6moQ8Fzqppk-00000-00000009-00000277 the united states federal civil service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00001-00000278-00000499 as the civilian workforce ie
6moQ8Fzqppk-00002-00000500-00000724 non elected and non-military public
6moQ8Fzqppk-00003-00000725-00000894 sector employees of the United States
6moQ8Fzqppk-00004-00000896-00001099 federal government's departments and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00005-00001100-00001387 agencies the federal civil service was
6moQ8Fzqppk-00006-00001388-00001848 established in 1871 5 USC Section 2100
6moQ8Fzqppk-00007-00001850-00002116 one US state and local government
6moQ8Fzqppk-00008-00002117-00002317 entities often have comparable civil
6moQ8Fzqppk-00009-00002318-00002479 service systems that are modeled on the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00010-00002480-00002739 national system in varying degrees
6moQ8Fzqppk-00011-00002740-00002929 according to the Office of Personnel
6moQ8Fzqppk-00012-00002930-00003201 Management as of December 2011 there
6moQ8Fzqppk-00013-00003202-00003490 were approximately 2.7 9 million civil
6moQ8Fzqppk-00014-00003490-00003663 servants employed by the US government
6moQ8Fzqppk-00015-00003664-00003910 this includes employees in the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00016-00003911-00004135 departments and agencies run by any of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00017-00004136-00004288 the three branches of government the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00018-00004289-00004543 executive branch legislative branch and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00019-00004544-00004825 judicial branch such as over 600,000
6moQ8Fzqppk-00020-00004826-00005392 employees in the US Postal Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00021-00005393-00005638 topic career employees and political
6moQ8Fzqppk-00022-00005639-00006046 appointees
6moQ8Fzqppk-00023-00006047-00006301 the majority of civil service positions
6moQ8Fzqppk-00024-00006302-00006481 are classified as competitive service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00025-00006481-00006703 meaning employees are selected based on
6moQ8Fzqppk-00026-00006704-00006937 merit after a competitive hiring process
6moQ8Fzqppk-00027-00006938-00007102 for positions that are open to all
6moQ8Fzqppk-00028-00007103-00007365 applicants the senior executive service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00029-00007366-00007606 SES is the classification for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00030-00007606-00007789 non-competitive senior leadership
6moQ8Fzqppk-00031-00007790-00008026 positions filled by career employees or
6moQ8Fzqppk-00032-00008027-00008251 political appointments eg cabinet
6moQ8Fzqppk-00033-00008252-00008614 members ambassadors etc excepted service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00034-00008615-00008830 positions also known as in classified
6moQ8Fzqppk-00035-00008831-00009043 service are non competitive jobs in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00036-00009044-00009268 certain federal agencies with security
6moQ8Fzqppk-00037-00009269-00009541 and intelligence functions eg the CIA
6moQ8Fzqppk-00038-00009542-00009856 FBI State Department etc that are
6moQ8Fzqppk-00039-00009857-00010035 authorized to create their own hiring
6moQ8Fzqppk-00040-00010036-00010221 policies and are not subject to most
6moQ8Fzqppk-00041-00010222-00010856 appointment pay and classification laws
6moQ8Fzqppk-00042-00010857-00011272 pick history
6moQ8Fzqppk-00043-00011273-00011560 in the early 19th century positions in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00044-00011561-00011719 the federal government were held at the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00045-00011720-00011950 pleasure of the president a person could
6moQ8Fzqppk-00046-00011951-00012202 be fired at any time the spoils system
6moQ8Fzqppk-00047-00012203-00012421 meant that jobs were used to support the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00048-00012422-00012610 American political parties though this
6moQ8Fzqppk-00049-00012611-00012805 was gradually changed by the Pendleton
6moQ8Fzqppk-00050-00012806-00013075 Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00051-00013076-00013416 subsequent laws by 1909 almost
6moQ8Fzqppk-00052-00013418-00013597 two-thirds of the US federal workforce
6moQ8Fzqppk-00053-00013597-00013813 was appointed based on merit that as
6moQ8Fzqppk-00054-00013813-00014143 qualifications measured by tests certain
6moQ8Fzqppk-00055-00014144-00014368 senior civil service positions including
6moQ8Fzqppk-00056-00014369-00014563 some heads of diplomatic missions and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00057-00014563-00014734 executive agencies are filled by
6moQ8Fzqppk-00058-00014735-00015025 political appointees under the Hatch Act
