ring was synthesized from the glucose molecule. Radioactivity was efficiently incorporated into the omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids from labeled glucose, shikimate, and cyclohexyl carboxylate. These findings indicate that omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids are synthesized with glucose through shikimic acid and probably cyclohexyl carboxylyl-CoA derivative as the intermediates."
1158891,"D-Amino acid aminotransferase, purified to homogeneity and crystallized from Bacillus sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 60,000 and consists of two subunits identical in molecular weight (30,000). The enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 280, 330, and 415 nm, which are independent of the pH (5.5 to 10.0), and contains 2 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of enzyme. One of the pyridoxal-5'-P, absorbing at 415 nm, is bound in an aldimine linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the protein, and is released by incubation with phenylhydrazine to yield the catalytically inactive form. The inactive form, which is reactivated by addition of pyridoxal 5'phosphate, still has a 330 nm peak and contains 1 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Therefore, this form is regarded as a semiapoenzyme. The holoenzyme shows negative circular dichroic bands at 330 and 415 nm. D-Amino acid aminotransferase catalyzes alpha transamination of various D-amino acids and alpha-keto acids. D-Alanine, D-alpha-aminobutyrate and D-glutamate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and alpha-ketobutyrate are the preferred amino donors and acceptors, respectively. The enzyme activity is significantly affected by both the carbonyl and sulfhydryl reagents. The Michaelis constants are as follows: D-alanine (1.3 and 4.2 mM with alpha-ketobutyrate and alpha-ketoglutarate, respictively), alpha-ketobutyrate (14 mM withD-alanine), alpha-ketoglutarate (3.4 mM with D-alanine), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (2.3 muM) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (25 muM)."
1158892,"The complete amino acid sequence of notexin, a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. The protein consists of a single chain of 119 amino acids cross-linked by seven disulfide bridges and has a formula weight of 13,578. The main fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. A  cyanogen bromide fragment and tryptic peptides were used to align the five major staphylococcal protease peptides. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation using the direct phenylthiohydantoin method and with carboxypeptidase A. Notexin is shown to be homologous to both porcine pancreatic phospholipase A and a phospholipase A from the venom of Naja melanoleuca."
1158893,"The structure of the oligosaccharide chain of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide that serves as a donor of oligosaccharide chain to proteins of hen oviduct membranes has been investigated. A [Man-14C]glycopeptide fraction was prepared from membrane glycoproteins labeled with GDP-[14C]mannose. Reductive alkaline cleavage of this glycopeptide yielded a reduced oligosaccharide that, by four criteria, was identical with reduced [Man-14C]oligosaccharide prepared from [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid. The structure of the oligosaccharide chain of the [Man-14C]glycopeptide was investigated by cleavage with a specific endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, followed by treatment of the released oligosaccharide with purified al alpha-and beta-mannosidases. By this procedure it was possible to establish the structure of the cleavage product as (alpha-Man)n-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc. Similar studies were performed on the [GlcNAc-14C]oligosaccharide prepared by hydrolysis of [GlcNAc-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid. The results indicate that the structure of the intact oligosaccharide is (alpha-Man)n-beta-Man-(1 leads 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc. These experiments, coupled with earlier enzymatic studies on synthesis of the glycoproteins from the lipid-linked oligosaccharide, provide strong evidence that the structure of the oligosaccharide intermediate and the oligosaccharide chain of the glycoprotein product contain the same core structure found in many secretory glycoproteins."
1158894,"Endogenous proteins of cell-free preparations of hen oviduct labeled from GDP-[14C]Man or from [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid have been compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under the conditions tested, a polypeptide chain of molecular weight about 25,000 was the principle acceptor for the oligosaccharide moiety of exogenous [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid. The product labeled by [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid appeared identical with one of three glycoproteins formed when GDP-[14C]Man was incubated with a crude membrane fraction. These three proteins (apparent molecular weight of 75,000, 55,000, and 25,000) accounted for nearly two-thirds of the [14C]mannose-labeled glycoprotein products using GDP-[14C]Man and either the crude membrane fraction or a total oviduct homogenate. Thus, all of the mannose acceptor proteins present in the oviduct homogenate appear to be membrane-bound. Analyses of the [Man-14C]glycoproteins labeled from GDP-[14C]Man in membrane fractions from hen kidney, liver, brain, and oviduct indicated that a labeled polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 25,000 was the only major protein product common to the four preparations."
1158895,"Single-stranded scissions are induced in the covalently closed circular chloroplast (ct-) DNAs from peas, spinach, and lettuce plants by treatment with alkali or by incubation with a mixture of ribonucleases A and T1. These scissions are due to the presence of covalently linked ribonucleotides in these closed circular DNAs. By comparing the scission rates of these ctDNAs to the scission rate of RNA, it has been estimated that pea and spinach ctDNAs contain a maximum of 18 +/- 2 ribonucleotides/molecule, while lettuce ctDNA contains a maximum of 12 +/- 2 ribonucleotides/molecule. Further studies with pea ctDNA by electron microscopic methods have shown that pea ctDNA contains 19 alkali-labile sites at specific locations. A map of the relative positions of the alkali-labile sites has been constructed. These alkali-labile sites are presumably due to the insertion of individual ribonucleotides."
1158896,"Preparative agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions has been successfully employed to purify large quantities of ovalbumin mRNA from hen oviducts. The mRNA thus prepared is physically homogeneous based on its migration as a single component on electrophoresis in both analytical acid-urea agarose gels and formamide-containing, neutral polyacrylaminde gels; it also sediments as a single peak in sucrose gradients containing 70% formamide. The mRNA is chemically free of ribosomal RNA contamination since its oligonucleotide fingerprint map after complete T1 ribonuclease digestion contains no detectable specific large oligonucleotide markers of ribosomal RNAs. It is also not contaminated by other biologically active messenger RNAs because, when it is added to the cell-free wheat germ translation system, the only protein product synthesized is ovalbumin as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and specific immunoprecipitation. Ovalbumin mRNA has a nucleotide composition of 32.3% A, 21.0% G, 25.7% U, and 20.7% C [(A+U)/(G+C) equal 1.41]. The mRNA contains a heterogeneous poly(A) tract ranging from 20 to 140 residues with a number average chain length of 62 adenylate residues. The molecular weight of the sodium salt of the purified mRNA is approximately 650,000 +/- 63,000, corresponding to a chain length of 1890 +/- 180 nucleotides, as determined by electron microscopy under completely denaturing conditions. This value is in close agreement with the values obtained from: (a) sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of 70% formamide; (b) evaluation of poly(A) content in the mRNA and the number average chain length of its poly(A) tract; and (c) sedimentation velocity studies in the presence of 3% formaldehyde. When 125I-labeled ovalbumin mRNA is allowed to hybridize with a large excess of chick DNA, the observed kinetics of hybridization reveal no appreciable reaction between the mRNA and the repeated sequences of the chick DNA, although the mRNA appears to be approximately 600 nucleotides longer than necessary to code for ovalbumin. It thus appears that the entire ovalbumin mRNA is primarily transcribed from a unique sequence in the chick genome."
1158897,"At low ionic strength KB cell DNA polymerase N1 forms large aggregates of a size comparable to those of DNA polymerase C. However, in contrast to polymerase C, the polymerase N1 aggregate: (a) retains the distinctive features of the polymerase N1 monomer, specifically its relative insensitivity to salt and to p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and its pI of 9.3; and (b) is quantitatively converted to the polymerase N1 monomer form at appropriate ionic strength. It is important to recognize that since both polymerase N1 and polymerase C undergo salt-dependent association-dissociation reactions, attempts to distinguish these clearly indedependent polymerase species on the basis of size criteria can be very misleading. This is particularly true in relatively impure enzyme fractions that are generally isolated from eukaryotic tissue sources in low ionic strength buffers. We had earlier reported (Wang, T. S.-F., Sedwick, W. D., and Korn, D. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249,841-850; Sedwick, W. D., Wang, T. S.-F., and Korn, D. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247,5026-5033; Sedwick, W. D., Wang, T. S.-F., and Korn, D. (1974) Methods Enzymol. 29, 89-102) that DNA polymerase N1 could not utilize homoribopolymer templates. We have re-examined this question with a modified and more stringent method of product assay, and we show here that a greater than or equal 95% homogeneous preparation of polymerase N1 can copy the primer-template (A)n-(dT)-/16 at about one-half the rate that it copies activated DNA under optimum incubation conditions."
1158898,"In the presence of a procoagulant fraction (Echis carinatus procoagulant) isolated from the venom of the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus sochureki, purified human prothrombin (P1) is completely converted to thrombin. The first step is the removal of an NH2-terminal peptide (F1) representing approximately one-third of the prothrombin molecule. The remaining peptide (P2) is then cleaved by the action of E.c. procoagulant to yield a two-chain, disulfide-bridged protein (P'2) which has the same molecular weight as P2. P'2 has enzymic (thrombin) activity, as evidence by incorporation of radiolabeled diisopropylphosphate into its heavy chain (TB), hydrolysis of p-toluenesulfonylarginine methyl ester, and clotting of fibrinogen. Relative to thrombin, its esterolytic activity greatly exceeds its clot-promoting activity. Examination of the polypeptide chains obtained by reducing P'2 has shown that its larger chain (TB) is indistinguishable from the heavy chain of thrombin. Its other chain (F2TA) consists of the light chain (TA) of thrombin bound by peptide linkage to the protion of the prothrombin molecule which had been adjacent to F1. Removal of this portion (F2) is catalyzed by thrombin (and, evidently, by P'2), but not by the E.c. procoagulant. When F2 is removed from P'2, the remaining two-chian protein is indistinguishable from thrombin by any of the criteria applied--molecular weight, subunit chain composition, or enzymic activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out in sodium dodecyl sulfate before and after disulfide reduction of samples generated in the presence and in the absence of diisopropylphosphorofluoridate, which inhibits thrombin but not the E.c. procoagulant. Such experiments showed that thrombin (and probably P'2), as well as E.c. procoagulant, catalyzes the release of F1. Furthermore, thrombin brings about the cleavage of F1 to yield a two-chain, disulfidebridged protein (F'1). These observations, particularly those made in the course of characterizine P'2, have led to the conclusion that cleavage of the peptide bond connecting the TA and TB portions of the prothrombin molecule (or its derivatives) produces a serine active center and, hence, a molecule possessing thrombin activity. This cleavage is catalyzed by the E.c. procoagulant but not by thrombon itself."
1158899,"The crystal structures of acid metmyoglobin and deoxy cobalt(II)mesoporphyrin IX myoglobin were compared by a difference Fourier analysis at 2.5 A resolution. No large differences in protein conformation were observed. The greatest density of structural differences was found in the heme region. There was a loss of the histidine-bound sulfate ion and of the metal-bound water molecule, as well as a shift in the position of the prosthetic group with associated changes in the adjacent globin. The structural changes resulting from the substitution of ethyl for the vinyl side chains of the porphyrin were clearly observed. There was also a suggestion of a conformational change of the porphyrin ring. It was not clear whether there was any change of the metal position relative to the porphyrin plane or proximal histidine."
1158907,"In a retrospective review of 119 intracapsular hip fractures treated by the Deyerle method (seventy-nine patients treated at San Francisco General Hospital and forty at Brookside Community Hospital), fifty-nine patients were available for follow-up after two or more years or were rated as failures before that time. In the San Francisco General series the incidence of avascular necrosis was 43 per cent and of non-union, 23 per cent, while in the Brookside series the incidences were 12.5 per cent and 12.5 per cent, respectively. The functional end results in the San Francisco General series were rated excellent or satisfactory in 40 per cent and failures in 60 per cent, and in the Brookside series there were 75 per cent excellent or satisfactory results and 25 per cent failures."
1158908,"Forty-two unstable, four-part intertrochanteric fractures in forty-one patients (seventy-one to 104 years old) with severe osteoporosis were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (Jewett nail or compression screw-plate) supplemented with methylmethacrylate packed into the curetted medullary space. One patient was lost to follow-up, one died of a myocardial infarction at six weeks, and one was excluded because of an unsuspected myeloma found at the fracture site. All patients were sitting up in a chair the day after operation. Full weight-bearing on the limb was started within three weeks by thirty patients and at an average of 118 days by six who had very comminuted fractures. Three patients, non-ambulatory preoperatively, did not walk after operation. Of the thirty-eight fractures followed for from nine to thirty-seven months, thirty-seven healed with no loss of position. One fracture which had been fixed with the nail and cement not extending far enough into the head and neck displaced, and the operation had to be repeated, this time with a successful result. The fractures healed by periosteal new-bone formation. There was no evidence of avascular necrosis or wound complications."
1158909,"Thirty-one patients (with forty involved hips) in whom Legg-Perthes disease developed when they were less than five years old were reviewed. Previously defined roentgenographic features of prognostic significance were measured. Long-term follow-up (average, 129 months) allowed statistical testing of factors previously thought to be of significance in predicting outcome. Many of these patients were found to have poor results as measured roentgenographically. In addition, many prognostic indications were found not to be independent measures and of those demonstrating independence, none correlated with the functional outcome."
1158910,"The gait of men with unilateral hip fusion is somewhat slow, asymmetrical, and arrhythmic as compared with that of normal men. Compensation for absent hip motion is accomplished by increased transverse and sagittal rotation of the pelvis, increased motion in the sound hip, and increased flexion of the knee throughout the stance phase on the fused side. Relationships between the fusion position, certain physical traits, and walking performance suggest that the best gait can be expected in young patients who have free motion of the lumbar spine, the sound hip, and the knee on the side of fusion, and who have equal limb lengths and a hip fused in a position that does not include excessive adduction."
1158911,"We measured the areas of the weight-bearing surfaces of the femorotibial joint of specimens subjected to a compressive force of between 225 and 250 kiloponds, which is considered a physiological load, exerted through the center of the knee. We found the areas to range from 20.13(2) to 11.60 cm2 from extension to flexion of the knee in normal knees, and from 12 cm2 to 6 cm2 after removal of the menisci."
1158912,"A long-term follow-up (average, eight years) of surgical treatment of thirteen cases of Madelung's deformity in eight patients showed that the Darrach procedure was successful when there was mild deformity and that biplane osteotomy of the radius combined with the Darrach procedure was needed for severe deformity. Subluxation of the lunate bone ulnarward occurred after the Darrach procedure but was not clinically symptomatic."
1158913,"Four cases of an unusual angulation deformity of the radial head were seen in juvenile baseball players, with or without associated lesions of osteochondritis in the contiguous capitellum of the humerus and loose-body formation. The established deformity did not show a tendency toward anatomical restitution. In each case, symptoms produced by this deformity were noted to appear in association with athletic activity."
1158914,"In fresh frozen traumatically amputated forearms with a constant tension of one kilogram on the flexor profundus tendon and the interphalangeal joints fixed in full extension by a Kirschner wire, the excursion of the tendon at the metacarpophalangeal joint and the force at the finger tip were correlated with different angles of flexion of the joint, first with the finger intact and then after varying amounts of advancement of the metacarpophalangeal joint pulley system. Pulley advancement increased the tendon excursion required to flex this joint and thus the mechanical advantage at this joint, but only when the joint was partly flexed. The extra excursion required at the metacarpophalangeal joint would be expected to weaken the interphalangeal joints at full flexion. Advancement also permitted ulnar-radial displacement of the tendon at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint and hence could accentuate ulnar or radial drift. Pulley advancement is not recommended."
1158915,The anatomy of the distal phalanx of the human finger was studied in preserved and fresh specimens and the fascia was related to associated structures as a mechanism for prehension. Particular attention was directed to the lateral interosseous ligaments of the distal phalanx and their possible function during gripping with the digital pulp.
1158918,"Between January 1961 and December 1972, 132 patients over twenty years old with idiopathic scoliosis were surgically treated using Harrington instrumentation and fusion techniques. All patients were seen by us because of curve magnitude or symptoms secondary to scoliosis. The average correction obtained at operation was 48 per cent. Twenty-four patients had early complications. Fifty-two had late complications, the most frequent of which was pseudarthrosis. The majority of patients had significant improvement in symptoms as a result of surgical correction and stabilization."
1158919,"Specimens of femoral cortical bone from eighteen subjects between two and forty-eight years old were loaded in bending. Compared with the bone of adults, that of children had a lower modulus of elasticity, a lower bending strength, and a lower ash content. However, the children's bone deflected more and absorbed more energy before breaking. It also tended to absorb more energy after fracture had started. The typical greenstick fracture surface of many specimens of children's bone requires more energy for its production than the relatively smooth surface of adult specimens."
1158920,"Thirteen cases of infectious sacro-iliitis caused by pyogenic organisms are reported and compared with thirty-four cases in the literature. Staphylococcus was the commonest infecting organism (six cases). Two clinical patterns were noted, acute (nine cases) and subacute (four cases). Treatment was by antibiotics and bed rest in all patients. Surgery was indicated for diagnosis in three patients and for abscess in three patients. All of our patients had very good functional recovery."
1158921,"After 2105 silicone prosthetic arthroplasties in the hands of 631 patients, infections occurred in ten. The average time from operation to onset of signs and symptoms of infection was seventeen days, and in seven of the ten patients the infecting organism was Staphylococcus aureus. Seven patients ultimately were treated by removal of the prosthesis, intravenous antibiotics for about five days, and oral antibiotics for about two weeks. At follow-up, twelve to fifty-six months after operation, nearly all of the patients had stable, somewhat stiff but pain-free joints, the results being similar to those after resection arthroplasty."
1158922,"Acute renal failure is often fatal, but usually this complication following trauma is avoidable. Of fifteen patients with acute tubular necrosis associated with severe trauma, thirteen survived. This is a marked improvement in survival rate compared with the rates previously published. We credit the improvement to aggressive medical and surgical treatment by a team of orthopaedic surgeons, nephrologists, and surgeons."
1158923,"The result of treatment of sixty-four patients with infected ununited fractures of long bone by debridement of soft tissue and bone and open suction-irrigation drainage, followed by rigid stabilization of the non-union and cancellous bone-grafting when indicated, was bone union in sixty cases, even in the presence of infection. The late results five to twenty-one years later showed good function despite the fact that prolonged periods of hospitalization were often required. The importance of local treatment of the infection prior to stabilizing the fracture fragments, and the use of cancellous bone grafts when necessary, are emphasized."
1158924,"Dissections of the feet of a three-month-old infant with paralytic congenital vertical talus secondary to lumbar myelomeningocele were compared with a dissection of a normal foot. The major differences appeared to be absence of the plantar intrinsic muscles and dorsal dislocation of the talonavicular joint. It is postulated that the pathological process begins as a failure of the intrinsic muscles to oppose the unbalanced, active dorsiflexion forces of the anterior crural muscles. This imbalance then allows disruption of the talonavicular joint, mechanically the least stable joint in the mid-part of the foot. All dorsiflexion forces acting on the ankle then become ineffective and plantar flexion forces serve only to pull the calcaneus and talus into equinus, causing a ""vertical"" talus. Treatment must be directed at reducing the talonavicular dislocation, correcting the equinus deformity of the hind part of the foot, and substituting for the undeveloped plantar intrinsic muscles."
1158938,"The pathogenesis of flat foot and its operative correction for severe cases are reviewed. The importance of the medial plantar fascia in maintaining the structural integrity of the foot is emphasised. Reinforcement of an incompetent plantar fascia by separating the inner half of the calcaneal tendon and attaching it to the neck of the first metatarsal has given results in three patients that were satisfactory at two, six and seven years later."
1158939,A method of posterior lumbo-sacral fusion is described in which springs are used to fix the grafts and to maintain immobilisation. Fifty patients with lumbar disc degeneration or spondylolisthesis have been reviewed. The results have been assessed clinically by grading the symptoms before and after operation. Stay in hospital has been short and return to work rapid. There has been a high proportion of good results.
1158941,"The incidence and prognostic significance of fractures of acrylic cement related to the stem of a femoral head prosthesis in total hip replacement are examined. These fractures are demonstrated when the cement has been rendered radio-opaque by the addition of barium sulphate. One and a half percent of the radiographs of 6,649 patients showed these fractures, which were sometimes associated with subsidence of the prosthesis. Fracture of the cement was usually evident at the six-month post-operative review, if it occurred at all. This radiological complication was devoid of symptoms in the majority of cases and tended to occur in patients with excellent functional recovery. In a minority of patients pain in the thigh during the first six months seemed likely to be explained by this fracture. Slight subsidence of the prosthesis in the cement bed appeared to result in a new and final position of stability. The prognosis was very good; only when separation of the fracture exceeded about 4 millimetres was the prognosis doubtful, in which case a chronic deep infection might be suspected. Possible mechanical and structural causes of fracture of the cement are discussed."
1158942,"The purpose of the work described was to find the average pressure on each of several areas of the acetabular cartilage of the cadaver hip under physiological loads. By obtaining load-deflection curves for one chosen area of cartilage, firstly with all the cartilage present and then after the successive removal of other areas, the fractions of the original load carried by the several areas were found, and hence the average pressures on those areas. Seventeen hips (age range twenty-two to eighty-seven years) were examined. Local pressures varied from zero to 3.4 times the average pressure in each hip. The highest pressures in the series (about 4 to 5 megaNewtons per square metre) were on the areas of thin fibrocartilage which were identified at the zenith of certain acetabula. The results are too few to establish whether or not the pressure distribution was age-related. The higher pressures found are within the range which in other experiments has led to fatigue failure of femoral head cartilage, and it is suggested that hips in which such pressures exist under loads of three times body weight may be predisposed to osteoarthritis."
1158943,"In two cases of partial closure of epiphysial causing angular deformity, one of a finger and one of the lower end of a femur, the deformities were corrected by growth after resection of a small peripheral bone bridge and its replacement with a free transplant of fat. This procedure has a firm basis on experimental work. Thus, when part of a growth plate in the rabbit is destroyed but the formation of a bone bridge uniting epiphysis and metaphysis is prevented, the destroyed part is replaced by regeneration of cartilage from the adjacent parts of the plate. Moreover, it has been proved in rabbits that when a bone bridge is induced and later resected and replaced with fat, recurrence of the bridge can be prevented and subsequent growth may correct the deformity."
1158944,"A study has been made of 800 consecutive arthroscopic examinations of the knee with special emphasis on the changes in management that resulted. Of 614 knees that would have been operated upon if arthroscopy had not been available, open operation was avoided in 32 per cent, a defferent operation was done or planned in 27 per cent, and there was no important change in the remaining 41 per cent. Of 186 knees that would have been treated conservatively if arthroscopy had not been available, the examination resulted in some immediate benefit to 30 per cent of the patients. There were no wound infections after arthroscopy alone, and the known incidence of incorrect interpretation was 1.4 percent."
1158945,"The causes of persistent symptoms after meniscectomy have been assessed clinically, radiologically and arthroscopically in 174 knees. The commonest finding was early degenerative arthritis (chondromalacia) of the femoral condyle (40 per cent). Retained fragments of meniscus were less common than expected (13 per cent), and lesions of the other meniscus were rare (5 per cent). The clinical diagnosis was altered in 42 percent by arthroscopic examination. Arthroscopy was found to be a valuable technique in this group of patients with problems of diagnosis."
1158946,"Skeletal scintigraphy, which has now been established as a useful and accurate method of detecting early skeletal metastases and assessing their response to treatment, has been investigated for its pathological basis. Histological examination of several hyndred necropsy specimens, from sixty-eight patients who died from malignant disease, showed a significant increase of osteoid and immature woven bone in the presence of metastatic cancer. Tumour-cell suspensions of the VX2 carcinoma were injected into the medullary cavity or on to the periosteal surface of the ilia or tibiae of New Zealand white rabbits. A combination of bone destruction and new bone formation, similar to the autopsy material, was seen. There were at least two mechanisms for the new bone production. Initially, intramembranous ossification was seen in the fibrous stroma surrounding the tumour. Once the cortex was involved and cortical bone destruction had occurred, large amounts of woven bone resembling fracture callus were laid down. The new bone had a markedly increased avidity for bone-seeking isotopes, indicating why skeletal scintigraphy was useful. A further twenty rabbits, in whose ilia the VX2 carcinoma was growing, were treated by local irradiation. When treatment was successful the tumour was destroyed, the production of new bone ceased, and the lesion lost its increased avidity for bone-seeking isotopes, indicating that skeletal scintigraphy could be used to assess the response of skeletal metastases to therapy."
1158947,"The intraosseous pressure in the femur and tibia near the knee and in the internal saphenous vein at knee level was measured in fifty-three patients with suspected knee lesions. There were four groups: with and without degenerative osteoarthritis and with and without aching rest pain of the knee region. Low intraosseous pressures were found in patients with neither osteoarthritis nor rest pain, and in half the patients with osteoarthritis but without rest pain. Low pressures were found in the tibia, but very high intraosseous pressures were found in the femur in most patients with osteoarthritis and rest pain. Patients with no osteoarthritis but with rest pain mostly had high pressures in both the tibia and the femur."
1158948,"The case histories of five young children are presented to demonstrate the radiological appearances of trauma to the spine thought to be the result of maltreatment by either parent or guardian. Four of the children were admitted to hospital within a period of three years, all being under the age of two years."
1158949,"Three cases of the Nievergelt-Pearlman syndrome occurring in a family are presented. In addition to the major features of the syndrome (symphalangism, carpal fusion, atypical club foot with massive tarsal fusion, and congenital dislocation of the head of the radius), all three patients exhibited conductive deafness, which had not been recorded in previous reports. The clinical findings strongly suggested that the loss of hearing was due to fusion of the ossicles of the middle ear."
1158950,"A white child with a long history of illness from the age of six was thought at first to have Hodgkin's disease. There followed an acute illness with lesions involving glands, lungs, bone and skin. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare group (Battey) was isolated from various lesions at the age of thirteen. After six years of continuous treatment the patient, now eighteen, is living a normal life."
1158951,"A retrospective survey of 135 posterior dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hip was carried out in order to define the pattern of associated knee injuries. Thirty-five patients had sustained a significant injury to the knee, of which twenty-five were clearly attributable to a direct blow on the front of the knee (fractured patella, traumatic chondromalacia, fractures of femoral and tibial condyles) and ten were compatible with valgus, varus or rotational forces (medial, lateral and cruciate ligament tears). The second type of injury has not been widely recognised but it is important that it should not be overlooked."
1158952,"A boy aged fourteen trapped and tore at its origin a branch of the terminal part of the superficial femoral artery over a cancellous exostosis during extension of the knee from the position of full flexion. Three months later an expanding false aneurysm necessitated arteriography, after which suture of the tear gave a successful result."
1158953,"Isolated neuropathy of the cutaneous branch of the radial nerve is a rarely recognised condition. Five cases were described in 1932 by Wartenberg, who suggested the name cheiralgia paraesthetica. The condition has also been described as Wartenberg's disease. Twelve cases of isolated neuropathy of the cutaneous branch of the radial nerve are described, the literature is reviewed and the clinical picture outlined. In six of the cases the condition subsided without treatment, in two there was a good response to local injection  of hydrocortisone, and in four cases a satisfactory result followed resection of the nerve. The course and distribution of the superficial branch of the radial nerve are described. The need to avoid the nerve during operations around the wrist is stressed."
1158954,"The anatomy of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint and of dorsal dislocation of the phalanx are described. As similar lesions in the hand, closed reduction is impossible because of interposition of the volar plate. Open reduction is essential and should be performed as soon as possible after the injury."
1158955,"Primary amyloidosis is an interesting clinical entity in which amyloid is deposited in various organs, particularly mesodermderived tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, skin, connective tissue and bone. A case with multiple lytic bone lesions is presented. Comparison to previous similar cases is made with attention being directed to the typical distribution of lesions about large joints with associated soft-tissue prominence and increase in the articular space. The differentiating radiologic features are compared to those of rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, and lytic metastatic lesions, with particular attention being given to the osteolytic lesions of plasmacytomas associated with multiple myeloma."
1158956,The double contrast technique can be applied safely to the investigation of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease. The early changes of mucosal hyperemia and edema can be detected when the colon has been adequately cleansed. The extent and distribution of disease can be mapped with precision. This is of considerable importance in the differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis and in the choice of appropriate treatment. Even in early stages of the disease there is a high correlation between the radiographic abnormalities and the endoscopic findings.
1158957,The angiographic findings in two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas are reported. Tumor blushes were present in both cases and one case showed hypervascularity. These angiographic features distinguish this lesion from the typical adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Squamous cell carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis when hypervascularity or a tumor blush are demonstrated in the pancreas.
1158958,"""Rectal ears,"" transitory protrusions of the rectum into the internal inguinal rings, were observed in a 16-month-old girl who also had ""bladder ears."" Inguinal hernias were not present. The etiology and significance of ""rectal ears"" has not been determined."
1158959,Two cases of antral infracolic volvulus of the stomach are presented. The etiology of gastric volvulus and the difference between the organo-axial and mesentero-axial volvulus are discussed. Further subdivision into partial or complete volvulus and the relationship between the transverse colon and the stomach during gastric volvulus is emphasized. Awareness and understanding of gastric volvulus may allow roentgen diagnosis.
1158960,"The definitive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism remains difficult despite recent advances in nuclear medicine and angiography. In 10% of a selected series of 145 patients a negative chest x-ray and a positive lung scan was associated with no arteriographic evidence of pulmonary emboli. A normal perfusion lung scan excludes significant pulmonary embolism. When pulmonary arteriography is necessary, a biplane selective pulmonary angiogram should be performed and subselective injections may be required. Pulmonary arteriography is less of a threat to a patient suspected of having pulmonary embolic disease than inappropriate treatment."
1158961,"Dense calcification of an old abscess of the left ventricular wall was discovered in a patient with mitral and aortic valvular disease. In spite of the fact that myocarditis occurs in a variety of settings, calcification of a myocardial focus of infection is rare and has not been reported previously."
1158962,"The concept and realization of a highly automated remotely controlled fluoroscopic system, applicable to the examination of debilitated or uncooperative patients, have been described. The addition of a rotating cradle, remotely controlled barium administration, magazine-fed roll film camera, remotely inflated paddle for prone-pressure spot filming, and a vacuum restraining device have been described for the examination of uncooperative as well as cooperative patients. These patients can be examined with as high a degree of sophistication and automation as is now available. Future developments in this area may lie in the realm of multitable remotely controlled fluoroscopic rooms, operation of the above equipment by a super technologist, programmed gastrointestinal examinations utilizing the above equipment and automated programming, and teleremote controlled fluoroscopy from a centralized location with coaxial cable or microwave transmission."
1158963,"We have installed and developed a high resolution closed-circuit television system for transmission of radiographic film images from the emergency room in our hospital to the reading room in our radiology department. Using this system, the radiologist can consult promptly on all films and he has increased efficiency. To transmit high detail images, our television system uses a high resolution vidicon camera with a scan rate of 1029 lines and with a limiting resolution of 1200 TV lines. To further increase the overall diagnostic value of our system, we have added remote controls for changing the magnification, illumination and position of the film. In a preliminary clinical trial, seven radiologists were each shown 27 patient film sets transmitted through the television system and then viewed directly on a conventional view box. An analysis of variance of the accuracy rates in each method showed a statistical difference in methods. Even though the error rate was slightly higher using closed-circuit system, radiologist performance was of acceptable accuracy when considering the advantages of the system. In addition, many of  the factors reducing the TV system performance have been eliminated or controlled, and further experiments should reflect an even smaller difference between the two methods."
1158964,"Repeated injections of angiographic contrast media disrupt the blood-brain barrier and lead to transient cerebral edema in the normal experimental animal brain. The corticosteroid, dexamethasone, protects against the development of this edema without altering the effect of the contrast media on the tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells. Indirect evidence is presented to support the theory that the corticosteroids function to maintain the integrity of the endothelial cells."
1158965,"The myelographic pattern of diffuse meningo-vascular infiltration of the cauda equina is presented as characterized by marked enlargement of the nerve root shadows and occasional nodulation. This appearance, when coupled with appropriate clinical and laboratory findings, allows a specific diagnosis to be made."
1158966,"This could be the first case of bilateral agenesis of the internal carotid artery reported ""in vivo."" Angiogrpahic study has allowed us to recognize the anatomic details of this malformation. The absence of the two carotids is being compensated for by a trigeminal artery on the (left) side and by a hypertrophied accessory meningeal artery on the (right) side. Standard x-rays of the base of the skull (including tomography) revealed a dilation of the foramen ovale, related to the hypertrophied right accessory meningeal artery, and a complete atresia of the two carotid canals. This latter finding permits us definitely to postulate the nature of the congenital anomaly. Finally, the carotid agenesis was associated with the presence of three arterial aneurysms, situated respectively in each carotid territory and in the territory of the basilar artery."
1158967,"Hypochondroplasia is an autosomal dominant discrete form of short-limbed dwarfism with roentgenographic changes similar to, but distinctive from, achondroplasia. The patients are normal at birth and in early childhood present with short-limbed dwarfism, thick body build, long trunk, normal head, moderate lumbar lordosis and broad, stubby hands and feet. A high incidence of mental retardation and absence of other neurologic complications is distinctive from achondroplasia. Diagnosis of hypochondroplasia is primarily radiogrpahic. No single diagnostic radiographic sign is present, and thus, a complete radiographic survey of the whole skeleton is required for diagnosis. Pertinent radiographic findings include a normal skull, short, broad long bones with prominent bony sites of muscle attachment, normal growth plate, prominent styloid process of the ulna and lateral malleolus of the fibula, shortened base of the iliac bones, horizontal hypoplastic low-set sacrum and mild narrowing of the interpediculate distance of the lumbar spine. Differential diagnosis is from other types of short-limbed dwarfism, particularly achondroplasia. Kozlowski, an authority on hypochondroplasia, believes this form of short-limbed dwarfism, if carfully searched for, may be more common than achondroplasia."
1158969,"In the typical meroistic insect ovary, the oocyte nucleus synthesizes little if any RNA.  Nurse cells or trophocytes actively synthesize ribosomes which are transported to and accumulated by the oocyte.  In the telotrophic ovary a morphological separation exists, the nurse cells being localized at the apical end of each ovariole and communicating with the ooocytes via nutritive cords.  In order to determine whether the genes coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are amplified in the telotrophic ovary of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, the percentages of the genome coding for ribosomal RNA in somatic cells, spermatogenic cells, ovarian follicles, and nurse cells were compared.  The oocytes and most of the nurse cells of O. fasciatus are uninucleolate.  DNA hybridizing with ribosomal RNA is localized in a satellite DNA, the density of which is 1.712 g/cm(-3).  The density of main-band DNA is 1.694 g/cm(-3).  The ribosomal DNA satellite accounts for approximately 0.2% of the DNA in somatic and gametogenic tissues of both males and females.  RNA-DNA hybridization analysis demonstrates that approximately 0.03% of the DNA in somatic tissues, testis, ovarian follicles, and isolated nurse cells hybridizes with ribosomal RNA.  The fact that the percentage of DNA hybridizing with rRNA is the same in somatic and in male and female gametogenic tissues indicates that amplification of ribosomal DNA does not occur in nurse cells and that if it occurs in oocytes, it represents less than a 50-fold increase in ribosomal DNA.  An increase in total genome DNA accounted by polyploidization appears to provide for increasing the amount of ribosomal DNA in the nurse cells."
1158970,"The mutant strain bald-2 is unique among ""flagellaless"" strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii isolated to date, in that it possesses a mutant basal body: it is only capable of forming a ring of nine singlet microtubules, 180 nm in diameter, instead of the usual triplet basal body which is 225 nm in diameter.  This singlet basal body lacks structural stability and the ability to associate with striated fiber material but retains two critical properties of basal bodies, namely, information specifying the length to which it should elongate and the ability to induce, albeit rarely, a flagellar transition region, a short, singlet-containing axoneme, and a specialized tunnel in the cell wall through which flagella normally emerge.  The mutation seems to be specific for B- and C-microtubule synthesis or assembly since all other cytoplasmic sets of microtubules appear normal in numbers, orientation, and stability."
1158971,"Using a newly developed vibrating electrode, we have explored the electric fields around lily pollen germinating in vitro.  From these field measurements, we infer that each weeted pollen drives a steady current of a few hundred picoamperes through itself.  Considered as a flow of positive ions, this current enters an ungerminated grain's prospective growth site and leaves it opposite end.  After a grain germinates and forms a tube, this current enters most of the growing tube and leaves the whole grain.  The current densities over both of these extended surface regions are relatively uniform, and the boundary zone, near the tube's base, is relatively narrow.  This current continues as long as the tube grows, and even continues when elongation, as well as cytoplasmic streaming, are blocked by 1 mug/ml of cytochalasin B.  After a otherwise indistinguishable minority of tubes have grown to lengths of a millimeter or more, their current comes to include an endless train of discrete and characteristic current pulses as well as a steady component.  These pulses are about 30s long, never overlap, recur every 60-100s, and seem to enter a region more restricted to be growing tip than the steady current's sink.  In most ways, the current through growing lily pollen resembles that known to flow through focoid eggs."
1158972,"The surface morphology of synchronized P815Y mastocytoma cells has been examined by scanning electron microscopy.  Early G1 cells are comparatively smooth or light villated, whereas at later stages the surface becomes progressively more villated.  In G1 cell most microvilli have a uniform diameter, whereas in S and G2 cells, many microvilli show branching and often originate from much larger surface protuberances.  Small ""blebs"" are seen on the surface of many cells but these structures do not appear to be a characteristic feature of cells at any one stage of the cycle.  The presence of microvilli increases the total surface of the cell to such an extent that the ratio of volume to surface area remains constant throughout the cell cycle.  The mechanism of cytokinesis is thus a physical one, involving the unfolding of previously accumulated microvilli."
1158973,"PMA enhanced release of the azurophil granule enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, as well as lysozyme, from cytochalasin B-treated PMN's exposed to either zymosan particles or C5a.  PMA was active at nanomolar concentrations, was not toxic to the cells, and was most effective when present for brief durations (0-1 min) before exposure of the cells to the stimuli.  Beta-glucuronidase was not released in significant amounts from PMN's exposed to PMA alone, in the absence of stimuli such as zymosan or C5a.  In contrast, only the specific granule enzyme, lysozyme, was released from unstimulated cells.  Electron micrographs of cells exposed to PMA revealed an increase in the number of visible cytoplasmic microtubules as compared to control cells.  Enhancement of lysosomal enzyme (beta-glucuronidase) release by PMA appears to be independent of effects on release of specific granule enzymes (lysozyme), but rather is likely due to PMA-induced elevations of cellular cGMP."
1158974,"The permeability of the nuclear envelop of a somatic cell, the C. thummi larval salivary gland cell, was studied by intracellular microinjection of fluorescent molecular tracers.  As shown previously in oocytes (4,5,15,16), the envelop is permeable to a wide variety of materials, including molecules which are large enough to possess condiderable biological specificities and to play important roles in regulation of cellular activities.  The envelop exhibits transport selectivity on the basis of size in the range of naturally occurring intracellular materials and it may thus perform important controlling functions in nucleocytoplasmic exchange.  The nucleus to cytoplasm movement of in vivo ribonucleoprotein particulates in these synthetically active cells probably requires conformational changes in the particulates and/or the envelope pore complexes; morphological evidence exists for such processess in these cells (20)."
1158975,"The morphology of the tight junction of rat thyroid epithelium was examined in freeze-fractured material fixed in glutaraldehyde and briefly glycerinated.  In normal thyroids the overall appearance of this junctional specialization resembled that of other cell types in many respects.  Short-term changes in thyroid activity and hypophysectomy for 3 wk did not obviously affect the appearance of tight junctions.  Feeding of the goitrogen, thiouracil, which stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone, resulted in the appearance of some very narrow and some very wide, tight junctions or sometimes junctions with both wide and narrow regions within the same cell."
1158976,"Gap junctions are present between nonpigmented and pigmented epithelial cells layers, as well as between the adjacent pigmented cells, but not between the nonpigmented epithelial cells which face the posterior chamber.  The unusual feature of these gap junctions is a dark banding which regularly appears every three rows of subunits.  This dark band is the equivalent width of two rows of facets."
1158977,"The primary nucleus of the green alga Acetabularia grows about 25,000-fold in volume while it is separated from the endoplasmic reticulum and the whole cytoplasm by a special paranuclear cisterna of a vacuolar labyrinthum system which shows only very few (two to six per square micrometer) and small (ca. 40-120 nm in diamter) fenestrations.  The nuclear envelope does not bear polyribosomes, nor do they occur in the entire zone intermediate between the nuclear envelope and the paranuclear cisterna.  It is suggested that this special form of nuclear envelope growth takes place by assembly from cytoplasmically synthesized proteins that are translocated across the paranuclear cisterna in a nonmembrane-structured form."
1158978,"Aggregation-inhibiting protein (AIP: Curtis & Greaves, 1965), which diminishes the adhesiveness of cells, particularly at low temperatures, is identified in the present paper as phospholipase A2 (EC. 3.1.1.4). Our reasons for this identification are because phospholipase activity parallels AIP activity on cell adhesion, and because various inhibitors and sera act in a parallel manner on adhesion in the presence of AIP or phospholipase. We suggest that the enzyme acts on adhesion by producing lysolecithin and other lysolipids in the plasmalemma. Addition of lysolipids diminishes cell adhesion in a manner similar to phospholipase A. Incubation of cells in Hanks' medium at 37 degrees C has a parallel effect. Conditions which would be expected to stimulate reacylation of lysolipids in the plasmalemma, i.e. incubation of cells in the external presence of CoA, ATP and a fatty acid, lead to a recovery or maintenance of adhesion after or during Hanks' incubation at 37 degrees C. All these results suggest that lipid components of the cell, probably in the plasmalemma, are of importance in adhesion. The results are discussed in relation to the long-standing controversy about the effects of low temperatures and trypsinization on cell adhesion, for phospholipase treatment of cells affects adhesion in a manner similar to trypsinization."
1158979,The two preceding papers of this series suggest that the state of the plasmalemmal lipids affects cell adhesion. Plasmalemmal composition was altered by the experimental incorporation of fatty acids into R1 and R2 positions in the phosphatidyl components of the cell surface. In this paper we report that: (1) If the incorporation is of long chain length fatty acids (saturated) cell adhesion rises. (2) If the incorporation is of unsaturated fatty acids cell adhesion falls as the unsaturation increases. (3) Incorporation has to be extensive to produce a large change in adhesion. (4) Changes in adhesion parallel the plasmalemmal incorporation but do not follow the total cell incorporation. Item (4) argues that it is plasmalemmal and not other membrane lipids that are involved in cell adhesion. Item (3) suggests that bulk membrane properties and not some very specific grouping are involved in the effects of lipids on adhesion. The similar extents of incorporation of the various different fatty acids and the negligible amounts of lysophospholipids in the membranes of cells that have incorporated fatty acids argue that the effects are not due to differential accumulations of these lysolipids when incubations are done with different fatty acids. The changes in adhesion cannot be accounted for by changes in surface charge density since the electrophoretic mobility of the cells is unchanged by these incubations. It is suggested that these effects on adhesion due to changes in plasmalemmal lipids can be explained either in terms of the action of intermembrane van der Waals--London (electrodynamic) forces in cell adhesion or of changes in surface fluidity. These alternatives are discussed.
1158980,"Chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (in vivo or in vitro) have been treated with amphotericin B. Cell multiplication is strongly inhibited. Large clear zones appear in the fibroblast nucleoi (phase-contrast and electron-microscope observations). Many treated fibroblasts and tumour cells have a high DNA content (pre-mitotic or polyploid level; measurements by cytophotometry). However, the RNA content (cytophotometry) and the total protein content (cytophotometry and micro-interferometry) are relatively low in the tumour cells. As shown by autoradiography, DNA synthesis is active but RNA synthesis and, in some cases, protein synthesis are inhibited. Due to this unbalanced growth, the cells cannot divide."
1158981,"The leaves of Acer negundo L. var. odessanum (H. Rothe), if permanently exposed to strong sunlight, do not green, but remain yellow and finally become bleached. In yellow leaves the plastids contain single thylakoids and no grana. In plastids of bleached leaves, however, only vesicles are present. The concentration of chlorophylls and photosynthetic activity are much lower in those leaves than in the green ones. If the illumination is reduced (e.g. by shading) both the yellow and the bleached leaves become greenish, and even fully green after a few days at a sufficiently low light intensity. The plastids of yellow-green leaves contain small grana. In dark green leaves the thylakoid system of the chloroplasts is normally developed forming true grana, regardless of whether the leaves were originally green, or became green by shading the yellow or bleached ones. Their pigment concentration and photosynthetic activity are also normal. If green leaves are exposed to sunlight they do not yellow or bleach. During a 3-week period the structure of the thylakoid system did not perceivably change, with the exception that large plastoglobules formed in  the stroma."
1158982,"Fragments of liver from the adult urodele Amphiuma means, the Congo eel, were maintained in organ culture for up to 70 days. The normal electrophoretic patterns of several enzymes were retained. The activities of ornithine transcarbamylase, arginase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and urea production, glucose uptake and tissue glycogen content remained relatively constant throughout the culture period. Histological organization and hepatocyte ultrastructure were also retained. Liver fragments survived better in media based on MEM or BME than in medium based on Leibovitz L15. Since many aspects of tissue-specific structure and function are retained, long-term amphibian organ culture is well suited to studies on the control of hepatocyte function and on the effects of metabolites, hormones, drugs and toxins."
1158983,"Freeze-cleave replicas of small capillaries of rat jejunum have revealed the presence of a new type of junction linking endothelial cells. This new junction reveals tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) in that the adjacent plasma membranes are held closely together along lines of attachment organized in the form of a loose, but frequently discontinuous network. In contrast to tight junctions, the A-face ridges possess a very low profile, and only at low shadowing angles can a repeating, particulate substructure occasionally be resolved. The shallow B-face furrows lack any particulate components. Images of cross-fractured focal points of attachment suggest that the external leaflets of adjacent membranes are closely apposed but not actually fused, as is the case with zonulae occludentes. It appears that this new type of endothelial junction is characteristic of small venules. Thus we propose that it be termed small venule endothelial junction."
1158986,"A perspective of developments in the field of computerized information retrieval is presented, and policies are suggested for the efficient use of on-line systems. Examples of MEDLINE, CHEMCON, AND TOXLINE searches are given with cost data and compared, where possible, with manual searches. The lowest costs were obtained with on-line searching by information scientists. MEDLINE is superior in quality to manual searching of Index Medicus, but on-line searching of Chemical Abstracts keywords is not an effective substitute for manual searching of Chemical Abstracts Substance Indexes."
1158993,"Plasma chromatography as a method for ultratrace qualitative and quantitative detection of organic compounds is especially well suited for detection of gas chromatographic effluents. The optimum range of sample quantity is 10(-6) to 10(-12) g for detection and identification of a compound by use of its characteristic positive and negative mobility spectra. The type of reference mobility spectra produced by alkanes, aromatics, esters, halogenated compounds, nitrogenated compounds and organic acids have been previously reported. This study presents the reference mobility spectra produced for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), digitoxigenin and several biochemical compounds of research significance. LSD and delta9-THC in a mixture can be detected and identified by plasma chromatography positive mobility spectra in quantities of 10(-7) g or less. All the compounds investigated in this study display strong MH+ ions along with other ions primarily of the type (M)NO+, (M)2H+. None of these compounds exhibits negative mobility spectra."
1158994,"Plasma chromatography as a method for ultratrace qualitative and quantitative detection of organic compounds is especially well suited for detection of gas chromatographic effluents. The optimum range of sample quantity is 10-6 to 10-12 g for detection and identification of a compound by use of its characteristic positive and negative mobility spectra. The type of reference mobility spectra produced by alkanes, aromatics, esters, halogenated compounds, nitrogenated compounds and organic acids have been previously reported. This study presents the reference mobility spectra produced for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), digitoxigenin and several biochemical compounds of research significance. LSD and delat-9-THC in a mixture can be detected and identified by plasma chromatography positive mobility spectra in quantities of 10-7 g or less. All the compounds investigated in this study display strong MH-+ ions along with other ions primarily of the type (M)NO-+, (M)2H-+. None of these compounds exhibits negative mobility spectra."
1158996,"A simple routine method is reported for the determination of progesterone in blood by gas-liquid chromatography. An unlabelled internal standard, testosterone acetate, was added to plasma samples. Following preliminary purification by thin-layer chromatography, progesterone in pregnancy plasma was evaluated as the free steroid with a flame ionization detector. The hormone in the plasma of women during the menstrual cycle and of cycling domestic animals was determined as the 3-enol ester heptafluorobutyrate by electron capture detection. The validity of testosterone acetate as an internal standard was proved by simultaneous processing of [7alpha-3H]progesterone and a [4-14C]testosterone acetate and the determination of the isotope ratio in samples. The results of control experiments and normal values are also presented."
1158997,The behavior of 23 steroid oestrogens Sephadex LH-20 using six solvent systems was investigated. The fractions eluted by gel column chromatography were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and spectrometry. The method was used for the radiochemical purity of labelled compounds by isotopic dilution.
1158998,"Bases were extractable from dried, powdered grass material by percolation with methanol. The bases were removed from the methanol by cation-exchange resins and subsequently removed from the resins. Isolation of bases by these methods eliminated the problems associated with the use of large quantities of chlorinated solvents and formation of emulsions found in previously described isolation methods. The bases were separated by paper and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). TLC and a spectrodensitometer were used to quantify the principal alkaloids in crude extracts of tall fescue samples. This procedure recovered all of the alkaloids in spiked samples, and the standard deviation for perlolidine and perloline in tall fescue samples was 3% or less of the mean value."
1159005,"Nitrilotriacetic acid was separated (as its tri-n-butyl ester) from twenty-four other fatty, phenolic and polycarboxylic acids, using prepacked commercial OV-210 columns. Quantitative analysis down to 0.010 mg nitrilotriacetic acid per liter was demonstrated. The molar responses and retention times of the acids, relative to phthalic acid, were determined."
1159006,"It was found that triethylammonium cyclamate is converted into N-hepta-fluorobutyrylcyclohexylamine in a high and constant yield by reaction with hepta-fluorobutyric anhydride at 90 degrees for 1 h, and gas chromatography of the product gives a sharp peak that is highly sensitive to an electron capture detector. A useful method for the micro-determination of cyclamates was established by combining this reaction with gas chromatography."
1159007,"Diclofenac and an internal standard are isolated from biological samples by acid-specific extraction and converted into the corresponding indolones with 0.5% sulphuric acid in 2,2,2-trifluorethanol. The neutral derivatives are isolated by solvent extraction and subjected to gas-liquid chromatography. The use of an electron capture detector permits the assay of diclofenac at levels down to 2 ng per sample."
1159009,"A method is presented for the measurement of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in serum. Serum samples containing the drug were treated with dithioerythritol and saturated with ammonium carbonate. 6-MP was then extracted from the serum with a mixture of isopropanol-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) containing 0.01% ethanethiol. The solvent was evaporated, the residue dissolved in dilute hydrocholoric acid, washed with chloroform, and extracted with ethyl acetate. 6-MP was derivatized with trimethylanilinium hydroxide and measured gas chromatographically. The sulfhydryl-protecting reagents, dithioerythritol and ethanethiol, were added to prevent the decomposition of 6-MP. The extraction and clean-up method recovered 78 +/- 2% (S.E.) of the 6-MP present. Tracer amounts of [8-14C]6-MP served as the internal standard during the extraction part of the method. Theophyline was used as the internal standard during the gas chromatographic analysis. The standard curve obtained from the gas chromatograph was linear between 0.5 and 20 mug/ml of 6-MP. Serum samples were stored in the freezer for two weeks without significant loss of drug. No interference was encountered from normal serum constituents or xanthines, such as caffeine or theophylline added to serum."
1159010,"A sensitive and specific method for the simultaneous determination of imipramine and desipramine in the blood plasma of depressed patients under treatment that involves separation by gas chromatography and detection by mass fragmentography is described. Concentrations were determined by focusing the mass spectrometer upon the ions at m/e 280 and 235 for imipramine and 308, 236 and 114 for desipramine (N-acetyl derivative), while promazine was used as the internal standard (ions at m/e 284 and 238). Determinations are possible at levels as low as 10 ng/ml in plasma."
1159012,"A procedure for the determination of low levels of methadone (6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptanone-3) in serum has been developed. Methadone is extracted from serum into n-heptane and re-extracted into an acidic aqueous phase. Methadone is oxidized to benzopheone with barium peroxide in sulphuric acid, during which procedure an n-heptane phase is present into which the oxidation product is continuously extracted. The benzophenone formed is determined by means of electron-capture gas chromatography. The recoveries are 100 +/- 3% and 100 +/- 4.5% at the 120 and 16 ng levels, respectively. The minimum amount that can be determined in 1 ml of serum is 4 ng. Interferences from possible metabolies are probably minor. The main cyclic metabolite is only co-determined to a minor extent if the oxidation time is optimized. Comparison of this oxidation method with a combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination with selected ion monitoring showed identical serum levels."
1159013,"A rapid and accurate gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the determination of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and their metabolites excreted in human urine. These excretions were pre-treated with diazomethane and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, so that they could be easily subjected to GC with satisfactory separation from each other and also from other urinary excretions, and could be determined simultaneously. The structures of the metabolites were confirmed by GC combined with mass spectrometric measurements of the GC peaks. The application of the method to urine specimens enabled more precise results for the amounts of metabolites present to be obtained; the excretion of thiamphenicol glucuronide was not observed."
1159014,"The use of combined UV-fluorescence detection for the evaluation of incompletely resolved compounds and trace components in the presence of large quantities of major components is described, analysis for thioridazine and some of its oxidation products by high-pressure liquid chromatography being chosen as a practical example. Mesoridazine and the ring oxide of thioridazine have been determined quantitatively with relative standard deviations (n = 6) of 2.0 and 3.6%, respectively, at concentrations below 0.1 mug per injection. Resolution of the two components is difficult and, in this instance, unnecessary. By a similar approach, it was possible to determine the highly fluoresecent sulforidazine at a concentration of 0.4% of the thioridazine with 6.2 mug of thioridazine injected. A relative standard deviation of 5% was attainable at this concentration. Fluorescence detection limits for mesoridazine and sulforidazine at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1 are between 5 and 10 ng per injection; this corresponds to about 0.1% of the active substance for the above example."
1159015,"The preparation of benzylated covalently cross-linked Sepharose 2B is described. Such gel was analyzed for its degree of substitution, and gels with three different degrees of substitution were used in chromatographic experiments with dextranase, alpha-amylase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Yields and chromatographic patterns for different eluting systems were determined. It was found that gradients combining an increase in ethylene glycol concentration with a decrease in salt concentration gave better results than did pure salt gradients. No denaturation was observed for dextranase or alpha-amylase, but the other enzymes tested were partly denatured. The most severe denaturation was observed for lactate dehydrogenase desorbed from the highest substituted gels, although the enzyme was highly active in the adsorbed state. The results and the use of amphophilic gels are discussed."
1159016,"A gas chromatographic method with electron capture detection has been developed for the analysis of nitrazepam in serum. N-Desmethyldiazepam is used as internal standard. Nitrazepam isolated from serum is converted by acid hydrolysis into 2-amino 5 nitrobenzophenone, which is chromatographed. Metabolites of nitrazepam (7-amino and 7-acetamido compounds) are not included in the determination. Recovery experiments showed that the method is quantitative. The limit of detection is 5 ng/ml of nitrazepam in serum. The method has been used for measuring serum concentrations of nitrazepam in bioavailability studies on subjects given a single dose of nitrazepam tablets."
1159017,"The inclusion of urea has been found to eliminate adsorption of protein-sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) complexes to controlled pore glass. Using buffer containing 6 M urea, 0.5% SDS and glass with pore diameter 12.3 nm, it is possible to determine protein molecular weights in the range 3500-12,000. Results with glass of larger pore diameter (25.5 nm) are similar to those reported in the absence of urea in the molecular-weight range 12,000-140,000. Controlled pore glass chromatography also permits the study of the relative importance of conformation free of charge effects for those proteins which deviate from the normal calibration curve for SDS-polyacrylamide gels."
1159018,"In an attempt to separate a number of methylated nucleoside constituents reportedly present in various mammalian RNA preparations, a comparison of the migration of selected nucleoside standards was assessed via thin-layer chromatographic techniques with respect to three solvent systems and an adsorbent of varying proportions of silica gel and microcrystalline cellulose. The results of these studies revealed that a mixture of seventeen methylated constituents could be separated following two-dimensional development on an adsorbent containing 60% cellulose and 40% silica gel. Constituents separated included the 2'-O-methylated derivatives of adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine, 1-, N6- and N6,N6-methyladenosines, 1-methylinosine, 1-, 7-, N2- and N2,N2-methylguanosines, 3-, 4- and 5-methylcytidines and 3- and 5-methyluridines. In addition, all of the above constituents were separated from their respective non-methylated nucleosides and bases."
1159027,The addition of formic acid to the carrier gas will permit the on-column liberation of the free acids following the direct injection of barbiturates as their sodium salts. These free acids may then be resolved upon an Apiezon L column: the presence of formic acid also minimizes the adsorption effects which may be associated with the gas chromatographic analysis of these relatively polar drugs.
1159028,"A high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of a steroidal oxime in the pharmaceutical dosage form is reported. The reversed phase liquid-liquid partition chromatography employing ODS-Permaphase as support allows thirty to forty individual tablets to be analyzed per hour at a dose level of 50 micrograms to 1 milligram per tablet. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive."
1159029,"Volatile metabolites from rat liver, lung and brain tissues were compared using gas chromatography. Volatiles released from the homogenized tissues at 95-100 degrees C were collected on a poly phenyl ether solid adsorbent. The adsorbed volatiles were examined by high-resolution gas chromatography. Markedly differing overall volatile profiles were observed for the tissue types examined, and it appears that certain constituents may be characteristic of a particular tissue."
1159031,"The stereospecific analysis of triglycerides is a complex, multistep procedure and some losses inevitably occur at every stage. Such losses are particularly important when the triglycerides contain isotopically-labelled fatty acids incorporated by incubation in vitro with the relevant enzyme systems, but they can be compensated for by adding, prior to the analysis, a triglyceride containing only the same labelled odd-chain fatty acid in each position."
1159032,"Plasma or serum [ 0.1-1.0 ml] was digested with phospholipase C and total lipid extracts were prepared and silylated in the presence of tridecanoylglycerol as internal standard. The neutral lipid and free fatty acid profiles were determined by means of an automated GLC system equipped with an unheated on-column inlet, time actuated liquid injector, programmed heating, cooling and equilibration cycles, and an electronic peak area integrator. The separations were accomplished on a 50 cm x 2 mm i.d. steel column packed with 3% OV-1 on100-120 mesh Gas Chrom Q using nitrogen as a carrier gas in the temperature range 175-350 degrees C. The tube number, peak retention time and peak area were recorded on a punched paper tape, which was subsequently read into a computer via a time-share terminal. The composition of the sample was calculated in relation to the internal standard using a modification of a commercially available computer program and the results were expressed as mg or mole % and characteristic molar ratios of lipid classes. In addition to estimates for total cholesterol and triglyceride, the method provides a detailed account of individual or small groups of molecular species of various lipid classes, which is a major advantage over other automated methods of plasma lipid analyses."
1159039,"In an attempt to elucidate the effect of paramethasone acetate on the hormonal profile of the normal menstrual cycle, 5 clinically healthy women, aged 24-36 yr, with ovulatory cycles were studied during a control menstrual cycle and during treatment with paramethasone acetate (6 mg/day). The length of the untreated cycle was 29.2 +/- 2.3 days as compared to 29.0 +/- 3.1 days during the paramethasone-treated cycle. Peak plasma E-2 level was 188.2 +/- 42.1 pg/ml in the control cycle and 74.4 +/- 15.3 pg/ml during paramethasone treatment (P is less than 0.05). Peak plasma 17 OH-P was 4.0 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in the control cycle and 1.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml during the paramethasone treated cycle (P is less than 0.005). No significant differences in plasma progesterone were observed during the luteal phase of both cycles. Minimal and scattered differences were observed in plasma FSH. However, plasma LH levels were lower in the paramethasone acetate than in the control cycle almost throughout the entire period of study. Furthermore, midcycle LH peak in the control cycle was 958 +/- 104 ng/ml as compared to 283 +/- 24 ng/ml during the paramethasone treatment (P is less than 0.005). Despite these differences, ovulation occurred during paramethasone treatment based upon the observed rise in BBT, the plasma progesterone levels above 6 ng/ml and the secretory changes in the endometrium. These results suggest that: 1) Paramethasone may block E-2 synthesis at the ovarian level and , 2) Ovulation may still occur even in the presence of E-2 and LH plasma concentrations lower than those occurring in the normal menstrual cycle."
1159040,"Recent evidence indicates that triiodothyronine (T3) administration may not completely inhibit normal thyroid secretion. To further corroborate this observation, measurement of serum T4-RIA concentrations was performed on 15 normal controls (10 men, 5 women; ages 20-42) who were placed on 100 mug of T3 daily for a 5-week period. Decrements of 53%, 36%, and 28% from the baseline T4-RIA were noted at weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively. At 3 weeks a nadir T4-RIA of 2.5 mug/100 ml was reached which did not significantly differ from the 4th (2.9 mug/100 ml) and 5th weeks (2.6 mug/100 ml). Further, seven euthyroid patients who had received replacement thyroid hormone for 1-16 were switched to T3 (75-100 mug/day) for 28 days. At the end of this period, their mean T4-RIA was 2.6 mug/100 ml. Similar T3 treatment studies were performed on 20 primary hypothyroid patients. After 4 weeks of T3 all 20 patients displayed a T4-RIA below the limits of assay detectability (less than 0.625 mug/100 ml) while all euthyroid subjects had values greater than 1.2 mug/100 ml. Suppression of T4-RIA with T3 was also noted in 4 patients with pituitary and 2 patients with hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Three days after cessation of T3 treatment in normal subjects, no significant rise in mean T4-RIA was seen (2.3 mug/100 ml). Subsequently, T4-RIA rose to 4.5 mug/100 ml on day 7 and 6.7 mug/100 ml on day 10 (74% of the presuppression value) in normals. A similar rise to 7.9 mug/100 ml 10 days after withdrawal from T3 was noted in the euthyroid subjects who had received long-term thyroid hormone replacement. In contrast, all primary hypothyroid patients had either a minimal or nondetectable elevation in T4-RIA while demonstrating a marked rise in TSH 10 days after T3 withdrawal. An absent or impaired rise in T4-RIA after T3 withdrawal was also noted in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic hypothyroidism. These observations indicated: 1) There is continued thyroidal T4 secretion in euthyroid subjects receiving 100 mug of T3 daily. 2) The hypothesis is advanced that an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-tyhroid axis may be required for continued T4 secretion while on T3. 3) The duration of prior suppression with thyroid hormone medication does not appear to influence this phenomenon."
1159041,A case of fluctuating Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenal adenoma is described. Plasma corticosteroids were frequently low and urinary steroids fluctuated markedly over a 15-month period. Only the response to dexamethasone was consistently abnormal and indicative of Cushings's syndrome.
1159042,"Patterns of gonadotropin levels have been compared in specimens of serum, 24-h urine collections, and first morning urine voidings collected throughout a menstrual cycle from 8 sexually mature, young women. Quantities of gonadotropins in first morning voidings were found to provide a reliable estimate of 24-h excretion of these hormones and demonstrate the same patterns of change as do serum and 24-h urine specimens. Thus first morning voidings satisfactorily overcome logistical problems inherent is serial serum and 24-h urine sampling for studying gonadotropin excretion patterns."
1159043,"A specific, sensitive and accurate radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the measurement of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) in either human whole blood or plasma is described. Whole blood is immediately lysed with distilled water containing tritiated indicator. When plasma is assayed, the blood samples are handled at 4 C and rapidly centrifuged. The lysate or plasma is adjusted to pH 5 with buffer and quickly extracted with 5% methanol in dichloromethane. The whole blood or plasma extract is then purified by Sephadex LH20 chromatography using the system methanol: methylene chloride (5:95) which separates the major groups of PGA, PGE and PGF. The RIA is then performed using an antiserum generated in rabbits from PGA1 coupled to bovine thyroglobulin. The antibody is highly specific, possessing very low cross reactivity to other prostaglandins (PGA2, PGE, PGB and PGF). Activated florisil or ammonium sulfate can be used to separate bound from free prostaglandin. This whole blood or plasma method yields blank values of only 2 +/- 2 pg per sample with a between assay precision determined by duplicate analysis of 8% and interassay precision of 3%. The mean whole blood PGA1 concentration in 27 subjects in 2.5 +/- 1.6 (SD) ng per 100 ml. No significant sex difference in PGA1 levels was noted and values were similar whether measured in whole blood or cooled plasma rapidly prepared and extracted. These values of PGA1 are much lower than those RIA values reported by others for ""PGA"" using antibodies with lower specificities."
1159045,"Ten normal volunteers ingested emulsified corn oil and the immunoreactive GIP, insulin (IRI) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses were measured. Serum GIP levels increased after the ingestion of corn oil in all subjects, rising from a mean fasting level of 272 pg/ml to 856 +/- 272 pg/ml (P less than 0.05) by 30 minutes. The peak mean serum GIP  concentration of 1,345 +/- 291 pg/ml occurred at 60 minutes; and mean serum GIP levels at 180 minutes remained significantly elevated over fasting values. Serum IRI, glucose and NEFA concentrations did not change during the 180 minutes of study. No changes in serum GIP concentrations occurred when, for control purposes, six volunteers ingested water on another day. We conclude: 1) Fat is a potent stimulus for the release of GIP in normal individuals. 2) Endogenously released GIP is not insulinotropic under the conditions of this study."
1159046,"A noncompartmental method is proposed for the calculation of the total distribution volume of exchangeable iodothyronine, the fractional irreversible removal rate from the exchangeable pool, and the metabolic clearance rate of labeled triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The method depends on a graphic analysis and does not require the use of computers. The results of noncompartmental analysis of T3 and T4 distribution and metabolism are compared to single compartmental calculations in 12 subjects. Single compartmental analysis appeared to overestimate the distribution volume of T3 by a factor of 2.9, the metabolic clearance rate by a factor of 1.4, and underestimate the fractional removal rate by a factor of 0.48. Whereas single compartmental analysis did not introduce a significant error into the calculation of the metabolic clearance rate of T4, the distribution volume appeared to be overestimated by a factor of 1.4 and the fractional removal rate underestimated by a factor of 0.9."
1159047,"Serum levels of propylthiouracil were measured in 8 normal persons and in 7 patients with hyperthyroidism after a single, 300 mg, oral dose of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). The patients with hyperthyroidism were restudied after 3, 6, and 9 weeks of individualized treatment with PTU. The serum half-life of the drug in normal subjects was 1.65 h. In patients with hyperthyroidism the serum half-life was similar, and it did not change significantly as the euthyroid state was achieved."
1159048,"A single oral 200 mg dose of tritium-labeled alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-propionotoluidide (flutamide) was given to 3 men. Analysis of plasma, urine and feces shows flutamide is rapidly and completely absorbed and excreted mainly through the kidneys. Analysis of plasma radioactivity shows flutamide is rapidly and extensively metabolized--only 2.5% of plasma radioactivity 1 h after dosing is associated with flutamide. At least 10 other metabolites are present, of which 6 have been tentatively identified. These are alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-m-acetotoluidide (A); alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-lactotoluidede (B); alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-4'-nitro-m-acetotoluidede (C); alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-lactotoluidide (D); alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-propionotoluidide (E); and alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-6-nitro-m-toluidine (F). (D) represents 23% of plasma tritium 1 h after drug and is a major metabolite at all other measured times. Each of the other metabolites accounts for less than 10% of plasma radioactivity. Minor amounts of flutamide and (A) through (F) are found in 0-24-h urine. An additional metabolite, alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-amino-5-nitro-p-cresol, constitutes 25% of urine tritium. The rapid conversion of flutamide to (D) and the high plasma levels of (D) suggest (D) might be the active form of flutamide."
1159049,"The effect of chlorpromazine (50 mg. im) on the plasma concentration of immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) and prolactin was studied in 8 hospitalized subjects with non-endocrine skin disorders. Plasma beta-MSH concentrations remained unchanged over a period of 7 h in 6 subjects. In the remaining 2 subjects there was a slight increase. Plasma prolactin concentrations were greatly increased in all subjects 1 1/2-3 h after the injection and had almost returned to pre-injection levels by 7 h. This suggests that the control of beta-MSH secretion in man, unlike that of prolactin in man and MSH peptides in other mammals, is not predominantly inhibitory. The reason for this discrepancy may be that beta-MSH is not a natural MSH in man and occurs as part of the lipotropic hormone (LPH) or as a breakdown product."
1159050,"To test the effect of acute changes in plasma osmolality on plasma prolactin concentrations, the hormone was measured before and during oral water loading, hypotonic saline infusion, and hypertonic saline infusion in normal subjects. In 10 normal men there was a small but statistically significant rise in mean prolactin, from 7.6 to 12.3 ng/ml, occurring within half an hour after the ingestion of a water load of 20 ml/kg. A small but statistically insignificant rise in mean plasma prolactin was observed in 11 normal women, although there was a significant negative correlation between plasma prolactin and plasma osmolality in these subjects. No effect of the intravenous infusion of either hypotonic saline (0.45%) or hypertonic saline (5%) on mean plasma prolactin was noted in 5 normal men. These studies do not confirm a previously reported suppression of prolactin concentrations by oral water loading of hypotonic saline infusions in normal subjects. While the data suggest a negative correlation between plasma osmolality and plasma prolactin, at least after water loading, they do not support a physiological role for prolactin in the short-term regulation of plasma osmolality in humans."
1159051,"A patient with Ewing's sarcoma presented with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) (1). Plasma values for vasopressin were found to be over four times the normal values expected for the plasma osmolality. At postmortem examination, the arginine vasopressin concentration in the tumor tissue was ten times that of the plasma. These data suggest that Ewing's sarcoma may cause SIADH."
1159052,"Plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (hGH) was measured before, during and after the administration of intravenous somatostatin to 3 patients with chronic renal failure and 4 with severe liver disease who had elevation of basal hGH. During somatostatin infusion, the hGH levels declined acutely in a linear fashion when log hGH was plotted against time. Rather surprisingly, the plasma hGH half disappearance time (t 1/2) was 27 min and 18 min in liver and renal disease respectively. These values do not differ from data obtained on normal subjects using exogenous hGH, labelled or unlabelled. Control data on normal subjects using this technique are not available as it was not possible to measure subnormal levels of plasma hGH with the required precision. It is possible that our findings of plasma hGH T 1/2 in liver and renal disease within the normal range reported using exogenous hGH might suggest that high levels of plasma hGH found in these two diseases are primarily caused by hypersecretion rather than impaired clearance."
1159053,"Eight acromegalic patients showed a plasma cortisol (11-OHCS) rise after insulin hypoglycemia which was similar to that seen in control patients, with mean peak values (+/-SEM) of 23.2 +/- 3.5 mug/100 ml and 27.2 +/- 3.3 mug/100 ml, respectively. One mg of dexamethasone was given the evening prior to repeat insulin hypoglycemia (DEX-ITT). After dexamethasone, the control subjects showed a mean post hypoglycemic plasma 11-OHCS rise to 18.3 +/- 2.3 mug/100 ml. In contrast, acromegalic patients had a negligible rise is plasma 11-OHCS, despite a comparable degree of hypoglycemia. These data indicate that, in active acromegaly, abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppressibility can be induced to  insulin hypoglycemia after dexamethasone."
1159054,Endometrial progesterone concentrations have been determined during the menstrual cycle and compared to plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta concentration. There is a good relationship between endometrial and plasma progesterone concentrations but none between endometrial progesterone and estradiol-17 beta concentration.
1159056,Mercaptoethanol treatment of big growth hormone (GH) obtained from human pituitary resulted in a 60% conversion to small GH. Further dissociation was obtained by combined treatment with the reducing agent plus urea. The results indicate that the existence of big GH is dependent upon the formation of inter-polypeptide chain disulfide bonds.
1159057,"The metabolic clearance rate of 17beta-estradiol (MCR2), the plasma levels of 17beta-estradiol (E2)1, sex-steroid binding globulin (SSBG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in 10 hyperthyroid subjects (7 men and 3 women). The blood production rate of 17beta-estradiol (PB2) was calculated for all subjects. Nine of the 10 hyperthyroid subjects had a decreased MCR2 which returned towards normal in 5 of the 6 subjects restudied following therapy. In all 10 subjects the levels of SSBG were increased when they were hyperthyroid and returned toward normal with therapy. It is concluded that the decrease in MCR2 is largely due to the increased binding of 17beta-estradiol to SSBG. In 7 of the 10 hyperthyroid the plasma E2 concentrations were normal whereas 3 had slightly elevated levels. In 8 of the 10 hyperthyroid the PB2 was within the normal range. Only 2 hyperthyroid subjects had slightly elevated PB2. In the 6 subjects who were restudied after therapy, there was no consistent change in PB2 which remained in the normal range in all cases. It is concluded that the MCR2 is decreased in most subjects with hyperthyroidism in association with an increase of SSBG. Despite this change in MCR2 there is no significant change in PB2. The increase in SSBG levels in hyperthyroidism appears to be a direct effect of the elevation of thyroid hormone activity and is not mediated through estrogen."
1159058,"A defect in the early phase of insulin secretion has been proposed as a major determinant of the impaired glucose homeostasis of adult onset diabetes. Since the process of aging is also associated with a deterioration of glucose tolerance, we have measured the acute phase of insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate (KG) after a 20 g glucose pulse in 11 normal, healthy men greater than 65 yr and compared it with the response in 11 nondiabetic men 20-31 yr. The mean fasting plasma sugar levels of the aged subjects (107 mg/dl), tended to be higher than that of the young (94 mg/dl). Comparison of Kg provided clear separation (P less than 0.01) of the old (mean Kg = 0.93) from the young population (mean Kg = 1.95). The acute insulin response to the glucose pulse when expressed either as the area above basal for the 10 min post stimulation or as the mean encremental increase above basal at 3, 4 and 5 min (delta 3-5 IRI) was the same in both timing and magnitude for the old and young subjects. Although our aged subjects had clearly abnormal kg's their acute phase of insulin secretion in response to glucose was normal. Seven noninsulin requiring diabetics with fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 140 mg/dl similarly studied had abnormal kg's (mean = 0.55) but markedly attenuated early release of insulin. Therefore, even though in the diabetics a deficiency of acute phase insulin secretion may have contributed to their impaired kg, in our aged subjects the lack of correlation between kg and a deficiency of acute phase insulin release suggests that factors other than an impairment in the early phase of insulin secretion are responsible for their glucose intolerance or, that there is a dissociation between the biologic and immunologic activity of insulin in these aged subjects."
1159059,"Eighteen patients with Cushing's disease were treated with reserpine and pituitary irradiation. Complete remission was obtained in 9 out of 18 patients after reserpine treatment of 1-2 mg per day for a mean period of 20.4 months, and pituitary irradiation with a mean of 5,865 rads. In another 9 patients, reserpine 0.8-2 mg per day for a mean period of 22.5 months, and pituitary irradiation with a mean of 6,650 rads, were employed. Of these 9 patients, an additional subtotal adrenalectomy was carried out in 6 patients who are now in complete remission. Because of severe psychic symptoms resulted from the original disease in 2 of the remaining 3 patients, subtotal adrenalectomy was performed first and pituitary irradiation and reserpine treatment followed. Remission was eventually obtained in these 2 cases. One patient refused the operation, and thus had little clinical remission. All of the 17 cases in remission were followed up for periods of 6 months to 10 yr. During this time, only one case which had responded to reserpine and pituitary irradiation relapsed, but regained remission following resumption of therapy. Another died of cerebral glioblastoma 4 yr after remission of the disease. It was noteworthy that endocrinologic data including: plasma levels of ACTH and 11-OHCS, suppressibility by dexamethasone, responses of plasma GH to arginine and to insulin loads, and diurnal rhythm of plasma 11-OHCS were nearly normal in a considerable number of the cases in remission. Effectiveness of the combined therapy with reserpine and pituitary irradiation for treating Cushing's disease may support a working hypothesis that reserpine acts through some as yet unknown mechanism to correct a presumed central nervous disorder, while suitable pituitary irradiation probably corrects the pituitary dysfunction directly."
1159060,"The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin, glucagon and growth hormone secretion was studied in 5 patients with diabetes mellitus. In three maturity onset diabetics, somatostatin infusion abolished the insulin rise induced by breakfast and oral glucose, and in 2 of them, inhibited the basal insulin secretion by 50% seen during control studies. Concomitantly, there was a marked and prompt reduction of glucagon levels (50%) with a sustained effect. The plasma glucose levels were either unchanged or slightly increased. Following the somatostatin infusion, there was a prompt rebound increase in both insulin and glucagon levels with a relatively stable plasma glucose concentration. In contrast, a drastic reduction of plasma glucose in face of a relatively small fall in plasma glucagon in response to somatostatin infusion was observed in 2 insulin-dependent diabetics. In all patients, the episodic release of growth hormone seen during the control day was abolished during somatostatin infusion."
1159061,"Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured, in the supine resting position and in response to standing, in 10 unselected patients with active acromegaly, in 2 effectively treated acromegalic patients with normal serum growth hormone concentrations and in 15 nonacromegalic normal subjects. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were not significantly related to serum growth hormone levels or to the diastolic blood pressure in the acromegalic patients. Mean (+/- SE) plasma norepinephrine concentrations rose from 211 +/- 28 pg/ml supine to 501 +/- 65 pg/ml after 10 minutes standing in the active acromegalic patients and from 210 +/- 20 pg/ml supine to 502 +/- 54 pg/ml after 10 min standing in the normal subjects. Corresponding plasma epinephrine concentrations were 33 +/- 6 and 60 +/- 14 pg/ml in the acromegalics and 57 +/- 7 pg/ml in the normals. Thus, no abnormality in basal or stimulated plasma catecholamine concentrations was found in acromegalic patients."
1159062,"Five sera from hypothyroid patients were passed through gel-filtration columns and the collected fractions were analyzed in three different radioimmunoassays (hTSH-anti-hTSH; hTSHbeta-anti-pTSH; hLH-alpha-anti hLHalpha). For each immunological system, cross reactions were carefully studied. In the hTSH system one main peak was observed at the elution position of the entire molecule, with variable contributions in the subunits area. In the alpha subunit system, every profile showed an asymmetric peak, corresponding roughly to the position of the entire molecule; only two sera exhibited small amounts of free alpha chain. In the beta subunit system, a high molecular weight (100,000 or more) immunoreactive protein was present in every serum. Moreover, cross-reacting intact molecule was eluted as a second peak and in four sera free beta chain was detected. The significance of the big beta subunit, detectable only in the beta assay, is not elucidated."
1159063,"A 52-yr-old woman and her 47-yr-old brother both had large goiters, short stature, nerve deafness, and mild intellectual impairment. Serum levels of thyroid hormones were normal (sister) on borderline low (brother), urinary 127I levels were normal, and perchlorate discharge tests were negative. After adminstration of 125I, we found normal uptakes and retention of istotope by the thyroid, normal serum half-lives for PB 125I, and absence of labelled iodotyrosines in serum or urine. Particulate fractions from both glands had peroxidase activity by in vitro tests for guaiacol oxidation and tyrosine iodination. Samples from different parts of the sister's gland showed a correlation between peroxidase activity in vitro and radioiodine uptake in vivo. We made three separate preparations of thyroglobulin from the sister and one from the brother by gel filtration on 4% agarose. These were similar to each other and to thyrolobulin samples from normal humans when examined by gel electrophoresis both before and after reduction and alkylation. However, the three thyroglobulins from the same gland differed significantly from one another in their composition of most amino acids. This finding indicates that there can be heterogeneity in the protein portion of thyroglobulin, and since the three samples of thyroglobulin were from the same individual, this heterogeneity was probably not of genetic origin. In these patients we could not demonstrate any of the well-established biochemical defects associated with familial goiter. An abnormality in thyroglobulin structure remains in distinct possibility, but we must defer conclusions until there is more known about thyroglobulin heterogeneity and its relationship to hormone biosynthesis."
1159064,"Treatment with oral prednisone (15 mg every 6 h) for 1 day plus a 4-h glucose infusion at 2.8 mg/min kg body weight to 5 normal, healthy individuals raised their blood glucose to 137 +/- 4.5 mg per 100 ml (mean +/- SEM). In order to evaluate the effects of steroid-induced hyperglycemia on insulin responses, a model for the duplication of blood glucose concentration in serial studies was developed. During glucose infusion at 5.7 mg/min kg body weight, the fractional uptake of glucose at the end of infusion (KG) was 2.08 +/- 0.2%/min and the apparent volume of distribution (V) was 285 +/- 10.5 ml/kg. Further increase in the rate of glucose infusion did not affect KG and V. Based on these parameters, KG and V, the stable blood glucose achieved during the prednisone study (C) was duplicated both after short (4 h) and prolonged (28 h) glucose infusions (138 +/- 4.5 and 146 +/- 4.5 mg/100 ml, respectively) at rates calculated as the product of KG.C.V. The effects of prednisone treatment on insulin secretion were examined (1) during fasting, (2) at identical glucose concentrations during glucose infusions at constant rates, and (3) in response to glucose pulse (0.1 g/kg) during the infusions. During fasting, there was a significant elevation of mean blood glucose with prednisone (99 +/- 1.8 mg/100 ml) compared with that in the control study (88 +/- 1.7 mg/100 ml). The plasma IRI, however, remained unchanged (10 +/- 2.3 vs 10 +/- 1.6 muU/ml). During glucose infusions in the presence of similar blood glucose levels, the IRI was lower after prednisone treatment (18 +/- 1.5 muU/ml) than during the short and prolonged glucose infusions (42 +/- 5.1 and 63 +/- 7.0 muU/ml). The insulin response to the glucose pulse also was significantly lower during steroid treatment. Thus, prednisone apparently has an early inhibitory effect on the insulin response to glucose."
1159065,"In a prospective study of 7 patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), long-term (6-72 months) preoperative stimulation of plasma renin activity (PRA) by diuretic therapy (spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide) did not prevent selective aldosterone deficiency postoperatively. In all patients aldosterone excretion rate (AER) fell to subnormal values (from a mean of 97 to 2.6 mug/24 h) following removal of APA, although PRA remained elevated. Generalized adrenocortical insufficiency was excluded by the demonstration of normal baseline plasma cortisol and urinary 17-OHCS and the appropriate response to ACTH stimulation. In 6 of 7 patients studied 1-3 months postoperatively, short-term (4 days) sodium deprivation evoked normal increases in PRA, but AER response was blunted (except in 1). Restudy of 3 of 6 patients after 6-12 months revealed that aldosterone production had returned to normal. These results indicate that renin deficiency is not the principal cause of postoperative selective hypoaldosteronism in these patients. On the other hand, they appear to substantiate the possibility raised by in vitro and in vivo studies that spironolactone can directly inhibit aldosterone biosynthesis."
1159066,"Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant relative central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck (NI) results in a significant natriuresis which is quantitative identical to that induced by the acute administration of 2 liters of saline. Since the central hypervolemia induced by NI occurs without concomitant alterations in serum sodium and potassium concentration, the NI model was utilized to assess the role of volume in the regulation of both plasma renin (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) in man. Nine normal subjects were studied on two occasions while in balance on a 10 meq Na, 100 meq K diet; Control and NI. The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. Blood for PRA and PA was obtained at 30-min intervals for 6 h. NI produced a profound suppression of PRA as early as 30 min with maximal suppression (62%) by 180 min (P less than 0.001). Recovery from NI was associated with a prompt return to pre-study levels. The changes in PA paralleled those of PRA with regard to both the rapidity and magnitude of the suppression (r = 0.993: P less than 0.001). These data emphasize the importance of central volume per se as a primary determinant of PRA and PA regulation in normal man. Furthermore, the current studies confirm the importance of the renin-angiotensin axis in the control of volume-related changes in PA in normal man. The ability of NI to induce a prompt and parallel suppression of PRA and PA without concomitant alterations in plasma composition, suggests that NI may be a preferred investigative tool for assessing the effects of volume expansion on renin-aldosterone."
1159067,"Prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in umbilical cord plasma from fetuses, in capillary plasma from neonates, and in venous plasma from adults. The concentrations of prolactin in cord plasma from fetuses having gestational ages of 16 to 19 weeks, 20 to 34 weeks, and 35 to 42 weeks were 53 +/- 16 (mean and SE), 233 +/- 30 and 371 +/- 7 ng/ml, respectively. The prolactin levels decreased to 218 +/- 35 ng/ml during the first neonatal week. The similarity of the patterns of prolactin levels, reported gestational estrogen levels and adrenal weights, as well as the known biological properties of prolactin, estrogen, and ACTH is consistent with the view that these three factors may be involved in the growth of the fetal adrenal cortex and its involution in the newborn."
1159068,"After intravenous administration of 14C-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 3H-corticosterone (B) to 6 young and 7 elderly men, there was no significant difference between the two groups for the total recovery of radioactivity in the urine and neutral extract at the end of 2 days, although the elderly men excreted radioactivity at a significantly slower rate within that time period than young men. Excluding the atypical values for secretion rates (SRs) of DOC and B and for excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) for one subject in each age group, the mean SRs for DOC were 0.089 mg/day and 0.047 mg/day, and for B, 3.3 mg/day and 2.0 mg/day, for young and elderly men, respectively. Mean excretion of 17-OHCS for young men was 5.9 mg/day and 4.0 mg/day for elderly subjects. All 3 measures were significantly less for elderly men. For the total sample of 13 men, SRs of DOC correlated significantly with SRs for B and with excretion of 17-OHCS, as did SRs of B with 17-OHCS."
1159069,"A rat testes tubule receptor assay, employing 125I-hFSH as the radioligand, has been applied to measurement of human serum follitropin (FSH). Highly purified hFSH LER-1575C was used as the reference preparation. Problems related to interference with uptake of radioligand by receptor, presumably due to non-hormonal serum factors, were minimized by dialysis of the serum prior to TRA. Results obtained by TRA were compared with those obtained by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The mean index of discrimination (TRA/RIA) for a series of 11 postmenopausal sera (PM) was 5.4 and the mean index of precision was 0.063. Sensitivity of the TRA was 9 ng hFSH/ml. Postmenopausal serum averaged 81 ng/ml, PM on estrogen therapy averaged less than 9 ng/ml, Turners Syndrome was 40 ng/ml. No FSH was detected in hypophysectomized serum, in normal male serum or in blood bank serum. PM levels by TRA were similar to those obtained by others with RIA after multiplying by the conversion factor of 5.4."
1159070,"Urinary excretion by 8 normal adult subjects of immunoreactive somatomedin B was 27.6 +/- 4.4 mug between 1000 h and 1400 h compared to a mean plasma concentration at 1200 h of 5.9 +/- 0.9 mug/ml. Free somatomedin B in urine averaged 85.9%, although in the plasma of the same subjects all but less than 5% was bound to serum proteins."
1159071,"Male rats a 5 wk of age were subjected to 13 wk of intensive treadmill running to study the effect of exercise on adipose tissue cellularity and lipolysis. Untrained controls of the same age remained sedentary in their cages for the duration of the experiment. Adipocyte numbers were similar in eqidiymal fat pads from trained and untrained rats (12.7 plus or minus 1.3 X 10(6) vs. 15.3 plus or minus 1.3 X 10(6) cells/pad), however trained rats had smaller fat pads containing smaller cells (0.09 plus of minus 0.01 vs. 0.20 plus or minus 0.04 mug triglyceride/cell). Adipocytes from trained rats possessed greater epinephrine-sensitive lipase activity than sedentary rats on a per cell, per milligram protein, per gram adipose tissue, or per fat pad basis. Although the smaller cells of the trained rats had greater epinephrine-sensitive lipase activity than the larger cells of the untrained rats, lipolysis was positively correlated with cell size within both treatment groups. Cortisol treatment of intact animals did not significantly affect in vitro adipose tissue lipolysis. The results of this study indicate that exercise training increased the potential of adipose tissue cells to release free fatty acids in response to epinephrine stimulation. Exercise training initiated at 5 wk of age had only a small effect on adipose tissue cell numbers but significantly decreased cell size."