6moQ8Fzqppk-00059-00015026-00015297 of 1939 civil servants are not allowed
6moQ8Fzqppk-00060-00015299-00015508 to engage in political activities while
6moQ8Fzqppk-00061-00015509-00015802 performing their duties in some cases an
6moQ8Fzqppk-00062-00015803-00015985 outgoing administration will give its
6moQ8Fzqppk-00063-00015986-00016168 political appointees positions with
6moQ8Fzqppk-00064-00016169-00016357 Civil Service protection in order to
6moQ8Fzqppk-00065-00016358-00016531 prevent them from being fired by the new
6moQ8Fzqppk-00066-00016532-00016759 administration this is called burrowing
6moQ8Fzqppk-00067-00016760-00017320 in civil service jargon
6moQ8Fzqppk-00068-00017321-00017835 topic federal agencies
6moQ8Fzqppk-00069-00017836-00018073 employees in the Civil Services work
6moQ8Fzqppk-00070-00018074-00018262 under one of the independent agencies
6moQ8Fzqppk-00071-00018263-00018496 are one of the 15 executive departments
6moQ8Fzqppk-00072-00018497-00018775 in addition to departments there are a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00073-00018776-00018973 number of staff organizations grouped
6moQ8Fzqppk-00074-00018974-00019123 into the executive office of the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00075-00019124-00019366 president these include the White House
6moQ8Fzqppk-00076-00019367-00019624 staff the National Security Council the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00077-00019625-00019807 Office of Management and Budget the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00078-00019808-00020044 Council of Economic Advisors the office
6moQ8Fzqppk-00079-00020045-00020227 of the US Trade Representative the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00080-00020228-00020397 Office of National Drug Control Policy
6moQ8Fzqppk-00081-00020398-00020650 and the Office of Science and Technology
6moQ8Fzqppk-00082-00020651-00020727 Policy
6moQ8Fzqppk-00083-00020728-00021034 there are also independent agencies such
6moQ8Fzqppk-00084-00021035-00021253 as the United States Postal Service the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00085-00021254-00021391 National Aeronautics and Space
6moQ8Fzqppk-00086-00021392-00021625 Administration NASA the Central
6moQ8Fzqppk-00087-00021626-00021862 Intelligence Agency CIA the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00088-00021863-00022141 Environmental Protection Agency EPA and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00089-00022142-00022291 the United States Agency for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00090-00022292-00022580 International Development USAID in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00091-00022581-00022783 addition there are government-owned
6moQ8Fzqppk-00092-00022784-00023002 corporations such as the Federal Deposit
6moQ8Fzqppk-00093-00023003-00023221 Insurance Corporation ethnic and the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00094-00023222-00023374 National Railroad passenger corporation
6moQ8Fzqppk-00095-00023375-00024188 there were 456 federal agencies in 2009
6moQ8Fzqppk-00096-00024189-00024717 topic pay systems
6moQ8Fzqppk-00097-00024718-00024920 the pay system of the United States
6moQ8Fzqppk-00098-00024921-00025149 government civil service has evolved
6moQ8Fzqppk-00099-00025150-00025370 into a complex set of pay systems that
6moQ8Fzqppk-00100-00025371-00025556 include principally the General Schedule
6moQ8Fzqppk-00101-00025557-00025847 GS for white collar employees federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00102-00025848-00026084 wage system FWS for blue collar
6moQ8Fzqppk-00103-00026085-00026379 employees senior executive system SES
6moQ8Fzqppk-00104-00026380-00026612 for executive level employees foreign
6moQ8Fzqppk-00105-00026613-00026832 service schedule FS for members of the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00106-00026833-00026999 Foreign Service and more than 12
6moQ8Fzqppk-00107-00027000-00027189 alternate pay systems that are referred
6moQ8Fzqppk-00108-00027189-00027389 to as alternate or experimental pay
6moQ8Fzqppk-00109-00027391-00027599 systems such as the first experimental
6moQ8Fzqppk-00110-00027600-00027831 system China Lake demonstration project
6moQ8Fzqppk-00111-00027832-00028062 the current system began as the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00112-00028063-00028335 classification act of 1923 and was
6moQ8Fzqppk-00113-00028336-00028508 refined into law with the classification
6moQ8Fzqppk-00114-00028509-00028895 Act of 1949 these acts that provide the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00115-00028897-00029070 foundation of the current system have
6moQ8Fzqppk-00116-00029070-00029243 been amended through executive orders
6moQ8Fzqppk-00117-00029244-00029406 and through published amendments in the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00118-00029407-00029604 Federal Register that sets four approved