1159072,"Bone mineral and matrix maturation in chronically uremic, nonacidotic rats were investigated after 25-hydroxcholecalciferol (25OHD) and/or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) therapy utilizing bromoform-toluene density gradient fractionation and X-ray diffraction analyses. The bromoform-toluene density gradient analyses demonstrated that the progressive accumulation of less dense, more immature bone characteristic of progressive uremia was reversed by 25OHD and/or C12MDP therapy for a 2-wk period, and that after 4 wk of therapy the maturational profile of bones from chronically uremic animals treated with 250HD and/or C12MDP was comparable to that from nonuremic littermates. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that by the 4th wk of therapy with 25OHD and C12MDP both the degree of crystallinity and the crystal size/perfection parameters in the uremic bones were comparable to those of nonuremic, pair-fed control littermates. Treatment for 4 wk with 25OHD resulted in enlarged and/or more perfect apatite crystallites, while C12MDP alone slightly inhibited crystal growth and/or perfection after 2 wk of treatment. Soft tissue calcification was diminished in uremic animals treated for 4 wk with C12MDP or a combined C2MDP/25OHD regimen, the latter being much more effective in this regard. The accumulated data in this study support the premise that the attendant accelerated bone resorption, soft tissue calcification, and abnormal mineralization and maturation of the skeletal tissue, well documented to characterize experimental ranal insufficiency, may be alleviated with therapeutic dosages of 25OHD and/or C12MDP."
1159073,"Electrophysiological studies were performed in 16 patients before and 30 min after intravenous administration of ouabain (0.1 mg/kg). P-A interval (mean+/-SEM) was 40+/-2.1 ms before and 44+/- 1.5 ms after ouabain (P less than 0.001). Atrial effective and functional refractory periods (ERP and FRP) were measured in all patients during sinus rhythm and during driving at equivalent paced rates in 12 patients. The mean atrial ERP and FRP during sinus rhythm were, respectively, 244+/-10.5 and 307+/-11.0 ms before and 253+/-9.7 and 318+/-11.4 ms after infusion of ouabain (NS). Mean atrial ERP and FRP during driving were, respectively, 231+/-15.3 and 264+/-14.9 ms before and 266+/-18.6 and 296+/-19.7 ms after ouabain (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01). Mean sinus cycle length and sinus recovery times were, respectively, 887+/-31.2 and 1,113+/-38.7 ms before and 905+/-38.2 and 1,008+/-30.7 ms after infusion of ouabain (NS and P less than 0.005). Calculated sinoatrial conduction times before and after ouabain were 90+/-6.8 and 110+/-8.5 ms, respectively (P less than 0.005). In summary, ouabain produced depression of intraatrial conduction as manifested by increase in P-A interval and atrial effective and functional refractory periods. Ouabain significantly increased calculated sinoatrial conduction time without significant effect on spontaneous sinus cycle length."
1159074,"Studies were carried out in a family in which two children with cholestasis due to intrahepatic bile duct anomalies were shown to have increased amounts of the cholic acid precursor, 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydorxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA). The metabolism of THCA was studied in one of these patients after an intravenous injection of (3H)THCA, and the cause of the increased amounts of THCA in this condition was found to be due to a metabolic defect in the conversion of this compound into cholic acid. A small amount of (3H)cholic acid was also identified after (3H)THCA administration, confirming that this metabolic defect was incomplete. Varanic acid (3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24xi-tetrahydorxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid), a metabolite of THCA, could not be identified in either of these patients. By assuming that this compound would be conjugated and excreted if the metabolic block occurred after the formation of varanic acid, the defect in these patients appears to be due to a deficiency of a 24-hydroxylating enzyme system required to convert THCA into varanic acid. This condition appears to be transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion, because the two affected patients were of opposite sex, and neither a normal sibling nor the two parents have increased amount of THCA in their bile."
1159075,"Erythrocytes containing pig liver uricase have been prepared by hypotonic hemolysis in the presence of the enzyme. Uricase is shown to be active within the erythrocytes and to degrade uric acid as rapidly as it enters the cells when high intracellular enzyme concentrations are employed. The kinetics and characteristics of uric acid entry are shown to be the same for hemolysed and normal erythrocytes. At physiological concentrations of uric acid, loaded erythrocytes can degrade a maximum of about 21 mumol uric acid/liter erythrocytes per min. The possible application of enzyme-loaded erythrocytes to medicine is discussed."
1159076,"Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthesis and the ADP- and collagen-induced platelet release reaction. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect is unknown but may involve protein acetylation, since aspirin acetylates a variety of substrates, including platelet protein. We have examined the relationship between protein acetylation and aspirin's physiologic effect on platelets. Suspensions of washed human platelets were incubated at 37 degrees C with (3H)aspirin, and incorporation of radioactivity into protein was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Exposure to (acetyl-3H)aspirin but not (aromatic ring-3H)aspirin resulted in radioactive labeling of three platelet proteins, suggesting that the drug acetylates these three proteins. The acetylation of two of the proteins (located in the supernatant fraction) was not saturable, implying that these reactions may not be physiologically significant. Acetylation of the third protein, approximate mol wt 85,000 (located in the particulate fraction), saturated at an aspirin concentration of 30 muM and was complete within 20 min. Platelets prepared from aspirin-treated donors did not incorporate any (acetyl-3H)aspirin radioactivity into the particulate protein for 2 days after drug treatment and did not show full pretreatment uptake of radioactivity for 12 days thereafter. The course of increasing incorporation of (acetyl-3H)aspirin radioactivity parralleled that of platelet turnover. Therefore, in addition to its saturability, acetylation of the particulate fraction protein by aspirin was permanent. In two respects, the inhibition of platelet function by aspirin correlates well with the aspirin-mediated acetylation of the particulate fraction protein. Both persist for the life-span of the aspirin-treated platelet, and both occur at a similar saturating aspirin concentration. The evidence suggests that the physiologic effect of aspirin on human platelets is produced by acetylation of a single protein located in the particulate fraction. The acetylated protein may be related to cyclo-oxygenase, the prostaglandin G2 biosynthetic enzyme."
1159077,"An 18-yr-old woman with clinical and laboratory features of hyperthyroidism had persistently elevated serum levels of immunoreative thyrotropin (TSH). During 11 yr of follow-up there had been no evidence of a pituitary tumor. After thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), there was a marked increase in TSH and secondarily in triiodothyronine (T3), the latter observation confirming the biologic activity of the TSH. Exogenous T3 raised serum T3 and several measurements of peripheral thyroid hormone effect, while decreasing serum TSH, thyroxine (T4), and thyroidal radioiodine uptake. After T3, the TRH-stimulated TSH response was decreased but was still inappropriate for the elevated serum T3 levels. Dexamethasone reduced serum TSH but did not inhibit TRH stimulation of TSH. Propylthiouracil reduced serum T4 and T3 and raised TSH. This patient represents a new syndrome of TSH-induced hyperthyroidism, differing from previous reports in the absence of an obvious pituitary tumor and in the responsiveness of the TSH to TRH stimulation and thyroid hormone suppression. This syndrome appears to be caused by a selective, partial resistance of the pituitary to the action of thyroid hormone. This case is also compared with previous reports in the literature of patients with elevated serum levels of immunoreactive TSH in the presence of elevated total and free thyroid hormones. A classification of these cases, termed ""inappropriate secretion of TSH,"" is proposed."
1159078,"The role of liver in the peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) was studied in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic liver disease by measurement of thyrotrophin (TSH) and total and free T4 and T3 in randomand serial serum samples. Also, T4 to T3 conversion rates and T3 disposal rates were compared by noncompartmental analysis. While the mean total serum T4 values were similar for the two groups, 8.6 and 8.1 mug/kl, the mean free T4 value was significantly higher in the cirrhotic patients (3.3 ng/dl) than in the normal subjects (2.1 ng/dl, P less than 0.001). The mean serum T3 value, 85 ng/dl, was significantly reduced in the hepatic patients as compared to a mean serum T3 value of 126 ng/dl in the normal subjects (P less than 0.001), while the free T3 value was 0.28 ng/dl in both groups. The reduction of the serum total and free T3 values were closely correlated with the degree of liver damage, as indicated by elevation of serum bilirubin (r equal -0.547) and reduction of serum albumin (r equal 0.471). The mean serum TSH level was 3.1 muU/ml in the normals and 7.1 muU/ml in the cirrhotic aptients ( less than 0.001). 15% of the hepatic patients had serum TSH values above 10 muU/ml, which, however, did not correlate with any of the four liver function tests studied. Serial blood sampling from two convalescing patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed a gradual normalization of serum TSH and T3 levels as the liver function improved. After oral T4 administration, 0.25 mg/day for 10 days, three of four cirrhotic patients studied failed to raise their serum T3 values. The mean T4 to T3 conversion rate of seven normal subjects was 35.7%. The mean T4 to T3 conversion rate of four cirrhotic patients studied was significantly reduced to 15.6% (P less than 0.001). The mean disposal rates of T4 and T3 of the normal subjects were 114 and 34 mug/day, respectively. The ratio of T4 disposal to T3 disposal was 3.5. In contrast, the mean T4 disposal rate, 82 mug/day, and the mean T3 disposal rate, 10 mug/day, were both reduced in the cirrhotic patients. Their ratio of T4 disposal to T3 disposal was 7.9. These findings suggest that impairment of T4 conversion in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis may lead to reduced T3 production and lowered serum T3 level. Therefore, the liver is one of the major sites of T4 conversion to T3."
1159079,"Porphria cutanea tarda is characterized biochemically by excessive hepatic synthesis and urinary excretion of uroporphyrin I and 7-carboxylporphyrins. This pattern of excretion suggest an impaired ability to decarboxylate uroporphyrinogen to the paired ability to decarboxylate uroporphyringen to the 4-carboxyl porphyrinogen, coproporphyrinogen, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme uroporphyringen decarboxylase. Because clinical evidence has implicated iron in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda, these experiments were designed to study the effect of iron on uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in procine crude liver extracts. Mitochondria-free crude liver extracts were preincubated with ferrous ion and aliquots were assayed for uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. Uroporphyrinogens I and III, the substrates for the decarboxylase assay, were prepared enzymatically from (3H)porphobilinogen. The products of the decarboxylase reaction were identified and quantitated by three methods: (a) extraction into 1.5 N HCl and spectrophotometric quantitation; (b) adsorption onto talc, esterification, paper chromatographic identification, and quantitation by liquid scintillation counting; and (c) adsorption onto talc, esterification, thin-layer chromatographic identification on silica gel, and quantitation by liquid scintillation counting. The thin-layer scinllation method proved most sensitive as it was the only method which accurately identified and quantitated the 7-carboxyl porphyrin reaction product. Uroporphyrinogens I and III were decarboxylated at the same rate by porcine hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, and the addition of iron induced marked inhibition of the decarboxylase activity. Ortholpehanthroline blocked the inhibitory effect of iron. The inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by ferrous ion, coupled with its previously reported inhibitory effect on uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase, provides a possible biochemical explanation for the pattern of urinary porphyrin excretion observed in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and the clinical association with disordered iron metabolism."
1159080,"The present study determined the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on serum immunoactive parathyroid hormone and on parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro. Rats injected i.p. with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 130 pmol (2 U)/140 g body wt, which is probably a physiologic dose, had a significant 43% decrease in serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone at 4 h. In addition, this dose of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibited the serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia induced by phosphate injection. Because the increment in serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was less but the decrement in serum calcium more in phosphate plus 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-treated than in phosphate plus vehicle-treated rats, the impaired serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol could not be attributed to the change in serum calcium. In studies of parathyroid hormone secretion from bovine parathyroid tissue in vitro, the concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol used for most experiments was 1nM, which is in the range found in rat serum. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol at 1 or 100 nM significantly inhibited parathyroid hormone secretion when medium calcium concentration was normal (1.5 mM), high (3.0 mM), and low (1.0 mM). Maximum inhibition ranged from 19 to 74%; inhibition was generally seen after 2 h of incubation; and inhibition was sustained or progressive thereafter. Vitamin A, 0.1 muM, caused a marked stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol at 1 nM markedly reduced (44%) the effect of vitamin A to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion. This effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was maximal at 1 h and persisted thereafter. Another steroid, hydrocortisone, 10 muM, did not inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion, suggesting that the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol effect was not a nonspecific inhibitory effect on parathyroid cells. Because other workers have shown that parathyroid hormone directly stimulates 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol secretion, our results are consistent with the concept that there is a feedback loop where parathyroid hormone directly stimulates secretion of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, which in turn directly inhibits secretion of parathyroid hormone."
1159081,"A model system for the study of inflammation in vivo has been developed using the 16-h polyvinyl sponge implant in the rat. This system allows for simultaneous measurement of in vivo chemotaxis, volume of fluid influx, and fluid concentrations of lysosomal and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. In addition, the enzyme content of inflammatory fluid neutrophils may also be determined. A parallel time course of neutrophil and lysosomal enzyme influx into sponge implants was observed. This was characterized by an initial lag phase and a rapid increase between 5 and 16 h. The origin of supernatant LDH and lysosomal enzymes was studied with anti-neutrophil serum to produce agranulocytic rats. Inflammatory fluid in these rats was almost acellular and contained decreased concentrations of beta glucuronidase (-96%) and LDH (-74%). In control rats all of the supernatant beta glucuronidase could be accounted for by cell death and lysis, as estimated from measurements of soluble DNA. Only 15-20% of the LDH activity could be accounted for on the basis of cell lysis. The remainder was derived from neutrophil-mediated injury to connective tissue cells. Large intravascular doses of methylprednisolone markedly inhibited neutrophil influx into sponges and adjacent connective tissue. Secondary to decreased neutrophil influx, fewer neutrophils were available for lysis, and lysosomal enzyme levels in inflammatory fluid decreased. No evidence for intracellular or extracellular stabilization of neutrophil lysosomal granules by methylprenisolone was found."
1159082,"Methysergide, a clinically-used blocker of serotonin receptors, was administered to 10 normal young men at a dose of 2 mg every 6 h for 48 h. After drug treatment, serum levels of growth hormone during sleep were 41.9% higher than placebo values (less than 0.001). In contrast, drug treatment was associated with a 36.4% decrease in stimulated growth hormone secretion during insulin tolerance testing  (P less than 0.01). These opposite effects of methysergide suggest that different mechanisms are responsible for sleep-related and insulin-induced growth hormone secretion. Accordingly, data obtained with pharmacologic stimuli may lead to erroneous inferences regarding physiologic growth hormone control mechanisms. Administration of methysergide profoundly suppressed sleep-related prolactin secretion; overall nocturnal mean prolactin fell by 70.3% from 4.30+/-0.19 to 1.28+/-0.06 ng/ml (P less than 0.0001). It appears that serotonin may be significant modulating neurotransmitter for the control of growth hormone secretion, limiting sleep-related release, and enhancing insulin-induced release. It seems likely from these data that the role of serotonin in the control of prolactin secretion is relatively more important, since serotonin receptor blockade dramatically reduced sleep-related prolactin secretion."
1159083,"Cultured human endothelial cells were labeled with (3H)leucine, and the radioactive Factor VIII antigen present in the postculture medium was isolated by double anitbody immunoprecipitation and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction with dithiothreitol. The Factor VIII antigen synthesized by cultured endothelial cells was found to contain the same single polypeptide subunit (mol wt 225,000) present in plasma Factor VIII antigen. These results suggest that in vivo, the endothelial cell is a major site of synthesis of circulating Factor VIII antigen."
1159084,"A 4-yr-old female patient who has recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria and gramnegative organisms was found to have a complete absence of total hemolytic complement and C3. Total hemolytic complement was reconstituted by the addition of functionally pure C3. With the exception of a moderately reduced homolytic C4, all other C components, measured homolytically and by radial immunodiffusion, were present in normal amounts. By Ouchterlong analysis, the patient's serum contained C3b inactivator and properdin but no antigenic C3. Activation of the alternate pathway was examined by purified cobra venom factor (CVF) and inulin. Neither of these substances led to activation of properdin factor B to B. On addition of partially purified Cordis C3, in four out of four instances and with different preparations of Cordis C3, activation of factor B to B occurred in the inulin-serum-C3 mixture. In contrast, activation of factor B to B occurred only once out of four times with CVF-serum-C3 mixtures. Immune adherence was found to be normal in the patient's serum and could be removed by anti-C4 antiserum of hydrazine treatment. A marked opsonic defect was present against Escherichia coli. Serum bactericidal activity against a rough strain of E. coli was also defective. The ability to mobilize an infalmmatory response was examined by Rebuck skin window technique. A delay in neutrophil migration occurred until the 6th h. In vitro lymphocyte transformation and serum immunoglobulins were normal. The proportion of peripheral blood T cells forming spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes and the percentage of B cells forming EAC rosettes by the C3 receptor were normal. The significance of the absence of C3 in our patient is emphasized by the increased number of infections with encapsulated bacteria and the decreased functional biological activities of the C system, important in host defense mechanism(s)."
1159085,"Properdin deposition has been recognized in glomeruli of patients with acute and chronic nephritis and lupus nephritis, and low serum properdin levels have been found in these disorders. These findings suggest that properdin may be involved in the production of glomerular damage and that low properdin levels may be due to hypercatabolism. The study was designed to examine the metabolism of properdin in normal subjects and to look for an abnormality in five patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement and in six patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis or dense deposit disease (MPGN). Highly purified human properdin was prepared by elution from zymosan, followed by DEAE-cellulose and carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography, and labeled with 125I by the iodine monochloride method. Parameters of metabolism were determined by monitoring plasma and urinary radioactivity at frequent intervals after the intravenous injection of 1-2 muCi of labeled material. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of properdin in normal subjects was found to have a very narrow range of 0.78-1.0,% of the plasma pool per hour (mean 0.95%). In systemic lupus erythematosus, the FCR was regularly elevated with a range of 1.21-2.30% (mean 1.70%). In MPGN, FCR was elevated in three patients (1.22, 1.94, and 2.08%) and within or below the normal range in three (0.78, 1.00, and 1.00%). Properdin levels were reduced in two patients who had the highest FCR's noted in the study. Properdin synthetic rates in normals varied from 4.1 to 14.3 mug/kg per h (mean 9.1) and was not found to be reduced in any patient. Properdin catabolism was found to be normal in a patient deficient in the C3b inactivator. These studies show that properdin is hypercatabolized in patients with renal disease and that decreased properdin levels when they occur in these patients can be entirely explained on the basis of this hypercatabolism."
1159086,"""Ectopic"" proteins, not distinguished immunologically from the common alpha subunit of the human glycoprotein hormones, were purified approximately 10,000-fold from a gastric carcinoid tumor (A.L.-alpha) and from tissue culture medium of bronchogenic carcinoma cell lines (ChaGo-alpha). The purified A.L.-alpha was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis while the purified ChaGo-alpha showed multiple components, some of which represented aggregated species. In SDS gel electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weights of A.L.-alpha (15,000) and dithioerythritol-reduced ChaGo-alpha (13,000) were significantly lower than those of the alpha subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-alpha), luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (22,000-23,000). Binding experiments with [35S]-SDS suggested that these apparent differences in molecular weight resulted, at least in part, from diminished binding of the SDS by the normal compared to the ectopic alpha subunits. In gel chromatography, the apparent molecular weights of A.L.-alpha (27,000) and ChaGo-alpha (30,000) were slightly higher than those of normal alpha subunits (23,000-24,000). Both A.L.-alpha and ChaGo-alpha were not distinguished from hCG-alpha in ion-exchange chromatography. The composition of A.L.-alpha was similar to that of hCG-alpha in 13 amino acids but showed decreased phenylalanine and increased valine; glucosamine was identified in both A.L.-alpha and hCG-alpha. Under conditions in which hCG-alpha combined with the hCG beta subunit (hCG-beta) to produce 95% of the expected gonadotropin-binding activity in a rat testis radioreceptor-assay, A.L.-alpha incubation with hCG-beta resulted in only 2% of the expected activity, and ChaGo-alpha incubation with hCG-beta produced no detectable activity. These characteristics of ectopic alpha subunits may reflect abnormalities of neoplastic protein synthesis or carbohydrate attachment which result in polypeptides with chemical and immunologic similarity to normal subunits but with differences in physical and combining properties; alternatively, the ectopic subunits may represent as yet unrecognized alpha precursor forms."
1159087,"To evaluate better the physicochemical characteristics of human fat digestion, a method was developed which allowed characterization of the bile acid-lipid mixed micelles of the aqueous phase of post-prandial duodenal fluid. Duodenal fluid was collected after a 36-g fat breakfast for two 90-min periods and for 60 min after i.v. cholecystokinin and was ultracentrifuged at 15,400,000 g-min. The aqueous phase was isolated, passed through a 200-nm filter, and the mixed micelles were concentrated by an ultrafiltration procedure using a 1.5-nm filter. The 1.5-nm retentate was eluted from Sepharose 6B columns with 1.5-nm filtrate for both preequilibration fluid and eluent. 1.5-nm filtrate approximated the monomer concentrations. Each sample was assayed for bile acid, fatty acid, lecithin, lysolecithin, protein, cholesterol, and counterions (pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+). Constituents were concentrated only on the 1.5-nm filter. On gel permeation chromatography, coincident peaks were observed for bile acid, fatty acid, lysolecithin, and cholesterol; and were eluted with a Kav range of 0.50-0.68 (corresponding to a Stokes radius of 2.3-3.5 nm). An average density of 1.25 and coincident peaks of bile acid and fatty acid were found for the mixed micelles on sucrose density gradients. The regression lines of micellar fatty acid, lysolecithin, and cholesterol vs. bile acid gave a stoichiometry of 1.4 mol fatty acid, 0.15 mol lysolecithin, and 0.06 mol cholesterol for each mole of bile acid. Mixed micelles were homogeneous in composition. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of the postprandial mixed micelle and describe several of its physicochemical properties."
1159088,"In vitro evidence presently favors a direct osteolytic effect of biologically active vitamin D metabolites. Studies were designed to evaluate the effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) on bone collagen and mineral maturation in vivo and its dependence on parathyroid hormone (PTH). After treatment of sham-operated control and parathyroidectomized (PTX) mature rats with either 25OHD3 or an oil vehicle for 2 wk, tibial bone mineral-collagen maturation was quantitated by bromoform-toluene density gradient fractionation techniques. Intestinal calcium absorption was measured by in vivo 45Ca transport procedures. In contrast to the control group, the response to 25OHD3 of PTX rats was dramatic. Bone mineral and matrix maturation were both accelerated by 25OHD3 treatment without concomitant reduction in total bone mineral or collagen content or changes in the intestinal calcium absorption. These observations support the premise that biologically active vitamin D metabolites stimulate bone tissue maturation, and that PTH is not required in this regard."
1159089,"To study the potential application of glucocorticosteroid administration for the measurement of the bone marrow neutrophil reserve response, blood neutrophil count changes were measured in normal subjects after the administration of intravenous hydrocortisone (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg) and oral prednisone (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg). The upper three doses of both steroids increased the blood neutrophil count by approximately 4,000 cells/mm3. The neutrophilia occurring after hydrocortisone (200 mg) and/or prednisone (40 mg) was compared with that observed after endotoxin (0.8 ng/kg) and etiocholanolone (0.1 mg/kg) in 14 normal subjects, 7 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis on cyclophosphamide therapy and 10 patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia. The normal responses (mean increase of blood neutrophils/mm3 above base line +/- 1 SEM) were: hydrocortisone 4,220 +/- 320, prednisone 4,610 +/- 360, endotoxin 6,060 +/- 880, and etiocholanolone 3,780 +/- 440. In the patient studies, etiocholanolone gave the smallest mean responses, but, in general, the results were similar for all agents. These data indicate that these glucocorticosteroids can be used as equivalent agents to endotoxin and etiocholanolone for measuring the neutrophil reserve response."
1159090,"Hereditary muscular dystrophy in chickens of the New Hampshire strain was treated with penicillamine from the 9th day after hatching to the 425th day. The adult maintenance dose for males was 50 mg/kg per day and for females, 13-65 mg/kg per day. In avian dystrophy, deterioration of the muscle fibers is evidenced in the 2nd mo by an inability of the birds to rise after falling on their backs and by a progressive rigidity of the wings. The drug delayed the onset of symptoms and partially alleviated the debilitating aspects of the disease. Penicillamine produced three major improvements: (a) better righting ability when birds were placed on their backs; (b) greater wing flexibility; (c) and suppression of plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. The results are statistically analyzed and discussed in relationship to Duchenne dystrophy. Normal birds were not affected by penicillamine as judged by these parameters. The rationale for using penicillamine, a sulfhydryl compound with reducing properties, was (a) to attempt to protect essential thiol enzymes in the anabolic and glycolytic pathways against inactivation and (b) to prevent collagen cross-linking and deposition in muscle. Although the precise mechanism of drug action has not been determined. the possible role of penicillamine in mitigating the symptoms of genetic dystrophy in man is under consideration. Further, penicillamine may have a more generalized application i the prevention of contractures in a variety of neuromuscular disorders."
1159091,"To investigate the pathogenesis of post-obstructive diuresis, a state of functional ""anuria"" during ureteral obstruction was created in awake rats by (a) bilateral obstruction (BO); (b) unilateral obstruction and contralateral nephrectomy (UO-Nx); or (c) unilateral obstruction and continuous i.v. reinfusion of urine from the intact contralateral kidney (UO-reinf). These groups were compared with unilaterally obstructed (UO) and sham-operated control (sham) rats. After release of obstruction of 24 h duration, mean urine flows (V) and sodium excretion rates (UNaV) were significantly elevated above those of sham rats in BO, UO-Nx, and UO-reinf animals, but slightly decreased in UO rats. Glomerular filtration rates were comparably depressed in UO, BO, UO-Nx, and UO-reinf rats. These results suggest that post-obstructive diuresis is due to one or more circulating diuretic factors that are normally excreted in the urine, and which, when retained )as in BO or UO-Nx rats) or returned to the circulation (as in UO-reinf rats), exert a diuretic affect. In additional experiments, UO rats infused with urea exhibited post-obstructive diuresis, if extracellular volume contraction was prevented. This result suggests that urea may be an important diuretic factor in post-obstructive diuresis, but does not exclude possible roles for other humoral factors. The intact kidney of UO-reinf rats displayed a massive unilateral diuresis and natriuresis, further suggesting the presence of potent diuretic factors in the urine. A marked increase in the fractional excretion of glomerular filtrate (V/GFR) by the intact kidney suggests that this diuresis may be attributable, in part, to impaired proximal reabsorption."
1159092,"Triglyceride metabolism was investigated in groups of fed and fasted rats after 21 days of parenteral estradiol (5 mug daily), progesterone (5 mg daily), or the two steroids in combination. Results were compared with control groups receiving an oil solvent alone. In rats given estradiol separately or combined with progesterone, hypertriglyceridemia was uniformly associated with increased plasma triglyceride entry, estimated with the i.v. Triton WR1339 technique. Progesterone alone had no effect on these parameters. Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA), adipose, mammary gland, and protamine-resistant liporotein lipases (LPL) were significantly increased in progesterone-treated rats and significantly decreased in rats receiving estradiol with the exception of mammary gland LPL, which was also increased to a slight extent. The combined regimen reduced plasma PHLA and increased protamine-resistant adipose, and mammary gland LPL activity. Sex steroid treatments had minimal effects on plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, but all increased plasma insulin significantly. Hyperinsulinemia did not parallel changes in body weight or other measured parameters. Linear regression analyses revealed that plasma triglyceride concentrations in all fed, treated rats correlated significantly with triglyceride entry but not very uniformly with plasma or tissue LPL activity. We conclude that estradiol, unlike progesterone, has substantial lipemic effects in the rat which relate best to triglyceride entry. Hyperinsulinemia, changes in body weight, plasma PHLA, and tissue LPL activities did not consistently predict the influence of sex steroid treatment on plasma triglyceride concentrations."
1159094,"Early changes in lysosomal enzymes must occur if their role is significant in irreversible myocardial injury. Therefore, we ligated the anterior descending coronary artery in 14 dogs and after 60 min excised epicardial and endocardial samples from the ischemic and adjacent normal heart. The collateral flow measured with radioactive microspheres in the endocardial samples averaged 19% of control. The muscle was disrupted and fractionated by ultracentrifugation into nuclear pellet (NP), heavy lysosomal pellet (HL), light lysosomal pellet (LL), microsomal pellet (M) and supernate (S). Electron microscopy demonstrated changes characteristic of sichemia in whole tissues and sedimented fractions. Acid phosphatase reaction product was present in residual bodies in the HL fraction and membrane-bound vesicles in the LL fraction and in the intact tissue. Significant decreases in the specific activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase occurred in the endocardial LL fraction, while significant increases in both were found in the ts fraction (P less than 0.05). Losses of acid phosphatase occurred in both LL and S fractions. Moreover, decreases of total N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the HL fraction and of total beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase in the LL fraction were positively correlated (P less than 0.01) with the degree of ischemia measured with radioactive microspheres. Only insignificant enzymatic changes were found when the collateral flow was greater than 40%, and the differences were less significant in epicardial samples where the flow averaged 29%. The early loss of enzymes from the lysosomal fractions in severe ischemia suggests a role for lysosomal hydrolases in the necrosis that follows coronary occlusion."
1159093,"Left pneumonectomy in the mature rat led to an increase of [3Ha1 thymidine incorporation into DNA of the remaining lung in the first 3 postoperative days, and resulted in a subsequent 38% increase of lung weight and 41% increase of lung tissue volume measured 1 wk after surgery. Despite these early changes, total lung volume (TLV) did not increase until the 2nd postoperative wk, reaching values 33% greater than in controls. Analysis of lung pressure-volume curves revealed that lung recoil was increased at low lung volumes 1 wk after surgery, but returned to normal by the 2nd postoperative wk, suggesting that synthesis of both lung elastin and collagen had occurred by this time. Increased inspired oxygen concentration (28% or 35%) during the 1st but not the 2nd postoperative wk abolished the change in TLV without influencing the increase in lung weight, while diminished inspired oxygen (17% or 14%) accentuated the postoperative increase in TLV. Lung pressure-volume curves demonstrated changes in distensibility at low lung volumes, suggesting that oxygen may have influenced synthesis or cross-linking of lung elastin. Alterations of minute ventilation in the postoperative period produced by 3% CO2 did not influence the compensatory growth process, nor did administration of cyclophosphamide. These studies suggest that postpneumonectomy lung growth is a two-phase process, beginning with cell proliferation and increased tissue volume, followed by increasing lung volume associated with formation of lung structural proteins. The latter process is profoundly influenced by inspired oxygen concentration in the early postoperative period."
1159095,"Thrombin binds with high affinity to specific cell-surface receptors on washed human platelets. We present experiments indicating that thrombin binding correlates withe the release reaction when binding is perturbed by anions. Marked differences in the affinity of human 125I-thrombin for platelets wer observed in various isotonic buffers at pH 7.4. At low concentrations of thrombin (0.001-0.01 U/ml), binding was 5-fold greater in Tris-sodium acetate and 12-fold greater in Tris-sodium cacodylate than in Tris-sodium chloride. These anion-induced changes in 125I-thrombin binding paralleled changes in [14C] serotonin release when both parameters were measured in the same platelets. Thus, equivalent release occurred for equal amounts of thrombin bound in all buffers, even though the thrombin concentration varied by up to 30-fold. After approximately 100 molecules of thrombin bound per platelet, complete release occurred in all buffers in 2 min. The effect of anions was specific for the thrombin-receptor interaction as there was no corresponding effect on the binding of erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) to platelets nor on E-PHA or collagen-induced serotonin release. The various anions did not alter platelet morphology as judged by electron microscopy. The anions had no effect on thrombin esterase catalytic activity. In addition, the total number of thrombin receptors per platelet was approximately the same in all buffers. Thus anions alter the affinity between platelet thrombin receptors and a site on thrombin distinct from the catalytic site. We conclude that the thrombin receptor is essential for thrombin-induced platelet reactions."
1159096,"In vitro cellular immunocompetence was investigated on 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease by studying their in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to full range stimulation achieved by a spectrum of phytohemagglutinin concentrations. When compared to the normal lymphocyte profile elicited from 35 control subjects, the Hodgkin's patterns of response enabled the identification of a quantifiable lymphocyte defect present in most patients regardless of their clinical status. Increasing severity of this defect was found with progression of the disease and was most pronounced in patients with skin anergy and absolute lymphopenia. The marked abnormality observed in patients restudied after intensive therapy returned towards normal in patients achieving a long lasting, unmaintained complete remission. The data suggest the early presence of an intrinsic functional lymphocyte defect, increasing severity of which may lead to progressive immunoincompetence, reflected to vitro by imparied lymphocyte responsiveness and in vivo by skin anergy and ultimately lymphopenia."
1159097,"Splanchnic metabolism was studied in the fed state during prolonged intravenous administration (30 g/h) of either fructose or glucose to hypertriglyceridemic men who had been maintained on a high-carbohydrate diet for 2 wk. Splanchnic exchange of amino acids and carbohydrates was quantified by measurement of splanchnic flow and of blood or plasma arteriohepatic venous concentration gradients. Results obtained in subjects receiving fructose were compared with those obtained in (a) similar subjects receiving glucose and (b) postabsorptive controls maintained on isocaloric, balanced diets. Mean arterial plasma levels of alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, proline, valine, leucine, histidine, lysine, and ornithine were significantly higher in subjects given fructose than in those give glucose (P less than 0.05). The mean arterial concentration and splanchnic uptake of alanine were significantly higher in subjects given fructose than in postabsorptive controls, despite a significantly lower fractional extraction of alanine in the former (P less than 0.05). The mean arterial plasma levels of serine and ornithine were significantly lower in subjects receiving fructose than in postabsorptive controls (P less than 0.05). About half of the administered fructose or glucose was taken up in the splanchnic region, where approximately 15% was converted to CO2 and 10% to lactate. Half of the fructose taken up in the splanchnic region was converted to glucose released from the liver. The amount of hexose carbon remaining for hepatic synthesis of liquids in subjects given fructose was less than half of that of subjects given glucose. These studies demonstrate that fructose and glucose have divergent effects on amino acid metabolism and that during hypercaloric infusion of glucose (as with fructose), the human liver is a major site of lactate production."
1159098,"The time relationship for recovery of mechanical function, the intramyocardial electrogram and coronary flow after brief periods of regional myocardial ischemia, was studied in conscious dogs. Total left vemtricular (LV) function was assessed with measurements of LV systolic and diastolic pressures, rate of change of LV pressure (dP/dt), and dP/dt/P. Regional LV function was assessed with measurements of regional segment length and velocity of shortening. An implanted hydraulic occluder on either the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery was inflated for 5- and 15-min periods on separate days. A 5-min occlusion depressed overall LV function transiently, but just before release of occlusion overall function had nearly returned to control. At this time regional function in the ischemic zone was still depressed to the point of absent shorteining or paradoxical motion during systole and was associated with marked ST segment elevation (+ 10 +/- 2.2 mV) at the site where function was measured. With release of occlusion and reperfusion the intramyocardial electrogram returned to normal within 1 min, and reactive hyperemia subsided by 5-10 min. In contrast to the rapid return to preocclusion levels for coronary flow and the electrogram, regional mechanical function remained depressed for over 3 h. A 15-min coronary occlusion resulted in an even more prolonged (greater than 6 h) derangement of function in the ischemic zone. Thus, brief periods of coronary occlusion result in prolonged impairement of regional myocardial function which could not have been predicted from the rapid return of the electrogram and coronary flow. These observations indicate that brief interruptions of coronary flow result either in a prolonged period of local ischemia or that alterations of mechanical induced by ischemia far outlast the repayment of the oxygen debt."
1159100,"An analysis of the syntactic, semantic and phonological features of a corpus of therapy words drawn form recent publications dealing with remedial language instruction was performed to determine whether these words would in theory support full grammatical acquisition. Percentage of occurrence data were compared with distributional statiscs for adult (Berger, 1967a) and child (Weir, 1962) usage. The results suggested a bias in favor of concrete words referring to everyday objects around the home, nouns, verbs and adjectives, and morphemes of simple syllable and sound structure. In general the words analyzed appeared more suitable for children under 3 years of age than for older children. Of factors guiding the clinician's selection of therapy words, native speaker intuition for distributional characteristics of the language was regarded as the major factor of judgment."
1159101,"This study evaluated whether pre-information influenced experienced and inexperienced speech clinicians' ratings of a child's articulation. All clinicans received the same written pre-information report, except that for one half of both groups the report ended with the statement that the child's articulation problem was mild-to-moderate and for the other half that is was moderate-to-severe. Each clinician completed a standard articulation inventory based on a video-tape presentation and then rated the child's articulation on a nine-point scale. Results on the rating scale were in the direction of the pre-information rating for each group, with the experienced groups' differences being statistically significant. Results on the inventory demonstrated the following : the expected shift for one experienced group, an unexplained very poor scoring of articulation errors by the other experienced group, and no significant difference between the inexperienced clinician groups. We conclude that on the more subjective task---the rating of an articulation problem--an examiner bias effect was noted, with the strongest effect being shown by the experienced clinicians. On the more specific tasks--articulation inventory--the results were equivocal."
1159099,"The effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid metabolism were investigated in a series of related studies. The degree of saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was found to be significantly higher in a group of 23 obese healthy subjects than in a group of 23 nonobese controls matched for age, sex, and race. Bile was also significantly more saturated in 11 obese subjects before than after weight reduction. To determine whether supersaturated bile in obesity is due to excessive secretion of cholesterol or to deficient secretion of bile acids and phospholipids, the hepatic outputs of these three lipids were measured during constant duodenal infusion of formula in the same 11 subjects before and after weight reduction. Weight reduction resulted in significant reduction of cholesterol output but not of bile acid or phospholipid output. Moreover, very obese subjects were found to have cholesterol secretion rates markedly higher than less obese subjects previously studied by the same method. In obese subjects, bile was supersaturated with cholesterol despite increased bile acid pool sizes and increased secretion rates of bile acids and phospholipids. Supersaturated bile in the obese could therefore be attributed to a single defect in lipid secretion, namely, an excessive output of cholesterol. To determine whether the rate of caloric intake can account for the effects of obesity on biliary lipid composition and secretion, nine obese white men were studied on a weight maintenance diet and then during weight reduction on a 1,000 cal diet. As compared to weight maintenance, chronic caloric restriction resulted in reduced outputs of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids, reduced bile acid pool size, and reduced synthesis and fecal excretion of cholesterol. Saturation of bile with cholesterol did not decrease during weight reduction, evidently because of the mobilization of cholesterol from adipose stores and the marked reduction in bile acid and phospholipid output observed during chronic caloric restriction. Acute alterations in caloric infusion rates did not fully reproduce the effects of chronic administration of high and low calorie diets. Likewise, chronic intake of hypercaloric diets by nonobese subjects did not reproduce the cholesterol hypersecretion characteristic of the obese. Thus, increased cholesterol secretion in obese subjects could not be fully explained by the amount of calories they ingested to maintain stable weight. It is concluded that obesity is characterized by excessive hepatic secretion of cholesterol which results in supersaturated bile."
1159102,"This report describes the content of a management program aimed at enhancing naming skills in an adult aphasic. A single therapeutic variable, stimulus repetition, was examined as to its effect upon the aims of the management program. The data indicate that large amounts of stimulus repetition did not enhance naming skills in this S more than did small amounts of stimulus repetition. More importantly, the data suggest that the application of a systematic management program did enhance the naming skills of this subject. The need to investigate the clinical effectiveness of routinely employed therapeutic variables is discussed."
1159103,"The cognitive use of language was evaluated among sixth-grade disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged children by eliciting spontaneous language samples in response to a series of 14 auditory stimuli, each depicting one or more human and/or mechanical sounds. -responses were analyzed according to the following dimensions: (a) units of thought: (b) concept formation; (c) parts of the sound responded to; (d) integration; (e) manner of verbalization; and (f) identification. Disadvantaged children manifested significantly fewer units of thought than their advantage counterparts. Several significant trends were noted for several of the remaining dimensions and were discussed. The general cognitive styles of the subject groups were related to the field-dependency-independency dichotomy described in the literature by Witkin and his associates."
1159105,"Non-brain-damaged, nonaphasic right-hemisphere-damaged and aphasic left-hemisphere-damaged subjects performed in a task in which they reported whether pairs of sequences of one, two or four pure tones were the ""same"" or ""different"" in pitch. Brain-damaged subjects performed less well than non-brain-damaged subjects. Subjects with right hemisphere damage performed progressively less well as the number of tones within tone sequences increased, but non-brain-damaged and aphasic subjects more accurately reported four-tone than two-tone sequences. The results suggested that the deficits in temporal sequencing by aphasic subjects previously reported in the literature do not result from output disorders, and that subjects with hemisphere lesions exhibit deficits that are consistent with deficits in the ability to process melodic materials."
1159106,"A sentence assembly performance task related to sentence duration and length was studied using sentences four to eight words in length. Durational constraints were imposed through utilization of 30% speech compression of words in addition to insertion of silent intervals (200 or 1000 msec) between each word. Tape recordings of sentences were played to 60 preschool children. All responses were tape recorded and analyzed according to total ereors, error type and location of the error within the sentence. Results suggest that successful assembly performance is significantly related to the number of words in a sentence and not to the duration of the sentence."
1159107,"Studies of the delayed auditory feedback (DAF) effect have consistently reported marked individual differences in susceptibility to DAF among normal speakers. It has been suggested that speakers showing extreme susceptibility to DAF may be differentially dependent on auditory feedback in regulating their speech production. Assuming this is the case, then a reduction in sensory feedback would also be expected to produce differential effects on these speakers. To test this hypothesis, normative data on the actual range of susceptibility to 180 msec DAF were first obtained from  a group of 400 normal male speakers. Subjects from the extremes of this distribution were then tested under conditions that selectively reduces sensory feedback. Auditory masking, whispering and local anaesthesia were used separately and in combination to achieve a reduction in one or more feedback channels (air-conducted, bone-conducted and oral sensory feedback). The results obtained did not support the feedback dependence hypothesis. Measures of reading duration, disfluency and correct syllabel rate revealed similar changes in the speech of high and low susceptible speakers when auditory and/or oral feedback was reduced. Alternative explanations of individual differences in DAF susceptibility are considered."
1159108,"The long term consequences of graduated interference with the acquisition of hippocampal neurons and glia during early infancy were examined with quantitative histology and 3H-thymidine autoradiography. the head region containing the hippocampus was irradiated from day two on with either two (2X), four (4X), six (6X) or eight (8X) doses of 150-200r X-rays. The animals were killed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of age. The morphology of the hippocampus was normal in all irradiated groups with the characteristic interlocking flods of the pyramidal and granular layers. While the number of pyramidal calls of Ammon's horn was unaffected, the number of granule cells of the dentate gyrus was progressively and permanently reduced from control levels by the different dosage schedules (2X, 59% reduction; 4X, 77%; 6X, 83%; 8X, 84%). Incidental observations in control animals indicated a 20% increase in granule cells between 30 and 120 days of age in agreement with earlier observations of granule cell labelling after 3H-thymidine injections in adult rats. The time of origin of tha approximately 15-16% of the granule cells surviving irradiation in the 8X group was determined by injecting either pregnant females (gestation days 19-20) or pups (days 0 and 1) with two successive dosed of 3H-thymidine; the animals were irradiated from day two on the eight X-ray doses. The granule cells surviving in the postnatally injected group were all unlabelled and comparable in number to the unlabelled cells in control animals that were given five successive postnatal injections of 3H-thymidine. This established that the radioresistant complement of granule cells is formed prenatally. In the prenatally injected group, over half the surviving cells were labelled; it was assumed that those not labelled were formed befor gestation day 19. In contrast to the permanent reduction in the number of granule cells, there was some reestablishment of the number of cells in the dentate molecular layer and the Ammonic stratum oriens; in the fimbria, recovery in cell number was complete by 60 days. In a supplementary autoradiographic experiment, cell proliferation in the granular layer and in the fimbria was determined at 60 days of age after a single postnatal injection of 3H-thymidine on either day 15 or day 20 in the control, 2X, 4X and 6X groups. The number of labelled cells in the irradiated groups was always well below control levels in the granular layer, but it was wither above or at the same level as controls in the fimbria. Tentative interpretations were offered for the differential long-term effects of variable X-ray schedules on the neuronal and glial populationf of the hippocampus."
1159109,"A retinal ganglion cell distribution map has been prepared for the cresyl violet stained cat retina. It differs from previously published maps in revealing the visual streak to be more substantial and in showing a higher peak density of 9-10,000 ganglion cells/mm2 at the presumed visual pole. The map was used to obtain a minimum estimate of the retinal ganglion cell population as 217,000 cells, more than double the total previously reported. The problem of classifying the cells of the ganglion cell layer is discussed in detail and examples of criterion cells illustrated. The paper also includes an account of retinal mensuration (dimensions, area, etc.) and a discussion of the visual streak orientation."
1159110,"To determine whether the largely ipsilateral, inverted representation of mouth parts in the ventrobasal thalamus of sheep was unique to that species or an expansion of a general mammalian pattern, the corresponding thalamic projections were mapped electrophysiologically in a selected series of mammals (oppossums, agoutis, squirrel monkeys, cats, raccoons, and sheep) representing major branches of evolution among therian mammals. In mapping, tungsten microelectrodes were used to record multi-unit discharges in the thalamus in response to mechanical stimulation of oral surfaces. The pattern of projections seen in sheep is not a general mammalian pattern; there is extensive variability among mammals in the laterality and internal orgainzation of the projections from the mouth. In spite of the great variability, the results suggest an hypothesis concerning phylogenetic trends: descendants of palaeoryctoid insectivores (cats, raccoons, and sheep in our sample) have extensive ipsilateral projections from the mouth, in other therian mammals (opossums, agoutis, and squirrel monkeys in our sample) the ipsilateral component is small or absent."
1159111,"The central projections of the retinal ganglion cells of the cat were examined using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase was injected into the lateral geniculate nucleus and into the superior colliculus by means of a recording micropipette. After injections at retinotopically homologous points in these two structures in separate animals, tha patterns of retinal ganglion cell labeling were compared. We found that there were three populations of ganglion cells: small cells, that projected predominantly to the superior colliculus; medium-sized cells, that projected predominantly to the lateral geniculate nucleus; and large cells, some of which projected to both structures, and some of which projected to the lateral geniculate nucleus alons. Quantitative studies showed that the average size of the cells in each population was smaller at the area centralis than in the periphery. These results could be directly related to physiological classifications of retinal ganglion cells proposed by other authors."
1159112,"The projection of cells in different layers of several cortical visual areas in the cat were studied using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Injections of the enzyme were made through a recording micropipette, making it possible to localize the injection site by physiological criteria. We found that layer VI cells projected to the alteral geniculate nucleus, while a distinct population of cells in layer V projected to the superior colliculus. Cells in layers II and III were tha major sources of ipsilateral cortico-cortical connections. This pattern of projection was consistent from one visual area to another. Pyramidal cells appeared to be the source of cortico-geniculate, cortico-collicular and cortico-cortical projections. The proportion of cells within a layer that terminated in a given site varied from layer to layer: apparently all of the large pyramids in layer V had terminals in the superior colliculus, about half of the pyramids in layer VI had terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus, while only a small proportion of the pyramids in layers II and III had terminals in any single cortical area. The results indicated a remarkable specificity in the projections of the cortical layers. The cortical connections of the different cell types in layers A and A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus were also examined: the cells that projected to area 17 were much more numerous and were on the average smaller than those that projected to area 18. Projections to the cortex were also found from the pulvinar, the medial interlaminar nucleus and the posterior nucleus. Direct connections were observed to the lateral geniculate nucleus from several midbrain reticular nuclei. Finally, projections were found to the superior colliculus from the zona incerta, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus."
1159113,"On the 10th day of incubation, Japanese quail eggs either were injected with testosterone propionate (TP), estradiol benzoate (EB), or oil, or were not injected. When sexually mature, all birds were examined for a variety of sexually dimorphic behavioral and physical characteristics, both masculine and feminine. They were then exposed to a short photoperiod (causing gonadal regression), treated with either TP or EB, and examined again. Either androgen or estrogen administered before hatching demasculinized males, but did not masculinize females or defeminize either sex. In contrast, early sex hormones masculinize and/or or defeminize mammals. This difference is discussed in relation to other differences in avian and mammalian sexuality."
1159114,"Sexual receptivity to males resulted from stimulation of the vagina with a glass rod in previously unreceptive ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats. Several minutes of rejection behavior preceded the receptivity. In a second study, manual palpation was used to determine the duration of the lordosis response facilitation. Initially, all females were unresponsive to manual flank-perineum stimulation (palpation). Vaginal stimulation plus palpation, which together elicit lordosis, facilitated subsequent lordosis responses to palpation. This effect persisted for several hours after the vaginal stimulation was applied. Vaginal stimulation alone, which was ineffective in eliciting lordosis, also facilitated lordosis in response to subsequent palpation. Repeated palpation did not facilitate lordosis. These prolonged effects were independent of hormone treatment."
1159254,"The recent increase in lawsuits against health care personnel makes it advisable that dietitians recognize the potential for legal liability as they practice their profession. Whatever the exact nature of a dietitian's daily duties, an awareness and understanding of the concepts governing the law of malpractice will enable him/her to minimize exposure to liability. To accomplish this, the dietitian should exercise at least a standard of care accepted as competence for the profession. By so doing, the dietitian can insure not only less exposure to malpractice suits, but also attainment of an important goal: delivery of high-quality care to patients."
1159255,"An observational study of food choices of patrons of a campus cafeteria was conducted to ascertain whether obese and non-obese individuals had the same eating patterns. Subjects were unaware of the monitoring of their food choices. Patrons were categorized by visual appraisal into forty-eight cross-classified groups according to sex (male, female), body build (slender, sturdy, stocky, obese), height (tall, average, short), and age (less than and more than thirty years of age). Servings of food were estimated visually as it was not possible to determine exact amounts. Foods were classified as either protective foods with good contributions of nutrients in proportion to calories (Group B) or as high-calorie, low-nutrient foods (Group A). Significant findings were the tendency for those in the obese category to select more servings of food and more foods from the high-calorie, low-nutrient Group A foods, when compared with selections of persons in the other body-build groups. A more controlled study is suggested for more definitive results. Also pointed out was the importance of recognizing that excessive food intake may be one possibility among many in cases of refractory obesity."
1159256,"Elapsed mealtime, number of mouthfuls per meal, and the time each mouthful was chewed were observed in thirty subjects, fourteen of whom were obese and sixteen, nonobese. Obese subjects consumed their meals and chewed mouthful in significantly less time than did nonobese subjects. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of mouthfuls per meal. In obese subjects, oral satiety as assessed in this study, appeared to play a less-than-meaningful role in the attainment of postprandial satiety. The clinical implications of these observations are discussed."
1159257,"A computer program has been developed for the dietetic service of the Clinical Research Center at the University of Florida. Presently, it is used in menu planning and nutrient analysis for selective, controlled-nutrient diets and for constant diets. The program is able to compute food weights for a patient-selected daily menu which would satisfy up to twenty-three nutrient constraints and which may be optimized with respect to one or more of these. The principal benefit of the program is a saving in the dietetian's time in calculating the nutrient content of the diet and in planning diets with several constrained nutrients. It is also being used as a teaching resource for dietetic interns and dietetic trainees."
1159258,"As part of USDA research to provide reliable and up-to-date tabulations of lipids and fatty acids in foods, representative values have been derived and tabulated for nuts and commercially canned condensed soups. Except for palm-type nuts, unsaturated fatty acids are the major acids in nuts; oleic acid is generally the predominant unsaturated fatty acid. The new fatty acid values indicate greater concentrations of saturated fatty acids than previously reported. The P:S ratios for nuts and peanuts are presented. The fatty acid contents of soups are varied and reflect the lipid composition of the source(s) of fat of the particular ingredients used in the manufacture of these products. These new values for fatty acids in nuts and soups should greatly help nutritionists and dietitians to better assess the total contribution of each particular fatty acid to the diet."
1159259,"Plate waste from Type A school lunches was collected during the period that fifth, seventh, and tenth grade students ate lunch. Twelve elementary, three junior high, and seven high schools distributed among three geographic regions of North Carolina were included in the sample. Nutrients served and nutrients in plate waste were determined by laboratory analyses of two five-day composites of meals and of waste from each school. Nutrients consumed were determined by difference. Relative to the Type A goal, protein intake was highest; riboflavin and vitamin A values were consumed in satisfactory (one-third or more of the allowances) amounts. Younger students consumed adequate iron and calcium, and calcium intake approached adequacy among older students. High school students consumed only 69 per cent of their goal for iron and 75 per cent of the goal of energy value; among the three groups, however, this was the highest percentage of the goal for energy value consumed. Ascorbic acid intake was least satisfactory for fifth and seventh grade students. Overall, fifth graders consumed a significantly (P less than .01) lower percentage of the nutrients served than the two older groups. With a few exceptions, students consumed 80 to 90 per cent of the various nutrients which were served: 62 to 66 per cent of the vitamin A value served was consumed; fifth grade students consumed only 77 per cent of the iron served; and the two younger groups consumed only 69 per cent of the ascorbic acid served. Although the most marked regional differences in nutrients consumed occurred with vitamin A and ascorbic acid, overall elementary students in the eastern region consumed a significantly (P less than .01) higher percentage of nutrients served than did those in other two regions."
1159263,"Clinicians whose practice includes elderly patients need a short, reliable instrument to detect the presence of intellectual impairment and to determine the degree. A 10-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), easily administered by any clinician in the office or in a hospital, has been designed, tested, standardized and validated. The standardization and validation procedure included administering the test to 997 elderly persons residing in the community, to 141 elderly persons referred for psychiatric and other health and social problems to a multipurpose clinic, and to 102 elderly persons living in institutions such as nursing homes, homes for the aged, or state mental hospitals. It was found that educational level and race had to be taken into account in scoring individual performance. On the basis of the large community population, standards of performance were established for: 1) intact mental functioning, 2) borderline or mild organic impairment, 3) definite but moderate organic impairment, and 4) severe organic impairment. In the 141 clinic patients, the SPMSQ scores were correlated with the clinical diagnoses. There was a high level of agreement between the clinical diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and the SPMSQ scores that indicated moderate or severe organic impairment."
1159264,"Reported is the continuation of follow-up investigations of certain physiologic functions in former physical education students. The first follow-up study was conducted about 30 years after the initial measurements. The present follow-up study concerned a re-investigation of the same group (23 men and 11 women), 10 years later, i.e., about 40 years after the first examination. Resting values for heart rate, blood pressure and metabolism were determined, as well as values for lung volume, hand-grip strength, and reaction time. During moderately hard exercise, measurements were made of oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalents, and heart rate. By extrapolation of these heart-rate determinations to ""maximal heart rate,"" the maximal oxygen uptake was estimated and expressed as L times min-1 and as ml x min-1 and as ml times kg-1 x min-1. The data show a general deterioration in practically all the physiologic functions studied, most pronounced during the last 10 years of the 40-year period."
1159265,"Forty male volunteers over the age of 60 took either a daily dose of diazepam (12 mg) or placebo for a two-week period. Differential responses to these compounds partially depended upon age and the initial symptom level. Diazepam produced sedative side effects, a modest antidepressant effect, and a reduction in memory. Placebo had an antianxiety effect in the relatively older subjects, and was associated with decreased fatique, improved memory and improved motor function. Considerable variability was observed in both drug and placebo responses among the elderly. A self-rating depression scale (D30R) was useful for assessing changes in affective states and in discriminating between the effects of active drug and placebo."
1159266,"A geriatrician is something more than a physician who simply cares for old people. The geriatrician should, above all, be well grounded in internal medicine, have a genuine fondness for the elderly and their problems, and be experienced in neurology, psychiatry and rehabilitation medicine. A possible additional role is that of organizer and coordinator of health services for old people."
1159267,"Eightly newly admitted psychogeriatric patients were intensively investigated by a variety of disciplines -- medical, laboratory, and psychologic-psychiatric tests, including a Minimal Social Behavior Scale and an Integrative Social Functioning Scale. The sample of patients  and methods of study for this 10-month Geriatric Assessment Program are described. Assessment of present and past social functioning revealed good agreement between ratings made by different staff members. A decline in social functioning with time differentiated organic from functional psychiatric illness. Some of the scales employed may be of value for social screening purposes in the community."
1159268,"This study was carried out to validate a rating scale which could serve as a guide in determining the need for institutional care. The scale assesses the subject's physical and mental disability, balanced against his ability to function and the support available from relatives and community resources. Cut-off points were tested by the use of an 18-month follow-up interval. Initially, 130 aged men and women from three different settings were rated. At the time of follow-up eighteen months later, 83 per cent of the subjects who had obtained an initial score indicative of their inability to function in the community were either dead or in an institution. In contrast, 90 per cent of those who obtained an initial score indicating that they were able to continue in the community, were not in an institution at the time of follow-up. The rating scale can be used not only to help decide the need for institutional care, but also to help determine the most suitable setting for the patient if placement is necessary."
1159269,"A case is presented of transitional-cell cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal in a 66-year-old woman. Eight years previously she had received radiation therapy for early carcinoma of the uterine cervix, but there was no evidence of recurrence. The rectal carcinoma was therefore regarded as a second primary malignant tumor. This point in differential diagnosis was considered important because of its bearing on the plan of treatment. After abdominoperineal resection of the tumor, the prognosis seemed favorable."
1159294,"The submandibular glands of 4-week-old rats were dissociated by a procedure involving digestions with collagenase and hyaluronidase, chelation of divalent cations and mechanical force. A suspension of single cells was obtained in low yield by centrifugation in a Ficoll-containing medium. Immediately after dissociation and after a culture period of 16-18 hr the dissociated cells were tested for agglutinability by concanavalin A (Con A). Using ferritin (tfer)-conjugated Con A the lectin binding by the isolated acinar cells was also studied. The dissociated cells were agglutinated by low concentrations of Con A and bound Fer-Con A molecules on their entire surface without any indication of polarization of the cell membrane. There was a considerable cell to cell variation in the amount of Fer-Con A binding which was, in general, sparse and patchy. The contact surfaces between agglutinated cells revealed a dense binding of Fer-Con A molecules irrespective of the types of cells participating in the agglutination reaction. Cells cultured for 16-18 hr were no longer agglutinated by Con A. As compared to the freshly dissociated cells the cultured acinar cells revealed a more uniform and denser binding of Fer-Con A molecules. Furthermore, there were more lectin molecules bound to the cell surface corresponding to the basal part of the cell, where the nucleus and most of the rough surface endoplasmic reticulum were located, than to the apical cell surface. It is suggested that the higher density of lectin-binding sites on the cell surface in the vicinity of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum indicates insertion sites of newly synthesized membrane glycoproteins."
1159315,"Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), a synthetic polyribonucleotide, inhibits the growth of B16 malignant melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Since PIC has been reported to augment immune responses, we tested the hypothesis that the antitumor effect of PIC against B16 melanoma is via immune stimulation. Mice were neonatally thymectomized or neonatally thymectomized and subsequently irradiated to suppress their immune reactivity. In such animals PIC retained its ability to inhibit the growth of B16 melanoma, in the face of profound leukopenia and lymphopenia, suggesting that its antimelanoma effect is probably not mediated by augmentation of the host's immune antitumor response."
1159316,"Outbred albino mice were rendered protoporphyric by a diet containing 2.5% (weight) of griseofulvin. There was a 5-fold increase in liver weight, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, cholestasis, ductular proliferation and cirrhosis. Liver protoporphyrin values were elevated and brown pigment granules were present in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and bile ducts. The granules showed red fluorescence, birefringence, and, at the ultrastructural level, consisted of aggregates of needle-like crystals. Crystals isolated from such livers showed solubility and absorption characteristics of protoporphyrin; in vitro recrystallization of protoporphyrin, extracted from protoporphyric mouse livers, yielded crystals identical with those observed in vivo, and commercial protoporphyrin exhibited similar morphologic features. The liver pathology and protoporphyrin crystals observed in these animals are identical to the liver pathology and crystals observed in the human disease, erythropoietic protoporphyria. In this mouse model, protoporphyrin crystals are intimately associated with hepatocellular injury and it appears that their accumulation within hepatocytes leads to hepatocellular destruction. A similar pathogenesis is postulated for the hepatic damage that occurs in some cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria."
1159317,"Acute phototoxic reactions were induced by long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A) in mice with griseofulvin-induced protoporphyria. The clinical response was characterized by erythema, pronounced edema, and purpura. Tracer experiments and electron microscopy revealed pronounced vascular damage and leakage of vascular contents, whereas the epidermis and all other dermal components were intact. There was selective destruction of endothelial cells and damage of the basal lamina of the vessels. This striking vascular injury was absent from nonprotoporphyric UV-A-irradiated mice and from protoporphyric and nonprotoporphyric mice exposed to short-wave ultraviolet light (UV-B). Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) exhibit an identical, selective damage of blood vessels when irradiated with UV-A or sunlight but not with UV-B alone. It is hypothesized that in both murine protoporphyria and EPP, endothelial cells are photosensitized by protoporphyrin circulating in the serum and that photosensitized endothelia represent the primary cellular target of the photochemical reaction induced by UV-A."
1159318,"Dermal elastic tissue in fetal skin was evaluated by light microscopy using three different staining techniques. Postmortem skin was obtained from the abdominal wall of 45 fetuses ranging in age from 8 to 42 weeks. Elastic fibers were first detected in skin from fetuses of 22 weeks and, with increasing gestational age, appeared to increase in quantity and complexity. Skin from fetuses older than 32 weeks had a well-developed network of elastic fibers throughout the dermis. There was no diminution of dermal elastic tissue during the latter part of the sixth lunar month as had been reported in a previous study."
1159319,"Ribosomes from normal or hyperplastic mouse epidermis have been isolated from the postmitochondrial supernatant and from the entire cytoplasm using either the postnuclear supernatant technique or the Redman technique which permits isolation of ribosomes separately from the nuclear, mitochondrial, and postmitochondrial fractions. In contrast to liver, the yields of ribosomes from skin are similar irrespective of what technique is used. Increasing the centrifugation force from 105,000 gav to 253,000 gav results in highly significant increases in the yields of ribosomes, from both normal and hyperplastic epidermis."
1159321,"During the fall and winter of 1973, 145 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis were diagnosed in Nashville, Tennessee. Of the 74 cases studied virologically and/or serologically, 62% were caused by adenovirus type 8, and 28% were caused by adenovirus 19. Whereas adenovirus type 8 was isolated only from conjunctival scrapings, adenovirus type 19 was isolated from nose and throat swabs as well as from conjunctivae. The two viruses produced clinically indistinguishable eye disease and household secondary attack rates that were not statistically different. Regardless of etiology, the secondary attack rate in households was significantly higher among the contacts of those patients who had severe disease for greater than 28 days than among the contacts of patients who had milder disease of shorter duration."
1159322,Enzymic fragments of IgG antibody were tested for their protective abilities in the infant mouse cholera model. F(ab')2 retained the full protective activity of the parent IgG molecule despite losses in complement fixation and opsonic functions. Fab' and Fab fragments also contained significant protective activity but at a level of only 10% of the intact IgG or F(ab')2. Self-recombinant univalent F(ab')2 also contained about 10% of the protective activity of the divalent F(ab')2 parent molecule. These results are interpreted as evidence that cross-linking is an important mechanism by which specific antibody protects mucosal surfaces against experimental infection with Vibrio cholerae.
1159323,"Several antibody preparations were tested for their ability to reduce adsorption of Vibrio cholerae to isolated intestinal epithelial cells, and this ability was related to agglutination and protective activity in infant mice. The results demonstrate that (1) the reduction in adsorption of V. cholerae to epithelial cells correlates with the degree of agglutination for given antibody preparation; (2) intact tantibodies protect infant mice from cholera only at concentrations that agglutinate the bacteria; and (3) purified antibodies to flagellar antigens protect infant mice from cholera. These results indicate that cross-linking of bacteria by antibody causes a reduction in the number of organisms adsorbed to the intestinal wall. Thus antibody cross-linking plays an important role in immunity to cholera in infant mice."
1159324,"Large doses of cephaloridine cause acute necrosis of the proximal renal tubule that can be prevented by probenecid and other organic anions. Although there is little or no net secretion of cephaloridine by the mammalian kidney, the degree of cephaloridine uptake by the cortex of the rabbit kidney is substantial; this uptake is also prevented by probenecid and other organic anions. Cortical concentrations of cephaloridine were measured in control and probenecid-treated animals of different mammalian species. Evidence of cephaloridine trnsport was found in the guinea pig  and the rat as well as in the rabbit. The degree of reduction of cortex-to-serum ratios by probenecid (control cortex-to-serum minus probenecid-treated cortex-to-serum ratios) correlated with the sensitivity to the nephrotoxicity of the drug. This degree or reduction was greatest in the rabbit, intermediate in the guinea pig, and least in the rat. In addition, the newborn rabbit, which is more resistant to the toxicity of cephaloridine than the adult, also had significantly lower cortical concentrations of cephaloridine. Finally, the acute tubular necrosis produced by extremely large doses of cefazolin in the adult rabbit was prevented by probenecid. It was concluded (1) that the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine is related to its renal cortical transport with high intracellular concentrations of drug; and (2) that this relationship between transport and toxicity exists for cefazolin as well, although the toxicity is of a different order of magnitude. The unusual mechanism of cephaloridine transport in the proximal tubule was contrasted with that of the other cephalosporins in an attempt to explain its greater degree of nephrotoxicity."
1159327,"A murine model simulating human street rabies virus infection was used to evaluate the efficacy of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I-poly C), three rabies vaccines, and combinations of these modes of therapy administered after exposure. One or two doses of 100 mug of poly I-poly C, injected into the same intramuscular site as the challenge virus, significantly reduced the mortality rate when therapy was initiated 3 hr after challenge; however, the same quantity of poly I-poly C injected into the opposite leg did not reduce the mortality rate. The muscle injected with poly I-poly C invariably contained four to eight times more interferon than a similar noninjected muscle from the same animal. Mice treated 3 hr after challenge with each of the three vaccines produced significant levels of antibody but were not protected, whereas treatment with combinations of poly I-poly C and vaccine resulted in significant protection. These results suggest that the combination of induction of local interferon and an immune response contributes to the protection of mice after exposure to street rabies virus infection."
1159328,"Sixty-eight of 74 patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis demonstrated cutaneous reactivity to intradermal injectionof coccidioidin. Lymphocytes of all patients with positive skin test results underwent blast transformation in vitro in response to coccidioidin. No correlation was found between the size of skin test induration and the magnitude of in vitro lymphocyte response. Six patients with disseminated disease failed to demonstrate cutaneous reactivity to coccidioidin; however, lymphocytes of three of these patients responded with blast transformation in vitro. The lymphocyte reactivity of two of these three patients was abrogated by addition of autologous plasma to the culture medium. Autologous plasma did not block the patient's in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin or allogeneic lymphocytes, and blocking did not appear to be attributable to direct neutralization of coccidioidin."
1159329,"Children immunized with inactivated (Tween 80 and diethyl ether, TE) measles vaccine, attenuated live vaccine, or a combination of the two types were studied with regard to the production of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI), hemolysis-inhibiting (HLI), and nucleocapsid complement-fixing (CF) antibodies. For identification of antibodies to envelope components distinct from hemagglutinin. HLI tests were done both before and after removal of HAI antibodies with TE-treated virus antigen. Immunization with three or four doses of TE vaccine led to the production of HAI antibodies and, in some cases, of nucleocapsid CF antibodies. Non-HAI HLI antibodies were not detected. In contrast, live vaccine caused the appearance of non-HAI HLI antibodies and, in the majority of cases, nucleocapsid CF antibodies. After combined immunization with TE vaccine and attenuated vaccine, non-HAI HLI antibodies were absent from 25 of 29 children. Most children exposed to wild measles virus after immunization with TE vaccine alone developed a poorer non-HAI HLI antibody response than children who had had normal measles. The latter infections resulted in a more pronounced non-HAI HLI and nucleocapsid CF antibody response than that observed after infections with vaccine virus. An even more accentuated response involving these antibodies was seen in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Thus the failure of inactivated measles vaccines to prevent infection may be due to the absence of an envelope component responsible for the production of non-HAI HLI antibodies."
1159330,"The effect of fever on serum concentrations and urinary excretion of gentamicin sulfate was studied in humans and dogs. Endotoxin-induced fever in dogs resulted in a decrease of approximately 25% in levels of gentamicin in serum 30 and 60 min after intravenous injection of the antibiotic (1.5 mg/kg) when compared with corresponding afebrile values. In six volunteers with etiocholanolone-stimulated fever, serum concentrations of gentamicin was reduced by an average of 40% in all measurements made 1.2, and 3 hr after intramuscular injection (1.5 mg/kg) as compared with afebrile control values in the same subject. Fever was thought to be the principal factor associated with lower levels of gentamicin, although the half-life of gentamicin in serum and renal clearance of the antibiotic were not significantly affected. These findings emphasize the need for frequent measurements of gentamicin in serum as a guide to adjustment of gentamicin treatment in febrile subjects, and perhaps in all patients receiving the antibiotic."
1159331,"Septic complications of colonic perforation involve miltiple bacteria derived from the intestinal flora. This type of mixed intraabdominal infection was produced experimentally by insertion of a standardized inoculum of rat colonic contents into the  peritoneal cavity of male Wistar rats. The respective roles of coliforms and anerobic bacteria were then studied by use of selective antimicrobial therapy (with gentamicin and clindamycin). Untreated rats had a two-stage disease. Initally, there was an acute peritonitis associated with a 37% mortality rate; all animals that survived developed indolent intraabdominal abscesses. Treatment with gentamicin reduced the acute mortality rate to 4%, but 98% of the survivors had abscesses. Clindamycin acute mortalherapy was associated with a 35% mortality rate, but the incidence of intraabdominal abscess was only 5%. A combination of gentamicin and clindamycin yielded the salutary effects of each agent--7% mortality and 6% incidence of abscesses. These studies, in concert with bacteriological findings, suggest that coliforms caused early mortality while anaerobes were primarily responsible for the late complication of intraabdominal abscess formation."
1159332,"Six patients with acute oliguric renal failure were studied for detection of acute viral or mycoplasma infection. Precipitating causes, such as streptococcal infection, use of nephrotoxic drugs, etc., were ruled out. Tests for neurtralization and complement fixation antibodies, in which 19 viral and mycoplasma agents were used as antigens, demonstrated a recent coxsachievirus B5 infection in five of six patients. Rises in titer to other antigens tested were not noted. A group of control patients showed no significant rises in titer of antibody to coxsackievirus B5. These studies strongly suggest that an association exists between coxsackievirus B5 infections and acute oliguric renal failure. Whether this association is etiologic is not known."
1159333,"The cases of all patients hospitalized at Boston City Hospital during 1972 who had blood cultures positive for a clinically significant, aerobic bacterial pathogen or for Candida were analyzed with respect to incidence and mortality, sex, age, admission to medical or surgical services, and the causative organism. Similar data were obtained for 11 years between 1935 and 1969 selected to reflect the introduction and general use of various effective antibacterial agents. Comparisons were also made between hospital-acquired bacteremic infections (defined as those in which the first positive blood culture was obtained on or after the third day in the hospital) and community-acquired infections (defined as those with positive blood cultures on admission or within the first two days in the hospital). In 1972, the incidence of bacteremic infections (but not the case-fatality ratio) was significantly higher in males than in females. Bacteremic infections were more than twice as frequent on the medical than on the surgical services, but the case-fatality ratio was slightly but not significantly higher on the surgical services. Bacteremia wasteremia was most frequent in the youngest (birth through nine years) and the oldest (greater than or equal to 60 years) age groups, whereas the case-fatality ratio was lowest in the youngest group and increased with each decade of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent organism causing bacteremia; next were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus aureus, in that order..."
1159346,"A criterion to determine the indication for pacemaker implantation in the sick sinus syndrome by overdrive suppression is proposed. Overdrive suppression was performed in 10 patients with the sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and another 10 patients with normal sinus rhythm (NSR) who served as controls. In the SSS group, 9 patients had complained of such severe symptoms as Adams-Stokes attack and/or congestive failure and were referred to our laboratory for pacemaker implantation. One other patient, an apparently robust young man (20 years old) referred for detailed cardiac examination, had no remarkable symptoms except for arrhythmias, but was found dead two months later. Atrial pacing for overdrive suppression was carried out at first at various rates ranging from 60 to 180 beats/min for 15 sec, and then at a rate of 100 beats/min for various durations ranging from 5 to 180 sec. After cessation of the atrial pacing, asystolic pauses were measured and the maximum (maximum pause) among the pauses obtained was used as a parameter indicating depression of cardiac automaticity. The maximum pause in the SSS group ranged from 5.6 to 9.0 sec (mean +/- SD = 7.0 +/- 1.2), WHILE THOSE IN THE NSR group ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 sec (mean +/- SD = 1.2 +/- 0.14). Therefore, the maximum pause was considered not only to reflect the severity of the symptoms necessitating pacemaker implantation in the 9 patients of the SSS group but to have warned us of sudder death in another patient. We concluded that overdrive suppression is useful as a supplementary challenge to determine indications for pacemaker implantation for the sick sinus syndrome, and that prolongation of the maximum pause beyond 5.0 sec is the critical level for pacemaker implantation."
1159347,"Effectiveness of four truncated exponential waveform defibrillators for transchest ventricular defibrillation was evaluated in 27 human-sized animals. With all waveforms, effectiveness was virtually 100% for small subjects, but decreased as body weight increased. These data confirm the electrical dose concept for ventricular defibrillation and demonstrate that the truncated exponential waveform is effective only when adequate current is delivered through the subject's chest."
1159349,"Our study has defined normal electrocardiographic standards for Macaca arctoides. It appears that certain species differences exist in the electrocardiogram (ECG) in monkeys and that different criteria for normality may be necessary. Thus, in apparently normal Macaca arctoides a high frequency of Q waves and ST segment elevations of the J point type are present compared to Macaca mulatta. It is suggested that normal ECG criteria be established for each species of monkeys to allow accurate interpretation."
1159350,A device has been developed which can be used in conjunction with a direct-writing electrocardiograph to record the high frequency electrocardiogram (ECG) including notches and slurs in the waveform. The device operates on the principle of temporarily storing the QRS complex and then reproducing it at a rate 10 times slower than real time. Increasing the ratio to 80 to 1 permits registration of pulse artifacts from implanted cardiac pacemakers.
1159351,"His bundle electrogram was recorded in a young adult male with corrected transposition of the great vessels and single ventricle. Prolonged PA and AH intervals, wide diphasic His spike, and normal HV intervals were found. These findings are suggestive of the diffuse nature of conduction delay in this congenital lesion involving intra-atrial, AV nodal, and intra-His regions."
1159352,"Two cases presenting with episodes of marked ST segment elevation occurring with, but most often without, anginal pain are reported. The changes were recorded through continuous ECG monitoring during Prinzmetal's angina and in the course of myocardial infarction. Such transient asymptomatic ECG abnormalities reveal silent acute myocardial ischemia and are often unrecognized. However, they may lead to severe arrhythmias or myocardial infarction, and sudden deaths occurring in the course of ischemic heart disease are likely to be explained on this basis. Transient episodes of silent ST segment elevation similar to those occurring in Prinztal's angina have been reported in various circumstances. They bring into discussion the delimitations of variant angina pectoris."
1159353,"A patient in whom syncopal episodes occurred following an inferior myocardial infarction is described. Electrocardiographic monitoring revealed periods of profound sinus bradycardia and AV block during syncope. In addition, transient spontaneous prolongations of the PR interval due to AV nodal delay and episodes of atrial fibrillation also occurred. Sinus node recovery time following atrial overdrive was within normal limits. Symptoms disappeared following the insertion of a permanent, demand pacemaker. The onset of symptoms following myocardial infarction suggests that dysfunction of the sino-atrial and AV nodes may have been the result of ischemic damage during the infarction."
1159354,"Using techniques for programmed electrical stimulation of the heart, seven patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia have been studied and shown to have a reciprocal mechanism as the most likely basis for the tachycardia. In four patients it was found that the tachycardia could be terminated by single right atrial premature beats and in three patients two right atrial premature beats were required. A variable zone for tachycardia termination was found when single or double stimuli were used and so a system for introducing high frequency stimuli at 100 or 1000 stimuli/sec for a given duration is described. Using this system a wider range of the cardiac cycle could be covered, thereby increasing the likelihood of producing correctly timed premature beats. The results of using this system are presented and its practical usage discussed."
1159355,"1. Using electromyogram recordings from the antennular muscles of intact animals and recordings from the antennular nerves of partially dissected preparations, the patterns of activity in specific antennular motoneurones have been described during antennular flicking and antennular withdrawal. 2. The slow extensor motoneurone A30S is active during flicking in addition to the phasic component of the antennular motor system (A30F, A31F and A32F). 3. The flexion phase of a flick is the result of a burst of variable duration and number of spikes within flexor motoneurones A31F and A32F. 4. The extension phase of a flick is the result of a burst of variable duration and number of spikes in extensor motoneurones A30F and A30S. 5. Extension-withdrawal and slow flexion-withdrawal reflexes, tonic flexion withdrawal and maintained flexion at the MS-DS joint usually result from activity in part of the tonic component of the antennular motor system:moto-neurones A30S, A31S and A32S. 6. Fast flexion-withdrawal reflexes result from a burst of spikes in motoneurone A31F-S which constitutes the phaso-tonic component of the antennular motor system. 7. During high-frequency activity (15-60/sec), reciprocity exists between the slow flexor motoneurones A31S and A32S and slow extensor motoneurone A30S."
1159356,"1. Dogfish were acclimated to 7, 12 or 17 degrees C and exposed to progressive hypoxia at the temperature to which they had been acclimated. During normoxia, the Q10 values for oxygen uptake, heart rate, cardiac output and respiratory frequency over the full 10 degrees C range were: 2.1, 2.1, 2.1 and 2.5 respectively. Increased acclimation temperature had no effect on cardiac stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance, although there was a decrease in branchial vascular resistance, pHa and pHv. 2. Progressive hypoxia had no effect on heart rate or oxygen uptake at 7 degrees C, whereas at 12 degrees C and 17 degrees C there was bradycardia, and a reduction in O2 uptake, with the critical oxygen tension for both variables being higher at the higher temperature. Cardiac stroke volume increased during hypoxia at each temperature, such that cardiac output did not change significantly at 12 and 17 degrees C. Neither pHa nor pHv changed significantly during hypoxia at any of the three temperatures. 3. The influence of acclimation temperatures on experimental results from poikilotherms is pointed out. Previously-published results show quantitative differences. 4. The significance of the present results with respect to the functioning and location of oxygen receptors is discussed. It is argued that as the metabolic demand and critical oxygen tension of the whole animal are increased at high acclimation temperatures the same must be the case with the oxygen receptor. This would raise the stimulation threshold and could account for the bradycardia seen during hypoxia becoming manifest at higher values of PI,O2, Pa,O2 and Pv,O2 as the acclimation temperature is raised."
1159357,"1. KCl-induced depolarization resulted in a large stimulation of the 45Ca efflux from both cockroach skeletal muscle and rat ileal smooth muscle. 2. Caffeine (10 mM) induced a large stimulation of 45Ca efflux from skeletal muscle, but a fall in the efflux from ileal muscle, especially if the efflux was previously stimulated by KCl depolarization. 3. Caffeine inhibited calcium uptake by skeletal muscle mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, was without effect on ileal muscle mitochondria, but significantly increased caclium binding by ileal muscle membrane vesicular preparations. 4. The induction of contractures and stimulation of 45Ca efflux in skeletal muscle by caffeine are clearly related to inhibition of intracellular calcium binding by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. 5. The relaxation of ileal muscle by caffeine and the inhibition of fibre calcium efflux correlate well with caffeine enhancement of intracellular calcium binding. These experiments suggest that the membrane vesicular compartment may be the main agency centrally involved in fibre calcium regulation in this muscle during the contraction-relaxation cycle."
1159358,"An accelerated water-loss was observed in decapitated individuals, no equivalent increase being obtained following severance of the nervous connectives in the neck. Injection of brain and, to a lesser extent, corpus cardiacum extract resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of loss of water from decapitated individuals. The accelerated water-loss observed following decapitation appeared not to result from significant increase in excretory output or loss of water through the spiracles. It is suggested that integumentary transpiration may be affected by a blood-borne factor, or factors, which originate in the brain and corpus cardiacum."
1159359,"Pteronotus parnellii uses the second harmonic (61-62 kHz) of the CF component in its orientation sounds for Doppler-shift compensation. The bat's inner ear is mechanically specialized for fine analysis of sounds at about 61-62 kHz. Because of this specialization, cochlear microphonics (CM) evoked by 61-62 kHz tone bursts exhibit prominent transients, slow increase and decrease in amplitude at the onset and cessation of these stimuli. CM-responses to 60-61 kHz tone bursts show a prominent input-output non-linearity and transients. Accordingly, a summated response of primary auditory neurones (N1) appears not only at the onset of the stimuli, but also at the cessation. N1-off is sharply tuned at 60-61 kHz, while N1-on is tuned at 63-64 kHz, which is 2 kHz higher than the best frequency of the auditory system because of the envelope-distortion originating from sharp mechanical tuning. Single peripheral neurones sensitive to 61-62 kHz sounds have an unusually sharp tuning curve and show phase-locked responses to beats of up to 3 kHz. Information about the frequencies of Doppler-shifted echoes is thus coded by a set of sharply tuned neurones and also discharges phase-locked to beats. Neurones with a best frequency between 55 and 64 kHz show not only tonic on-responses but also off-responses which are apparently related to the mechanical off-transient occuring in the inner ear and not to a rebound from neural inhibition."
1159360,"1. The effects of altering sensory input on the motoneuronal activity underlying antennular flicking have been tested. 2. Removal of the short segments of the outer flagellum results in a reduction of the number of spikes/burst in the fast flexor motoneurones A31F and A32F. 3. During a flick the delay between the burst in motoneurone A31F and the burst in motoneurone A32F is insensitive to alteration of sensory input. 4. Sensory feedback from the flexion phase of a flick is necessary for the activation of either extensor motoneurone. Evidence is presented to suggest that this feedback is primarily from joint-movement receptors at the MS-DS and DS-OF joints. 5. The results are incorporated into a model in which the patterns of flexor activity result from some specified properties of three components: a trigger system, a follower system, and the spike initiating zone of the flexor motoneurones. The trigger system determines when a flick will occur. The follower system determines the number of flexor spikes during a flick. Properties of the spike initiating zone determine the spike frequency and the timing between bursts in the flexor motoneurones. Extensor activity in the model is reflexively elicited by feedback from phasic, unidirectional receptors sensitive to joint flexion. 6. The functional significance of reflex control of extensor activity is discussed in relation to the form and proposed function of antennular flicking. It is suggested that this form of control is adapted to the function of antennular flicking because flexion at the MS-DS joint is not always necessary for the fulfilment of the fuction of a flick."
1159361,"1. The standard rate of oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of adult Lampetra fluviatilis were measured during the light phase of the photoperiod and at times corresponding to various stages in the upstream migration. 2. All three parameters increased during the spawning run but only in mature individuals were significant differences found between the sexes. 3. The regression coefficients for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight of immature animals were 0.912 and 0.925 at 9.5 and 16 degrees C respectively. 4. Both the standard rate of oxygen consumption and the amount of oxygen taken up during activity increased greatly during the hours of darkness. 5. Oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and, to a lesser extent, heart rate increased significantly at 9.5 degrees C over the 100-20% range of saturation with air. 6. Below 20% saturation with air, lampreys no longer remained attached by their oral disc for prolonged periods and the ventilatory frequency rose even more rapidly to reach a maximum of 175 beats/min at 12.5%. Exposure to 7.5% resulted in death within 5-8 h."
1159362,"A dorsal cannulation technique is described. It has been employed for repeated blood sampling in unanaesthetized rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) kept singly in special receptacles described in the paper. The level of the studied haematological parameters (Haematocrit, Hb, glucose, lactate, K+, Na+, Ca2+) differed between fish kept in receptacles for 1 week and free-swimming fish, most probably owing to differences in the motility of the fish. The receptacle seems to minimize visual and handling disturbances, and permits both the standardization of experimental conditions and quick and easy sampling via the dorsal aorta cannula. The general variation in the blood parameter values was very small compared with the previously reported variation in such values for rainbow trout."
1159363,"The bilateral patterns of forward and reversed scaphognathite (SG) pumping are described for the American lobster. During forward pumping the two SGs usually function synchronously, but may also function independently. The nine muscles of one SG are arranged into four functional groups which are sequentially active during forward pumping. During reversed beats, motor neurones to one group of muscles are inactive while bursts to another are either delayed or missing. Reversal beats do not appear to alter the phasing of the central oscillators that generate the basic SG rhythm. Phase analysis of bilateral SG beating demonstrates two types of relationship: phase coupling or phase drifting with a tendency to couple. An animal may remain in one state for long periods of time or may alternate between states. Coupling can occur at more than one phase indicating phase multistability. The coupled state may remain constant at markedly different frequencies of beating, indicating phase rather than latency coupling between SGs. During the drifting state each SG tends to assume its ""intrinsic"" rate of oscillation. The drift state reflects the inherent asymmetry of the two SG systems. The influence of several parameters of sensory stimulation on phase and frequency of SG beating are analyzed."
1159364,"The excretion of sulphate by the isolated Malpighian tubules of Calliphora vomitoria has been investigated. Contrary to expectation, it was found that the isolated tubules are freely permeable to sulphate. The rate of sulphate secretion is comparable to the rates of secretion of both phosphate and chloride. The excretion of sulphate by the intact fly has also been verified."
1159365,"1. Necturus maculosus kidney function has been examined using standard clearance techniques and renal tubular micropuncture methodology. 2. Throughout, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) has been used to monitor glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular water movements. It was established that this substance was handled by the Necturus kidney in a similar manner to inulin. It can be readily analysed, together with renal electrolytes, by electron microprobe techniques. 3. Profiles of transtubular gradients (TF:P ratios) along the nephron were established for osmolarity, sodium, potassium, calcium and cobalt (of cyanocobalamin). 4. Ureteral urine is always hyposmotic with respect to plasma and the site of dilution of the plasma ultrafiltrate is within the distal segment. 5. Up to 30% of the filtrate is isosmotically reabsorbed along the proximal tubule; the tubular fluid:plasma ratio for osmolarity and sodium is around 1, and the TF:P for cobalt of cyanocobalamin is about 1.4 by the end of this segment. 6. The renal effects of the neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) and an aldosterone antagonist (SC14266; Soldactone) have been examined. 7. AVT was consistently antidiuretic causing both a decreased GFR and an enhanced distal tubular reabsorption of water. 8. SC14266 also increased distal tubular reabsorption of water. Such an effect differs from that found in higher vertebrates, and may indicate a ""glucocorticoid-type"" of renal action for aldosterone in amphibians."