6moQ8Fzqppk-00119-00029605-00029814 changes in the regulatory structure of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00120-00029814-00030074 the federal pay system the common goal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00121-00030075-00030285 among all pay systems is to achieve the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00122-00030286-00030489 goal of paying equitable salaries to all
6moQ8Fzqppk-00123-00030489-00030705 involved workers regardless of system
6moQ8Fzqppk-00124-00030706-00031005 group or classification this is referred
6moQ8Fzqppk-00125-00031006-00031271 to as pay equity or equal pay for equal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00126-00031272-00031367 work
6moQ8Fzqppk-00127-00031368-00031617 select careers in high-demand may be
6moQ8Fzqppk-00128-00031618-00031833 subject to a special rate table which
6moQ8Fzqppk-00129-00031833-00032037 can pay above the standard GS tables
6moQ8Fzqppk-00130-00032038-00032262 these careers include certain
6moQ8Fzqppk-00131-00032263-00032448 engineering disciplines and patent
6moQ8Fzqppk-00132-00032449-00032682 examiner's the General Schedule GS
6moQ8Fzqppk-00133-00032683-00032910 includes white-collar workers at levels
6moQ8Fzqppk-00134-00032911-00033186 1 through 15 most professional technical
6moQ8Fzqppk-00135-00033187-00033417 administrative and clerical positions in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00136-00033418-00033677 the federal civil service the federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00137-00033678-00033971 wage system or wage grade WG schedule
6moQ8Fzqppk-00138-00033972-00034152 includes most federal blue-collar
6moQ8Fzqppk-00139-00034153-00034583 workers as of September 2004 71 percent
6moQ8Fzqppk-00140-00034584-00034767 of federal civilian employees were paid
6moQ8Fzqppk-00141-00034768-00035039 under the GS the remaining 29 percent
6moQ8Fzqppk-00142-00035040-00035208 were paid under other systems such as
6moQ8Fzqppk-00143-00035209-00035406 the federal wage system for federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00144-00035407-00035598 blue-collar civilian employees the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00145-00035599-00035829 senior executive service senior level
6moQ8Fzqppk-00146-00035830-00035987 and the executive schedule for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00147-00035988-00036183 high-ranking federal employees and the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00148-00036184-00036365 pay schedules for the United States
6moQ8Fzqppk-00149-00036366-00036602 Postal Service in the Foreign Service in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00150-00036603-00036927 addition some federal agencies such as
6moQ8Fzqppk-00151-00036928-00037121 the United States Securities and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00152-00037122-00037320 Exchange Commission the Federal Reserve
6moQ8Fzqppk-00153-00037321-00037508 System and the Federal Deposit Insurance
6moQ8Fzqppk-00154-00037509-00037773 Corporation have their own unique pay
6moQ8Fzqppk-00155-00037774-00038106 schedules all federal employees in the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00156-00038107-00038316 gyah system receive a base pay that is
6moQ8Fzqppk-00157-00038317-00038610 adjusted for locality locality pay
6moQ8Fzqppk-00158-00038611-00038844 varies but is at least 10% of base
6moQ8Fzqppk-00159-00038845-00039056 salary in all parts of the United States
6moQ8Fzqppk-00160-00039057-00039357 the following salary ranges represent
6moQ8Fzqppk-00161-00039358-00039558 the lowest and highest possible amounts
6moQ8Fzqppk-00162-00039559-00039759 a person can earn in base salary without
6moQ8Fzqppk-00163-00039760-00039960 earning overtime pay or receiving a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00164-00039961-00040272 merit-based bonus actual salary ranges
6moQ8Fzqppk-00165-00040273-00040539 different for increased locality pay for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00166-00040540-00040797 instance a gs-9 step one in rural
6moQ8Fzqppk-00167-00040798-00041013 Arkansas may start at fifty thousand
6moQ8Fzqppk-00168-00041014-00041217 five hundred ninety eight dollars versus
6moQ8Fzqppk-00169-00041218-00041379 sixty one thousand eighty four dollars
6moQ8Fzqppk-00170-00041380-00041667 in San Jose California but all base
6moQ8Fzqppk-00171-00041668-00041856 salaries lie within the parameters of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00172-00041857-00042084 the following ranges effective January
6moQ8Fzqppk-00173-00042085-00042432 2018 source US Office of Personnel
6moQ8Fzqppk-00174-00042433-00042675 Management twenty eighteen nineteen
6moQ8Fzqppk-00175-00042676-00042849 percent of federal employees earned