1159366,"1. The tarsal acceptance threshold of non-diapausing adult blowflies rises with age. 2. Diapausing flies have a non-significantly elevated tarsal acceptance threshold, but drink significantly less sucrose solution than their non-diapausing counterparts. 3. Removal of diapausing flies to non-diapause inducing conditions resulted in a lowering of the threshold. 4. Failure to demonstrate a significant difference between the input signal from the peripheral receptors of non-diapausing and diapausing flies showed that the inhibition of feeding in diapausing flies was not due to peripheral inhibition but was controlled centrally."
1159367,"The energetic cost of flight in a wind-tunnel was measured at various combinations of speed and flight angle from two species of bats whose body masses differ by almost an order of magnitude. The highest mean metabolic rate per unit body mass measured from P. hastatus (mean body mass, 0.093 kg) was 130.4 Wkg-1, and that for P. gouldii (mean body mass, 0.78 kg) was 69.6 Wkg-1. These highest metabolic rates, recorded from flying bats, are essentially the same as those predicted for flying birds of the same body masses, but are from 2.5 to 3.0 times greater than the highest metabolic rates of which similar-size exercising terrestrial mammals appear capable. The lowest mean rate of energy utilization per unit body mass P. hastatus required to sustain level flight was 94.2 Wkg-1 and that for P. gouldii was 53.4 Wkg-1. These data from flying bats together with comparable data for flying birds all fall along a straight line when plotted on double logarithmic coordinates as a function of body mass. Such data show that even the lowest metabolic requirements of bats and birds during level flight are about twice the highest metabolic capabilities of similar-size terrestrial mammals. Flying bats share with flying birds the ability to move substantially greater distance per unit energy consumed than walking or running mammals. Calculations show that P. hastatus requires only one-sixth the energy to cover a given distance as does the same-size terrestrial mammal, while P. gouldii requires one-fourth the energy of the same-size terrestrial mammal. An empirically derived equation is presented which enables one to make estimates of the metabolic rates of bats and birds during level flight in nature from body mass data alone. Metabolic data obtained in this study are compared with predictions calculated from an avian flight theory."
1159368,"Exchange between potassium of the isolated midgut of the American silkworm Hyalophora cecropia and the bathing solutions has been determined by different authors, but with contradictory results. Therefore the experiments were repeated with another technique and the exchange determined for varying time intervals. It was found that the exchange was fast-half of the midgut K was exchanged in 2-3 minutes, which confirms the earlier findings by Harvey & Zerahn (1969)."
1159369,"The spontaneous burst discharges of isolated lobster (Homarus americanus) cardiac ganglia were recorded with a spaced array of electrodes. Small regions (less than 1 mm) of the ganglion were exposed to the cardioexcitor neurohormone in extracts of pericardial organs (XPO) or to 10(-5) M 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). All axons were excited (increased mean firing frequency, f) by both substances, but only by applications in the region between the soma (but excluding it) and proximal site of impulse initiation. Units not so exposed changed their f relatively little despite f increases of as much as threefold in exposed units and changes in burst rate and overall length. Regularity and grouping of all impulse activity into bursts was never disturbed. 5HT increases burst rate at any point of application. The increases are larger if small cells are affected than if only large cells are exposed. Burst length decreases except when the pacemaker is affected. In contrast, XPO affects neither burst rate or length unless small cells are affected. Length is increased if non-pacemaker small cells are affected; both rate and length increase if the pacemaker is affected. The pacemaker usually exhibits an f of intermediate value. Rate changes are not simply related to its f. A small cell can ""burst"" in the absence of impulses from any other cells. XPO may enhance endogenous ""driver potentials,"" while 5HT may excite by depolarizing at limited sites."
1159370,"The anatomy of the metathoracic leg is redescribed with particular reference to storage of energy in cuticular elements and the way in which the stored energy is used in jumping. The jump of adult male locusts requires an energy of 9 mJ and that of the female requires 11 mJ. The semilunar processes of each metafemur store 4 mJ at a stress of 15 N, and the extensor tibiae apodeme stores a further 3 mJ at the same stress. The total stored energy in both metathoracic legs is 14 mJ. The extensor tibiae muscle produces a maximum isometric force of over 15 N at 30 degrees C and, when loaded with the extensor apodeme and semilunar processes, attains this force in 0.3 sec with a strain of 0.8 mm. The peak power output is 36 mW or 0.45 W.g-1. The peak isometric force is attained when the tibia is fully flexed and the force falls as the tibia extends. The extensor tibiae muscle A band is 5.5 mum long and the peak force is over 0.75 N.m-2. The peak velocity of shortening is 7 mm.sec-1 or about 1.75 lengths/sec at 30 degrees C. The tensile strength of the extensor apodeme is 0.6 kN.mm-2 and Young's modulus is 19 kN.mm-2. The safety factor does not exceed 1.2 and the safety factor of the semilunar processes and tibial cuticle is little higher. The jump impulse lasts 25-30 msec. A velocity of 3.2 m.sec-1 is reached after a peak acceleration of 180 m.sec-2. The peak power output is 0.75 W at close to maximum velocity. Energy losses in rotating the femur and tibia are small and it is shown that the leg is able to extend at 7 times the normal rate with losses of about 20%. Most of the stored energy is converted to kinetic energy as the animal jumps. A model is based on the relaxation of a spring that has the properties of the elastic elements of the locust leg into a lever with the same kinematics as the locust leg produces a force-distance curve similar to that measured for locust jumps. The major part of the jump energy is stored before the jump."
1159371,"1. An electrophysiological method was used to estimate the half-times for sodium and potassium entry to, and efflux from, the extra-axonal space in peripheral nerve and central nervous connectives of two species of crustacean. Results from crab (marine) and crayfish (fresh water) were qualitatively similar. 2. Peripheral nerve showed no evidence for diffusion barriers, potassium entry and efflux being rapid, and proceeding at comparable rates. 3. In connective, potassium entry was extremely slow, with a half-time greater than 100 min, while potassium efflux was relatively rapid (T 1/2 = 6 min). Sodium movements were less restricted, but sodium entry was more rapid than sodium efflux. 4. The potassium experiments were compared with the behaviour of a theoretical model system. Evidence is presented for diffusional restriction to potassium at the connective perineurial layer. The mechanism of restriction may involve changes in permeability or activation of an ion pump in the perineurial layer. 5. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed."
1159377,"A series of experiments was conducted to elucidate the conditions conductive to a decrease in aggression following annoyance.  The potential capacity of expression of aggression to bring about a reduction in the amount of subsequent aggression was of particular interest. This empirical concern was supplemented by tests of several influential and competing theoretical concepts dealing with the cathartic aspects of human aggressive behavior.  Given the failure of such concepts to account for major portions of the data, an integrative theoretical model was proposed.  experiment 1 evaluated the usefulness of the hydraulic, self-arousal, and dissipation of anger concepts in accounting for the earlier demonstrations of the cathartic effect.  In a 2 x 3 x 2 design, half of the subjects were annoyed by a confederate, while the other half were treated neutrally.  During the next stage (the interpolated period), a third of all subjects gave ""shocks"" to the confederate, another third simply waited, while the remaining third worked on mathematical problems.  Orthogonal to the first two facotrs was the duration of the interpolated period (7 to 13 min).  The main dependent measure was the number of shocks administered to the confederate in the final stage of the experiment.  It was found that annoyed subjects gave more shocks than nonannoyed ones did, and that only the former were substantially affected by other manipulations.  In the case of the annoyed wait and annoyed math subjects, the anger dissipation hypothesis correctly predicted that the mere passage of time would decrease the amount of subsequent aggression, presumably due to the action of homeostatic processes.  The self-arousal hypothesis correctly predicted that the annoyed math subjects would give fewer shocks than the annoyed wait ones would.  Since the subjects were engaged in an absorbing activity, the likelihood of their arousing themselves by ruminations about the preceding annoying incident was minimized, and the amount of subsequent aggression reduced.  Yet, when annoyed subjects had given the confederate a moderate number of shocks in the interpolated period, they subsequently gave him fewer shocks than the 7-min annoyed wait and annoyed math subjects; this was the only outcome predicted correctly by the hydraulic model.  In contrast, when a large number of shocks had been administered in the interpolated period, the amount of subsequent aggression was relatively high.  The interpretation of the latter result in terms of an ""adaption effect"" was tested by further experiments."
1159401,"Stereological techniques of point and intersection counting were used to measure morphological parameters from light and electron micrographs of frog skeletal muscle. Results for sartorius muscle are as follows: myofibrils comprise 83% of fiber volume; their surface to volume ratio is 3.8 mum-1. Mitochondria comprise 1.6% of fiber volume. Transverse tubules comprise 0.32% of fiber volume, and their surface area per volume of fiber is 0.22 mum-1. Terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum comprise 4.1% of fiber volume; their surface area per volume of fiber is 0.54 mum-1. Longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticullum comprises 5.0% of fiber volume, and its surface area per volume of fiber is 1.48 mum-1. Longitudinal bridges between terminal cisternae on either side of a Z disk were observed infrequently; they make up only 0.035% of fiber volume and their surface area per volume of fiber is 0.009 mum-1. T-SR junction occurs over 67% of the surface of transverse tubules and over 27% of the surface of terminal cisternae. The surface to volume ratio of the caveolae is 48 mum-1; caveolae may increase the sarcolemmal surface area by 47%. Essentially the same results were obtained from semitendinosus fibers."
1159402,"The effects of changes in the concentration of calcium in solutions bathing Myxicola giant axons on the voltage dependence of sodium and potassium conductance and on the instantaneous sodium and potassium current-voltage relations have been measured. The sodium conductance-voltage relation is shifted along the voltage axis by 13 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction for a fourfold decrease in calcium concentration. The potassium conductance-voltage relation is shifted only half as much as that for sodium. There is no effect on the shape of the sodium and potassium instantaneous current-voltage curves: the normal constant-field rectification of potassium currents is maintained and the normal linear relationship of sodium currents is maintained. Considering that shifts in conductances would reflect the presence of surface charges near the gating machinery and that shape changes of instantaneous current-voltage curves would reflect the presence of surface charges near the ionic pores, these results indicate a negative surface charge density of about 1 electronic charge per 120 A2 near the sodium gating machinery, about 1 e/300 A2 for the potassium gating machinery, and much less surface charge near the sodium or potassium pores. There may be some specific binding of calcium to these surface charges with an upper limit on the binding constant of about 0.2 M-1. The differences in surface charge density suggest a spatial separation for these four membrane components."
1159403,"Avoidance response: An object placed 1 mm from the growing zone of a Phycomyces sporangiophore elicits a tropic response away from the object. The dependence of this response on the size of the object and its distance from the specimen is described, as well as measurements which exclude electric fields, electromagnetic radiation, temperature, and humidity as avoidance-mediating signals. This response is independent of the composition and surface properties of the object and of ambient light. House Response: A house of 0.5- to 10-cm diameter put over a sporangiophore elicits a transient growth response. Avoidance responses inside closed houses are slightly smaller than those in the open. Wind responses: A transverse wind elicits a tropic response into the wind, increasing with wind speed. A longitudinal wind, up or down, elicits a transient negative growth response to a step-up in wind speed, and vice versa. It is proposed that all of the effects listed involve wind sensing. This proposal is supported by measurements of aerodynamic effects of barriers and houses on random winds. The wind sensing is discussed in terms of the hypothesis that a gas is emitted by the growing zone (not water or any normal constituent of air), the concentration of which is modified by the winds and monitored by a chemical sensor. This model puts severe constraints on the physical properties of the gas."
1159404,"The organic cation 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium (TAP) specifically inhibits Na+ passive permeation (PNa) across gallbladder, small intestine, and choroid plexus without detectable effect on the Cl(-) permeability, indicating that Na+ and Cl(-) follow different permeation pathways. In bullfrog gallbladder, where it was examined in greater detail, the effect of TAP was shown to be: (a) completely reversible, (b) due only to the protonated form of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, (c) effective when added to either one or both sides of the membrane (the rate limiting for the delay in the response being the diffusion through the unstirred layers), and (d) exhibiting a typical saturation kinetics, best fitted with the parameters ""Km"" = 2.6 mM and maximal effect = 100% inhibition. These data, along with the fact that the PNa blocking action of chemical analogs of TAP increases with their ability to donate protons to form hydrogen bonds, suggest that TAP blocks the cation permeation of the channels by strongly associating, via hydrogen bonds, with the anionic ligands within the channel."
1159405,"Excitatory properties of visual cells in the lateral eye of Limulus, investigated by optic nerve recordings in situ, differ significantly from the properties of cells in the classical, excised eye preparation. The differences suggest the possibility that two receptor mechanisms function in the eye in situ: one mechanism encodes low light intensities and the other responds to high intensities. The two mechanisms enable each ommatidium to respond over an intensity range of approximately 10 log units. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the increment threshold and the spectral sensitivity, by studying light and dark adaptation, and by analyzing the variability of the impulse discharge. Although the results do not conclusively identify two receptor mechanisms, they indicate that a process or a part of a process that functions in the eye in situ is abolished by excising the eye or cutting off its blood supply."
1159408,"Three replicative forms of RNA (RF I, RF II, and RF III) have been isolated from BHK cells infected with Similiki Forest virus. Using analytical and rate-zonal sedimentation the mol. wt. of these replicative forms were estimated to be 8-5 times 10(6), 5-5 times 10(6) and 3-1 times 10(6) respectively. After continuous labelling from 1 to 6 h post-infection, RFI constituted more than 80% of the total replicative forms. Competition hybridization experiments showed that one strand of RFI was 42S RNA which had opposite (negative) polarity to that found in the virus particle. The positive strand of RFI was 42S RNA. The negative strand of replicative intermediate (RI) was also found to be 42S RNA. No evidence was found for an RI with a 26S negative strand. RFI was shown to contain non-hydrogen bounded poly A at or near the 3' end of the component 42S positive strand. Isolation and analysis of the poly A tract from RFI on an acrylamide gel showed it to be of essentially the same average size as the poly A tract from virus particle RNA. About 30% of the RI molecules contained non-hydrogen bonded poly A. No poly U was detected in either RFI or RI. The kinetics of positive and negative strand synthesis were investigated during virus multiplication. These experiments showed that the rate of negative strand synthesis reaches a maximum 2 1/2 post-infection and thereafter rapidly falls. The rate of positive strand synthesis increases rapidly up to 3 h post-infection and then remains constant for a further 3 to 4 h."
1159409,A staff nurse on a psychiatric inpatient unit committed suicide.  A retrospective study of patients and staff reactions was conducted.  It showed that the inpatients dealt openly and effectively with grieving.  Staff had a great deal of difficulty with the situation.  One of the nurse's outpatients required rehospitalization.  Recommendations for more attention to the staff mourning process were made.
1159410,"Information about health and disease has high social value and is, thus, subject to a variety of controls. These influence the freedom of investigators to generate it; of editors and publishers to transmit it; and of professionals and the public to have access to it. Unconstrained research may threaten the social order and evoke legal or political limit setting. Prominent in the present era are the possibilities of dangerous ethical and biological consequences of new knowledge or, perhaps more important, of procedures for obtaining it. Medical information is transmitted through both the mass media and professional journals. Access to both by potential authors is limited by institutionalized mechanisms of social control and the academic-research subculture. An emerging factor is the editor's possible ethical responsibility for material which he accepts for publication. Access to information is determined by what finally is published, as well as membership in informal communication networks. It is also influenced by dependence, due to cost, time limitation and information overload, on prepackaged material presented in texts, anthologies, busy clinician-oriented journals, or commercial, e.g., pharmaceutical firms. The possibility that governments will, in time, become the major distributors as well as generators of medical information raises new questions as to its eventual freedom and control."
1159411,"In the cat brain the highest monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is observed in the hypothalamus followed by hippocampus, caudate nucleus, pons and median cortex. Tyramine was the most actively deaminated substrate tested followed by dopamine. Clorgyline was more selective in its inhibitory action and could distinguish between tyramine and dopamine MAO deaminating system. The latter being more resistant to inhibition. The multiple forms of solubilized MAO as separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have varying phospholipid phosphorus content and sensitivity to inhibition by clorgyline in vitro and in vivo."
1159413,"In Rita rita the internal carotid artery gives rise to hypothalamic and hypophysial arteries. The hypophysial artery directly enters the pituitary and largely contributes to the interface vasculature lying in between the neurohypophysis and the pars distalis which can be considered as an equivalent of the median eminence. Blood vessels from the interface vasculature enter the pars distalis. The hypothalamic artery gives rise to the primary capillary plexus in the infundibular floor and the portal vessels formed by it irrigate the glandular pituitary. Both, at the level of the hypothalamus and at the interface, neurosecretory material might get access to blood vessels. Thus, in Rita rita, not only the typical teleostean type of hypothalamo-hypophysial vascularization is present, but also an incipient tetrapodal pattern is evident."
1159412,The acceleration in brain serotonin synthesis produced by injecting rats with tryptophan or allowing them to consume a carbohydrate diet was not blocked by the prior elevation of brain serotonin levels (by administration of a MAO inhibitor: Lilly 51641) or by a treatment (chlorimipramine administration) that decreases impulse flow along serotoninergic neurons.
1159415,"An isolated 3H-labelled neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis binds irreversibly to the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the mouse in vitro. The binding consists of an adsorption to cholinergic receptors and of a slower temperature sensitive binding mechanism. The slow binding is markedly stimulated by the presence of cationic proteins (protamine, histone and polylysine) and is blocked at low temperature (+4 degrees C). Vinblastine and colchicine inhibit the stimulatory effect of protamine on the slow binding. Unlabelled neurotoxin blocks the adsorption binding but fails to affect the slow binding. The results suggest that the slow binding of neurotoxin is not associated with the presence of cholinergic receptors but is the result of endocytotic uptake into the muscle cell. Unless properly recognized this uptake will give a considerable overestimate of the number of cholinergic receptors present in the muscle."
1159414,"The effect of protoveratrine A and germine-3-acetate (GMA) on the release mechanism of acetylcholine from the nerve terminals of the Auerbach plexus in the longitudinal muscle layer of the guinea-pig ileum was studied. Protoveratrine A, GMA and germine potentiated neuroeffector transmission in Auerbach's plexus in the longitudinal muscle preparation provided the neurons were stimulated at low frequencies (less than 10 Hz). Protoveratrine A and GMA enhanced the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminals during the resting period and at low frequency of stimulation (less than 10 Hz). At continous stimulation with high frequency they were ineffective (greater than 10 Hz). When trains of 20 stimuli, with a pulse interval of 0.1 s (10 Hz) were repeatedly applied with intervals of 0.1 to 20 s between trains, the effect of GMA to increase ACh release depended on the length of the train interval; the longer the resting period between trains the higher was the output of ACh. This fact indicates that the release of ACh increased primarily during the resting periods following single stimuli or trains. The effect of GMA on ACh release proved to be highly temperature-dependent: in the presence of GMA Q10 increasing from 3.25 to 4.92. A high Ca concentration, removal of Mg or lowering of the Na concentration abolished the effect of GMA to enhance ACh release."
1159416,"The pathological EEG of a 60 years old lady who suffered from an organic mental syndrome with parkinsonian features, showed diffuse, slow asynchroneous activity. Administration of Symmetrel repeatedly and consistently caused a normalization of the EEG, while its discontinuation immediately led to the reappearance of the original desynchronized pattern. These EEG changes were not accompanied by any modifications in the patients' clinical condition. This discrepancy between the antiparkinsonian and the synchronizing effect of Symmetrel upon the EEG can be explained by a specific activity on the reticulo-thalamo-cortical pathways in addition to that upon the nigro-striatal tracts."
1159434,"The clinical features of 49 patients who had sustained small strokes in the internal carotid artery territory, who were normotensive, free from cardiac or other relevant disease, and who each had a normal appropriate single vessel angiogram are presented. These were randomized into two groups: group A, 25 patients, who received only supportive treatment; group B, 24 patients who were treated with anticoagulants for an average period of 18 months. There was a reduced incidence of neurological episodes during the administration of anticoagulant therapy but, after treatment was discontinued, there was no significant difference between the two groups. In view of the relatively benign prognosis for this syndrome, unless special facilities exist for the personal control of anticoagulant treatment, the dangers may outweigh the benefits."
1159436,"The isolated human basilar artery suspended in Kreb's solution contracts to 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, noradrenaline, and histamine, which stimulate specific receptors. Normal human serum contains an unidentified contractile substance, and erythrocytes relax the artery. Serum and erythrocytes potentiate 5-HT contractions. This preparation is suitable for studying vasoactive substances released during vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage."
1159437,"The effect of induced arterial hypertension on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure was measured before and after the production of a standard cryogenic brain lesion in 10 anaesthetized, ventilated baboons. Before injury the animals were divided into a group with intact autoregulation, having more than 20% increase in cerebrovascular resistance during arterial hypertension, and a group with impaired autoregulation, in which the change in cerebrovascular resistance was much less. The cryogenic injury produced a rapid rise in intracranial pressure and a reduction of cerebral blood flow in the affected hemisphere. Despite this, there was an increase in cerebrovascular resistance during arterial hypertension in all animals after brain injury, accompanied by a further significant rise in intracranial pressure. It is suggested that this response is unlikely to represent normal physiological autoregulation and caution should be exercised in interpreting it as such in the course of studies of cerebral blood flow in patients with acute brain damage."
1159438,"The monamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG) were analysed in CSF from different regions of the CSF system to study the caudocranial concentration gradient of the metabolites. Four consecutive 10 ml fractions of CSF were withdrawn in 17 patients during the course of four minutes. The CSF pressure was monitored through a lumbar cannula because of suspected adult hydrocephalus. A pronounced gradient of the HVA concentration was found with a ratio between the last and the first fraction of 1,7. 5-HIAA showed a slight increase while HMPG and VMA showed no increase at higher levels of the CSF system. The results suggest that lumbar HVA reflects dopaminergic activity in the brain, whereas lumbar 5-HIAA and HMPG/VMA reflect the activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline secreting neurones in both the brain and the spinal cord."
1159439,"A method is described for repetitive stimulation studies in myasthenia gravis using submaximal stimulation and single muscle fibre recording techniques. It was found that there were no impulse blockings due to neuromuscular transmission factors in normal subjects with 2 Hz stimulation, although there was a decrease or increase in the number of potentials which was caused by axonal stimulation factors. In myasthenia gravis a pathological picture was obtained, consisting of impulse blockings and facilitation at this rate in all of the eight patients studied, even those with only the ocular form of myasthenia and without surface decrement in the ADM. This technique allows study of both the minimally involved motor endplates and those with pronounced neuromuscular disturbances."
1159440,"Electrical activity during voluntary effort was analysed in 33 normal subjects. Parameters of activity measured were number of peaks, mean amplitude, distribution of time intervals and of amplitudes between peaks. Recording from 10 sites evenly distributed over a muscle gave adequate representation of activity; force should be a fixed proportion of maximum rather than constant."
1159442,"Two patients (aged 46 and 49 years) are presented who gave a history of several years' duration of unsteadiness, dizziness, and syncopal attacks on standing. Both had orthostatic hypotension which was associated with the development of a unifocal paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. There was no evidence of organic heart disease. In one of the patients the symptoms usually developed when standing after working in a crouched position. He responded to treatment with beta-adrenergic blockade. The other patient developed her symptoms on standing, after exercise or other stress. The paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, which occurred in the upright position only, was accompanied by a marked rise in plasma adrenaline. In this patient one contributory factor was a low blood volume and she responded to plasma volume expansion. We wish to draw attention to the common neurological symptoms with which paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia may present. We suggest that paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia may result from ventricular sensitivity to circulating adrenaline and not due to aberrant innervation of the heart as has been suggested previously."
1159444,"A  strain of adenovirus type 7 was recovered from cultured brain cells, taken at necropsy from a patient aged 71 years with chronic schizophrenia. This recovery may indicate the reactivation of a latent infection with one of the few adenoviruses that has regularly-if rarely-been associated with clinical encephalitis."
1159445,"In this study long-term observation of 12 patients with aphasia secondary to severe closed head trauma took place. The most frequent symptoms were amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia. Only one patient with a constant slow wave EEG focus in the dominant hemisphere had severe receptive symptoms. In all other patients the aphasia recovered rather well, though not totally, but the presence and degree of concomitant neuropsychological disorders were most important for the final outcome."
1159446,"Fragments of rectus abdominis muscle or diaphragm from AKR or Prince Henry mice were transplanted beneath the skin of the anterior abdominal wall of BALB/C mice and were examined by light and electron microscopy 1-23 days after transplantation. Observations were made on the mode of entry of lymphoid cells into grafts, the nature of the inflammatory cells present in grafts and the interactions between mononuclear cells and regenerating muscle fibres during the rejection phase 7-14 days after transplantation. Lymphoid cells were found to migrate through the endothelium of venules and to enter the space between the basement lamina and the plasma membrane of muscle fibres to make contacts of varying degrees of complexity with the muscle cell membrane. Evidence of penetration of lymphoid cells into muscle fibres (emperipolesis) was found and was usually associated with signs of damage to the muscle fibre. Interactions between mononuclear cells and mature muscle fibres were studied after inoculation of sensitized spleen cells into the musculature of the tongue in mice. Both lymphoid cells and mononuclear phagocytes were found to invade muscle fibres by penetrating the basement lamina. The muscle cell membrane was usually broken down in zones of invasion by mononuclear cells but generally remained intact at sites of invasion by lymphoid cells."
1159447,"Ultrastructural investigation of bone marrow histiocytes in neurovisceral storage disorder associated with vertical ophthalmoplegia revealed 3 types of cytosomes: (1) lamellar cytosomes; (2) larger cytosomes composed of lamellar fragments and a granular component; and (3) large irregular cytosomes with amorphous and granular portions, often including fingerprint profiles--in some of these, lysosome-like bodies were numerous. The lamellar cytosomes corresponded to vacuoles seen by light microscopy. The Type 2 and 3 cytosomes were the ultrastructural substract of Wright-Giemsa stained blue granules. Histiocytes having a predominance of Type 2 cytosomes in a cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes had the appearance of sea-blue histiocytes at the light-microscopic level. Transformed Type 1 cytostomes served as building blocks for Type 2 and 3 cytosomes. In the sural nerve, Schwann cells and endoneurial fibroblasts accumulated autofluorescent lipopigment but no lamellar cytosomes or their fragments were found on electron-microscopic examination. Ultrastructure of sea-blue histiocytes in this disease differed from that observed in some other diseases."
1159448,Internuclear ophthalmoplegia has not previously been described in progressive supranuclear palsy. The present report draws attention to the occurrence of varying degrees of anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia in 4 out of 13 cases of this condition studied over a 4-yr period. This finding suggests that the medial longitudinal fasciculus may be involved in the degenerative process in some cases of progressive supranuclear palsy.
1159449,"We have studied extrajunctional muscle of control and dystrophic mice by electron microscopic-cytochemistry and radiometric assay. We have found both a soluble and particulate AChE activity, which is similar proportionally in control and dystrophic muscle. The particulate AChE activity is probably due to the enzyme localized in the sarcotubular system. These sites are more numerous in muscle adjacent to the motor end-plant than in distally located extrajunctional muscle, and are increased markedly in the dystrophic mouse. Myoblasts and small muscle fibers in the dystrophic mouse also have AChE activity in the reticulum similar to fetal muscle. The soluble AChE activity identified radiometrically may represent those sites exhibiting random cytochemical end-product, such as some muscle nuclei, satellite cells, myogenic mononuclear cells in the connective tissue, and degenerating axonal boutons no longer associated with junctional folds of muscle. Enzyme activity is present in degenerating fibers, but it is randomly dispersed in the sarcoplasm rather than membrane-bound. AChE activity has not been found in debris of completely necrotic muscle. BuChE activity is higher and the number of BuChE-active sites in the sarcotubular system adjacent to the motor end-plates is greater in dystrophic muscle than in control muscle."
1159451,"In order to clarify the effects of flunarizine, a newly-synthesized derivative of piperazine on cerebral circulation and metabolism, cerebrocortical oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension and cerebrocortical blood flow were continuously recorded, along with a simultaneous monitoring of arterial blood pressure in 11 cats. Maximal changes in cerebrocortical oxygen tension induced by intravenous administration of flunarizine (0.6-1.0 mg/kg) were compared with those of papaverine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg). Flunarizine caused increases in cerebrocortical oxygen tension as well as cerebrocortical blood flow and a decrease in cerebrocortical carbon dioxide tension despite a fall in blood pressure, indicating an increase of cerebral blood flow presumably due to cerebral vasodilatation. Since the increase of cerebrocortical oxygen tension induced by flunarizine was comparable to that induced by papaverine, it was concluded that flunarizine appears to be a potent vasodilator of cerebral vessels."
1159452,"In vitro studies with diffusates obtained following dialysis of serum samples have enabled us to confirm the presence of inhibiting and activating factors influencing CPK activity. Activating factors are commonly found in many neuromuscular disorders like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), spinal muscular atrophy and hypothyroid neuromyopathy, and inhibiting factors in dermatomyositis. These findings are further elaborated during serial serum CPK studies after EMG in 3 cases of neurogenic atrophy and 1 case of DMD. The in vivo inhibitory and activating influence of serum factor(s) at 96 and 160 hr respectively after EMG was confirmed by in vitro studies with the diffusates of these serum samples. The functional variations of these diffusates are shown to be related to differences in the composition of these diffusates suggested by paper chromatography."
1159453,Myelin development has been studied in the neonatally hypothyroid rat brain by isolation and characterization of purified myelin preparations. The hormone deficiency results in a suppression of compact myelin formation and the persistence of a lighter possibly pro-myelin fraction. The appearance of myelin basic protein was markedly delayed in the hormone-deficient animals and this effect on the basic protein moiety may be responsible for the delayed myelinogenesis.
1159454,Increased leucocyte neutral proteinase activity is associated with an attack of multiple sclerosis. Raised neutral proteinase is found in other diseases with rapid destruction of neural tissues. Increased enzyme activity may be responsible for removing antigenic protein from the blood.
1159456,"The relationship between the rCBF and the electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency was investigated in the contralateral hemisphere of 22 patients with acute cerebral infarction. Reduced rCBF was observed in all patients studied. The degree of rCBF reduction was mild, moderate, or severe and ranged between 6 and 80% from the lowest age-matched normal values obtained in our laboratory. The frequency indices remained within normal limits (mean - 10.4 Hz) in 16 patients. Slower frequencies (mean - 6.3 Hz) were recorded in 6 patients. No correlation was found between the two parameters (P = 0.89). Both the EEG frequency and the rCBF are known to be closely related to the cerebral metabolic rate. The observed rCBF depression without concomitant changes in the EEG frequency raises the question of the role of globally-reduced cerebral metabolism as the cause of rCBF reduction in the noninfarcted hemisphere in stroke patients. Our findings constitute additional evidence that the contralateral hemisphere is involved in the haemodynamic changes occurring in acute cerebral infarction."
1159457,"The effects of cortisol on the excitability of the dorsal hippocampus, septum, hypothalamus and the pontine reticular formation in unrestrained, unanesthetized rats with permanently-implanted electrodes were investigated. The hormone produced a slowing in the spontaneous activity in these regions. The stimulation of the septum, hypothalamus and reticular formation had no appreciable influence on the local or propagated electrical activity of the brain after cortisol injection; however in 14 out of 29 experiments hippocampal stimulation with the same voltages as before cortisol administration, induced generalized convulsive activity. The attacks consisted of high-voltage spikes and slow-wave activity and were followed by a post-seizure exhaustion in the hippocampus. In half of the rats behavioral convulsions also appeared. The convulsive effects of cortisol on the brain are briefly reviewed and the specificity of hippocampal involvement in the present experiments is emphasized. The possible significance of the present findings in relation to the feedback of glucocorticoids on the brain, in the regulation of ACTH secretion, is discussed. The experiments described may also contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of the convulsive effects of cortisol on the brain."
1159458,"Newborn mice were inoculated with attenuated Coxsackie type B4 virus. Three-to-4-day old mice were infected with yellow fever virus vaccine. A number of mice survived the acute infections. Some of these demonstrated residual neurological symptoms, some showed recovery from symptoms while others survived the infection without revealing symptoms of disease. Determinations of dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the inoculated brains indicated an imparied turnover of neurotransmitters. Subnormal concentrations of catecholamines and homovanillic acid were encountered in the acutely-infected mice as well as among the survivors. Failure to synthesize catecholamines was observed not only in mice demonstrating symptoms of disease or in animals which recovered from their infection but also among a proportion of the mice which never demonstrated neurological symptoms. In contrast, 6-week-old Swiss albino mice infected with West Nile virus showed no effect on the turnover of brain monoamines either in acutely infected mice or in animals which survived the acute infection. Herpes simplex virus infection of 3-week-old mice induced during the acute infection an increased release of neurotransmitters. When these mice were ""cured"" of the infection by increasing the environmental temperature the elevated turnover of monoamine metabolism was normalized. Two months later there were no differences in concentrations of catecholamines or homovanillic acid between infected animals or uninfected controls. Thus, persistent impairment of brain monoamine metabolism was induced in mice infected when very young. The possible importance of the observations, in particular the findings of an impaired turnover after subclinical infection, is discussed."
1159459,"A 60-year-old woman developed progressive spastic crural paraplegia and global anesthesia and global anesthesia below T10, succumbing to urinary infection and bronchopneumonia 8 months after the onset of symptoms. At necropsy, the spinal cord was completely destroyed by a necrotic intramedullary cysticercus at T8. Six cysticerci were found in the brain. A review of the 17 published cases of intramedullary cysticercosis (including this one) showed this condition to be clinically indistinguishable from spinal cord tumours. The surgical prognosis was fair in 8 of 11 operated patients. The role of hematogenous and ventriculo-ependymal pathways in the pathogenesis of intramedullary cysticercosis was examined. The topographical distribution of intramedullary cysticerci (5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 2 lumbar, none sacral) was found to be statistically proportional to the blood flow to each of these regions; this favours the hematogenous route of infestation. The low spinal cord blood flow (100 times less than that to the brain), the type of vascularization of the cord (low calibre vessels under low pressure) and peculiarities of the cord tissue (such as its harder consistency) are all thought to be contributory factors accounting for the scarcity of intramedullary cysticerci. No evidence for an ependymal route of spread could be adduced."
1159460,"The specificity of anatomo-clinical observations were investigated on 776 out of 982 consecutive persons hospitalized at the University Psychiatric Clinic of Geneva. Discriminant function analysis shows that most of the anatomical classes (no dementia, senile dementia, Alzheimerized senile dementia and Alzheimer's presenile dementia, vascular dementia, combined dementia nnd undefined form of encephalopathy) are at least partially separable (less than 50% overlap). On the basis of anatomical criteria, Alzheimer's presenile dementia is not separable from Alzheimerized senile dementia, and senile dementia is not separable from combined dementia. Differentiation between the anatomical classes is improved by a preliminary analysis based on clinical diagnosis. Senile plaques account for 43.4% of the total variation between the anatomical classes. The coefficient of agreement between anatomical and clinical diagnosis is 0.27, which is highly significant. The diagnosis of senile dementia has a poor specificity, while the diagnosis of senile Alzheimerized dementia has a better one. The diagnosis of combined dementia has to be reserved for cases with a similar intensity of vascular and degenerative changes. Alzheimer's presenile dementia has a distinct dominant hereditary pattern and must be considered a separate entity. The high specificity of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's presenile dementia makes it possible to conduct epidemiologic and genetic surveys based on clinical data."
1159461,"Cats were trained to discriminate between two different repetition rates of flicker and of click. Both approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance discriminations were used. After substantial overtraining, transfer of frequency discrimination was initiated to stimulation of the reticular formation using bursts of electrical pulses at the same two repetition rates. Significant levels of discriminated performance were obtained in all cats very quickly, indicating good cross-modal transfer between the peripheral discriminanda and the central stimuli. The literature on stimulus generalization and cross-modal transfer is reviewed and the findings of this experiment are discussed in that context. Certain conditions are defined which, if satisfied, justify the interpretation that stimulus generalization or rapid cross-modal transfer indicate that facilitation of subsequent tasks in a training sequence can be attributed to mediation by a specific neuronal mechanism established by training on a previous task. The present experiment was designed in view of such criteria. The evidence of good cross-modal transfer is interpreted to mean that brain mechanisms storing memories about discriminations between visual or auditory stimuli with different repetition rates can be effectively activated by gross electrical stimuli at the same repetition rates. Conflict trials were then carried out in which flicker or click at either frequency was contradicted by concurrent RF stimuli at the other frequency. As the current level of RF stimuli was parametrically increased, it was found that the central stimuli achieved almost complete control over the behavioral outcome in most cases. Concurrent transfer of training, using a counterbalanced training sequence, was then carried out to stimulation of the visual cortex, lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. In each case, rapid transfer was displayed by at least one animal. Once performance to brain stimulation at a given repition rate was established, little change was observed when the fine structure of the stimulus was altered by changing parameters of the stimulus burst. These findings are interpreted as providing support for a statistical theory of memory, since they constitute evidence that previously learned discriminative behavior can readily be elicited by compelling large ensembles of neurons in various brain regions to discharge with particular temporal patterns. It is difficult to reconcile these results with theories which postulate that learning establishes new synaptic pathways in which discharge must occur for memories to be retrieved."
1159462,"1. Receptive-field properties of single neurons in cat's cortical area 18 were studied before and after partial bilateral lesions of area 17. 2. The majority of cells recorded from animals with intact visual cortex exhibited orientation selectivity, directional selectivity, and could be independently activated through either eye. All cells responded well to moving targets and nearly all of them exhibited broadly tuned preferences with respect to speed of the target. Over 45% of cells responded optimally or exclusively at very fast (above 50 degrees/s) speeds. 3. The majority of neurons recorded from animals with intact visual cortex responded weakly but clearly to appropriately oriented localized stationary stimuli flashed on and off. About one-third of the cells responded with mixed on-off discharges from all over their receptive field. In the receptive fields of 10% of cells, separate on- and off-discharge regions could be revealed. In the receptive fields of the remaining cells, only on- or only off-discharge regions could be revealed. 4. The majority of neurons recorded after ablation of area 17 were orientation selective; 50% of the cells were also direction selective. All neurons responded well to moving targets; about 65% of them responded optimally or exclusively at very fast target speeds. 5. Destruction of the dorsolateral part of contralaterial area 17 and most of contralateral area 18 caused significant reduction in proportion of cells in area 18 which could be activated through either eye. 6. The majority of neurons recorded after ablation responded to appropriately oriented localized stationary stimuli flashed on and off. Cells with mixed on-off discharge regions all over the receptive field with separate on- and off-discharge regions and with only on- or only off-discharge regions were found. 7. It is concluded that the processing of afferent visual information in area 18 is, to a great extent, independent of the information carried to this area by associational fibers from cells of area 17."
1159463,"1. Discharge pattern has been characterized by autocorrelation analysis of stationary portions of extracellularly recorded discharge trains of cat pontine brain stem neurons during spontaneously occurring desynchronized sleep episodes. 2. Neurons localized to the area implicated in control of the desynchronized phase of sleep, the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG), show the most phasic or clustered discharge pattern, as evinced by initial peaks in the autocorrelations. At the peak, the FTG population average discharge probability is 3 times that expected had the discharges been evenly distributed over time. The initial peak extends beyond a lag of 3 s, indicating runs of clustered discharge extending beyond this duration. Neurons in other reticular tegmental fields, the tegmental reticular nucleus and pontine gray, show a more sustained or tonic discharge pattern. 3. Discharge patterns of a given cell are consistent from one desynchronized sleep episode to the next; units with phasic discharge patterns remain phasic, and tonic patterns remain tonic. 4. There is a three-way correlation among FTG units recorded at sites with many giant cells, units with high discharge rate increases on transition to desynchronized sleep, and units with a markedly phasic discharge pattern. This implicates the giant cells as the source of both the distinctive discharge rate and pattern changes of neurons during desynchronized sleep. 5. Stereotyped, regular discharge patterns are not characteristic of FTG or other units, suggesting they are not pacemakers and that endogenous activation of pacemaker cells is unlikely to be a mechanism for generation of the marked discharge rate increases on transition to desynchronized sleep that are found in FTG units. The irregular, clustered discharge pattern of FTG is more compatible with generation of discharge rate increases through interaction with other cells. The markedly phasic discharge of FTG units is also consistent with a driving role in generation of the phasic electrophysiologic events of desynchronized sleep."
1159464,"In the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica, seven motoneurons have been described which modulate the myogenic heart beat and vasomotor tone (28). These neurons mediate their motor effects by chemical transmission. In this paper we have attempted to specify the transmitters of six of these motoneurons. We have 1) studied the effects of several common transmitters on the innervated structures and compared these effects with the effects of firing the motoneurons, 2) examined whether blocking agents influence similarly the effect of a putative transmitter applied to the innervated structure and the effect of firing a motoneuron, and 3) tested the capability of the motoneurons to synthesize the putative transmitters from precursors. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of firing the excitor motoneuron RB(HE) were mimicked by perfusion of the heart with serotonin at a low concentration. Cinanserin blocked both the effects of motoneuron excitation and serotonin perfusion. RB(HE) was also shown to synthesize [3H]serotonin from L-[3H]tryptophan injected directly into the cell body. The effects of firing the two LD(HI) heart-inhibitory motoneurons were mimicked by perfusion of the heart with acetylcholine. Benzoquinonium blocked the effects of the inhibitory motoneuron and acetylcholine perfusion. Perfusion with arecoline also inhibited the heart beat. Acetylcholine applied to the arteries mimicked the vasoconstriction caused by the LB(VC) motoneurons. Aortic constriction in response to activity in LB(VC) cells or to acetylcholine was blocked by hexamethonium and curare. The heart inhibitor and vasoconstrictor motoneurons synthesized [3H] acetylcholine from [3H] choline injected into their cell bodies. Thus, as in vertebrates, acetylcholine mediates inhibition to the heart. Unlike vertebrates, however, serotonin mediates excitation to the heart and acetylcholine mediates peripheral vasoconstriction."
1159465,"1. ""Association"" neurons in the posterior middle suprasylvian gyrus of cat were found to be predominantly polysensory, with 82% of the units in the chloralose-anesthetized preparation responding to auditory, visual, and somatic stimuli. There was no evidence of response differentiation associated with cortical depth distribution. Most units responded with a short-latency response (median 35-60 ms) to all stimulus modalities, with the response to visual stimulation occurring at the shortest latency. Among polysensory cells, almost half responded with equal probability to auditory, visual, and somatic stimulation. The visual stimulus was the most potent for those cells responding with a higher probability to a single modality. Varying degrees of response complexity were noted in some cells in terms of changes in responsivity over time, discharge to stimulus offset, and inhibition of spontaneous activity. The unitary discharge was seen to occur on the negative peak and slope of the locally recorded evoked potential. When only the larger amplitude spikes were analyzed, most of the unitary activity occurred on the negative peak of the evoked potential. Almost half of trimodally responsive cells displayed similar phase relationships between unitary activity and evoked potentials for all three modalities. The absolute refractory period for most cells was from 200 to 300 ms, with relative refractory periods extending up to 30 s..."
1159467,"The latency revealed by poststimulus time histograms of the responses of single units in the cochlear nucleus to tone bursts was compared with the latency of the change in discharge frequency in response to small increments in the amplitude of the stimulus. The latter was derived on the basis of statistical signal analysis of the discharge pattern in response to tones amplitude modulated with pseudorandom noise. The ""step response"" of the system was computed by time integration of the cross covariance between modulation and spike density. The following observations can be made: 1. The latency of the responses to tone bursts always decreased with increasing sound intensity, whereas the latency of the step response was almost constant for intensities from immediately above threshold to the highest intensity used (60-70 dB above threshold). 2. In most units the latency revealed by the PST histogram of the responses to tone bursts approached the value of latency of the step response asymptotically. 3. In some units with longer latency, the latency of the response to tone bursts was many times greater than the latency of the step response, even at high sound intensities. 4. A histogram of latency values of the step response of the units studied showed narrow peaks at 2.8 and 4.7 ms. 5. On the basis of the present results it is concluded that the latency values of the step response represent the true sum of synaptic and axon dendritical propagation delay, whereas the latency of the responses to tone bursts also includes the temporal summation at the synaptic level."
1159468,"1. Extra- and intracellular potentials were recorded from neurons and glia during spreading depression (SD) in cerebral cortex of cats. The glial membrane depolarized during SD and the time course of depolarization was concurrent with the surface DC change of SD. The glial depolarization evoked by 20-Hz repetitive cortical stimulation disappeared during the negative DC shift of SD. Simultaneous recording of the extra- and intracellular potentials from a single glial cell with a coaxial microelectrode showed that the extracellular DC potential change was of opposite polarity to the glial intracellular potential, which suggests that the slow glial depolarization concurrent with SD is not the field potential. In contrast to glial cells, the neuronal burst discharges as well as the neuronal membrane depolarization associated with SD did not show a close relationship to SD: the neuronal membrane depolarization and discharge were frequently delayed by 10-3- s from the onset of the SD slow wave. Sometimes SD was observed without accompanying neuronal depolarization. The degree of neuronal depolarization was not always correlated with the amplitude of the negative wave of SD. 2. The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the negative DC potential of SD was examined. Simultaneous recording of glial membrane potential and the neuronal unit activity as well as extracellular DC potential and surface DC potential during SD was performed and the TTX-treated cortex was compared with the normal state. TTX did not change the DC level of the cerebral cortex. SD could be evoked by KCl when neuronal discharge was completely abolished by TTX application..."
1159469,"Cats were trained to localize sound in space. The animals' localization accuracy was determined before and after one of the following operations: 1) transection of the trapezoid body, 2) unilateral and 3) bilateral transection of the lateral lemniscus, 4) unilateral and 5) bilateral transection of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The results after bilateral transections of the lateral lemniscus and the one deep bilateral transection of the brachium of the inferior colliculus indicate that some portion of the ascending auditory system must be intact above the medulla for an animal to be able to localize sound. A small loss in accuracy of localization was found after unilateral transection of the lateral lemniscus or brachium of the inferior colliculus. This loss, when compared with the much larger loss that monaural animals show, is an indication that binaural analysis, important for sound localization, occurs at the level of the medulla. Some transections of the trapezoid body resulted in a deficit in localization ability that appeared to be complete and permanent. The position of the lesions in the trapezoid body indicated that important encoding of the binaural cues to localization most likely occurs at the superior olivary complex, probably at the medial superior olive. But the trapezoid body or other commissures of the brain stem auditory system are probably also involved in transmission of information necessary for localization to higher centers."
1159470,"The neuronal mechanism which gives rise to the synchronization of motor-unit discharges has been inferred from an analysis of the interspike intervals of individual motor-unit discharges recorded from the soleus muscle. The motor units were divided into two groups on the basis of characteristic changes in their spike trains. The first group maintained a stationary discharge pattern throughout the process of synchronization with a firing rate of approximately 10 spikes/s. Small unidentified units simultaneously recorded gradually grouped around the individual spikes of the first group motor unit and with this process, high-frequency force oscillation appeared phase-locked with each of grouped discharges. The mean period of force oscillation was almost identical to the mean discharge interval. Therefore, the first group motor unit was considered as a pacemaker of this force-oscillation. The second group motor unit underwent from its initially stationary process to a transitional process characterized by spike dropouts from an otherwise regular spike train. When both groups of motor units were recorded by the same electrode, it was found that the firing rate of the second group motor unit discharges gradually approached that of the first group, and the spikes of the first and the second group motor units occurred near or at the same time. The number of double intervals decreased in a highly predictable fashion with an increase in a firing rate. It was furthermore observed that the spikes of a given motor unit whose discharges interval-to-period ratio is smaller at the beginning of transitional process was entrained to the first group motor-unit discharges with a faster time course than the unit whose discharge interval-to-period ratio is larger. The synchronizing process was described from the relations between shorter discharge interval-to-period ratios and the longer-to-shorter interval ratios obtained at several stages from the beginning of transitional process to the final synchronization. Their relations were best drawn by the second-order regression lines. The faster time course of synchronization was reflected in the larger value of coefficient a in the equation. The results of this and previous study (23) further provided evidence to justify that interaction of motor-unit discharges is responsible for the synchronization. Although the neuronal limiting device of the firing-rate control to approximately 10 spikes/s still remains unsolved, the possibility was considered that a disinhibitory neuronal network first acts to synchronize independently firing motoneurons and leads to the oscillation of the stretch reflex loop. This closed-loop system was considered as a site for the stored motor program and the use of disinhibitory neuronal network was discussed in relation to the Harmon's model of neuromimes."
1159471,"Spontaneous and reflex spike trains in the efferent neurons to the claw opener and closer muscles of the crayfish were cross correlated. The opener inhibitor and the slow closer excitor were found to be closely synchronized under all conditions. Details of the correlation suggested an electrical synapse coordinating these neurons, possibly bidirectional, but possibly from CE to OI only. The OE-OI cross correlogram showed signs of direct central inhibition of OE to OI. Polysynaptic inhibition of OI by OE may also occur. CI and OI show signs of mutual inhibition. An unidentified closer bundle efferent was strongly and positively correlated with OE. The results are consistent with the respective muscular effects of the pairs of neurons involved; they disagree, however, with some previous findings (19)."
1159472,"1. Repetitive activity and membrane conductance parameters of crab walking leg axons have been studied in the double sucrose gap. 2. The responses to constant current stimulus could be classified into three catagories; highly repetitive with wide firing frequency range, type I; highly repetitive with narrow frequency range, type II; and nonrepetitive or repetitive to only a limited degree, type III. The minimum firing frequency for type I axons was much greater than for other recording techniques. 3. Voltage-clamp currents in type III axons were qualitatively similar to those of squid or lobster axon. 4. The outward membrane currents of type I and II axons showed a transient phase in addition to the usual delayed current. The magnitude of this transient was a function of both the holding and test voltages. 5. The direction of the transient current reversed in potassium-rich saline. 6. The type I repetitive response in the walking leg axons appears to be generated by the same types of conductance changes that have been demonstrated in molluscan central neurons."
1159473,"1. Microelectrode recordings from single motor units of the first dorsal interosseus and the extensor indicis muscles of normal human subjects were studied during voluntary, isometric contractions. The conduction velocity of the nerve fiber innervating the muscle unit was used as an estimator of the size of the motoneuron. 2. During slowly increasing contractions, the units were recruited at force levels which were closely correlated to conduction velocity. The units associated with low conduction velocity were recruited first, those with high conduction velocity, last. 3. If small, stepwise force increments were used instead of slowly, continuously increasing contractions, the units were first activated during the steps and became inactive during the subsequent plateaus. If higher steady-force levels were reached, the activity was maintained also during the plateaus. This steady force, where a unit remained continuously active independent of the rate of rise of tension, represents its tonic threshold. 4. The tonic threshold is positively correlated with conduction velocity, as is the threshold force of recruitment. As a consequence, high-threshold units have a large force range below tonic threshold where they can only be transiently activated, whereas low-threshold units have a large physiological force range above tonic threshold where they operate tonically. The phasic or tonic appearance of discharge pattern reflects quantitative differences in tonic threshold between units of different size. All units examined could be activated phasically (below) and tonically (above tonic threshold). No evidence was found indicating the existence of two qualitatively different classes of units corresponding to a tonic and phasic type, although both muscles investigated consist of about equal numbers of type I and type II muscle fibers. 5. The change in firing rate per unit force was inversely related to conduction velocity: the slower conducting units showed larger changes in firing rate per unit force than faster conducting units. This corresponds to the larger excitability of the smaller units indicated by their earlier recruitment. 6. The data of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the functional characteristics of human motoneurons are determined by the graded excitability of motoneurons according to size."
1159474,"An account is given of the responses of 432 red nucleus (RN) neurons with axons projecting down the spinal cord. Almost half were in an initial series of 18 experiments on anesthetized cats, and the remainder were in a second series of 12 experiments on decerebrate unanesthetized cats. The differences between the two series were of little significance. All recording was from single neurons using extracellular glass microelectrodes that were inserted throught the right superior colliculus and directed to the right red nucleus at a standard orientation. Identification of RN neurons was both by location, checked by subsequent histology, and by antidromic invasion from the spinal cord. The spinal stimulating electrodes were placed in proximity to the left rubrospinal tract at C2 and L2 segmental levels. Axonal conduction velocities were calculated from the latency differential between the L2 and C2 antidromic responses and were usually in the range 60-130 m/s, 97% of all neurons located in the red nucleus had axons projecting to the C2 level, and 37% projected to the L2 level. The responses of 229 RN neurons were observed with stimulation applied to the contralateral (left) interpositus nucleus. In 10 (5%) there were antidromic responses to both interpositus and C2 stimulation, a finding in good agreement with the anatomical description of rare axon collaterals from rubrospinal fibers to the interpositus nucleus. In 209 (91%), there was a clear monosynaptic excitation. The impulse generation was at a latency usually of 1.0-1.8 ms, which a modal value of 1.4 ms. The afferent inputs to RN neurons were provided by stimulation either of predominantly cutaneous nerves in all four limbs or of cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the contralateral forelimb and hindlimb..."
1159475,"The somatotopic inputs into red nucleus (RN) neurons have been studied with special reference to their level of projection in the spinal cord. As inputs we employed either volleys in predominantly cutaneous nerves of forelimb and hindlimb or cutaneous mechanoreceptor discharges evoked by taps to footpads of forelimb and hindlimb. There has been physiological confirmation of the anatomical findings that RD neurons projecting to the lumbar cord are located in the ventrolateral zone of the pars magnocellularis, whereas in the dorsomedial zone are RN neurons with cervical but not lumbar projection. Somatotopically there was found to be a differentiation of input to RN neurons according as they projected to the lumbar or only to the cervical cord. This finding was presented in the form both of tables and of somatotopic maps. As expected, this discrimination was more restrictive for the more selective inputs from pad taps than for nerve inputs. Nevertheless, forelimb inputs often had a considerable excitatory and inhibitory action on lumbar-projecting RN neurons, and vice versa for cervical-projecting neurons. There were two notable somatotopic findings that suggest specificities of connectivities. First, despite the large convergence of IP neurons onto RN neurons (about 50-fold), the degree of somatotopic discrimination was about the same for interpositus and RN neurons with two testing procedures: between inputs from forelimb and hindlimb; and between inputs from pads on one foot. Second, although there was in the interpositus nucleus a considerable topographical admixture of neurons with dominant forelimb or hindlimb inputs, the axonal projections of these neurons were apparently unscrambled on the way to the target RN neurons, so as to deliver the somatotopic specificities observed for two classes of RN neurons; those projecting down the spinal cord beyond L2 level, and those projecting to C2 but not L2. Finally, there is a general discussion of motor control with reference to the pathway; pars intermedia of anterior lobe of cerebellum leads to interpositus nucleus leads to red nucleus leads to rubrospinal tract leads to spinal motoneurons."
1159476,"Reflex excitability of the motoneurons innervating the masseter muscle of monkeys was tested before a phasic voluntary activation of the jaw-closing muscles (a RT bite response). Single test shocks were delivered to the Mes V which supplies a monosynaptic excitatory input to the jaw-muscle motoneurons. Changes in reflex excitability were assessed by measuring the amplitude of the synchronous muscle potential evoked by the test shock. Amplitudes of the muscle potentials evoked by shocks which occurred just before the beginning of the voluntary EMG response, as judged by the onset of EMG activity of the masseter muscle contralateral to the test shock were many times larger than potentials evoked immediately following the visual RT stimulus. Curves relating the average amplitude of the evoked response to its time before the beginning of the voluntary response suggest that the reflex excitability of the motoneuron pool begins to increase 25-45 ms before the first detectable EMG activity occurs. These results suggest that inputs arrive at the motoneurons of agonist muscles used in rapid RT tasks substantially before changes in the EMG of the muscle are noted. These results, in part, would account for the time interval noted between the beginning of neural activity in suprasegmental structures which presumably excites spinal motoneurons, and the first EMG activity of muscles which are innervated by these motoneurons."
1159477,"The left middle cerebral artery was occluded in 12 tranquilized but unanesthetized cats with use of a device implanted transorbitally 5 to 7 days earlier. Bilateral epidural pressures, mean aortic blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured at intervals for up to 48 hours after occlusion. The relationships of these measurements to each other and to the extent and severity of cerebral infarcts is described."
1159478,"The author used isolated rabbit common carotid and femoral arteries perfused at a constant pressure of 90 mm Hg to examine the variation of flow (F) with transmural pressure (TMP). When the TMP was reduced below 50 to 60 mm Hg in arteries with normal smooth muscle tone, arterial resistance increased significantly causing a reduction in flow. It is suggested that the diffuse arterial narrowing that occurs in patients with severe intracranial hypertension may be the result of a similar reduction in TMP. In the presence of active vasoconstriction, any increase in extraluminal (intracranial) pressure (ICP) resulted in a substantial increase in arterial resistance and subsequent reduction of flow. This F-TMP relationship depended only on the initial degree of constriction and was independent of the vasoconstrictor used to achieve this constriction and of the artery in which this constriction was produced. A review of the literature suggests that human cerebral arteries normally exhibit only mild constrictions in response to subarachnoid blood during the chronic phase of spasm. In the present study, a mild constriction in the absence of increased ICP or a moderate increase in ICP (45 mm Hg) in the absence of constriction produced minor reductions in arterial diameter and an average flow reduction of only 5% to 10%. However, when ICP was increased to 45 mm Hg in the presence of a mild constriction, severe arterial narrowing resulted and flow was reduced by 50%. Therefore, it is suggested that chronic arterial spasm is the result of a mild constriction which is amplified by the simultaneous occurrence of increased ICP. Phenoxybenzamine was found to be effective in reversing and preventing these contractions. The improvement in flow produced by phenoxybenzamine decreased as the TMP was reduced below 60 mm Hg. The effects of both diffuse and local spasm on cerebral blood flow are discussed."
1159479,"The author reviews a form of management for patients deteriorating preoperatively or postoperatively from apparent ischemia attributed to progressive vasospasm after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The clinical picture and relative frequency of this complication are considered in relationship to the status (grade) of the patient, location of the aneurysm, and ultimate neurological recovery. Experience suggests that the drug regimen reported is useful when instituted early after the onset of symptoms and is safe with proper monitoring techniques. The data do not justify early operative intervention after a subarachnoid hemorrhage, operation when there is angiographic evidence of severe spasm, or expectation of a dramatic effect in patients with a profound deficit or a fixed deficit several hours old."
1159480,Results of proximal anterior cerebral artery occlusion are described in 68 patients with anterior communicating artery aneurysms. The procedure is found useful in the treatment of these aneurysms because of its technical simplicity and the low rates of mortality and morbidity achieved.
1159481,"A review of four cases of chromophobe adenomas in adolescents suggests that extracapsular extension with invasion of parasellar structures is more common in this age group than in adults. A syndrome of adolescent obesity, oculomotor palsies, and plain x-ray changes of the sella characterizes this group."
1159482,"The authors report their experience using the operating microscope in 52 anterior cervical discectomies without fusion. They found long-term results highly satisfactory, even in difficult cases with multiple-level disease, and complications from bone grafting were obviated. They highly recommend this approach for radicular, nonradicular, or myelopathic symptoms."
1159483,"The authors found that cavities in the spinal cord of dogs appearing after the intracisternal administration of kaolin are not due to ischemic softening, but rather to distention and subsequent rupture of the central canal. Ischemic lesions could be produced and were found to have a quite different histopathology; this supports the hydrodynamic hypothesis of cavitary myelopathy following adhesive arachnoiditis, probably as a compensatory mechanism to the associated hydrocephalus. The similarities to human syringomyelia are discussed."
1159484,Twenty-eight patients with cerebral tumors were evaluated after craniotomy with combined radionuclide techniques in order to assess presence or absence of tumor recurrence. The combination of a positive pertechnetate or Tc-phosphate scan with a positive gallium scan strongly indicates the presence of recurrent or residual tumor. Infection may also cause uptake but was easily distinguished by the distribution. Negative gallium scans with positive technetium scans  were indicative of non-recurrence in this series.
1159485,"The authors report three patients with abdominal pseudocysts and one with cerebrospinal fluid ascites as late complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. The presenting signs and symptoms were those of intraabdominal abnormality, with no neurological symptoms suggestive of shunt malfunction."
1159488,"A case history of an intramedullary arteriovenous aneurysm of the thoracolumbar junction is presented, and an unusual 14-year follow-up after the original sub-arachnoid bleeding episode is detailed. Embolization of anterior and mixed angiomas involving the artery of Adamkiewicz may be feasible when the artery is large and shunting is present."
1159489,The authors describe a case of tuberculous cerebral abscess of the frontal lobe that developed 1 year after an episode of acute miliary tuberculosis. The development of such a lesion indicates a persistence of infection and an immunological breakdown which may partly have been due to protein malnutrition.
1159491,"The authors describe the occurrence of proatlantal artery as an incidental angiographic observation in a young Indian soldier. This primitive anastomotic channel is seen extending from near the origin of the external carotid artery to the suboccipital region, traversing the foramen magnum and coursing beyond like a vertebral artery. The developmental and roentgenological aspects of carotid-basilar and carotid-vertebral anastomosis are discussed, along with a review of four similar cases reported previously."
1159496,"Seven men, six suffering from widespread bone metastases of prostatic origin and one with urinary bladder carcinoma, demonstrated minimal or no discernible radioactivity in the kidneys and urinary bladder at the time of bone scanning using 99mTc-stannous polyphosphate. The mechanism behind this scan finding is thought to be rapid and enhanced uptake of the radiopharmaceutical by pathologic bone. The significance of the faint or absent kidney sign in bone scanning, particularly in cases where abnormally homogeneous and symmetric radioactivity exists, is discussed."
1159497,"A patient with Stage IV-A nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease is described who, at initial presentation, demonstrated an apparent large filling defect in the spleen by 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan. Following a 6-month course of MOPP therapy, the patient was clinically free of disease although the spleen scan remained unchanged. After laparotomy, the spleen was found to be entirely normal histologically."
1159499,"Unusual results were obtained from a cerebral blood flow study and a brain scan performed on a patient with an uncommon, nonvascular scalp tumor eventually identified as a proliferating trichilemmal cyst with acanthosis. The tumor accumulated the radionuclide during the early phase of the cerebral flow study, and the increased radioactivity was persistent, being prominently observable in a scan made 3 min and 2 hr after the radionuclide injection. This unusual, positive finding in a cerebral blood flow study of a nonvascular tumor was thought to be a consequence of the higher counting efficiency resulting from the lack of shielding by the skull and from the larger volume of the tumor tissue."
1159502,"A detailed study has been made of the method for labeling streptokinase with 99mTc in order to get a radioactive indicator for rapid scintigraphic visualization of thrombi and emboli. The best method found for preparing 99mTc-streptokinase was by reducing 99mTc-pertechnetate with  2 mumole SnCl2 at pH 0.7 and then adding 50,000-75,000 IU of streptokinase at a final pH of about 2. After 1 hr of equilibration the labeling efficiency was 75-80% as determined by the method of gel chromatography column scanning. The dynamic behavior and distribution of 99mTc-streptokinase in different organs was studied in rabbits where a high uptake was found in liver. In a clinical investigation using 99mTc-streptokinase prepared according to this work, however, the liver uptake in man was only 10-20%."
1159503,"Artificial spherules or vesicles of 900 A in diameter formed from phosphatidylcholine and gangliosides and enclosing 99mTcO4 - (standard preparation) survive intact in the circulation of the mouse. Polyamino acids and protein have been incorporated into and onto the vesicles; such vesicles remain intact as determined by diffusion dialysis studies and by electron paramagnetic resonance studies of vesicles enclosing spin label. In studying the distribution of polyamino acid-vesicles and protein vesicles in vivo, it was found that the latter distribute differently from standard vesicles or free protein alone whereas aromatic polyamino acid-vesicles concentrate in the liver and spleen to a greater extent than standard vesicles. We conclude that the permeability and stability characteristics of vesicles may be preserved when they are modified by the addition of protein or polyamino acids and that such modification of vesicles may be associated with an alteration of their fate in vivo. The potential exists to use vesicles as carriers of radiopharmaceuticals and other drugs and to direct the vesicles preferentially to tissue targets in vivo."
1159504,"The in vivo distribution of vesicles containing radiopharmaceuticals in their cavities has been studied using three routes of administration: intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal. The in vivo distribution in mice was determined by dissection of the animals and calculation of radioactivity in the organs. In rats the in vivo distribution was assessed by scintigraphy using a scintillation camera-digital computer unit. After intravenous injection of vesicles, radioactivity is concentrated to some extent in the liver and spleen but the pattern of distribution is different from that of the corresponding free radiopharmaceutical or radiocolloid made of the corresponding radionuclide. The permeability of the vesicular membrane to contained radiopharmaceutical has been shown to vary according to the chemical composition of the vesicles. Vesicles can be used to introduce materials in vivo and the potential exists for their specific targeting by coupling other molecules to their surfaces."
1159505,This paper describes a new approach for computing specific absorbed fractions that can be used for estimating doses that result from the internal administration of radiopharmaceuticals. This approach uses the concept of the tissue-to-air ratio (TAR) which can either be calculated or experimentally determined for the radionuclides of interest. Good agreement exists between the specific absorbed fraction values obtained using measured and computed values of TAR. This implies that the measured values of TAR can be used to obtain specific absorbed fractions for all radionuclides.
1159508,The bromide dilutional volume determined by intravenous administration of 82Br has been compared with the corresponding volume determined by oral administration of stable bromide in 11 patients with various medical disorders. Stable bromide was assayed by fluorescent excitation analysis using a 109Cd source and a lithium-drifted silicon detector. The average deviation between the fluorescent and the radiobromide dilutional volumes was 4.2% with a standard deviation of +/- 8.5%. This substantiates both the accuracy of the fluorescent excitation method as applied to this tracer and the validity of utilizing oral tracer administration in comparison with intravenous administration. The derived estimates of extracellular fluid volume averaged 28.7% of body weight in the entire group of 11 patients and 25.8% in the 4 normal subjects included in the group. Evaluation of the extracellular fluid space utilizing fluorescent excitation of stable bromide permits high statistical accuracy of sample measurement with great simplicity compared with current chemical methods and with avoidance of the patient radiation exposure associated with 82Br.
1159509,"Glycopyrrolate, a synthetic anticholinergic agent, was administered parenterally to two groups of patients referred for 99mTc-pertechnetate brain imaging to assess its ability to suppress pertechnetate uptake by the choroid plexus, oral mucosa, and salivary (parotid) glands. Pertechnetate activity was almost completely eliminated from the choroid plexus and mouth and appeared to be moderately reduced in the parotid gland. The drug can be given orally and may prove valuable in pertechnetate brain imaging."
1159510,"Left anterior, lateral, and posterior views on 50 consecutive RES-lung scams were examined. Normal patients had continuity of activity between the left lung and the spleen on all three views. Patients with subphrenic abscess or large left pleural effusions showed no continuity between lung and spleen activity on any view, while other abnormalities, most commonly cardiomegaly, accounted for lack of lung-spleen continuity on the anterior view only. It is suggested that in all combined RES-lung studies, the left side be examined as well as the right for abnormalities adjacent to the left diaphragm."
1159512,The 16-year-old clinically normal daughter of a patient with the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome demonstrated a vascular posterior fossa lesion on scintiangiography that failed detection in delayed images. Contrast arteriography corroborated the presence of a hemangioblastoma. Noninvasive demonstration of the genetic penetrance of this disorder offers its victims an opportunity for low morbidity early surgical cure of the associated brain lesions.
1159514,A case of a diploic extracranial meningioma whose true vascularity was more significantly defined by radionuclide angiography than by selective contrast angiography is presented. The radionuclide angiogram clearly demonstrated large venous channels draining the tumor.
1159515,"Oleic acid labeled with 14C, (14C-OA) or 131I (131I-OA) and 131I-labeled linoleic acid (131I-LOA) were administered intravenously to rats and tissue distribution studies completed at various time intervals from 5 to 60 min. Tissue distribution of 131-I-labeled oleic acid or linoleic acid was also studied in dogs at 5- and 30-min time intervals after intravenous administration of the tracer dose. There were distinct differences in the patterns of tissue distribution between 14C-OA, 131I-OA, and 131I-LOA. Radioactivity concentration in the myocardium was the highest at all time intervals in the rats given 131I-OA only. In dogs, the myocardial uptake of 131I-OA was significantly higher than the radioactivity in the blood or other tissues at 30 min after injection. The disappearance rates of 131I-OA and 131I-LOA were almost identical but myocardial concentration of 131I-LOA at 30 min after the dose in the dog was half that of 131I-OA whereas 131I-LOA liver concentration was higher than that of 131I-OA. Since the concentrations of our formulated 131I-OA in the blood and in the myocardium are both highest at the earlier intervals, it should be difficult to detect myocardial ischemia or infarction with 131I-OA scanning."
1159516,"The dose of radiation to the human body and some of its organs after intravenous administration of 75Se-sodium selenite for diagnostic purposes has been calculated on the basis of followup of 26 patients for as long as 517 days with measurements of: 1. The retention of 75Se in the whole body. 2. The retention of 75Se in the blood, liver, kidneys, ovaries, testicles, and hair. 3. The excretion of 75Se in urine and feces. Whole-body counting and profile scanning were done on the patients and samples of blood from different organs, urine, and feces were measured for radioactivity. The dose of radiation received was calculated for an average patient of 70 kg. These doses were found to be slightly higher than previously reported on a smaller number of patients and with a shorter follow-up. They were slightly lower than those from 75Se-methionine to the whole body but higher to the liver and kidneys. The margin of error in this investigation was estimated to be about 20% for the whole-body dose and probably higher for different organs, mostly due to the poorly known rate of retention of selenite in different organs."
1159518,Oxygen consumption and colonic temperature of germfree rats are lower than those of conventional and conventionalized rats. Cecectomy of weanling germfree rats prevents the development of the very large ceca characteristic of ordinary germfree rats but did not increase oxygen consumption or change colonic temperature.
1159519,"Marked fatty liver was found to develop in both KK and KK-Ay (yellow KK) mice when they were allowed free access to a 15% ethanol solution as drinking fluid. The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the characterization of the fatty liver and associated changes. Chemical analysis showed that accumulated lipids were mainly triglycerides, whose fatty acid composition was changed with increases in palmitoleic and oleic acids, indicating augmentation in endogenous lipogenesis. An accumulation of small fat droplets was histologically observed in centrolobular hepatocytes extending to perilobular zones. Among the tested mice of seven strains, only KK and KK-Ay mice developed the ethanol-induced fatty liver, and the latter mice were more susceptible. Growth, food and alcohol intakes, plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and immunoreactive insulin were also surveyed during the development of the alcoholic fatty liver. In contrast to high energy diet, ethanol induced neither development of obesity nor exaggeration of diabetic states. A possible correlation between the pathogenesis of the fatty liver and the genetic factor inherited in KK mice is discussed."
1159520,"Interrelationships between oral contraceptives and dietary lipids on iron and copper levels in plasma and tissues were investigated in rats. Diets containing either 20% (by weight) safflower oil or hydrogenated coconut oil with and without cholesterol (0.5%) were fed to weanling, female, Wistar-strain rats for a period of 19 weeks. Three types of oral contraceptive agents differing in estrogen/progesterone ratios were administered during weeks 16 through 19 of the experiment. Control rats received the dietary treatment without oral contraceptives. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red blood cell counts, mean cell hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume values were similar among the various dietary and drug-treatment groups. Elevated levels of copper were found in livers of drug-treated animals fed diets containing cholesterol and safflower oil, whereas levels of copper or iron in spleen and kidney were not influenced by oral contraceptives. Dietary safflower or coconut oil had no influence on levels of iron or copper in plasma. However, iron levels were higher in liver, spleen, and kidneys of rats fed coconut oil compared with those fed safflower oil. Cholesterol-fed rats had reduced levels of iron in plasma and tissues and increased levels of copper in plasma and liver. Iron deficiency in cholesterol-fed rats was indicated by low levels of iron in plasma, liver, spleen, and kidney. In experiment 2, animals were fed the 20% safflower oil diet, with and without sodium glycocholate or cholesterol, to determine whether the apparent malabsorption of iron resulted from sodium glycocholate or cholesterol. Sodium glycocholate resulted in a marked increase in the absorption of iron, whereas cholesterol depressed absorption."
1159521,The effect of increasing dietary linoleate upon in vivo platelet aggregation and disaggregation in 20 males and 46 female adult humans was studied. In creasing exogenous linoleate for 2 weeks from 2.89 +/- 0.11 to 5.00 +/- 0.26% of energy was associated with the doubling of the aggregation time and halving of the disaggregation time. Decreasing dietary linoleate in the following 2-week feeding period was associated with a reversal of the effect.
1159522,"Studies were conducted to examine in detail the effects of vitamin A deficiency on fetal growth and development in the rat. The gradations of deficiency were examined in two studies. The first included total vitamin A depletion followed by retinoic acid supplements, and the second included three different levels of restricted intake of retinyl acetate (42, 16, or 8 mug of retinol equivalents/day/kg of body weight) in vitamin A-depleted rats. In the first study, extensive fetal resorption and death were observed in retinoic acid-fed females after day 14 of gestation. These findings confirmed the morphological studies of Thompson and associates (Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B 159, 510-535, 1964) who found the earliest Detectable histological lesions to be in the placentas at days 15-16 of pregnancy. Analyses were carried out of the total weight, the DNA, RNA, and protein contents of fetuses and placentas of different gestational ages in retinyl ester-fed and retinoic acid-fed females. Biochemical changes indicative of a reduced rate of cell division were observed in both fetus and placenta by day 14 in the retinoic acid-fed rats. The few live fetuses in this group maintained a growth rate of only 60-70% of that of the fetuses of retinyl ester-fed dams after day 14. By contrast, the growth rate of the placentas (of live fetuses) after day 14 of gestation was not as consistently affected by retinol deficiency. Restriction of retinyl acetate intake (in the second study) significantly reduced both the total litter size and the number of live pups per litter. Most of the females in the retinyl acetate-restricted groups delivered pups that had normal body weight and appeared normal on visual inspection. Significant differences from normal controls were seen only in the neonates from dams given 8 mug of retinol equivalents (per kg of body weight per day), which had smaller livers and kidneys than the control neonates. In contrast, the weights of the brains of the neonates in all three retinyl acetate-restricted groups showed no differences from control values. Vitamin A assays on maternal and neonatal sera and livers indicated that the transport of vitamin A across the placenta was well regulated, and suggested that this transport is maintained with high priority in the presence of maternal deficiency. The effects of vitamin A deficiency on fetal growth and development might reflect primary effects on the placenta, with secondary effects on the fetus, or primary direct effects on the fetus itself. The mechanisms of the observed effects remain to be explained."
1159523,"The carcass composition of young chickens differing in efficiency of feed utilization was obtained to study changes in the carcass composition associated with differences in efficiency of feed utilization. As the efficiency of conversion of food to tissue was changed, there were associated changes in carcass moisture and lipid, regardless of differences between different populations in variability for growth rate. Carcass moisture was increased and carcass lipid was decreased in chickens with relatively better conversion of food into carcass. Carcass protein was significantly increased in chickens with better efficiency of feed utilization in one population, but not in another. Changes in carcass composition associated with efficiency of feed utilization were similar regardless of whether differences in efficiency were due to gain or to a combination of gain and consumption. Significant sex differences in carcass moisture, lipid, and protein were observed in the faster-growing broiler population but not in the lines selected from a slower-growing randombred population. There was a significant decrease in 16:1 and an increase in 18:0 fatty acids of chickens with a lower feed conversion ratio."
1159524,"Hepatic protein synthesis was measured in vivo and in vitro (liver slice) in 6- and 19-day-old rats. Fed and 15-hour starved rats were compared in each individual experiment. The study demonstrated that in the 6-day-old rat, hepatic protein synthesis is very sensitive to restrictions in dietary influx. In contrast, no significant differences in protein synthesis were detected when 19-day-old rats were fasted for 15 hours. In the fed state, the protein synthetic activity of the tissue unit was the same irrespective of age. Thus, it appears that it is not the maximal capacity for protein synthesis that changes with age, but rather the extent to which the system can adapt to the changing nutritional environment."
1159525,"Wistar and Long-Evans rats excreted significantly more cystathionine during days 27 to 31 of a vitamin B-6 deficiency than did Spague-Dawley rats. Wistar rats were therefore chosen for experiments designed to test the effects of dietary DL- and L-methionine supplementation upon cystathionine excretion of vitamin B-6-deficient and control rats. Methionine supplementation did not significantly affect mean daily food consumption or weight gain of the control animals. L-Methionine-supplemented, deficient rats gained significantly more during the first 15 days of the experiment and less during the last 11 days than did the other deficient groups. No cystathionine was detected in the urine of methionine-supplemented or unsupplemented control rats between days 8 and 26 of the experiment; but measurable quantities of cystathionine were present in the urine of all deficient groups by days 8 to 12. Deficient animals fed DL-methionine excreted up to 2.33 mg more cystahionine per 4-day period than did the unsupplemented deficient rats, whereas rats fed L-methionine excreted up to 7.44 mg more per 4-day period than did the unsupplemented ones. This difference in cystathionine response was highly significant and indicates that the L supplement stressed the vitamin B-6-deficient rats more than did the DL supplement. An explanation for this may be that the D isomer in the DL supplement was not as efficiently absorbed and/or metabolized as the L form."
1159526,"One hour after rats fasted for 13 hours consume a single meal of skim milk, whole milk, or light cream, serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations changed in direct proportion to the fat content of the diet: serum NEFA levels decreased in rats ingesting skim milk (0.09% fat) to 34% of fasting control values; in animals consuming whole milk (3.59% fat), levels dropped to 50% of fasting levels; these levels did not change significantly, however, in rats consuming light cream (18.26% fat). The percentages of total serum tryptophan not associated with albumin in rats ingesting skim milk, whole milk, or light cream were 22.2, 26.0, and 42.5%, respectively. These variations in serum free tryptophan were not accompanied by significant differences in brain tryptophan among the three treatment groups. These results thus confirm that, with a natural food source, (a) postprandial serum NEFA levels reflect the total fat content of the diet; (b) serum free tryptophan concentration shift proportionately with serum NEFA; and (c) serum free tryptophan concentrations do not reliably predict brain tryptophan levels."
1159527,"Studies were conducted to evaluate the involvement of food intake in the lysine-arginine antagonism. Diets were formulated to compensate for the metabolic consequences of excess dietary lysine; induction of renal arginase activity, depression of heptic glycine transamidinase, and urinary losses of arginine. This was accomplished by inclusion of creatine in the basal diet, use of a moderate excess of lysine that did not increase urinary arginine excretion, and addition of the arginase depressors, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and L-threonine, to diets containing excess lysine. When chicks were fed diets containing excess lysine ad libitum, growth and efficiency of arginine retention were reduced. Supplementation of the diets with AIB and threonine markedly reduced the growth depression and restored efficiency of arginine utilization. When chicks were force-fed the diet containing excess lysine, growth was depressed, and body composition was altered. Inclusion of AIB and threonine in the diet containing excess lysine resulted in growth and body composition equivalent to levels of force-fed controls. In a second experiment the basal diet and basal supplemented with AIB and threonine were pair-fed to lysine-supplemented diets containing AIB and threonine. Body weight gains and body composition of all groups were similar. In other experiments, food intake increased within 24 hours (P less than 0.05) and probably within 12 hours (P less than 0.10) after removal of excess lysine from the diet. It is concluded that a portion of the lysine-arginine antagonism is due to a primary effect of lysine on regulation of food intake."
1159528,"Normal and adrenalectomized rats were either ad libitum fed or meal-fed a 66.5% glucose diet for 1 to 3 weeks. Ad libitum-fed rats exhibited synchronized daily rhythms in the levels of immunoreactive insulin, glucose, hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme activities. These rhythms were shifted late-morning 2-hour feeding period. The rhythms of adrenalectomized ad libitum-fed rats were different from those for nonadrenalectomized rats. These results indicate that differences between ad libitum- and meal-fed animals may be attributable to the timing of food intake with respect to the timing of observation rather than to meal-feeding alone. It is further concluded that the adrenals play a role in the maintenance of these rhythms."
1159529,"Insulin-carbohydrate relationships were investigated in four groups of young rats fed low protein diets differing in carbohydrate and fat contents: (1) a diet in which the nonprotein energy was provided by fatty acids (FA); (2) a similar diet in which the fatty acids were substituted by neutral fat (NF); (3) FA diet supplemented with glycerol (FA-Glyc); and (4) a carbohydrate-rich diet (HC). Control rats were fed a stock diet. Rats fed the FA diet lost weight, were hypoglycemic and hypoinsulinemic in the fed state and normoglycemic and normoinsulinemic in the fasted state, and had an impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia after a glucose load. Liver and muscle glycogen were low in fed rats. Fasting increased glycogen in liver and decreased glycogen in muscle. NF animals gained weight, were hypoglycemic in both fed and fasted states, and their plasma glucose level after an oral glucose load was almost normal. Plasma insulin/glucose ratio, both in fed and fasted states and after a glucose load indicated hyperinsulinism, which was accompanied by obesity. Muscle and liver glycogen were low in fed animals and did not change after a fast. Supplementation of the FA diet with glycerol (FA-Glyc) abolished weight loss and fasting hyperglycemia and normalized plasma glucose and insulin response to a glucose load. Rats fed the HC diet had an improved glucose tolerance and an increased sensitivity to insulin. Liver glycogen was high in the fed state and normal in the fasted state, whereas muscle glycogen was normal in both nutritional states."
1159530,"Effects of riboflavin repletion of rats at various stages of development were evaluated by biochemical and behavioral parameters. One group of dams received diets containing a suboptimal level of riboflavin, approximately 15 mug, and another group, control, received approximately 40 mug of the vitamin daily 2 weeks before mating. Rats fed the control diet received approximately 120 mug riboflavin daily during pregnancy and lactation; suboptimals received approximately 15 mug daily. Some rats fed the control diet were pair-fed to rats fed the suboptimal ration. A group of dams fed the suboptimal diet was switched to control after parturition. At weaning, male offspring were fed the same riboflavin levels their respective dams received before mating except one group, whose dams were fed the suboptimal diet, received the control diet. Male progeny of dams pair-fed the control diet to suboptimal rats were either pair-fed to offspring of suboptimal dams or to offspring riboflavin-repleted at weaning. Rats that always received the suboptimal diet had significantly higher general activity scores at 60 days of age than the scores of other animals. Brains from rats always fed the suboptimal diet and those receiving riboflavin repletion at weaning had lower, sometimes significantly, DNA, RNA, and protein contents than those from other animals. Riboflavin restriction during gestation and lactation, but not gestation alone, appeared to produce permanent alterations in general activity scores and brain nucleic acid and protein contents of male rat progeny."
1159531,"Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) balances as well as determinations of atomic absorption analysis of atomic absorption analysis of total absolute contents of Mg and Ca fat-free dry carcasses were done on gnotobiotic male Sprague-Dawley rats, kept at 28 degrees or 6 degrees, for 69, 240, or 517 days, and fed either a commercial stock diet or a semipurified diet containing a normal or a subnormal amount of Mg. The often-reported observation of negative balances when Mg intake is subnormal has been confirmed. Total Mg and Ca accumulation in the carcass estimated from balance values was totally inconsistent with the actual content of the carcass as determined by direct analysis. The large discrepancy between the actual analysis of the carcass and the estimated content of Mg and Ca in the carcass derived from balance data demonstrates clearly that balance of trace minerals cannot reflect chronic retentions or losses of these minerals. Possible explanation of this discrepancy are dissussed."
1159532,"Several assays with young chicks fed crystalline amino acid diets were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental glycine, serine, threonine, arginine, or adenine on the growth depression resulting from consumption of excess methionine. Glycine was partially effective in alleviating the growth depression caused by excess methionine. The addition of threonine together with glycine improved performance still further. Efficiency of food utilization for weight gain was greater in birds fed the methionine-imbalanced diet supplemented with glycine and threonine than in those fed the control diet. Supplemental glycine, threonine, or adenine, but not arginine, was effective in ameliorating the hypoglycemia resulting from consumption of excess methionine. The rate of oxidation of a tracer dose of threonine was increased markedly by feeding 1.25% excess methionine. This was reflected in a 20% depression in threonine utilization for weight gain as measured by slope ratio. The data suggest that both threonine and glycine are antagonized by consumption of excess methionine."
1159533,"The effects of partial pancreatectomy or adrenalectomy and insulin or corticosterone replacement on the responses of rats to meal-feeding were studied. Partial pancreatectomy lowered glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) activities and resulted in higher blood glucose levels. Partial pancreatectomy did not affect the ability of the animals to adapt to meal-feeding. Insulin supplementation of the pancreatectomized rats restored G6PD and ME activities to those observed in the intact animals and normalized the blood glucose levels in the ad libitum-fed rats. Adrenalectomy decresed the survival of rats subjected to meal-feeding. Eighty percent of the rats died when meal-fed a high glucose diet. Survival was improved when either a 66.5% starch diet or a 40.5% fat diet was substituted for the 66.5% glucose diet. Adrenalectomized meal-fed animals fed 66.5% glucose had higher G6PD and ME activities and higher liver lipid levels than both the adrenalectomized ad libitum-fed and the sham-operated meal-fed rats. Glucocorticoid supplementation lowered G6PD activity in the adrenalectomized meal-fed rats but had no effect on ME activity or liver lipid. Meal-fed adrenalectomized rats had lower liver and serum cholesterol levels than meal-fed intact rats and ad libitum-fed adrenalectomized rats. These cholesterol levels were increased with glucocorticoid supplementation. It was concluded that adaptation to meal-feeding involves an adrenal response to the periodic absence of dietary energy intake, and that the degree of involvement of this response is determined by the composition of the diet."
1159534,"The effects of treatment with pyridoxine or 4-desoxypyridoxine, a vitamin B-6 antimetabolite, and of vitamin B-6 deprivation on the blood pressure response to renin and angiotensin II and on plasma angiotensin concentration and renin activity were studied in Long-Evans hooded rats in order to compare the effects on these factors of vitamin B-6 excess or vitamin B-6 deficiency. Both pyridoxine and 4-desoxypyridoxine caused a progressively increasing inhibition of the response to renin, which was totally suppressed after 24 days of treatment. They had no significant effect, however, on the basal blood pressure, the response to angiotensin II, plasma angiotensin levels, or plasma renin activity. The vitamin B-6-free diet caused an increase in basal blood pressure of 23 +/- 5 mmHg, over a period of 5 weeks, along with a simultaneous decrease in the response to renin and, though to a lesser degree, angiotensin II. The basal blood pressure remained steady at this level and then decreased again, after the 10th week of deprivation, while the response to renin remained low. Plasma angiotensin levels increased from 0.40 +/- 0.06 ng/ml in control animals to 0.97 +/- 0.06 ng/ml in the deficient rats, and plasma renin activity increased from 5.19 +/- 0.35 to 11.31 +/- 1.56 ng of angiotensin I/ml/hour."
1159535,Purified diets containing sodium sulfate and DL-methionine as sole dietary sources of sulfur were fed to fistulated sheep. The effect of dietary sodium molybdate (50 ppm Mo) on the capacity of the rumen microorganisms to produce sulfide from either sulfate or methionine was assayed in the two sulfur diets. Dietary molybdenum significantly inhibited the production of sulfide from sulfate but enhanced significantly the production of sulfide from methionine. The inhibitory effect of molybdenum on sulfide production in vitro and the number of sulfide-producing bacteria present in the rumen of these sheep are discussed in considering the mechanism of the molybdate effect on sulfide production.
1159536,"Taurine metabolism in man was defined by an isotope dilution technique during normal taurine intake (five subjects) or increased taurine intake (two subjects). A tracer dose of [35S]taurine was administered intravenously, and the amount and chemical form of radioactivity were determined in blood, urine, bile, and feces. Analysis of plasma specific activity decay curves indicated that taurine metabolism can be described by two exchangeable pools: a small (2 mmoles), rapidly exchanging pool (t1/2 approximately equal to 0.1 hour); and a large (98 mmoles), very slowly exchanging pool (t1/2 approximately equal to 70 hours). A small amount of [35S]isethionic acid was detected in urine, possibly the result of deamination of taurine by tissues; but otherwise no evidence of tissue biotransformation was obtained. Taurine was excreted predominantly (95%) in urine, about 70% as taurine and 25% as sulfate. The sulfate was considered to be formed in the intestine by bacterial degradation of taurine and then absorbed. Supplemental taurine (given orally) was well absorbed, caused a transient increase in plasma taurine levels, was excreted in urine without equilibration with the slowly exchangeable pool, and caused only a modest increase in total body taurine. Thus, taurine resembles other amino acids in having large tissue pools but differs strikingly in being metabolically inert with an extremely slow turnover rate."
1159537,"Experiments were conducted to determine whether the rate of entry of arginine into liver varies with changes in dietary protein or in the protein-catabolic state of the animal. It was first established by liver perfusion with [14C]ureidocitrulline that release of arginine by liver is sufficiently small that it can be ignored and that disappearance of arginine from a perfusion medium can be used to measure entry rate. Disappearance rates of arginine were then determined for rats that had been starved of fed either a stock control diet, a 15% casein diet, a 90% casein diet, or which had been injected with cortisol. There was no difference in arginine uptake between the control and 15% casein groups. The high protein group showed a threefold increase in rate of entry of arginine into liver as compared with the control group. Cortisol treatment and 48 hours of starvation also caused a threefold increase in arginine uptake. Cortisol treatment combined with high protein adaptation resulted in a sevenfold increase over controls. It was concluded that rate of entry of arginine into rat liver varies with nutritional and endocrine states."
1159538,"The effect of dietary vitamin E on activities of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase was studied in tissues of rats. The activity of pyruvate kinase in plasma of 1-month-old male rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 4 months increased 8.5-fold over that of 45 ppm vitamin E-supplemented animals. Relative to the supplemented group, the enzyme activity increased 23% (P less than 0.001) in red blood cells, was unchanged in liver and lung, and decreased 20% (P less than 0.001) in muscle of vitamin E-deficient rats. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase was not significantly altered by dietary vitamin E in all tissues measured. Similar results were obtained when 2-month-old rats were fed the respective diets for 3 months. The results suggest that vitamine E deficiency in rats may cause muscular damage and release of pyruvate kinase into blood circulation."
1159541,Six cases of exposure to Dimethy Phosphorochloridothionate (DMPCT) are reported. All patients suffered cornel injuries. Characteristically the corneal lesions (punctate keratitis) became apparent after an interval of at least eight hours. With proper treatment all patients recovered completely with no impairment of visual acuity.
1159566,"Colonic biopsies from six patients with normal colons and seven patients with melanosis coli were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically for lysosomal enzymes. Anthraquinone purgatives were found to increase the number of macrophages in the connective tissue of the colonic mucosa. In addition, they cause an increase in the intensity of lysosomal activity and an increase in the number of lysosomes in macrophages, Schwann cells and neurones of the submucosal plexus of the colonic mucosa."
1159568,"A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of apocrine cells in the human breast has been carried out. These cells showed strong oxidative enzymatic activity, large numbers of mitochondria and numerous infoldings of the basal plasma membrane. In these features, such cells resemble the normal apocrine gland cells. These observations support the view that this lesion is a metaplastic change in normal breast epithelium."
1159570,"The morphology of articular cartilage fibrillation is usually studied in sections cut vertical to the surface. The present study instead concerns the appearances seen when the surface is viewed en face. The study has been made on indian ink preparations of unfixed, hydrated tissue mounted in physiological saline and examined by stereomicroscopy at times 10 while in situ on the bone, and by transmitted light microscopy of tangential surface slices at magnifications up to times 150. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that fibrillation represents mechanically induced focal wear of the tissue. Various sorts of ""minimal fibrillation"" and other types of surface markings are illustrated. The en face pattern of the cartilage lesions is to some extent influenced by anatomical site, and it is suggested that it is modified by the local biomechanical environment and local character of the cartilage. Some, but not all, of the various patterns show orientation in the sense either of being predominantly unidirectional or of having two major alignments one at right-angles to the other. The differing relationships of this orientation, when present, to the direction of joint movement and to the alignment of the superficial collagen and its tensile strength, are described and discussed."
1159571,Portions of lung from 25 human foetuses between 12 and 26 wk of gestational age were examined for ultrastructural changes during maturation of the epithelial cells. In 10 cases type I pneumocytes and in five cases type II cells were differentiated. The changes associated with the formation of lamellar inclusion bodies in type II cells are described. It is concluded that this is a synthetic process in which protein and lipid assembly are important. Changes in glycogen and participation of dense bodies are striking.
1159572,"The glycoproteins in the normal pig bronchial gland are identified by the combined Alcian Blue (AB)-periodic acid Schiff (PAS) technique, with the use of sialidase digestion and AB staining either at pH 2-6 or at pH 1-0. In enzootic pneumonia (produced experimentally by infection with Mycoplasma hyorhinis) the bronchial gland hypertrophies, mucous and serous cells both increase, in number and size; hence the total glycoprotein content of the gland increases.  The distribution of glycoproteins in the hypertrophied gland differs from that in the normal. Quantitative analysis of the mucous cells shows that in the hypertrophied gland the acid glycoprotein is increased relative to the neutral. There is also a relative change in the amounts of sialidase-sensitive sialomucin and sulphomucin; both are significantly increased at the expense of the sialidase-resistant sialomucin. Qualitative analysis of the serous cells shows that in the normal gland most of the glycoprotein is neutral and that the small amount of acid glycoprotein is sialidase-resistant sialomucin. In the hypertrophied gland there is relatively more acid glycoprotein which is either sialidase-resistant sialomucin or sulphomucin; in addition, in pigs with enzootic pneumonia there is an increase in the height of the bronchial epithelium and a depletion in both goblet cell number and glycoprotein content, which latter has more neutral glycoprotein and less acid glycoprotein."
1159573,Multiple doses of oxytetracycline were administered at regular but different intervals to groups of patients undergoin orthopaedic surgery. It was found that doses of the drug were incorporated at bone growth sites most frequently if the intervals between those doses were 3 or 6 days. This suggests a biorhythm in human bone growth with a periodicity of 3 days: this biorhythm may be altered by hormones or drugs.
1159574,"Rats were killed at various time-intervals up to 48 hr after a single large dose of paracetamol (3 g per kg) and their livers examined by light and electron microscopy. In general, this revealed glycogen depletion, loss of ribosomes, and cytoplasmic matrix swelling commencing 3-6 hr after administration which in centrilobular hepatocytes progressed to frank coagulative necrosis at 12-24 hr. Midzonal cells showed more prominent aqueous swelling with besiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum, and in some cells, gross hydropic vacuolation."
1159576,"During expulsion by guniea-pigs of both first and second infections with the intestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis, increased numbers of basophils and eosinophils were present in the bone marrow and blood. In addition, increased numbers of basophils, mast cells and eosinophils, many possessing reduced numbers of cytoplasmic granules, accumulated at the sites of infection. Blood eosinophil counts, however, did not show significant changes during the early part of a first infection."
1159577,"Thirteen premature infants were given bovine serum albumin, a cow milk protein, by addition to their formula. Serum antibodies to BSA developed in three infants 36-38 weeks' gestation, confirming that exposure to the antigen in the gastrointestinal tract will immunize infants born after 36 or more weeks' gestation. Serum antibodies to BSA, however, were detected in only one of two infants of 35 weeks' and in none of eight infants of 30-34 weeks' gestation. The results show that the capacity to make specific antibodies to BSA develops around 35-36 weeks' gestation, despite the prior appearance of organized lymphoid tissue and independent of antigen exposure."
1159578,"Among 195 nephrotic children, ten developed resistance to prednisone therapy after responding to this drug on one or more occasions (late nonresponders). All were found to have ""minimal lesions"" on renal biopsy. Nine of these patients went into remission: one responded to further prednisone therapy, one went into remission while receiving azathioprine, and the remaining seven children responded to cyclophosphamide. Five of these seven patients subsequently relapsed; three of them have continued to respond to prednisone. The other two eventually became steroid resistant a second time, but in both instances a second course of cyclophosphamide again induced a remission. These nine patients have been followed for periods ranging from 6 months to 9.5 years (median = 53 months); all are doing well and have normal renal function. The tenth patient died from sepsis four months after the onset of steroid resistance."
1159579,"Of 72 patients with fibrosis, 49 harbored Enterobacteriaceae in the respiratory tract, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Colonization by two to four genera was documented in 29 subjects. Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from 44 of these 49 patients. The distribution of serogroups of E. coli was similar to that seen in patients with urinary tract infection. Antibody response against the O antigens of the patients' own Enterobacteriaceae was documented in 29 of these 49 children and encountered more often in patients with severe disease. Colonization by Enterobacteriaceae in the absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was seen more frequently in children with the mild form of the illness."
1159580,"L-Dopa in a dose ranging from 125-500 mg and arginine monochloride in a dose of 0.5 gm/kg were given simultaneously to 56 children with short stature (height less than third percentile). Sixteen of these children were subsequently diagnosed as having growth hormone deficiency. The diagnosis of hyposomatotropism was based on clinical findings and on responses to the combination test and to arginine and L-dopa administered as separate tests. All of the remaining 40 children had a normal GH response of greater than 6 ng/ml to the combination test. However, in this group, nine children were identified who responded to the combination test but who failed to respond to arginine and L-dopa in individual tests. The data suggest that a positive response to arginine and L-dopa in combination in children, who do not respond to the usual provocative tests when administered individually, may fail to identify children with partial GH deficiency who would benefit from treatment. The integrated stimulated GH response in the 31 children in whom a normal GH response to all three tests occurred suggests that the effects of L-dopa and arginine are additive."
1159581,Three children had an arteriovenous fistula between an aberrant vessel from the descending aorta and a normal pulmonary vein in the posterior basal segment of a lung. The affected lung was otherwise normally developed. Only a few similar cases could be found in the literature.
1159582,"Cystinosis was diagnosed in a small quantity of cultured amniotic cells from a 22-week-old fetus by a modified pulse-labeling technique in which intracellular 35SL-cystine retention was measured. As a result of the above finding, the pregnancy was terminated by administration of prostaglandin. The diagnosis was confirmed when the nonprotein-free cystine content of the kidney, liver, placenta, spleen, thymus, and gut, as well as that of a large amount of cultured amniotic cells, was found to be 100-fold higher than normal levels."
1159592,"The relative effectiveness of phototherapy and exchange transfusion for nonhemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was compared in two closely matched groups of infants. Although the exchange transfusion achieved an immediate reduction of bilirubin level, the ""rebound"" was rapid and tended to offset this reduction. The more gradual and steady effect of phototherapy resulted in a significantly lower serum bilirubin level at 1, 2, and 3 days after commencement of therapy; the rebound after phototherapy was small. Phototherapy was demonstrated to be more effective than exchange transfusion in achieving prolonged reduction of bilirubin levels for nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. With more efficient lamps delivering more energy in the desired spectrum, it would seem feasible to treat hyperbilirubinemia of whatever etiology with this safer and more convenient form of therapy, though sometimes only as in adjunct therapy."
1159593,"Blood concentrations of phenobarbital, following an intramuscular administration of a single large dose of approximately 10 mg/kg, were studied in 39 infants. A rapid rise was obtained with a mean concentration of 9.30 mug/ml at 30 minutes, 12.76 mug/ml at 90 minutes, and a mean peak concentration of 13.28 mug/ml, which was reached in most cases within 2 hours of injection or less. Cerebrospinal fluid values in 13 patients averaged half the blood phenobarbital concentrations."
1159596,"Sixty-seven 7-year-old children, who had asymptomatic lead exposure between 1 and 3 years of age, were compared in their performance on a series of psychologic tests to 70 children of the same age and socioeconomic background who presumably did not have significant exposure to lead. Exposed children had deficits in global IQ and associative abilities, in visual and fine motor coordination, and in behavior. School failure due to learning and behavior problems was more frequent in the lead exposed than in the control group."
1159609,"Four studies were done to explore the construct validity of a previously established sex difference in TAT fantasy patterns. The results, both with various clinical groups and with normal children, support the notion that Deprivation/Enhancement fantasy patterns are meaningfully related to sexual identity and sex role development. The correlates of extreme D/E patterns are more clear for women than for men and involve elements of the ""hysterical"" character and cognitive style."
1159610,"Self-perception theory predicts that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation do not combine additively but rather interact. To test this predicted interaction, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were both manipulated as independent variables. The results revealed a significant interaction for task satisfaction and a trend for the interaction on a behavioral measure. These results are discussed in terms of a general approach to the self-perception of motivation."
1159611,"This study investigated factors affecting compliance, to orders from a formal authority. The design created a two-level status hierarchy in which subjects occupied identical low-status positions and responded to demands from a simulated high-status leader. Four components of authority-normativity,coervice power, collective justification, and success-failure-were manipulated as independent variables. Another component, the endorsement accorded the leader, was included in the design as a measured variable. Results indicated that compliance increased significantly when coervice power was high (rather than low), when justification was collective (rather than partisan), and when demands were normative (rather than counternormative). Contary ti the theoretical expectation, endorsement did not affect compliance by low-status members. The findings show that the normative aspect of legitimacy serves as a compliance-gaining base even when stripped of enforcing sanctions and under-lying goals and that the distinction between normativity and endorsement is valid for research on social power."
1159612,"A paradign was tested for measuting the tendency of children to send accurate nonverbal signals to others via spontaneous facial expressions and gestures. This paradign was derived from studies on adults that suggest that women are more accurate nonverbal ""sendres"" than men in certain situations. Eighteeen male and 11 female preschoolers (aged 4 to 6 years) watched a series of emotionally loaded color slides while they were observed via a hidden television camera by their mothers. Results indicated that significant overall communciation occurred, with large individual differences in ""sending ability"" between children. There was no evidence of a large sex difference in sending ability in choldren, although on one measure girls were more accurate senders than boys when viewed by undergraduates. Sending ability was positively related to teacher's ratings of activity level, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, bossiness, sociability, etc., and negatively related ti shyness, cooperation, emotional inhibition and control, etc."
1159613,"Nnety male subjects were either attacked or treated in a more neutral manner by a male confederate. On a subsequent maze-learning task, one third of the subjects shocked the confederate, one third observed as the experimenter shocked the confederate, and one third waited for a period of time during which the confederate was not shocked. Finally, all subjects shocked the confederate as part of a code-learning task. Subjects who had been attacked and had shocked the confederate during the maze task delivered shocks of greater intensity on the code task did subjects in the other two conditions, and the former subjects also experienced a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure than did the latter. The results contradict the hypothesis of aggression catharsis and are discussed in terms of feelings of restraint against aggressing that a subject experiences after committing an aggressive act."
1159614,"The effects of an intellectualization-denial passage designed to modify cognitive appraisal of stressor stimuli (gory scences) were evaluated in terms of sensory-decision theory analysis. The passage was found to reduce ""felt stress"" ') for certain pairs of the stimuli addressed by the passage content but to less effective in reducing stress (Lx) was reduced rather than increased wi;h presentation of the passage for the included simuli only. Differences in d' between subjects classified within treatment groups as repressors versus sensitizers were obtained for certain stimulus pairs generally in the direction of lower sensitivity for repressors. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of altered cognitive appraisal on the ""prevention of stress"" and on ""defensive""denial."
1159615,"Right handers moved their eyes leftward when solving spatial problems and rightward for verbal problems when the questioner sat behind them. When facing the questioner, the same subjects moved their eyes predominantly in only one direction, either right or left, regardless of problem type. The results indicate that the cerebral hemispheres, though specialized for problem type, are also preferentially activated within the same individuals."
1159616,"This study set out to investigate whether the risky shaft found in group consensus decisions as compared to group members' personal decisions extends to situations that combine risk and aggression. In a between-subjects design, subjects were exposed, either alone or as members of unisex triads, to an experimental task in which the risk entailed severe noxious consequences. The findings show that for both sexes, groups take significantly greater risks than individuals even when risk taking is mediated by aggressive means. The results are seen and discussed as limiting the explanatory scope of the risk-as-a-value hypothesis and as more consistent with the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis."
1159617,"Sixty-four undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to examine the effects of level of prior anger arousal, exposure to an aggressive model, and ambient temperature on physical aggression. On the basis of Bandura's social learning theory of aggression, it was predicted that uncomfortably hot environmental conditions would be most effective in facilitating later aggression when subjects had both witnessed the actions of the model and been exposed to strong provocation from the victim, but least effective in this regard when they had neither witnessed the actions of the model nor been exposed to prior instigation. In contrast to these predictions, results indicated that high ambient temperatures facilitated aggression by nonangered subjects but actually inhibited such behavior by those who had previously been provoked."
1159618,"Three experiments considered whether there are differences between overweight and normal weight subjects in time perception which represent the obese subjects' lack of internal responsiveness as well as heightened external reactivity in a noneating setting. In the first study, no time-relevant cues were provided, and overweight subjects were inaccurate in their temporal judgments and showed significantly higher group variability than did normals. In the second study, the effects of differential temporal information generated by interesting and boring cues was considered. The presentation of these time-relevant external cues reduced the judgment variability of the overweight subjects and influenced their perceived passage of time significantly more than normals. The third study examined the influence, on eating behavior, of differences in perceived passage of time as a consequence of manipulating cues for interest or boredom. When bored, overweight subjects perceived time to pass more slowly than did normals and thus ate sooner. Similarly, they delayed eating, judging time to have passed more quickly than it actually had, when they were attending to interesting cues. The implications of a generalized lack of internal sensitivity for a theory about the development and consequences of obesity are discussed."
1159619,The present study investigated the role of self-concept as a moderator of the similarity-attraction relationship described by Byrne. Subjects conducted face-to-face interviews with confederates who played roles as job applicants. Similarity-dissimilarity was manipulated by the confederate roles as well as by the information given the subjects in accordance with the procedures described by Byrne. The hypothesis was tested and confirmed that persons with favorable self-concepts would be more attracted to others with similar attitudes than to others with dissimilar attitudes. Persons with negative self-concepts did not show a preference for similar others. It was suggested that earlier studies in this area suffered from methodological flaws and did not constitute an adequate test of the hypothesis. Suggestions for future work in the area were given.
1159626,"Rats and mice that were not genetically or otherwise predisposed toward audiogenic seizures were rendered susceptible to auditory stimuli by chronic treatment with large doses of rubidium chloride (RbCl). Animals given drinking water, 0.03 N with respect to RbCl, for four weeks responded with convulsive seizures when exposed to signals of 2 to 22 kHz and 74 dbA. The rate of development of audiosusceptibility was dose-related. Less rubidium was needed if the diet was deficient in potassium. No differences were found between tissue rubidium in treated rats which became audiosensitive and their counterparts which remained resistant to auditory stimuli."
1159627,"The localization of the central cough mechanism was studied by electrically stimulating the lower brainstem in cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or in unanesthetized midcollicular decerebrate preparations. Cough responses were recorded with the aid of a microphone. The cough responsive region was concentrated in an area dorsomedial to the trigeminal tract and nucleus. The sites of action of antitussive agents (dextromethorphan, codeine, clonazepam, diazepam and caramiphen) were studied on the centrally induced cough responses. Each of these drugs was administered intravenously to determine the dorsal levels for cough suppression. In other series, the threshold dose via the intravertebral route was determined first. Because the agent necessary to prevent cough via this route was so small in amount, recovery usually occurred in 20 to 90 minutes. Then the same agent was given intravenously in an attempt to obtain an effective dose which was close to the minimum dose for blocking the cough. The mean effective doses of these agents to abolish the cough via the vertebral artery were only about 1/20 of those required via intravenous injection. The findings suggest that these agents act centrally to suppress the cough responses. Clonazepam was found to be the most potent antitussive among these agents, the mean effective dose being about 1/35 of that of codeine. The antitussive potency of benzodiazepines is not well correlated with their muscle relaxant activity. For instance, clonazepam and diazepam have the same potency in depressing polysynaptic spinal reflexes, whereas the former is 6 times more potent than diazepam as an antitussive. This finding indicates that clonazepam has a high specificity as an antitussive."
1159628,"Taurine, a ubiquitous sulfonic amino acid, has been described as a regulator of membrane activity in both normal and pathologic states of nerve and muscle. The common feature of its effects on brain activity and its interaction with muscle, can be summarized in terms of a stabilizing function on excitable membranes. In this paper, we report data on the ionic mechanisms by which taurine modulates membrane behavior of the lobster giant axon. Our data show that taurine increases membrane permeabilities to potassium and chloride but not to sodium. This increase is transient, showing membrane desensitization during taurine application. A reversal potential for the taurine response was observed at about -85 mV, causing the membrane potential to stabilize near the resting level. In addition, taurine causes a reduction of the action potential duration, resulting primarily from an acceleration of the depolarization phase. These ionic actions of taurine may explain its overall inhibitory effects in the central nervous system and in the retina and may account for its antiarrhythmic properties."
1159629,"Monoamine oxidase (MAO) increases in an age-weight relationship in the hearts of male rats. Accumulation of MAO is not related to the activities of such mitochondrial enzymes as succinic dehydrogenase or cytochrome oxidase which do not change with age. Our previous experiments, utilizing serotonin as a substrate, have determined that cardiac MAO in the young rat does not change after chemical sympathetectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. In this study, rats of different ages were treated with 6-hydroxy-dopamine to investigate the neuronal vs. non-neuronal distribution of MAO in the heart. After sympathetectomy, various parts of the hearts and fractions of the hearts isolated by differential centrifugation were tested for changes in MAO activity with two different substrates (kynuramine and 14C-tryptamine). It was not possible to detect any changes in MAO activity in any parts or subcellular fractions of the heart as a result of denervation. Studies with clorgyline, the MAO inhibitor, in control and sympathetecomized animals revealed that rat cardiac MAO is mostly of the type A enzyme, which was originally thought to be neuronal. A histochemical technique for the electron microscopic demonstration of MAO with osmiophilic thiocarbamyl nitro blue tetrazolium was used in the rat heart in order to determine the ultrastructural location of the enzyme. Histochemical localization of MAO with the electron microscope using tryptamine as the substrate indicates that a substantial portion of rat cardiac MAO is located near the outer membranes of mitochondria within myocardial cells. This histochemical technique provides no evidence to support differential centrifugation data which suggests the presence of a sarcoplasmic reticular (microsomal) MAO in rat heart."
1159630,"The biogenic monoamines, phenylethylamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are rapidly and extensively deaminated when perfused in Krebs' solution through rabbit lung. Deamination of phenylethylamine is inhibited approximately 70% by 10(-5) M pargyline and 30% by 10(-3) M semicarbazide. Deamination of this monoamine is unaffected by 10(-6) M harmaline whereas deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine is inhibited about 75%. These data indicate that the intact perfused rabbit lung contains three forms of amine oxidase two of which are analogous to the A and B forms of the mitochondrial enzyme, monoamine oxidase described previously only in broken cell preparations of lung and other tissues. The third form of amine oxidase is similar to the enzyme found in plasma and several large arteries. Since uptake and metabolism of these amines, as well as loss of their deaminated metabolites, occurs very rapidly, it is suggested that all these forms of monoamine oxidase are associated with vascular endothelium."
1159631,"We have investigated the dynamics for the removal of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from the circulation using the isolated perfused rabbit lung. 5-HT was removed from the circulation at a constant rate and metabolized completely to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid which effluxed from the lung into the circulation. Two methods were developed to determine the constant rate of removal of 5-HT: (1) the constant rate is equal to the difference between the 5-HT concentration flowing into the lung and the 5-HT concentration in the effluent times the flow rate and (2) extrapolation of the rate of appearance of radioactivity in the effluent to zero time. With these methods, we have confirmed the 5-HT is removed by the lung by a carrier-mediated Na+-dependent transport system. Studies of transport systems in perfused organs required an adequate supply of the chemical to the lung. Supply rates less than removal rate will result in erroneous measurements of the constant removal rate. The relationships between the rate of removal, perfusate concentration and perfusion rate were analyzed."
1159632,"Prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2alpha, characterized by thin-layer chromatography and bioassay, were released from guinea-pig trachea contracted with acetylcholine or histamine. Inhibition of contraction with atropine or mepyramine, or by the removal of calcium, abolished the prostaglandin release. PGE2 and PGF2alpha were also released after gentle mechanical irritation of the mucosal surface, but not the adventitial surface, of the trachea. This release of prostaglandins occurred in the absence of calcium and was prevented by treatment of the trachea with indomethacin. Incubation (20 minutes) of tracheal spirals with indomethacin (0.6 mug/ml) 1) reduced the basal tension of the spiral; 2) reduced responses to low doses of histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, barium or potassium; and 3) increased responses to high doses of these agonists. These effects lasted despite washout but were reversed by the addition of arachidonic acid. Subthresholdquantities of PGF2alpha after indomethacin treatment restored responses to minimally effective doses of the agonists. Aspirin (50 mug/ml), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetrayonic acid (2 mug/ml) and sodium salicylate (100 mug/ml) had effects similar to indomethacin (0.6 mug/ml). Alterations produced with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetrayonic acid and sodium salicylate were reversed with washing. Restoration of resting tension after indomethacin did not qualitatively change the results. Indomethacin at higher doses (greater than 30 mug/ml) inhibited responses to all histamine doses but this effect was reversible with washing. The results suggest that basal tension of the guinea-pig trachea may be due to an intramural production of PGF2alpha and that during the development of active tension, prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha are released which modulate the intensity of the contraction."
1159633,"The binding in vitro of an opiate agonist, 3H-dihydromorphine, was studied using a particulate fraction obtained from rat brain homogenates and compared with that of an opiate antagonist, 3H-naloxone. The binding of 3H-dihydromorphine may be separated into two components: one a saturable component and the other nonsaturable. The saturable binding may be calculated from the differences in binding observed in the absence and presence of high concentrations of levorphanol. The use of dextrorphan results in an artifactual separation of this component, although relative stereospecificity was observed for levorphanol and dextrorphan. There were marked regional differences in the distribution of saturable 3H-dihydromorphine binding in the brain. These were primarily due to the difference in the concentration of the saturable binding sites within various brain regions. It appeared that the saturable binding sites from various brain regions had similar affinities for dihydromorphine except for the binding site from cerebral cortex which had a higher affinity. In contrast, saturable binding sites for naloxone in various brain regions had different affinities for naloxone. It appears that naloxone has at least two types of saturable binding sites, one of which is not available to dihydromorphine. This is based on observations 1) that the total concentration of saturable binding sites for naloxone was greater than that for dihydromorphine in each brain region studied irrespective of the assay medium used and 2) that unlabeled dihydromorphine inhibited the 3H-naloxone binding in striatum but failed to alter it significantly in cerebellum, whereas unlabeled naloxone reduced 3H-naloxone binding significantly in both brain regions. The difference in concentrations of saturable binding sites for naloxone and dihydromorphine was relatively small in striatum but larger in cerebellum, indicating that the saturable binding sites in cerebellum are predominantly naloxone-specific, whereas those in striatum are capable of binding both naloxone and dihydromorphine. In cerebrospinal fluid or in simulated intracellular fluid, the apparent affinity for dihydromorphine was lower and that for naloxone was higher than in Tris-HCl buffer. It is concluded that naloxone binds to dihydromorphine binding site and to another site, which has a different affinity for naloxone and is not available to dihydromorphine. Studies in which opiate receptor binding was assayed in Tris-HCl buffer may need to be re-evaluated. Further, in studies where opiate binding in vitro is assessed following pharmacologic intervention, such binding should be estimated in a relevant physiological medium rather than in Tris-HCl buffer."
1159634,"An effect of diuretics on cellular metabolism has been shown. In order to examine further the direct effect of diuretics on renal mitochondria, their effect on isolated cortical (C) and outer medullary (OM) mitochondrial respiration was examined. Oxygen consumption rate (QO2) was measured in a Gilson oxygraph utilizing either glutamate-malate or succinate as substrate. QO2, expressed in nanoatoms of O2 per milligram of protein per minute, was always higher in C than OM: 140.7 +/- 2.8 VS. 121.2 +/- 2.4 (P less than 0.001) with glutamate-malate and 181.1 +/- 6.3 vs. 129.7 +/- 5.2 (P less than 0.001) with succinate. A dose-response curve was constructed for each of the following: sodium ethacrynate, furosemide, chlorothiazide, acetazolamide and chlormerodrin. All diuretics inhibited C and OM equally. The 50% inhibitory molar concentration for EA was 6.2 times 10(-4); for furosemide 1.5 times 10(-3); for chlorothiazide 8.1 times 10(-3); for acetazolamide 10.8 times 10(-3); and for chlomerodrin 3.1 times 10(-5). Neither cysteine nor dithiothreitol inhibited the effect of EA. The effect of chlormerodrin was abolished by cysteine. These results demonstrate that while a difference exists between C and OM mitochondria during control studies, each of the diuretics examined exerted an equal inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiration from both C and OM. Mercurials are the most potent inhibitors and presumably exert their effect by reacting with sulfhydryl groups. They are followed in potency by ethacrynic acid, furosemide, chlorothiazide and acetazolamide."
1159635,"A derivative of imidazole, 1-benzylimidazole [(1-phenylmethyl)-H-imidazole], was found to have strong cardiotonic activity. In isolated ventricular strips of rabbits, 6.3 times 10(-5) M 1-benzylimidazole (BI) increased contractile force by 100%, and in the intact cat, 0.5 mg/kg of BI increased cardiac output by 30 to 40%. The increase was maintained in both preparations for 5 to 30 minutes. Heart rate was not changed in the atropine-pretreated cat. Basic cycle length, recorded intracellularly in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells, was increased by 8%. Since BI had many actions similar to the cardiac glycosides, including the absence of effects on rate and resistance to adrenergic beta blockers, it was of interest to determine whether BI and ouabain could interact and modify, or enhance their respective actions. In combination, it was found that ouabain and BI had summative effects on contractility and maintained the frequency-force relationships.  In this respect, the action of BI is similar to that of glucagon and Ca++, but not to that of the catecholamines."
1159636,"Varying concentrations of ethyl alcohol were injected either into the left main coronary artery or intravenously in anesthetized intact dogs. Effects of alcohol on intracardiac conduction (by His bundle electrogram) were examined at spontaneous and paced (atrial) heart rates. Alcohol by the intracoronary route prolonged atrioventricular node and intraventricular conduction times by approximately 5 to 15%. These changes preceded a depression of left ventricular systolic pressure and of the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and an elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Intracoronary injections of contrast medium (sodium diatriozoate) or iso-osmolar solutions of sucrose and injections of similar amounts of alcohol in the ascending or descending aorta did not affect intracardiac conduction. Increasing atrial pacing rates resulted in prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction intervals, but did not influence intraventricular conduction time. At each pacing rate, alcohol depressed both atrioventricular nodal and intraventricular conduction. The data suggest that alcohol has a direct depressant effect on intracardiac conduction."
1159640,"It was hypothesized that self-actualization (SA) assessed by scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory should affect the salience of interpersonal stimuli and moderate the attitude similarity/dissimilarity relationship. Fifty-six American college students (28 males and 28 females), aged 18-21, were used as subjects. In Experiment I SA and proportion of attitude similarity were varied by use of Byrne's attraction paradigm in a between-Ss design. The personality variable failed to affect attraction. In Experiment II SA and proportion of attitude similarity were manipulated in a within-Ss design. SA Ss rated the stranger significantly higher in attraction at high levels of similarity and significantly lower in attraction at low levels of similarity when compared to non-SA individual (p smaller than .05). The results were discussed in terms of design differences in personality research and the potential mechanism (self-esteem) by which SA affects attraction."
1159641,"This study investigated the relationship between behavioral adjustment of mental hospital patients and helping behavior in two distinctly different controlled situations. Forty hospitalized male patients between the ages of 20 and 45 were assigned to two groups of equal size according to ratings they received on the MACC Behavioral Adjustment Scale. Each subject was exposed to two separate and independent experimental situations calling for helping behavior. Helping in the first situation was defined as offering a confederate the use of an extra pencil, while in the second it was defined as offering to help a confederate in the hallway to pick up a box of pencils that had just been dropped. The results of both experiments confirmed the hypothesis that persons suffering more severe levels of disturbance and maladjustment perform significantly fewer helpful acts. Results were discussed in terms of empathy, self-concern, and response cost. Also some implications for treatment were discussed."
1159642,"The ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of lethal hybrids obtained by nuclear transplantation between different strains of Amoeba proteus were compared with those of enucleated amebae.  It was found that, whereas the Golgi complex and glycocalyx degenerated first in enucleated cells, mitochondria and endosymbiotes became abnormal first in the hybrids.  The selective effects are attributed to the presence of nucleic acids in the mitochondria and endosymbiotes and hence to the different interactions they would have with the nuclear genome."
1159644,"The language behavior of field-independent (F-D) clinically normal, verbally resourceful femal college students was examined in three different communication conditions: Dialogue, Warm (vissually supportive) monologue, and Cold (visually nonsupportive and stressful) Monologue. F-I and F-D Ss produced similar amounts of the different types of language behavior evaluated in each of the three communicative conditions. However, they differed with respect to verbal output and length of sentence ""packaging"" unit in Monologue conditions. F-D Ss talked considerably less but at the same time produced different types of grammatically more elaborate language behavior in Warm and Cold Monologue compared to their Dialogue language behavior. F-I Ss talked considerably more but also showed a type of language autonomy. The pattern of language behavior which characterized F-I speech in Dialogue remained the same in both Monologue conditions."
1159648,"Slow progress in the first stage of labour was treated in 792 mothers by digital dilatation. This manoeuvre is described. Partial dilatation was converted to complete dilatation in 94.4 per cent of all cases, the incidence of success being 90.0 per cent in primiparae and 96.0 per cent in multiparae. Difficulties are described, but serious complications were conspicuously absent.The manoeuvre was helpful with mothers unable to resist premature bearing down, and especially valuable for reducing delay before applying forceps for fetal distress. The early perinatal loss of 20 (in the first 200 cases) was reduced to 3.3 (in the last 599 births) after a change of technique."
1159649,"Recurrent injuries in children should be regarded as a symptom complex rather than a diagnosis of ;accident proneness'. Investigation, which may include much listening will often reveal a family with emotional problems. The family doctor who can see the family as a whole is often best placed to offer or co-ordinate help."
1159650,"Recent trends in general practice towards working in multi-disciplinary teams from purpose-built premises have emphasised the need to study the ways in which doctors and other staff spend their working time.This paper describes a well-established work-study technique (activity sampling), which has been adapted to enable doctors to assess how they use their time. The method needs no observer and is cheap to operate. Five general practitioners undertook to record their surgeries for two separate weeks using the bleep method of activity sampling. The results they obtained show that the technique is both practicable in normal working conditions and is capable of providing information highly relevant to the management of general practice."
1159654,"The report of the Joint Working Party on General Medical Services (1973) considered in detail the provision of electrocardiographic services for general practitioners. These are based either on primary health care teams using their own apparatus, or on hospitals offering open-access to their cardiac departments.In this survey I attempted to compare the proportions of general practitioners using their own electrocardiographs with those using hospital-based apparatus, and with those without direct access to any electrocardiograph facilities, and to evaluate the use made of such services, when available."
1159655,"In a group of 64 patients (29 men and 35 women) all aged 65 or over referred for electrocardiography in this Department, there were 30 (16 men and 14 women) with no recorded clinical evidence of major cardiovascular disorders, past or present. Of these ;clinically negative' patients 19 (ten men and nine women) showed codable abnormalities when their electrocardiograms were read and classified according to the Minnesota code.In a group of 121 patients (63 men and 58 women) aged 42-64 only seven (six men and one woman of 58) ;clinically negative' patients showed codable abnormalities in their electrocardigrams. It is suggested that the high yield of codable abnormalities in the former group reflects incomplete and misleading cardiovascular histories or atypical clinical presentations in that group and a plea is made for a more widespread use of routine electrocardiography when trying to sort out the often multiple and confusing clinical problems of the elderly."
1159656,"Selected samples of healthy people (804 males, 796 non-pregnant females and 400 pregnant women) were questioned about present and previous urinary symptoms. Mid-stream specimens of urine were cultured quantitatively. Symptoms in the males occurred more frequently in the presence of ;significant bacteriuria', but the numbers were too small to allow statistical analysis. Among the non-pregnant females frequency or burning micturition was found more frequently in those who had significant bacteriuria than in those whose urinary bacterial counts were low; for nocturia this difference was statistically significant (p <0.001).Of the pregnant women, comparison of those who had significant bacteriuria with those whose urine was normal showed that diurnal and nocturnal frequency, and loin pain, occurred more frequently in those with significant bacteriuria (for each of these symptoms p <0.0.1).These results suggest that the recent onset of nocturia is the most reliable symptom of urinary tract infection. There remain, however, many people with urinary symptoms and with low urinary bacterial counts in whom other causes for the symptoms should be sought."
1159662,"Pregnant hamsters were ovariectomized on Day 7 and daily supplements of progesterone or progesterone plus oestradiol benzoate were given. Fetal development and survival was 14% and 62% respectively. Histological examination indicated that failure of labyrinthine development in the placenta resulted in failure to form an adequate number of maternal arterial spaces communicating with the base of the trophospongium to allow trophoblast migration in the related maternal spiral arteries. Progesterone was essential at all stages of gestation to sustain decidualized tissues and allow survival of a minority of fetuses. Oestradiol supplementation significantly increased fetal survival, but not to normal levels, suggesting that other oestrogens may be essential for the maintenance of normal hamster pregnancy."
1159663,"Intravaginal administration of 5HT was effective in terminating pregnancy when given after implantation in the rat, provided that the tampon was allowed to remain in the vagina for 4 hr or more. Complete antifertility efficacy was associated with a prevention or reversal of the increase in ovarian weight, which occurs in untreated rats between Days 12 and 17 of pregnancy, and correlates with enlargement of the CL. Data from hysterectomized, ovariectomized and progesterone-implanted rats indicated that the effect on CL was not a cause of the antifertility effect. Intravaginal administration of 5HT was found to lead to general systemic effects."
1159664,"The Franklin and Dukes (FD) test is used as a screening test for the determination of sperm-agglutinating antibodies and as a proof of therapeutic effects in cases of infertility, but various parameters of the FD test remain unclear and the application of different techniques has revealed highly different results. To test the statistical evidence for the FD technique, conditions regarded as optimal prerequisites were applied: a sperm concentration of 20 times 10(6)/ml was produced with Baker's buffer and serum dilutions were made with Baker's buffer, starting at 1:4. Only the standard deviation of parallel tests with one serum sample and one semen sample on the same day was found to be within an acceptable range. Using ejaculates of the same donor and the same serum sample on different days gave results that were not reproducible. The FD test should not, therefore, be used for quantification of sperm-agglutination antibodies except for a comparison in one test with one semen sample on the same day. Although the FD test only allowed a qualitative evaluation of sperm-agglutinating antibodies the % sperm agglutination was more informative than agglutination titres. For quantification of sperm-agglutinating antibodies, the FD test should be replaced by other techniques."
1159665,"Endometrium was obtained from cattle slaughtered at various stages of early pregnancy and of the oestrous cycle. Analyses for protein, RNA, DNA, glucose and some lysosomal enzymes were carried out on this tissue. The results are considered with respect to the general influence of the hormonal status of pregnancy and the specific influence of the hormonal status of pregnancy and the specific influence of the blastocyst in one uterine horn."
1159666,"Ovarian cycles and the pattern of reproduction in female black-tailed deer in British Columbia were ascertained largely through examination of the ovaries from 444 females. Cyclic development and degeneration of single follicles of ovulatory size occurred several weeks before first ovulation. As the breeding season approached, a second or third large follicle developed in each cycle but in 48% of adult females the follicles were at different stages of maturation. Those failing to rupture at first ovulation luteinized 1 to 2 days thereafter. The first ovulation of the season, in November, never resulted in a lasting pregnancy even though some ova were penetrated by spermatozoa and began to cleave. First ovulation was apparently 'silent'  in five of seven females for their ova lacked spermatozoa. Of sixty-one pregnant females, fifty-nine conceived at second ovulation; the other two conceived at subsequent ovulations more widely spaced than the 8- to 9-day interval between first and second ovulations. The synchrony of ovulatory cycles among adult females was such that half of them ovulated for the second time in a span of 7 or 8 days. Primary CL that formed after first ovulation grew to an average maximum volume of only about 45 mm3, whereas those originating at second ovulation grew to twice that size within 5 to 8 days. First generation CL shrank from 35 mm3 to 10 mm3 within 2 days. They disappeared within 18 months but corpora albicantia persisted for the life of the female. The possible ecological significance of the reproductive pattern is discussed."
1159669,The isoelectric points of washed spermatozoa from intact boars and from boars after removal of the seminal vesicles were determined using isoelectric focusing on natural pH gradients. Normal boar spermatozoa focused at a higher pH than spermatozoa from boars without seminal vesicles. The isoelectric point of the latter was increased to a value approaching normal by preincubation in normal seminal plasma. This indicates that seminal plasma alters the membrane surface charge of boar spermatozoa on ejaculation.
1159679,"For the synthesis of [1-L-penicillamine,4-L-leucine]oxytocin (2), Z-Tyr(Bzl)-Ile-Leu-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was treated with anhydrous HBr, and the resulting partially deprotected octapeptide was coupled with Z-penicillamine(Bzl) in a condensation reaction mediated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The protected nonapeptide Z-penicillamine(Bzl)-Tyr-Ile-Leu-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was treated with Na in NH3 and the resulting disulfhydryl compound was subjected to oxidative cyclization in H2O-CH3OH with ICH2CH2I, Purification of 2 was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. The analog possesses antioxytocic and antiavian vasodepressor pA2 values of 6.77 and 7.21, respectively, and has no antipressor or anti-ADH activity. Its biological activity spectrum is qualitatively identical with that of [1-penicillamine]oxytocin. In contrast to the marked natriuretic-diuretic and anti-antidiuretic activity of [Leu4]oxytocin, 2 exhibits none of these effects on the rat kidney."
1159680,"[4-Phenylalanine]oxytocin was prepared from Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr(Bzl)-Ile-Phe-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NG2 (4) by deprotection with Na in NH3 followed by cyclization of the resulting disulfhydryl compound with ICH2CH2I. The protected peptide 4 was prepared from Boc-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 by the stepwise solution method. Coupling was effected by a modification of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-1-hydroxybenzotriazole preactivation method wherein the precipitate of dicyclohexylurea is removed by filtration prior to mixing of the amino and carboxyl components. The analog was found to be an effective inhibitor of the antidiuretic (ADH) response to exogenous arginine-vasopressin. It produced marked diuresis in the anti-ADH assay at approximately the same dose level as does [Leu4]oxytocin but, in contrast to [Leu4]oxytocin, showed natriuretic activity only at relatively high dose levels. In addition, [Phe4]oxytocin exhibited 0.15% of the oxytocic potency of oxytocin, weak antiavian vasodepressor activity (pA2 = 6.93), and no measurable rat pressor activity."
1159681,"A series of 19 aliphatic analogs of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone and 1,5-diphenyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone was examined. Separation of hypocholesterolemic activity from the previously observed uterotropic and antifertility activities was achieved by simplification of the parent compound to 2-octanone. There was no loss of hypocholesterolemic activity. Reduction of serum cholesterol levels in male rats to less than 50% of control values was obtained at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day."
1159682,"The (+/-) title compound was prepared to evaluate prior observations that certain acetylcholine congeners derived from cyclobutane are devoid of muscarinic effects. It was prepared by a multistep sequence from trans-2-carbomethoxycyclobutyl methyl ketone. In a guinea pig ileum assay, it was 0.02 times as active as AcCh, and in a dog blood pressure assay, it was 0.09 times as active. In these assays, its (+/-)-cyclopropane congener and AcCh were equally active. This is the first cyclobutane-derived AcCh congener possessing significant muscarinic effect."
1159683,"A method is described for the preparation of 13N-labeled N-nitrosoureas, specifically 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The 13N is generated as ammonia by the 12C(d,n)13N reaction on methane gas. The product is selectively trapped and subsequently oxidized to nitrous acid which reacts with the parent urea in solution to form the 13N-labeled nitrosourea."
1159684,"The elucidation of the structure of a new major metabolic product of hydralazine, 3-hydroxymethyl-s-triazolo[3,4-a]-phthalazine, is described. The structures of several other previously described metabolites of the drug, phthalazone, s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine, and 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine, are confirmed. A metabolic pathway of hydralazine is also proposed."
1159685,"3,6-Diacetylnormorphine (norheroin) and 6-acetylnormorphine have been prepared in excellent yield through the 3,N-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl) derivative of normorphine via acetylation and selective removal of protecting groups. This general procedure would be applicable to the preparation of various 3,6-diesters or 6-monoesters of normorphine. The analgesic potency of norheroin was found to be the same as that of 6-acetylnormorphine, about 0.05 that of heroin. The onset, peak, and duration of action of these compounds were nearly identical and comparable with morphine."
1159686,"A homologous series of 3-alkyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-benzazocines (2) has been synthesized. Analgetic activity and binding constants for the opiate receptor for 2 and for an analogous series of benzomorphans (1 and 3) are reported. In 1, hot-plate analgesic activity is lost on increase of the N-alkyl chain length from ethyl through butyl (lc-e) and regained with amyl (lf) and hexyl (lg). Compounds lc-e show that antagonist properties and binding constants are similar throughout the series. With 2, where there has been loss of steric constraints through removal of the 2,6-methano bridge of 1 and 3, greatly diminished analgetic activity and receptor affinity and no antagonist properties were observed. Like 1, however, greatest agonist activity was shown by the N-methyl (2c), amyl (2g), hexyl (2h), and heptyl (2i) homologs and there is a parallel of in vitro binding strength and analgetic activity."
1159687,Preparation of both a 5'-deuterium and a 5'-tritium-labeled 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (6a and 6b) by reduction of the protected 5'-aldehyde 4 is described. Conversion of 6b to the 5'-tritium-labeled 5'-monophosphate 7b was effected directly with a phosphoryl chloride-formic acid reagent. The product 7b exhibited consistently higher blood levels of nonvolatile tritium than the 2-labeled compound when tested in dogs.
1159688,"[1-Beta-Mercaptopropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin was synthesized from a protected polypeptide intermediate that had been prepared by the condensation of S-ethylcarbamoyl-beta-mercaptopropionyl-3,5-dibromotyrosine with H-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dimethylformamide. The ethylcarbamoyl (Ec) protecting groups were removed by refluxing NH3, and the resulting disulfhydryl peptide was oxidatively cyclized to the corresponding disulfide by ICH2CH2I. Purification of the analog was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. The analog possesses antioxytocic (pA2 = 7.05) and antiavian vasodepressor (pA2 = 7.44) activities but has neither agonist nor antagonist activity in the rat pressor assay."
1159689,"The Fibonacci search technique, first applied to a structure-activity study by Bustard, has been expanded to allow the analysis of a broad class of structural types of compounds. The compounds are first arranged in order of increasing value of a molecular property of the analogs such as log P, Sigmapi, Sigmasigma, or Rm. A successful Fibonacci search of the compounds will find the most active analog in a small, predetermined number of steps. Examples are given where insight as to mechanism of action is indicated by the combination of various parameters such as log P and pKa. Additional examples illustrate the use of Fibonacci search to establish the parabolic dependence of the biological activity of lipophilicity and sigma, where such dependency had not been observed initially. This technique allows the treatment of a variety of structurally diverse types of compounds simultaneously. It is to be stressed that Fibonacci search can be applied to structure-activity studies without the use of a computer."
1159690,"The problem of structure-activity relationships in sulfonamide type compounds is tackled on the ground that both bacteriostatic activities and structural indices must be referred to the specific individual forms assumed by sulfa drugs in the active solutions. The frequency value of the symmetric stretching mode of the sulfonyl group upsilons (SO2) is chosen as a suitable electronic index and measured for the individual active forms in aqueous and Me2SO solutions. The linear correlation that exists between bacteriostatic parameter and vibration frequency (over the complete range of data at present available) proves a strict relationship between electronic structure and bacteriostatic activity in this class of drugs. Furthermore, it justifies the assumption used for the calculation of the bacteriostatic activity of the anionic form; i.e., in equilibrium with a very active species (the anion) a less active species (the neutral form) gives a negligible contribution or does not contribute at all to the total activity. The results can be summarized as follows: the lower the frequency of the symmetric stretching mode of the SO2 group of any active species of sulfonamide type compounds, the higher its bacteriostatic activity. The existence of a clear structure-activity correlation demonstrates that the whole class of compounds, whatever their form, has a single mechanism of action, while incontrovertible deviations from the general trend indicate differences or complications in the mechanism itself, but does not demonstrate that the group on which the structural index is localized plays a dominant role in the biological process. The usefulness of pKa and NH2 proton chemical shift of precursor amine as indirect indices of the electronic structure of the anionic forms is explored on extensive sets of available data."
1159691,"The passage of nucleosides across the plasma membrane of erythrocytes is a membrane-mediated process which is strongly inhibited by derivatives of 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine (1) with S, O, or N atoms at the purine 6 position bearing variously substituted arylalkyl groups. In this structure-activity study, nucleoside derivatives were compared in respect to their ability to inhibit a transport-dependent aspect of nucleoside metabolism in erythrocytes, the synthesis of inosine from external guanosine and hypoxanthine. 6-Benzylthio, 6-benzylamino, and 6-benzyloxy derivatives of 1 were inhibitory at 10(-5)-10(-6) M and the similarity of their activities suggested that alkylation of the transporter as the mechanism of transport inhibition was unlikely. The hydrophobicity of the 6-position substituents appeared to contribute importantly to inhibitory activity. Although replacement of the ribofuranose moiety by other sugars reduced inhibitory activity, compounds with 9-butyl groups were inhibitory. 6-[(2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)thio] derivatives of 1 were the most potent of the inhibitors tested, being active at about 10(-7) M."
1159692,"A series of 4-alkyl-8,9-dihydro[1]benzazepino[3,2,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-1(2H)-ones and brominated derivatives was synthesized. Two approaches for the synthesis of 4-alkyl[1]benzazepino[3,2,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-1(2H)-ones and brominated derivatives are described. All compounds were evaluated for CNS activity. None showed significant activity. The results obtained indicate that in the case of the 1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one a phenyl group at the 1 position causes a fall in CNS activity not only when it is free but also when fused to the benzodiazepine system."
1159693,"The synthesis and antilipidemic activity of 9-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,4-dioxepino[6,5-b]benzofuran (3), a novel enol lactone which is considerably more resistant to serum esterase hydrolysis than clofibrate (1), are discussed. Whereas both 3 and 1 reduced hypercholesterolemic and hypertriglyceridemic serum levels in the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic Sprague-Dawley rat to normal, the hydrolysis product of 3, namely 5-chloro-3(2'-hydroxyethoxy)-2-benzofurancarboxylic acid (4), was found to be inactive. Further, 3 is comparable to the hydrolysis product of 1 when both were assessed for their ability to block norepinephrine (NE) induced lipolysis in vitro. 4 is inactive at comparable concentrations (5 times 10(-4)-10(-3) M). The antilipidemic action of 3 and 1 may, in part, be due to their ability to block NE-induced lipolysis."
1159694,"The eight optically active stereoisomers and the corresponding four racemic forms of 5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-tetrahydrofurfuryl-6,7-benzomorphan (1) have been prepared. Depending on their configurations these compounds are potent analgesics or inactive substances in mice. The analgesics attain potencies up to about a hundred times that of morphine but they do not show morphine-like side effects in mice nor do they suppress abstinence in withdrawn morphine dependent monkeys. Their therapeutic ratios are favorable and, in the case of la-1 and la-2, exceptionally good. Configuration-activity relationships are discussed. R configuration of the N-tetrahydrofurfuryl group is a major prerequisite for high analgesic potency."
1159695,"Microbial transformations of 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine were studied to determine the potential of microorganisms to produce monomethoxyaporphines. Ten microorganisms were identified as being capable of yielding apocodeine and/or isoapocodeine as the major metabolite in 24 and 20% yield, respectively. Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 9245) converted 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine quantitatively into isapocodeine. O-Dealkylation of this aporphine system is a facile microbial transformation, and the 10-methoxyl group is more susceptible to metabolic cleavage than the sterically hindered 11-methoxyl group. Selectivity in O-dealkylation may be accomplished with different microorganisms. This is the first report dealing with the microbial transformation of an aporphine system."
1159696,"The trisulfide disulfinate [Na32S(CH2)4S]2S (2) is an antiradiation drug which is atypical in having no nitrogen function. At low dose levels of 37.5 and 18.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip), 2 protected respectively about 82 and 35% of lethally irradiated mice. By the oral route (po), 150 mg/kg of 2 protected about 73%, and 75 mg/kg protected about 20%. The LD50 either ip or po exceeded 900 mg/kg. Although a 2,3-diacetoxy analog 3 was inactive, cyclic disulfide and trisulfide sulfinate analogs showed promice. Among these, a sulfinate moiety is related to a di- or trisulfie moiety in the sense of 1,8 in a naphthyl system (4,5), 2,2' in a biphenyl system (6-9), and alpha,alpha' in an o-xylyl system (10,11). The 1,8-naphthyl disulfide sulfinate 4 was not tested biologically because a marked neighboring group effect of -SO2Na on -SS- caused rapid cyclization to the parent disulfide dioxide 14; the corresponding trisulfide 5 was more stable but only slightly protective. Other analogs lacking the coplanarity of 4 also were more stable. The biphenyl compounds 6 and 7 were quite active ip (e.g., 7 led to 90% survival at 4.6 mg/kg, with LD50 EQUALS 130 mg/kg, although protection with 6 and 7 at the doses given po was only fair). Dichloro counterparts 8 and 9 offered no advantages over 6 and 7. The xylylene compounds 10 and 11 were roughly comparable to each other by ip and op routes (e.g., given ip, 10 led to 93-100% survival at 75 mg/kg, with LD50 GREATER THAN 950 mg/kg; given po, 10 gave 100% survival at 60 mg/kg, with LD50 GREATER THAN 900 mg/kg). Compounds 7 and 11 join 2 as promising antiradiation drugs that lack the usual nitrogen function. The fact that sulfinate salts show activity, both ip and po, suggests that the -SO2Na moiety deserves more attention in medicinal chemistry. Hydration of sulfinate salts often made analytical characterization difficult. Confirmatory evidence for typical structures is given."
1159697,"The high antiradiation activity and low toxicity of sodium 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphorothioate (1) suggested the introduction of hydroxyl groups into other types of radioprotective phosphorothioates. A number of such compounds were synthesized, including S-3-(3-aminopropylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate (11, n equals 3), S-2-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropylamino)ethyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate (20) and its propyl homolog 26, N,N'-(2-hydroxytrimethylene)bis(S-2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate) (40), S-2-[3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)propylaminoi1ethyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate (44), and sodium S-2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphorothioate (49). Compounds 11 (n equals 3), 20, 26, and 49 were highly protective when administered intraperitoneally but were generally ineffective when given perorally, as were the other hydroxylated phosphorothioates prepared. The introduction of hydroxyl groups significantly enhanced the radioprotective properties of nonhydroxylated parent compounds, however, only in the case of intraperitoneally administered."
1159698,"Several novel steroidal alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones and related derivatives have been synthesized as potential steroid alkylating antitumor agents. The synthesis of these compounds involved the convenient Reformatsky-type reaction between ethyl-alpha-(bromomethyl)acrylate and the proper steroidal ketones. In vitro assay for the cytotoxicity of these compounds against the growth of tissue culture cells originating from human epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx (H.Ep.-2) has shown significant activity. Cytotoxicity was improved at least sixfold with the introduction of lipophilic steroidal character. Preliminary in vivo tumor assay also indicated that these compounds were active against Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats and were inactive against both L1210 lymphoid leukemia and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. However, the simple alpha-methylene-beta,beta-dicarbethoxy-gamma-butyrolactone significantly inhibited Ehrlich ascites tumor growth."
1159699,"A variety of esters of 17-hydroxy-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-7alpha,21-dicarboxylic acid-gamma-lactone (7a) was synthetized in a sequence using the corresponding 3-oxo-4,6-diene (2) as starting material. The methyl (5), ethyl (7c), and isopropyl (7e) esters as well as the C-1 unsaturated methyl ester (8a) showed good oral and subcutaneous activity (MED less than or equal to 0.41 mg). Some general observations on structure-activity relationships are made."
1159700,"Some glycine, leucine and phenylalanine dipeptide derivatives of the transport inhibitory, tricycloaliphatic alpha-amino acid, adamantanine (1), have been synthesized using classical methods of peptide synthesis with the aim of improving the latter's bioavailability. Although test doses of glycyladamantanine and L-leucyladamantanine appeared to be absorbed in vivo as evidenced by its appearance in the uring following intraperitoneal administration, they were not hydrolyzed by a purified preparation of leucine aminopeptidase in vitro. Indeed, they were inhibitors of this enzyme. Adamantanylglycine, adamantanyl-L-leucine, and adamantanyl-L-phenylalanine were also not hydrolyzed by leucine aminopeptidase."
1159701,"A series of analogs of N-benzylimidazole was prepared and tested for hypolipidemic activity. Both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride-lowering activity were found in several members of the series. The most active compounds were N-3-methoxy-, N-4-methoxy-, and N-4-methylbenzylimidazole. Structure-activity relationships are discussed."
1159702,"N-Heterocyclic acraldoximes methiodides, where the heterocyclic residues are 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl, 2-(1-methyl)imidazolyl or 4-pyrimidyl, were prepared and tested for their reactivating potency on acetylcholinesterase inhibited from diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP). The in vitro testing revealed that the new compounds are good reactivators of the phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase. The structure-activity relationships are briefly discussed."
1159703,"Two series of (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-alpha,beta-dimethylcinnamamide derivatives were prepared and the biological activity of these compounds was investigated in a series of pharmacological tests. All compounds tested had clear activity on the CNS; generally, this was depressant with E isomers, while Z isomers always caused marked stimulation (tremors and convulsions). Some of the E isomers also had a clear-cut anticonvulsant activity as shown by the antagonistic effect on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the mouse. The NMR spectra of these compounds, which confirm their configurations, are discussed."
1159704,Hydantoin derivatives of varying lipophilic character were prepared as nitrogen mustard carriers for CNS antitumor evaluation. Activity was studied in the murine ependymoblastoma brain tumor system. Multiple cures were observed for three of the four analogs examined. The compounds were also active in the intraperitoneal leukemia L1210 and P388 systems as well as in B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma.
1159705,"A series of (2-pyrimidinylthiomethyl)carbonitriles and -carboxamidoximes was synthesized and the antiarrhythmic effects were evaluated against ventricular arrhythmias as measured by the electrical fibrillatory threshold in the anesthetized dog. Structure-activity studies indicated 2-[4-(p-chlorobenzylamino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetamidoxime dihydrochloride (6a) and 2-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylamino-6-propyl-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetamidoxime (6g) to be the most potent members of the series."
1159706,"The 2,5-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-9alpha- and-beta-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans were synthesized from 4-methyl-3-propylpyridine in five steps, in an overall yield of 14 and 5%, respectively. The required 4-methyl-3-propylpyridine was prepared in an overally yield of 34% by a four-step sequence. The benzomorphans were about as potent as, or more potent than, morphine in vivo."
1159707,"The highest level of confidence can be placed in calculated log P values when (1) the log P of a parent solute is known, (2) pi constants for the required substituent(s) are available, and (3) the substituents either do not have an effect on groups already present in the parent or else this effect has been previously determined. In some instances there are no values available for any related structures which could serve as a parent; then, rather than substitute groups for hydrogen, it is easier to begin ""from scratch"", as suggested by Nys and Rekker, and assemble the structure from fragments, each of which has been assigned a hydrophobic value. In the present paper some new log P values for the lower alkanes and the inert gases are analyzed with the view of separating hydrophobic effects according to volume (including branching and flexibility) and polarity. Modified fragment values appear to enable reliable calculations to be made for a wider range of structures than was possible with the originally proposed constants."
1159708,The experimental Rm values for a series of phenols were obtained by a reversed-phase TLC system. The extrapolation from a range of linear relationship between experimental Rm values and acetone concentration provided a set of extrapolated Rm values. This were used for studying the relationship between structure and activity in vitro and in vivo. The possibility to obtain by means of the extrapolation technique the Rm values in a standard system for serveral series of chemotherapeutic agents is pointed out.
1159709,"The chromatographic Rm values of three series of steroids were determined by means of a reversed-phase system. The Rm values at 45% acetone in the mobile phase were shown to be correlated with the partition coefficients in an ether-water system. However, an almost equally good correlation was found when using extrapolated Rm values. The extrapolation technique could provide a standard system. The relationship between biological data and Rm values pointed out the important role of the lipophilic character in regulating the activity of steroids. In particular, the dependence of protein binding absorption and biotransformation on lipophilic character might strongly influence the availability of steroids at the site of action."
1159710,Regression analysis of the potency of inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 47 propynylamines revealed that there are three determinants of inhibitory potency: (1) the smallest substituent on the nitrogen must be methyl or hydrogen in order for any activity to be observed; (2) potency is parabolically related to pKa-the optimum pKa is 6.2; and (3) ortho-substituted benzylamine analogs are ten times more potent than predicted on the basis of pKa values. The optimum pKa cannot be explained by differences in fraction ionized but rather in terms of the multistep sequence whereby these compounds inhibit MAO. A very slight positive effect of hydrophobicity on potency was found. The potency of several analogs not included in the original analysis was predicted.
1159711,"A general synthetic route from elymoclavine (4a) to a variety of C-17 substituted 8-ergolenes has been established. [The C-17 position is the carbon attached to C-8 of the ergoline (1) skeleton as indicated in structure 2.] This route involves displacement reactions on the allylic chloride (4h) prepared from 4a by reaction with thionyl chloride. Conversion of the naturally occurring tricyclic clavines, chanoclavine I (5a) and isochanoclavine I (5b), to the tetracyclic clavine, agroclavine (4i), has been achieved. The new compounds prepared were tested for prolactin-inhibiting ability and were found to possess activity. One of the compounds prepared, 6-methyl-8-ergolenylacetamide (4k), was very potent, comparing favorably in activity to the best prolactin inhibitors reported to date."
1159712,"1,3,8-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]decan-2-ones and -thiones varying substituents at positions 3 and 8 have been synthesized. When tested in cotton rats for their antifilarial activity against Litomosoides carinii, some of the compounds showed moderate microfilaricidal activity."
1159713,"A number of 2-chloromethyl and 2-bromomethyl derivatives of naphthoquinones, quinolinediones, and naphthazarins were designed and synthesized as potential bioreductive alkylating agents, and the antitumor activity of these compounds was assessed in mice bearing Sarcoma 180 ascites cells. The results indicated that, with the exception of 3-benzamido-2-chloromethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, which was inactive, all newly synthesized naphthoquinones possessed strong antitumor activity against this neoplasm. 6,7-Bis(bromomethyl)quinoline-5,8-dione had moderate inhibitory activity against Sarcoma 180 at its optimal daily dosage level of 15 mg/kg. 3-Bromo-2-bromomethyl- and 3-bromo-2-chloromethylnaphthazarin produced a moderate extension of the life span of tumor-bearing mice; whereas, in contrast, 6,7-dimethyl analogs of these agents were inactive when employed in daily doses up to 40 mg/kg body weight."
1159715,"A large number of oxanilic acid esters and N-heteroaryl oxamic acid esters were prepared and found to have antiallergic activity using the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. Many of the oxanilic acid esters are active orally, with the most active species having an aryl 2'-carbamoyl group and a 3'-methoxy group. Hydrolysis of the ester from the oxanilic ester moiety causes a loss of oral activity."
1159717,(+/-)-5-Amino-2-hydrazino-2-methylpentanoic acid [alpha-hydrazino-alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine] was obtained from 1-phthalimidopentan-4-one by treatment with hydrazine and KCN followed by acid hydrolysis. The title compound was found in vitro to be a potent competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase obtained from the prostate glands of rats. This inhibition was abolished at high concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate. The title compound also blocked the increase in putrescine levels normally observed in bovine lymphocytes transformed by conconavalin A.
1159716,"To explore the effect of lipophilicity on antilipidemic activity in the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rat model we synthesized the 6-cyclohexyl, phenyl, and phenoxy analogs of ethyl chroman-2-carboxylate. Results obtained were analyzed in light of the biological activity observed for the 6-chloro-substituted and unsubstituted chromans, the 6-chlorochroman-4-one ester, and the 6-chloro-, phenyl-, and phenoxychromone esters. The suggestion is made that chromones likely exert their antilipidemic effects by a somewhat different set of mechanisms than do the chromans and clofibrate. Whereas the 6-chlorochromanone ester is inactive, the 6-chlorochromone ester is active in both normal and hyperlipidemic Sprague-Dawley rats. The major differential effect was observed for ethyl 6-cyclohexylchroman-2-carboxylate which did not lower cholesterol levels but returned triglyceride levels to normal in hyperlipidemic rats."
1159718,"The fibrinolytic activity of nine 2-phenethynylcyclopropanecarboxylates was measured in the hanging clot test. The structure-activity relationship is given by log 1/C equals 0.54 log P + 2.01 where P is the octanol-water partition coefficient of the carboxylate ion pair and C is the molar concentration of the drug. The equation obtained for the cyclopropanecarboxylates is compared with similar equations for benzoates, salicylates, and N-phenylanthranilates."
1159719,"The structure of a compound previously reported as 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,2-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-10-pentyl-3,7-methano-1-benzoxonin (1) is shown to be actually 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropyl-9-pentyl-2,6-methano-2H-1-benzoxocin (2a)."
1159720,"Phenacyl-riphenylphosphorane (1a) and several analogs substituted in the meta position of the phenacyl group lowered blood glucose levels in 48-hr fasted rats. The corresponding phosphonium salts had comparable hypoglycemic activity. Two compounds (1a and 1b) were also hypoglycemic in fed rats, but hypoglycemia could not be elicited in another species."
1159761,"With expanding class sizes and increased proportions of women and minority group medical students, questions are frequently asked concerning recent trends in retention and graduation rates. In this article the authors report on a national Association of American Medical Colleges study of new entrants in the 1968 through 1972 first-year classes of U.S. medical schools and place this study in historical perspective. They note that recent attrition rates are only about half that of the 9 percent reported in the last national AAMC study of 1949-1958 entrants. Although the retention rate for women and for underrepresented minorities is still slightly less than that for white males, the gap appears to be narrowing. Suggestions for optimum retention include: (a) enlarging the pool of minority applicants, (b) improving the techniques of student selection, and (c) increasing the flexibility of academic programs in the medical schools."
1159762,"There have been many reports stating that the traditional criteria of the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and undergraduate grade-point average (GPA) have little, if any, value in predicting success in the preclinical years of medical school among students from underrepresented (racial and ethnic) minority groups. In contrast to previous articles this report emphasizes that traditional criteria and the quality of the undergraduate college attended are of some statistical value in predicting success in the preclinical years of medical school among accepted students from under represented minority groups. Of these criteria, the one with the greatest predictive value is the selectivity of the undergraduate college attended."
1159763,"Although there is less attrition from medical school now than in prior years, 500 or more students can be expected to withdraw from American medical schools during each academic year. Continuing study of the problem is, therefore, warranted. Personality inventory, cognitive, and application data, all gathered at the time of admission, were examined for 1,014 graduates and 57 dropouts; separate analyses were conducted for the 17 who departed for academic reasons and the 40 whose attrition was attributable to other causes. Correlational analyses were also conducted in which graduates, nonacademic dropouts, and academic dropouts were scaled in a 4-3-1 continuum. The best predictor of this graduation versus dropout hierarchy was given by a six-variable combination, including scores on the Quantitative ability subtest of the Medical College Admission Test and premedical grades for the last two terms, with positive weightings; personality inventory scales for status potential, socialization, and communality, also with positive weightings; and a personality scale for conformist achievement drive, weighted negatively."
1159764,"Recent studies of the validity of student ratings of teaching leave much to be desired. Five of these studies are evaluated on the basis of adequacy of design, validity, and generalizability; and one of the studies is used as a model for further inquiry in this area. It is then argued that student evaluations of teaching can provide useful information relevant to the improvement of instruction. However, in order to use such evaluations, improved methods of data collection and analysis are needed. A primary improvement would be in the area of generalizability. A plan for expanding the use of student evaluations from personal utility to general applicability is outlined."
1159765,"Effects of changes in a pediatric practice--expansion of the number of pediatricians and incorporation into a university hospital setting--on continuity of care and utilization were examined by means of a longitudinal study of a sample of 63 families. Continuity of care was measured by the following index: the number of visits with own physician divided by the total number of pediatric visits per year. Although continuity of well-child visits remained unchanged at the university setting, the continuity of sick visits declined markedly. An increased use of doctor visits for illness care was observed; its relationship with the decline in continuity is analyzed and discussed. While continuity is inherent in a small partnership practice, it is not so in a larger medical organization, particularly when involvement in patient care is part time. In such an organization, deliberate arrangements that enable patients with acute needs to receive care from their own doctors are needed."
1159774,"Summary statistics of various hematologic and serum biochemical measures are presented for a colony of 74 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Covariance analysis of longitudinal values revealed a progression of some measures with maturity. Equations for evaluating these measures as they relate to the health of individual colony members and new additions to the colony were formulated. From these equations, confidence bounds (95%), which can be regarded as normative ranges, were established for each of the measures. The literature on hematologic and serum biochemical values in the chimpanzee, especially as they pertain to the evaluation and progression of values, is reviewed."
1159777,"Rates of change of cell volume were measured in suspensions of the halophilic green algae Dunaliella parva subjected to changes in cation composition and concentration of the outside medium. Measurements were made with a particle size analyzer and results were checked by direct microphotography. For any one salt solution, changes in cell volume with concentration were consistent with the Boyle-Van't Hoff model of an osmometer. Nonosmotic volume comprised 60-80% of total cell volume and was sensitive to the nature of the cation, increasing in the order Cs less than K less than Na less than Ca less than Mg. Kinetics of volume change in response to changes in outside salt concentration are best described by two kinetic coefficients differing by one order of magnitude and dependent on the nature of the outside cation (decreasing in order Cs greater than K greater than Na greater than Mg) as well as on direction of water flow."
1159778,"The effect of different extracellular alkaline-earth cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) upon the threshold membrane potential for spike initiation in crayfish axon has been studied by means of intracellular microelectrodes. This was done at the following extracellular concentrations of the divalent uranyl ion (UO2/2+): 1.0 X 10(-6) M, 3.0 X 10(-6) M, and 9.0 X 10(-6) M. At each concentration employed, extensive neutralization of axonal surface charges by UO2/2+ was evidenced by the fact that equal concentrations (50 mM) of alkaline-earth cations did not have the same effect on the threshold potential. The selectivity sequences observed at the different uranyl-ion concentrations were: 1.0 X 10(-6) M UO2/2+, Ca2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+; 3.0 X 10(-6) M UO2/2+, Ca2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ba2+ larger than or equal to Sr2+; 9.0 X 10(-6) M UO2/2+, Ca2+ approximately Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mg2+. These selectivity sequences are in accord with the equilibrium selectivity theory for alkaline-earth cations. At each of the concentrations used, uranyl ion did not have any detectable effect on the actual shape of the action potential itself. It is concluded that many (if not most) of the surface acidic groups in the region of the sodium gates represent phosphate groups of membrane phospholipids, but that the m gates themselves are probably protein-aceous in structure."
1159779,"Unidirectional ion fluxes are measured in cells isolated by a trypsination-dissection method from the epithelium of the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus. Potassium seems to be contained in a single cellular compartment. The influx of potassium is 0.0068 mumole min-1 mg-1 of dry weight and is carried by a ouabain-sensitive pump. Sodium seems to be contained in two cellular compartments, one of which does not exchange its Na within the experimental period. The possibility that these compartments reflect the existence of different types of cells is not discarded. 49% of the rate constant for the Na efflux is ouabain-sensitive and 23% is ethacrynic-sensitive. Under control conditions the permeability to potassium (PK), sodium (PNa) and chloride (PC1) are 7.6 X 10(-5), 2.6 X 10(-5) and 2.8 X 10(-5) liters/min mg, respectively. The value of PNa is much higher than predicted by current electrical models of the epithelium. The discrepancy might offer some insight into the nature of the ""inner facing barrier"" of the skin."
1159780,"The influx and efflux of calcium (as 45Ca) and influx of sodium (as 24Na) were studied in internally dialyzed squid giant axons. The axons were poisoned with cyanide and ATP was omitted from the dialysis fluid. The internal ionized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was controlled with Ca-EGTA buffers. With [Ca2+]i greater than 0.5 muM, 45Ca efflux was largely dependent upon external Na and Ca. The Nao-dependent Ca efflux into Ca-free media appeared to saturate as [Ca2+]i was increased to 160 muM; the half-saturation concentration was about 8 muM Ca2+. In two experiments 24Na influx was measured; when [Ca2+]i was decreased from 160 muM to less than 0.5 muM, Na influx declined by about 5 pmoles/cm2 sec. The Nao-dependent Ca efflux averaged 1.6 pmoles/cm2 sec in axons with a [Ca2+]i of 160 muM, and was negligible in axons with a [Ca2+]i of less than 0.5 muM. Taken together, the Na influx and Ca efflux data may indicate that the fluxes are coupled with a stoichiometry of about 3 Na+-to-1 Ca2+. Ca efflux into Na-free media required the presence of both Ca and an alkali metal ion (but not Cs) in the external medium. Ca influx from Li-containing media was greatly reduced when [Ca2+]i was decreased from 160 to 0.23 muM, or when external Li was replaced by choline. These data provide evidence for a Ca-Ca exchange mechanism which is activated by certain alkali metal ions. The observations are consistent with a mobile carrier mechanism which can exchange Ca2+ ions from the axoplasm for either 3 Na+ ions, or one Ca2+ and an alkali metal ion (but not Cs) from the external medium. This mechanism may utilize energy from the Na electrochemical gradient to help extrude Ca against an electrochemical gradient."
1159781,"It has been reported earlier that when rat liver is dispersed to a single cell  suspension, the parenchymal cells lose the ability to take up pyrimidine bases but acquire the ability to take up RNAase and macromolecular nucleic acids. It is now shown that these changes are largely reversed on intraperitoneal reaggregation of the parenchymal cells and that, in these respects, the aggregates behave more like the organized tissue than like the dispersed cells."
1159782,"The accumulation of several amino acids in the acid-soluble fraction and their incorporation into protein in rat liver parenchymal cell suspensions, has been shown to depend on the concentration of cells in the incubation medium; the uptake, both in the acid-soluble and the acid-insoluble fractions, decreased as the cell concentration increased from 0.03 X 10(6) cells/ml upwards, reaching a plateau at high cell concentrations (3-5 X 10(6) cells/ml). The uptake values at high cell concentrations were the same as those obtained in liver slices in which a similar effect was not observed. Evidence is presented which suggests that this phenomenon is mediated by a material released from the cells in suspension, which is inhibitory to enhancement of the uptake of amino acids by these cells over and above the value obtained in normal, adult liver slices."
1159788,"The abdominal escutcheon, and certain aspects of pre-anal organ morphology, have been studied in Sphaerodactylus spp. and Gekko vittatus respectively. These epidermal modifications are male characteristics. The sphaerodactyline escutcheon becomes larger by the peripheral addition of specialized scales with increasing size of the individuals: this relationship is much more clearcut in S. cinereus than in the notatus species group (sensu Shreves, '68), and the possible reasons for this are discussed. The number of pre-anal organs varies between populations of G. vittatus, but within populations remains constant throughout life. Individual organs increase steadily in size throughout life. These data are discussed with reference to current interpretations of gekkonid gland evolution, and of factors controlling epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation."
1159789,"In Tilapia mossambica organized lymphoid tissues are present in the thymus, head-kidney and spleen, whereas they are lacking in pericardial tissue, liver, mesonephros, intestine and rectum. No lymphoid tissue was observed in the chondrocranium and cartilaginous viscerocranium of young adults. The thymus in Tilapia is encapsulated by thin strands of collagen fibers and consists of outer, middle and inner zones. While middle and inner zones are comparable to the thymic cortex and medulla of higher vertebrates, the homology of the outer zone is not clear. At the anterior end of the thymus, a loose aggregation of lymphocytes without a definite boundary has been observed. The head-kidney is characterized by the presence of lymphoid follicles, a subcapsular sinus, a hilus-like area and lymphatic vessels. The spleen is grossly divisible into white pulp and red pulp; the white pulp contains only a reticular area without definite lymphoid centers and the latter contains predominantly erythrocytes. Morphological changes in the lymphoid organs associated with immune response have been discussed."
1159790,"The gross and microscopic anatomy of epidermal glands has been studied in laboratory maintained tokays (Gekko gecko), and house geckos (Hemidactylus bowringii) captured from the wild throughout the year. Annual testicular activity in the house gecko has also been studied. While no significant differences in glandular development at various times have been observed in G. gecko, there are clear-cut annual cycles in H. bowringii. The evolution of epidermal glands in gekkonid lizards is reviewed; the cellular dynamics of beta-glands are compared with those of unspecialized epidermis; the possibility that gekkonine epidermal glands respond to quantitative variation in circulating testosterone titers is discussed."
1159791,"Cell suspensions obtained by the dissociation of unincubated chick embryo blastoderms were allowed to reaggregate on a gyratory shaker for 24-48 hours. The reaggregates which form during this period consist of an inner phase of tightly packed cohesive cells surrounded by an external phase of loosely packed cells. This sorted out arrangement achieves its definitive form between 24 and 48 hours of rotation culture. It was determined that the external phase consists of primitive ectoderm and that the internal phase consists of primitive endoderm. Both 24- and 48-hour reaggregates were examined in the electron microscope and observations were directed to areas of close membrane apposition between cells. In 48-hour reaggregates, primitive endoderm cells were joined by many specialized junctions (desmosomes). The formation of desmosomes in reaggregates of dissociated unincubated chick embryo cells was correlated with the sorting out process."
1159792,"A consideration of head development in two species of Esox, lucius and americanus (ssp. vermiculatus) representing the two subgenera Esox and Kenozoa respectively, focused on the significance of the variations of the latero-sensory canal system, its associated bones, and other skeletal elements. In living forms only aspects of ""regression"" or specialization can be studied. Canals tend to be reduced to pit lines first at their termini but can be broken in their course. Pit lines range from nearly canals to surface structures, or even fail to develop. The number of neuromasts varies. Canal bones develop from two centers: neuromast related and deeper membranous centers which may have no relationship to neuromasts. Tooth-bearing and non-canal-related dermal bones have only membranous (original) centers. The number of neuromasts associated with a bone usually does not affect its development or form. In the case of the circumorbital bones, the extrascapulars, and the nasal, a one to one relationship has developed by regression--towards the development of the latero-sensory component only. The idea that reductions in bone number are commonly traceable to fusion is rejected although examples of fusion are know. Most bones that disappear are simply lost (no blastema or other evidence of their presence seen in development). The relationship between dermal bone and chondral bone is examined and there is evidence of the former giving rise to the latter. The ontogenic order of appearances shows a feeding (functional) correlation."
1159793,"The nucleus rotundus of 21 species of teleosts was studied by a modified Bodian and the Golgi method to clarify the histological organization, with special reference to the cell lamination and the glomerular formation. The common components of the nucleus in all species are as follows: a thick fiber bundle which comes from the commissura horizontalis and enters the nucleus from the dorsal surface, many small cells, large cells, glomeruli, and a surrounding fibrous capsule. The nuclei of all species studied are classified into three types mainly on the distribution of the small cells, and to a lesser degree on the location of the large cells and the glomeruli. The first type of nucleus has small cells, large cells and glomeruli throughout its extent. In the second type of nucleus, many small cells form a peripheral cell layer, while the large cells and glomeruli are found all over the nucleus. The third type of nucleus is clearly laminated. It is composed of four layers arranged concentrically around a central fiber net in the following order: a glomerular layer, a fibrous layer, a small-cell layer, and a peripheral fibrous capsule. In some species, the large cells are located in the fibrous capsule, and all glomeruli contain a star-like structure, which corresponds to the tips of the large cell dendrites."
1159794,"In vivo and in vitro experiments on the endocrine relationships of epidermal glands in the tokay Gekko gecko, and the common house gecko Hemidactylus bowringii are reported. The results show that certain aspects of beta-gland differentiation involve a synergistic action between androgens and those hormones responsible for controlling the normal shedding cycle, while other aspects are solely under androgenic control. Pre-anal organ activity appears to be solely under androgenic control."
1159797,"1. Parvalbumins were isolated from the white muscle of Cynoscion regalis, Leiostomus xanthurus, and Menticirrhus americanus of the Sciaenidae and Pomatomus saltatrix of the Pomatomidae. 2. Menticirrhus contains three isoparvalbumins. The other species contain two isoparvalbumins which are designated ""fast"" and ""slow"" in accord with their electrophoretic mobilities. Measurements of the denatured molecular weights show the ""slow"" isoparvalbumins have slightly larger apparent molecular weights, but all apparent molecular weights are in the range 10,400-14,000. 3. Amino acid compositional studies indicate that the fast and slow isoparvalbumins in these fish represent two distinct evolutionary lineages which appear to be evolving at different rates."
1159798,"We have prepared a variety of derivatives of adenosine which, at neutral pH's, carry protonated amine functions. These derivatives form stable helical structures with polyuridylic acid, but the melting points are not substantially higher than those of helical complexes formed by adenosine derivatives lacking cationic groups."
1159799,"Structural transitions in oligomeric proteins due to ligand binding are important in biomolecular regulatory processes. The transitions may occur on the secondary, tertiary or quarternary structure levels. Detailed consideration of the time sequence of ligand binding to the oligomer shows that there is an intrinsic dynamic asymmetry in all oligomer transitions, even if the initial and the final state are completely symmetric. This asymmetry has important bearing on the evolution and the divergence of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of oligomeric proteins. It may explain (at least in part) the occurrence of oligomeric proteins with similar but not identical protomers. Certain specific groups of oligomers are shown to be under greater evolutionary pressure for protomer structure divergence. The dynamic asymmetry of oligomer transitions also results in higher complexity in reaction kinetics. Some implications on ribosome structural evolution are discussed."
1159800,"The local stability of unbranched biosynthetic pathways is examined by mathematical analysis and computer simulation using a novel nonlinear formalism that appears to accurately describe biochemical systems.  Four factors affecting the stability are examined: strength of feedback inhibition, equalization of the values among the corresponding kinetic parameters for the reactions of the pathway, pathway length, and alternative patterns of feedback interactions. The strength of inhibition and the pattern of feedback interactions are important determinants of steady-state behavior.  The simple pattern of end-product inhibition in unbranched pathways may have evolved because it optimizes the steady-state behavior and is temporally most responsive to change.  Stability in these simple systems is achieved by shortening pathway length either physically or, in the case of necessarily long pathways, kinetically by a wide devergence in the values of the corresponding kinetic parameters for the reactions of the pathway.  These conclusions are discussed in the light of available experimental evidence."
1159801,"The major photoproduct obtained on irradiation of gaseous NH3 and CO mixtures is ammonium cyanate; lesser amounts of urea, biurea, biuret semi-carbazide, formamide and cyanide were observed.  The formation of the major gas phase photolysis product may be rationalized by the following reaction sequence: (see article).  Urea is probably formed from NH4NCO in a thermal reaction while formamide may result from the disproportionation of NH2CO.  Photocatalytic syntheses of 14C-urea, -formamide, and -formadehyde are effected by irradiation of 14CO and NH3 in the presence of Vycor, silica gel, or volcanic ash shale surfaces.  These syntheses are catalyzed by ultraviolet wavelengths longer than those absorbed by the gaseous reactants.  The syntheses are also effected when the surface material is first irradiated in the presence of CO followed by a dark incubation with NH3.  Apparently, the initiating step is a light dependent formation of a reactive form of CO on the surface.  A discussion is given on the possible contribution of these reactions to the abiotic synthesis of organic nitrogen compounds on Mars, on the primitive Earth and in interstellar space."
1159802,"The formation of packets of parallel oriented platelets and separating distances of several angstrom units in montmorillonite-water systems produces an intrinsic inhomogeneity with respect to the proton donating power of internal and external zones.  Stable packets can be induced by both inorganic and organic molecules or ions, in suspensions or in drying-out systems.  The coexistence of zones with different proton donating power was demonstrated by the pH-sensitive color reaction of benzidine, where stable packets of montmorillonite platelets were formed by the use of either paraquat or diquat.  The close proximity of the two types of zones, which can be of the order of several angstroms, produces the conditions which were defined by Katchalsky as essential for the polymerization of amino acids.  Since these enviromental conditions are quite common in nature, both at present and in prebiotic times, it is proposed that the inhomogeneity of clay-water systems with respect to proton donating power should be taken into account in both theoretical and experimental efforts to demonstrate the catalytic activity of clays in prebiotic synthesis."
1159803,"The notion of the probability of back mutation is introduced and the method of probability generating functions is used in order to simplify and unify the Holmquist's (1972) investigation of the effect of multiple hits on nucleotide differences between homologous DNAs.  We obtain explicit expressions for the distribution of the number of hit nucleotide sites, the number of altered sites, and the number of differences between two homologous DNAs, as functions of the total number of hits.  For the case where the hit rate is a known function of time, we derive a formula for extending these results as functions of time."
1159805,"Exposure of mouse and rat tumors of various types to more than 600 nm light 24 or 48 hours after an injection of hematoporphyrin resulted in a substantial number of long-term cures. Since hematoporphyrin is preferentially retained in tumor tissue, selective tumor destruction could be obtained. Light penetration studies and the high efficiency of this technique indicated its applicability even to certain deep-seated human tumors."
1159806,"Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide was fed to 400 rats at levels of 10 mg or 1 mg/kg body weight for 18 months. It produced a high incidence of nasal and liver tumors only in the group fed 10 mg/kg. Of diverse histologies, the nasal tumors included anaplastic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, neuroepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas, and a single fibrosarcoma. The nasal epithelium not involved in the neoplastic process showed dysplasia and hyperplasia."
1159807,"Sequential evaluations were made of the morphology and biochemistry of trigeminal nerves from control and ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-exposed rats from 1 day to 6 months of age. Distinct increases in cellularity were evident as early as 20 days after exposure to ENU. Corresponding increases in N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were detected at the same time. Transplantation studies were performed with grossly normal trigeminal nerves from 32-, 63-, and 91-day-old control and ENU-exposed rats. One of eight nerves from the 32-day-old ENU-exposed donors developed into neurinomas at the site of transplantation. No tumors developed from nerves of controls. These results indicate that the early increases in cellularity and acid hydrolase activities represent neoplastic rather than preneoplastic changes."
1159808,"A case-control dietary study of 198 patients with cancer of the colon and two matched control groups demonstrated a significantly lower fiber consumption frequency among the cancer patients. This difference was not confined to a few items. Of the 73 items on the fiber list, 61 were eaten less often by the cancer patient than by a neighborhood control, and 57 were consumed less frequently than by a surgical control. These findings support the hypothesis that low-residue foods play an etiologic role in colon carcinogenesis. A mechanism related to the possible potential carcinogenic properties of degraded biliary compounds may be implicated."
1159809,"The carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic activity of synthetic smog, ferric oxide (Fe2O3) dust, and a mixture of the two air contaminants was determined in a long-term inhalation study with Syrian hamsters. Inhaled Fe2O3 particles definitely enhanced diethylnitrosamine tumorigenicity in the peripheral lung. Synthetic smog did not. When tested at a concentration of 40 ppm methane equivalents or 40 mg/m3, respectively, neither air pollutant by itself appeared carcinogenic. Fe2O3 caused pulmonary fibrosis and synthetic smog caused alveolar bronchiolization in many of the exposed animals."