6moQ8Fzqppk-00176-00042850-00043290 salaries of $100,000 or more in 2009 the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00177-00043291-00043550 average federal workers pay was seventy
6moQ8Fzqppk-00178-00043551-00043797 1208 dollars compared with forty
6moQ8Fzqppk-00179-00043798-00043938 thousand three hundred thirty one
6moQ8Fzqppk-00180-00043939-00044130 dollars in the private sector although
6moQ8Fzqppk-00181-00044131-00044307 under office of management and budget
6moQ8Fzqppk-00182-00044308-00044646 circular a76 most menial or lower paying
6moQ8Fzqppk-00183-00044647-00044802 jobs have been outsourced to private
6moQ8Fzqppk-00184-00044803-00045132 contractors in 2010 there were eighty
6moQ8Fzqppk-00185-00045133-00045348 two thousand thirty four workers three
6moQ8Fzqppk-00186-00045349-00045513 point nine percent of the federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00187-00045514-00045714 workforce making more than one hundred
6moQ8Fzqppk-00188-00045715-00045924 fifty thousand dollars annually compared
6moQ8Fzqppk-00189-00045925-00046110 to seven thousand two hundred forty in
6moQ8Fzqppk-00190-00046111-00046419 two thousand five GS salaries are capped
6moQ8Fzqppk-00191-00046420-00046587 by law so that they do not exceed the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00192-00046588-00046797 salary for executive schedule for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00193-00046798-00047091 positions the increase in civil servants
6moQ8Fzqppk-00194-00047092-00047397 making more than $150,000 resulted
6moQ8Fzqppk-00195-00047398-00047598 mainly from an increase in executive
6moQ8Fzqppk-00196-00047599-00047772 scheduled salary approved during the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00197-00047773-00048006 administration of George W Bush which
6moQ8Fzqppk-00198-00048007-00048219 raised the salary cap for senior GS
6moQ8Fzqppk-00199-00048220-00048534 employees slightly above the $150,000
6moQ8Fzqppk-00200-00048535-00048834 threshold basic pay rates for senior
6moQ8Fzqppk-00201-00048835-00049089 executive service ie non-precedential II
6moQ8Fzqppk-00202-00049090-00049311 appointed civil servants above gs-15
6moQ8Fzqppk-00203-00049312-00049599 will range from 119 thousand five
6moQ8Fzqppk-00204-00049600-00049878 hundred fifty four dollars to 179
6moQ8Fzqppk-00205-00049879-00050147 thousand seven hundred dollars in 2012
6moQ8Fzqppk-00206-00050148-00050463 topic employment by agency as of January
6moQ8Fzqppk-00207-00050464-00050742 2009 the federal government excluding
6moQ8Fzqppk-00208-00050743-00050955 the Postal Service and soldiers employed
6moQ8Fzqppk-00209-00050956-00051176 about two million civilian workers
6moQ8Fzqppk-00210-00051177-00051394 the federal government as the nation's
6moQ8Fzqppk-00211-00051395-00051629 single largest employer although most
6moQ8Fzqppk-00212-00051629-00051802 federal agencies are based in the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00213-00051803-00052073 Washington DC region only about 16
6moQ8Fzqppk-00214-00052074-00052396 percent or about 288,000 of the federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00215-00052397-00052586 government workforce as employed in this
6moQ8Fzqppk-00216-00052587-00052801 region source US Office of Personnel
6moQ8Fzqppk-00217-00052802-00053038 Management topic u.s. Civil Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00218-00053039-00053204 Commission public support in the United
6moQ8Fzqppk-00219-00053204-00053407 States for civil service reforms
6moQ8Fzqppk-00220-00053408-00053588 strengthened following the assassination
6moQ8Fzqppk-00221-00053589-00053869 of President James Garfield the United
6moQ8Fzqppk-00222-00053870-00054044 States Civil Service Commission was
6moQ8Fzqppk-00223-00054045-00054251 created by the Pendleton Civil Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00224-00054252-00054469 Reform Act which was passed into law on
6moQ8Fzqppk-00225-00054470-00054841 January 16 1883 the Commission was
6moQ8Fzqppk-00226-00054842-00055046 created to administer the civil service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00227-00055047-00055222 of the United States federal government
6moQ8Fzqppk-00228-00055223-00055492 the law required federal government
6moQ8Fzqppk-00229-00055494-00055640 employees to be selected through
6moQ8Fzqppk-00230-00055641-00055898 competitive exams and basis of Merit it
6moQ8Fzqppk-00231-00055899-00056090 also prevented elected officials and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00232-00056091-00056309 political appointees from firing civil
6moQ8Fzqppk-00233-00056310-00056488 servants removing civil servants from
6moQ8Fzqppk-00234-00056489-00056690 the influences of political patronage
6moQ8Fzqppk-00235-00056691-00056975 and partisan behavior however the law
6moQ8Fzqppk-00236-00056976-00057157 did not apply to state and municipal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00237-00057158-00057548 governments effective January 1st 1978