1159810,"The effects of topical administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) or its metabolites on BALB/cKi mice were reported on inflammatory skin reactions, the alterations in epidermal thickness, the number of nucleated cells, pyknotic nuclei and/or nuclear fragments, and mitotic figures in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE). In the two-stage carcinogenesis system, MCA, the powerful complete carcinogen, induced an ordered sequence of cell changes strikingly similar to those caused by tumor-promoting agents such as the phorbol esters. These changes were absent after application of the ""K-region"" oxide of MCA. Other MCA metabolites also failed to induce notable inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, and/or hypertrophy. Several MCA derivatives, however, caused a thinning of IFE paralleled by an increase in the relative number of pyknotic nuclei and a decrease in the total number of epithelial cells. The inhibitor of polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism alpha-naphthoflavone did not prevent MCA-mediated skin reactions but, under suitable conditions, apparently potentiated the hyperplastic effects of MCA. The findings indicate that important events in the promotion phase of MCA-mediated skin carcinogenesis might be associated with the parent compound rather than with one of its metabolites."
1159811,"Spontaneous adenocarcinomas of the ventral prostate were present in 7 of 41 aged (34- to 37-month-old), virgin, untreated male A X C rats. The only consistent gross evidence of possible neoplastic involvement was intraprostate hemorrhage. The principally intraglandular neoplasms were composed of markedly anaplastic epithelial cells which retained a moderate propensity to form glandular patterns. The nuclei of the neoplastic cells were pleomorphic, vesiculated, enlarged, and hyperchromatic. Mitotic figures were frequent. Interglandular connective tissue was invaded in one rat; however, metastases were not demonstrated."
1159812,"Tumors were induced sc in (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 female mice by various concentrations of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in paraffin pellets. There was an inverse relationship between MCA concentration and tumor latency (interval between MCA implantation and detection of gross tumor). The tumors were transplanted into syngeneic recipients, and material from this first transplant generation was used to immunize a series of syngeneic mice; any resulting growth was excised. Nonimmunized mice were controls. Immunized and control mice were irradiated and given an sc inoculation of a near-threshold number of tumor cells. Tumor growth from that inoculation was measured weekly in both groups and the antigenicity ratio (mean tumor size in controls/mean tumor size in immunized mice) was calculated. In a series of tumors with similar latencies, the only ones with high antigenicity ratios were those resulting from the high MCA concentration. The results suggested that tumors induced by low levels of oncogen may be good models of spontaneous neoplasia, strengthened the hypothesis that ""spontaneous' tumors may actually result from low levels of oncogen, and indicated that neoplastic transformation and the development of immunogenicity are, at least in chemically induced tumors, independent changes that may be produced in the same cell when the concentration of oncogen is sufficient."
1159813,"After one dose of adriamycin, a subacute cardiomyopathy was observed in the mouse by both light and electron microscopy. The microscopic alterations were characterized by single-cell necrosis and mitochondrial degeneration. These lesions were similar to those seen in man and shortly preceded fatal toxicity."
1159814,"A cage for continuous intra-arterial or intravenous infusion is described. Major features are: a) The animal is free to move during infusion, b) loss of the infused solution is avoided, c) cleaning and decontamination are simple, and d) infusion can continue for weeks."
1159815,"Highly immunogenic sublines of L1210 and LSTRA lymphomas were obtained from athymic (nude) mice treated with 4(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5(4)carboxamide (DIC) in vivo. Conventional mice, compatible with the parent tumor, rejected the DIC-treated sublines and were relatively resistant to a subsequent challenge with the parent lines. The DIC-treated sublines were not rejected by athymic mice, which indicated that the transplantation resistance to these tumors in conventional mice was thymus-cell dependent. In addition, there was marginal or no increase of tumor-cell immunogenicity when the parent lines were passaged in nude mice without DIC treatment. This indicated that the DIC-dependent immunogenic changes in DIC-treated leukemic conventional mice could not be ascribed merely to protection by naturally occurring antigenic clones that resulted from DIC-induced immunodepression."
1159816,"Groups of AKR mice bearing spontaneous leukemia-lymphoma were treated with five different combinations of chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Each treatment combination was given in two sequences--high dose first and low dose last, or low dose first and high dose last--administered over 6-7 days. When the initial treatment was a high dose of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy, mortality in the first 24 hours exceeded 40%, and at least 70% of the mice in each group were dead within 2 weeks. When low-dose chemotherapy was given first, mortality in the first 24 hours was minimal but, most significantly, no deaths occurred in the 24 hours after subsequent high-dose treatment. In the most successful group (100 mg cyclophosphamide/kg on day 0, and 250 mg cyclophosphamide/kg and 400 R total-body X-irradiation on day 7), the median survival time increased significantly as compared with the median survival time among mice given the same regimen in reverse sequence (p less than 0.001) or among untreated control mice (p less than 0.01). With this regimen, survival 60 days after the last treatment was 47%. No mouse survived 30 days when the sequence of treatments was reversed. From these results, we conclude that chemotherapeutic and chemoradiotherapeutic regimens for AKR spontaneous leukemia-lymphoma should be designed so that low, minimally lethal doses precede higher doses."
1159817,"Samples of tumor and normal mucosa from 32 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colorectum were examined for their capacity to bind radioiodinated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) lgG. Twenty-three (72%) of the tumors bound significantly more antibody than the respective normal mucosa. The results indicate that radiolabeled anti-CEA may be useful in the in vivo localization of CEA-producing tumors and metastases in man, and may have application in vitro as a diagnostic marker of precancerous change in colorectal biopsies from patients at risk of developing colorectal cancer."
1159818,"Bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher erythroblastosis virus produced five to twenty-five times more erythroid colonies in vitro in the absence of erythropoietin (EP) as compared to normal cells. A good correlation existed between the state of the disease and the number of hormone-independent erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E). A significant number of hormone-independent CFU-E was found as early as 3 days after infection. A linear relationship existed between the number of cells plated and the number of erythroid colonies formed in vitro. Addition of EP did not enhance colony formation, even at low cell concentrations. Feeder layer experiments demonstrated that EP-independent colony formation was not due to the production of endogenous EP. Repeated injections of phenylhydrazine into normal mice did not lead to the loss of EP responsiveness in vitro; this indicated that the hormone independency induced by the virus was not due to continuous erythropoietic stimulation in vivo. Besides hormone independency, the CFU-E from infected mice required less serum in the culture medium. Normal erythroid colonies regressed after 4 days of culture, but EP-independent colonies from infected mice persisted for more than 2 weeks. These three phenomena may be regarded as indicative for a physiologic transformation."
1159819,"Incubation of the carcinogenic arylhydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide or N-hydroxy-N-4-biphenylacetamide and tRNA with 105,000 times g supernatants of homogenates of human small intestine, liver, or colon led to formation of arylamine-substituted nucleic acid adducts. These data indicated that enzymes of human tissues could activate arylhydroxamic acids by N leads to O acyl transfer. The unstable N-acetoxyarylamines formed by these enzymes reacted spontaneously with the tRNA to give covalently linked adducts with the nucleic acid."
1159820,"Foreign-body (FB) tumorigenesis was induced in female CBH/H and CBA/H-T6 mice and their hybrids by sc implantation of about 0.2-mm thick, large (660-720 mm2) or small (210-400 mm2) pieces of glass, smooth-surfaced plastic, or roughened plastic (rigid unplasticized vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer). The tumorigenic process was analyzed in the various implantation groups by the evaluation of tumor incidences and latencies, and by the determination of 1) frequency of originator (""parent"") cells, 2) appearance of preneoplastic cells in FB-reactive capsule tissue, 3) expansion of preneoplastic cell clones throughout the tissue capsule, and 4) pace of cellular preneoplastic maturation in terms of time remaining until neoplastic autonomy. Established methods included transfer of preneoplastic FB-reactive tissue capsules to recipient animals (hybrids of CBA/H and CBA/Br or C57BL/10ScSn). Specific preneoplastic events or stages of FB tumorigenesis were affected differently, depending on the size, material, and surface properties of implants."
1159821,"Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) inhibited the growth of mouse leukemia lymphoblasts L5178Y in culture. RNA synthesis was repressed significantly within the first hour, and the rates of DNA and protein synthesis were significantly decreased within the second hour; maximum inhibition occurred after 24 hours. The ability of the cells to form colonies in soft agar was limited to a greater extent at much lower PHA concentrations. The cells lost their tumorigenicity in syngeneic DBA/2 mice after 4 hours of PHA treatment, when the viability was not appreciably decreased. The cultures of a PHA-resistant strain derived from a resistant colony cloned from the PHA-containing soft agar plate showed increased resistance toward PHA. A fourfold increase in PHA concentration was needed for the same rate of inhibition of the original cell line to be attained."
1159822,"The effects of two types of research cigarettes, which differed in their total smoke delivery and condensate, on the bronchial epithelium of Syrian hamsters were examined electronmicroscopically. The animals were exposed once a day for 5 days each week for 1 year to the total smoke of the cigarettes. Two groups and a control group were killed 1 day after the last exposure, and one group 12 months after the last exposure. The bronchial epithelia of all smoke-exposed animals were hyperplastic, and their ultrastructure showed invaginations, tilt of nuclear axes, an increase in the number and size of lysosomes and multivesiculated bodies, and increased numbers of enlarged intramitochondrial granules. Squamous metaplasia, rarely found, was present at the stage of filamentous bundle formation. The induced alterations were independent of the type of cigarette used. One year after smoking was terminated, the alterations had neither reversed nor advanced, as compared to those occurring 1 day after the last smoke exposure."
1159823,"Female Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed to equilibrium levels of tritiated water (HTO) during pregnancy. The tritium activities were 1, 10, 50, and 100 muCi HTO/ml body water which provided cumulative, whole-body radiation doses of approximately 6.6, 66, 330, and 660 rads. Administration of the radioisotope was terminated at parturition. Throughout their life-spans and at autopsy, the dams showed an increased incidence of mammary fibroadenomas at exposure to 330 and 660 rads. Although the data for the incidence of malignant mammary neoplasms were consistent with a linear dose response, the small numbers of tumors preclude specific definition of the dose-response curve. Postexposure life-spans for dams chronically exposed to 66, 330, and 660 rads during pregnancy were reduced by 14, 24, and 22%, respectively. Accelerated aging was also demonstrated in these rats: The mean age for mammary fibroadenoma onset decreased with an increasing dose of radiation."
1159824,"Epithelioid cells from the livers of normal and genetically impaired (Gunn) rats were established in long-term cultures in vitro. These cells grew as flat, epithelioid cobble-stone-type monolayers and showed a diploid karyotype. They secreted rat serum albumin and proteins into their growth media and contained aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Such cells were transformed by treatment with methylazoxymethanol acetate; they then exhibited an irregular, piling growth pattern, acquired the ability to grow in soft agar, and thereafter grew as tumors in hamsters given cortisone and in nude mice. These malignant spindle-cell tumors were reestablished in culture and still secreted serum albumin. The transformed cells became highly multinucleate when exposed to cytochalasin B and thus behaved like tumor cells. This behavior was not shown by the original cells. Cells transformed by benzo[a]pyrene failed to grow in soft agar culture or as tumor in animals. Cells were not affected by diethylnitrosamine."
1159825,"A single injection of Myleran reduced the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, i.e., colony forming unit(s) (CFU), and the erythropoietin-responsive cell (ERC) in polycythemic mice to around 0.5% that of the controls. Repeated injections of erythropoietin (EP) restored ERC populations, whereas the CFU remained at very low levels. This selective action of Myleran and EP in polycythemic mice seemed to be a good approach for the study of oncogenic action of Friend virus on target cells. When the CFU and ERC compartments were decreased, practically no response to the virus was obtained. When there was an appreciable ERC population present with decreased CFU, leukemogenesis still occurred (as judged by the increased spleen weight). This result was in proportion to the dose of EP, i.e., stimulation of the ERC or closely related cells."
1159826,"A transplantable, pregnancy-dependent, mouse mammary tumor line (TPDMT-4) showed a pregnancy-dependent growth in DDD breeders. The tumors grew during pregnancy, regressed rapidly after parturition, and reached ascending peaks in subsequent pregnancies. Growth without regression occurred in animals with pituitary isografts (PI), but not after the hosts were ovariectomized. The effects of ovariectomy was negated by sc injections of both 17beta-estradiol (E) and progesterone (P), but single injections of E or P did not abolish the effect of the ovariectomy. The tumors also grew in virgins given sc implants of E and P or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) pellets. Adrenalectomy had no influence on the tumor growth in PI-bearing animals, but DCA injections stimulated secretion production by both tumor cells and normal mammary cells. The hormonal conditions that produced tumor growth caused in the host mammary glands the full lobulo-alveolar development seen in mid- to late-pregnant animals. In the hosts without tumor growth, the mammary glands had small clusters of acini at most. The tumors were classified as type A morphologically. Our results suggest that the growth of TPDMT-4, like that of normal mammary glands, is controlled by prolactin, E, and P."
1159827,"The growth and metastasis of sc transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma were inhibited in C57BL/6J mice by treatment with pyran copolymer. The mean volume of the tumors of pyran-treated animals was 15% that of the saline-treated controls at day 33 post transplantation. Thereafter, the carcinomas gradually increased in volume. Pulmonary metastasis was first observed histologically at day 28 after pyran treatment, compared to day 15 after saline administration. All saline-treated animals died by day 48, whereas 70% of those given pyran remained alive. Tumor necrosis was much more extensive in the lesions of pyran-treated mice. Although neutrophils and monocytes, but few lymphocytes, infiltrated the subcutaneous connective tissue above the neoplasms of animals receiving saline, few leukocytes were present in other connective tissue sites around the tumor. In contrast, treatment with pyran was characterized by a shift at an early interval from a predominance of neutrophils to a predominance of histiocytes and some lymphocytes in the connective tissue above and around the subcutaneous tumor. These cells were often closely associated with degenerate-appearing tumor cells. Additionally, activated macrophages removed from the peritoneal cavity of pyran-treated, tumor-bearing mice exhibited nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro."
1159828,"The metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by liver microsomes in female A/HeJ mice fed a control diet or a diet containing butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was studied. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (AHH) was not changed by BHA feeding. However, the measurement of other parameters demonstrated that BHA feeding altered the microsomal system metabolizing BP. Incubation of BP and calf thymus DNA with liver microsomes from BHA-fed mice showed about half the binding of BP metabolites to DNA as compared to that of controls. The AHH activity of mice fed BHA was much more sensitive to in vitro inhibition by alpha-naphthoflavone than that of controls. The amount of cytochrome P450 was increased per unit weight of microsomal protein and liver in mice fed BHA. The ethyl isocyanide binding spectra were measured to see if alterations of cytochrome P450 might be produced by BHA feeding. The maximum at 430 nm was the same in control and BHA-fed mice. However, the maximum at 455 nm was lower in BHA-fed mice than in controls, which indicated that BHA had caused some changes. The data showed that BHA feeding resulted in altered properties of liver microsomes, including a decrease in BP metabolite binding to DNA."
1159829,Sera collected from mice rejecting an allogeneic tumor and showing arming activity for normal splenocytes increased target-cell lysis by immune cells when low (less than or equal to 25:1) attacker:target-cell ratios (A:T) were used but inhibited cytotoxicity at higher (100:1) A:T. The importance of this methodologic variable in studies of serum activity on cellular cytotoxicity is emphasized and the possible mechanisms are discussed.
1159830,"Mammary carcinomas were found at autopsy 98--100 days after irradiation in 12 of 14 (86%) multiparous Fischer female rats which had been adrenalectomized and given grafts of secretory pituitary tumor strain MtT-F4 soon after exposure to gamma-rays or fission neutrons. A single carcinoma was found in 1 of 10 unirradiated, MtT-bearing, adrenalectomized animals. When adrenalectomy was not done, no tumors were found in 8 unirradiated or in 13 irradiated MtT-bearing rats rats. In view of the well-established finding that Cortisol is essential for milk production, we suggested as a working hypothesis that, in the presence of high titers of mammotropic hormone and adrenal corticoids, differentiation of a given cell for milk secretion reduced that cell's proliferative potential. When such differentiation was precluded by adrenocorticoid deficiency, more irradiation-altered mammary epithelial cells retained their high proliferative potential and contributed to carcinoma formation."
1159831,"The incidence of neoplastic disease was determined by a mail survey of 2,872 young adults given X-ray treatments in infancy and of their 5,005 nonirradiated siblings. Newly diagnosed benign and malignant neoplasms appeared more frequently in the irradiated subjects than in their siblings or the age- and sex-matched general population of upstate New York. Only thyroid neoplasms occurred in sufficient numbers to permit statistical analysis for the effects on incidence of sex, age, and dose, and of being in a high-risk group (sub-group C). Thyroid cancers developed earlier in life than did benign neoplasms, especially in boys; benign goiters occurred after smaller doses, predominantly in females. Females had a greater risk of developing thyroid cancer than males--2,3 times for females of all ages and 5 times for young adults. Except for young adult females, there was no definite age effect. The risk of cancer (but not of benign goiter) was proportional to the thyroid dose, with a linear risk coefficient of 2.5/year/million people exposed to 1 rad for the entire irradiated population and 4.0 for subgroup C. The high risk of thyroid cancer in subgroup C may be the result of the high percentage of Jews, who had a 3.4-fold greater risk than non-Jews. Young adult Jewish females had a 17-fold increased risk. An incidental observation was an apparent increased incidence of asthma and rare diseases with abnormal immunologic features in the irradiated population."
1159832,"Lower incidence rates of cancer for all anatomic sites combined were found in male and female Spanish-surnamed residents of Los Angeles County when compared to other whites. These Mexican-Americans were at lower risk for cancer of the buccal cavity, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, breast, bladder, prostate, and testis, and were at higher risk for cancer of the stomach, gallbladder, liver, and cervix. Immigrant Mexican-Americans had incidence rates most divergent from other whites, whereas indigenous Mexican-Americans had rates between the other two groups. The cancer pattern in Mexican-Americans was generally similar to that in American Indians. These data were most consistent with environmental variations in cause."
1159833,"During 1960-69, 321 reported deaths among Alaskan natives (Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts) were attributed to cancer. This number is not significantly different from the cancer mortality of U.S. Caucasians during this period, but is significantly higher than that of U.S. Indians. The mortality of Alaskan natives from cancers of the nasopharynx, esophagus, kidneys, and salivary glands was significantly increased. Among Alaskan Caucasians, only nasopharyngeal cancer was in excess in both sexes. Deficits in mortality among Alaskan Caucasians for cancers of other sites may be attributable, at least in part, to selection factors associated with the migration of healthy workers into the State."
1159834,"The antigenic surface pattern of a continuous cell line (HT29) derived from a human primary carcinoma of the colon was studied by the immunofluorescence technique. Monovalent and polyvalent immune sera were used. The cells of this long-term culture kept the ability to synthesize the three principal colon tumor antigens: carcinoembryonic and nonspecific cross-reacting antigens, and the membrane-associated tissular autoantigen. On the HT29 cells, which still carry the original blood group of the tumor donor, no receptors for human Ig's were detected."
1159835,"Peritoneal macrophages from C3Hf/Bu mice treated with killed Corynebacterium granulosum bacteria were tested for their effect on in vitro growth of syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells, tumorigenic mouse L-P59 cells, human malignant melanoma cells, allogeneic fibroblasts, erythrocytes, and epithelial kidney cells. Only the cell cultures having neoplastic properties were destroyed by stimulated macrophages; the rate of tumor cell destruction was greater as the ratio of effector to target cells was increased. Neither irradiation nor trypsinization of macrophage monolayers altered the cytotoxicity of stimulated macrophages. The results indicated that C. granulosum activated macrophages to destroy tumor cells in an immunologically nonspecific manner but had no cytotoxic effect on normal allogeneic cells."
1159836,"Lewis lung adenocarcinoma growth was retarded by the oral administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC), and cannabinol (CBN), but not cannabidiol (CBD). Animals treated for 10 consecutive days with delta9-THC, beginning the day after tumor implantation, demonstrated a dose-dependent action of retarded tumor growth. Mice treated for 20 consecutive days with delta8-THC and CBN had reduced primary tumor size. CBD showed no inhibitory effect on tumor growth at 14, 21, or 28 days. Delta9-THC, delta8-THC, and CBN increased the mean survival time (36% at 100 mg/kg, 25% at 200 mg/kg, and 27% at 50 mg/kg, respectively), whereas CBD did not. Delta9-THC administered orally daily until death in doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg did not increase the life-spans of (C57BL/6 times DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice hosting the L1210 murine leukemia. However, delta9-THC administered daily for 10 days significantly inhibited Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly by 71% at 200 mg/kg as compared to 90.2% for actinomycin D. Experiments with bone marrow and isolated Lewis lung cells incubated in vitro with delta9-THC and delta8-THC showed a dose-dependent (10(-4)-10(-7)) inhibition (80-20%, respectively) of tritiated thymidine and 14C-uridine uptake into these cells. CBD was active only in high concentrations (10(-4))."
1159837,"Spleen cells from untreated young male and female C57BL/6 and C58 mice and of male C3H/He mice showed cytotoxic activity in vitro against BALB/c X-radiation-induced leukemia RL male 1 cells by 51Cr-releasing lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity (LMC) tests, but old mice of these strains lacked LMC activity. In contrast, spleen cells from male and female AKR, BALB/c, and DBA/2 mice, and from female C3H/He mice had no appreciable LMC activity. The proportion of active cells in spleens from young (C57BL/6 times BALB/c)F1 or reciprocal hybrid mice was higher in females than in males. The specificity of the LMC reaction of RL male 1 cells, determined by LMC inhibition assays, was somewhat different from that of previously reported serologic X.1 tests. Thus the antigen detected by LMC has been tentatively designated X.1'. The main effector cells in this system were uncharacterized cells not adherent to glass surfaces or nylon-wool columns. These findings in RL male 1 leukemia extend the evidence for the presence of naturally occurring LMC. With the single unexplained exception of strain C3H/He, the LMC activity against RL male 1 cells, exhibited by untreated mice of various strains, corresponded with a previous classification of mouse strains immunologically as X.1 responders or as X.1 nonresponders according to their ability to reject X.1-positive leukemia cells."
1159838,"Treatment of a transplantable leukemia in AKR mice with both amphotericin B and 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea cured a significant percentage of animals with advanced disease. Some long-term survivors developed paralysis, and they invariably demonstrated central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. Some of these animals had a systemic relapse of their leukemia, and the CNS appeared to act as a focus for systemic dissemination. The occurrence patterns and histopathologic features of the CNS leukemia in the long-term survivors were strikingly similar to those observed in humans with acute lymphoblastic leukemia."
1159839,"C57BL/6J mice inoculated sc with 50 mg of a transplantable Leydig cell tumor (M5480) demonstrated a reproducible pattern of slow tumor growth up to day 10 followed by rapid growth at the rate of approximately 0.5 g per day through day 27. The mean survival time of tumor-bearing mice was 33 days, when tumor weight accounted for more than 25% of total body weight. The rapid increase in weight occurring around day 10 resulted largely from a 20-fold increase in the quantity of extravasated blood inside the tumor, which in turn promoted a 50% reduction in host hematocrit. Sustained enlargement of M5480 during the third and fourth weeks of growth was supported by proliferation of tumor cells. Apart from blood-filled cavities, over 90% of the tumor consisted of neoplastic Leydig cells exhibiting generalized cytoplasmic features usually associated with mitotic activity. An activated macrophage was the next most abundant cell type, accounting for 2-3% of the nucleated cell mass. The remaining 3% was occupied by vascular elements, leukocytes, and giant cells. Depending on the age of the tumor, varying proportions of the cell population showed signs of anoxic degeneration. Degenerate cells were minimal at day 14, accounting for less than 4% of the total population, and maximal beyond day 21, when they occupied more than 50% of the cell mass."
1159840,"Lung adenomas were induced in strain A mice by chronic treatment with N-nitroso compounds (given in drinking water) and with amines or ureas in food plus NaNO2 in drinking water. We studied the effects of varying the concentrations of three N-nitroso compounds and NaNO2 concentration in the morpholine plus NaNO2 and methylurea plus NaNO2 systems. Sodium ascorbate (NaASC) at the highest level tested (11.5 or 23 g/kg food) gave 89-98% inhibition of adenoma induction by the NaNO2 plus piperazine, morpholine, and methylurea systems. In 7 groups, NaASC produced increases of 15-59% in adenoma induction by nitrosomorpholine (NM) and mononitrosopiperazine (MNP), possibly because the mice consumed more of the nitrosamine solution. Adenoma induction by morpholine plus NaNO2 was strongly inhibited by gallic acid, moderately inhibited by caffeine, and unaffected by thiocyanate (all added to the food). Gallic acid inhibited or had no effect on the action of NM and MNP. We discussed the proposal that NaASC (or perhaps gallic acid) be administered with readily nitrosatable drugs."
1159841,"Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea iv once weekly for 15 weeks at doses related to the mean lethal dose, developed tumors of the species-specific midventral sebaceous gland. These neoplasms were more frequent in males than females and were histologically classified as sebaceous adenomas or carcinomas of varying differentiation."
1159842,"B16 melanoma tumors and cultures are composed of cells with different melanin contents and replicative activities. The hypothesis was tested in vitro that these various cells constituted a population in the process of differentiation and maturation. Early cultures were predominantly composed of small, amelanotic cells with high replicative activity. Older cultures contained mostly larger and heavily melanotic cells with little or no replicative activity. Replicative activity, as measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine, was inversely proportional to cell size and melanin content. Colony-forming ability was impaired if the original cells were melanotic. Tumorigenicity was unaffected except in very old (9-day) cultures. Our results support the concept that malignant melanocytes undergo a sequence of developmental changes which eventuates in the production of mature cells characterized by enlargement, elevated melanin content, and reduced replicative and colony-forming capacity."
1159843,"Melanin granules were isolated from the Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma and from Amphiuma liver in highly purified form, as judged by electron microscopy and the lack of a mitochondrial enzyme marker. The granules from both tissues contained small amounts of DNA (less than or equal to 1% of the cell content) that was distinguished from nuclear DNA by the broadness of its buoyant density band in cesium chloride, by its sedimentation rate, and by a two-phased melting curve. The melanosome DNA could not be distinguished from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated. The results are discussed and the suggestion made that the melanin DNA may provide the information that led to the production of the granules."
1159844,"Development of resistance to actinomycin D, daunomycin, or vincristine in Chinese hamster cells growing in vitro resulted in reversion to or retention of normal phenotypes in comparison to spontaneously transformed drug-sensitive parent populations. Sublines resistant or cross-resistant to actinomycin D showed reduced uptake of antibiotic in proportion to degree of resistance. The cells with acquired resistance were either weakly tumorigenic or nontumorigenic when tested in the cheek pouches of weanling Syrian hamsters treated with cortisone. In contrast, parent cells and several amethopterin (methotrexate)-resistant sublines produced many tumors. Antibiotic- and Vinca-alkaloid-resistant cell lines showed oriented growth patterns often associated with the behavior of normal cells in culture; antibiotic-sensitive, tumorigenic lines had morphologic characteristics of malignant cells. The altered cell membrane properties that accompanied development of resistance or cross-resistance to actinomycin D appeared to account also for the lower oncogenic potential and greater cell adhesiveness of resistant cells relative to their malignant counterparts."
1159845,"Female Syrian hamsters were given a single sc dose of 45 mg diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/kg body weight on 1 of the 15 days of pregnancy. In the offspring of females treated on 1 of the first 11 days of pregnancy, no respiratory tract tumors were found. The offspring of mothers given DEN on 1 of the last 4 days (12-15) of pregnancy developed respiratory tract neoplasms at a rate of up to 95%. A lower incidence of tumors in other organs seemed independent of the day of DEN treatment."
1159846,"Since the route of administration of BCG may have an important function in immunotherapy, we investigated intralymphatic administration to direct BCG to the lymph nodes. Multiple injections of high doses of BCG were administered to 6 rhesus monkeys via the dorsal lymphatics of the lower limb. A suppurative lymphadenitis was observed along the lower limb and in the inguinal area in 5 of the 6 monkeys. However, many of the complications reported with other routes of administration were not observed. Granulomatous reactions and histiocytic responses developed in lymph nodes on the injected sides of the pelvis and distant nodes as well as in the liver. The intralymphatic route is the method by which high doses of nonspecific immunostimulants were delivered to regional lymph nodes. The efficacy of this approach remains to be established in tumor-bearing animals and humans."
1159847,"Three oxygenated N-nitrosopiperidines--nitroso-3-piperidinol, nitroso-4-piperidinol, and nitroso-4-piperidone--were prepared and given in drinking water at equivalent molar doses to Sprague-Dawley rats. All were potent carcinogens, 100% of the rats developed tumors in all treatment groups. Nitroso-3-piperidinol resembled nitrosopiperidine in inducing a high incidence of tumors of the nasal cavity and upper alimentary tract, and a few liver tumors. Nitroso-4-piperidinol and nitroso-4-piperidone caused a high incidence of tumors of the nasal cavity but very few tumors of the upper alimentary tract. After treatment with the 4-substituted compounds, a high incidence of liver tumors was observed in females but not in males."
1159848,"Immediate and delayed effects of nitrogen mustard (HN2) (0.1 mg/kg/day for 4 days) on the growth and cell proliferation patterns of the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced autogenous rat sarcoma were studied. Tumor cells were labeled continuously with 0.5 muCi tritiated thymidine/g for 24 hours. The labeling index fell from 36.4 to 14.0% and the mitotic index from 0.88 to 0.67% after two treatments with HN2. At that time, tumor growth stopped and remained arrested during HN2 administration. After four injections of HN2, the labeling index was reduced further to 0.73% and the mitotic index to 0.36%. After the drug was withdrawn, tumor growth resumed at the pretreatment rate, even though the labeling index on day 3 was only 15.5% (or 40% of the control). The percent labeled mitosis curves and DNA contents, before and 4 days after HN2 was given, were similar. It was concluded that a subpopulation of cells of predominantly short intermitotic times caused tumor growth before and after drug treatment."
1159849,"A murine anaplastic sarcoma and an in vitro cell line established from it were studied by the TG banding technique. The neoplasm originated in a BALB/c mouse inoculated with human tumor cells. Microchromatin bodies were found in 100% of the karyotypes in the original tumor and in the 120 in vitro passages. A long marker chromosome, also observed in all metaphases, was interpreted as a translocation in tandem of a No. 16 chromosome into a No. 1; this involved loss of the centromeric part of chromosome No. 1."
1159851,"Components of mycobacterial cell wall(s) (CW) attached to oil droplets were evaluated for their ability 1) to inhibit the growth of line-10 tumor transplants in the skin of syngeneic guinea pigs when inoculated together with 10(6) tumor cells (suppression experiments) and 2) to regress established 7-day-old intradermal tumors and eradicate microscopic lymph node metastases upon injection into the tumors (regression experiments). CW and cell-wall skeleton (CWS) preparations from Mycobacterium phlei, a fast-growing saprophyte of group IV of the atypical mycobacteria, suppressed tumor growth in essentially all animals when 37.5-mug doses were administered; at a dose of 300 mug, they cured 50-60% of the animals in regression tests. The addition of 300 mug of a purified trehalose mycolate, isolated from M. tuberculosis strain Aoyama B, to 300 mug M. phlei CW or CWS preparations significantly increased their tumor regressive potency to provide cure rates to about 90%. Because M. phlei can be propagated more readily, it can be used advantageously in place of BCG to prepare stable, non-living immunologic adjuvants of defined composition and consistently high potency to meet the need for standards with minimal residual malignant disease."
1159852,"Lethality of Candida albicans was monitored in (C57BL times DBA/2)F1 mice bearing the transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma and in sham-operated controls inoculated with Hanks' balanced salt solution. The lethal response to C. albicans infection was significantly delayed in animals inoculated with the microorganism 6-16 days after transplantation of the Lewis lung carcinoma. Maximal increases in survival times were observed when C. albicans was inoculated 8-12 days following tumor transplantation. Therefore, a delay in the lethal response to C. albicans in this untreated model murine tumor system could be elicited through implantation of the Lewis lung carcinoma; preliminary studies with some other model murine tumors and with cell-free filtrates indicated that this phenomenon is not restricted to the Lewis lung carcinoma."
1159868,"Gastroduodenoscopy with biopsy was performed in nine patients within 5 days after major thermal injury. Biopsies were evaluated by special histochemical techniques to visualize and differentiate cellular mucosubstances. Acute gastroduodenal lesions were encountered early and frequently in 78% of adult burn patients. The early occurrence, morphology, and histology of these lesions suggest that alterations in gastric mucosal blood flow may play an important etiologic role. A decreased production of gastric mucus does not appear to be an etiologic factor since acute gastric mucosal disease was encountered in most patients despite normal quantities of cellular mucosubstances."
1159869,"A unique previously unreported injury is described, namely the avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament from its femoral attachment, as an isolated injury. The mechanism of injury, i.e., hyperextension, is also unique although it is one that is commonly experienced by riders attempting to start their motorcycles."
1159870,"The surgical management of 75 consecutive blunt liver injuries seen at the Albany Medical Center between 1969 and 1973 is reviewed and analyzed. The most common associated injury was right lower rib fractures which were found in one out of three patients. The spleen was the intra-abdominal organ most commonly injured (one out of four patients). The symptoms and signs of blunt liver injury may be misleading, since in one out of five cases there was no clinical evidence of intra-abdominal injury. The findings of fractured ribs on the right side associated with hypotension and a positive peritoneal tap demand immediate abdominal exploration. In patients with large amounts of disrupted hepatic tissue, a wedge resection was preferred over either simple debridement or hepatic lobectomy. A simple technique for limited hepatic resection provided fast, safe control of massive hemorrhage. The overall mortality was 33.3%. In six patients death was ascribed directly to the liver injury. The results of the present study suggest that death from liver injury per se can generally be prevented by prompt adequate surgical control of hemorrhage. When mortality occurs in these patients it is a result of injury to other organ systems."
1159871,The management of eleven patients with major venous and associated liver injuries has been summarized. Aggressive resuscitation includes early operative intervention. Repair of venous injury can be effected if hemorrhage is contained and stepwise exposure instituted. The critical steps in management include: 1) thoraco-abdominal exposure; 2) intermittent occlusion of the porta hepatis; 3) total liver mobilization; 4) judicious use of cava-hepatic bypass.
1159872,"A 22-week training program for EMT-A technicians, developed at the University of Connecticut Health Center, has been described. The program is coordinated by a trauma surgeon and a security officer, and teaching is carried out by faculty, residents, emergency-room nurses, experienced rescue-team members, EMT firemen, and the like. Lectures and videotaped practical problems are used. High levels of teaching and cooperation between the university health center and the community were maintained."
1159874,"Two large series of civilian-incurred (212) and combat-incurred (228) tibial shaft fractures are compared. Closed tibial fractures were treated by closed manipulation and weight bearing ambulation in a long leg plaster cast. Open injuries following wound exploration and debridement were treated similarly with wound closure. Combat-incurred tibial shaft fractures responded similarly to civilian-incurred injuries. Allowing an open fracture to heal with exposed bone at the fracture site resulted in an average time to removal of external immobilization only two weeks greater than for the uncomplicated tibial fracture. Whether weight bearing ambulation was instituted immediately (24-48 hr) or early (3-4 wk) did not shorten the time to removal of external immobilization. The infection rate in 289 open tibial fractures (228 combat-incurred and 61 civilian-incurred) was 3.8%, and all infections occurred in the open penetrating injuries."
1159873,"Analyses of 67 cases again emphasized that the following factors are critical in management: 1) early cerebral arteriography, followed by definitive surgery if indicated; 2) immediate pulmonary assessment with normalization of respiratory performance; 3) constant vigilance for associated injuries and appreciation of known medical diseases; 4) consideration of the use of ventricular pressure monitoring and drainage in suitable cases."
1159875,"Penetrating injuries of the thoracic and abdominal aorta are controlled and repaired successfully with increasing frequency. Penetration of the suprarenal abdominal aorta has been associated with a high mortality rate because of difficult exposure and associated injuries. Between January 1969 and July 1973, 28 patients have undergone operative treatment for traumatic injury to the suprarenal aorta and other associated thoraco-abdominal injuries with 10 long-term survivors. Eight survivors sustained their injuries during the last 3 years, when a medial mobilization of the viscera was the preferred approach. Dacron prosthetic material was employed in seven patients, and in two there was ligation of the celiac axis. With satisfactory exposure, control of exsanguinating hemorrhage, and utilization of available vascular reconstructive techniques, successful management of this relatively inaccessible intra-abdominal lesion can be accomplished in an increasing number of patients."
1159876,"1) In major vein trauma, an attempt should be made to repair the vein. 2) Whenever possible, lateral suture seems to be the ideal type of repair. However, excellent results can be obtained with end-to-end anastomosis. 3) When the damaged segment of the vein is too long to permit end-to-end approximation, a vein interposition graft (and if necessary, a composite tube) appropriate to the width of the injured vein and length of the gap should be employed. Use of synthetic grafts should be avoided. 4) Although the importance of a distal temporary A-V fistula is still disputed, the present authors have adopted this method in the graft repair of the femoral vein in the groin. Better results were obtained in the cases in which the fistula functioned than in those in which it became occluded."
1159878,"Bullet emboli from peripheral wounds occur with sufficient frequency that they must be considered in every case of missile injury not accompanied by an exit wound. A case is presented which demonstrated a venous migration of such a bullet from the axillary vein into the femoral vein through the heart, presumably by gravity."
1159880,"A case of successful removal of a catheter foreign body retained in the right atrium for 6 months is presented. The hooked catheter approach was used to retrieve the catheter from the right atrium. Due to the hook configuration of the retrievers, the catheter had to be surgically excised from the common femoral vein. Subsequently a system was developed and used successfully in other cases which eliminates the need for performance of a further surgical procedure to remove successfully the catheter or retrieval device."
1159893,"A comparative study of the in vitro reaction kinetics of the virion RNA polymerase of influenza A strains WS and WSN was conducted to establish phenotypic differences for enzyme activity that might be exchanged as genetic markers among recombinants of these viruses. Characteristically, the RNA polymerase activity of WS virus showed an initial rate of synthesis about two- to threefold higher than that of WSN when assayed at 32 C. The two strains were also distinguishable by comparing the transcription rates of each strain at 32 and 37 C. The initial rate of WS was invariably higher at 37 than at 32 C, whereas the opposite was found with WSN. When a series of recombinants obtained from mixed infections with the WS and WSN viruses were examined for virion transcriptase activity, it was found that the two polymerase related markers behaved as properties which segregated independently of each other and of additional nonselective markers that were scored. Seven temperature-sensitive mutants of WSN virus representing distinct recombination-complementation groups were found to show a diminished transcriptase activity as compared to wild-type virus, and one of these clones (ts 24) was largely deficient for this function. None of these mutants appeared to possess a heat-liable virion polymerase."
1159894,"Cleavage of adenovirus-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) DNA linear duplex monomers with the restriction endonuclease R-EcoRI yielded three fragments, A, B, and C, having approximate mol wt of 1.6 X 10(6), 1.1 X 10(6), and 1.3 X 10(5), respectively. Radioactive labeling the 5' termini of AAV DNA before cleavage with R-EcoRI showed that A and B were terminal fragments and C was internal. Separation of the complementary strands of fragments A and B showed that A contained the 5' terminus of the minus strand and the 3' terminus of the plus strand, and conversely for fragment B. The physical map of the AAV R-EcoRI fragments can thus be unambiguously determined and is drawn with B at the left-hand and A at the right-hand end. On this map, transcription of stable AAV mRNA from the minus strand proceeds from left to right, beginning in fragment B and terminating in fragment A. The asymmetry in distribution of thymidine between the AAV DNA plus and minus strands is preferentially located in fragment A, which represents the right-hand half of the duplex molecule. These experiments enable preparative separation of all four single-strand termini of AAV DNA and provide a basis for orientation of fragment maps derived by cleavage with other restriction enzymes."
1159895,"The glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus, grown in chicken embryo cells, were labeled with radioactive sugars. The data indicate a high mannose content of the nonstructural precursor glycoprotein NSP 63. This protein can also be readily labeled with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are relatively rich in galactose, glucosamine, and fucose. Glycosylation can be impaired by 2-deoxy-D-glucose or D-glucosamine or by omission of sugars in the culture medium. Under these conditions characteristic changes in the electrophoretic profile of the viral polypeptides are observed: in the regions of glycoproteins NSP 97, NSP 63, and E1 and E2 new protein peaks can be detected. These polypeptides seem to be aberrant forms of the glycoproteins. When compared with the normal molecules they have lower molecular weights and contain less carbohydrates, especially mannose. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that the altered glycoproteins are degraded very slowly if at all. If, however, impairment is caused by omission of sugars in the culture medium, the radioactivity is chased after addition of glucose from the region between NSP 63 and E1 + E2 into the E1 + E2 peak. This suggests a completion of the carbohydrate chains under these conditions."
1159896,"Replicative form DNA of bacteriophage f1 was found to be sensitive in vitro to restriction by endonuclease R-EcoRII if the DNA was isolated from an Escherichia coli strain deficient in cytosine methylase activity. A similar observation was previously made with DNA from the closely related bacteriophage fd (S. Schlagman, S. Hattman, M. S. May, and L. Berger, submitted for publication). The two DNA fragments produced by the endo R-EcoRII digestion of f1 DNA were localized on the f1 cleavage map and their genetic content was determined. The polypeptides synthesized in a ""coupled"" transcription-translation system under the direction of each RII fragment were examined. The results of such experiments allow the ordering of genes V and VII and indicate the location of a RNA promotor for gene VIII."
1159897,"We investigated the protein composition of the lipid-containing bacteriophage phi 6. We also studied the synthesis of phage-specific proteins in the host bacterium Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB10Y. The virion was found to contain 10 proteins of the following molecular weights: P1, 93,000; P2, 88,000; P3, 84,000; P4, 36,800; P5, 24,000; P6, 21,000; P7, 19,900; P8, 10,500; P9, 8,700; and P10, less than 6,000. Proteins P3, P9, and P10 were completely extracted from the virion with 1% Triton X-100. Protein P6 was partially extracted. Proteins P8 and P9 were purified by column chromatography. The amino acid composition of P9 was determined and was found to lack methionine. Labeling of viral proteins with [35S]methionine in infected cells indicated that proteins P5, P9, P10, and P11 lacked methionine. Treatment of host cells with UV light before infection allowed the synthesis of P1, P2, P4, and P7; however, the extent of viral protein synthesis fell off exponentially with increasing delay time between irradiation and infection. Treatment of host cells with rifampin during infection allowed preferential synthesis of viral proteins, but the extent of synthesis also fell off exponentially with increasing delay time between the addition of rifampin and the addition of radioactive amino acids. All of the virion proteins were seen in gels prepared from rifampin-treated infected cells. In addition, two proteins, P11 and P12, were observed; their molecular weights were 25,200 and 20,100, respectively. Proteins P1, P2, P4, and P7 were synthesized early, whereas the rest began to increase at 45 min post-infection."
1159898,"We have found by negative staining electron microscopy that when similar concentrations of adenovirus and reovirus (viruses of about the same diameter, 75 to 80 nm, and density, 1.34 to 1.36 g/cm3) were incubated with a carbon support film containing microtubules, 72% of adenovirus on the grid, but only 32% (equivalent to random association) of reovirus, were associated with microtubules. Similar concentrations of both larger and smaller particles, such as polystyrene latex spheres and coliphage f2, also exhibited a low degree of interaction, viz., 17 to 37%, with microtubules. Moreover, 90% of microtubule-associated adenovirus binds to within +/- 4 nm of the edge of microtubules, but lower fractions (again equivalent to a random association) of the other particles bind to the edge of the microtubules. The mechanism behind this phenomenon, which we denote as ""edge binding,"" is presently obscure; however, it provides us with a second, albeit empirical, method to distinguish between the microtubular association of adenovirus and other particles. We found that edge binding of adenovirus also occurred when adenovirus was initially placed on the carbon support film and then incubated with microtubules and when adenovirus and microtubules were mixed prior to placement on the support. In contrast, reovirus or the other particles prepared by similar techniques exhibited a random amount of edge binding. The binding of adenovirus appears to involve the hexon capsomers of the virion since (i) high resolution electron micrographs showed that the edge of the virus was in contact with the edge of the microtubules, and (ii) adenovirions briefly treated with formamide to remove pentons and fibers bind as efficiently as intact virions. Core structures, which were obtained by further formamide degradation of the virion, do not associate with microtubules. These observations support the hypothesis of Dales and Chardonnet (1973) that the transport of adenovirions within infected cells is mediated by interaction with microtubules."
1159899,"A physical map of the adeno-associated virus type 2 genome has been constructed on the basis of the five fragments produced by the restriction endonucleases HindII + III from Hemophilus influenzae. There are three endo R-HindII cleavage sites and one endo R-HindIII site. Evidence has been obtained to support the existence of two nucleotide sequence permutations in adeno-associated virus DNA, the start points of which have been estimated to be separated by 1% of the genome. The three cleavage fragments produced by endo R-Eco RI have been ordered and oriented with respect to the endo R-HindII + III cleavage map."
1159900,"Actinophage MSP2 is infectious for Streptomyces venezuelae S13. Based upon electron microscopy of coliphage T4 mixed with MSP2, MSP2 had a head about 48 +/- 2 nm wide and 87 +/- 5 nm long. DNA from polyoma virus and from coliphages T4 and T7 served as reference markers in estimating the molecular weight of MSP2 DNA from sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Denatured MSP2 DNA was estimated to be about 17 x 10(6) and double-stranded MSP2 DNA was about (36 +/- 1.6) x 10(6) in molecular weight."
1159901,"We herein describe 44 new cases of leukoplakia of the renal pelvis, bladder and urethra. Leukoplakia is uncommon. It occurs twice as often in the bladder as in the pelvis and ureter and it is associated with and perhaps caused by chronic infection. Carcinoma is present in 10 to 20 per cent of the cases at diagnosis. We believe that leukoplakia is not simple squamous metaplasia but a step further down the line--a process that evolved through squamous metaplasia and perhaps could result in cancer. We think leukoplakia is potentially pre-malignant and it should be treated as a low grade and low stage tumor since no satisfactory treatment exists."
1159902,While an operation is rarely indicated for a small intrarenal calculi their presence can result in the loss of an individual's career in selected occupations. Because of this problem in military aviators the technique of intrarenal manipulation of these calculi with vascular catheters and guide wires was devised. With this method 2 young fliers were freed of calculi and allowed to resume their chosen career. Additional experience with the procedure is indicated to further delineate its limitations and applications.
1159903,A solitary renal caliceal calculus may require surgical management when it becomes symptomatic or is the contributing factor in urinary tract infection. Segmental nephrotomy is an effective approach to remove a solitary calculus accurately with minimal loss of parenchyma. Calirrhaphy may be accomplished simultaneously.
1159904,"Indications for an operation on renal artery aneurysms include patients 1) with a rupture or an impending rupture, 2) with a possibility of pregnancy, 3) with hypertension and renin differentials suggesting remediable disease and 4) with functional or symptomatic impairment traceable to the aneurysm proper. If the aneurysm is calcified some temporization may be justified, although this observation alone should be only of secondary importance. The size of the aneurysm is likewise generally of secondary value. Of course, the patient's picture and expectancy need balancing in the decision. Conservative management in other situations is acceptable, particularly for the elderly."
1159905,"Spontaneous rupture of the kidney involves either the collecting system or parenchyma, the latter being associated with a subcapsular or perirenal hematoma. A review was made of 78 cases of spontaneous parenchymal rupture with perirenal hematoma, including 4 of our own. One of these cases is the first description of spontaneous rupture of the kidney secondary to renal vein thrombosis. The patients are usually in the fourth decade of life and present with an acute onset of flank pain, a tender mass and commonly symptoms and signs of shock. Hematuria is often present and generally urography reveals a mass, distorted collecting system and/or non-visualization of the kidney. Tumors are the most common cause followed by vascular diseases, infection, nephritis and blood dyscrasias. Nephrectomy when possible should be performed expeditiously since conservative therapy is uniformly unsuccessful."
1159907,"The fact that approximately 95 per cent of asymptomatic renal masses are benign is a compelling reason for the streamlined diagnostic approach which is described herein. Within the confines of these guidelines for the study of renal masses, when proceeding from simple to complex methods of evaluation, one should always consider the age of the patient, the status of the cardiovascular system, the radiologic appearance of the mass on drip infusion nephrotomography and the results of renal echography as qualifying determinants and then propose the logical sequence of individualized studies under the best possible circumstances."
1159908,"Before a ureteral operation is undertaken for dilated, non-refluxing ureters it is essential to determine whether obstruction is present, since an operation is unnecessary and can be hazardous if there is no obstruction or infection. Obstruction is most accurately diagnosed by perfusing the upper tract at a known flow rate and measuring the resulting pressure. This test was performed on 5 patients in whom there was doubt as to the presence of obstruction from the radiographic evidence. In 4 of the 5 patients low pressure was found, the obstruction was excluded and an operation was avoided. In the fifth patient the obstruction was confirmed and relieved. The pressure flow test is useful in the diagnosis or exclusion of obstruction in the upper urinary tract."
1159909,"In order to diagnose and treat patients with micturitional disturbances it is necessary to obtain as much information as possible about the function of the lower urinary tract in each case. We studied 70 female patients with micturitional disturbances by monitoring pulse, respiration, intrinsic bladder pressure, urine flow rate and volume, and detrusor and sphincter electromyograms during a 2 to 4-hour period. As earlier investigators have shown, there are 2 types of detrusor electromyograms: low frequency and high frequency activity. The low frequency activity is random in nature and has definite patterns in disturbed bladder function. It is a useful diagnostic parameter and, when considered with the results of the sphincter electromyograms and pressure recordings, it provides much diagnostic information in this group of patients. The high frequency activity is similar to that of striated muscle."
1159910,"Open surgical drainage is not necessary in all patients with bladder rupture. Two patients with an extraperitoneal rupture and 1 with an intraperitoneal rupture were successfully managed with urethral catheter drainage only. Our rationale and specific criteria for this treatment are presented. We believe that in selected patients urethral catheter drainage is a safe, simple and effective method of treating the ruptured bladder."
1159911,"Patients with bladder tumors underwent a course of topical bladder instillation of 20 mg. mitomycin C in 20 ml. sterilized distilled water 3 times weekly for a total of 20 procedures. In 22 of the 50 patients (44 per cent) the tumors disappeared completely, while in 16 patients (32 per cent) there was partial disappearance and in 12 patients (24 per cent) there was no affect. Therefore, the total effective rate was 76 per cent. We concluded from our studies that mitomycin C topical therapy could be applied to low stage and low grade bladder tumors less than 1 cm. in diameter, without regard to the number of tumors. We now use mitomycin C topical therapy in all cases of bladder tumors. Local bladder reaction was noted in 3 cases but a complete course of therapy was accomplished in each case--in 2 cases without interruption of treatment and in 1 case by delaying treatment for 1 week. Abnormal values of hematocrit, white blood cells and platelets in blood were not observed during therapy."
1159912,"Specimens obtained after scraping the bladder mucosa were found to be of excellent quality because of the large cell harvest and the minimal inflammatory exudate. In addition, tumor recurrence could be predicted in a significant number of cases with this technique."
1159913,Abnormal tryptophan metabolism in patients with bladder carcinoma has been reported to have an extremely high correlation with future tumor recurrences. The methods for determination of these urinary metabolites have not been applicable for routine clinical use in the past. A new method is described using thin layer chromatography followed by fluorescent scanning with the SD 3000 spectrodensitometer. The range of recovery for the 6 tryptophan metabolites was from 96.9 to 106.7 per cent. In our study 31 per cent of the male and 50 per cent of the female bladder cancer patients had 2 or more abnormal tryptophan metabolites.
1159914,"Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like activity was increased (more than 1.5 ng. per ml.) in 61 per cent of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The frequency of abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen values correlated with the extent and the grade of the tumor. However, urinary tract infection can produce abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen values in non-cancer patients. The use of urinary carcinoembryonic antigen measurement and urine cytologic examination for diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma gave a better diagnostic yield than did use of either test alone. In transitional cell carcinoma patients with abnormal preoperative urinary carcinoembryonic antigen values, postoperative urinary carcinoembryonic antigen values were useful for determining completeness of tumor resection. However, with total cystectomy and creation of an ileal conduit or ureterosigmoidostomy, urinary carcinoembryonic antigen values increased markedly postoperatively. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen values were of little value in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma."
1159915,A review was made of 111 spinal cord injury patients who underwent bladder rehabilitation. The essential mode of treatment was intermittent catheterization. About 91 per cent of the patients were free of the catheter after 3 to 168 days of intermittent catheterization. Acute patients given an initial dosage of 30 to 40 mg. bethanechol chloride 3 times daily for 2 to 3 weeks recovered reflex activity in almost half the period (average of 32 days compared to 79 days). Modified sphincterotomy at the bladder neck was performed in 10 patients. This procedure improved the results to 98 per cent catheter-free reflex bladder status in the group of patients.
1159916,"Intermittent catheterization was used as a method to achieve reflex voiding and a catheter-free status in 111 chronic spinal cord injury patients. Of this group 70 patients achieved reflex (automatic) voiding within 90 days, or a mean of 19 days. Five patients required transurethral incision of the external urethral sphincter after achievement of automatic voiding because of elevated residual urine. Chronic urinary tract infection persisted in 16 per cent of the patients after completion of the program. No sequelae occurred because of the coexistent urinary tract infection. An 18-month followup disclosed stability in renal function and appearance of pyelograms. Urethral, scrotal and bladder complications secondary to chronic indwelling urethral catheters have been eliminated in these patients. Patient endorsement and enthusiasm have been spectacular and have overwhelmingly contributed to an ongoing, successful program."
1159917,"The mechanism of infertility after high retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was studied in 36 patients. In 35 patients infertility occurred because of unavoidable seminal vesicular and ductus deferential sympathetic denervation, with consequent aspermia. Potency and orgasm were unchanged in all patients and there was no evidence of retrograde ejaculation. The findings suggest that sympatholytic drugs be studied for possible application as reversible male contraceptives."
1159918,"Patients with bilateral aplasia of the vas deferens have been considered sterile. In 2 such patients a segment of great saphenous vein, anastomosed to the globus major, was used to accept and store spermatozoa. Aspirations of the venous cap of the patient B at 1 and 4 months revealed numerous sperm with normal morphology and poor motility. At re-exploration of patient A, 4 months after the original venoepididymal procedure, the venous cap was found to be obliterated by scar tissue yet the epididymal tubules remained dilated. A 12-inch segment of the epididymal tubule was compressed between glass slides to obtain sperm in this patient. However, attempted insemination with this sperm was unsuccessful. Our results with the venous cap are disappointing."
1159919,The primary objective of our study was to obtain pure cultures of prostatic epithelium. The phenomena of encapsulation by epithelial cells and hypocellularity in stroma occurred when explants of human prostatic tissue were maintained in suspension cultures. Hypocellularity progressed with time and was more pronounced in encapsulated explants. When encapsulated explants were allowed to attach to the substrate they formed an outgrowth of epithelial cells in a monolayer. The significance of these findings is in the use of the described changes in isolating and establishing epithelial cultures of human prostatic epithelium. These cultures are required for studies on the biology of prostatic epithelium and the etiology and treatment of prostatic neoplasia.
1159920,In a continuing search for karyotypic changes characterizing various human cancers we have examined in detail with Q and G banding techniques the chromosomal constitution of a metastatic cancer of the prostate. The results obtained with these techniques present not only what is to our knowledge the first description of the chromosome constitution in cancer of the prostate but also the first observation of an isochromosome 17 marker in a cancerous state other than a blood disease. Only further studies on the precise identification of individual chromosomes in other cancers will reveal the significance of this marker in human cancer.
1159921,"The usefulness of prophylactic diuretic therapy with furosemide was investigated in 6 patients with stages III and IV prostatic cancer who were undergoing diethylstilbestrol therapy. A significant increase was noted in sodium and water excretion, whereas outputs of chloride and potassium, and serum electrolyte concentrations, blood volume, blood pressure and body weight remained unchanged. The results demonstrate the value of diuretics in preventing fluid retention whenever large doses of estrogen are to be used in the treatment of prostatic cancer."
1159922,"The effects of age, histological grade and clinical extension of carcinoma of the prostate are analyzed in a series of 213 patients with stage C carcinomas treated by total perineal prostatectomy. Survival data and the incidence of local recurrence, distant metastases and deaths from cancer of the prostate are the parameters used for comparison with 132 stage B patients, 70 patients with seminal vesicle invasion and data from the literature. Long-term survivors in the young age group and some long-term survivors with high grade lesions are good arguments for the possible curability of early stage C carcinoma of the prostate by total prostatectomy. Correct surgical staging of these tumors by previous pelvic lymphadenectomy is mandatory."
1159923,The add-on ileal loop is a procedure designed to create sufficient ileal conduit length to allow for stomal revision or relocation. We report 3 cases in which the operation was used with satisfactory results and describe the technique. The procedure is simple to perform and has the advantage of leaving a satisfactory functioning ureteroileal anastomosis intact.
1159924,"A 2 to 16-year followup of 96 ileal conduit urinary diversions in children is discussed. To assess the effect of time on renal function and structure we divided the patients into recent and remote operative groups. Patients with a longer followup (average 11.3 years) had a significantly greater incidence of pyelographic deterioration, particularly from preoperative normal status, compared to patients in the short followup group (average 4.5 years). Preoperative pyelonephritis was associated with a small but significant percentage of patients who progressed to poor renal function. Three potentially preventable and correctable late complications--stomal stenosis, excessive conduit length and ureteroileal obstruction--were associated with significant long-term deterioration in either renal function or pyelographic appearance. By using ileal conduit urinary diversion in children we attempt to provide a lifelong solution to urologic and social problems. The pyelographic deterioration rates would suggest that the solution is not perfect. Alternative forms of treatment need similar assessment for comparison. Patients who have ileal conduit urinary diversion need vigilant lifelong followup with accurate assessment of renal function, infection and pyelographic status to prevent or arrest renal deterioration."
1159925,A study of the long-term results of ileal conduit urinary diversion for non-malignant disease in 90 children has shown that there were 75 survivors after 10 to 16 years. Stomal stenosis and ureteroileal or other intrinsic obstructions requiring ileal loop revisions occurred frequently and as late as 13 years postoperatively. Of 144 renal units 76 per cent improved or remained stable and 69.3 per cent of normal kidneys remained normal after more than a decade of urinary diversion. In order to obtain these results close lifetime followup and aggressive loop revisions have been required. Urine cultures were consistently negative in 70.5 per cent of all patients. Good results were obtained in terms of preservation of renal function in all categories. Creatinine clearance remained in the normal range after 10 years if the excretory urogram remained normal. Ileal conduit urinary diversion remains a major surgical undertaking but it also remains the standard of urinary diversion against which all other methods must be judged. The results in terms of renal preservation are impressive but so too are the significant number of long-term complications. Any other method of diversion (such as the sigmoid conduit) that can improve upon these results will be welcomed. All children with ileal conduit urinary diversion for reasons other than a neurogenic bladder must be considered candidates for urinary reconstruction.
1159927,"Gross, painless hematuria as the only symptom in a 53-year-old male diabetic necessitated partial nephrectomy and was then found to have been caused by atheromatous embolism associated with recent infarction of the renal parenchyma. This case appears to be the first one reported in which the diagnosis of renal atheromatous embolization had been established intravitam. A similar episode of hematuria occurred a year postoperatively and another renal infarction, likely caused by atheromatous embolization, was demonstrable with tomographic and angiographic techniques."
1159930,"The low incidence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma prevents any one person or institution from presenting any meaningful data in the form of effective treatment based on clinical experience. We realize that this is an antidotal case but the stakes are high when treating any malignancy of the young. Therefore, we advocate early and aggressive therapy using all modalities of treatments, and cite this case which initially seemed hopeless but to date has all the hallmarks of a cure."
1159934,"In evaluation of cardiac function by the non-invasive method, the possibility of separation of cardiac muscle performance from cardiac pump performance was studied. Among the non-invasive values, SV/ET, SV/(AO/EO), Pd/ICT, Pd/PEP, 1/ICT2, ET/PEP, and ET/ICT were considered as parameters for myocardial contractility. This research especially focused on Pd/ICT and ET/PEP. In auricular fibrillation it was possible to draw Starling-like curves and 3 dimensional coordinates to estimate a Vmax-like value. However this method could not be used in sinus rhythm. Whereas, in hypertension with abnormal afterload and uremia with abnormal preload, myocardial contractility was expressed by Pd/ICT under the influence of almost pure preload and ET/PEP under the influence of both preload and afterload. Therefore Pd/ICT was corrected with preload (AO/EO) and (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) may be used as the index for myocardial contractility."
1159936,"Statistical analysis of the realtion between blood pressure and renal function in 421 patients with CGN, referred to the Second Internal Medicine at Nihon University Hospital, and in 253 Hypertensive patients with CGN by questionaires sent to 29 Medical Universities were investigated. The relationship between survival rate and blood pressure of 84 patients with CGN in Surugadai Nihon University Hospital was also examined. These data show that antihypertensive therapy for CGN with hypertension has an important effect on prognosis. Propranolol was given to 10 hypertensive patients with CGN and hypotensive effect on renal function was observed. Our experience suggests that propranolol may be useful for treating a high renin component in the hypertension with non renal failure, and renal function does not become worse. But in renal failure, propranolol therapy must be used carefully because of inducement to cardiac failure."
1159938,"The difference of the prognosis between essential and renal hypertension (chronic glomerulonephritis) was examined by compairing the survival rate of the patients, and the effect of lability of blood pressure and the effect of the response to hypotensive drugs on the prognosis of the two types of hypertension was observed. The prognosis of renal hypertensives was remarkedly worse when it was compaired with the prognosis of essential hypertensives. More then 80% of the latter was still alive after ten years, while the mortality rate of the former after 5 years was only 20%. Each factor of severity (diastolic pressure, optic fundi, cardiac, cerebrovascular and renal complication) in non severe patients (group O-II) did not differently affect the survival rate of both hypertensives. Diverse prognosis was observed in severe patients (group III-IV), depending on each factor of severity. In renal hypertension the survival rate was extremely low when the patients had high diastolic pressure, severe cardiac and cerebrovascular complication. It was not so low in the patients with severe ophthalmoscopic change. The prognosis of essential hypertension was poor in the order of severe cerebrovascular complication, renal complication and cardiac complication. The survival rate of the patients with high diastolic pressure or severe ophthalmoscopic change was considerably high. The patients with both renal and essential hypertension showed greater survival rate when the blood pressure was much more reduced by bed rest or antihypertensive drugs during the first hospitalization."
1159942,"Incidence of hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis and its influence on the clinical course of the disease were studied using statistic technique, especially that of Markovian process. 1. Incidence of hypertension in a total of 283 cases was 15.2%, while in the patients of which renal function reduced to approximately one half of the normal was about 50%. 2. The average of blood pressure in this disease tends to elevate with the decrease in 15 minute value of PSP excretion test and with the increasing serum creatinine level, although the variations are large. 3. After a fall of renal function to approximately one-third of the normal, the rate of clinical course is markedly rapid. 4. The prognosis of the progressive type of chronic glomerulonephritis is obviously affected to be shorten by the presence of hypertension. 5. According to the results obtained by the Markovian approach, survival years of the patients with wide range of renal function can be predicted with relative accuracy."
1159943,"The plasma renin activity in both peripheral venous blood and the renal vein of the involved kidney showed high values. Angiotensin infusion elevated the urine volume and angiotensin excretion on the intact side, and the difference in urine volume and angiotensin excretion between the two sides was accentuated after angiotensin infusion. These findings are useful for the diagnosis of the stenotic side in renovascular hypertension. No difference in the prognosis of extirpation of the involved kidney and of vascular reconstruction of the stenotic artery was found for the treatment of renovascular hypertension. However, autotransplantation of the involved kidney was found to be more useful, since it allowed improvement of renal circulation, suppression of thrombosis formation, and the maintenance of kidney tissue."
1160145,"Since the discovery of cephalothin in 1962, many semi-synthetic cephalosporins have appeared. To choose the most suitable drug for the clinical treatment of infections, the characteristics of these antibiotics must be sufficiently understood. When cephalosporins which are or will be commercially available are divided into two categories, one consists of cephaloridine, cefazolin and cephalexin which are comparatively stable in the living body; and the other cephalothin, cephaloglycin, cephapirin and cephacetrile which are metabolized into desacetyl compounds with low antibacterial activity. In this study, the author compared the absorption, excretion and some other properties of cefazolin and cephalothin, (widely used clinically), and cephapirin (still under study in Japan)."
1160152,"When the antibacterial substances of cephalothin and cephapirin in the serum and urine after intramuscular injection were separated and assayed, desacetyl metabolities of both drugs were detected. These tendencies were especially apparent in the tissue concentrations. When both the drugs were given intravenously to healthy volunteers, the amounts of their desacetyl metabolites were not greater in man than in rats."
1160154,"Mode of left ventricular contraction was studied by cine left ventriculography in 22 cases with mitral valve diseases and 7 control cases. In rheumatic mitral valve diseases, local hypokinesis of the left ventricular wall and poor contraction of the mitral annulus were observed frequently, at various location and to various extent. Transient asynergic motion of local wall was also seen either during systole or during diastole. Local hypokinesis was seen even in normal-sized left ventricles, and was associated with decreased cardiac pump performance, when its localization was extensive. Severe mitral regurgitation of rheumatic nature was always associated with poor contraction of the mitral annulus, although the reverse was not true."
1160155,A total of 14 cases of papillary muscle dysfunction have been observed in Ehlers Danlos syndrome. Five patients had clinically identifiable syndrome of prolapsing mitral leaflets. This form of rare interesting cardiovascular abnormality in Ehlers Danlos syndrome is discussed. The relevant literature is reviewed.
1160156,"The systematic nonlinearity exhibited in a comparison of 2 commonly used electrocardiographic lead-systems, when the net QRS axis-angle from one system is plotted against the other, is quantitatively analyzed. A family of nonlinear correlation curves is implemented using the ratio of 2 correction factors, fc/fo, as a parameter. Such curves, replacing linear regression lines, provide a more realistic representation of the actual problem of this type. Between the Frank and the 12-lead systems, the value of fc/fo is found to be 0.53 for the frontal plane from a sample of 1,000 subjects. The combination of correction factors, fc=1.155 and fo=2.18, is a possibility among countless others to make up the same fc/fo of 0.53. Appreciable improvement in axis correlation is demonstrated after the data are corrected by such factors."
1160157,"Arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were compared between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control rats (NCR) at 4, 7, and 12 months of age. The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, thoracotomized and kept under positive pressure respiration. Cardiac output was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter probe placed at the ascending aorta. On all the age groups, arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance were significantly higher in SHR than in NCR, while cardiac output per body weight was not different. However, the significant differences in pressure and resistance at each age disappeared after ganglion blockade with hexamethonium bromide. Total peripheral resistance was not higher in SHR than in NCR even after cardiac output, which had once been diminished by blockade, was restored to the pre-blockade level by dextran infusion. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic receptor blocker, also equalized arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance between SHR and NCR, both aged about 10 months, without decrease in cardiac output. It is concluded that, in both young and old SHR's, the hypertensive state is maintained by an increase in total peripheral resistance ascribable to sympathetic activity."
1160158,"The effect of electrical stimulation of the efferent cardiac sympathetic nerves on activity of afferent cardiac fibers in the sympathetic nerves and coronary hemodynamics of anesthetized dogs has been examined. During partial constriction of the coronary artery, a brief stimulation of the efferent cardiac sympathetic nerves resulted in sustained excitation of the afferent fibers and a sustained decrease in blood flow of the constricted artery which were associated with systolic bulge of the left ventricle and elevation of the ST segment of electrocardiogram. These changes were not produced without constriction. Pretreatment with phentolamine suppressed excitation of the afferent fibers, development of systolic bulge and elevation of the ST segment. Also, the decrease in coronary blood flow induced by stimulation was replaced by an increase after the administration of the agent. Propranolol suppressed excitation of the fibers, systolic bulge and elevation of the ST segment, but could not eliminate the decrease in blood flow. The results indicate that sympathetic stimulation caused a decrease in coronary blood flow through excitation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors while increasing cardiac work load and energy requirements through excitation of the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to more severe myocardial ischemia and excitation of the afferent fibers."
1160159,"Hemodynamic effects of dopamine were studied on 30 open-chest dogs with experimental myocardial infarction. These dogs were divided into 3 groups. Three different doses of intravenous dopamine, 5, 10, and 20 mug/Kg/min, were administered for 30 min. Heart rate and myocardial contractility were increased dose-dependently. Total peripheral vascular resistance was reduced with 5 or 10 mug/Kg/min of dopamine. With 20 mug/Kg/min of dopamine, it became the lowest 5 min after the initiation of infusion but increased above the control value 20 min after the start of administration. Renal vascular resistance was decreased with 5 mug/Kg/min of dopamine but increased with 20 mug/Kg/min. These results suggested that this drug would be useful for treatment of shock state."
1160186,Two cases of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease with Raynaud's phenomenon are reported. One is a 32-year-old housewife of primary pulmonary hypertension with some immunological disorders and the other is a 28-year-old female of systemic lupus erythematosus. It may be considered that some immunological process could play a role in the etiology of some cases of primary pulmonary hypertension and the relationship of pathogenesis between these 2 cases was discussed.
1160187,"Clinical and experimental studies were carried out in order to evaluate the role of myocardial dysfunction in the genesis of circulatory congestion associated with renal failure. Among the patients with chronic renal failure, those with circulatory congestion had greater blood volume and higher venous pressure while lower cardiac index and stroke work index than those without circulatory congestion. After peritoneal dialysis, although blood volume and venous pressure decreased in both groups, cardiac index increased in the former while it decreased in the latter group. In 15 dogs, acute renal failure was produced by ligating both ureters. As uremia developed, blood volume and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased with or without an increase in cardiac index. The depression of ventricular function curve was evident in all the dogs. The peritoneal dialysis performed at this stage resulted in a prompt recovery of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with minimum change in cardiac index. The measurement of dp/dt/IIT also indicated a depression of myocardial contractility at uremic stage and its recovery after dialysis. We conclude that impairment of myocardial function is implicated in the development of circulatory congestion in renal failure."
1160188,"The effect of vagal stimulation on activity of afferent sympathetic nerve fibers from the dog's left ventricle has been examined. During partial constriction of the coronary artery, a brief electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves resulted in a decrease in blood flow of the constricted artery, systolic bulge of the left ventricle, elevation of the ST segment of electrocardiogram and excitation of the afferent nerve fibers, which continued for up to 15 min. These changes were not produced without coronary artery constriction. Intravenous injection of phentolamine eliminated the decrease in blood flow, and suppressed systolic bulge, elevation of the ST segment and excitation of afferent fibers. Propranolol could not eliminate the decrease in blood flow while suppressed the other changes. Atropine eliminated all of these changes. The results indicate participation of adrenergic alpha-receptors in sustained decrease of coronary blood flow and excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers which can be produced by a brief vagal excitation."
1160189,"Although the recordings of the His potential have been shown to be very useful in the study of cardiac conduction and rhythm disturbances, there remain some problems regarding the clinical His bundle electrogram. Some of the studies were performed to solve in the perfused dog hearts and in situ dog hearts, and consequently the following results were obtained. In some experiments, recording of the His potential could not be achieved even in the perfused hearts in spite of the preserved A-V conduction, suggesting that, as experienced sometimes in the clinical cases, inability to record the His potential might not be due to the technical failure or the anatomical abnormalities of the His bundle. On the other hand, real ""splitting of H"" occurred in association with the increase in the duration and decrease in the amplitude of the His potential after the ligation of the anterior septal artery. In addition, the true Mobitz II type A-H block, and Wenckebach type intra-Hisian and H-V block could be produced experimentally."
1160190,"Acute responses of blood pressure and turnover of norepinephrine in the brain to intracisternally injected guanethidine were studied in rats. Systolic blood pressure in guanethidine-treated rats showed a dose-relating rise for over 9 hrs, while norepinephrine contents in cortex-cerebellum, brain stem and heart were not affected. The endogenous norepinephrine in brain samples, however, did not decrease against alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine to result in regression coefficients significantly different from those in the saline-treated group whereas norepinephrine in heart was reduced similarly in the 2 groups, indicating a slowered turnover of norepinephrine selectively in the brain. The results may indicate that the retarded norepinephrine turnover in the brain is causatively related with an acute elevation in blood pressure."
1160191,"Short-term, repeated myocardial ischemia was produced in 20 opened-chest anesthetized dogs by left anterior descending (LAD) branch occlusion. Left ventricular pressure (LVP) and its dP/dt were recorded by Satham SF-1 transducer, and isometric local force (F) was measured by a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch sewn onto LV free wall. In all experiments, within a few beats after LAD occlusion, peak negative dP/dt started to diminish its amplitude, reaching a nadir after 20-30 sec (63 +/- 5% of control, 9 dogs). It recovered to 83 +/- 3% of control level in 45 sec and remained essentially unchanged thereafter. This change preceded those of LVP and max dP/dt, which showed only minor falls. In 6 dogs, changes by occluding root of LAD were compared with those by its branch occlusion. The greater the extent of ischemia, the more marked and prolonged were the changes. While F in the ischemic center (Fc) rapidly lost its contractile activity following LAD occlusion, F in marginal zone between infarcted and non-infarcted region (Fm) showed variable extent and different time-course of its diminution. Thus, it was concluded that the change in peak negative dP/dt following LAD occlusion was one of the sensitive signs of early ischemic changes, and was attributed at least in part to characteristic changes in contractile activity of myocardium surrounding the ischemic injury."
1160192,"A 14-year-old boy, admitted with intractable chest pain, was found to have an enlarged heart and calcification in the apical region, with electrocardiographic features of massive inferolateral myocardial infarction. Left ventricular angiography revealed a large left ventricular aneurysm. He died following resection of the aneurysm and post mortem examination showed changes of a non-specific chronic myocarditis. A vasculitis involving small coronary arterioles was also found in the vicinity of the aneurysm, and the possibility of a rheumatic vasculitis was suggested by a transient episode of an erythema marginatum-like eruption. It is concluded that the association of infarction pattern on the electrocardiogram together with calcification of the heart in children is highly suggestive of a ventricular aneurysm secondary to a myocarditis or a vasculitis involving small, intramyocardial branches of the coronary arteries."
1160193,"The Romano-Ward syndrome is very rare as hereditary disease. Only 5 families have been reported in Japan before the present report. The patient, a 15-year-old female, had been treated for epilepsy due to syncopal attacks. Electrocardiography revealed occurrence of an augmented and labile U wave and prolongation of the Q-T interval, with recordings of frequent multifocal extrasystoles and transient ventricular fibrillation. Also noticed was sinus bradycardia. Clinical examinations presented no results coinciding with those specific ECG findings. It was inferred through surveys of her family tree that the present case had an autosomal dominant trait, heterozygously affected through the male line. Severe arrhythmias detected on her ECGs were suppressed by oral administration of 30 mg/day propranolol. Judging from the fact, propranolol may be the first to be administered among a variety of anti-arrhythmic agents in the Romano-Ward syndrome."
1160194,"An electrocardiogram (ECG) of bilateral bundle branch block (BBBB) which may be attributable to a mixture of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 atrioventricular (A-V) block is described. The irregularity of QRS complexes with left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern during 2 : 1 A-V block may be ascribable to ""Wenckebach periods"", which might be due either to A-V nodal or His bundle or bundle branch delay. However, it was impossible to distinguish between them precisely because appropriate His bundle studies were not performed during the active arrhythmic phase. Although the exact mechanism involved were not established with certainty, different rates of recovery in conduction in the bundle branches in association with a marked prolongation of the refractoriness would seem to be the unique feature of this complex arrhythmia. An ECG tracing of BBBB indicating high grade second degree (2 : 1 and 3 : 1) A-V block, in which ""spontaneous"" occurrence of ""Wenckebach periods"" with 2 consecutive blocked P waves can be observed during 2 : 1 A-V block, has never been reported previously as far as can be ascertained from published records."
1160195,"A method for estimating the leptospiricidal activity of therapeutic antiserum for Weil's disease was improved by using the intracutaneous method in guinea pigs. The neutralization curves between the leptospiral suspensions for challenge and the antisera were shown to be linear over a wide range of the dosis of the pathogen. Although the reproducibility of the neutralization experiments was high, a significant divergence was observed among the slopes in various test samples. However, the trouble due to such a discrepancy in the slope may practically be reduced if such an antiserum preparation that has a regression coefficient close to the mean of those of various neutralization lines constructed by many different products is adopted as the reference. A practical method for the potency test was suggested."
1160196,"Intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation of live or inactivated influenza virus induced two characteristic responses of the peripheral leukocytes in mice, an early appearing leukopenic response and late appearing  lymphopenia. The former response usually developed and subsided within several hours, though the change in leukocyte population was fairly complicated depending upon the activity of the inoculated material, while the latter began several hours after inoculation and reached its minimum level in 10 to 20 hr. The agent responsible for the former may be virus pyrogen, while the latter seems to be caused by some substance(s) other than that. The early appearing leukopenic response was similar to that due to bacterial endotoxin in respect to the characteristic pattern of the change in peripheral leukocyte population, though it was relatively easy to distinguish one from the other by the length of the latent period and by the heat stability of the causative agent. Live or inactivated influenza virus causing the early appearing leukopenic response was found also to have the mouse body weight-decreasing toxicity. The significance of these findings in the laboratory control test of influenza vaccine for untoward reactions often observed in human inoculated with some inactivated influenza vaccines was discussed. The possible roles of the two agents, virus pyrogen and endotoxin, in the febrile response were mentioned."
1160201,"Sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) caused a noticeable reduction of infectivity of prototype strains of type A and Lee strain of type B influenza viruses at concentrations of 100 and 200 mug/ml, respectively, after an incubation at 37 C for 60 min. The virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 (H2N2) strain was dependent on the concentration of the drug and temperature as well as on the time of incubation. The reagent exerted this effect at a concentration which induced little change in the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the virus. PCMB inhibited by 50% the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity of all prototype strains of type A influenza virus at about 2 mug/ml and that of Lee strain of type B influenza virus at 8.5 mug/ml. Other sulfhydryl reagent such as phenylmercuric nitrate also exhibited virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 virus which paralleled their inhibition of the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity. From these results it was considered likely that the virucidal action of PCMB on influenza viruses was attributable to inhibition of the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity."
1160202,"This study concerns investigations at the cellular level of antagonism between cephalexin (CEX) and erythromycin (EM) with the aid of electron microscopes and a liquid scintillation counter. Exposure of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P to CEX and EM in combination was found to result in a marked antagonism between the two antibiotics in their effects on the growth of the organism. Observations under a scanning electron microscope revealed lysed cells in the presence of CEX alone but almost no lysis in the presence of a combination of CEX and EM. Observations under a transmission electron microscope, on the other hand, disclosed that nearly all of the cells exposed to 20 mug/ml of CEX were transformed into protoplasts with their morphological changes being most marked after 4 hr of exposure. When 1 mug/ml of EM was allowed to act alone, this exposure resulted in thickening of the cell walls. The combined use of CEX and EM, however, resulted in neither thickening of the cell walls as in the presence of EM alone nor in the formation of protoplasts as in the presence of CEX alone but merely produced the swelling of separating walls. Cellular uptake of 14C-L-lysine and N-acetylglucosamine-1-14C into the cell wall fraction and the protein fraction was affected by CEX and EM, respectively, when used alone or in combination."
1160204,"Drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli conferred with R factors were isolated with high frequencies from the intestinal tracts of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured in ponds, in which chemotherapeutics had often been used, and with relatively low frequencies from ayu which received no administration of chemotherapeutics. Drug-resistant bacteria were also isolated at low frequencies from the intestinal tracts of wild ayu in rivers, as well as from the water of ayu-culturing ponds and some of them carried R factors. The drug-resistant bacteria carrying R factors were Aeromonas liquefaciens, Citrobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Hafnia and unidentified strains. All the R factors were classified as the Fi-(F) type, except the two R factors detected in an E. coli strain and in an unidentified strain."
1160206,"The cholecystographic agent iopanoic acid (Telepaque) is excreted in high concentrations in the bile as the glucuronide, but produces little or no choleresis. In order to determine the osmotic characteristics of the excretory product, bile was collected from treated and untreated anesthetized dogs and the major solute concentrations and biliary osmolality were determined. After iopanoic acid, there was no change in biliary osmolality or in chloride or bicarbonate concentration. However, the calculated osmolality exceeded the measured osmolality to a significant degree. The data suggest that iopanoic glucuronide, like bile salts, is osmotically inactive because of micelle formation. From physiological considerations, low osmotic activity of the excreted contrast agent might enhance radiographic quality."
1160207,"Use of the electrical skin resistance method for the study of neck and upper extremity pain is reported. Skin resistance was mapped for 20 patients who had neck or upper extremity pain without clinical or radiographic evidence of spinal cord or nerve root irritation, but who did present evidence of an abnormality within a cervical intervertebral disc or involving a facet joint of the cervical spine. In general, areas of low skin resistance (sympathetic hyperactivity) corresponded well to areas of subjective pain. The skin resistance pattern has not led to localization of the level of abnormality within the cervical spine, but has been of value in confirming the clinical impression that a pain-producing mechanical or degenerative lesion is present. The test thus adds objective evidence in an area often fraught with subjectivity."
1160209,A 62-year-old black female with Kaposi's sarcoma associated with multiple myeloma is reported. The co-existence of the two entities in the same patient appears more than coincidental. The case is the first woman and only the fifth described with Kaposi's sarcoma associated with multiple myeloma.
1160219,"Net secretion rate of para-aminohippurate (PAH) in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney changes concomitantly with single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and intratubular flow rate.  Reabsorption of PAH in the proximal convolution is negligible.  The PAH concentration profile along the length of the proximal convolution does not change markedly with variations in GFR.  Net PAH secretion by single nephrons, measured at the end of proximal convolutions, is about one-half that measured at the beginning of distal convolutions and in final urine.  As in the entire kidney, at constant renal plasma flow and concentration of PAH, renal secretion rate of PAH also changes concomitantly with GFR.  It is concluded that PAH secretion along the loop of Henle (i.e., probably along the pars recta) is also related to single nephron GFR, as is PAH secretion in the proximal convolution."
1160221,"Sodium balance, clearance and micropuncture studies were performed on three groups of uremic rats in which renal mass was reduced experimentally by approximately 85%. All animals received a sodium-free synthetic diet to which a measured amount of NaCl was added. Sodium intake was 3 mEq/day in one group, 1 mEq/day in a second group and 0.13 mEq/day in the third. In the latter, the Na intake was reduced (from an initial level of 1 mEq/day) as renal mass was reduced in proportion to the estimated reduction in renal mass in an effort to obviate the requirement for an increased natriuresis/nephron. Clearance and micropuncture studies also were performed in a group of normal rats maintained on 1 mEq/day of Na. All three groups of uremic rats on the standard diet maintained external Na balance. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) in superficial nephrons was increased in all three groups of uremic rats and seemed to be independent of the Na intake; fractional fluid reabsorption was decreased in the proximal tubules in all three groups of uremic rats. Furthermore, absolute proximal Na reabsorption was markedly increased; and calculated values for distal reabsorption were markedly increased in all groups of uremic rats. The data suggest that the increase in SNGFR and the decrease in tubular fluid to plasma (TF/P) inulin ratios in superficial proximal tubules correlate poorly with the dictates for an increase in sodium excretion rate per residual nephron. These data also have implications regarding the operation of the control system in the regulation of external Na balance in uremia."
1160222,"The age-dependent characteristics of compensatory renal growth were studied in neonatal, weanling and young adult rats. Compensatory growth was demonstrated to be greater in young, sexually immature animals than in adults following unilateral nephrectomy. In the four-week interval following surgery in 21-day-old weanling rats, renal mass increased 240% in control animals (group A) and 407% after unilateral nephrectomy (group B). In similarly prepared adult animals, renal weight increased 31 and 81% in the same groups, respectively. The remarkable response in compensatory growth achieved by the young animal was further demonstrated by a greater absolute increase in renal mass in the experimental kidney of young rats compared to adults. Further studies were performed to determine whether the mechanism of compensatory growth in young rats involved formation of new nephrons. The total glomerular count in the remaining kidney of rats after removal of one kidney at 5 (neonatal) and 21 (weanling) days of life did not differ from the value obtained in control neonatal, weanling or adult kidneys. These data indicate that compensatory renal hypertrophy is age-dependent and is greater in young animals. The mechanism for enhanced compensatory renal growth in young animals does not involve glomerular neogenesis since there was no evidence for formation of additional nephrons following nephrectomy either in weanling or neonatal animals."
1160223,"Studies were performed in the dog to determine the mechanism of the renal functional impairment which follows the administration of the nephrotoxic agent, uranyl nitrate. In the first series of 28 experiments, total renal blood flow was determined with the radioactive microsphere method before and after uranyl nitrate administration, 10 mg/kg. Total blood flow fell from 199 to 121 ml/min 6 hr after administration of uranyl nitrate (P less than 0.001) but was unchanged 48 hr after administration of the drug. Yet the blood urea nitrogen concentration had increased from a control value of 13 to 120 mg/100 ml at 48 hr (P less than 0.001). Since renal blood flow was normal at 48 hr, micropuncture studies were performed to further evaluate the mechanism of the renal impairment. In the first group of nine studies using a 10 mg/kg dose of uranyl nitrate, nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced 37% while total kidney GFR averaged less than 1% of normal. A similar disparity between superficial and total GFR was noted after a 5 mg/kg dose even though urine flow was comparable to values found in normal hydropenic dogs. Proximal tubular transit time and intratubular pressure were normal. The recovery of 3H-inulin injected into the proximal tubule was 97% in normal dogs and 14% in uranyl nitrate dogs (P less than 0.001). Since there was no difference between early and late proximal tubular nephron GFR, it was suggested that the pars recta, the segment most severely involved histologically, was the main site of inulin leak. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an alteration in epithelial architecture which may have accounted, at least in part, for the diminution in nephron GFR. These studies are interpreted to indicate that the impairment in renal function in this model is due to both leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium and a modest decrease in nephron GFR."
1160224,"Cardiac and renal hemodynamics and total blood volume were determined in 28 normal subjects and 60 patients with untreated essential well-established hypertension. Endogenous creatinine clearance was within normal ranges and sodium intake was 110 mEq/day. A significant negative volume-resistance relationship was observed both in normal subjects (P less than 0.005) and hypertensive patients (P less than 0.001). In comparison with the normal curve, the hypertensive curve has two characteristics: 1) the curve was reset on the right-hand side and, 2) the slope was significantly shallower, indicating a reduced ability to decrease the volume per unit rise in resistance. By using the normal curve as a reference system, a quantitative evaluation of the blood volume disturbance was proposed. In hypertensives, the value of the total peripheral resistance could correspond to two different values of the total blood volume: the real value and the theoretical value extrapolated from the normal curve. The difference between the two values was called ""relative variation in blood volume"" and was used as a mathematical model. In hypertensives, the real blood volume was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) while a significant ""relative increase"" in total blood volume was observed (P less than 0.001). This ""relative increase"" was directly correlated with the diastolic arterial pressure (r=0.064; P less than 0.00001) and was inversely related to the renal blood flow (r=-0.54; P less than 0.0001) and the creatinine clearance. Such correlations were not observed with the real blood volume. In agreement with Guyton's theory, this study highly suggests that sustained hypertension is related to an increase in blood volume relative to the capacity of the circulatory system and that a renal defect is necessary for the blood pressure elevation mechanism."
1160227,"To evaluate the effect of extracellular fluid volume alterations on the bicarbonaturia of parathyroid hormone, thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were made alkalotic and volume-contracted or expanded through hemodialysis. Clearance studies were performed before and after infusion of purified bovine parathyroid extract (PTE). Glomerular filtration rate and blood bicarbonate concentrations were kept constant throughout the experiments. A significant increase in fractional bicarbonate excretion was observed following PTE infusion in both the volume-contracted (8.67 +/- 3.25 to 14.70 +/- 3.63%, P less than 0.010) and the volume-expanded state (22.80 +/- 3.04 to 37.26 +/- 3.38%, P less than 0.050). It is concluded that PTE decreases reabsorption of bicarbonate independent of the volume state of the animal."
1160228,"In the present study we measured the content and determined the localization of a calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the intestinal biopsy specimen of ten patients with severe renal insufficiency and in eight healthy individuals. In each patient a biopsy specimen of the iliac crest was obtained for evaluation of the degree of osteodystrophy. The CaBP was isolated from human kidneys. Its identity with human intestinal CaBP was suggested by acrylamid gel electrophoresis. Specific antibodies against it were developed in rabbits. The content of CaBP in duodenal mucosa biopsy material was measured by quantitative radial immunodiffusion. Its mean value in the duodenum of patients with renal insufficiency was 3.65 +/- 1.14 mug; in that of normal persons, 10.80 +/- 3.20 mug/mg of protein in the supernatant. There was neither a correlation between the type and duration of renal insufficiency and the CaBP content of the specimens nor between the degree of renal osteodystrophy and CaBP content. In normal persons the specific immunohistological activity indicating the presence of CaBP was found uniformly along the brush border and basement membrane of duodenal epithelial and the goblet cells. In uremic patients the fluorescence was markedly reduced in the typical locations, especially in the brush border area."
1160229,"The effect of heparin on the development and progression of a form of antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis was examined in the rat. Animals which received heparin before and throughout the period of immunological insult developed lesions which were as severe, and perhaps more severe, than rats which did not receive heparin. Inulin clearances were lower in heparin-treated animals than in untreated rats. Animals in both groups exhibited renal fibrin-fibrinogen deposition and had increased rates of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen related antigen excretion. These results indicate that heparin per se has no beneficial effect on the development of this form of glomerulonephritis in this species."
1160230,"We have analyzed the protein content of proximal tubular fluid (PTF) by ultramicro disc electrophoresis and measured total protein excretion rates both in control conditions and during angiotensin infusion to the rat. Under control conditions PTF albumin concentration was 1.49 +/- 1.12 (SD) mg/100 ml and did not increase with distance from the glomerulus. Immediate postcapsular samples (Munich-Wistar strain) yielded nearly identical values so that both probably represent filtered albumin concentration. During infusion of angiotensin (0.15 mug/mix x 100 g of body wt), PTF albumin concentration increased on the average 26-fold in re-collections from control tubules. Total protein excretion increased from a control of 7.91 to 24.37 mg/24 hr x 100 g of body wt. Glomerular filtration rate (FGR), single nephron GFR (SNGFR), proximal transit time and tubular fluid to plasma (tf/p) inulin values did not change significantly. Net afferent filtration pressure decreased from 24.7 to 15.6 mm Hg and renal plasma flow fell from 2.16 to 1.31 mo/min x g of kidney wt. Data describe a protein reabsorptive system normally operating near capacity. Angiotensin-induced proteinuria derives from an increase in filtered protein (mostly albumin) resulting from permeability changes in the glomerular membrane."
1160332,"Questionnaires on research activities, mortality rates observed in various age groups, extent of examination of dead hamsters, and natural disease conditions and their relative importance were returned by 24 of 43 organisations surveyed in the United States. The average preweaning mortality rate due to all causes was 11-9%. Comparative data from 6 organisations that raised 87 880 hamsters in the calendar year 1971 indicated that 97-5% of total preweaning mortality was due to cannibalism. 13-7% of all animals died before use for experiments. ""Wet tail"" was the most frequently recognized disease (71%), and it was also listed as the most important. Pneumonia was recognized by 43% of the respondents and was most commonly listed as second in importance. A selective review of the literature is presented on those diseases recognized by more than one survey respondent."
1160335,"Ampicillin was included (25 mg/litre) in the drinking water supplied to growing rats over periods of 2,3,4,5,6,7 or 8 weeks. 32 rats were used in each experimental period, half being given the antibiotic and half being left as controls. The antibiotic increased the liveweight gain in each period, the results being significant after the 2- and 4-week feeding periods. Significant decreases were observed in the average percentage weights of the spleens of the rats given the antibiotic at the end of all the feeding periods except one. The few other significant changes in the percentage weights of other organs were, with one exception, noted at or before the end of the 4th week."
1160336,"The disease was characterized by loss of hair, initially occurring at the tip of the nose and spreading throughout the body. Lesions appeared as circular, scaley alopecia with occasional scarring. Although spread of the infection in the colony was random, the most severe infection occurred in an inbred line with light coat colour. The unusually high temperature and humidity, and the open type of outdoor management, appear to have contributed to the high incidence and severity of infection. Electron microscopic observation indicated that the organism multiplied in the keratin layer of the skin. The hyphae as well as chlamydospores were readily demonstrable by electron microscopy."
1160338,"Acute subacute sclerosing panencephalitis has been investigated in both newborn and weanling hamsters intracerebrally inoculated with a human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis isolate (HBS) adapted to grow in hamster central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Newborn animals developed a disease which was fatal in approximately 1 week whereas most weanlings showed signs of an acute disease after day 8, from which a significant number recovered. Ultrastructurally, the human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis isolate (HBS) replicated rapidly in the CNS of newborn hamsters in the absence of an immune response. Giant cells developed from neurons and some demyelination was evident, most probably due to oligodendrocytic damage. Virus replication involved the proliferation of both typical measles virions and morphologically defective particles. Intracytoplasmic viral nucleocapsids were seen, but none were found within nuclei during the acute disease in newborns. Weanling hamsters developed a demonstrable immune response approximately 6 days after inoculation. Virions were seen and the majority appeared morphologically defective, lacking the associated nucleocapsids beneath the viral envelope. Abundant intranuclear, as well as intracytoplasmic, viral inclusions were seen. The results are of significance in the examination of myxoviruses (a group frequently linked to a number of chronic diseases of the CNS), in terms of viral replication in the CNS, in the response of different CNS cell types to infection, and in the influence of age and immune status upon the course of CNS disease."
1160339,"In resting rat liver a dose of cycloheximide (1 mg. per kg.) inhibits leucine incorporation by 80 per cent whereas doses above 15 mg. per kg. inhibit it more than 90 per cent, when tested at 90 minutes following intraperitoneal injection. Initial stimulation of incorporation of orotate into total cellular, nuclear, and nucleolar fractions was seen at all doses tested. After 3 hours, however, marked suppression of incorporation particularly into nucleolar RNA was seen at 5 mg. per kg. and above while 1 mg. per kg. continued to stimulate. At 5 hours there was continued marked inhibition of RNA synthesis by 30 mg. per kg. and slight depression of RNA synthesis even by 1 mg. per kg. Preliminary ultrastructural studies failed to show objective nucleolar alterations even after 5 hours of cycloheximide treatment at a dose of 30 mg. per kg. No direct effect of several concentrations of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis was seen in an in vitro nucleolar system."
1160340,"Experiments were conducted to determine if normal skeletal muscle function and structure are dependent upon their ability to store large quantities of metabolic energy in the form of N-phosphorylcreatine. Muscle levels of creatine and N-phosphorylcreatine were reduced by feeding young male rats diets containing 1 per cent beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA). Muscle function was evaluated by monitoring performance during a 4-week, short duration, high intensity exercise program in a control running wheel. Structural effects were determined by histochemistry, morphometric analysis, and routine histologic procedures using light microscopy. Evidence of abnormal creatine metabolism of rats fed beta-GPA included: excessive creatinuria, reduction in urine creatinine, reduced levels of muscle and brain creatine, and a reduced activity of muscle creatine kinase. In separate experiments, beta-GPA inhibited the reaction of creatine with creatine kinase in vitro. When muscle function was evaluated by running, the percentage of expected revolutions for the group of rats fed beta-GPA was below the expected normal values. The white (type II) fibers from the gastrocnemius of exercised rats fed beta-GPA were smaller than fibers from the same muscle areas of rats fed normal diets. The histochemical characteristics of red (type I) and white fibers of all rats tested were within normal limits. It is concluded that feeding beta-GPA will result in structural and functional changes in skeletal muscles of exercised young male rats. These changes are believed to result from the ability of beta-GPA to block creatine entry into muscle and thereby prevent muscle from accumulating and maintaining its normal complement of creatine and N-phosphorylcreatine."
1160341,"Fine structure and several parameters of hepatic function were evaluated in isolated rat livers perfused with a hemoglobin-free medium in a newly designed organ perfusion system. The preservation of hepatic fine structure and the maintenance of certain functional criteria, including oxygen consumption, bile secretion rate, and the retention of intracellular potassium ions, demonstrated that these livers had been successfully perfused for up to 5 hours. The medium contained neither red blood cells nor other oxygen carriers, such as fluorocarbon emulsions. The use of hyperbaric oxygenation eliminates the requirement for hemoglobin in the perfusion medium. In addition, the extensive endothelial cell injury associated with the use of hemoglobin-free media is avoided since this system permits perfusion at near physiologic hepatic portal vein flow rates. The quality of isolated livers perfused without albumin in medium suggests that an oncotic agent is not required for rat liver perfusion."
1160342,"The glomeruli of rats rendered nephrotic by administration of aminonucleoside of puromycin were studied with the freeze-fracture technique. The alterations of the podocytes consisted of a progressive blunting of the foot processes and of the disappearance of the extracellular space normally present between the foot processes at the level of the slit pore. In parallel with the closure of the extracellular space, fracture faces of the plasma membrane of the latered podocytes revealed the presence of peculiar membrane differentiations represented mainly by irregular chains of membrane-associated particles in the fracture face A and by variegated grooves in the fracture face B. The presence of grooves in fracture face B indicates that the chains of particles in fracture face A are likely to be tight junctions rather than linear gap junctions. However, since the presence of continuous ridges is exceptional, it is suggested that the tight junctions are the ""leaky"" -type and that the podocytes many have only limited capacities for assembling junctions of the ""tight"" -type."
1160343,"The effects of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) administration to rats were studied by blood chemical, histopathologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural examinations. Administration of 5000 p.p.m. of NDPS induced severe damage of the kidneys, but did not affect other organs. Administration of 2500 p.p.m. of NDPS had little effect, even on the kidneys. Chemical analysis of the blood showed that the urea nitrogen level increased with the increase in the period of NDPS administration. Histopathologic examination showed intensive cell infiltration, mainly of lymphocytes, into the renal interstitium after NDPS administration for only 4 weeks. After NDPS administration for 12 weeks or more, typical interstitial nephritis was observed. Histochemical analysis showed that after only 1 week various enzymatic activities in the proximal convoluted tubules were markedly decreased whereas their activities in the distal convoluted tubules were relatively well preserved for at least 4 weeks. These results indicate that NDPS predominantly attacked the proximal convoluted tubules. After 4 weeks, the most prominent ultrastructural changes were seen in the proximal convoluted tubules where the epithelial cells lost their polarity and had a very abnormal arrangement. These cells showed well developed, edematous microvilli, poorly developed basal infoldings, swollen mitochondria of various sizes, aggregated beta-type glycogen granules, and debris of erythrocytes. Development of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, and lysosomes was poor in the cytoplasm. These investigations indicate that NDPS affects the function of the proximal convoluted tubules. NDPS is a selective nephrotoxic substance. That is, it initially damages the proximal convoluted tubules, and subsequently causes interstitial nephritis. It is suggested that nephritis induced by NDPS is useful as a model of interstitial nephritis in man."
1160344,A method is described for the dissociation of rat lungs into individual viable cells. Thermolysin was perfused through the vasculature and trachea. The lung was then minced and further dissociated by washing with sequential additions of thermolysin. The results indicate this procedure to be an effective means of dispersing lung tissue into its cellular components. Standard trypsinizing procedures generally yield approximately 5 per cent of the total available lung cells whereas the thermolysin treatment increases cell yield 10-fold without significantly affecting cell viability.
1160345,"An experimental model comparable to autophagocytosis is presented to evaluate lysosomal degradation of biologic membranes in vivo. This design takes advantage of the efficient phagocytic capacity of Kupffer cells. For this purpose, mitochondria were isolated from one rat liver (inbred strain) and subsequently injected intravenously into a series of rats, which were sacrificed at various time points. The uptake and intralysosomal digestion were examined by electron microscopy. Mitochondria were seen in the sinusoids and attached to the surface of Kupffer cells 1 to 3 minutes after injection. One or two mitochondrial profiles were trapped in cavelike structures often embraced by long hyaloplasmic pseudopods. By 5 and 10 minutes, the mitochondria were in single membrane-bound phagosomes within the Kupffer cells and early signs of mitochondrial alterations were present, e.g., loss of cristae and condensation. At 30 minutes and 1 hour the mitochondria were seen in large vacuoles which contained up to 20 profiles in a single section. The mitochondria showed evident signs of digestion such as membrane fragmentation and flocculent densities. By 4 hours and especially by 8 hours, most digestive vacuoles were laden with flocculent membrane debris. By 24 hours, the Kupffer cells showed multiple lysosomal structures which were irregular in shape and small. These often contained a number of lipid-like droplets of various electron densities and pentalaminar structures. By 2 and 5 days, the Kupffer cells had returned to their normal appearance although the lysosomal apparatus was still prominent. No uptake of mitochondria was seen in endothelial cells, fat-storing cells, or hepatocytes. It is concluded that lysosomes have an efficient capacity to digest mitochondria. Some lipid remnants are not completely or slowly degraded by Kupffer cell lysosomes but remain in ""residual bodies"" for up to 1 or 2 days."
1160346,"Rough and smooth microsomes, ""mixed"" or total microsomes, and ribosomes were isolated from one single rat liver and subsequently injected intravenously into a series of inbred rats. The uptake and the degradation of the injected organelles by Kupffer cells were followed by means of electron microscopic analysis. By 1 minute after injection, microsomes were seen attached to the surface of Kupffer cells separated by a gap of 200 to 300 A. No attachment to hepatocytes, fat-storing cells, or endothelial cells was seen. By 5 and 10 minutes, most microsomes were phagocytosed and sequestered in large numbers within single membrane-enclosed vacuoles or phagosomes. The engulfment proceeded by two mechanisms: (1) most frequently, flaplike processes of cytoplasm embraced aggregates of microsomes,  concomitant with the formation of indention of the cytoplasm; (2) occasionally, single microsomal profiles were taken up by bristle-coated endocytic vacuoles. Ribosomes were also seen penetrating into the wormlike structures (micropinocytosis vermiformis) at the cell surface. At 30 minutes after injection, clear signs of alteration were noted starting with vesicle aggregation, clumping, and elongation of the microsomal profiles. The ribosomes were quickly stripped from their microsomal membranes and marginated to the inside of the vacuoles but separated from the limiting membrane by a distance of 200 to 300 A. By 1 and 2 hours, disruption of the vesicles into membrane fragments and formation of dense material in and between the profiles occurred. By 8 hours it was difficult to recognize the degradation products as membrane derivatives. The digestive vacuoles retained their size at this time interval. Typical pentalaminar structures were observed. By 14 to 24 hours the digestive vacuoles became electron lucent and appeared to shrink, and in addition to containing various types of granular material, many were laden with lipid-like droplets presumed to be conglomerates of phospholipid remnants. Rough microsomes, when compared to smooth microsomes, gave rise to more granular material within the digestive vacuoles. Ribosomes were still identifiable 24 hours after injection, indicative of a somewhat slower rate of degradation. Accumulation of various types of lipid-like droplets in the ""residual bodies"" was typical after microsomal injections. It is concluded that although microsomes appear to be phagocytosed at a quicker rate than mitochondria, they are digested within the lysosomal apparatus of  the Kupffer cells at a somewhat slower rate. This especially seems to be the case for ribosomes. Heterophagy of microsomes is one source of residual bodies."
1160347,"14C-leucine and 3H-glycerol-labeled microsomes and mitochondria were intravenously injected into a series of highly inbred rats. The uptake and disappearance of the organelles were followed in a crude liver lysosomal fraction and in serum. Approximately half of the injected dose was recovered in the liver, and only smaller amounts were found in lungs, kidneys, spleen, and heart. The clearance in serum was more rapid for microsomes (t1/2, 5 to 15 minutes) than for mitochondria (t1/2 30 to 60 minutes). Both organelles showed a biphasic type of disappearance curve consistent with the two-phase theory of phagocytosis: attachment and engulfment. The estimated half-life for mitochondria of the liver was in the range of 3 to 4 hours, whereas that of the microsomes was considerably longer, or 8 hours. There was an increase of trichloroacetic acid-soluble material in the crude lysosomal fraction up to 2 hours after injection of glycerol-labeled microsomes, whereas the peak was reached at 60 minutes after 14C-leucine labeling. In vitro hydrolysis rate of hydrolysis. Experiments with Kupffer cells previously labeled with Thorotrast and biochemical assay of hydrolysis indicated that there was a lag phase of approximately 10 to 20 minutes before the phagosomes gained acid hydrolases, presumably by fusion with lysosomes. It is concluded at somewhat different rates. The remnants from lipid degradation, in comparison with protein degradation, seem to remain for a longer period within the lysosomal apparatus. These results are compatible with the concept that lysosomes represent an important, and at the present the only well defined locus for organelle turnover."
1160348,"Sustained, moderately severe hyperuricemia and severe uricosuria were produced in male Wistar rats by feeding dietary supplements of oxonic acid (0.4 gm. per day) and uric acid (0.6 gm per day). After 1 month, the kidneys showed the previously described histologic features of urate-blockade nephropathy characterized by intratubular deposits, tubular injury, and an exudative response consisting of neutrophilic granulocytes with early tophus formation. After 36 and 52 weeks of hyperuricemia, and with no gross evidence of renal failure, the kidneys showed a predominantly interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate around regenerated tubules, an increase in interstitial fibrous tissue, infrequent renal tophi, and renal stones. The glomeruli and blood vessels appeared completely normal. There was no evidence of arthritis and no other target organ damage was detected. The chronic renal changes present in this animal model of induced hyperuricemia resemble those seen in human gouty nephropathy. The evolution of the experimental urate nephropathy observed during 1 year suggests that a primary acute inflammatory tubular injury is followed by a diffuse chronic interstitial nephritis and that the glomeruli and blood vessels are not primarily involved in the renal disease. This animal model may provide the opportunity to study factors influencing the renal sequelae of sustained hyperuricemia."
1160349,"Organ cultures prepared from 3- to 6-day-old newborn rat liver were maintained for as long as 6 days in medium CMRL-1066 supplemented with horse serum, glucose, and L-glutamine; the atmosphere for culture was 95 per cent O2 and 5 per cent CO2. Medium alone was used for control cultures, whereas insulin, hydrocortisone, or insulin plus hydrocortisone were used in experimental groups. Explant glycogen stores and viability were better preserved in cultures grown in hormone-supplemented media than in control cultures. Insulin caused glycogen storage of explant glycogen. Results of light and electron microscopic abservations are confirmed by isotope studies. The effect of hydrocortisone on glycogen synthesis is apparently dependent on the presence of insulin, and insulin appears to be required for glycogen storage in vitro in these cultures of postnatal rat liver."
1160350,"Rats received 10 injections of Triton WR-1339 over a 4-week period. Light and electron microscopy and analysis of lipids and acid phosphatase were performed on livers of untreated controls, of animals taken during the period of treatment, and of animals allowed 2 weeks to recover. The only morphologic change resulting from the treatment was the appearance in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of after cessation of treatment, the change in hepatocytes had almost disappeared whereas it had become accentuated in the Kupffer cells. The treatments resulted in a 75 per cent increase in the concentration of lipids which includes Triton taken into the liver, a 17 per cent decrease in concentration of total phospholipid and a 26 per cent increase in acid phosphatase. Among phospholipid classes, there were small decreases in phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and diphosphatidylglycerol, a small increase in sphingomyelin and a striking increase of bis(monscylglyceryl)phosphate from 2.5 to 55 mug. of P per gm. of fresh weight. Cerebrosides were also increased. In rats allowed  2 weeks to recover, values for those classes which had been decreased by the treatment showed a trend of return toward controls. These observations suggest that lysosomal material is transferred from hepatocytes to Kupffer cells."
1160351,"Rats were subjected to ligation of the common bile duct to provoke bile ductular proliferation and  were studied at intervals from 1 day to 6 weeks. After perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde, and ethanol dehydration, blocks of liver were frozen in liquid nitrogen, fractured, and returned to ethanol prior to critical point drying. Examination with the scanning electron microscope showed a remarkable proliferation of bile ductules and preductules in addition to canalicular dilation. The ductules were surrounded by a longitudinal array of collagen fibers. The luminal surfaces contained many microvilli and cable-like structures, some identifiable as cilia by transmission electron microscopy. The present techniques offer the possibility for a reevaluation of obstructive jaundice and cholestasis."
1160352,"Infective endocarditis was induced in 15 catheterized rabbits by a single intravenous injection of Streptococcus viridans and the papillary muscles from the left ventricle were examined for histologic and ultrastructural changes at 3 and 6 days of infection. Papillary muscles from 10 normal and 12 catheterized uninfected animals were used for comparison. Catheterized animals, infected and uninfected, had cardiac hypertrophy and papillary muscles which showed an increase in myofiber size and some interstitial edema. The muscle from infected hearts had areas of focal necrosis, diffuse monocytic infiltration, and loss of normal myocardial architecture. The papillary muscles from catheterized uninfected animals showed some degree of mitochondrial and sarcotubular swelling as  well as contracture of myofibrils; the infected myocardium exhibited dramatic changes in ultrastructure such as mitochondrial swelling and destruction, sarcotubular swelling, separation of the intercalated disc, and myofibrillar contracture and disruption. These histopathologic and ultrastructural changes in papillary muscles from rabbits with bacterial endocarditis are indicative of the presence of myocardial cell damage."
1160353,"Electrocardiographic and electron microscopic alterations in the myocardium were investigated in rats subjected to hypothermia with and without injection of dextran. Twenty-two animals were divided into four groups and studied. The first group of five rats served as the control group. The second group of six rats, which were subjected to total body hypothermia developed arrhythmia (from first degree atrioventricular block to complete heart block) at a mean rectal temperature of 18 degrees C., with prolongation of P,P-R, and QRS duration, as well as a marked separation of intercalated discs, articularly at the level of the fascia adherens. The third group of six rats was subjected to hypothermia and to an injection of dextran. The resulting threshold temperature tthe temperature at which the arrhythmia appeared) was lower (16 degrees C.) than in the preceding group (p less than 0.005), but neither advanced atrioventricular block nor remarkable subcellular structural changes developed. The fourth group of five rats was sacrificed 18 to 24 hours following recovery from hypothermia and, at that time, showed no significant electrocardiographic or electron microscopic alterations."
1160354,"Although titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in industry, its biologic effects have not been determined. In the present investigation, open lung biopsy samples and sputum specimens from three former TiO2 factory workers and bronchial aspirations from seven TiO2 factory workers were analyzed by conventional and x-ray microanalytic light and electron microscopic methods. These studies showed that in the alveolar macrophages, lysosomes contained a significant amount of titanium as well as smaller amounts of silicon, aluminum, iron, and potassium. It appeared that titanium dioxide was situated in round or oval-shaped particles whereas silica or silicon compounds were localized in  separate, more rectangular structures. There fore, the adverse effects may be induced by such quartz or silicon compounds. The latter are utilized as covering substances in the manufacture of TiO2 pigment."
1160385,"Na125I and 131I-labeled albumin was infused in dogs into the common bile duct at pressures of 20 to 25 and 40 mmHg. At 40 mmHg, the amounts of the iodide ion and labeled albumin in circulating plasma were, after correction for the secondary loss from the circulation, nearly identical. At 20-25 mmHg more iodid than labeled albumin was found in the circulation. In thoracic duct lymph the same fraction of the infused amount of albumin was recovered at both pressures. Lymphatic concentrations of albumin were in both types of experiments substantially higher than plasma concentrations. It is concluded, that at increased pressure fluid leaks first from the small biliary ducts into the Mall's spaces. In consequence of water absorption and the diffusion of ions and small molecules into the blood capillaries the concentrations of protein or protein bound molecules in this part of the hepatic interstitial fluid increases. This is reflected in their high concentration in the lymph. If bile pressure rises further, fluid leaks also into the Disse's spaces. This leads to a bulk flow of solvent and solutes into the sinusoids and to the near disappearance of the differences in the venous transport of ions and colloids."
1160386,"The lymphatic and venous transport of bilirubin and total bile acid was examined in dogs after the occlusion of the common bile duct. Lymphatic concentrations of both substances attained maximum levels between the 4 th and 6 th hours, but remained during the entire time of observation (24 hours) above plasma concentrations. The concentrations in blood plasma rose more slowly, but continuously. The amounts of both substances transported by the lymphatics rose steadly for 6 or 8 hours respectively and exceeded after 2 hours of occlusion the amounts transported by the veins. The results are explained by the changes in bilirubin and bile acid formation and secretion during biliary obstruction and on the basis of observations made in experiments with electrolyte and colloid infusions into the biliary passages."
1160387,"The fluid from implanted capsules was analyzed for plasma proteins and compared with fluid sampled from small lymphatics which drained the region of the implanted capsules. The plasma protein concentration of capsular and lymphatic fluids were not found to be statistically different, for capsules implanted for greater than one month. Capsules implanted for less than one month demonstrate a much higher total protein than lymphatic fluid. This difference is thought to be due to several factors: (1) length of time that capsule has been implanted, (2) inflammation surrounding capsule, (3) time lag between sampling of lymphatic and tissue fluids. If capsules were used that had been implanted for greater than 1-1/2 months, then capsular and lymphatic fluids are not statistically different. A model is presented which predicts that the small initial lymphatics could or could not concentrate plasma proteins depending on the fate of the leaked fluid. The concentrating ability of the initial lymphatics will depend on whether or not the fluid leaked from the initial lymphatic is large relative to the surrounding volume, the time course of protein diffusion to the vicinity of the lymphatic and the rate of fluid removal from the space immediately surrounding the lymphatic. While there is a distinct possibility, since the forces exist, for a concentrating mechanism in larger lymphatic vessels, the data from implanted capsules indicate that we can assume that lymphatic vessels, especially in the subcutaneous region, contain plasma protein concentrations that are fairly representative of the tissue fluids of that region."
1160388,"The present sets of studies indicate that the fibrous capsule which encloses each tissue module divides the interstitial fluids into an intracapsular pool, and an extracapsular pool. Fluid that filters out of the capsules into the extracapsular clefts is the source of the lymph. Because of the limited permeability of the capsular barrier the composition of lymph differs from that of the capillary ultrafiltrate. Lymphatic vessels are means for the drainage of the extracapsular fluids and other materials. This appraoch differentiates two entirely separate types of edema: an intracapsular dependent pitting edema and an extracapsular generalized non-pitting edema. Three sets of experiments that support the foregoing hypothesis are briefly presented."
1160397,"This case report and reports from the literature emphasize that the so-called adult form of polycystic renal disease can be diagnosed in infancy. The tern ""adult form of polycystic disease"" probably should be abandoned and the disease considered the autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease."
1160398,"When a medical school rises anew, lacking encrusted traditions, many difficult situations lend themselves to naive-but n not therefore necessarily trivial-solutions. When Mayo Medical School began, the moral and pragmatic pressures to provide instruction in family medicine came together. To many observers, the whole concept had connotations of incredibility. How could a subspecialty medical institution like Mayo undertake to offer such instruction? Yet now, as we approach the enrollment of our fourth class, a Department of Family Medicine exists in Mayo Medical School. Every student in his or her sophomore year has 4 weeks of instruction in family medicine-2 weeks of relatively didactic introduction and 2 weeks of preceptorship. In addition, the junior and senior classes must elect a ""track,"" and one of the seven available tracks is in family medicine. For the class of 1976, 12 of the 39 students are in the family medicine track and for the class of 1977, 15 of 39."
1160409,"Systemic administration of the neurotoxic compound 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT) to newborn rats led acutely (within 1--2 h) to a marked reduction of the in vitro uptake of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in homogenates from the cerebral cortex (75% decrease) and the pons-medulla (60% decrease). When 5,7-HT was administered postnatally we found that between days 5 an7 resistance developed in the cerebral cortex towards the 5,7-HT induced reduction in 3H-5-HT uptake. This was most likely the result of the postnatal development of the blood-brain barrier. These results show that 5,7-HT can pass the blood-brain barrier in the neonate stage and enter the brain to exert its well-known neurotoxic action on 5-HT neurons. The [3H]5-HT uptake in the cerebral cortex was reduced quantitatively to the same extent up to the 28th postnatal day, after which time a moderate recovery took place. Endogenous 5-HT was reduced by 40% in the cerebral cortex when measured in adult animals. In the pons-medulla there was a rapid recovery of the [3H]5-HT uptake during the first week after the 5,7-HT treatment and on the 14th postnatal day the increase was as much as 75% compared with the control. Endogenous 5-HT and [3H]5-HT uptake was increased by 40--50% when the analysis was performed 2 months after the 5,7-HT treatment. Studies of [3H]noradrenaline (NA) uptake after 5,7-HT administration at birth showed that this treatment similarly affected the NA neurons, though to a lesser extent. The effects on the NA neurons could be abolished by pretreatment with the ""membrane pump"" blocker desipramine, leaving the action of 5,7-HT on 5-HT neurons almost unaffected. Analysis of the [3H]5-HT uptake kinetics in the pons-medulla showed that the 5,7-HT treatment did not affect the Km while the Vmax was increased. It is concluded that neonatal 5,7-HT treatment produces a marked 5-HT denervation of the cerebral cortex, while there is a stimulated postnatal outgrowth of 5-HT nerve terminals in the pons-medulla, after an initial partial damage of the neurons."
1160410,The effect of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in the rat was examined. Eleven rats were injected with saline or 2 X 10 mg/kg of PCA i.p. on two consecutive days and the learning procedure was started eight days later and lasted for six days. The acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response was strongly impaired by PCA compared with the control group. It is suggested that the impaired learning is due to a long-term effect of PCA on a 5-hydroxytryptamine system directly or indirectly linked to learning.
1160411,"Injection of rats with 14C-labelled nicotine (3 mg/kg sc) resulted in tremor measured by an electronic device during the first minutes after the injection. The animals were decapitated immediately afterwards and tissue was removed for the measurement of nicotine and cotinine. In another set of experiments nicotine (2 mg/kg sc) was injected into alcohol anaesthetized rats, their urinary excretion was measured up to 40 min, and they were decapitated as above. Pretreatment with mecamylamine prevented nicotine-induced tremor and antidiuresis. It also lowered the brain and blood nicotine levels in tremor experiments but not in antidiuresis experiments. Restoration of tremor by arecoline did not modify the mecamylamine effects on the nicotine levels. The 2 mg/kg sc nicotine dose did not produce tremor although the brain nicotine levels at 10 min exceeded those measured at 2 min after 3 mg/kg of nicotine. It is concluded that the rate of receptor occupation is important in the nicotine tremor. Both tremor and antidiuresis correlate fairly well with brain nicotine levels whereas mecamylamine-nicotine antagonism is less clearly reflected in brain nicotine levels."
1160412,"Changes in dopamine (DA) turnover have been studied in rats after treatment with pimozide and/or gabergic drugs such as beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA and aminooxyacetic acid using the tyrosine-hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyltyrosine and methylester (H44/68). The changes in DA levels were determined by quantitative microfluorimetrical analysis of the fluorescence in various DA terminal systems. Beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (5--20 mg/kg) and aminooxyacetic acid (25 mg/kg) counteracted the pimozide (1 mg/kg) induced increase in DA turnover in subcortical and cortical limbic regions but not in the caput of the caudatus. These findings indicate the existence of a strong and preferential inhibitory gabergic control of the mesolimbic DA neurons and offer the possibility of improving the treatment of schizophrenia provided that limbic DA receptors are involved in this disease. If so, lesions of gabergic pathways may exist in the schizophrenic brain."
1160457,"One hundred patients with a diagnosis of head and neck cancer were investigated carefully for a history of alcoholism. A majority of cases had a severe drinking problem; in fact, alcoholism was twice as common as initially anticipated. Patients were frequently able to hide the problem from their physician. Often the true diagnosis was obtained only by closely questioning relatives and friends. Most patients with cancer of the tongue, tonsil and oro-pharynx were alcoholic. About one-half of the patients with supraglottic carcinoma were alcoholic. In the nasopharnx and true vocal cords, there was no association with heavy drinking. The study is of epidemiological interest but also has implications in the management of the malignancy, depending upon the anatomic site involved."
1160459,The CO2 surgical laser and microscope assembly have been used to excise carefully selected T1 carcinomas of the membranous portions of the cord. Healing has been prompt and return of function satisfactory. General anesthesia and suspension laryngoscopy have provided excellent definitions of the lesions; the laser has provided a precise method of dissection. Initial results have been excellent and long term results will depend on the accuracy with which the margins of the tumor are defined and the presence or absence of the tendency of the larynx to produce multicentric disease.
1160460,"Laryngofissure and cordectomy is one of the first of the successful surgical procedures for the cure of cancer limited to the vocal cord. When the lesion is confined to the membranous cord and the motion of the cord is not impaired, cure rates ranging from 85 to 98 percent have been reported. Decline in the use of the procedure is due to the success of radiation therapy in achieving comparable cure rates while preserving normal voice quality. Hemilaryngectomy procedures are now done where laryngofissure and cordectomy had previously been indicated. The more extensive procedure gives greater security due to wider margins of resection and increase applicability, particularly when the lesion involves the anterior commissure. Although the indications for laryngofissure have diminished, the surgeon may use it when a simple, less extensive procedure is called for."
1160463,"Supraglottic cancer, because of the embryological development of the larynx, and of the arrangement of its lymphatic network, tends to remain limited within the vestibule of the larynx and the pre-epiglottic space also in its advanced stages of evolution. The cancer spread may superiorly involve the epilarynx, the vallecula, the base of the tongue, and the pyriform fossa; however, inferiorly, the invasion of the glottis is quite exceptional (1 percent of cases); therefore, supraglottic laryngectomy is the operation of choice. The lower the location of cancer in the vestibule, the safer the indication. The higher location generally requires an extension of surgical excision toward the tongue, arytenoids and hypopharnx. In view of the high percentage of lymph node metastases, supraglottic laryngectomy should be associated with neck dissection, mainly bilateral, also in cases with no evidence of enlarged lymph nodes. Supraglottic laryngectomy has been performed in 240 cases in the course of the last 14 years and the five-year cure rate has been 79 percent. Five postoperative deaths have been recorded. Rehabilitation time for the breathing and swallowing function has been three weeks as an average. Complications, such as fistula or infection have been exceedingly rare: uneventful recovery followed in all cases."
1160465,"Radical neck dissection has evolved into a standard surgical technique over the past century. It has been the most effective method of attempting to control suspected or gross metastasis to the cervical region. The technique embraces the en masse removal of all tissue elements in the space between the subdermis and the fascia colli. The perimeters of the dissection extend from the midline anteriorly to the anterior border of the trapezius muscle posteriorly, and from the clavicle to the mandible. The essential portion of this large mass of tissue is the cervical lymph system with its lymph nodes and afferent and efferent connecting vessels. Controllability of the cancer process is in direct proportion to the number of nodes involved, their size and their position in the neck. Complications in the routine radical neck dissection are minimal. Cure rates are influenced by the type, size and site of the primary cancer, the possibilities for the adjunctive treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the, as yet, little understood immunological factors. The radical neck dissection has proven itself to be an essential tool in the management of cancer in the head and neck."
1160466,A case of traumatic facial palsy incurred during the removal of an acoustic neuroma via a sub-occipital craniectomy is presented. The palsy was rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree by anastomosing the normal to the paralyzed facial nerve using an autoplastic peripheral nerve graft of suitable length to join the two.
1160467,"The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in threshold tone decay which result from contralaterally presented stimuli at an intensity less than interaural crossover. Five tone decay tests were administered at both 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz to 25 normal hearing adults. At each test frequency five contralateral conditions (no competing noise, white noise, narrow band noise centered at the test frequency, narrow band noise centered below the test frequency, and narrow band noise centered above the test frequency), were presented at 40 db above detection threshold to the nontest ear. Results showed a significant shift in tone decay scores when the conditions of white noise and narrow band noise centered around the test frequency were compared to the condition of no competing noise. A shift was seen at both frequencies but that occuring at 2,000 Hz was significantly greater than the shift at 1,000 Hz. No significant increase in tone decay was found for contralateral noise bands above or below the test frequencies."
1160468,"The introduction of high intensity proximal light sources has greatly improved the already high standard in technique of endoscopy. The enable us to illuminate the periphery of the bronchi. The advantage of better illumination must, nevertheless, be paid for with a levelling of contrast, as the bright light outshines the fine differences (e.g., tubercles in yhr mucous membrane). In order to heighten the contrast, first theoretical, then practical tests were carried out with different colored lights. Filters (red, green, yellow and light blue) were placed in front of the light source and the subjective perceptible changes in contrast examined. These tests showed that the light blue filter gave a heightened contrast between light and dark red as well as between yellow and red. Intra- and submucosal nodules, scars, metaplasias, hyper- and parakeratoses as well as precancerous conditions are more clearly visible in the mucous membrane. Circumscribed lesions are better seen and specimens for histological vertification are more accurately located for biopsy. Foreign bodies are more easily grasped. The remaining filters heighten the contrast in special cases (such as mycosis and colored foreign bodies). Individual filters or multifilter disc placed between the light source and the glass fiber light carrier are easy to manipulate, so that colored light can be employed in routine bronchoscopy in order to improve diagnosis."
1160469,"Patients with esophageal stricture being treated with dilatation, who developed esophageal perforation or local peritonitis and subsequent central nervous system infection, are reviewed. It is suggested that the vertebral  venous system may be the route by which the metastatic infection is carried. Physicians caring for patients with esophageal stricture, who are receiving dilatation, should be aware of the possible intracranial complications and should be alert to the first sign of central nervous system abnormality."
1160470,"Vestibular involvement in the acute phase of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) was observed in 22 percent and 14 patients. These patients were evaluated by history, physical examination and caloric tests with electronystagmography (ENG) employing the Cawthorne-Hallpike technique. Bell's palsy has been considered a mononeuropathy limited to the facial nerve. Evidence of occasional involvement of other cranial nerves (Vth and/or VIIIth) suggests a polyneuropathy. Several theories have been advanced to explain the involvement of the vestibular nerve."
1160518,"The fluorescence excitation spectrum of model conjugated Schiff base compounds that arise from the reaction of malonaldehyde with amino acids was shown to contain a maximum at 260-280 nm in addition to the previously observed maximum at 350-390 nm. Excitation at either maximum results in emission at a single maximum at 440-480 nm. The excitation and emission maxima of the model fluorescent compounds, together with the characteristic reductions in fluorescence intensity caused by alkaline pH or heavy metal coordination provide criteria with which to examine lipid peroxidation products for the presence of the conjugated Schiff base fluorophore. Silicic acid column chromatography and silica gel thin layer chromatography were employed to fractionate the fluorescent products of model lipid peroxidation systems and of rat testicular lipid soluble extracts. These products contained large families of compounds whose fluorescence characteristics were the same as those of the Schiff base fluorophores. The fractionation methods used enabled more thorough fluorescence characterization of many of the products of lipid peroxication, but the fluorescence criteria available do not provide definitive proof of structure."
1160519,"Linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase was extracted from corn germ and partially purified by differential centrifugation. This enzyme catalyzed the isomerization of linoleic acid hydroperoxide.(see article) Isomerase also catalyzed the substitution of various reagents at the carbon bearing the hydroperoxide group. These fatty acid products had the following functional groupings: (see article) where X is either oleoyloxy, ethylthio, or methoxy resulting from the presence of oleic acid, ethanethiol, or methanol, respectively. A crude wheat germ extract containing both lipoxygenase and isomerase enzymes reacted with linoleic acid to yield alpha-ketols, gamma-ketols, and a substitution product, the linoleoyloxy ester of alpha-ketol. Characterization of these products from wheat germ enzymes showed that the substitution reaction was not unique to corn germ. Because anions of the reagents tested are typical nucleophiles, the substitution reactions may proceed by a nucleophilic mechanism as mediated by the isomerase enzyme."
1160521,"Rats were fed for four weeks with different lipid diets to determine the effects on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of the liver and on the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction of the gastroduodenal mucosa. The diets contained cholesterol, cacao butter, olive oil, and these in combination. The results showed that dietary lipids were able to modify the composition of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and, to a lesser extent, that of postmitochondrial fraction of gastroduodenal mucosa. Cacao butter in the diet decreased the relative proportion of protein in hepatic microsomes. Cholesterol and olive oil were able to increase the cholesterol content of microsomes. The trypsin digestion of membranes revealed that cholesterol increased the solubility of microsomal protein and decreased the trypsin sensitive protein-lipid binding. The neutral fat diets increased the binding of proteins to the membrane, and cholesterol had no effect when it was given in combination. The low power photomicrographs revealed vacuolization of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes when rats were fed on lipid rich diets. Also fatty degeneration was present. Cholesterol in combination with olive oil, however, did normalize the structure of the hepatocytes to a marked extent."
1160522,"Glucose administered to fasted rats caused a marked stimulation in hepatic cholesterogenesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation, and an increase in biliary excretion of cholesterol and total bile acids. The excretion of cholic acid was not incluenced during the first few hr after glucose administration, but was significantly increased after 5 hr. Chenodeoxycholic acid showed a similar change, but the increase was only ca. one tenth of that of cholic acid. The excretion of deoxycholic acid was markedly increased by 1 hr, but gradually decreased thereafter. Pretreatment with neomycin abolished the increase in deoxycholic acid by fasting and glucose administration. Other bile acid components showed no significant change. It thus was presumed that cholesterol endogenously synthesized in the liver was metabolized mainly to cholic acid. In contrast, exogenous cholesterol was metabolized mainly to chenodeoxycholic acid. During the period of the acute enhancement of cholic acid formation from the endogenous cholesterol, biliary excretion of deoxycholic acid was increased. This probably occurred through the depression of 7 alpha-rehydroxylation of deoxycholic acid, or through the enhancement of microbial formation of deoxycholic acid in the lumen, and through the increase of intestinal absorption."
1160523,"Two sperm whale oils from the northern hemisphere and two from the southern hemisphere were fractionated. Triglyceride and wax esters were examined for fatty acids and alcohols with monoethylenic unsaturation bearing a methyl branch on an ethylenic carbon. The 7-methyl-7-hexadecenoic acid (0.37-1.37%) was accompanied by the corresponding alcohol (0.28-0.72%), but these materials were not accompanied by shorter chain homologues. The 7-methyl-6-hexadecenoic acid was relatively less important (0.23-0.68%), but was accompanied by 5-methyl-4-hexadecenoic acid (0.10-0.39%), and a partially identified C13 compound. Chromatographic properties on silver nitrate impregnated silicic acid TLC and on three GLC liquid phases are reported."
1160525,"Two new acetylenic fatty acids, 9, 12-octadecadien-6-ynoic and 11, 14-eicosadien-8-ynoic, were identified from lipids of the moss, Fontinalis antipyretica. They resemble the previously identified 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid by having a methylene interrupted unsaturated system. The C20 acetylenic acid shows that the capability of mosses to synthesize polyolefinic acids of this chain length applies, in certain species, also to olefinic-acetylenic acids."
1160524,"The effect of physical training and exhaustive exercise on fatty acid synthesis in rat liver and adipose tissue has been investigated. Exercise training (treadmill running) significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased body wt, eipdidymal fat pad wt, adipocyte size, and hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity. Training did not significantly affect adipose tissue cell number, lipogenesis from glucose-U-14C, or fatty acid synthetase. Exercise to exhaustion immediately prior to sacrifice significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased lipogenesis from glucose-U-14C and fatty acid synthetase in adipose tissue from trained but not untrained rats. Liver fatty acid synthetase was not significantly influenced by exhaustive exercise. The results of this study indicate that rats may adapt to physical training by decreasing adipose tissue lipogenesis during exhaustive exercise. This adaptation in energy metabolism may facilitate physically trained animals in conserving blood glucose during exhaustive exercise, thereby prolonging endurance."
1160526,"Methyl esters prepared from the seed oil of the conifer Taxus baccata L. were found by gas liquid chromatography to contain 12% of a component which, when isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry, ozonolysis and nuclear magnetic resonance, was identified as cis-5,cis-9-octadecadienoic acid."
1160614,"The enzyme chitin synthetase (UDP-acetylaminodeoxyglucosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.16) in Cunninghamella elegans has been investigated. The enzyme was present in the microsomal, cell wall, mitochondrial and the soluble cytoplasmic fraction of the mycelium, with the former having the highest specific activity. The properties of the enzyme in this fraction were investigated; the Km for UDP GlcNAc was 1.23 mM and 2.08 mM GlcNAc in the presence of 1 mM UDP GlcNAc. The temperature optimum was between 26 degrees and 29 degrees C and maximal activity was at pH 6.25. Mg++ ions had no effect on chitin synthesis, but soluble chitodextrins inhibited the enzyme. The production of chitin synthetase was correlated with the growth of the fungus, maximum activity being found during the late exponential phase of growth. Chitin was confirmed as the sole product of enzyme action, by digestion with chitinase."
1160615,"The organisms E. coli, S. aureus, K. aerogenes, Pr. vulgaris and S. abortusovis were inhibited by 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol at high concentrations (ca 10,000 mug/ml) and Ps. aeruginosa was unaffected. The phospholipid and lipoamino acid composition of E. coli, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae was altered by growth in the presence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol. The effect of growth under these conditions on the sensitivity of the bacteria to various antibacterial agents was determined and appears to depend on the hydrophobicity of the drug molecule. Cell division of E. coli and S. aureus was impaired by growth in the presence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol leading to filamentous forms. The change in phospholipid composition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms may influence cell division and antibiotic sensitivity."
1160616,"The methicillin resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 10442 when aged in a broth culture at 42 degrees C yielded variants showing responses of sensitivity, dependence and indifference to the antibiotic. These responses and that of resistance in the parent cells were displayed in agar dilution and agar diffusion experiments at 30 degrees C. At 42 degrees C, all four organisms were sensitive to methicillin."
1160617,"The glucose analogue, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), enhances both the fungistatic and the fungicidal action of amphotericin B in Fungizone (Squibb) against Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts in vitro. This synergistic effect is more pronounced when the test substances are incorporated in double-diffusion agar plates than in liquid medium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 2DG and amphotericin B in Fungizone have been established. The effects of components of Fungizone other than amphotericin B as clinically administered were also studied. Neither sodium desoxycholate nor phosphate buffer had any effect on the test organisms when used in recommended clinical concentrations. The 5% glucose infusion solution greatly enhanced the growth of the pathogen and markedly decreased the effectiveness of amphotericin B. H. capsulatum yeasts quickly became resistant to stepwise increases of Fungizone but not of 2DG. Susceptibility to amphotericin B and to 2DG increased with time within certain limits of exposure. The A (albino) phenotype of H. capsulatum is considerably more resistant to amphotericin B than the B (brown) phenotype, but there are no differences in susceptibilities to 2DG. The potential clinical applications of these studies are discussed, since experimental animals and man are reported to tolerate large amounts of 2DG. The incorporation of 2DG in the polyene antibiotic preparation would render it more effective at lower doses and would decrease clinical toxicity."
1160618,"Solubilization of spore coat protein of Bacillus thiaminolyticus was investigated using various reagents, and partial characterization of solubilized protein was carried out. Five per cent of the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) treatment was the most effective for solubilization of coat protein, and 5% SDS + 8 M urea and 0.06 N NaOH were also useful. Acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis indicated that the SDS-soluble fraction mainly consists of a single band of protein and its molecular weight was estimated at about 15,000. The SDS+ urea-soluble fraction comprised two proteins with a molecular weight of 14,500 and 32,000, and an alkali-soluble fraction of 12,000 and 25,000 respectively."
1160660,"The yeast Candida tropicalis 303 was cultivated on a medium containing selenium, and studied by electron microscopy. The vacuoles of these cells contained electron-dense granules. The correlation between the increase in the number of the electron-dense granules in the cells of C. tropicalis 303 and the biomass suggests the presence of Se0 in the Granules."
1160690,"The water bed has ushered in a new era in prophylactic care for patients suffering from the sequetiae of spinal cord injury and other debilitating diseases which have rendered the skin susceptible to decubitus ulceration. A commercially available water bed is described which has resulted from improvements to a prototype bed first used in the spinal injuries unit of Prince Henry Hospital in 1969 (Jones and Burniston, 1971)."
1160691,Faecal egg counts were compared in three groups in an area of universal hookworm infestation. Egg counts were lower in asthmatic and atopic non-asthmatic subjects than in a non-atopic population. The atopic population was defined by skin testing for immediate hypersensitivity responses. It is suggested that the atopic state may confer increased resistance to helminth infestation.
1160693,"An experimental management programme at Sydney Hospital, first reported in this Journal in 1971, has now been repeated in five other teaching hospitals. These programmes confirm that when professional staff members are encouraged to participate in managing their hospital, they do so very effectively. Results include: better patient care, more patients treated, lower cost per patient, improved morale and flexibility in outlook. The benefits potentially available from the widespread introduction of this approach to managing hospitals are tremendous but to realize them requires radical changes in the way public hospitals are controlled by health authorities."
1160702,"A retrospective survey of 635 cases of large bowel cancer treated at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, from 1956 to 1970 is presented. The age and sex incidence, presentation and pathology are discussed, and a detailed analysis is made of treatment and operative mortality rates. The resectability rate was 72-2%; the operative mortality rate for resectable colonic lesions was 6-6%, and for resectable rectal lesions, 7-3%. There was an operative mortality rate in the presence of acute obstruction of 17-5%. This study forms the basis of a prospective survey presently being undertaken at the Princess Alexandra Hospital."
1160703,"Of 50 jaundiced neonatal patients studied at the Port Moresby General Hospital, 11 (22%) were found to be glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient. No apparent exogenous precipitating causes for the jaundice were noted. Serum bilirubin levels exceeded 20 mg/100 ml in seven of these glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants, and exchange transfusions were required for three subjects. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency must be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice in Papua New Guinea."
1160704,"This paper discusses the use made of the antigenic specificity of malignant tumours in the diagnosis and subsequent management of a patient with secondary malignant disease who had previously been treated for both carcinoma of the breast and malignant melanoma. A comparatively simple, rapid test (leucocyte adherence inhibition) was used to determine the patient's antitumour immunoreactivity. Cell-mediated immunity against both types of tumour was detected, but this was accompanied by serum-blocking factor corresponding to melanoma only, which indicated that the secondary malignant disease was melanoma."
1160708,"Fifteen patients with Paget's disease of bone were treated with actinomycin D for periods of up to 15 months. It was found that actinomycin D is effective in reducing the pain but not the neurological effects of Paget's disease. Careful adjustment of dose according to weight and initial response is necessary to prevent gastrointestinal side effects. If this is done, the risk of hepatic, renal, or haematological side effects is negligible."
1160719,"In a series of 100 consecutive patients who had parietal cell vagotomy performed, no drainage procedure was performed in 56 while 44 were drained. Dumping was significantly less in those who were not drained. All patients were tested for adequacy of vagotomy and for function of the nerve of Latarget at operation. Four patients have had further operations, two for proven recurrent ulcers. Parietal cell vagotomy has given excellent clinical results in this group of patients."
1160720,"A ""new"" procedure for dealing with varicose veins associated with severe-to-moderate long saphenous vein incompetence is described. It consists of a combination of high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction and stripping of the long saphenous vein, with compression sclerotherapy of its tributaries and veins which are varicose because of incompetent perforators at the time of the operation. A series of 150 patients treated over a period of four years by this method is described. The safety, effectiveness, and advantages of the method over those of more orthodox surgery are discussed. It is suggested that it is safe, and more effective than more orthodox operations."
1160721,"Sixteen cases (eight in males and eight in females) of essential (hereditary or senile) tremor were collected over a two-year period. Ten patients had near relatives with a similar disorder. All but one patient had a tremor of the upper limbs which was absent when the arms were at rest, but which appeared on movement, and was made worse by emotion. The severity of the tremor varied considerably from patient to patient, and often was temporarily lessened by alcohol. The tremor involved the head and neck in six subjects and the legs in two. One subject has associated neurological abnormalities probably due to cerebral arteriosclerosis. Otherwise no neurological abnormality except tremor was present in any patient. No patient showed evidences of Parkinsonism. To the time of collection of the series the tremor had been present for periods of between one and 62 years. Many patients with essential tremor are not severely enough affected to warrant therapy. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, appears to reduce the tremor in at least some patients who need treatment."
1160722,"Sarcoidosis is a very rare disease in Singapore. Sarcoid granuloma involving the stomach alone is even more rare, and only about 21 cases have been reported in the literature up to 1953 (Scott et alii, 1953). In a review of the literature, Wadina and Melamed (1966) found 34 cases of granulomatous involvement of the stomach, all purporting to be sarcoidosis. However, on closer examination of the evidence, many of these 34 cases of so-called sarcoidosis of the stomach were subject to doubt. Bleeding from gastric sarcoidosis is also rare, and only about eight cases have been reported in the literature up to 1970. The present report presents a further example of this rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and attempts to review the significance of sarcoid granulomas in the stomach."
1160724,"The setting out of management problems in the sequence of question--evidence--action follows practice realities in many situations more closely than the inductive sytle of evidence--diagnosis--action. Explicit setting out of the decision-making process provides a framework for clearer role-identification for different practice specialities, with the opportunity for closer cooperation and joint investigation. Sequential investigation and decision-making separate categories of patients. This streaming can maximize efficiency of investigation and minimize wasteful over-investigation. Teaching a sequential approach to diagnosis and management provides the student with a practical method for solving problems in the real world. If every investigation sought must be justified in terms of the specific question it is to answer, the student will be trained to avoid unnecessary investigation, and the young graduate will find it more difficult to ""procrastinate by investigation"" because of inability to face up to decision-making."
1160738,"Twenty-three patients with 34 popliteal aneurysms were treated between 1963 and 1974. Nearly half of the aneurysms were the site of thrombosis when they first presented, and of these nearly half required a major amputation. Surgical treatment of aneurysms in which the popliteal artery was patent was satisfactory; the only failure occurred when a Dacron graft became occluded after eight years. A small group of patients was observed for an average of one year, during which time the thrombus in one aneurysm embolized and one aneurysm became occluded, necessitating an amputation. The results of this series suggest that the prognosis for a limb with popliteal aneurysm depends on the patency of the popliteal artery at the time of the initial presentation, and lends support to the belief that popliteal arteries with aneurysms are best reconstructed before the onset of a serious complication."
1160739,"Forty-three consecutive patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm treated by means of a straight Dacron tube inserted inside the aneurysms are reviewed. There were no deaths among the 30 patients who had an elective operation, and three deaths in the group of 13 whose aneurysm had ruptured. The use of a straight tube to treat an abdominal aneurysm has many advantages, including lower mortality and morbidity rates. Experience suggests that this is the operation of choice for all aneurysms, whether for rupture or as an elective procedure, except for a minority of patients with aneurysms of the iliac arteries. A significant delay occurred in referral of 30% of patients, apparently owing to the belief that vascular surgery carried a grave risk. Of the patients with a ruptured aneurysm, 50% had their condition misdiagnosed; this led to delay in the patients receiving treatment. It is clear that clinicians are not sufficiently ""aneurysm minded"" when they examine the abdomen."
1160740,"The results of haemorrhoidectomy alone and anal dilatation alone for the treatment of 20 patients with second or third degree haemorrhoids were assessed prospectively over a 12-month period. After haemorrhoidectomy the symptoms of bleeding, lump, pruritus and discharge disappeared, and anal continence was maintained. Proctoscopy showed the occasional development of secondary piles high in the anal canal. Of those patients having an anal dilation alone, nearly half had symptoms and one had a mucus leak. Anal continence was unalttered in the remainder. Proctoscopy indicated the loss of anal venous engorgement."
1160741,"A procedure is described which allowed discrete lesions to be placed in the frontal lobes and paracingulate white matter through chronically implanted intracerebral electrodes for the treatment of a severe and intractable anxiety state. This procedure enabled progressive treatment on an outpatient basis over a period of weeks so that the amount of treatment was geared carefully to the patient's response. This psychosurgical technique minimizes the risks of untoward side effects. The case history is presented of the first patient treated with chronically implanted intracerebral electrodes at the Neuropsychiatric Institute, Sydney."
1160746,This report describes the use of clear plastic bags on vinyl chloride-vinylidine chloride copolymer (also known as S Film) for the postoperative management of amputation stumps. The bags are shrunk to the stump by the application of heat and act as a primary dressing. Their use has been effective in controlling postoperative oedema and infection as well as giving the surgeon direct visual access to the stump without disturbing the wound. A case of a below-knee amputation managed by this method is described.
1160747,"Little is known about the dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of preschool children in Australia. A study was undertaken in Perth on Australian and migrant children to obtain information on preschool diets. It was found that, although the mean nutrient intakes in both groups were adequate, some individual migrant national groups showed deficiencies of one or more nutrients. Many children were obtaining excessive calories and protein. The consumption of ""empty calorie"" foods was also high. In order to find different ways to teach good principles and practice of nutrition, the types of media which might influence parents were studied. It was considered that television and, to a lesser degree, radio were media which might exert a considerable effect if they were used to the best advantage. These forms of communication particularly were of potential value, as some migrant parents could not read English and some were illiterate. A positive nutrition education programme to combat commerical food advertising of ""empty calorie"" foods is recommended."
1160748,"This report is of a single case of ileocaecal tuberculosis presenting as subacute bowel obstruction, with clinical features suggesting an inflammatory cause. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made at operation although tuberculosis was suspected beforehand. Treatment consisted of triple therapy only and appeared to be successful in so far as loss of symptoms resulted."
1160750,"In 1972 a study of workload and morbidity was undertaken by a New South Wales general practitioner. The writer analysed 5,618 of his own face-to-face patient contacts and have been set out below. A comparison was also made between the writer's morbidity statistics and those of the Australian Morbidity Survey. Both surveys were conducted at the same time and it was interesting to note a marked similarity in the percentages of disease episodes when classified into broad groups (such as respiratory disease, for example). The results have been useful as a basis for future research, as an educational tool for undergraduates and graduates learning about general practice and as an aid in practice management planning."
1160755,"Random testing of urine from opiate addicts in the methadone treatment programme at the Drug Dependency Service, Brisbane Street, Sydney, was carried out for 18 months. Six samples from each of approximately 100 clients (that is, 580 specimens) have been analysed. It was found that clients receiving high methadone dosages (80 mg and over) used illegal opiates significantly less frequently than those on lower dosages. Furthermore, a decline in the use of illegal opiates and an increase in the proportion of ""clear"" urine specimens (that is, clear of all drugs except methadone) were indicators of the effectiveness of the methadone programme. It was concluded that urine testing was a useful and objective means of evaluating methadone or any other drug addiction treatment programme, and of monitoring what other drugs were being taken, both consciously or inadvertently in combinations. The results of urine testing can also be of value to counsellors in the therapeutic situation."
1160756,The vital capacity (VC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of 482 men were measured and corrected for temperature but not pressure. The relationship between both VC and FEV1 and height and age was examined and found to be linear. In using these relationships for significance testing the 95% confidence limit is 1.65 standard deviations below the predicted value. Our results are expressed in graphical form to facilitate interpolation and will thus be of use to the clinical practitioner in Australia. Neither weight nor smoking habit was found to influence the relationship of VC or FEV1 with age or height.
1160757,"A survey of 1,348 Syndey school children, aged 10 to 13 years, carried out during October and November, 1973, and February, 1974, indicated that approximately 30% associated the word ""hazard"" with danger, risk or disaster; 11% associated it specifically with ill health; 16% defined it directly as ""habit""; and a further 15% defined hazard as being ""like a bad habit""."
1160758,A case of basal cell carcinoma which metastasized to an axillary lymph node is presented. There were no histological features that enabled either the presumed primary lesion or the metastasis to be distinguished from the usual non-metastasizing basal cell carcinoma. Evidence is presented that metastasis is considerably less freguent in Queensland that is reported in an overseas series.
1160759,"A review is presented of patients, mainly Australians and New Zealanders, who came to Fiji as tourists. One hundred and seven patients were seen in a six-month period in a general practice near Nadi International Airport, and 39 patients were admitted to the medical unit of the nearby Divisional Hospital over a two-year period. Attention is drawn to the need for informed advice to be given to patients about to embark on holidays abroad, and some of the common problems are discussed."
1160768,"High reticulocyte counts are commonly found during pregnancy in non-anaemic Greek and Italian women, whereas in Anglo-Saxon women counts rarely rise above 2-0%. In this study, the Greek and Italian groups had peak mean values of 2-9%, although it occurred some weeks earlier in the Italian group. The Anglo-Saxon group's peak mean value was only 1-5%. The differences between the Anglo-Saxon and other groups are statistically highly significant and should be recognized when assessing haematological profiles in apparently normal women."
1160769,"Bronchial brush biopsy was performed on 100 patients with pulmonary lesions suspected of being malignant. Of 61 cases of proved carcinoma of the lung, in 44 or 72-1% brush biopsy yielded positive results. The technique used is described and an analysis of the results is presented."
1160770,"Mass health examinations carried out in Busselton in November and December, 1972, revealed that drinking and smoking were more prevalent amongst men, whereas more women took analgesic drugs. Compared with older age groups more young people consumed alcohol, tobacco and analgesics. Younger people are also taking up smoking and drinking at earlier ages than the older age groups. These findings stress the need for better health education to alter the attitudes of younger people. The people of Busselton would support legislation to allow spot breathalyser tests for drivers, women (70%) providing stronger support than men (57%). This suggests that public opinion could support continuing legislation to combat road accidents. Comparisons between the North Shore, Sydney, and Busselton populations indicated somewhat higher proportions of the urban people were consuming alcohol, tobacco and analgesics, particularly urban women. However, both Australian samples revealed disturbingly high proportions of subjects taking excessive monthly quantities of analgesics (3% to 5%) compared with the United Kingdom (2-8%). Previous reports of the high proportion of Traralgon people taking drugs or medication is supported by the Busselton data, which suggest the Australia requires stricter statutory control of analgesics, compulsory warnings on labels and restriction of sales to pharmacists."
1160771,"Between the middle of May and middle of July, 1972, 177 children aged up to 15 years were admitted to a nursing home in Sydney on referral from their doctors in country areas of New South Wales for specialized investigation and treatment mainly of respiratory infections, congenital malformations and orthopaedic and ophthalmic conditions. Specimens of faeces from these children were examined for bacterial pathogens and parasites. These tests revealed the presence of intestinal parasites (mostly Giardia lamblia) in 91 of the children and of bacterial pathogens in 14 (a salmonella in one and shigellas in 13). The general health and development of the children and the socioeconomic status of their families were below the average for New South Wales."
1160786,"This paper examines the origins and the importance of pathological identification by the parent of the child who was maltreated or is at risk of maltreatment. The understanding of these identifications suggests methods of effective preventive action without recourse to the undesirable practice of removing the child from the home, other than in exceptional circumstances. Brief case history vignettes illustrate the clinical application of this approach."
1160787,"Evidence suggests that physical results may be the least important criterion of successful management of maltreated children. Emotional, social, intellectual and personality development results should receive equal attention. The maltreated child may himself be a potential child-batterer and separation from his parents may not alter this prognosis. Professional ignorance, denial and collusion are all barriers to successful management, as are inadequate treatment facilities and a cumbersome legal system whose inappropriate priorities may readily produce tragedy."
1160788,"The Dalkon shield was withdrawn from the market in the United States of America last year because of the reports of 11 maternal deaths and 209 cases of septic midtrimester abortions associated with the device in situ. Four cases of late midtrimester septic abortions resulting in neonatal deaths are presented. In one of these, the mother developed septicaemic shock and almost died. The true pregnancy rate with the Dalkon shield is much higher than was initially claimed, particularly if it is inserted in the puerperium. Surveys on the outcome of the pregnancy indicate that 50% end in spontaneous abortion and one in 20 pregnancies are ectopic. A high percentage of the abortions are septic. The Dalkon shield, therefore, has no advantages over other intrauterine contraceptive devices and it remains to be seen whether the recent modification of the device has overcome the disadvantages of the earlier version. If pregnancy is diagnosed with the device in situ, it should be removed if the string is visible. If pregnancy continues with the shield in place, the patient should be observed closely. Should septic abortion occur, active management is indicated and early evacuation of the uterus is recommended."
1160789,"A survey of tow truck services operating in a defined area of the south-east suburbs of Melbourne was undertaken to determine their potential for delivering emergency medical care at the scene of crashes. Most towing firms have an association with a panel-beating shop, and operate within a limited area of one to three miles radius. The rapid response of tow trucks to crash scenes is due to their well-developed intelligence network of ""spotters"" and the short distances the trucks travel. Very little first aid is provided by the drivers, although one-fifth had some first aid training at some time. In about one-half of the calls to crashes a damaged vehicle is still at the scene, in about 20% an ambulance is called, and in about 5% a hospital admission occurs. Direct observation of 22 crashes suggests that on average, tow trucks arrive at a crash scene five minutes before the ambulance, and fifteen minutes before the police. There is a good case for making first aid training a preerequisite for issue of a tow truck operator's license."
1160790,"The development of a centre for the investigation of genetic aspects of still birth, neonatal deaths and mental deficiency is described. It is suitably located in a maternity hospital and provides counselling early enough to prevent the brith of a subsequent affected infant in high-risk groups. A variety of laboratory and other facilities are in close proximity. This has the advantage of allowing procedures, such as amniocentesis and ultrasound examination for prenatal diagnosis, to be arranged in consultation with hospital staff members. The aetiology of the first 120 cases seen, their reason for referral, recurrence risk, and ""decision made"", are reported in detail elsewhere. The mode of operation with regard to source of case, appointments, staff and records is outlined fully in this paper. The conclusion to be reached is that, within two years of its inception, the genetic investigation centre is already providing a useful community service."
1160793,"Afternood lying and standing blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma pindolol levels were measured twice, a month apart, in 16 cases in which hypertension was well controlled either by pindolol alone or by pindolol plus a diuretic. During the month preceding each observation, the daily dose of pindolol was given in either two or three divided doses. Plasma pindolol levels could be measured in only seven cases. In these, 4 p.m. plasma pindolol levels were significantly lower on the twice-daily dosage regimen. Mean afternoon lying and standing blood pressure and lying pulse rate values were slightly but not significantly higher on the twice-daily regimen. Mean standing pulse rates were significantly higher on the twice-daily regimen. It appears that, for the control of hypertension, pindolol can be given in a twice daily regimen in most cases."
1160878,"Cell suspension cultures from parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.) were labelled in vivo with [2-3H] adenosine. The RNA isolated from the ribosomal pellet was fractionated on an oligo(dT)-cellulose column. Approximately 1.5% of the RNA, representing about 15% of the total radioactivity, was retained at high salt concentrations and eluted at low ionic strength. As determined by two independent methods, this fraction contained poly(A) segments with an average length of about 80 nucleotides. It was active as template in a cell-free system from wheat germ, directing the synthesis of peptides ranging in molecular weight from about 4000-40000 daltons."
1160879,A ribonucleoprotein was released from carefully purified rat liver mitochondrial polyribosomes after dissociation with 1 M potassium chloridepuromycin. This ribonucleoprotein was characterized by a sedimentation coefficient ranging from 10-14 S and buoyant density of 1.48 g cm(-3) in cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation differing in these parameters from the subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted more than 30% of the total RNA content in this non-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein.
1160883,"The release of subretinal fluid is only required in certain complicated types of retinal detachment and should be avoided when possible. An important consideration in releasing subretinal fluid is the timing of this step in relation to the application of diathermy or cryotherapy as the primary treatment modality. Drainage should precede application of cryotherapy but follow the use of diathermy. The most satisfactory site for drainage is either immediately above or below the medial or lateral long ciliary nerve, just posterior to the equator of the globe. A technique for drainage of subretinal fluid has been developed and evaluated. An 'L'-shaped scleral flap is dissected to produce a relatively staphylomatous zone and the choroid is perforated near its center."
1160886,"When the incision of the choroid is performed with the aid of the microscope, release of subretinal fluid becomes an absolutely controlled microsurgical procedure. In a consecutive series of 100 eyes, operated with perforation and buckling, an anatomic reattachment rate of 83% was obtained. There have been 4 complications directly related to the release of subretinal fluid, 2 of which healed with good anatomical and functional result after additional treatment."
1160890,"Drainage os subretinal fluid is generally regarded as being unnecessary when local buckling procedures are carried out, particularly when the buckle is placed radially, unless the patient has chronic glaucoma or the choroidal vessels are markedly sclerosed.However, there are many cases of retinal detachment where the eye is otherwise normal and where radial procedure is the detachment operation of choice in which a limited and controlled release of subretinal fluid will help considerably in the localisation, treatment by cryotherapy and final positioning of the tear on the buckle. This paper describes the technique employed and the advantages which may be gained by using this method in cases of deep bullous detachment of the retina. The results which have been obtained in cases in which this method has been used during the last 3 years are described."
1160892,Intraocular BSS and air used in combination with buckling procedures and exoplants have been helpful as aids in the release of subretinal fluid. BSS can be injected into the anterior chamber or through the pars plana and the buckling area. Air should only be injected through the pars plana. The advantages are discussed. Careful technique is generally exempt of complications.
1160893,"The purpose of this investigation was to establish whether the hazards of drainage of subretinal fluid could be reduced. The technique employed utilizes a three-pronged circular grid with a central aperture, 1 mm in diameter. This rigid grid engages the sclera perpendicularly and can be satisfactorily controlled with one hand. Traction with this device elevates the scleral wall to a variable degree depending upon the rigidity of the sclera and the intraocular tension. This scleral elevation allows the point of penetration of the subretinal space to be further removed from the plane of the detached retina than normally would be achieved by conventional techniques. The data presented illustrates the advantages of this approach in terms of reducing the risk of retinal penetration, inadvertent vitreous release, and failure to penetrate the subretinal space in the drainage maneuver. It is suggested that this technique adds an additional safety feature to this problem area of retinal detachment surgery."
1160894,"In a group of 250 cases operated upon for retinal detachment, drainage of the subretinal fluid was carried out in 96%. Since in 54 cases, i.e. 22%, a large quantity of subretinal fluid was evacuated, saline solution was injected into the vitreous. The following complications due to drainage were noted: intraocular haemorrhages (16%), incarceration of the retina (1%) and temporary iridocyclitis (2%). None of these complications prevented reattachment. In 54 cases in which injection of saline solution into the vitreous was carried out, we have noted: temporary occlusion of the central retinal artery (5 cases), temporary cloudiness in the vitreous body (2 cases) and traumatic cataract (1 case). The injection of saline solution into the vitreous was well tolerated. Although the complications due to drainage are rather numerous (intraocular infection and haemorrhages, incarceration of retina, secondary retinal hole, glial proliferation in the vitreous, dehiscence at the place of drainage), these complications rarely occur if the drainage is carried out in a proper manner. Despite the fact that drainage and injection of saline solution into the vitreous do not cause more severe complications, however, we consider that the method of avoiding drainage and internal tamponage, whenever it is possible, represents a fully justified trend."
1160896,"In a study of 194 reoperation in which one third of the cases were managed without drainage of SRF, it was found that a number of failures occurred after non-drainage. Analysis of these failures shows that more than half could have been avoided if the choice of operation had been correct. It is felt that with careful attention to the criteria which was used to decide on the choice of surgical technique, the results obtained by the non-drainage method should be as good in the more complicated case as they have already been shown to be in the primary case. Because the drainage of SRF carries with it a high risk of surgical complications and these complications frequently result in the development of MPR, management of the reoperation should be carried out without drainage of SRF whenever possible."
1160899,"An encircling constriction procedure has been added to the localized indentation operation. The inclusion of a cerclage does not in itself require drainage of subretinal fluid. Experiments were done in an animal model to determine the amount of constriction that would be tolerated by the eye without provoking a significant incidence of anterior segment ischemia or scleral erosion. From these experiments it was projected that the human eye might withstand a reduction in band length between 10 and 20% of its circumference without important morbidity. 119 patients were operated upon over six years with a cerclage constricted within these limits. Anterior segment ischemia occurred twice, scleral erosion not at all."
1160904,"A double-edged cutting blade oscillates between a clockwise and a counter-clockwise high speed rotation without completing a full revolution. This imparts a great mechanicaldvantage and safety to the instrument's cutting efficiency. The cutter may also be used with a continuous high speed clockwise rotation. Multiple interchangeable probe tips are used that are of either double- or triple-walled construction. A fiber-optic light pipe surrounds the probe tip used for deep vitrectomy in conjunction with an irrigated fundus lens. A film will illustrate the use of the roto-extractor in two diabetic patients with old unabsorbed vitreous hemorrhage and membranes. In the first case, a pars plana incision was used for vitrectomy in conjunction with a cataract extraction. In the second case, the para plana vitrectomy was combined with an optical iridectomy necessitated by the presence of an updrawn pupil following previous cataract extraction complicated by vitreous loss. To date, 12 roto-extractors have been distributed to 12 various teaching institutions throughout the United States."
1160905,"The prognosis in complicated retinal detachments has improved with advances in vitreous surgery. Different types of vitreous membranes require different instrumentation and different surgical techniques. This presentation describes the indications, instrumentation and surgical techniques for the management of various types of vitreous membranes. An exhibit on vitreous surgery illustrates various instrumentation."
1160906,"Severe, seemingly permanent intraocular hemorrhages caused by ocular trauma, Eales' disease and retinal vein thrombosis, lead to late formation of a dense retrolental membrane, vitreous liquefaction and intumescent cataract with faulty light perception. In the absence of ultrasound, the diagnosis was made possible only after removal of the cataract. Lens extraction and excision of the vitreal membrane led to surprisingly good recovery of vision. Three cases are presented and the pathological study of a posthemorrhagic membrane."
1160909,"Patients with sickle cell anemia in many cases develop proliferative retinopathy which frequently progresses to retinal hole formation and retinal detachment. These patients do very poorly with scleral buckling procedures. This is probably due to sickling of the red blood cells during surgery, which may interfere with the circulation to the structures of the anterior segment of the eye. We have previously reported avoiding this problem in three cases by performing a modified scleral buckling procedure in the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. This paper reports additional cases successfully treated with this technique. Blood studies performed during surgery in the hyperbaric chamber are reported and the technique is further described."
1160910,"It has been reported in the literature, and is the clinical impression of many ophthalmologists, that the use of miotic drugs and especially Phospholine Iodide increases the incidence of retinal detachment. A review of 1,000 cases of retinal detachment is reported with a breakdown of the percentage of patients who previously had glaucoma and the various drugs with which they had been treated prior to the development of their retinal detachments. The incidence of bilateral cases is also studied and conclusions are drawn as to whether or not there is any increased incidence of retinal detachment or in the bilaterality in patients who are on miotic medications."
1160913,"1. The retinal periphery was explored with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression in members of the families of patients with detachment due to retinal disinsertions and 30 pedigrees have been thus obtained. 2. A genetic causation of this disease is postulated, based in the concentration of cases in some of the sibships studied (33% of the sibships with 2 or more siblings); furthermore, the disease was demonstrated in two identical twins and was absent in two fraternal twins. 3. The sex incidence was similar and the vast majority of affected individuals had normal parents, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for at least some of the cases."
1160914,"Nine patients with congenital retinoschisis were examined. Two patients showed only the stellate c cystoid macular schisis without peripheral changes. Most of the affected eyes demonstrated a vision between 6/15 and 6/21. Fluorescein angiography did not reveal any macular abnormalities, even though changes were ophthalmoscopically visible. Patients in their twenties developed nonspecific macular degeneration, but did not have acceleration of visual deterioration."
1160917,Lattice degeneration has certain invariable histologic features but presents clinically in a variety of similar and dissimilar forms. Photographic documentation and statistical data on the evolution of round atrophic holes and of white lines are represented which tend to support the view that all of these clinical forms actuallysent one basic disease process.
1160919,"A pathogenic analysis of full-thickness tears of the peripheral retina and their incidence in autopsy eyes is presented. Tears were classified according to their location (ora or postora, quadrant and zone), type of traction (zonuloretinal or vitreoretinal), morphological features (flap or operculum), presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment, and their association with other ocular lesions. Tears were present in 2% of eyes. They were postoral in 92%, uniformly distributed in the quadrants, in the equatorial zone in 95%, related to vitreoretinal traction in 94%, of the flap type in 64%, accompanied by posterior vitreous detachment in 79% and were significantly more prevalent in eyes with lattice degeneration (17%). A simple classification of postoral tears is recommended which incorporates these pathogenic principles and includes three types according to their topographical relationship to the vitreous base: intrabasal--caused by avulsion of zonular traction tufts; juxtabasal--related to traction of the posteriorly detached vitreous on irregularities in posterior border of vitreous base; extrabasal--resulting from avulsion of cystic retinal tufts."
1160922,"Peripheral cystoid degeneration is the result of malnutrition of the retinal tissue, already observed in postnatal development. The morphological substrate for a disturbance in the function of the blood-retinal barrier at the ora is the presence of a perivascular space around the capillaries."
1160935,"To determine the risks of reoperation and clinical recurrence in Crohn's disease involving the colon, we analyzed by both crude and actuarial (life-table) methods follow-up data from 160 patients hospitalized with Crohn's colitis or ileocolitis from 1964 through 1973. A total of 100 patients (63 per cent) underwent major operation; of these, 58 required reoperation. By the 15th year after initial operation, there was a cumulative reoperation rate of 89 and an overall clinical recurrence rate of 94 per cent. Crude data implied that the reoperation rate diminished with each succeeding operative procedure, from 58 per cent after the first operation to 47 per cent after the fourth. By contrast, actuarial analysis revealed that at the three-year follow-up point, the cumulative chance of reoperation increased from 37 per cent after the first surgical procedure to 60 per cent after the fourth. The inexorable tendency of Crohn's ileocolitis to require repeated operations is demonstrable by actuarial methods."
1160936,"The sudden arrival of 1600 Vietnamese orphans in San Francisco required the rapid development of a co-ordinated disaster plan, including the overnight establishment of a 1000-bed pediatric field hospital. The plan required rapid identification and involvement of lay and governmental resources, acute medical triage and provision of ongoing medical care and basic nurturing services and eventual discharge to adoptive families. Because one third of the orphans were under six months of age, conventional nursery resources were insufficient, and a ""warehouse"" model was implemented. This process required development of a specialized transportation and communication system, the services of 800 physicians, 1400 nurses, and 3200 volunteers and 162 back-up acute hospital beds. Disaster planning in most sizable American cities has focused on the problems of adults. Because of the unusual problem presented by infants and small children, we recommend that cities carefully evaluate their disaster planning with special reference to the needs of children."
1160951,"To evaluate viral hepatitis as a hazard in general dentistry, we surveyed participants in an annual health-screening program at the 1972 American Dental Association session. Of 1245 practitioners, 0.9 per cent were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, and 12.7 per cent were antibody positive. Of those who had had clinical hepatitis while studying or practicing dentistry, 43 per cent were seropositive. The frequency  of evidence for prior infection with hepatitis B virus increased uniformly with increasing years of professional experience. The proportion of seropositive dentists did not vary with geographic region of the United States, or size of community. Only 10.5 per cent recognized illicit self-injection among patients, and their infection rate was not increased. These data indicate an increased frequency of infection with hepatitis B virus among general dentists, and are compatible with relatively uniform endemicity of subtype/ad strans of that agent in the general population for several decades."
1160952,"Thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentrations in amniotic fluid were studied by radioimmunoassays during pregnancy. The mean thyroxine concentration was 398 ng per 100 ml at 15 to 19 and 440 ng per 100 ml at 36 to 42 weeks. Although 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine was undetectable (less than 25 ng per 100 ml), 3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine levels were very high (range, 132 to 605 ng per 100 ml) at 15 to 30 weeks, but decreased substantially (range, 54 to 130 ng per 100 ml) thereafter. Thyrotropin was undetectable. The mean thyroxine and 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine levels in amniotic fluid were much lower and the mean 3,3'5'-tri-iodothyronine much higher than the corresponding values in maternal serum at both 15 to 19 and 36 to 42 weeks of pregnancy. Measuring thyroid hormones in amniotic fluid, especially 3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine, may aid in the diagnosis of fetal thyroid dysfunction and in identification of pregnancies of less than 30 weeks' gestation."
1160953,"In exploring the immunologic causes of chronic neutropenia, we identified a persistent neutrophil-specific antibody with NA2 specificity in the blood of a nontransfused two-year-old girl with severe neutropenia. No such antibody was detected in the maternal blood. The antibody was first studied and identified when the patient was 11 months old, but she had had clinical manifestations since the age of one month. After a trial of steroid therapy, a marked but temporary reduction in the antibody titer occurred, accompanied by the rise of the neutrophils to normal level. Neutropenia reoccurred, however, when the antibody titer began to rise, despite continuation of steroid therapy. This transient response allowed the patient's neutrophils to become available and identified as NA2-positive. Although the cause of this disorder remains obscure, the data presented indicate that the anti-NA2 autoantibody is responsible for the neutropenia observed."
1160969,"The onset of neurologic symptoms in a child who had markedly elevated blood phenylalanine levels during the first two weeks of life and who was promptly treated with a low phenylalanine diet, with excellent control of serum phenylalanine levels, suggested that this child had an unusual form of phenylketonuria. In assays of the components of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system (open liver biopsy at 14 months), the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase was 20 per cent of the average normal adult value. By contrast, no dihydropteridine reductase activity was detected in the patient's liver, brain or cultured skin fibroblasts. Since dihydropteridine reductase is also essential for the biosynthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, disturbed neurotransmitter function may be responsible for the patient's neurologic deterioration. On the basis of these results, assay of reductase in cultured skin fibroblasts may be advisable in the initial diagnosis of phenylketonuria."
1160970,"Demographic risk factors in sisters and daughters of 150 patients with breast cancer were compared to those of controls. Plasma hormone levels in 36 teen-age daughters of patients and 31 controls were also studied to ascertain whether an ""abnormal"" hormone pattern underlies these risk factors. The patients' sisters had, on the average, menarche four months earlier and first full-term pregnancy 12 months later than the controls. The patients' daughters did not show these differences -- apparently owing to low fertility in the patients with early menarche. The patients' daughters had higher 22d-day estradiol-plus-estrone levels than controls (24.4 vs. 19.1 ng per 100 ml, P less than 0.05). Sixth-day prolactin was also elevated (19.0 vs. 14.2 ng per 100 ml, P less than 0.05). About half the patients' daughters could clearly be distinguished from the controls' daughters by means of the sixth-day information on both estrogens and prolactin. Hypersecretion of these hormones may be important factors in breast cancer."
1160971,"To determine the characteristics of the radiographic resolution of bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia we examined serial chest roentgenograms in 72 patients. Consolidation disappeared in all patients by eight to 10 weeks; volume loss (9 per cent), plural disease (9 per cent), and stranding (19 per cent) often persisted beyond eight weeks. Resolution occurred earlier in patients less than 50 years old (P less than 0.05) and in the absence of alcoholism and underlying airways disease regardless of age (P less than 0.05). Delayed clearing occurred when these complicating factors were present in patients over 50. Lung cancer was not responsible for delayed resolution of pneumonia. We conclude that an appropriate interval for serial radiographic examinations after therapy for pneumococcal pneumonia is six weeks."
1161000,"A 7-A resolution map of the purple membrane has been obtained by electron microscopy of tilted, unstained specimens. The protein in the membrane contains seven, closely packed, alpha-helical segments which extend roughly perpendicular to the plane of the membrane for most of its width. Lipid bilayer regions fill the spaces between the protein molecules."
1161039,The protection of critical ecosystems appears to be a sounder management strategy than the protection of critical species. Environmental quality-control systems designed to protect ecosystems are described. These quality-control systems will make it possible to optimize the ability of ecosystems to assimilate and transform wastes and protect them from degradation.
1161041,"By means of the gel filtration technique, the effect of nine benzodiazepine derivatives on the binding of L-tryptophan to human serum albumin was investigated. Using equimolar tryptophan and benzodiazepine concentrations, all benzodiazepines with binding constants higher than 10(4) (M(-1), displace L-tryptophan from its binding site to a high degree. The mechanism of the displacement was characterized as a competition for a common binding site. Some of the benzodiazepines displace L-tryptophan to a greater extent than salicylic acid. The benzostereospecific binding to human serum albumin. This study shows that there is only one binding site on the human serum albumin molecule, which binds tryptophan and the benzodiazepines in a highly stereospecific manner. Therefore it is concluded that the benzodiazepines and L-tryptophan must have similarities in their molecular structure, so that both can bind to the common binding site in such specific manner. These considerations are discussed in regard to the known influence of benzodiazepine derivatives on the L-tryptophan metabolism in brain. A direct involvement of the reported displacement in the pharmacological actions of the drugs seems not to be relevant because of their small therapeutical plasma levels."
1161042,"14C-u-glucose and 32P-phosphate were given intravenously to pregnant rats, treated and untreated with hydroxyurea (HU). The incorporation of radioactivity into a variety of cell components of the embryo was measured. With this double-labelling technique it is possible to survey the effects of embryotoxic drugs on various pathways in mammalian embryos in vivo. Onset, extent and duration of the metabolic changes were measured after application of ""non-teratogenic"" and teratogenic doses of hydroxyurea (HU). 3 hrs after application of hydroxyurea only DNA synthesis is affected, whereas after 5 hrs RNA synthesis is also inhibited."
1161043,"The action of adenosine on renal blood flow and kidney function in dogs was studied with bolus injections and infusion of adenosine into the renal artery. Simultaneous infusions of theophylline, 1-5 x 10(-6) mol/min into the renal artery which did not affect renal function by itself inhibited the adenosine induced vasoconstriction. From the bolus injection studies a dose response curve (DRC) was constructed. Theophylline shifted the DRC to the right in a parallel manner. pA2-pA10 was 0.98 indicating that theophylline inhibition of the adenosine effects may be interpreted as a competitive antagonism. Infusions of adenosine (0.3-1.1 mumol/min) caused a reduction of urine volume, sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The decrease of GFR after adenosine infusion by 31.4% could be diminished by theophylline. It is suggested that adenosine action is based mainly on a constriction of the vasa afferentia in the outer zone of the cortex."
1161044,"1. The effects of various concentrations of lanthanum (La3+) on the force of contraction and on action potentials was investigated in isolated papillary muscles of the guinea-pig. 2. The force of contraction was initially reduced by La3+. During long exposure to high concentrations (i.e. 50, 100 and 500 muM) the contraction amplitude was increased again and a rise in resting tension was observed. These late changes in force of contraction also occurred after short exposure to 500 muM La3+ (2 min) when La3+ had been removed from the medium. 3. The action potentials were shortened at 20% of repolarization (plateau level) during La3+ exposure, whereas at 90% of repolarization a transient prolongation was observed. The resting potentials were reduced only at high concentrations and long duration of exposure. 4. 500 muM La3+ reduced the force of contraction to the control value obtained before addition of ouabain (5x10(-7)M). The ouabain-induced shortening in action potential duration at the plateau level was not reversed by the same concentration of La3+. 5. It is concluded that the action of La3+ on cardiac muscle cannot be explained by a simple displacement of superficially bound calcium. The characteristic effects observed at high concentrations reduce the value of La3+ as a pharmacological tool used in the study of calcium turnover."
1161045,"In experiments on isolated, electrically driven (240/min) rat hearts, perfused via the aorta at a constant flow (3.8 ml/min), the pharmacologically effective concentration range, the myocardial uptake and the subcellular distribution of three cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain) were determined. The following results were obtained: 1. The effective range varied depending on the cardiac glycoside tested: With digoxin and ouabain very similar results were found- the positive inotropic concentration ranges being within 8x10(-6)M and 6x10(-5)M, the maximum positive inotropic effects attainable being about 100% and the concentration for half maximum effects (ED-50) being 2.4x10(-5)M and 2.3x10(-5)M, respectively. With digitoxin the inotropic concentration range was found to be within 3.6x10(-6)M and 2.4x10(-5)M with a maximum inotropic effect attainable of about 50% only and an ED-50 of 9.5x10(-6)M. The analysis of the time course of the inotropic action revealed extremely short half times for all cardiac glycosides studied (between 48 and 54 sec). 2. The myocardial uptake correlated with the physicochemical behaviour of the three cardiac glycosides studied and was found-depending on the perfusion time (5 to 60 min)-to be in the range of 23 and 36 (ouabain), 66 and 98 (digoxin) and 169 and 264 (digitoxin) nmoles/g wet weight. The respective computed half times for these uptake processes were 2.5 min (digoxin, ouabain) and 3.4 min )digitoxin). 3. Regarding the subcellular distribution an accumulation exceeding an ""unspecific"" binding (non-perfused hearts) was found mainly in the nuclear-membrane fraction. On the basis of these results (very short half times of either the pharmacological action and the cardiac uptake) the site of action of cardiac glycosides in the rat heart is supposed to be located at the surface membrane of the heart muscle cells. Furthermore, the above results are discussed with respect to those obtained in digitalis-sensitive species."
1161046,"1. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with a modified Tyrode solution containing noradrenaline in concentrations increasing stepwise from 5.9 nM to 5.9 muM at 5 min intervals. This dose regime was applied twice before and once 20 min after starting perfusion with one of 9 tricyclic drugs. Ventricular rate and right atrial and ventricular tensions were recorded using the transverse method. 2. Infusions of noradrenaline evoked ventricular arrhythmias in hearts perfused with amitriptyline 4.8 muM, chlorpromazine 5.0 muM, desipramine 5.0 muM, dibenzepine 34.7 muM, doxepin 4.7 muM, imipramine 4.7 muM, noxiptiline 9.1 muM and opipramole 9.2 muM. The incidence of arrhythmias increased with the concentration of noradrenaline applied and the dose of tricyclic drug administered. Whenever arrhythmias had started they continued as long as noradrenaline was infused. Noradrenaline failed to produce arrhythmias in hearts not exposed to drugs and after iprindole 4.7 muM or cocaine 2.9-18 muM. 3. Propranolol 0.1 muM inhibited the incidence of arrhythmias after doxepin 4.7 muM plus noradrenaline 5.9-190 nM. 4. Neuronal uptake of exogenous noradrenaline in the rabbit heart was inhibited by the tricyclic drugs in the following order of declining p potency: doxepin, noxiptiline, amitriptyline, desipramine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, dibenzepine, opipramole and iprindole. 5. Among tricyclic drugs the potency to inhibit amine uptake is related to the incidence of arrhythmias evoked by a submaximal concentration of noradrenaline. It appears, however, that these two parameters are not causally linked. 6. The isolated rabbit heart perfused with noradrenaline might be used as a model for testing the arrhythmogenic actions of tricyclic drugs and the treatment of such arrhythmias."
1161047,"In three species chronic treatment with the anorectic drug chlorphentermine causes a profound alteration of the phospholipid/lipid metabolism in the organism, resulting in an increase of the fractions of phospholipids and lipids, e.g. in lungs, livers and adrenals. The results are interpreted as drug-induced generalized phospholipidosis, which is caused by amphiphilic drugs, like chlorphentermine and others. Its extent depends on several factors, like content, pattern and turnover rate of phospholipids in different organs, and on the species."
1161048,"The isolation of macromolecules that bind drugs and neurohumoral mediators at receptor sites will require analytical methods adequate to detect these substances in homogenates and crude mixtures. Although the binding of isotopically labeled agonists has been useful in a few instances, equilibrium binding studies of radioactive, lipophilic antagonists promises to be more useful with beta-adrenergic receptors. Alkylation by radioactive reagents that seek out specific receptors or specific functional groups on protein have been used in attempts to label other receptors. Conformationally directed labeling of receptor and receptor-related proteins by the latter group of alkylating agents has been used with receptors for cardiac glycosides and may be applicable to other systems."
1161049,"The uptake of bretylium-(N-3H-methyl) iodide in the rat heart atrium in vitro was examined. The uptake was linear for at least 1 hr and was strongly inhibited by (+)-amphetamine, (-)-noradrenaline, desipramine, cocaine, DSP 4 [N-(2-bromobenzyl)-N-(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine hydrochloride], guanethidine and ouabain. The amphetamine sensitive part of the uptake was almost completely abolished by pre-treatment of the rats with 6-hydroxydopamine and was dependent on the presence of sodium ions. Reserpine had no effect. (+)-Amphetamine but not desipramine caused an increase of the efflux of bretylium from the tissue. The apparent Km value of the active bretylium uptake was 3 x 10(-6) M, which was 10 times higher than that of the uptake of (-)-noradrenaline in the rat heart atrium (Km = 3 x 10(-7) M). The inhibition constants (Ki) for bretylium in inhibiting the noradrenaline uptake and for (-)-noradrenaline in inhibiting the bretylium uptake were 7 x 10(-6) M and 4 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The results obtained support the hypothesis that bretylium is taken up by the same mechanism as that carrying noradrenaline into the nerve terminals but is not bound in the noradrenaline storage vesicles."
1161050,"In the isolated electrically driven guinea-pig atrium the influence of D 600 and nifedipine on the action of noradrenaline was investigated. 1. The calcium-antagonists caused a dose-dependent negative inotropic effect. 10(-7) M of D 600 or nifedipine inhibited the contractile amplitude by 75 and 55%, respectively. 2. In spite of the pronounced negative inotropic effect evoked by the two calcium-antagonists, the maximal response to noradrenaline was not changed. The sensitivity of the myocardium to noradrenaline was only slightly diminished i.e. by a factor of 4.6 and 3 as calculated from the pD2-values. 3. The functional antagonism between noradrenaline and calcium-antagonists, therefore, offers the possibility to overcome cardiac side-effects of calcium-antagonists."
1161051,"Pulmonary edema and plasma kininogen consumption caused by intravenously administered adrenaline, were inhibited in rats pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid, but not in rats pretreated with indomethacin or sodium salicylate. The possibility of a connection between this edema and mast cell-linked activation of kallikrein by adrenaline is discussed, as well as the possible role of acetylsalicylic acid acting as an acetylating inhibitor of these processes."
1161052,"Simultaneous determinations of the striatal contents in acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyl-transferase (ChAc) and acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) were made in neonate rats from day 4 to day 16 after birth. While, during this period, ChAc and AChE increased 14 and 5-fold, respectively, the change of ACh levels was smaller and more gradual. ACh levels were unaltered following the injection of thioproperazine (5 mg/kg) until day 8, then within 6 days the cholinergic neurones developed a full sensitivity to this drug. The sensitivity to haloperidol (4 mg/kg), pimozide (4 mg/kg) and to the dopamine receptor stimulating drug apomorphine (10 mg/kg) appeared along with that to thioproperazine. These data confirm and extend previous reports that rat striatal cholinergic neurones are immature at birth; they suggest, in addition, that the development of dopamine receptors occurs prior to the appearance of functional cholinergic synapses or concomitant with this event."
1161053,"On everted jejunal segments of mice the transfer and tissue uptake of 3H-digitoxin, over a concentration range from 2 times 10(-10)--1 times 10(-4)M, was investigated from the mucosal (""m"") to the serosal (""s"") side as well as in the opposite direction. 1. The time course of the absorption of 3H-digitoxin and some other compounds investigated (glucose, urea, p-aminohippurate) gave evidence of functional integrity throughout the 75 min-periods of the experiments. 2. When 3H-digitoxin was applied to the mucosal side the permeability coefficient showed a dose-dependent increase but returned to lower values at higher concentrations. When 3H-digitoxin was administered to the serosal side the permeability coefficient showed a dose-dependent decrease at high concentrations. The ratio of both coefficients ""m"" leads to ""s""/""s"" leads to ""m"" increased dose-dependently from 0.4--2.6. 3. The uptake of 3H-digitoxin--applied on the serosal side--into the tissue was independent of dose. However, having administered 3H-digitoxin on the mucosal side the tissue accumulation was 2--5 fold higher and the tissue/medium (T/M) ratio increased within the concentration range from 3.0-9.0 4. Under DNP (1 mM) the asymmetry and dose dependence of the permeability and tissue uptake up 3H-digitoxin observed in controls were almost abolished. Therefore it is likely that the transfer of 3H-digitoxin in the intact intestine involves a mechanism more complex than simple diffusion. The existence of more than a two compartment system and/or the contribution of an active transport mechanism is suggested."
1161055,"After i.v. injection in the rat, d-tubocurarine is taken up and concentrated by the liver. A method is developed for the visualisation of d-tubocurarine inside the liver cell by electron microscopy. Glutaraldehyde fixed liver blocks were immersed in an ammonium molybdate solution; d-tubocurarine was precipitated at sites of high concentration by molybdate, to form an insoluble d-tubocurarine-molybdate complex. This precipitate was found predominantly at the surface of lysosome-like particles, but also inside these organelles. In subcellular fractionation experiments, d-tubocurarine was found with a high relative specific ""activity"" in the lysosomal fraction, lending support to a lysosomal localisation of d-tubocurarine."
1161054,"1. The activities of some cholinergic compounds were investigated on the terminal ileum of the guinea-pig and their muscarinic potencies were found to be in the following order: acetylcholine (ACh) greater than diazoacetylcholine (DACh) greater than iodoacetylcholine (IACh) greater than azidoacetylcholine (AACh). 2. Protection experiments with atropine showed a decreased affinity of the four cholinergic compounds for the muscarinic receptor, demonstrating a direct interaction of the drugs and the receptor. 3. The maximal contractions (intrinsic activity) caused by DACh were greater than those casued by ACh, IACh and AACh. 4. Incubation of the ileum with ACh was followed by a reversible loss of its ability to contract (desensitization). The time course of recovery was similiar to that after incubation with AACh. 5. IACh caused a partial (50%), irreversible paralysis of the muscle. 6. The furaziridines seem to react partially irreversibly (30%), whereas paranitrophenyldiazonium fluoborate (p-NDP) caused a complete, irreversible blockade of the muscarinic receptor."
1161056,"In vitro incubation of adrenaline with acetaldehyde resulted in the formation of an amorphous product (MA 3) which gave origin to two spots on chromatography plates. Preparative TLC allowed us to separate the corresponding substances, MA 4 and MA 5. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ultraviolet and infrared spectra of MA 4 agree with the structure corresponding to 1,2-dimethyl-4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. MA 5 is very unstable and was not further characterized. Pharmacological experiments were carried out with MA 3 and MA 4 (and in some cases, MA 5) on isolated saphenous vein strips and isolated guinea-pig atria; responses of the nictitating membrane, blood pressure and hind-limb perfusion pressure were obtained in the anaesthetized dog. There were only quantitative differences between the effects of MA 3, MA 4 and MA 5 (where tested). Therefore, these effects are described as effects of TIQs (tetrahydroisoquinolines). TIQs contracted isolated saphenous vein strips, behaving as total agonists; the dose-response curves were displaced to the right by phentolamine and to the left by cocaine (potentiation factor: 2.7 +/- 0.1). In the dog, contractions of the nictitating membrane, rises of blood pressure and of the perfusion pressure (after i.a. injection) were observed. On isolated guinea-pig atria, weak beta adrenergic receptor activation was found. With higher concentrations, beta receptor blockade was observed, for both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle receptors. The effects of TIQs were short-lasting, showing that a rapid inactivation occured both in vitro and in vivo; neuronal uptake appears to play an important role in inactivation, since cocaine was able to block about 70% of the inactivation capacity of isolated vein strips. The effects of nerve stimulation on the vein strips or on the nictitating membrane were reduced by TIQs; however, this did not affect responses to noradrenaline and enhanced those to tyramine or DMPP. Simultaneously with reduction of the effects of electrical stimulation, blockade of inactivation of endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline was induced by TIQs. Marked depletion of noradrenaline levels in the heart, hypothalamus and aorta of the guinea pig was caused by MA 3 (1-3 mg/kg). It is concluded that the condensation products of adrenaline with acetaldehyde are not devoid of pharmacological activity, are taken up by adrenergic nerve terminals and may act as false transmitters. The similarity of effects of TIQs and acetaldehyde suggests that formation of TIQs may occur in vivo, after acetaldehyde (or ethanol) administration, both in the adrenal gland and in sympathetic nerve terminals. These TIQ alkaloids could play an important role in alcoholic intoxication and in the ethanol withdrawal syndrome."
1161057,"1. The isolated canine right atrium perfused through the sinus node artery at a constant pressure of 100 mm Hg with blood led from a support dog was suspended in a bath filed with blood and kept at constant temperature. This preparation maintained its constant tension development and rate over 5 hrs in all 5 control experiments. 2. A relatively small amount of acetylcholine (ACh) induced a negative inotropic effect at 0.01 mug and a negative chronotropic effect at 0.1 mug. 3. A relatively large dose of ACh induced a biphasic inotropic response, i.e., initially a negative inotropic response and secondarily a long-lasting positive tropic response. These positive chronotropic and inotropic responses were abolished by propranolol, hexamethonium or tetrodotoxin. 6. In the papillary muscle and atrial muscle preparations isolated from one canine heart, ACh caused negative and positive inotropic effect in both paced papillary and atrial muscle preparations. In contrast to the results obtained with atria, the positive inotropic response of the papillary muscle preparation was completely blocked by treatment with propranolol or tetrodotoxin. 7. From these results, it is suggested that in the canine atrium muscarinic mechanisms predominate over nicotinic ones. This may well be due to the known inhibition  of nicotinic responses by stimulation of muscarinic receptors."
1161058,"Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) injected into the lateral brain ventricle on the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex were studied in rabbits anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethane. As short term effects, injection of 500 mug/kg of 6-OH-DA caused a fall in blood pressure and heart rate, enhanced the depressor and bradycardia responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), and inhibited the pressor response to carotid occlusion. These effects reached the maximum with 2 hrs and disappeared by the 4th hr. Intraventricular injection of noradrenaline (NA) could mimic most of these effects. At 4.5 hrs after injection of 6-OH-DA, NA content of the brain was definitely reduced: 21% of control in the hypothalamus and 14% in the pons-medulla. Rabbits treated with 6-OH-DA under penthobarbital anesthesia 24 hrs before showed a slight fall in resting blood pressure and almost normal baroreceptor function. Intraventricular application of phentolamine abolished the responses to CSN stimulation in 6-OH-DA pretreated as well as normal animals. These results suggest that the acute effects of 6-OH-DA are based on the increased release of NA from the affected nerve terminals and that noradrenergic neurons are involved in the central pathway of baroreceptor reflex. Moreover, the relfex may be functionally maintained by a small portion of brain NA content, even when noradrenergic neurons are greatly affected by 6-OH-DA."
1161059,"1. Scorpion toxin II is potent in inducing contracture and spontaneous contractions of the chick biventer cervicis muscle. In addition, this toxin induces membrane depolarization and blockade of neuromuscular transmission in this muscle preparation. The purpose of the present study is to explore the possible mechanism of actions of toxin II. 2. The muscle contracture induced by toxin II is moderately accelerated by Ca2+-free Krebs solution, delayed by high Ca2+ (10 mM), high Mg2+ (10 mM) and low Na+ (60mM) Krebs solution. Moreover, this action is inhibited slightly by d-tubocurarine and completely by either procaine or tetrodotoxin, but unaffected by beta-bungarotoxin. All these findings suggest that toxin II induces contracture mainly by increasing the Na+ permeability of the muscle membrane. 3. Spontaneous contractions induced by toxin II are abolished by Ca2+-free Krebs solution, inhibited partially by either d-tubocurarine or beta-bungarotoxin and completely by tetrodotoxin or procaine. These results suggest that toxin II induces spontaneous contractions partially by releasing acetylcholine from nerve endings and partially by increasing the Na+ permeability of the muscle membrane."
1161060,"The effects of glucose concentrations in the perfusion medium ranging from 5 to 15 mM and thiopental, on cerebral energy metabolism were studied using the isolated perfused rat brain. After a perfusion time of 30 min brain levels of the following substrates and metabolites were determined: P-creatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glycogen, glucose, glucose-6P, fructose-6-P, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, ammonia. In control experiments increasing the glucose concentration in the perfusion medium produced an increase of intracellular brain glucose concentration only, revealing a linear relationship between glucose content in brain and blood. Neither high-energy phosphates nor glycolytic intermediates were markedly affected by the changes in blood glucose. With an anesthetic dose of thiopental (0.15 mM) in the perfusion medium identical metabolic alterations occured in all experiments: P-creatine and glucose were significantly increased whereas ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate were diminished. Also with thiopental brain glucose was linearly related with the glucose concentration in the perfusion medium. The calculated regression line was apparently parallel with that from control experiments; that means thipental always caused an elevation of brain glucose by the same amount of 0.9 mumoles/g--irrespective of the initial cerebral glucose content. The results yield further evidence that glucose transport is not the rate-limiting step in glycolysis. The action of thiopetal on glycolytic pathway is discussed."
1161061,"The effects of papaverine and of the organic calcium-antagonistic agents D 600 and nifedipine on the contraction induced by noradrenaline and calcium were studied on the isolated aorta and mesenteric artery. The affinities of both agonists, given as pD2-values, were significantly higher on the aorta than on the mesenteric artery. Under our experimental conditions D 600, nifedipine and papaverine were found to act as antagonists against calcium and noradrenaline in a non-competitive fashion. In either vessel, the calcium-antagonistic activity of D 600 and nifedipine was about 1000-fold greater than that of papaverine, whereas their antagonistic activity against noradrenaline was bout 1000-times weaker, i.e. D 600 as well as nifedipine were about equipotent with papaverine. The comparison between the calcium- and the noradrenaline-antagonistic activity offers the possiblity to evaluate the specifcity of calcium antagonistic agents."
1161110,"Transplacental effect of benzo(a)pyrene was studied in organ cultures of embryonic lung tissue explanted from mouse donors injected by the carcinogen. Hyperplastic alteration of epithelium, followed by adenomatous changes were seen in embryonic lung tissue cultures from donor mice injected by benzo(a)pyrene. No alteration was seen in control cultures in which the mice were injected by a non-carcinogenic hydrocarbon (pyrene). Besides the blastomogenic action, a growth-promoting effect of the benzo(a)pyrene was observed in the particular organ cultures of the embryonic lung tissue."
1161111,"Ultracytochemical visualization of specific carbohydrate receptors by means of lectins can provide valuable topological information about the functional status of cell surfaces in normal and transformed cells. In addition to the concanavalin A (Con A) rection and precoupling of lectin--peroxidase (PO) a new method is suggested using precoupling of the marker enzyme (PO) with an appropriated glycoprotein (glycopeptide) containing a lectin-specific carbohydrate. Furthermore, quantitative estimations of Con A reaction by means of automatic umage analysis are performed on peritoneal macrophages which point out a cluster formation, but give no hints for a loss of glycocalyx during the preparation process contrary to tumor cells."
1161112,"Differences in cytostatic sensitivity between subcutaneously transplanted Lewis lung carcinomas and metastases from them were studied in vitro. Sensitivity to vinblastine sulphate and melphalan was determined as the reduction of the incorporation of H3-thymidine into drug-treated cells compared with control cells. The main result of the present study is that tumor cells obtained from pulmonary metastases are more sensitive to cytostatic drugs in vitro than are the cells obtained from the corresponding subtaneous tumors. When cells from pulmonary metastases are transplanted subcutaneously, the sensitivity of the resulting tumor closely resembles that of other subcutaneous tumors. However, when the tumor cells have been passed through many cycles where the pulmonary metastases from subcutaneous tumors were re-transplanted subcutaneously and then allowed to metastasize again, a selection of tumor cells has apparently occurred: they have become more sensitive even when grown subcutaneously. Different explanations of this phenomenon are discussed."
1161113,"The effect of the combined treatment with leukeran, degranol and prednisolone on the lymphoid tissue and marrow hamopoiesis in rats is studied. The simultaneous administration of these drugs is shown to cause a more effective inhibition of the lymphoid tissue and a less suppression of the marrow, as compared with their separate administration."
1161114,"The study of the possibilities of new DNA synthesis by the Sternberg-Reed cells of Hodgkin disease was done with tritated thymidine and autoradiography. The results showed that after incubation pulses of 30 and 60 minutes cells with lobulated nucleus, binucleated and trinucleated cells, identifiable to the diagnostic Sternberg-Reed cells, had possibilities of new DNA synthesis. This points to a more dynamic interpretation of this cell that was considered without chances of cnromosome replication."
1161115,The amino acid composition of melanosomes from human and Harding-Passey mouse melanomas and from pigmented tissues of cattle eyes isolated according to BOLT was studied. The 18 current amino acids and moreover dopa were found in all the hydrolysates studied. By means of apolar/polar amino acid ratio suggested by HATCH the possible properties of melanosomal protein(s) were infered. The higher level of cysteine and lysine in mouse melanosomes as compared with tyrosinase supports the theory of special matrix protein in melanosomes. Lysine seems to have a role in regulation of the quantity of synthesized melanin.
1161116,"In a group of 30 patients with neoplastic processes, 13 were found to have a significantly increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. This finding correlated with the results of investigation with 85Sr in 7 patients, but owing to a concomitant hepatal symptomatology, it proved of differential diagnostic value in only one of them. On the other hand, the activity of bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was significantly altered in 15 patients. In 14 of them the increase in bone isoenzyme activity corresponded to an X-ray and a radionuclear finding of a tumor process in the bones. This activity was within the normal range of values in only one patient with a positive result of the 85Sr investigation. An agreement between the results of determination of bone isoenzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase and those of radionuclear investigations was found in 27 patients. In addition, a correlation was established between the increased activity of bone isoenzyme and that of intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme investigation can be suitably utilized, alongside radionuclear examination, for early detection of a bone process."
1161117,"1. A method of evaluating in vitro phagocytic activity of leukocytes, using inert latex particles has been described. 2. 363 investigations have been carried out according to the method in clinically healthy donors, in patients with and without malignant disorders. The subjects have been divide into groups according to nature of the disease (operable and inoperable tumors, non-malignant, acute anc chronic disorders). 3. A statistical evaluation of the results revealed that the phagocytic capacity of leukocytes is significantly activated in the presence of a pathological process in the organism and this to a considerably higher degree in tumorous disorders than in non-malignant affections. The degree of activation of the phagocytic capacity of leukocytes can be measured by this method and the latter can be used in every haematological laboratory."
1161118,MOPP chemotherapy program was employed in 20 children with advanced Hodgkin disease (stages III and IV). Complete remissions were achieved in 13 patients (65%)within an average duration rate of 17.1 months varying from 2 to 40 months. If thses only one patient developed recurrency and died 10 months after the onset of treatment. The remaining 12 children are alive and well; an average survival rate since the onset of MOPP chemotherapy being 20 months. The patients with partial remission died from further progression of the disease within the period from 2 to 15 months. The study showed that histological type and mode of previous treatment had an influence on the results of chemotherapy used. The complications of MOPP chemotherapy were insignificant and easily controlled.
1161119,Addition of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (bht) to benz(a)pyrene (BP) exposed cell cultures results in slight reduction of transformation. The benz(a)pyrene hydroxylation is reduced when antioxidants are added to the incubation mixture.
1161120,"The cytostatic activity of 2-thio-4-hydrazinouracil (THU) on some transplantable tumors has been studied. A strong effect of this compound (between 60% and 100% suppression) has been found in the case of Myeloma P-8 (MOPC-21) and Sarcoma 180 (Crocker). A less pronounced effect has been observed on Yoshida sarcoma, while the development of Jensen sarcoma is not influenced."
1161121,"Nuclear DNA content was measured in 3 normal, 9 hyperplastic and 16 neoplastic rat thyroid glands. Thyroid hyperplasia and tumor growth were induced after treatment of the animals with X-rays and methylthiouracil. In the control animals only diploid thyroid epithelial cells were observed. At the stages of diffuse and nodular thyroid hyperplasia, the total DNA content per nucleus indicated for a diploid chromosome number and only a few cells were hyperdiploid. In the thyroid adenomas and carcinomas a scattering of the diploid region and an increase in the number of hyperdiploid cells was found. Among the various types of thyroid tumors neither difference in the number of hyperdiploid cells, nor typical pattern of distribution of these cells in the histogram was found. The increased number of hyperdiploid cells in the hyperplastic and neoplastic thyroids suggest an increase in the proportion of the cells entering the cell cycle and does not indicate for appearance of a neoplastic stemline."
1161122,Treatment failures were analysed in 43 head and neck cancer patients treated with a dynamic dose-fractionation in combination with breathing oxygen at ambient pressure. Infiltrative T3-4 lesions with necrosis showed poorer results than exophytic and necrosis-free infiltrative lesions. Possible differences in the oxygenation of the different types of lesion were considered to explain the results.
1161123,"The authors have analysed 43 patients with thyroid carcinoma who had been treated at the surgery department of the Oncological Institute between 1960 and 1970. The patients are distributed in four groups according to the histologic tumor structure. Considering the specific properties of each particular group, the occurrence of metastases, treatment, survival and prognosis are being discussed. An outline is given on the characteristics of the various forms of thyroid carcinoma from the histological but mainly clinical aspects. The development of regional and distant metastases, surgical treatment, postoperative irradiation or application of radioiodine and hormonal tumor dependence are presented in the paper. The best results were obtained in the papillary and the follicular form, the prognosis in the latter being dependent on the degree of vascular invasion. The solid carcinoma of thyroid shows considerable differences in survival of patients depending on regional metastases and histologic grade. The anaplastic carcinoma has the worst prognosis where survival is expressed in months, exceptions are rare."
1161138,Two patients with vertebrobasilar ischemia are described in whom angiography demonstrated obstruction of one vertebral artery at the C1-2 level on rotation of the head. The possible anatomical explanation and physiological significance of this finding are discussed.
1161140,"A case of venous angioma involving the frontal lobe is presented with surgical and histological confirmation. Only two other angiographically diagnosed cases have been reported previously in the literature. This case tends to support the entity of cerebral venous angioma as a distinct, though rare, type of cerebral vascular malformation."
1161141,"The effects of changes in systemic blood pressure upon external carotid branches of the baboon have been measured by cerebral angiography. They have been shown to have an autoregulatory type of response down to a blood pressure of about 60 mmHg, below which they constrict."
1161143,"Superselective arteriography and superselective embolisation is the future of a part of neuroradiology. After the first realisation in the territory of the external carotid artery, it was logical to extend it to the territory of the internal carotid artery. The technic of the balloon-catheter of Serbinenko is described and problems of embolisation in the internal carotid artery are discussed."
1161142,"A critical evaluation revealed no distinct clinical complex of symptoms related to the radiological picture of chronic adhesive arachnoiditis in the lower lumbar sac in 72 patients. In all cases the arachnoiditis was diagnosed by myelography with water soluble contrast media and, in 16 cases, verified by operation and microscopy. The assumed cause of arachnoiditis was, in more than half of the cases, the combination of myelography and operation in close relation, and, in ten cases, a previous operation."
1161144,"A comparison of the results obtained by 99m Tc-DTPA, 99m Tc-PP and 67Ga-citrate scanning in ten meningioma patients is reported. The association of conventional brain scanning, bone scanning and ""tumor-positive"" scanning makes it possible to identify the primary tumor, its real extent, the perifocal damage and the contiguous bone damage."
1161145,"Three cases of painful ophthalmoplegia have been described in which symptoms suggesting a tumor of the orbit justified neuroradiological assessment. Phlebography in each case revealed stenosis of the superior ophthalmic vein in its third portion, and non-opicification of the cavernous sinus. Hirtz incidences revealed contralateral cavernous sinus opacification and venous drainage through the coronary sinus. These neuradiological findings helped to differentiate this syndrome from other affections which have similar signs and symptoms."
1161223,"In the past twenty years, the vacuum extractor has gained wide use in Europe with an associated decrease in perinatal mortality. There, its use is considered by many to be much safet than a forceps delivery. Certain complications are associated with its use, but in general these are minor and transitory. On analysis, most of the serious complications reported in the literature are considered to be due to other associated factors, or to misuse of the vacuum extractor. Experience with the vacuum extractor in the United States has been minimal, and most authors feel that there are few indications for its use. Perhaps it is time that obstetricians in the United States take a more careful look at the European experience, and give the vacuum extractor a fair trial."
1161224,"In this review the mechanisms whereby amniotic fluid serves to protect the fetus from microbial disease have considered. It appears from the data reviewed that the principal mode of antibacterial action of amniotic fluid is bacteriostasis. Thus, the host is able to cope with a small number of organisms introduced into the amniotic cavity; however when the amniotic fluid is grossly contaminated the host resistance capacity of the amniotic fluid may be overwhelmed. This may be understood best by the quantitative description of disease theroized by Theobald Smith (94). Smith suggested that disease was a function of the number of organisms with which a host is initially infected multiplied by the virulence of the organism. The effects of the number and virulence of the organism in producing disease is lessened by the host's resistance capacity. This concept of disease is summarized by the equation: Disease equals (number) (virulence)/resistance. Although these parameters do not possess numeric values, it is possible to see at least conceptually their interplay with respect to intrauterine infection. For example, the number of organisms reaching the amniotic fluid may be increased by various modes, namely maternal viremia or bacteremia; premature rupture of the fetal membranes, antenatal vaginal examination and possibly intrauterine fetal monitoring. While these circumstances may result in increased rate of infection, some reports conversely indicate that minimal bacterial contamination in the amniotic fluid is not an extraordinary occurrence and may not result in any maternal or fetal complication (73,74). The intrinsic host resistance capacity of the amniotic fluid likewise represents an important part of the Smith equation for disease. We have found that amniotic fluids may vary in antibacterial efficacy from almost no inhibitory activity to profound bactericidal activity (90). Obviously, the likelihood of the production of disease by an equivalent inoculum of a particular organism would be quite different depending upon the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of the amniotic fluid. The measurement of the inhibitory capacity of amniotic fluid holds some promise for enabling a physician to determine which patients may be at special risk of intrauterine infection."
1161225,"Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was injected intraamniotically in 122 patients between 14 and 20 weeks' gestation in the dosage schedule recommended by the drug manufacturer to induce abortion. Significantly more multiparous (47.5%) than primagravida patients (21.5%) aborted within 16 hours, but the mean duration between PGF2alpha injection and abortion was not significantly different. Complications occurred in 52 (42.6%) patients and included: fall in hematocrit of more than 5 percentage points, failure to abort within 48 hours after injection, infection requiring antibiotic therapy, cervical laceration or fistula, and uterine rupture. The atypical dilatation and effacement of the cervix occurring with PGF2alpha-induced contractions may possibly lead to cervical incompetence with later pregnancies. Although the efficacy of PGF2alpha as an abortifacient is confirmed, the large complication rate with the procedure cannot be ignored."
1161226,"The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) could serve as the primary method for managing pregnancies characterized by possible placental insufficiency. One hundred and five patients underwent 225 oxytocin challenge tests; no perinatal deaths occurred. Eight tests were positive, 21 suspicious, and 196 negative. Because of data obtained in a preliminary study, all 8 fetuses with positive tests were delivered by cesarean section. Four of the 8 had repetitive suspicious tests prior to a positive test, suggesting that utero-placental function may deteriorate gradually. Urinary excretion of estriol did not decrease significantly in any patient, suggesting that the OCT is a more sensitive indicator of placental function than excretion of estriol. Except for patients with preeclampsia who were induced for maternal indications, all pregnancies with a negative OCT were allowed to terminate spontaneously. Five of the 97 fetuses with negative tests developed late-onset deceleration patterns during labor. This indicates that a negative OCT will not necessarily predict fetal tolerance to labor, contrary to assertions made by some other investigators. It is concluded that the OCT can serve as the primary method for assessing the fetal status in pregnancies characterized by placental insufficiency."
1161227,"The maternal febrile morbidity for 793 patients undergoing cesarean section was analyzed. The influence of length of labor, duration of ruptured membranes, and fetal heart rate monitoring was studied in both clinic and private patients. Morbidity among private patients was found to be consistently higher in monitored patients with comparable lengths of labor and durations of membrane rupture. The number of vaginal examinations, duration of monitoring, or number of fetal scalp electrode applications did not effect morbidity outcome."
1161228,"Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were measured by a radioassay method in 9 patients who were in spontaneous labor and 10 patients who were electively induced at term with oxytocin. Determinations were made at onset of labor and repeated at full cervical dilatation. Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were also measured in 7 patients undergoing elective cesarean section without labor, determinations being made just prior to the procedure and at the time of uterine incision. Computerized analysis showed the mean initial cortisol level (+/- SE) in the spontaneous labor group (15.4 +/- 1.6 mug/100 ml) to be significantly less than the mean initial level of the group electively delivered by oxytocin induction (37.2 +/- 6 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.01. The former value was also found to be significantly less than that of the group electively delivered by cesarean section (32.1 +/- 9.3 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.05. A significant rise was noted at full cervical dilatation in the spontaneous labor group (P less than 0.05), whereas no change occurred in the two elective groups. No significant correlation was found between the maternal cortisol levels on the one hand and the cord cortisol levels. These findings indicate that a) maternal participation is unlikely in bringing about a surge of fetal plasma cortisol which is thought to precede spontaneous labor, b) elective termination of term pregnancy by oxytocin induction or cesarean section may be initially more stress-provoking to the mother than spontaneous labor, and c) maternal stress as measured by plasma cortisol level is not reflected in the fetus."
1161229,"Radioimmunoassayable plasma oxytocin (OT) has been measured in maternal and fetal blood. Simultaneous samples were obtained in maternal forearm venous blood and in umbilical venous and arterial blood in 29 patients at term delivery. In addition, maternal forearm venous blood samples were also obtained 10 minutes prior to delivery. Mean OT level in maternal plasma at delivery was 82 +/- 12 muU/ml, and at 10 minutes prior to delivery the mean OT level was 90 +/- 11 muU/ml. The umbilical arterial plasma OT showed 95 +/- 12 muU/ml and the umbilical vein plasma OT was 60 +/- 10 muU/ml. Oxytocin levels higher in maternal blood than in fetal blood were found with the following incidence: In 51% of samples there was more OT in maternal venous blood than in umbilical arterial blood, and in 84% of samples there was more OT in maternal blood than umbilical vein blood. During the postpartum period, the mean maternal plasma OT was 66 +/- 8 muU/ml for the first day, and 50 +/- 9 muU/ml and 54 +/- 9 muU/ml for the second and third days, respectively. This study indicates that both the fetus and the mother are active producers of oxytocin."
1161231,"Abdominal surgery (unrelated to delivery) during pregnancy is not common. Review of a recent 17-year experience at our institution revealed 112 surgical procedures among 25,189 deliveries--an incidence of 0.44% (1 case for every 225 deliveries). Progestational agents have been used prophylactically in such procedures, but few studies have adequately assessed the effectiveness of these drugs to prevent onset of premature labor. The present study involved 35 gravid patients who had been treated with various doses of hydroxyprogesterone caproate before and after operations unrelated to delivery. These 35 patients were matched with 35 gravid control patients who had undergone similar operations but who had not received progestational compounds. Analysis revealed no significant difference in the abortion rate between these two groups."
1161232,"During the 17 years 1955 through 1971, 20 gravid patients underwent cholecystectomy. This represented 1 case for every 1259 deliveries (0.079% of 25,189 deliveries). The primary indication for surgery was repeated attacks of gallbladder colic. Generally, surgery was performed between the 10th and the 20th week of gestation. There was one spontaneous abortion; this occurred at 10 weeks of gestation, 42 days after surgery."
1161233,"Previous investigators have demonstrated that 2.5 mg fo progesterone, administered intramuscularly to rabbits on the day of ovulation and the 2 preceding days (Days -2, -1, and 0) significantly and consistently accelerates ovum transport. In contrast, when given on the day of ovulation and the 2 following days (Days 0, +1, and +2), progesterone does not accelerate ovum transport. The experiments reported were designed to define more precisely the temporal relationships critical to progesterone-induced acceleration of tubal ovum transport. Our observations suggest 3 important conclusions: 1) Progesterone, when given at least 1 day, and not more than 2 days, prior to ovulation does induce accelerated ovum transport. 2) The progesterone responsive mechanism is dose dependent. 3) The acceleration is partially antagonized if progesterone treatment is begun 3 days prior to ovulation."
1161234,"In a continuing oral contraceptive study of d-norgestrel, the 1,0-mg dose--the dose previously found to give the best cycle control--was administered cyclically on a ""21-7 day"" schedule to 284 women during 2650 cycles. None of the women conceived, and cycle control, though often altered, was generally acceptable. Side effects were minimal, and laboratory determinations performed prior to and during the administration of this agent revealed no clinically significant changes."
1161235,"Plasma gonadotropin levels throughout the regular menstrual cycle in 10 Japanese women were measured daily using radioimmunoassay. At the peak of ovulation, mean FSH levels were 17.6 +/- 7.9 mlU/ml and mean LH levels were 75.2 +/- 26.0 mlU/ml. At midcycle, the mean gonadotropin levels were significantly lower in Japanese women than in Nigerian women who, as reported by Nylander (1973), had a high frequency of twinning. It is, therefore, suggested that the low frequency of dizygotic twinning in Japanese women might be related to their low output of gonadotropin."
1161236,"Twelve women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are reported. Initial diagnoses were made at ages ranging from 12 to 32, with epiphyseal fusion complete in all patients. During 6 to 10 years of corticosteroid therapy there occurred substantial reduction of hypertrichosis, disappearance of temporal recession, and decrease in eroticism. In 11 patients menstrual bleeding occurred within 4 months. Urinary excretion of total gonadotropins remained unchanged; total estrogens decreased slightly. By the end of followup, 7 patients with a mean age of 17 years had regular menses, 6 were ovulating, and 1 had a pregnancy. The other 5 patients, who continued to have irregular, anovulatory menstrual cycles, had a mean age of 28 years. The findings suggest that when excessive androgenization continues for a considerable period of time after puberty (as judged by bone age) noncyclic functioning of the gonadotropic mechanism is rendered irreversible."
1161237,"Six cases of congenital vaginal atresia are described. Three of these patients had cryptomenorrhea while the other 3 had severe coital difficulties. Despite the fact that normal coitus was impossible in these 3 women, 2 of them achieved successful pregnancies and had to be delivered by emergency cesarean section followed by resection of the occluding membranes. The third patient (with dyspareunia) resorted to paraurethral coitus for more than 2 years before seeking advice. The management of vaginal atresia proved difficult because of the recurrence of stenosis at the site of the excised membrane. This was particularly marked in the young adolescent females not exposed to regular coitus. An operative method that could minimize this complication is discussed."
1161238,"Cellular samples obtained by vaginal scrapings from 204 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero were evaluated and compared with samples collected from a like number of controls. Several different sampling methods were evaluated. Vaginal scrapings contained columnar cells existing alone or in combination with squamous metaplastic cells and less frequently were characterized only by metaplastic cells. None of the control samples contained columnar cells and only 1 of 200 control samples contained metaplastic cells. The cellular findings in the offspring of women exposed to DES in utero varied in relation to age. Cellular abnormalities were demonstrated in 90.4% of women having scrapings of visible lesions and in 88.1% of women studied by 4-quadrant vaginal scrapings in the absence of clinical disease. Of 58 women with histopathologically proven adenosis, 57 (98.3%) had similar cellular abnormalities. Abnormalities were demonstrated in squamous epithelial cells of the vagina in 8 (3.9%) of the women exposed to DES in utero, and in 5 of these women there were similar changes in the uterine cervix. Only 2 (0.9%) of the women had cellular changes suggesting dysplasia of the vagina."
1161239,"Over the past 10 years, it has been well established that Crohn's disease may involve any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus and may also cause destructive extraintestinal lesions. Extensive cutaneous ulceration has recently been recognized as  one of the rare extraintestinal complications. A case of chronic vulvar ulceration due to Crohn's disease is reported. The clinical manifestations and management of such a lesion are discussed."
1161240,"A retrospective study has been carried out on 25 patients treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center for carcinoma in situ of the vagina. Intraepithelial carcinoma of the vagina occurred as a primary entity, following treatment for preinvasive and invasive carcinoma of the cervix, and following hysterectomy for benign disease of the uterus. These patients were treated with either radium implantation or some form of surgery. Five patients had recurrences. These 5 were all subsequently retreated and are alive and without evidence of further recurrent neoplasm. This series of carcinoma in situ of the vagina is compared to other reported series. Emphasis is directed toward the need for continued use of Papanicolaou smear cytology tests in posthysterectomy patients, regardless of the reason for hysterectomy."
1161243,"A case hydatidiform mole with coexistent living fetus is presented and the steps by which the diagnosis was reached are given prominence. The diagnosis in utero of an intact hydatidiform mole with associated fetus is extremely difficult, and the author thinks that the most useful diagnostic means for this rare situation is amniography."
1161258,"The effects of tumor cells implanted into the brain of animals on survival rates and gross and microscopic brain changes have been ascertained.  Walker carcinosarcoma 256 cell suspensions were injected at several brain sites in rats and leukemia L1210 and P388 and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, intracerebrally into BDF1 mice.  Such neoplasms provided for rapid and rather predictable growth increments.  The survival rates were dependent on the number of cells introduced, those receiving the higher counts succumbing first.  The brains of the animals revealed fairly discrete space-occupying lesions and neurological symptoms became apparent only hours before death due to intracranial pressure."
1161259,"Fourteen long-term human malignant melanoma cell lines established from biopsy specimens, malignant effusions and the peripheral blood are reported. Methods of culture, heterologous transplantation studies and characterization of these cell lines are presented. Several of these cell lines have retained the ability to produce pigment over a period of years, permitting bioassays at a subcellular level. Studies of cell lines grown with and without tyrosine and some of the theoretical uses of human melanoma cell lines are presented."
1161264,"The physician caring for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis should not look upon surgery as a last resort to be turned to when all else has failed and the situation is desperate. Surgical intervention may be important at any stage in the disease. Wrist fusion to obliterate pain and to restore a strong grip is advantageous whenever pain and instability compromise the function of that extremity. The knee with good painless flexion and extension cannot help but insure the patient's ability to get up and down from a chair. There are many goals that may be achieved through surgical intervention, and each of these should be considered and reviewed every time the physician sees the patient. Consider the benefits of prevention of disease progression, the stopping of bone resorption, the relief of pain, the restoration of motion, strength, and stability, and the preservation or restoration of the patient's confidence and determination to remain an independent member of society."
1161266,"Reconstructive hand surgery is an established, proved, and effective method to correct deformities and increase function in rheumatoid patients. As more experience has been gathered, the indications for both arthrodesis and arthroplasty have been better established, and a better approach to reconstructive hand surgery has developed. In this discussion we have evaluated in detail the surgical treatment indicated for wrist, metacarpophalangeal joint, and thumb deformities. The treatment of swan-neck deformities and boutonniere deformities is discussed in other sections in this volume."
1161338,"Our studies of a mentally retarded male with extremely elevated levels of alpha-aminoadipic acid and alpha-ketoadipic acid in his urine have led to the description of a new metabolic defect, alpha-ketoadipic aciduria. Analysis of the urine and serum from the patient's family revealed that the patient (KW) had a mentally and physically normal sister (CW) with the same metabolites elevated, but the rest of the family appeared normal."
1161339,"Time-corrected measurements of transplacental and transamniotic potentials were made in the fetal rat on the 20th day of gestation. These averaged 14.3 mV and 18.4 mV, respectively. The measured maternal potassium concentration in plasma of 4.8 mEq/liter and these potential measurements were used in the Nernst equation to predict the fetal concentrations in plasma. The concentration in amniotic fluid was predicted, using the potentials and either the fetal or maternal plasma concentration. The predicted concentrations in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid were 2.8 and 2.5 mEq/liter, respectively. The sampling time-corrected potassium concentration in fetal plasma was 2.9 mEq/liter and the mean in amniotic fluid was 4.6 mEq/liter. The observed concentration in amniotic fluid is significantly higher than the predicted level."
1161335,Repeated EEG and ECG monitoring during sleep was carried out in two subjects with ischemic heart disease and one presumably healthy control. All three displayed frequent ectopic heart beats. Two had ventricular and the third atrial premature beats. The study had two objectives: (1) to ascertain the distribution of ectopic beats among the stages of sleep; and (2) to ascertain the effect of alcohol and barbiturates on the frequency of premature beats. Both drugs are known to alter the pattern of sleep stages. It was found that neither atrial nor ventricular premature beats favored a particular sleep stage. Neither drug had a consistent effect on their frequency and there was no correlation with heart rate. For the most part premature beats were fewer on the second night of a procedure although a day filled with anxiety appeared to greatly increase the frequency of premature contractions.
1161340,"All enzymes of the urea cycle are demonstrable in circulating leukocytes. They show the same relative activities as those in liver except for argininosuccinate synthetase + lyase (combined) which seems to be disproportionately active. To see whether leukocytes reflect liver activity, blood from patients with three hepatic urea cycle disorders was tested. In each case, the leukocytes showed the same enzyme deficiency as was apparent from a liver biopsy (Table 4). Leukocyte assays appear to be reliable indicators of the enzyme lesions in inherited urea cycle enzyme defects and therefore may obviate the need for liver biopsy."
1161341,"Hormonal balance was studied in eight insulin-treated diabetic children who had excessive glycosuria. Glucose, growth hormone, and cortisol in plasma were determined every 0.5 hr for 48 hr. Total catecholamines and glucose were measured and tests for ketones done in 2-hourly collections of urine. Intermittent hypoglycemia as low as 20 mg/100 ml and swings of the blood sugar curve by 200-300 mg/100 ml within 2-4 hr were documented in most patients. Peaks of growth hormone concentration in plasma (8-78 ng/ml) followed almost every sharp fall in blood glucose; these peaks were usually followed by abrupt rises of glucose and prolonged hyperglycemia. Cortisol concentration was usually within the high normal range; there was no consistent relationship to the concentration of glucose. Urinary excretion of catecholamines in most patients was between 1 and 6 mug/hr; three patients excreted up to 8-23 mug/hr during short periods and up to 190 mug in 24 hr. The causes for the high excretion of catecholamines are unknown and may not have included hypoglycemia."
1161342,"Increased pulmonary blood flow was produced in 1-month-old piglets by means of left pneumonectomy, arteriovenous fistulas in the neck, and a combination of both. Physiologic and histologic studies of the pulmonary vascular bed were done 1-9 months after operation. A progressive, moderate increase in pulmonary artery (PA) pressure was observed, especially between 1 and 6 months after surgery. This was flow related, i.e., the group with the highest flow (pneumonectomy plus fistula) was found to have the most prominent increase in pressure. Mean Pa pressure at 6 months was 28.7 +/- 0.07 mm Hg in this group, vs 24.4 +/- 0.48 mm Hg in the group with pneumonectomy alone and 17.2 +/- 0.48 mm Hg in controls (P less than 0.01). The pressure response to hypoxia in pigs with high pulmonary blood flow was not different from that found in control animals. Histologic studies revealed that small arteries and arterioles of pigs with high pulmonary blood flow had a decreased relative wall thickness because of dilation up to 6 months follow-up. This was flow related, the group with the highest flow having the lowest wall thickness to vessel diameter ratio; relative wall thickness (in percentage of the vessel diameter ) at 6 months was 6.1 +/- 0.44% in pigs with with pneumonectomy plus fistula, vs 9.6 +/- 0.40% in the group with pneumonectomy alone and 11.2 +/- 0.61% in controls (P less than 0.01). In the group with the highest flow, thick walled arterioles appeared at 9 months follow-up, scattered among dilated ones; between 6 and 9 months after operation, ranging from 6.1 +/- 0.44% to 11.3 +/- 0.73% (P less than 0.01). In five animals with high flow, the right PA (main branch) showed patchy intimal thickening, small cystic spaces filled with mucopolysaccharides in the media, and muscular hypertrophy."
1161336,"Peripheral components of feedthrough loops were psychophysiologically measured from the brain, both forelimbs, the tongue and the eyes during simple and choice reaction time tasks using linguistic and non-linguistic stimuli. Closing a microswitch with the little finger was the overt response. Covert electromyographic (EMG) responses were computer identified in the following average temporal order: generally, the earliest covert reactions were in the tongue, brain, eyes, and passive arm-hand region. Next were complex EMG events in the active limb. These covert reactions may function in feedthrough loops to generate and transmit codes during internal information processing. The passive arm-hand responses occurred significantly earlier than the onset of the covert EMG burst for closing the microswitch; perhaps there is an inhibitory response ""commanding"" the passive arm not to respond, before the other (active) limb can overtly respond. Mean response patterns to linguistic and non-linguistic stimuli were almost identical. Reaction time to the onset of the EMG burst for switch closing was from 40 to 95 milliseconds earlier than the usual overt reaction time measure (that to switch closing), suggesting that reaction time studies might be improved by using the onset of EMG increase as the more sensitive and precise measure."
1161337,"This experiment extends Pavlov's method of contrasts for training a stimulus discrimination to the case of the cardiac conditional response in the rhesus monkey. It explores the parameter of temporal placement of an additional stimulus (""CS2"") within a 10-sec CS (or ""CS1""), with the appearance of the former stimulus on any trial signalling the absence of UCS (electric shock) on that trial. This experimental paradigm is a parallel to that of the ""intruded stimulus"" studies in operant conditioning. In both cases, several ways of describing the function of the added stimulus are possible, but all seem reducible to the same operational terms. Data were taken in the present study with respect to the form and latency of the cardiac rate changes produced by intrusion of CS2 (light), across a range of placements varying from simultaneity with CS1 (a different light) onset to two sec before UCS would have been delivered. The control of CS2 over the cardiac rate CR was occasionally exhibited with a latency as short as three beats after stimulus onset. The order of CS2 temporal placements to which a subject was exposed was a factor in determining the form of the conditioned cardiac rate response to CS1."
1161343,"The specific activity of argininosuccinate synthetase (micromoles of 14CO2 per milligram of protein per hour) was 0.00104 and 0.00087 in fibroblasts derived from two patients with citrullinemia, and was undetectable in both fibroblasts and cultured lymphocytes from a third patient. In five obligate heterozygotes the specific activity in fibroblasts was 0.012-0.029 and in nine control subjects was 0.058 +/- 0.014 (0.030-0.076). In both control and patient cells, the maximum activity was obtained at pH 8.5 and there was no inhibition of normal argininosuccinate synthetase by any of the mutant cells."
1161344,"Twenty-six infants weighing less than 1,300 g at birth were divided into pairs according to birth weight (900-1,100 and 1,101-1,300 g) and gestational age (""appropriate"" (AGA) = mean 31 weeks; and ""small"" (SGA) = mean 34 weeks).  One member of the pairs was then allocated randomly to one of two treatment regimens with oral sodium bicarbonate.  Group A was treated whenever base excess was greater than -8mEq/liter as detected on twice weekly testing and/or when suspected to be acidotic from failure to gain weight.  In group B, base excess was maintained within 1 SD of normal (-3.2 +/- 1.7 mEq/liter).  The infants received Enfalac 200 ml/kg/24 hr, at 67 cal/100 ml, with vitamin D 400 IU/24 hr added from age 2 weeks.  The following measurements were made: daily weight, weekly length, skinfold thickness, head circumference, twice weekly blood pH, PaCO2, base excess, and weekly plasma total calcium, ionic calcium, total magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, and total protein.  There were six pairs of each of AGA and SGA infants and two unpaired group A infants.  Weekly weight gains did not differ between group A and group B or between AGA and SGA.  Length increment was greater in AGA than in SGA babies (0.94 +/- 0.02 vs 0.85 +/- 0.04 cm/week) but not significantly so (P less than 0.1), and in group B babies compared to group A babies (0.973 +/- 0.029 vs 0.83 +/- 0.037 cm/week) (P less than 0.01).  Plasma pH was lower in group A (7.23 +/- 0.02) than in group B (7.30 +/- 0.02) and calcium ion activity higher (group A 2.72 +/- 0.04; group B 2.51 +/- 0.06 mEq/liter) between ages 20 and 29 days.  Plasma magnesium was higher in group A (1.77 +/- 0.04 mEq/liter) than in group B (1.56 +/- 0.06 mEq/liter) from age 20 to 39 days.  Inorganic phosphorus concentrations were consistently higher in group A than in group B, but the differences did not reach  significance.  Mean total protein concentrations did not rise above 4.5 g/100 ml and tended to be higher in babies of group A than of group B.  Bone age was retarded in all babies.  Radiographs available for 7 of 13 SGA infants were normal, whereas 6 of 11 radiographs of AGA babies showed some osteoporotic changes."
1161345,"Infants of two groups, one of 16, one of 14 infants, who weighed less than 1.3 kg at birth (mean 1.01 +/- 0.05 kg), were studied from age 14 days until they reached 1.8 kg body weight. Infants were pair-matched for gestational age and birth weight and one member was randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Infants in group A received no calcium supplement and those in group B received calcium lactate, 800 mg/kg/24 hr hr, in divided doses with each feed. All were fed ""Improved"" SMA, 200 ml/kg/24 hr, 160 cal/kg/24 hr, and were given a multivitamin preparation containing 500 IU vitamin D2/dose. The infants' weekly length gain did not differ between groups (1.08 +/- 0.04 cm/week vs 1.11 +/- 0.04 cm/week; mean +/- SEM). Mean weight and head cercumference increments also were similar (group A, 163 +/- 6 g/week; 1.12 +/- 0.03 cm/week; group B, 170 +/- 6 g/week and 1.18 +/- 0.03 cm/week). An increase in blood pH from 7.33 +/- 0.01 to 7.41 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.01) in group A babies was associated with a decrease in PCO2 from 44.2 +/- 1.0 to 38.9 +/- 1.4 mm Hg. Values remained unchanged with age in group B babies..."
1161346,"A simple and rapid method for determination of the hypoxanthine and xanthine concentration in plasma and urine is described. The method is based on the principle that oxygen is consumed quantitatively when hypoxanthine and xanthine are oxidized to urate by xanthine oxidase. By using Henry's law a direct measure of the hypoxanthine and xanthine concentration is obtained. The method determines these oxypurines in volumes of 200 mul in concentrations less than 5 mumol/liter in about 5 min. The average precision in the range of 0-50 mumol/liter is 2.6 mumol/liter. Of the added hypoxanthine, 99-102% is recovered in plasma. Even though xanthine oxidase is a rather nonspecific enzyme, experiments show that this method is highly specific during physiologic conditions."
1161347,"Determinations of cell electrophoretic mobility at low ionic strength and of ghost sialic acid content show that erythrocytes from umbilical cord blood and from adult donors are identical in these two glycoprotein-related properties.  Using a streak deflection electrophoresis in 16.5 mM Tris-acetic acid buffer, pH 7.4, no increased streak width indicating electrophoretic heterogeneity could be detected when mixed suspensions of adult and umbilical cord blood erythrocytes were compared with suspensions of adult cells alone.  Sialic acid content of 100 nmol/mg protein were obtained for both populations of cells."
1161349,"A rapid, sensitive radioimmunoassay for thyroxine (T4) is described which requires a specimen of dried blood on filter paper.  One milliliter of glycine-acetate buffer containing anti-T4 antibody, tracer T4, and sodium salicylate is added to a tube containing a 1/8-inch dot of the filter paper specimen.  After incubation overnight, bound and free hormone are separated by addition of dextran-coated charcoal.  Quantitation is obtained using a standard curve prepared from dots of dried blood samples with known T4 content.  The dot remains in the solution throughout the procedure.  Recovery of T4 is 95% and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation are both less than 10%.  The mean T4 content of 983 samples from the 3-day-old infants was 189 +/- 48 pg T4/dot (mean SD).  This corresponds to the T4 in 1.5 mul plasma, and thus the estimated plasma T4 in these infants is 12.6 +/- 3.2 mug T4/100 ml.  Nine neonates had repeated samples in which the T4 content was lower than 2 SD below the mean.  All of these infants had normal cord thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and thus presumably do not have primary hypothyroidism.  The method should be useful for screening neonates (and older infants), since it can be adapted for use with the punch-index machine for automated processing, no prior extraction of T4 from the dot is required before quantitation, and the small size of the sample allows repeated tests of suspicious results."
1161348,"The therapeutic response to chemically synthesized 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) was studied in three patients with autosomal recessive vitamin D dependency (ARVDD).  The daily maintenance dose for vitamin D2, to prevent signs of vitamin D deficiency in these patients, was 40-54.4 mug/kg, or about 100 times normal (Table 1). Withdrawal of maintenance therapy with vitamin D2 resulted in the ultimate reappearance of the vitamin D depletion syndrome in patients 1 and 2 (Figs. 1 and 2).  The third patient presented with the deficiency syndrome despite adequate vitamin D nutrition and was recognized to have ARVDD.  Treatment with 1alpha-OH-D3 by mouth in all three patients at dose levels of 1-3 mug/24 hr (80-100 ng/kg) corrected hypocalcemia and suppressed parathyroid hormone-dependent renal loss of amino acids (Figs. 1, 2, and 4).  Rickets healed in 7-9 weeks on 1alpha-OH-D3 alone (Fig. 3).  The therapeutic response was rapid.  It was usually seen first in the rise of serum calcium (Figs. 5 and 6).  Withdrawal of 1alpha-OH-D3 was followed first by a fall of serum phosphorus, then by a fall in serum calcium; the latter occurred within about 2 weeks of withdrawal.  Because the synthesis of 1alpha-OH-D3 is simpler than for 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and because the former is an effective therapeutic analog of vitamin D hormone, we believe these studies in ARVDD reveal 1alpha-OH-D3 to be the agent of choice for treatment of this and analogous diseases."
1161362,"A survey of 289 severely retarded inpatients at a school for retarded children in American Fork; Utah revealed 67 patients with osteomalacia as defined by hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and appropriate bone changes. Investigation of the variables which might influence bone mineralization revealed no differences in age, sex, physical activity, sunshine exposure, or dietary intake of vitamin D between the osteomalacia and nonosteomalacia groups. However, all of the patients with osteomalacia were receiving anticonvulsant medications, either phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, or both. Duration of anticonvulsant therapy was the most important contributing factor to the development of osteomalacia. Seventy-five percent of patients who had received anticonvulsants for more than ten years had osteomalacia. The single most costly medical problem at the school is the treatment of pathologic bone fractures due to demineralized bone."
1161363,"The first case of ""idiopathic"" persistence of the fetal cardiopulmonary circulatory pathway with survival after a prolonged course is documented by serial cardiac catheterizations. All previously reported infants have either markedly improved within the first week of life or subsequently died. This entity has been described in term infants with prenatal or perinatal distress who present with tachypnea and cyanosis from birth. The chest radiograph is remarkable for the absence of pulmonary parenchymal pathology and the hemoglobin and hematocrit are normal. Blood gas determinations indicate hypoxia and acidosis with or without hypercarbia. Cardiac catheterization and angiography reveal an anatomically normal heart with severe pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular pressure lower than right ventricular pressure, and right-to-left venoarterial shunting through the fetal channels (atrial and or ductal levels). It is postulated that this entity may result from antenatal factors that affect the pulmonary vasculature and its subsequent adjustment to extrauterine life. These factors may include abnormal intrauterine stress resulting in excessive hypertrophy of the pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle, or abnormal pulmonary vascular responsiveness to the usual vasoactive stimuli before or after birth, or an immature or dysfunctioning enzyme system necessary for the normal decrease in pulmonary artery pressure."
1161364,"Plasma glucose, glucagon, and insulin responses to oral feedings of L-alanine were assessed in 44 healthy term infants during the first three days of life. Alanine administration produced significant increases in glucagon and glucose concentrations on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. These increases occurred within 30 minutes (mean and SEM for glucagon, 127 plus or minus 7 to 219 plus or minus 16 pg/ml, P smaller than 0.001; glucose, 45 plus or minus 3 to 60 plus or minus 7 mg/100 ml, P smaller than 0.01) and persisted at the P smaller than 0.05 level at four hours. Responsiveness to alanine seemed to be related to the baseline blood glucose levels since constant infusions of glucose inhibited the response; These results indicate that the pancreatic islet alpha cell secretion mechanism(s) is functioning in the newborn."
1161367,"Liberalization of abortion laws in various countries and states of Europe and America has offered an opportunity for the study of the correlations between menstrual age and the rate of bodily development of human embryos and fetuses. In several institutions where local bylaws mandated the consent of the patients requesting therapeutic abortion to pathological investigation of the products of conception, various parameters of growth were measured systematically. These included crown-rump and foot lengths and body weight. The analysis of the data indicated that in the embryosic stages of development the rate of growth is substantially slower than it had been assumed previously. In the more advanced fetal stages of development the findings supported the validity of the long-established standard of Streeter. Since the current study has been based on apparently normal gestations of healthy women, whereas earlier data had rested, to a great extent, on spontaneously aborted and extopic embryon and fetuses, it seems evident that pathological specimens are not suitable for the purpose of establishing reliable standards of normal intrauterine growth rate. The present data support the suggestion, based on various experimental and clinical observations, that pathological gestations often result from abnormal ovulations that occur at times other than the mid-cycle and that such conceptions are frequently followed by a bleeding episode that simulates menstruation. It is likely that the inclusion of a high number of such cases biased the results of earlier investigations concerning embryonic growth rate on account of the frequent incidence of erroneous menstrual histories. The material available did not permit the extension of the investigation beyond the 20th week of gestation. It appears, however, that the average growth rate in the mid-trimester may be slower than the data adopted by the American Academy of Pediatrics would indicate. The possible causes of some phenomena observed in the course of the investigation, such as unexplained scatter of growth-rate patterns at all developmental stages and discrepancies among various literary data, have been discussed in some detail. While a tentative attempt has been made to correlate the investigated parameters of fetal growth with biparietal diameters of the head, a measurement accessible to direct assessment by sonography during pregnancy, the necessity of improving these standards through a prospective study has been emphasized."
1161368,"This clinical experiment tested variations of psychological preparation and supportive care designed to increase the adjustment of children (and their parents) hospitalized for elective surgery. Eighty-four children, aged 3 to 12, admitted for tonsillectomies were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions or to a control group: (1) a combination of systematic preparation, rehearsal, and supportive care conducted prior to each stressful procedure; (2) a single-session preparation conducted after admission, and (3) consistent supportive care given by one nurse at the same points as in the first condition, but including no systematic preparation or rehearsal. The children's hospital adjustment was measured by blind ratings of behavioral upset and cooperation during the blood test, medication injection, transport to surgery, induction, and postoperative fluid intake and by recovery room medications and pulse rates and time to first voiding. Post-hospital adjustment was assessed with Vernon et al.'s Post Hospital Behavior Inventory. Parent outcome measures included self-ratings for anxiety and satisfaction with information and care. As hypothesized, the results demonstrated that children who received condition one showed significantly less upset and more cooperation and their parents reported significantly greater satisfaction and less anxiety than did children or parents in the other groups. Younger children were significantly more upset and less cooperative than older children."
1161369,"In order to decrease complications of improper endotracheal tube positioning, a method of placing the tube by palpation within the suprasternal notch was devised. The method proved to be simple and effective. The accuracy was verified by fluoroscopy and a clinical study comparing this technique with others is reported. No complications of the technique were noted. Once palpation was reliable, the proper position of the tube tip was defined. From measurements taken from routine inspiratory chest radiographs on 142 infants, it was found that a point midway between the medial ends of the clavicle (IMP) was a good position because it approximates the true tracheal midpoint and, therefore, is a good landmark on a chest radiograph. This point allows for movement of the tube tip with head positioning and of the carina with respiration. The tube tip can be placed near the IMP by the suprasternal palpation technique. This method, therefore, is useful in emergency situations or on initial intubations to avoid improper position of the tube tip prior to radiograph verification."
1161370,"An organization of clinical faculty has been formed at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, to help coordinate the mutual goals but sometimes conflicting needs of practicing pediatricians and a teaching hospital. The organization has been active in developing and conducting educational experiences for students, house officers, and practitioners. It has contributed to efforts to improve ambulatory and inpatient care. Collaborative clinical research projects involving practitioners and academicians are planned. We know of no other existing similar organization. We propose that other institutions with similar needs consider this mechanism to help improve their academic and patient care programs."
1161371,The format for health-care delivery has changed from a solo to a group model at the General Pediatric Clinic of Chicago Wyler Children's Hospital. Evaluation of the new model after the first year has demonstrated a significant improvement in the attitudes of house staff toward their experience in primary-care delivery.
1161372,"Five interns joined in a collaborative study to assess their learning experiences during the internship year. A 3 times 5-inch data form was completed for each patient for whom the intern was responsible. Information was gathered on demongraphic characteristics of the patient, the teaching that involved this patient, and what skills were acquired. Nearly 30% of the patients were under 1 year of age; 55% were boys. More than one half of the contacts were in an outpatient or emergency department. Over 80% of the patients had not been seen before; continuity patients made up less than 9% of the contacts. Well-child care was the largest care category (19%), followed by respiratory problems (15%) and injuries (9%). About 40% of the contacts involved a teaching input, mainly from residents, attending physicians, and faculty. Care skills most frequently acquired were physical examination (49%), reading (15%), and interviewing (11%). Cross-tabulations showed that most learning was reported for inpatients, for patients with rare diseases, and when some teaching was involved."
1161373,"A system of providing rapid review of ambulatory patient records using a set of criteria was developed and tested. Of 337 records selected for review, 25% were not reviewable. Of the remaining 75%, virtually one half proved to be lacking in one or more of the established criteria. Deficiencies tended to occur most often in criteria related to the physical examination of the child. Physician compliance with the criteria could not be conclusively shown to improve during the five-month study period, although physician acceptability was judged as good. A large percentage (47.3%) of deficient records could be corrected by the responsible health professional. The chief advantages of the system are that it is rapid and easy to perform. It focuses on the major service provided by the facility, i.e., acute medical care, and on the performance of the individual providing that service."
1161374,"Since elevation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) excretion frequently occurs in patients with neuroblastoma, simpler methods have been developed to differentiate between high and low levels of VMA in the urine, namely the LaBrosse spot test and VMA test strips. Sensitivity of these two procedures depends upon the concentration of VMA in the urine rather than total amount of VMA excreted. VMA excretion data from patients with neuroblastoma show that even though the total amount of VMA excreted in a 24-hour period may definitely be elevated, the concentration of VMA in the 24-hour urine samples may vary greatly from one day to the next and from one patient to another. Therefore, these rapid screening methods for urinary VMA would appear to be too insensitive to use as the sole means of detection or follow-up of patients with neuroblastoma since these techniques require a high concentration of VMA."
1161375,"The federal government is urging states to enact legislation requiring that safety belts be worn. Small children are excluded from this requirement. Following the neonatal period, the motor vehicle poses the greatest single threat to a child's life. Contrary to popular belief, more small children are killed and injured inside the vehicle than outside. The marjority of children now ride in cars unprotected or inadequately protected. Standard safety belts are unsuitable for small children. Special devices capable of distributing collision forces over a large body area should be used. Original children's car ""safety"" seats were not intended to protect their occupants in a crash. These seats became subject to a government safety standard in April 1971. Shortly  after this standard came into effect it was shown to be grossly inadequate in ensuring crash protection. A proposal for revising current safety criteria was issued in March 1974--to be implemented in September 1975. A number of progressive companies have developed crashworthy devices. As public awareness is being awakened, manufacturers are begining to find that ""safety"" sells. Child crash protection  has not escaped the attention of safety experts whose writings are reviewed, but it is shown that lack of parent awareness and concern can be directly related to sparse and often inaccurate and incomplete information available. Many popular child care books ignore the subject entirely. Because correct use of devices is of such critical importance, instructions detailing what parents must do should be prominently displayed on a permanent label attached to the device. Observation of car seats in use confirms that correct installation of the device itself and/or proper securement of the child within the device in the exception rather than the rule. The development of child restraints is of recent date. It is essential to keep abreast of advances made in the field. Earlier recommendations may be superseded by more recent research findings. It has been found that parents are most receptive to new ideas prior to and immediately following the birth of a new baby. In-hospital instruction of expectant and new parents is showing promising results. There is an urgent need for pediatricians to become involved in this vital area of ""preventive medicine""."
1161378,"An aggressive screening and follow-up program for children at risk for lead poisoning was conducted by a nurse practitioner in a small family practice unit. Subsequent venous blood lead determinations untreated cases show the natural fall in lead level over 12 to 18 months. Many of these children would have been chelated by others, yet individualized, specific, personalized care by a nurse practitioner permitted monitoring without treatment even in persistently leaded environments. No chelation therapy was necessary until the third summer, when coincident with a long, hot, dry season, the city's abatement system because nonfunctional. Non-treatment requires close follow-up, a relatively small population, and cooperation from the city."
1161392,Transillumination of the neonatal chest is described as an aid in the diagnosis of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum. Sudden severe tension pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum can be localized for immediate treatment and the success of therapy can be immediately assessed using transillumination.
1161393,"Catheterization of the aorta via the umbilical artery provides a convenient route for monitoring arterial blood pressure, for obtaining blood specimens for measurement of blood gas tensions and chemistries, and for the infusion of fluids and pharmacologic preparations in sick newborn infants. Use of this technique may be accompanied by a number of complications of which thrombotic phenomena are the most common. Twenty-three of 98 (24%) newborn infants undergoing umbilical artery catheterization were found to have thrombotic complication determined by aortography. No correlation was present between the duration of time that the umbilical artery catheters were in place and the occurrence of thrombotic complications. From paired aortographic or aortographic and autopsy studies in 24 patients, it was concluded that if a thrombotic complication did not occur early, none was likely to occur subsequently. One patient was considered to have died as a direct result of a thrombotic complication. Aortography is a safe, simple, and reliable technique for the early detection of thrombotic complications of umbilical artery catheters. Umbilical artery catheterization is not without risk and careful selection  of patients for this procedure is indicated."
1161394,"Antibody in human subjects persisted without substantial decline for 8 years after mumps vaccine (Jeryl Lynn), for 6 years after measles (Attenuvax), for 5 1/2 years after rubella vaccine (HPV-77 duck), for 5 years after measles-mumps-rubella and mumps-rubella combined vaccines, for 4 years after measles and rubella, and for 2 years after measles-mumps vaccines, the longest periods tested. Protective immunity against mumps illness persisted through the eighth year. The patterns for antibody following vaccination parallel those for natural infection and indicate that immunity will be lasting. Subclinical reinfection evidenced by antibody increase was commonly seen in persons who had been vaccinated, much as follows the natural infection."
1161395,"The clinical impression of an allergist that early surgery increases the risk for developing asthma or hayfever was followed up by three studies. First, 115 children with pyloric stenosis were followed up and showed above-average prevalence figures. Second, 47 boys with hernia repairs were followed with similar results. Thirdly, 202 children reporting asthma or hay fever were studied for early hospitalizations. They reported more hospitalizations under the age of 2 than did a control group."
1161396,"One recently published article and several presentations at international meetings have suggested that there is an increased incidence of allergic and asthmatic manifestations, as compared with the general population, if a child undergoes surgery before the age of 2 years. The study explores the incidence of asthma and allergy in a group of patients who presented with pyloric stenosis. All of these underwent surgery. The technique of the study was a retrospective telephone review and the response rate was approximately 40%. The data show that there is no increase in the incidence of allergy or asthma in this population as compared with nationally reported figures."
1161397,"Information in 51 tape-recorded physician-patient encounters was compared with information written in the patients' medical records. Diagnoses, chief complaints, scheduled appointments, non-drug therapy, and diagnostic studies were uniformly well-recorded. Medication names were well-recorded but dosages were not. Characteristics of care such as levels of function, probable cause of illness, reason for follow-up, and compliance were recorded poorly. Patients were more likely to known about and understand their diagnosis, and names, dosage, and intended function of their medications when this information was written in the record than when it was not. These findings indicate a relationship between the quality of medical records and the effectiveness of care."
1161398,"During an 18-month period, 102 children with encopresis were seen in a general pediatric outpatient clinic. Through interviews and questionnaires, extensive historical information was obtained. Children were compared with respect to demographic characteristics, bowel-function histories, early training and management, and present manifestations of bowel dysfunction. A wide variety of historical backgrounds and manifestations was observed. It was found that many of the traditional generalizations about encopresis could not be substantiated. It is suggested that a very individualized approach to this problem be adopted and that children with encopresis be investigated carefully to uncover early developmental problems, critical life events, and the precise physiology and dynamics of present bowel dysfunction."
1161399,"A 9-year-old child with miliary pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E recovered rapidly cover a four-week period. Subsequent analysis of serum samples by a solid phase radioimmunoassay technique demonstrated IgM, IgE, and IgG antibodies to Ascaris suum antigen which declined following the acute phase of the illness in parallel with a decline in serum IgM, IgE, and IgG concentrations. Precipitating antibodies in serum against Ascaris antigen were demonstrated. The diagnosis is considered to be toxocariasis or ascariasis. The application of sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques of this type should provide a method of earlier diagnosis and the demonstration of rapidly changing antibody levels a method of confirming the diagnosis in parasitic diseases."
1161400,"Ultrasound was used to evaluate 100 pediatric patients suspected of having a mass. This technique was found to be useful in several ways: (1) differentiation of cystic, solid, and complex masses, which is not usually possible with routine roentgenographic evaluation; (2) delineation of free fluid collections from those that are loculated or contained within masses; (3) measurement of the size of both normal and abnormal structures; and (4) confirmation of the abnormal position or absence of organs. Ultrasound was used as a supplement to routine clinical and radiologic studies."
1161401,"The clinical course and renal pathology of 17 children with acute extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis is reported. Patients with systemic diseases associated with renal involvement were excluded. The onset followed streptococcal infection in ten; of these, four have died, one has been transplanted, and the remaining five have completely healed. The mean follow-up of the latter five patients was 32 months (range, 18 to 57 months). Of the other seven patients without evidence of precedeing streptococcal infection, two have died, two have been transplanted, and the remaining three all have hypertension, proteinuria, and reduced creatinine clearance. The mean follow-up of the latter three patients was 29 months (range, 14 to 38 months). The initial renal histopathologic changes and their progress in later renal biopsies is described. The role of various therapeutic agents is discussed. The prognosis in acute extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis following streptococcal infection appears to be better than in ones without preceding streptococcal infection."
1161402,"Figures for height and weight and derived values for total body water and fat were assembled for groups of girls with a variety of disorders to examine their conformity to the hypothesis of Frisch and Revelle that menarche occurs at a ""critical"" weight associated with a decline in metabolic rate and achievement of a characteristic body composition. The groups examined included girls with unusually tall stature, central idiopathic precocity, precocity associated with hypothyroidism, girls with hypothyroidism but lacking signs of sexual maturation, one group with gonadal dysgenesis, and another of girls with obesity. Girls with tall stature significantly exceeded the ""critical"" weight of 47.8 kg before achieving menarche but had onset of menses in accordance with the body composition hypothesis. The body composition of girls with idiopathic sex precocity was altered toward that at menarche of normals although the patients were much smaller and younger. The same trend was exaggerated in girls in whom precocity was associated with hypothyroidism; equally hypothyroid girls showing no signs of adolescent development had body compositions similar to those of age-matched controls. Girls with gonadal dysgenesis showed an alteration in body composition paralleling that of normals between the ages when the latter begin the pubertal growth spurt and achieve menarche. Girls under 8 years of age with simple obesity had an even greater percentage of body fat than normal menarchal girls but showed no signs of puberty. It is concluded that menarche is not necessarily triggered by achievement of a critical body weight or lowering of metabolism. Neither are the rising levels of estrogen in adolescence solely responsible for the characteristic increase in body fat. Only the data on girls with obesity failed to accord with the generalization that, when the ovaries are competent, menarche is highly correlated with achievement of a characteristic body composition. The observations, particularly in gonadal dysgenesis, suggest the pituitary gonadotropins may play a role in determining body composition in menarche."
1161438,"The effects of background luminance, contrast, and background wavelength on the perceived size of small line figures were studied at mesopic levels of light adaptation. Perceived size diminished at low levels of background luminance. The effect disappeared at high levels of luminance. Perceived size of luminous circles increased as a logarithmic function of background luminance when the background intensity did not exceed 25 td(1). The strength of the size effect decreased as a function of circle diameter from 0-125 to 2 deg of visual angle(2). Perceived size of small luminous circles, subtending less than 0-5 deg, also increased as a function of contrast at low values of contrast but at very high values of contrast there was a decrease in perceived size. Background luminance had the same effect on the perceived size of circles as on the perceived size of spatial cycles in gratings. Control experiments led to the conclusion that dark adaptation is the primary source of the size effects. The main evidence for this conclusion was obtained from a demonstration that the same background luminance produced either an increase or a decrease in perceived size, depending on the adaptational state of the eye. It was also found that a shift from cone vision to rod vision contributes to the effects, for a stimulus looked smaller on a short-wavelength background than on a long-wavelength background. The size effects can be predicted from the changes of receptive-field properties of single neurones under corresponding conditions of stimulation, if it is assumed that the perception of size is mediated by size-specific channels formed of single neurones. Stimulation that leads to an activation of small receptive fields appears to indicate to the brain the presence of small retinal images. If small receptive fields are experimentally made responsive to larger retinal images, an underestimation of size results."
1161439,"An all-inhibitory network which learns by selective disconnection of synapses is described. This is similar to an 'associative net'; however, it is simpler in that its neurons do not need to perform arithmetical operations, and the net does not require additional threshold modulating neurons in order to cope with input patterns which are incomplete, or of differing sizes. This fundamental simplicity permits a greater variety and density of connections. These can multiply the capacity of the nets to learn complex sequences of patterns without being saturated. An ""all-connected"" net is described which has the holograph-like capacity to reconstruct the whole of an input pattern from part patterns without involving delays or threshold devices. All of these inhibitory nets can construct themselves by means of simple random growth processes, without incurring any loss of learning capacity of holographic properties. Similarly, synapses can be allowed to potentiate with use, so that reaction times are progressively reduced by practice, without any reduction in the quality of the performance. Inhibitory connections between arrays can give patterns in one array control over the allocation of channels in which lower arrays store learned information. A description is given of a model, decentralised, inhibitory hierarchy consisting of inter-connected arrays which can learn to execute goal-directed TOTE-type programs of behaviour by means of a simple 'putting-through' procedure."
1161440,"Two experiments were conducted on the orientation anisotropy in which averaged visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from the occipital scalp. The first experiment confirmed the findings of Maffei and Campbell (1970) that obliquely oriented gratings alternated back and forth produced smaller-amplitude VEPs than when the gratings were oriented horizontally or vertically. Since no asymmetry was found in VEPs produced by a Julesz figure presented under identical conditions, it was concluded that direction of displacement could not have been contributing to the effect. In a second experiment head tilt of the subject was manipulated together with grating orientation and the results indicated that the orientation anisotropy is retinally rather than gravitationally referenced. It was concluded that the site of orientation constancy is located either at higher levels of the primary visual system or in the second visual system."
1161441,"When two cues which normally agree in determining perceived depth are experimentally paired so that they designate discrepant values for the depth dimension, an opportunity is created for the recalibration or re-evaluation of the cues. Experiments which show recalibration of the oculomotor cues and recalibration of binocular disparity as a result of pairing these cues with other discrepant cues are reviewed. The locus of change is related to the relative dominance of different cues and the contribution of allocation of attention in determining dominance is discussed. Implications of recalibration by pairing for understanding ontogenetic development are considered. It is suggested that some cues may acquire their effectiveness as a consequence of pairing during development."
1161442,"An experiment was performed which examined the role of figural orientation directly, and the role of an inappropriately invoked size-constancy mechanism indirectly, in the actuation and magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion. When the vertical line of the stimulus figure was aligned above the horizontal line, the illusory effect was significant and positive; in contrast, when the vertical line was located below the horizontal line, the illusion was negative. Under the assumption that a vertical line can appear as a foreshortened line in depth, these findings support an explanation based on the operation of a misapplied size-constancy mechanism."
1161443,"The temporal characteristics of binocular and monocular rivalry between orthogonal gratings of the same or complementary colours were investigated. Rivalry was measured in terms of the dominance of either grating or the visibility of composites comprised of parts of both gratings. The total duration for which either grating was dominant was significantly longer in binocular rivalry between gratings of complementary colours. A comparison of binocular and monocular rivalry indicated considerable phenomenal differences between them. Dominance in binocular rivalry corresponds to the visibility of one grating alone; this occurs rarely in monocular rivalry, which is characterized by fluctuations in the distinctiveness of the gratings. The changes in distinctiveness are influenced by colour in a similar manner to that in binocular rivalry, and the frequencies of fluctuations are higher for gratings of complementary colours."
1161444,"Children appear to be familiar with the language of film makers or at least to perceive and remember films less well when the rules of this cinematic language are broken. In this experiment a simple action sequence filmed from a static viewpoint was made up into two films of four shots. One film was edited according to the rules of directional continuity specified by Hollywood cinema, that is the four shots were presented so as to preserve the subject's direction of movement across cuts. The other film was edited disregarding these rules. Apart from this difference both films were identical. Children aged seven, nine, and thirteen years watched either of these films and reconstructed the action using pictures representing the four shots. The children who saw the conventional version were better able to reconstruct what they had seen than those who saw the unconventional version."
1161445,"This study attempts to establish 1972 baseline levels for 31 organochlorine pesticides and industrial chemicals in postmortem human whole blood in Virginia. These pesticides and industrial chemicals have been detected previously in other parts of the food chain and environment. In the present study DDT and its metabolites, DDE and TDE, were detected most frequently and at highest levels. DDT and DDE tended to appear more frequently as people grew older although TDE levels remained constant. Dieldrin and lindane showed peak levels in the middle age group. Analyzing distribution of pesticides in blood by sex showed that females had higher levels of lindane and dieldrin and males had higher levels of DDT, DDE, and TDE. Analyzing racial distribution showed blacks with higher levels of DDT, TDE, and DDE and indicated little difference from whites for lindane and dieldrin. Higher levels were found in Richmond and Norfolk than in the Fairfax and Roanoke regions."
1161446,"Treatments of 3 ppm copper sulfate (CuSO4-5H2O) were applied to two small aquatic systems in Michigan in 1971. To study the pathways of the added copper, samples of water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes, filamentous algae, and fish were collected and analyzed by atomic absorption. Sampling was initiated before treatment and continued up to 4 months in one of the ponds. Dissolved copper concentrations in water decreased rapidly immediately after treatment and then gradually to background levels. Reduction of dissolved copper may have involved initial precipitation of an insoluble compound, such as malachite, followed by sediment adsorption of soluble copper complexes and copper released from aquatic plants. Levels of copper in sediment increased rapidly at first and gradually later in the study. Aquatic plants and filamentous algae accumulated very high levels of copper. Uptake rates were apparently affected by water temperature and growth stages of the plants. Data indicate that aquatic macrophytes developing in one pond 10 weeks after treatment took up copper from the sediment. Although green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) accumulated copper soon after treatment, levels returned to background later in the study."
1161447,"A preliminary monitoring program was initiated in 1972 to determine ethylenethiourea (ETU) content of the Canadian food supply. Of 167 samples analyzed, 90 were domestic and 77 were imported. Samples were analyzed by electron-capture/gas-liquid chromatography. Thirty-three percent of the samples contained detectable ECU residues; most of these were 0.020 ppm or less. Highest levels, 0.047 and 0.083 ppm, were found in canned spinish and orange peel respectively."
1161448,"In 1970, 54 commercial catfish farms in Arkansas and Mississippi were sampled for pesticide and mercury residues. Pesticide residues above FDA action levels were detected in 15 percent of the fish samples. Data on residues in sediment, fish feed, and source water suggest that fish were not being contaminated from these sources. Average fish residue per county was, however, strongly correlated with the percent of total acres planted in cotton and soybeans. Results strongly suggest that cotton production was the primary source of contamination. Actual routes of movement have not been clearly defined but aerial transport seems most probable."
1161449,"In May 1972, 0.309 ppm methoxychlor black fly larvicide was applied in a single test on the North Saskatchewan River. Eight to nine days later residues of 0.05-0.10 ppm methoxychlor occurred in sand 21-22 km downstream from the point of injection. Methoxychlor was not detected in water, insect larvae, shellfish, or muscle tissues of three fish species on the same sampling date. Perhaps because of relatively high oil content in goldeye fish, methoxychlor residues in muscle tissues were 1.0-1.5 ppm in 8 percent of those sampled, 0.21-0.99 in 21 percent, and 0.02-0.20 in 37 percent. In 34 percent of the goldeye fish no residues were detected. Goldeye and other fish collected before or 17 weeks after this injection did not contain detectable levels of methoxychlor. River water in two samples of the injected slug of water collected 6.5 km downstream from the point of injection contained 0.14 and 0.16 ppm methoxychlor. The suspended solids filtered from these sample contained 40 and 47 percent of this methoxychlor (437 and 892 ppm, respectively). Thus methoxychlor may act selectively against filter-feeding species, especially black fly larvae."
1161450,"During the fall of 1972 starlings were collected from 130 sites in conjunction with the National Pesticide Monitoring Program. They were analyzed for DDT and its metabolites, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, benzene hexachloride, polychlorinated biphenyls and, for the first time in the series, oxychlordane and HCB. Mean DDT and dieldrin residue levels have declined significantly since 1967 and a regression analysis suggests that levels of DDT and its metabolites should fall below a mean of 0.1 ppm for the 1974 starling collection."
1161451,"Parathion was applied to peach trees in three different formulations 70 days before harvest. Leaf samples were taken periodically through the 70-day period and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses were conducted for dislodgable and penetrated residues. Analyses were also conducted for paraoxon and the s-ethyl isomer of parathion. Punched samples were compared to whole-leaf samples; generally residue levels for both types corresponded closely. A new experimental formulation, encapsulated parathion, produced highest levels of total parathion throughout the 70-day study, but even this formulation resulted in low total residue levels around 1 ppm at time of harvest. Degradation of the s-ethyl isomer of parathion was generally very rapid in all formulations studied. Dislodgable residues of paraoxon may be significant in some formulations and should be included in parathion degradation studies. Much of the parathion found on peach leaves throughout the growing season was dislodgable residue, but this depended considerably on the formulation used."
1161452,"A consequence of sewage discharge into a shallow marsh pool was large-scale hatching of the biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus from the recipient and mass attacks by this blood-sucking insect on grazing cattle. Culicoides nubeculosus is a great nuisance due to the painful bite and in Denmark it is a potential vector of pathogenic agents. In the future, these aspects of sewage discharge must be borne in mind."
1161458,"Eight cancer patients treated at the centre François-Baclesse at Caen underwent arterial embolisation using Spongel. The technique was usually used in the presence of a contraindication to operation. In certain cases the problem was that of controlling haemorrhage following tumour invasion or secondary to complications of radiotherapy, under which circumstances was most successful. In addition, it was possible to reduce pain resistant to medical treatment. The method appeared to be a useful therapeutic complement post-radiotherapy for hypervascularised lesions."
1161454,"Actinobacillosis in a disease of world-wide occurrence among cattle and sheep. The present paper records the recovery from ducks with purulent salpingitis of an organism having cultural, morphological and biochemical properties very closely related to Actinobacillus lignieresii."
1161668,"Antipsychotic drugs are the agents of choice for the management of acute functional psychoses. In most instances, hourly intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine or haloperidol will bring tranquilization within six hours or less. These drugs also are useful in amphetamine-induced psychoses. In psychosis resulting from hallucinogen, however, an antipsychotic drug should be given only as a last resort. In many organic psychoses, including psychosis due to ingestion of an atropine-like drug, use of anti-psychotic drug should be avoided. Before any drug is given to a psychotic patient, an effort should be made to identify an organic brain syndrome, characterized by clouded sensorium, disorientation, and poor recent memory."
1161694,"Six experiments were carried out to study the effect of feed additive antibiotics on body weight, mortality and oocyst production in chickens infected with coccidiostat-susceptible or -resistant strain of E. tenella. Levels of antibiotic and coccidiostat in fed (mg./kg.) were: thiopeptin, 2; zinc bacitracin, 20; penicillin, 12; chlortetracycline, 22; amprolium plus ethopabate, 125 plus 8; clopidol, 125. All experiments included 7 groups; 2 of these groups were uninfected and infected controls, and the 5 remaining groups were all infected and given diet containing antibiotic, amprolium plus ethopabate, antibiotic and amprolium plus ethopabate, clopidol, or antibiotic and clopidol. Chickens in each group were fed respective diet beginning one day prior to coccidia exposure. In two experiments, infection with a coccidiostat-susceptible strain resulted in severe clinical coccidiosis in chickens on the basal ration and on thiopeptin-diet, but dietary thiopeptin prompted recovery of body weight. In one experiment where chickens were infected with a strain resistant to amprolium plus ethopabate and clopidol, birds on dietary thiopeptin attained higher body weight than birds on the basal ration. In three experiments when a strain resistant to amprolium plus ethopabate was inoculated, birds given the basal ration, bacitracin, penicillin, chlortetracycline, or amprolium plus ethopabate diet developed cecal coccidiosis. Chickens on ration containing antibiotic alone attained higher body weight than chickens on the basal ration. Combination of antibiotic and amprolium plus ethopabate resulted in higher weight attained than amprolium plus ethopabate alone. Clopidol suppressed development of coccidiosis, and the combination of antibiotic and clopidol resulted in higher gains than in clopidol alone."
1161695,"Four hundred and eighty, sexed (White Leghorn) chicks were divided so that each sex was fed one of eight rations to determine the effect of sex, dietary cholesterol, and stearic, oleic, and/or linoleic acid on cholesterol deposition in blood, liver and aortic tissues. After 5 months on the dietary regimen, 3 cockerels from each of the rations were orally administered 100 mC. sodium-1-C14-acetate and 200 mC. cholesterol-1,2-H3 to determine whether body tissues contained cholesterol from endogenous or exogenous origin. After 5 months on the experimental rations it was observed that male birds had higher free cholesterol levels than did females. The addition of cholesterol (2%) and fatty acids (6%) to ration increased free cholesterol levels in liver and aorta. Cholesterol stored in livers and aortas occurs principally as free cholesterol while blood cholesterol was in esterified form. Cholesterol levels in both liver and aorta are primarily of endogenous origin."
1161696,"Dietary T-2 toxin (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mug./g.) was fed to 4 groups of 10 chickens at each treatment level from hatching until 3 weeks of age. Growth inhibitory levels (4, 8, and 16 mug./g.) caused abnormal feathering which appeared dose related. The chickens were sparsely covered with short feathers protruding at odd angles in comparison to controls. There were few feathers on the base of the neck, on the anterior dorsal surface of the wing, and on the side and back adjacent to the tail. Feather tips frequently were constricted and bent downward while the quill could have a reverse curve. A literature survey suggests that T-2 toxin may cause this effect through a nutritional imbalance."
1161697,"Laying hens consume more water on days when an egg is laid, than on non-laying days; the daily water intake is more than double--from 115 g. to 255 g. and the number of drinks taken increases proportionately. The weight of water in the egg produced is only 32 g. The requirement for this excess of water implies a considerable metabolic stress associated with egg formation. Studies have been carried out to determine why this water is consumed, and its metabolic fate. Water ingestion started to increase about 12 h. before oviposition; it rose steadily until about 2 h. before lay, then fell sharply. Urine minute volume showed similar fluctuations. At the time when the urine output fell just before lay, plasma osmolarity was higher than usual; this might be predicted from the drop in water consumption. Alterations in the water content of the oviduct were not sufficient to explain the increased fluid intake, and total body weight remained constant in spite of the consumption of the additional 140 g. water. These findings suggest that the water has a metabolic role, as it is not retained as a net fluid surplus."
1161698,"Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs were injected on the tenth day of incubation with either 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 p.p.m. Aldrin or 0, 5, 10 or 15 p.p.m. Nabam and allowed to hatch. Aldrin neither did induce any deformities nor had any effect on hatchability, thyroid weight and histology. However, within three days after hatching, there was greater mortality in chicks treated with higher concentrations of the pesticide. Aldrin at higher concentrations significantly reduced 125I uptake by the thyroids. This was evident in the iodine fractions after chromatographic separation of the thyroid extracts. Nabam not only reduced hatchability but also induced deformities in the higher concentration groups. The thyroids showed an increase of resorption vacuoles in the colloid. Even though the thyroid weights increased in all experimental groups, a significant increase in 125I uptake was seen only in the 15 p.p.m. injected animals. This group also showed a reduction in radioactivity of thyroxine fraction but an increase of 125I in tyrosines. The significance of these results are discussed."
1161699,"An earlier study reported an increased resistance of chickens to an acute lethal heating episode (43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity) during aflatoxicosis. This varies from other stresses investigated which interact with aflatoxicosis to make chickens more sensitive to the stress factor. The effects of graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, 0.625, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mug./g.) on the body temperature, on body fat, on the serum glucose, and on the effect of varying the severity of the heat stress were measured. Both serum glucose and total body fat were decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by doses of 2.5 mug./g. and above. Cloacal temperature was decreased slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) in chickens fed 5 or 10 mug./g. for 12 days or longer. The mean survival time of birds exposed to a heat stress of 40 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity did not vary with the dose of aflatoxin while a milder stress of 37 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity caused chickens fed aflatoxin at 2.5 mug./g. or above to show decreased survival times (P less than 0.05) in comparison to the controls. These data can be rationalized by assuming that the lessened burden of body fat during aflatoxicosis accounts for the increased survival time in a severe (43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity) heat stress but that other parameters related to physiological stress play a dominant role during a less severe but more prolonged heating episode. It seems likely that the hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and lessened body fat also account for the previously reported increased sensitivity to a lethal cold exposure during aflatoxicosis."
1161700,"Groups of coturnix males kept on continuous light from hatch were used in a study of testicular development. Testes were sampled from birds 4, 11, 18, 25, 32 days, and 4 months of age. Exogenous FSH at 1 and 2 mg., and LH and testosterone at 0.5 and 1.0 mg., were given daily for 3 days before the birds were killed for study at 4, 18, and 32 days of age. The following parameters were recorded: testes weights and volume, seminiferous tubular length and the ratio of length per mm.3 volume, supporting or Sertoli cell nuclear volume, volume of gonocytes, pre-leptotene spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and total intratubular volume. The stimulatory effect of exogenous LH and FSH on testes weight and volume, length/unit volume ratio of seminiferous tubules, and total intratubular component of the testes was most apparent at 4 days of age. The inhibitory effect of testosterone was significant at 18 and 32 days in all of these parameters. At 4 days, the 0.5-mg. level reduced the volume of the Sertoli cells and the gonial cell group. Full spermatozoa production was observed when the total length of the seminiferous tubules reached 30 m. It may be concluded from this study that young coturnix are similar to the chick in response to exogenous LH and FSH at 4 days of age. This response was observed even though the coturnix were on continuous light."
1161701,"A purified diet deficient in the sulfur amino acids and sulfate was fed to chicks in tests designed to compare the effectiveness of several sulfur compounds in sparing the sulfur amino acids. The addition of a mixture of methionine and cystine to this diet increased growth rate and feed efficiency more than any of the other additions. Sulfate improved performance as much as any inorganic sulfur source tested. Taurine, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur also had value. When graded levels of sulfate were added to diets with sulfur amino acid levels about 0.2 and 0.3% below the level required for optimum performance, the weight gain and feed efficiency response curves were curvilinear. Most of the response to sulfate was produced with a level of 200 p.p.m., but 500 to 660 p.p.m. was needed to produce the maximum sparing effect. The sulfur amino acid requirement was found to be about 0.075% less with 0.1% sulfate in the diet than without it when growth rate was the criterion. When feed efficiency was the criterion, the requirement was reduced about 0.05% by sulfate."
1161702,"Turkey spermatozoa were examined morphologically with the aid of a Cambridge Stereoscan electron microscope. Mean dimensions, in micra, of normal spermatozoa were: acrosome, 1.8; nucleus, 9.1; midpiece, 4.8; tail, 61.0; total length 76.7. The maximum diameter of the head at its widest was 0.8 microns. There was an increase in abnormal spermatozoa in yellowish semen, with coiling being the most prevalent abnormality. The spherical-shaped cells with granular appearance, also present in yellowish semen, were ascertained to be large macrophages. Occasionally, macrophages filled with phagocytized sperm cells were evident. Hens inseminated with yellowish semen had 57.6 percent fertility compared to 92.1 percent for hens inseminated with control semen."
1161703,"Clocal temperatures (Tcl) of outdoor living captive willow grouse chicks (Lagopus lagopus lagopus) were found to increase from 39.4 +/- 0.5 degrees C. the first day to 40.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C. the twelfth day after hatching. Average Tcl of adults was 40.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C. When left alone for 30 min. in a controlled test environment providing temperatures ranging from 21 degrees C. to 46 degrees C., the one day old chicks preferred significantly higher ambient temperatures than eight day old birds. Tcl was significantly lower in the chicks tested the day after hatching than in the older chicks. It is concluded that the chicks' thermoregulatory behavior is essential for maintaining homeothermia, and that the birds' thermoregulatory set-point is low the day after hatching and climbs to adult level during the first week."
1161704,Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of environmental temperature upon the fertility of domestic fowl. It was found that a cold environmental temperature depressed testes growth and delayed spermatogenesis in maturing cockerels. There was also a highly significant difference in the fertility of mature males kept at different environmental temperatures. Males kept at 19 degrees C. had higher fertility than males kept in either 30 degrees or 8 degrees C. The effects of environmental temperature on female fertility was also studied. Fertility was significantly lower in the hens kept at 30 degrees C. than that of similar groups held at an environment of 8 degrees C.
1161705,"The effect of dietary methionine deficiency was studied in broiler chicks. Graded levels of methionine: 0.25, 0.32, 0.39 and 0.46% in semipurified, soybean meal-corn starch diets were used as treatments. Food intake, body weights and body components were determined. Results show that a moderate methionine deficiency (0.32 and 0.39%) had no effect on growth and energy metabolism expressed as metabolizable energy, productive energy, heat production and tissue gains. Increased food intake in these two groups was reflected not as increased weight gain, but as greater quantities of tissue fat. The experimental group with severe methionine deficiency (0.25%) showed depressed body weight gain, food intake and efficiency of food utilization, with some increase in heat production. Therefore, in general, two types of nutritional responses occurred in broilers, based upon the severity of the methionine deficiency."
1161706,"A facility for keeping chickens free of Marek's disease (MD) was obtained by adopting a system of filtered air under positive pressure (FAPP) for ventilation, and by imposing restrictions on entrance of articles, materials and personnel. During 741 days of the FAPP operation, there has been no evidence of infection with MD virus even though MD was enzootic in flocks housed on the same farm."
1161707,"An experiment was conducted to determine the effects on laying hens of ingestion of a phosphorus deficient diet for 6, 9, or 21 days. Four experimental groups consisting of 3 replicates of 5 Leghorn pullets averaging 90 percent egg production were maintained in individual cages. A diet containing corn, soy, and meat and bone meal was formulated to contain 0.39 percent total P on a 90 percent dry matter basis (LP). A normal P diet (NP), 0.64 percent total P, was obtained by supplementation with an inorganic P source. Group 1 (Control) was fed the NP diet for 21 days. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed the LP diet for 6, 9, and 21 days respectively. Groups 2 and 3 resumed consumption of NP diet after 6 and 9 days. Individual egg production and egg weight were recorded daily. Individual hen determinations of serum P, g. shell/cm.2 surface area, and feed consumption by replicate were made at 3 or 4 day intervals. The serum P of Group 1 averaged 5.01 +/- 0.31 mg./100 ml. over the 21 days. Serum P was significantly reduced after 3 days of consuming the LP diet. Serum phosphorus of Groups 2,3, and 4 were 2.95 +/- 0.18, 3.03 +/- 0.24, 3.13 +/- 0.32 mg./100 ml. respectively after 6, 9, and 21 days of consuming the LP diet. Serum P returned to control levels within 4 days after resumption of the NP diet by Groups 2 and 3. There were no differences in feed consumption, egg production nor any detrimental effects on egg weight or shell calcification despite the low serum P. Body weight gain of the hens fed the phosphorus deficient diet for 21 days was significantly reduced. At the end of the experiment femur density was determined; the hens which had consumed the phosphorus deficient diet for 21 days had reduced femur density (osteoporous) compared to the control group or the hens fed the phosphorus deficient diet for only 9 days. It is concluded that pullets in 90 percent production can tolerate this low P diet for at least 9 days without apparent detrimental effects."
1161708,"Three trials were conducted using commercial broiler cockerels to determine the immunological consequences of passive transfers of immune sera to bursectomized chickens. The data illustrate that passive transfers of immune sera to juvenile chickens which had been surgically bursectomized immediately after hatching caused a suppression of the primary hemagglutination response which was greater than that caused by bursectomy or passive transfer of immune sera alone. However, when these same birds were given a secondary challenge of antigen the resulting secondary hemagglutination response was normal. These data indicate that the passive transfer of immune sera to bursectomized chickens greatly limits their ability to mount primary humoral responses, while not affecting the ability to develop anamnestic immunity."
1161709,"Turkey hens were inseminated at five different times of the day to determine the effect of time of day of insemination and the stage of egg formation on fertility. Results showed that fertility resulting from the 6 p.m. insemination was significantly greater than at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 1 p.m. or 3 p.m. Conversely, fertility was significantly lower at 1 p.m. than at the other four times. Fertility was significantly lower if hens were inseminated during the last 10 hours that the egg was in the uterus and during the approximate time of ovulation than during the other times of egg development."
1161710,"Fresh pokeberries were picked from the cluster and liquified in a blender for 3 to 5 minutes. The liquified berries were mixed into a standard turkey starter at the rate of 0, 2-1/2, 5 and 10%. Addition was at the expense of the total diet. Two separate experiments were conducted with day old Broad White turkeys. Weight gain, mortality and gross lesions were observed to 3 weeks of age. Growth rate was reduced with each increase in level of pokeberries. In Experiment 1, 3-week gains were 376, 354, 314 and 205 g. for 0, 2-1/2, 5 and 10% pokeberries. Weight gains in Experiment 2 were 339, 317, 254 and 172. Mortality was 33 and 43% in the two experiments when 10% pokeberries were fed. Lower levels produced erratic mortality results. Poults fed 5 and 10% pokeberries exhibited ataxia and occasional inability to walk. The hock joints frequently became enlarged and crooked. Ascites was observed in some birds at all dietary levels of added pokeberries. The gall bladder of dead birds was frequently much enlarged and filled with brownish fluid rather than normal bile."
1161711,"The quantitative relationship between cloacal gland size and testes weight during the stages of initial growth, involution and recrudescence is described. Cloacal gland foam was found to be a reliable indicator of testes size and function. The mean testes weight associated with the first presence of cloacal gland foam was 377 mg. and this occurred at a mean age of 29 days. The physical measurement of the cloacal gland provides a valuable noninvasive method of predicting testicular activity especially suited for long term experiments involving multiple measurements where a few coturnix may be used repeatedly (as their own control) rather than periodic killing of a large group of animals."
1161712,"A study was conducted to determine the effect of breed, sex and diet on the carcass composition of chickens. Male and female chicks of the Light Brahma, White Plymouth Rock, Single Comb White Leghorn, Black Jersey Giant and Dark Cornish breeds were fed three diets of widely varying calorie:protein ratios to four weeks of age. The Black Jersey Giant chickens attained the greatest weight at 4 weeks followed by the White Plymouth Rock, Dark Cornish and Single Comb White Leghorn with the Light Brahma growing the slowest of the strains tested. Significant differences in the quantity of moisture, protein, total lipid and ash present in the total carcass was found among certain breeds. The Light Brahma contained the largest amounts of total lipid, 10.4%, followed by the White Plymouth Rock, 10.2%, Black Jersey Giant, 9.5%, Single Comb White Leghorn, 8.8%, and the Dark Cornish, 8.6%. Both sex and diet also caused differences in the total body composition. Significant differences in the amounts of certain fatty acids in the carcasses of the various breeds were found; however, these differences were not great."
1161713,"A normal-bodied broiler population and one dwarfed by the dw sex-linked gene were each sub-divided into two lines. AGB (normal) and D2B (dwarf) were selected only for superior body weight at eight weeks of age. AGE (normal) and D2E (dwarf) were sublines in which prospective dams were selected for large egg weight while prospective sires were selected for eight-week body weight. Selection for large eight-week weight of both sexes in both dwarf and normal populations during each of three generations resulted in superior growth rate to that observed when the dams were selected for egg weight. When the selected dams were tested each generation for their ability to produce superior broiler crossbreds using a commercial broiler sire strain, AGE proved superior to AGB in the second and third generations while D2B and D2E dams produced crossbreds with similar broiler weights. Normal-bodied dams which produced crossbreds having superior growth to that of the dwarf dams in the first generation lost most of this superiority by the third generation in sons and the second generation in daughters. Reproductive fitness was superior within the dwarf lines as well as in their ability to produce more crossbred progeny."
1161714,"Practical diets containing various selenium levels, with and without selenite supplementation, were fed to hens. Eggs were then collected over a 14-day period to determine how quickly changes in dietary selenium affected egg white and yolk selenium. Changes in egg white selenium content were rapid and essentially completed seven days after changing the selenium content of a practical diet. Changes in egg yolk were not yet completed by 14 days. When selenium from practical feedstuffs was fed, the selenium content of dried egg white was about equal to or greater than the selenium content of dried egg yolk. When selenite was fed, the selenium content of dried yolk was higher. Feeding selenomethionine resulted in more selenium in egg white than in egg yolk. Feeding selenocystine resulted in more selenium in egg yolk than egg white, a pattern similar to that from feeding selenite. The data suggest that selenocystine is not incorporated into protein but is metabolized to an inorganic selenium compound."
1161715,"Studies have shown that antibiotics introduced into hatching eggs can destroy certain egg-borne bacterial pathogens. An investigation was made to determine an effective procedure to introduce gentamicin solutions into turkey eggs. The findings showed that a pressure differential (PD) method using a reduced pressure of 38 cm. (15 inches) Hg for 15 minutes followed by an absorption period of 15 minutes at atmospheric pressure was an effective method which did not cause excessive egg cracking nor adversely effect hatchability. In excess of two times more fluid was absorbed using a PD method compared to an established temperature differential procedure. For maximum absorption, eggs should be washed at collection time and stored for a period of up to two weeks prior to dipping."
1161716,"Relationships between egg, embryo, hatch, two-week and four-week body weights of three quail lines differing in growth rate were investigated. Two of the quail lines had previously undergone 29 generations of selection for increased four-week body weight, and the third line was a nonselected control. Selected lines produced heavier eggs, larger 10 to 11 day embryos, and larger chicks. Percent embryo weights were similar for all three lines indicating that correction for egg size eliminated differences in embryo weight. Percentages of hatch weights of selected lines were significantly (P less than .01) larger than comparable percentages in the control line. Correlations between egg and embryo weights were of low magnitude but correlations between egg and hatch weights were large (.7 to .8). Mean regression coefficients for four-week body weight on egg weight were 5.11 and 2.67 g. in trials 1 and 2, respectively. Relationships between egg, embryo, hatch, and body weights of Japanese quail appeared to be of the same general magnitude as those observed in the domestic fowl."
1161717,"A study was conducted to determine the effect of glucose, sucrose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the viability of chicken spermatozoa. Levels of 4, 8 and 12% glucose, sucrose or 12% PVP significantly reduced the motility and fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Adding the compounds in bulk or fractions eliminated the drastic effect of 4% sucrose on motility and fertility but proved ineffective with 4% glucose or 12% PVP. A complete loss of motility with no effect on fertility was observed with 6% PVP was combined with either ethylene glycol or DMSO."
1161718,"Mean erythrocyte lifespan was estimated, using a 51Cr tagging procedure, in dwarf and normal sisters from lines selected for high and low body weight at eight weeks of age. Correlations between body weight, packed cell volume and erythrocyte lifespan were not significant. Significant differences were found among genotypes for body weight and packed cell volume, but not for lifespan of erythrocytes."
1161719,"A study of the effect of normal environmental conditions on newly hatched chicks with the feather mutant described as ""wiry"" (Fiser et al., 1973) was carried out. The results indicated that the abnormality should be classified as a potential facultative lethal expressed after hatching."
1161720,Two field cases of underpigmented broilers were reported; investigation revealed the presence of ochratoxin but not aflatoxin. A laboratory experiment revealed that dietary ochratoxin A at levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mug./g. lowered significantly (P less than 0.05) the concentration of plasma carotenoids which are an accepted indicator of carcass pigmentation.
1161721,"This study was conducted to evaluate a refractometric method for determination of protein content of chicken plasma. Comparison of the results obtained with the refractometric and the Lowry methods indicated that refractometry, when used with due caution in a typical laboratory situation, provided a simple, fast, inexpensive and valid method for determining the protein content of plasma from young chickens."
1161722,"A dwarf isolate has been found in the chicken which is due to an allele other than dw at the dw locus. The distribution of offspring from males heterozygous for dwB and the allele responsible for the dwarf isolate was inconclusive with respect to whether they were the same allele or not. However, the results of this mating in conjunction with the appearance of the pure line dwarf isolate birds led the authors to tentatively conclude that the dwarf isolate was not due to dwB but rather to a new allele at the dw locus designated dwM."
1161723,"Exogenous corticosterone at the levels of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mug./100 ml. in excess of physiological levels did not affect the in vitro reactivity of chicken anti-SRBC hemagglutinins. These results suggest that immunosuppression which results via stimulation of the adrenal cortex is not attributable to a direct effect of corticosterone on antibody reactivity."
1161724,"Intestinal and uterine calcium binding protein (CaBP) was measured in hens during egg shell calcification, or uterine inactivity, using an immunoassay technique. No changes in CaBP level were detected in either organ, even when the uterine inactivity continued as long as 17 hours."
1161725,Blood glucose levels and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were observed in 160 male chicks. Observations were made in four age groups and two diets. Carbohydrate diets resulted in higher blood glucose levels and glycogen concentrations than did fat diets. Age was found to significantly influence glycogen concentration in both diets. The linear regression of skeletal glycogen on blood glucose levels was significant in carbohydrate fed chicks.
1161726,"This investigation was undertaken to standardize the determination of the one-stage prothrombin time for use with chickens. Homologous thromboplastin was essential and the most active thromboplastin was obtained from chickens four-weeks old or younger. Acetone-dried brain powder could be stored for at least 4 months at -15 degrees C. without loss of activity. Extraction of brain powder with 0.025 M CaCl2 at 42 degrees C. gave better thromboplastic activity than the standard extraction with physiological saline at room temperature. Thromboplastin solutions could be stored in ice water for only 6 hours without loss of activity. Citrate concentration had to be increased from the usual 0.10 M to 0.18 M to prevent premature clotting of plasma. Plasma donor age had no effect on the prothrombin times. Freezing and thawing as well as storage of plasma in the frozen state increased the prothrombin times. Using the best conditions, the mean prothrombin time for 1200 birds determined over a 6-month period was 9.4 sec. with an individual range of 7.18-11.4 sec. This represents a significantly lower prothrombin time with lower variability than that reported in the literature."
1161787,"The effects of lactose and dibasic calcium phosphate as diluents on the dry-binding qualities of tragacanth, polyethylene glycol 4000, polyvinylpyrrolidone and mannitol were investigated. The type, concentration and particle size of the diluent appeared to influence the flowability and the binding properties of the binders investigated."
1161788,"The effects of starch and Veegum as disintegrants on the dry-binding qualities of tragacanth, polyethylene glycol 4000, polyvinylpyrrolidone and mannitol were investigated. The type of diluent and its concentration in the powder blends appeared to influence the binding efficiency of the binders investigated."
1161793,"Solanum laciniatum Aiton treated with Gibberellic acid (GA3), [2-chloroethyl]-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC), and their combinations at early and late stages of growth showed that early application of 2000 ppm CCC produced the greatest stem, leaves, and whole plant dry weight, followed by the combination of early application of 1000 ppm CCC and late application of 100 ppm GA3; whereas all GA3 treatments decreased the dry weight production compared with the controls. Regarding the glyco-alkaloids, the highest percentage was obtained from the whole plant by early applications of both strengths of GA3 compared with other treatments or the controls. On the other hand, early application of 1000 ppm CCC and also late application of 50 ppm GA3 when combined with early application of either 1000 ppm or 2000 ppm CCC produced greater alkaloid percentage yields in stem, leaves, and whole plants more than other treatments or the controls. However, early application of 2000 ppm CCC produced the highest content of alkaloids in leaves and whole plants; this was followed by yields from early application of 2000 ppm CCC and 50 ppm GA3; yields from early application of 100 ppm GA3 and 1000 ppm CCC; and yields from early application of 1000 ppm CCC +50 ppm GA3."
1161794,"Origanum majorana L. treated with either 50 or 100 mg/l of maleic hydrazide (MH), 2.4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B995), [2-chloroethyl]-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC), indol-3-yl-acetic acid (IAA) or gibberellic acid (GA3) in the presence or absence of 25 mg/l kinetin, showed that only 100 mg/l GA3 with or without kinetin was able to increase plant height than all other treatments and the controls. On the other hand, both IAA and GA3 concentrations and 2000 mg/l CCC markedly increased the dry weight of the plants in the absence of kinetin, whereas when kinetin was combined, only IAA in both concentrations increased the dry weight of the whole plants. Concerning essential oil %, the highest yields were obtained using 100 mg/l MH, 50 mg/l 2.4-D and 2000 mg/l CCC for leaves and 100 mg/l MH, 1000 mg/l B995 and 50 mg/l 2.4-D for flowers in the absence of kinetin, whereas in the presence of kinetin, the higher yields of essential oil were obtained by using 1000 mg/l B995 and 25 mg/l 2.4-D for flowers and only 50 mg/l 2.4-D for leaves."
1161795,"Two spectrophotometric methods (conventional and differential) are carried out for the estimation of flavone glycosides (hyperoside and/or kaempferol-3-beta-glucoside) in Euphorbia paralias L., and Euphorbia helioscopia L. The glycosides are extracted with methanol from the aerial parts of the different Euphorbia species, separated on silica gel chromatoplates, and eluted by refluxing with methanol (80%). The absorbance value (conventional method) and the delta absorbance value (differential method) of the prepared glycosidal solutions are measured. The results of both methods are of conveinent reproducibility."
1161802,"Examined in this study are the results of six tests of pulmonary function immediately preceding and following bronchial drainage in twenty-six patients with cystic fibrosis. Highly significant increases averaging 5.67, 4.13, 13.47, and 6.98 percent occurred in peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory capacity respectively. Significant increases in peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity, and inspiratory capacity were observed in a subgroup of six of the above patients who had evidence of bronchospasm. The authors conclude that bronchial drainage will produce significant increases in routine pulmonary function values. The results suggest that this treatment is most effective in clearing the larger, more proximal, airways and is of benefit even in the presence of clinical bronchospasm."
1161803,"Presented in this article are some of the more common high-risk factors in the prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal period of the infant which may result in an adverse neurological outcome. The role of the physical therapist in the care of the high-risk infant is also discussed."
1161804,"The authors define five different measurements of power of muscular performance. Using an isokinetic dynamometer, the velocity of motion is constant and thus can be controlled. Power, therefore, can be readily assessed. The speed of muscular contraction is of physiological and functional interest.  The time it takes for muscles to develop force, the rate at which muscles can contract and sustain a force throughout the range of motion, and the relationship of speed to force are all facets of power. At least five terms which connote power of muscular performances are used today. These terms are power, peak power, average power, instantaneous power, and contractile power. The current misunderstanding of the terms and their misuses are discussed. Suggestions are offered for circumventing confusion in using power to describe motor performance."
1161812,"A review of the structure of the hip joint as related to its stability is presented. The forces exerted at the hip and along the proximal end of the femur are discussed in relation to the anatomical position of bone and to normal stresses incurred during standing and gait. Clinical considerations of selected hip abnormalities include a review of changes in normal mechanical forces found in coxa valga, coxa vava, arthritis, and fracture."
1161813,This paper deals with clinical evaluation of the hip. Methods of testing for mobility in the hip joint are discussed. Analysis of gait and functional activities as related to muscle imbalance is presented. Gross techniques of manual muscle testing and basic principles of specific manual muscle testing are presented.
1161814,"The goals of the orthopedic surgeon in the preoperative, operative, and postoperative phases of surgical reconstruction of the hip are presented. The surgeon works closely with other professionals in the care of the patient and depends especially on the physical therapist in the postoperative phase."
1161815,"Physical therapy management of patients who undergo total prosthetic replacement of the hip at St. Margaret Memorial Hospital is an integral aspect of a multidiscipline process of rehabilitation. Patients requiring total hip replacement have a variety of medical problems and, subsequently, have postoperative conditions which influence the physical therapy plan of care. The scope and pace of our physical therapy program are governed by criteria which emphasize the medical status, individual capability, and motivation of each patient. Arbitrary postoperative time intervals are not considered in the design of our physical therapy program. In addition, physical therapists have responsibility beyond the delivery of quality service which includes collaboration with other members of the rehabilitation team in the development and evaluation of the total surgical program."
1161818,"Sensory-specific and modality nonspecific average evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from the cortical areas and subcortical structures in two groups of cats: (1) normal cats which after conditioning were subjected to brainstem lesions and reconditioning; (2) cats with brainstem lesions and subsequent conditioning. A new waveshape of the visually evoked potenials developed in the visual cortex in the course of conditioning to light flashes (LF) in both groups of cats. In normal cats, a new component, with a peak latency from 80-100 msec and with reversed polarity, was observed in place of the late, longlasting, component of the preconditioning AEP. The latency of the new component is longer in cats with brainstem lesions. The first signs of waveform modification occurred relatively early in the process of learning, well before the animal learned to react consistently to the conditioned stimulus. Also, there seemed to be no clear relationship between the modified waveshapes of the AEPs and performance level during a particular session of conditioning. The modifications did not depend on habituation to the long-lasting exposure to light flashes presented alone. The new waveshape was preserved to a variable degree after brainstem lesions, that is, reconditioning never started with a potential characteristic for a naive animal. AEPs to licks in the auditory cortex, also changed during conditioning, although this modification was not so evident as in visual responses. In contrast to evident modifications of evoked responses in sensory specific structures during the process of conditiong, there were very small if any, changes in modality nonspecific structures, including brainstem reticular formation. Modality nonspecific responses were obtained from the brainstem reticular formation and motor cortex to light flashes and clicks, from the visual cortex to auditory stimuli and from the auditory cortex to light flashes. Only poorly developed evoked responses could be detected in the motor-sensory cortex during conditioning to light flashes although rhythmic EEG activity related to presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) was observed from this arena - thus indicating that they were not the same phenomena."
1161819,"Rats were tested in a darkened chamber containing two levers, one of which turned on a dim light when depressed. Rats receiving non-contingent electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus made many more lever presses than did unstimulated controls and made more presses on the light producing lever than on the inactive one. Pretests had shown that the electrical stimulation elicited consummatory behavior in the presence of appropriate goal objects. Dynamic hyperphagic rats maintained on a restricted diet made more total responses early in testing than did their controls which also received the same restricted diet. They also preferred the light producing lever, but not reliably more than did their controls. Static hyperphagic rats made fewer total responses than did their controls, both groups receiving food ad lib. Neither group showed any preference between the two levers."
1161820,"Schedule-induced polydipsia was studied in rats on a variable second-order schedule in Experiments 1 and 2. Drinking occurred only following presentations of the pellet reinforcer and was not induced by a stimulus that was associated with pellet delivery. Moreover, it was shown that lever pressing for food was not competing with the opportunity to drink following the stimulus during non-reinforced intervals. In Experiment 3 a fixed second-order schedule was used, and only one animal drank following the presentation of the stimulus. A positive contrast effect was obtained with schedule-induced drinking in Experiments 1 and 2, and it was suggested that schedule-induced polydipsia shows behavioral interactions similar to those seen with food reinforced operants."
1161821,Male rats were selected for showing or not showing lordosis in response to manual stimulation. They were subsequently tested for mounting behavior with receptive females and for lordosis behavior in response to manual stimulation and to male mounting. Males showing lordosis as intacts displayed this behavior more readily following castration or castration and treatment with estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate than males which did not show lordosis before castration. No group differences in mounting behavior could be detected under any of the endocrine conditions studied. It is suggested that the neural mechanisms mediated mounting and lordosis are dissociated and that individual differences in the occurrence of lordosis in male rats are due to differences in neural sensitivity to estrogen.
1161822,"Inhibition of brain protein synthesis by anisomycin and acetoxycycloheximide was studied in mice for its biochemical and behavioral effects. By employing both drugs in low doses in a series of injections, we were able to maintain inhibition of protein synthesis of 80% or greater for up to 14 hr without causing detectable permanent physiological impairment. The drugs were employed as amnestic agents in mice trained to avoid footshock in a T-maze. As the duration of inhibition increased, the percentage of mice classed as amnesic increased. This amnesia could be reduced by increasing (a) the rate of acquisition, or (b) the number of training trials. Anisomycin was shown to cause a significant degree of amnesia for the escape component as well as the avoidance component of the learning. A single injection of anisomycin given 15 min prior to training did not cause significant changes in the acquisition or retention of avoidance conditioning, when comparison was made with saline-injected controls. Only additional injections given after training to prolong inhibition caused amnesia. Thus, those injections critical in obtaining amnesia were given at a time at which interference with acquisition could not have occurred, so the results bear clearly on memory processes."
1161823,"Prey attack behavior was studied in two species of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis and T. radix). Newborn, ingestively naive, and experienced snakes had their tongues severed surgically, while control groups retained their tongues. Attack latency, tongue flick frequency and an orientation-interest measure were recorded for each subject on responses to extracts prepared from species-characteristic prey. Feeding, as well as responses to prey extracts, were found to be suppressed almost totally in the tongueless naive snakes. A detongued adult, however, readily ate although its behavior was abnormal. Temporary blind and anosmic conditions did not have a significant effect on response rates of the tongueless or control groups. While importance of the tongue-Jacobson's organ system is demonstrated, the length of tongue removed and presurgery experience are important factors."
1161824,"Olfactory bulbectomy of sexually inexperienced male rats prevented the occurrence of sexual behavior in most of the operated animals. This effect was observed in rats bulbectomized before puberty as well as after puberty. Bulbectomized rats which had heterosexual experience prior to the operation did not deviate from intact rats. Males living in cohabition with intact males prior to the operation showed only minor deficits in their mating performances. It was concluded that the olfactory lobe while of only minor importance for maintenance of mating once sexual behavior has been initiated, plays an important role in initiation of sexual behavior of the male rat. Furthermore, since treatment with testosterone of prepuberally bulbectomized rats did not stimulate the animals to sexual activity it was concluded that the sexual impairment following bulbectomy of isolated males presumably is not due to an impaired production of gonadal secretions."
1161825,"Two experiments are reported which examine the effects of optic enucleation upon behavior of retinal degenerate C3H/HeJ mice. Enucleation did not affect acquisition of a two-way avoidance task. However, enucleated mice were more active than unoperated controls. The increased activity was not specific to the avoidance task since it also occurred in the closed field. The enucleation-induced increase in closed field activity did not depend upon age at time of testing or postsurgical recovery time. Several alternative explanations are considered, including the possibility that some information may be processed by the eye in the absence of traditionally conceived photoreceptors."
1161826,"Several rodent species were blinded and their two-way avoidance behavior was compared to unoperated controls. Blindness facilitated avoidance learning in BALB/cJ mice, impaired learning in hamsters and had no significant effect on albino rats, hooded rats and chinchillas. Effects of blindness upon intertrial locomotor activity correlated well with effects of blindness upon avoidance learning. Preventing intertrial activity abolished the effect of blindness in mice, and did not change performance of blind albino rats."
1161827,The construction of a light weight head mount for the control of infusion in small laboratory animals is described. The head mount reduces restraint of the animal and includes a valve to seal the cannula so that the animal may be disconnected from the infusion system.
1161947,"The observation that composers experience inspiration as a source external to the self is considered, using reports of early and modern composers. This is related both to earlier psychoanalytic work on creative inspiration and to modern ego psychology. The postulation that an auditory sensory style in composers has early developmental roots and becomes their primary sensory mode is considered together with some possible determinants in its development."
1161951,"The concept of akinesia deserves to be looked at again in the light of recent work on Parkinsonism, particularly those findings which have resulted from the use of L-dopa in Parkinsonian syndromes.  Akinesia and bradykinesia are integral parts of such syndromes, at times even constituting their essential element.  Akinesia belongs to a group of psychomotor syndromes, the semiology and pathogenesis of which were the subject of numerous discussions at the beginning of this century.  As we have pointed out elsewhere, akinesia cannot be defined solely in terms of its own characteristics: it must be understood equally in its paradoxical aspects--""paradoxical kinesia"" in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism in particular, and ""paradoxical akinesia"" in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa."
1161952,"The probenecid technique was used in study of the central dopamine DA metabolism in patients with depressions, psychotic disorders, and Parkinson's disease.  The disturbances found were neither nosologically nor syndromally specific, but appeared to be symptom-specific.  Decreased DA turnover was associated with hypomotility, and increased DA turnover with hypermotility.  Decreased DA turnover was probably related aetiologically to the hypomotility: the symptoms subsided after replenishment of the DA deficiency.  The relation between increased DA turnover and hypermotility is still under investigation.  In view of the findings obtained, a plea is made for the development of a functional psychopathology, in which psychiatric syndromes are ""dissected"" into their constituent psychological dysfunctions.  This development is expected to stimulate human brain and behaviour research.  It can be achieved only by intensive collaboration between psychiatrists and experimental psychologists."
1161953,"A comparison was made of the mental state of patients with chronic epilepsy and matched controls with locomotor disorders, using a reliable psychiatric interview technique.  The symptom profiles of the two groups were similar.  The profiles of temporal lobe and other epileptics were also similar.  Epileptic patients with a high current psychiatric morbidity were characterized by a raised incidence of previous neurotic illness and raised neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory."
1161954,"A case of Cushing's syndrome in a woman aged 50 years is described, with psychosis of schizophrenic type.  The psychosis and endocrine disorder were subsequently cured by adrenalectomy.  Twenty-five years previously the patient had a typical schizophrenic psychosis treated in mental hospital with a deep insulin therapy and ECT.  The possibility is raised that deep insulin therapy could have induced the Cushing's syndrome through its non-specific stressor effect on the pituitary-adrenal axis."
1161955,"An experiment is described in which depressed patients were asked to recall pleasant or unpleasant experiences from their past life in response to a standard series of stimulus words.  The ratio between the time for recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences was found to fall progressively with increasing severity of depression or of ""neuroticism"" and to be significantly related to each.  Among patients who scored relatively low on depression or neuroticism pleasant memories were recalled more speedily than unpleasant; among those who scored high this relationship was reversed.  Possible mechanisms to account for these findings are discussed."
1161956,"A hierarchy of classes of personal illness model is proposed and was assessed using a new self-report measure, the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI).  Of 480 psychiatric patients 93.3% had a symptom patterns conforming to the model.  It was additionally found that single syndrome patterns, within a particular class, occurred significantly more often than those not classifiable in any higher class.  Finally, the relationship between each possible pair of the 12 syndromes was examined.  Some of the implications of the model and the data are discussed in terms of the development, remission, assessment, and treatment of personal illness."
1161957,"A cross-sectional household survey of drinking patterns, categorized as alcoholism, excessive drinking, moderate drinking, and abstinence, was conducted in a middle and lower-class section of Greater Buenos Aires.  Alcoholism and excessive drinking were present almost exclusively among males, and were more prevalent among the lower levels of education, occupation, or residential area, and also among migrants.  Prevalence rates for males, aged 15 +, were: alcoholics 4.4% +/- 2.1 and excessive drinkers 12.2+/- 3.4.  Details of the methods, the implication of the findings, and comparisons with other surveys are reported and discussed."
1161958,"The study of tryptophan metabolism using compartmental analysis suggested differences between males and females, and between control subjects and patients with affective illness, patients treated with tricyclic drugs, and those established on lithium therapy.  The total mass of tryptophan in the body may be reduced in people prone to affective disorder, and in depressed patients(ill and well)turnover of tryptophan seemed to be reduced.  The reduction of concentration of tryptophan in compartment S2 in affective illness could affect protein synthesis."
1161961,"The concept of social abnormality can be given a fairly precise meaning and is relevant to the theory of legal responsibility. Much work, however, would need to be done before it could take its place alongside mental abnormality as an excusing condition in the courts. The implications of such a plea would, moreover, be far reaching, two of the more obvious being the individualization of excuses and the relinquishing of the general preventive possibilities of punishment."
1161962,"Some problems of prognosis in patients with head injury are reviewed, and a case of late and unexpected recovery from post-traumatic dementia presented. The possible mechanism of recovery is discussed with particular reference to normal pressure hydrocephalus."
1161963,"From a series of 255 patients who had undergone temporal lobectomy for the relief of intractable psychomotor epilepsy, all 47 patients with 'alien tissue' (small tumours, hamartomas, focal dysplasia) in the resected temporal lobe were contrasted with a group of 41 patients who showed mesial temporal sclerosis in their resected lobe. Five per cent of the mesial temporal sclerosis group and 23% of the alien tissue group were psychotic. A marked interaction occurred between psychosis and 'left handedness'. In the alien tissue group, females, especially left-handed females, were the most likely to have developed a schizophrenia-like psychosis."
1161964,"Following an earlier report, plasma cortisol-binding capacity (CBC) was estimated in a new series of 11 men with unipolar depression and 11 men with bipolar illness admitted to hospital. The two groups were comparable except that the bipolar group tended to have more frequent episodes of illness and to have more family histories of affective disorder. There was no significant difference between the CBC values in each group."
1161965,"Depressed patients (unipolar) were given one of the following combinations in an attempt to test aspects of the 'amine hypothesis' and to find a preferential therapy: (1) clomipramine; (2) clomipramine and tryptophan; (3) desipramine and clomipramine, and (4) desipramine and tryptophan. Treatment (2) should have given optimal potentiation of 5-HT neurones and (3) and (4) should have acted similarly on both serotoninergic and adrenergic pathways. In no group was there any evidence of accelerated recovery, indicating that the process of conversion to normal mood may be more complex than suggested by most versions of the amine hypothesis."
1161966,The sulphate and glucuronide conjugates of 4-OH-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol (MOPEG) and 4-OH-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) have been serially studied in the urine of a manic-depressive patient before and after a therapeutic response to lithium carbonate. Excretion of both conjugates correlates with changes in mood. Some reasons to suggest that the sulphate might be a more useful measure of brain activity are stated.
1161967,"This study is based on a sample of 35,486 consecutive confinements in Cardiff (1965-72) which gave rise to 67 cases of post partum mental illness. No difference was found between these cases and all resident Cardiff maternities for the same period in respect of social class, maternal parity, weight gain in pregnancy, length of gestation, birth weight, and sex of infant. A statistically significant cyclic variation in month of conception and date of birth was found with a peak frequency among conceptions in the first quarter of the year. The bearing this finding may have on the prevention of post partum mental illness and the implications of the observation that post partum mental illness and the functional psychoses have a remarkably similar temporal behaviour are discussed."
1161968,"The results of a survey carried out at Rampton and Moss Side Special Hospitals into physical and behavioural incapacity associated with mental handicap are described and compared with the findings of the 1970 National Survey. The Special Hospital patients were found to be less mentally handicapped than similar patients in subnormality hospitals in the National Health Service. The prevalence of physical incapacity associated with mental handicap was also lower in the Special Hospitals but the Special Hospital patients were assessed as more behaviourally disordered. In both surveys the incapacities present were concentrated in the severely mentally handicapped patients. In the Special Hospitals survey the women, when compared with the men, were found to be more behaviourally disordered and to suffer from a greater degree of multiple severe incapacity. All the differences found between the two surveys are consistent with the statutory criteria for admission to a Special Hospital."
1161969,A sample of male prisoners was examined by means of a questionnaire and subsequently by a structured interview. Control subjects who denied heavy drinking were used to study test-retest reliability of a group who admitted that drinking was a problem and a third group who admitted heavy drinking but denied problem drinking. Non-heavy drinkers and the heaviest drinkers are shown to be the most reliable and the intermediate group least reliable.
1161972,"The electrophysiological and behavioral effects of phenylethanolamine (OHPEA) and of its precursor 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) were studied in mice and rabbits. In animals pretreated with MAOI, PEA was found to exert strong amphetamine-like effects, EEG alerting, reduction of visual evoked responses, increased locomotor activity, and blockade of tonic seizures induced by electroshock. OHPEA exerted weaker amphetamine-like effects. Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase increased most of the effects of PEA. In non-pretreated animals, OHPEA was found to shorten electroshock latency and to prolong the duration of visual evoked responses. PEA (but not OHPEA) potentiated the excitement induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in MAOI-pretreated mice. Reserpine pretreatment reduced but did not abolish the CNS effects of OHPEA and PEA. One may speculate that endogenous PEA is more likely to serve as a modulator for ergotropic functions than is endogenous OHPEA."
1161973,"Using a push-pull cannula method the amygdala of rats was perfused to examine the release of labeled norepinephrine (NE) and labeled serotonin (5-HT) during electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) determined by prior behavioral testing to be rewarding or non-rewarding. Simple sensory stimulation was used during perfusion to examine further the degree of specificity of release of these amines. Highly rewarding ESB, but not the sensory stimulation, was accompanied by release of both NE and 5-HT. Varying current intensity had significant effects on the amount of these amines released. Furthermore, non-rewarding ESB was accompanied by inhibition of release of NE and 5-HT and a control substance, urea, was not significantly released during rewarding ESB. The results were discussed as implicating both noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the mediation of reinforcement."
1161975,"Rats of both sexes from the genetically selected Roman High Avoidance (RHA), the Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) and the Roman Control (RCA) strains were given one 30-min session of two-way escape-avoidance conditioning (30 trials) in a shuttle box with a buzzer as the conditioned stimulus and shock as the unconditioned stimulus in a factorial design involving three time intervals (0, 15 and 30 min) following one subcutaneous injection of saline or of nicotine in five doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg of body weight). Six measures relating to performance were analysed in whole or part. While the number of avoidance responses showed the expected strain differences, no effect of dose or delay interval could be detected. Avoidance and escape latencies and intertrial activity showed some effects of these variables, especially in interaction with sex and strain. Dose determined pre-sessional activity, but its effect was strain dependent. The failure to confirm previous findings is discussed in the context of other instances in the literature, and the results of an operant experiment confirming the continuing sensitivity of the Roman strains to the effects of nicotine are reported."
1161976,"Auditory evoked responses (AER) to trains of 6 click stimuli (1 click/sec) were studied in 9 subjects under hangover, tired control, and normal control conditions in order to find out whether the symptoms of hyperexcitability during hangover have a correlate in the characteristics of the AER. In addition, the audiograms were measured. AERs to the first click in a stimulus train were markedly smaller during hangover than in the other 2 states. The amplitude levels of the AERs during the repetition of the click stimulus were, however, similar under all three conditions. The audiograms obtained in the three states were similar except for a very slight decrease of auditory threshold sensitivity during hangover as compared with the tired control condition. The results show that the effects of hangover on AERs resemble those of alcohol intoxication. The symptoms of hyperexcitability during hangover cannot be explained in terms of increased peripheral sensitivity."
1161977,"The effect of micro-injections of dexamphetamine chloride into the neostriatum, the nucleus accumbens, the anterior hypothalamus, and the ventricular system on self-stimulation with electrodes in the ventral tegmentum was studied. Unilateral injections of 10 mug into the anterior hypothalamus produced no effect. Injections into the neostriatum tended to depress the self-stimulation rate, whereas injections into the nucleus accumbens increased the rate markedly. Bilateral injections (2 times 2.5 mug and 2 times 5 mug amph.) into the nucleus accumbens were more effective than unilateral injections and were as effective as systemic injections of 1 mg/kg amphetamine (i.p.). Bilateral injections into the neostriatum also increased the self-stimulation rate. Injections of 10 mug into the ventricular system resulted in a smaller increase which was not statistically significant. These results are discussed in relation to the involvement of the dopaminergic system in the maintenance of self-stimulation behaviour."
1161978,"Graded doses of marihuana were administered to five adults in a longitudinal repeated-measurements design. Speed of response was the basic parameter measured accross tests of increasing cognitive involvement. Marihuana produced significant dose-response effects of impaired performance in all test scores. However, single automatic motor abilities demonstrated greater sensitivity than tests of greater complexity. Evidence is presented for tolerance development."
1161979,"Sensitivity and tolerance to morphine were determined in 2 strains of mice, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By, their reciprocal F1 hybrids and seven of their recombinant inbred strains. Sensitivity was established based on locomotor activity following the administration of saline, 10 or 20 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride while tolerance was established according to the ""hot plate"" method following the single or repeated administration of saline, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride. Results indicate that both sensitivity and tolerance to morphine are genotype-dependent and their inheritance is characterized by dominance or partical dominance. Further clarification of the genetic relationship of sensitivity, tolerance and analgesia to morphine must await analysis of the brain morphine-binding protein currently being conducted."
1161980,"Male rats maintained with continuous access to levers for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), water, and food were subjected to five consecutive daily injections of heroin (5 mg/kg). Rates of lever pressing for ICSS were increased in 8 rats, 2--6 hrs after administration of heroin. Rates of lever pressing for water and food were not significantly changes during this period. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated by 82% the facilitative effect of heroin on ICSS. A second group of 8 rats maintained at reduced ICSS rates failed to show an increase in lever pressing for ICSS with heroin. The facilitative effect of heroin described in this study is consistent with previously reported studies describing the effects of morphine on ICSS."
1161981,"Morphine and heroin were administered to mice learning to swim toward a light source (L procedure) or toward the dark (D procedure), in a Y water maze, under pre and post-trial drug treatment conditions. In the pre-trial experiments a clear disrupting effect on performance with the two procedures followed administration of both drugs, but for the L performance never fell below the 50% level of correct choices. Analysis of the performance within each session demonstrated a disruption in the long term memory consolidation mechanism. The administration of naloxone, or alternatively, discontinuation of the treatment, was followed by a gradual improvement, in performance by the treated animals. In both procedures, a performance disruption also followed the administration of the drugs immediately after each experimental session."
1161982,"Different groups of mice were injected s.c. daily with lithium chloride in three doses(0.52, 1.58 and 4.72meg/kg) or with saline for a period of 3 weeks. Lithium administered acutely or chronically did not affect spontaneous locomotor activities. However, methamphetamine-induced hyper-locomotor activities were inhibited in the lithium groups as compared with those in the saline group, while the hyper-locomotor activities induced by tetrabenazine in the nialamide-pretreated animals were reduced to some extent but not significantly by lithium. Tetrabenazine brought about an initial transient increase followed by a decrease of spontaneous locomotor activities in the lithium groups, whereas it induced only a decrease of the activities in the saline group. In addition, jumping and vertical jumping behaviors, which were not observed in the saline group, occurred 30-60 min after tetrabenazine in the lithium groups. These effects of lithium tended to increase with an increase of the doses administered and with a prolongation of its daily administration. The results demonstrate that lithium modifies behavioral responses to methamphetamine and tetrabenazine."
1161983,"Two progenitor strains, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By, their reciprocal F1 hybrids, and seven of their recombinant-inbred derived lines were used to examine the genetic basis of the response to thermal pain, and morphine analgesia at doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg. Both the latency of response to thermal pain and the analgesic response differed significantly among the various strains tested. Strong genetic determinants appear to control their responses. Analyses of the data did not permit clarification regarding the linkage of these determinants. Photoelectric activity cages were used to test the running response of the same strains to 12.5, 25 and 40 mg/kg morphine sulfate. The genetic determinants for running activity were different from those for analgesia. There is clear evidence for two or more loci controlling the behavior at 60 and 75 min after injection, but not enough information to define the loci involved."
1161984,"It has been postulated that behavioral inhibition due to punishment or extinction may be mediated by brain acetylcholine, and drugs which have disinhibitory action are thought to interact with this system. This notion was tested by comparing the effects of scopolamine, physostigmine and chlordiazepoxide on punished and extinguished water consumption. Scopolamine hydrobromide (0.3, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a centrally and peripherally acting antimuscarinic agent and physostigmine sulfate, (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), a centrally and peripherally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, lowered both non-punished and punishment suppressed water intake and lick rate, whereas their quaternary analogs which primarily act in the periphery, had no significant effect at comparable dose levels. Scopolamine and physostigmine suppressed punished water consumption at lower dose levels than nonpunished intake. In contrast, chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced punished as well as non-punished water intake. In a further experiment comparing punishment and extinction suppression, scopolamine and physostigmine did not affect punished or extinguished water intake; chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg) reliably increased punished, but not extinguished licking on the water nozzle. These results suggest (1) that scopolamine and chlordiazepoxide do not act via a common mechanism, and (2) that punishment and extinction suppression are not a pharmacological entity."
1161985,"The effects on brain catecholamines of seven daily doses of d-LSD 520 mug/kg injected i.p. to Sprague-Dawley rats on a tolerance dosage schedule (L X 7) were compared with the effects of a single dose of LSD (L X 1) 520 mug/kg or 1040 mug/kg, over a 90 min time course. Compared to saline controls, after a single dose of 520 mug/kg LSD, there was a significant decrease in brain norepinephrine at 30 to 60 min, a rise in dopamine at 60 min, and a small rise in brain tyrosine at early time points followed by significant decline from control levels after 60 min. The effects of a single dose of 1040 mug/kg LSD were similar to the 520 mug/kg dose but were greater in both magnitude and duration of the brain catecholamine changes. After a tolerance dosage schedule there were significant changes in the response of brain catecholamines to 520 mug/kg LSD. The rise in brain dopamine at 60 min was abolished, brain tyrosine was uniformly below both saline and L times 1 animals, and brain norepinephrine returned to control levels slightly faster."
1161986,"Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxphaeylglycol (MHPG), the metabolite thought best to reflect brain norepinephrine metabolism, was studied longitudinally in ten depressed patients before and during the acute and chronic phases of lithium treatment. Five of the patients were identified as bipolar I (prior history of mania), 3 as bipolar II (history of hypomania) and 2 as unipolar (history of depression). During acute lithium administration (first week) there was no consistent pattern of change in MHPG. Comparing the predrug period with the third and fourth week of treatment, all of the responders showed an increase in MHPG, while the non-responders showed no change or a decrease. It is concluded that the change in clinical state is the most important variable contributing to MHPG changes in these patients. There was a tendency for the pretreatment MHPG excretion to be low in the patients who went on to show a clear-cut antidepressant response to lithium compared to those who were unequivocal non-responders. The predrug MHPG for the bipolar patients (prior history of mania) was significantly lower than the unipolar patients, a difference which apparently contributes to the lower MHPG in the lithium responders, all of whom were in the bipolar group."
1161987,"This study was designed to determine the relative development of tolerance to the discriminative-stimulus and hypnotic properties of barbital. By selectively reinforcing lever presses only in the presence of one of the drug stated, rats were trained in a Skinner Box to discriminate the effect of sodium barbital (80 mg/kg) injection from that of saline injection. After the rats were well trained, the administration of daily hypnotic doses of barbital (240 mg/kg) for 8 days produced marked tolerance to the hypnotic effect of the barviturate in all animals. The ability of the 80 mg/kg dose to serve as a discriminative stimulus was not impaired in animals which had been trained with the drug as the condition during which bar presses had been reinforced (SD condition). Animals for which bar presses had gone unrewarded under barbital (Sdelta condition) displayed a tendency to develop tolerance to the stimulus properties of barbital. These findings are interpreted in the light of dose-effect studies, and it is suggested that the acquired polarity of the drug condition determined by its assignment as Sd or Sdelta may influence the discriminability of the drug in future exposures."
1161988,"Reactions to novelty, rearing and ambulation were observed in rats following saline or chlordiazepoxide injections either with or without prior drug experience. Drug suppression of the former two response was evident but there was no indication of prior drug experience being effective. However, experience appeared to negate the compound's depressant effect on ambulation shown by inexperienced subjects. It was concluded that inhibitory influences of chlordiazepoxide on reactions to novelty and rearing can not be ascribed to the aversive effects of a novel drug state."
1161990,"Intravenous pretreatment with DITA (0.1 - 1.0 mg/kg) decreased the rate of food-reinforcement lever pressing in rhesus monkeys. Response rate decreases were dose-dependent but showed the development of tolerance. Self-administration of DITA was initiated and maintained in each of three monkeys when 30 lever presses were required to produce each injection. Maximal response rate during periods of drug availability was maintained by 0.03 mg/kh/injection while higher and lower doses (0.01 and 0.10 mg/kg/injection) maintained lower response rates. Response rate in periods of food availability immediately preceding drug periods was relatively constant across session; response rate in periods of food availability immediately following drug periods, however, decreased with increasing amounts of drug self-administered. Replication of initial self-administration doses produced results comparable to original determinations in contrast to the tolerance observed with DITA effects upon food-reinforced responding. DITA was about 3 times less potent than d-amphetamine in maintaining response rates in drug periods and in decreasing the rate of subsequent food-reinforced responding."
1161991,"Water and ethanol solutions were concurrently made available on a continuous reinforcement schedule to 4 food-deprived male albino rats during daily 1-hr sessions in an operant conditioning chamber equipped with 2 levers and 2 liquid dippers. The number of ethanol reinforcements substantially exceeded the number of water reinforcements for each rat at each concentration studied (8, 16, and 32% w/v). Water reinforcements were low in number and did not vary with ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol reinforcements obtained decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g of body weight/hr) increased. The highest rate of responding occurred at the beginning of the session."
1161992,"The onset and duration of tolerance to three effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) given orally to mice were compared. The effects of delta9-THC studied were: hypothermia, the depression of intestinal motility and the effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. When mice were dosed and tested at 24 hrs intervals it was apparent that tolerance was complete to its hypothermic and locomotor depressant effects after the first doses and to depression of intestinal motility after the fourth dose. Duration of tolerance also differed so that the normal hypothermic response had returned after 12 dose-free days, but not after 5 drug-free days; the effect on locomotor activity had returned within 4 days; and apparent partial tolerance to the depressant effect of an acute challenging dose of delta9-THC on intestinal motility still existed after 19 dose-free days. It is apparent that the time of onset and the duration of tolerance to delta9-THC in mice showed a different pattern in the three parameters studied. It seems unlikely therefore that any one mechanism, such as metabolic tolerance, explains all the results observed and that several mechanisms should be explored to explain the phenomenon of tolerance to delta9-THC."
1161993,"A parametric examination of the interaction between drug-induced behavioral changes and the degree of predrug stimulus control was conducted with rats. A discretetrial simultaneous discrimination was used, with the controlling stimuli varied over 6 values of distinctiveness. The effects of graded doses of scopolamine, d-amphetamine, and methylscopolamine on these performances were studied, with both scopolamine and d-amphetamine showing no increase in error rate under strong stimulus control, and dose-related increases in error rate under weak stimulus control. The similar interaction between drug effect and stimulus control for scopolamine and d-amphetamine indicates that the interaction reflects the degree of susceptibility of the behaviors to drug action, rather than two specific drug-behavior interactions. Methylscopolamine produced a slight effect on error rate and no significant interaction with stimulus control. A decrease in the number of trials responded to was found with both scopolamine and methylscopolamine, but not with d-amphetamine."
1161994,"The role of central dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of food and water intake was assessed by examining the effects of haloperidol and pimozide on various measures of feeding and drinking in rats. Haloperidol (0.20 mg/kg) or pimozide (0.45 mg/kg) did not significantly affect 1-hr water intake in response to 24 hrs of water deprivation, nor did they influence 2-hr food intake after 24 hrs food deprivation. However both pimozide and haloperidol significantly reduced drinking in response to injections of hypertonic saline. In addition, animals pretreated with these drugs drank less than controls in the absence of food (a measure of ""non-prandial"" drinking), and drank less than controls when the water was adulterated with quinine (a measure of ""finickiness""). These drugs also significantly reduced food intake in response to injections of insulin and attenuated amphetamine anorexia. These deficits are similar to those observed after electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus or after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. Because haloperidol and pimozide block central dopaminergic receptor sites, the present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that part of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome is the result of damage to the dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal projection. Finally, the data suggest that the changes in feeding and drinking induced by haloperidol and pimozide reflect genuine homeostatic deficits rather than being due to a neuroleptic-induced motor dysfunction."
1161995,"Cocaine, methylphenidate and secobarbital were compared on a drug maintained progressive-ratio procedure in baboon subjects. Trials, scheduled throughout the day, occurred at a minimum interval of 3 hrs after completion of the preceding trial. A ratio response requirement on the ""initiate"" lever was required during each trial which terminated in a single intravenous infusion of drug. A drug was introduced on the progressive-ratio procedure with a low ratio requirement in order to obtain a baseline performance of a high stable frequency of trial completion. The ratio requirement was systematically increased every 7 days until the ""breaking point"" when the rate of completing trials fell below a criterion level. Within-subject comparison revealed that cocaine produced higher breaking points than methylphenidate at the same absolute dose, 0.4 mg/kg. At the range of doses studied, manipulation of doses of methylphenidate (0.1-0.8 mg/kg) and cocaine (0.4-1.6 mg/kg) had little effect on breaking point. In contrast, increasing doses of secobarbital (6.0 and 12.0 mg/kg) produce higher breaking points within the same subjects."
1161996,"Adrenaline (0.5 mg/kg) or guanethidine (10 mg/kg) given i.p. depressed performance of pseudoconditioned shuttle responses by rats. In a previous paper it had been shown that tyramine (5 mg/kg) had an opposite effect (Izquierdo, 1974a). Pre-trial administration of any of the three drugs also depressed two-way avoidance conditioning. Following posttrial administration, only guanethidine had a deleterious effect on retention. Since none of these drugs is believed to reach the brain in significant amounts following systemic injection, the present results suggest that peripheral factors may influence both conditioned and pseudoconditioned shuttle behavior."
1161997,"The effects of protriptyline and clomipramine, at concentrations of 10(-7)M to 10(-4)M, were studied in vitro on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine uptake in human platelet-rich plasma. It was found that the tertiary amine, clomipramine, was a more potent inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake than the secondary amine, protriptyline. The activity of both compounds was competitive but it was thought unlikely that they acted through tryptamine receptor sites as methysergide 2.5 X 10(-8)M had very little effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. Neither tricyclic antidepressant had any marked effect on dopamine uptake."
1162020,"Thirty adults willing their body at death to medical science were compared on a number of personality variables with 30 nondonors, both groups equated for age, education, and socioeconomic status.  Donors are internally directed, masters of their fate; nondonors rely on chance or luck to explain outcome.  A more definite body image characterizes donors while nondonors are more concerned about body integrity.  Donors accept their mortality while nondonors worry more about death.  At the fantasy level donors display more hostility, depression, and guilt, and the prospective act of donation may represent an attempt at atonement.  Donation represents a convenient and socially acceptable outlet for expression of humanitarian needs by donors."
1162021,"Ninety to 120 min ultradian rhythms have been described in physiologic and behavioral functions relating to biologic drives.  Gastric contractility rhythms were examined in isolated fasting volunteers to supplement behavioral observations of ""oral"" drives.  A clear ultradian rhythms was observed, indicating inherent physiologic oscillation in stomach contractions."
1162022,"Click stimuli were presented during sleep to newborns from a low socioeconomic class urban population in Northeastern United States.  Eighty-three black newborns showed less immediate poststimulus deceleration than did 67 white newborns.  This difference was independent of heart rate level, and could not be accounted for by any of the perinatal variables studied, including birthweight and gestational age.  These results suggest that in this population, black newborns differ from white newborns in the pattern of phasic heart rate responses to stimuli.  This constitutes evidence for an additional difference in heart rate regulation in black as compared to white newborns from this population, since prior work reported differences in tonic heart rate level during sleep between black and white newborns."
1162023,"An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in rats by pairing saccharin with cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive agent.  Three days after conditioning, all animals were injected with sheep erythrocytes.  Hemagglutinating antibody titers measured 6 days after antigen administration were high in placebo-treated rats.  High titers were also observed in nonconditioned animals and in conditioned animals that were nor subsequently exposed to saccharin.  No agglutinating antibody was detected in conditioned animals treated with cyclophosphamide at the time of antigen administration.  Conditioned animals exposed to saccharin at the time of or following the injection of antigen were significantly immunosuppressed.  An illness-induced taste aversion was also conditioned using LiCl, a nonimmunosuppressive agent.  In this instance, however, there was no attenuation of hemagglutinating antibody titers in response to injection with antigen."
1162024,"This psychobiological study investigates married-coupled group psychotherapy from pre- and postsession serum dopamine dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) determinations, the Free Association Test (FAT), and a Postsession Questionnaire (PSQ).  Experimental manipulations permit controls for the assessment of DBH variations.  Group, gender, and individual linear regression analyses are interpreted by a stressor-destrssor typology.  DBH levels significantly increase during psychotherapy.  Increments are comparable with those from physical work.  Most variability in DBH is predicted from a small set of psychological variables.  Psychological stressors and destressors show psychobiochemical individuality.  Implications of psychological stressors for psychosomatic vulnerability are discussed."
1162027,"Observations of eating responses of obese and nonobese subjects were made in meal settings. Seven obese and seven nonobese male undergraduates were videotaped as they ate four dinner meals, two low and two high in preference, under low and high hunger conditions. As hunger and preferences increased, the amount of food eaten, the meal length, and the number of bites significantly increased. Time per bite decreased as hunger and preference increased. Obese subjects ate more grams per second than the nonobese subjects. Obese subjects also ate more high preference food and less low preference food than nonobese subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of Schachter's theory of differential stimulus orientation of obese and nonobese people and in terms of the set-point theories of Nisbett and Sclafani and Kluge."
1162046,"A chest radiography unit employing 350 kV was evaluated and found to be superior to conventional low-kV systems. Visualization of air/soft-tissue boundaries, mediastinal structures, the retrocardiac area, and lung apices was improved. Other benefits of the high-kV system include reproducibility, reliability, rapid installation, and economy of operation."
1162047,"Of 116 patients who had undergone combined liver-lung scintillation imaging, 23 with negative studies had abnormal subphrenic spaces at operation, and 5 with positive studies had abnormal subphrenic spaces at laparotomy (hematomas, bile spillage, serous fluid or abscess); 4 of 6 nonexplored positive studdies showed resolution of defects on serial imaging. Other information obtained included abnormalities intrinsic to liver, lungs or spleen; evidence suggestive of left subphrenic pathology; and reliable information about the right subphrenic space even in the presence of intrathoracic pathology, including effusions."
1162048,"One thousand coronary arteriograms were reviewed to determine the incidence, clinical presentation and angiographic features of aneurysms of the coronary artery (ACA) in adults with angina. Criteria for the angiographic diagnosis are described and the angiographic aspects are emphasized. The incidence of ACA was 1.1%. Saccular and fusiform aneurysms were seen. Single aneurysms were present in 7 patients. One patient had an abdominal aneurysm. Five patients underwent surgery; two had postoperative selective coronary angiography one year later and all five underwent follow-up left ventricular angiography. The most likely etiology of the aneurysms in this series is atherosclerosis."
1162049,"Renal tubular cystic disease and hepatic fibrosis exhibit a specific genetic pattern and pathological findings. The renal collecting tubules are dilated and the liver shows fibrosis with proliferation and dilatation of the bile ducts. The findings fall into a spectrum with marked renal disease and mild liver involvement at one end and mild renal involvement with severe liver disease at the other. Between these extremes lies an intermediate form which is genetically and pathologically similar, but exhibits a wide range of clinical and radiological findings due to the variability of renal and liver involvement."
1162050,"Of 210 pathologically confirmed palpable breast masses examined by continuous ultrasound B-scanning using a 2.5- or 7-MHz transducer and mammography, fluid filled cysts more than 1 cm in diameter were diagnosed accurately in 75 cases. Of the 103 solid masses studied by echography, 31 were circumscribed (29 benign fibroadenomas and 2 circumscribed medullary carcinomas) and 72 were not. Infiltrating carcinoma represented the majority of the latter type, although 2 cases of chronic inflammation had the same echographic appearance. Thirty palpable breast masses less than 2 cm in diameter were not delineated with the 2.5-MHz transducer, and biopsy showed benign disease. The combiantion of mammography and continuous ultrasound B-scanning of palpable breast masses improved the diagnostic accuracy obtained with mammography alone and aided in the differentiation of nondiagnostic mammograms."
1162051,"Metronidazole was administered orally to 25 patients and its maximum concentration in blood and tumor tissues, its ability to cross the blood/brain barrier and concentrate in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tumor tissue, its immediate and long-term toxicity, and its enhancement of irradiation in normal tissue were studied. Maximum blood concentrations of 700-1,200 muM (120-220 mug/ml) were obtained at four hours with doses of 6 g/m2. Moderate and transient nausea and vomiting were the only immediate signs of toxicity. No long-term toxicity was found up to 18 months after administration of the drug. These data indicate that metronidazole can feasibly be adminstered in clinical trials of fractionated radiotherapy using dosages ranging from 9.5 to 11 g three times a week for three to four weeks."
1162052,"Radiation-induced injury to the normal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in patients with advanced cervical carcinoma who received high para-aortic lymph-node irradiation to an average tumor dose of 5,000 rads is discussed. Radiation esophagitis is usually the result of mediastinal irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma. The most consistent radiological finding is abnormal motility, with esophageal stricture and/or ulceration occurrring less frequently. Radiation gastritis usually presents as pyloric ulceration or irregular contractions of the antrum, simulating gastric carcinoma. Postbulbar duodenal mucosal thickening, ulceration, and strictures may occur. Pertinent clinical features, pathogenesis, and pathological correlations are discussed."
1162053,"The radiation dose to the base of the bladder and anterior rectal wall during radium applications for gynecologic cancer is a function of the distances between the source and the bladder and rectum. Precise measurement of these distances depends on a number of factors and cannot be obtained with current radiographic localization techniques. B-mode ultrasound is useful as a means of supplementing available information. While it is not necessarily more accurate than standard radiographs, it offers a three-dimensional appreciation of pelvic anatomy and does appear to be more accurate than transverse axial tomography."
1162054,The response of a human malignant melanoma cell line in vitro to high linear energy transfer radiation was studied utilizing the neutrons produced by the reaction of 16 and 50 MeV deuterons on beryllium. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) relative to cobalt-60 gamma radiation was determined under conditions of complete oxygenation. The data indicate that the radioresistance ascribed to malignant melanoma in vivo is not an intrinsic quality of the cell but rather may be mediated by the in vivo environment.
1162055,"Depth resolution, a measure of the thinnest layer of tissue which will cast a detectable radiographic shadow, significantly limits visibility in conventional chest technique. Depth resolution, averaged over the chest area, improves with increasing kilovoltage, and thin, soft tissues can be seen more readily. The visibility of calcifications increases with kilovoltage in some areas of the chest and decreases in others, which is again explained by depth resolution. Densitometric data verify the mechanism involved: the latitude of the radiographic image matches that of the conventional film at high kilovoltages, so that more chest images are recorded at high contrast where visibility is best."
1162056,"The physical designs of field-emission and conventional x-ray tubes are compared, and the physical and geometric source properties are translated into optical and resolution characteristics using modulation transfer functions calculated for idealized and practical sources and verified by star test pattern measurements. The field-emission design has several advantages: axial symmetry, circular shape, and a relatively favorable intensity distribution of the focal spot; in addition, the focal spot size is independent of the tube current. These advantages greatly enhance uniformity over the field of view and may increase resolution by a factor of 2 for a given nominal source size, thus largely ofsetting the greater physical size of present field-emission sources."
1162057,"The random nature of cell killing by ionizing radiations sets an upper limit on the steepness of the dose-response (D-R) curve for tumor cure. This theoretical limit was approached but not reached in a carefully controlled experimental system. It would seem unlikely that this result could be achieved in clinical practice because of the potential importance of tumor heterogeneity and treatment error in decreasing the slope of the D-R curve. In attempting to achieve a high degree of precision in treatment administration, the therapist, particularly in a multitreatment course, is aided by certain statistical rules which are applicable to random errors."
1162058,The response of the mammalian lens to fractionated radiation exposures was evaluated as a model system for predicting delayed radiation effects on normal tissue. Only the heads of male Ha/ICR mice were irradiated with 14 different time-dose schedules and followed for cataractous changes. A log-log plot of dose vs time yielded a line with a slope of 0.303 and ordinate intercept of 1050 R; a similar plot for dose vs fraction number yielded a slope of 0.382 and ordinate intercept of 835 R. Results suggest that the lenticular response to radiation may be a useful model for studying late effects.
1162059,"Three-hundred Balb/C mice were used to assess the effect of vasopressin on the response of the gastrointestinal tract to irradiation. Median lethal doses were determined for control and vasopressin treated animals in which the whole abdomen was irradiated. There was a significant difference in LD50/6 (882 +/- 27 for controls vs. 1051 +/- 23 for vasopressin-treated animals). In addition studies demonstrated a significant difference in the survival rate of jejunal crypts at 800 and 1,000 rads."
1162060,"Afterloading techniques were developed for the in vivo assessment of the RBE of californium-252 with respect of radium-226 using a fibrosarcoma in mice. The afterloading holder positions sources so that the tumor is uniformly irradiated. Using the end points of tumor volumetric studies up to 150 days after irradiation, it was found that the RBE ranged from 5-8 at clinically relevant dose rates and total doses."
1162061,"DNA histograms of exponentially growing EMT-6 cells in vitro were obtained at regular time intervals after exposure at 300 rads of x rays or one hour of heat shock at 43 degrees C. After either treatment, about 70% of the cells retained clonogenicity. Irradiation induced the expected block in the G2 + M phase, resulting in an increase of cells in that phase during the first 5 hours after exposure. Heat shock caused a block in both the S and G2 +M phases."
1162065,Problems arising with the use of posterior fields can be solved by the undercouch technique. Treatment couches with a large window covered with transparent Mylar polyester (D) film can support the patient and do not interfere with the supervoltage beam.
1162066,Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) and meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) were mixed in varying proportions and found to consistently form a dense amorphous precipitate. This is not mentioned in the package insert of either agent. All physicians who administer these compounds should be aware of this phenomenon.
1162070,"During a 17-year period, 33 injuries produced radiographic abnormalities in 26 members of a professional football team. Sites of injury were correlated with playing position and protective equipment worn at the time of injury. Fractures of multiple transverse processes of the lumbar spine are reported in offensive halfbacks and offensive ends. Two linebackers and one center sustained fractures of the mid-forearm. Several related reports of the morbidity and mortality of football injuries are also discussed."
1162071,"One thousand consecutive cinefluorographic examinations of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus were reviewed to determine the incidence of webs in a population routinely referred for upper gastrointestinal examination. The age, sex, and incidence of iron deficiency anemia in patients with webs were compared with those of the controls, and dysphagia and associated diseases were noted. 5.5% of the patients had one or more webs; these patients had a similar sex distribution to the control group but were generally older. Both groups had the same incidence of iron deficiency anemia. None of the patients with webs met the criteria for Plummer-Vinson syndrome. The authors believe that most cervical esophageal and hypopharyngeal webs are of no clinical significance."
1162072,"Eight patients were studied arteriographically after hepatic artery ligation (done to control bleeding in 6). Sources of arterial flow to the liver after ligation were (a) replaced or accessory hepatic artery; (b) interlobar collaterals in the liver; (c) right inferior phrenic artery; (d) through the gastroduodenal artery from arterial branches in the pancreas, duodenum, and omentum; (e) fine collateral branches of the gastroduodenal artery as they pass into the porta hepatis; and (f) recanalization of the ligated hepatic artery. Collateral vessels, seen as early as four hours after ligation, increase in size and number during the following six months."
1162073,"Acute stenoses of varying degree were produced in the circumflex arteries of 5 calves, and chronic stenoses which reduced blood flow by about 50% were effected in the left anterior descending coronary arteries of 14 dogs. Selective vasodilators or amyl nitrite increased blood flow more than 100% in nonstenotic arteries, but less in stenotic ones. Increased transstenotic blood flow was associated with an increased pressure gradient and increased frequency of collateral circulation. Collateral circulation was sometimes recognizable when the pre- and postvasodilatory angiograms were compared but not when the angiograms were examined individually. The altered flow patterns demonstrated by comparative studies may be a very sensitive index of collateral circulation."
1162074,"Hemorrhage from artificially produced renal lacerations was controlled by selective arterial embolization with either plain or Amicar-mixed autogenous blood clot in ten dogs. The laceration sites healed as renal scars. Despite the presence of scattered, small renal infarcts caused by the embolization, hypertension did not develop in any dog during the two-month follow-up. No long-term differences could be detected between kidneys embolized with plain or modified clot. Although it is recognized that dogs have a more active fibrinolytic system than humans, the results of this study suggest that selective arterial embolization is a feasible method for controlling renal hemorrhage."
1162075,"What a medical student has learned in radiology needs to be evaluated, not only to appraise the student's mastery of the subject but to determine the efficiency of teaching methods. A two-phase written/oral test for all students completing the fourth-year elective is described."
1162076,"The band of increased attenuation seen on in vivo CCT images of adults, frequently designated as the cerebral cortex, has been proved clinically and experimentally to be an artifact in the reconstructed image. Recognition of this artifact may be of help in identifying intracranial lesions, such as shallow subdural hematomas. Attenuation values of isolated cortex and white matter were also studied and do not account for the band of high attenuation."
1162078,"Intramedullary metastases to the spinal cord of non-neurogenic origin are exceedingly rare, comprising fewer than 1.6% of all metastases affecting the spinal canal and its contents. Plain films are normal. Irregular fusiform widening of the spinal cord is the most common myelographic feature, although nodularity is also present. Complete blockage is very rare. The authors describe the radiological features in 4 cases of intramedullary metastases of non-neurogenic origin. The differential diagnosis is discussed, and some pathogenetic mechanisms are postulated. It is important to recognize intramedullary metastases in order to plan the proper management."
1162079,"Supine tidal volume regional ventilation and perfusion images obtained in the posterior and lateral projections demonstrated several alterations in patients with mitral valve disease. Reversal of the gravitational perfusion gradient correlated with pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension; the supine studies reliably distinguished normal subjects from mitral patients. The reversed gradient was from posterior-base to anterior-apex. Focal defects were common and contributed to the reversed gradient in 50% of patients. Perfusion defects larger than those of ventilation, simulating emboli, occurred in 32%, particularly in the middle lobe and superior segment areas. Relative hypoventilation of the left lung was seen in 44% of these patients."
1162083,"The molecular conformation of the monoclinic crystalline polymorph of prostaglandin A1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. The space group is P21 with a = 13.637(2), b = 7.567(1), c = 10.576(2) A, beta = 107.37(3) degrees; Dc = 1.073 g.cm-3 for Z = 2. The molecular conformation is characterized by the nearly parallel arrangement of the C1-C7 and C13-C20 side chains, with a general flattening of the overall structure when compared with the orthorhombic polymorph. The cyclopentenone moiety assumes a C8 envelope conformation with C8 and O9 displaced +0.29 A and -0.18 A from the C9-C10=C11-C12 plane respectively. Concerted, small varations of the torsion angles, primarily about the C8-C12, C14-C15 and C16-C17 bonds, bring the monoclinic and orthorhombic conformations into coincidence."
1162084,"The interaction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and aspirin with the responses to peri-arterial stimulation (PS) and norepinephrine (NE) was studied in the isolated kidney of rabbit perfused through the renal artery at constant flow with Krebs' solution. NE and PS increased vascular perfusion pressure of kidney and caused a contraction on the isolated rabbit aortic strip superfused with the effluent from kidney. Addition of PGE2 to the perfusion medium decreased the PS-induced rise in perfusion pressure without changing the effect of exogenous NE. In contrast, addition of aspirin to the perfusion medium induced a potentiation of the response to PS but not to NE. These results suggest that PGE2 modulates the effect of PS probably by inhibiting the releases of NE from sympathetic nerve endings."
1162085,"Radioimmunoassay was used to study the effects of renal ischemia on the distribution of PGE-like material between renal venous plasma and urine in anesthetized dogs. Renal venous and urinary concentrations of these substances were equal during control, ischemia and recovery periods. This relationship obtained despite significant increases in the concentration of PGE of both compartments during the ischemic insult. The renal secretion rates of PGE, calculated as the product of renal plasma flow and renal venous concentrations, was reduced during ischemia while urinary excretion, was unchanged. The evidence suggests that the increased PGE concentrations observed in both compartments during renal ischemia are primarily due to a dilutional factor rather than an increased synthesis. Furthermore, the data suggest that the net secretion of renal PG's per unit time may, in fact, be reduced during renal ischemia."
1162086,"Ovulation (active expulsion of oocyte from the mature follicle) of trout follicles matured in vivo can be induced in vitro by adding PGF2alpha at doses of 1 and 5 mug/ml. PGE2 is ineffective. The in vitro induction of ovulation by PGF2alpha is inhibited in a calcium free medium or by inhibitors of calcium influx, particularly by Mn++ and La+++, suggesting the ovulation process implies active contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the theca. A significant but partial inhibition is also observed with cytochalasin B (1 and 5 mug/ml) demonstrating that contraction of other cell types than muscle, containing actin-like filaments, may also participate in the process."
1162087,"In these experiments we have examined the effects of PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha on synovial perfusion in the normal canine synovial microcirculation. The effects of the drugs on synovial perfusion were determined indirectly from the changes produced in the rate of clearance of 133Xenon from the joint by their intra-articular injection. Prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 were found to be strongly vasodilator with PGE1 being the more active. PGF1alpha appeared to have little or no vasoactive properties in doses up to 1 ugm. (2.8 times 10(-5M)) in our preparation while PGF2alpha was vasodilator at this high dosage only. Neither SC19920 nor diphloretin phosphate antagonished the effects of PGE1 in these experiments."
1162088,"In order to evaluate the effect of prostaglandin release on renal autoregulation in the intact kidney of the dog, pressure-flow curves were obtained before and after the administration of either indomethacin or meclofenamate, two potent prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. After drug administration renal venous prostaglandin E decreased in each of eight studies with a mean change from 286 to 141 pg/ml (p less than .001). In addition, prostaglandin inhibition was associated with a 31 percent decrease in renal blood flow and 58 percent increase in renal resistance. Yet, as renal perfusion pressure was decreased by aortic constriction, the change in flow per pressure reduction and the percent change in renal resistance were not significantly different after prostaglandin inhibition when compared to control values in the same animals. The magnitude of the pressure range over which autoregulation was maintained was also similar in the two groups although both the initial and lowest level of autoregulation were slightly higher after prostaglandin inhibition. It is concluded that the administration of these prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors does not significantly impair renal autoregulation in the intact dog kidney."
1162089,"Pregnancies in hamsters may be terminated by 10 mug PGF2alpha administered b.i.d. on days 4, k and 6 of gestation. Small (250 mug and above) daily injections of progesterone on the same days will reverse this PG effect; in contradistinction, 10 mg of progesterone per day failed to maintain normal pregnancies in hamsters spayed on day 5. Daily administration of 3 mg of progesterone and 1 mug of estrone essentially normalized the gestation; administration of PGF2alpha at 10 mg on days 5, 6 and 7 of pregnancy in steroid-maintained rats, resulted in pregnancy termination in all animals, while 1 mg was partly effective. These data demonstrate an extra-ovarian site of action of prostaglandin F2alpha on pregnancy in hamsters."
1162090,"Intrauterine PGF2alpha (5mg) was administered for termination of early pregnancy in 14 healthy volunteers. With 11 complete abortions, the efficiency rate of this technique is below conventional methods. In addition, the incidience of infection was high occuring in 12 out of 14 subjects. Because of persistent bleeding, six patients underwent a dilatation and curettage. Other significant side effects included transient hypertension, pain, nausea and restlessness. In the patients with a complete abortion, the mean plasma progesterone concentration fell 37% after 8 hours post PGF2alpha instillation and 90iod and 75% over the next 14 days."
1162091,"In the female hamster, temporary sterility for a period of 10 or 15 days was induced by an intraperitoneal Silastic-PVP-tube containing 3.5 or 1.0 mg of PGF2alpha, respectively. All Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tube hearing animals regained fertility and delivered normal litters at various times after the placement of the tube. The release rate of 3-H-PGF2alpha from the Silastic-PVP tube was described and their potential use as a drug delivery system discussed."
1162092,The concentration of prostaglandin F in utero-ovarian venous plasma and proseterone in jugular venous plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay in 3 cows over the last 2-3 weeks of gestation. Utero-ovarian prostaglandin F concentrations did not show and consistent pattern in two hours of three cows until 48-72 h before term when the levels rose sharply from 1 ng/ml to maximum 4-9 ng/ml during labour. The concentration of prosterone in jugular venous plasma tended to fall gradually over the last 20 days of gestation with a further fall occurring 48-36 h before delivery.
1162093,The concentration of prostaglandin F (PGF) has been measured by radioimmunoassay in follicular fluid collected from follicles at various time intervals after treatment of prepuberal gilts with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin to induce ovulation. A high proportion of animals will ovulate 116 +/- 8 hr after treatment. Pre-ovulatory follicles can be identified on the basis of gross morphological apperance 10-12 hr before the predicted time of ovulation. The concentration of PGF in fluid from follicles judged not to be pre-ovulatory was relatively constant at about 0.45 ng per g and appeared to be independent of the time of sampling. An increase in the concentration of PGF was observed in fluid collected from follicles classified as destined to ovulate. This increase became more pronounced as the time of ovulation approached and reached a maximum at or about the time of follicle rupture. These data provide evidence in support of a role for prostaglandins in the ovulatory process in the pib.
1162095,"The airway and lung dynamics of porstaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and three of its metabolites were examined in the spontaneously ventilated, pentobarital anesthetized dog. Changes in expirtaory flow rate, tidal volume, respiration rate, lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance were evaluated and compared quantitatively. In a dose range of 0.3-3.0 mu/kg i.v., PGF2alpha and its 13, 14-dihydrometabolite were found to be exceptionally potent agents. This metabolite was approximately twice as potent as PGF2alpha on most parameters studied. Two other metabolites, 15-keto-PGF2alpha and 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha, were only slightly effective, even in a dose range of 1.0-30.0 mu/kg i.v. These latter two metabolites produced dose-response curves with significantly shallower slopes than PGF2alpha and were shown to be at least thirty-five times less potent than the parent compound. Therefore, oxidation of PGF2alpha at the carbon-15 position by 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase appears to produce compounds with minimal in vivo bronchopulomary activity."