6moQ8Fzqppk-00238-00057549-00057740 the Commission was renamed the Office of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00239-00057741-00057887 Personnel Management under the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00240-00057888-00058073 provisions of reorganization plan number
6moQ8Fzqppk-00241-00058074-00058729 two of 1970 843 F our 36,000 3792 stat
6moQ8Fzqppk-00242-00058729-00059041 3783 and the Civil Service Reform Act of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00243-00059042-00059399 1978 the United States civil service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00244-00059400-00059597 exams have since been abolished for many
6moQ8Fzqppk-00245-00059598-00059786 positions since statistics show that
6moQ8Fzqppk-00246-00059787-00059980 they do not accurately allow hiring of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00247-00059982-00060137 minorities according to the affirmative
6moQ8Fzqppk-00248-00060138-00060461 action guidelines topics civil service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00249-00060462-00060763 reform Act of 1978 this act abolished
6moQ8Fzqppk-00250-00060764-00060931 the United States Civil Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00251-00060932-00061154 Commission and created the US Office of
6moQ8Fzqppk-00252-00061154-00061397 Personnel Management OPM the federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00253-00061398-00061663 Labor Relations Authority FLRA and the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00254-00061664-00061874 US Merit Systems Protection Board
6moQ8Fzqppk-00255-00061875-00062263 MSPB OPM primarily provides management
6moQ8Fzqppk-00256-00062264-00062474 guidance to the various agencies of the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00257-00062475-00062672 executive branch and issues regulations
6moQ8Fzqppk-00258-00062673-00062959 that control federal human resources
6moQ8Fzqppk-00259-00062960-00063229 FLRA oversees the rights of federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00260-00063230-00063430 employees to form collective bargaining
6moQ8Fzqppk-00261-00063432-00063635 units unions and to engage in collective
6moQ8Fzqppk-00262-00063636-00064004 bargaining with agencies MSPB conducts
6moQ8Fzqppk-00263-00064004-00064211 studies of the federal civil service and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00264-00064212-00064385 mainly hears the appeals of federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00265-00064386-00064571 employees who are disciplined or
6moQ8Fzqppk-00266-00064572-00064744 otherwise separated from their positions
6moQ8Fzqppk-00267-00064745-00064975 this act was an effort to replace
6moQ8Fzqppk-00268-00064976-00065240 incompetent officials topic reforms
6moQ8Fzqppk-00269-00065241-00065459 under the Trump administration President
6moQ8Fzqppk-00270-00065460-00065648 Donald Trump signed three executive
6moQ8Fzqppk-00271-00065649-00065867 orders designed to enforce merit system
6moQ8Fzqppk-00272-00065868-00066043 principles in the civil service and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00273-00066044-00066151 intended to improve efficiency
6moQ8Fzqppk-00274-00066152-00066436 transparency and accountability in the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00275-00066437-00066676 federal government supporters of the
6moQ8Fzqppk-00276-00066677-00066832 executive orders hoped that these
6moQ8Fzqppk-00277-00066833-00067024 initiatives will make civil service more
6moQ8Fzqppk-00278-00067025-00067237 accountable and that both taxpayers and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00279-00067238-00067505 federal workers will benefit topics
6moQ8Fzqppk-00280-00067506-00067759 civil servants in literature mom's Hardy
6moQ8Fzqppk-00281-00067760-00068153 1977 Federal Triangle New York Dutton
6moQ8Fzqppk-00282-00068154-00068399 ISBN nine seven eight oh
6moQ8Fzqppk-00283-00068400-00068676 five two five one zero four two five for
6moQ8Fzqppk-00284-00068677-00068978 humorous novel of 1970s federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00285-00068979-00069217 employees in Washington DC Phillips and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00286-00069218-00069623 Morris H 1983 secret understandings a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00287-00069624-00070006 novel New York Simon & Schuster is B and
6moQ8Fzqppk-00288-00070007-00070282 nine seven eight oh six seven one four
6moQ8Fzqppk-00289-00070283-00070634 six six one nine Oh novel about the wife
6moQ8Fzqppk-00290-00070635-00070956 of a federal judge Brahm L Henry 2001
6moQ8Fzqppk-00291-00070957-00071332 little America a novel New York Alfred a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00292-00071333-00071686 moth is B and 9 seven eight oh five two
6moQ8Fzqppk-00293-00071687-00072011 five one oh four two five four a State
6moQ8Fzqppk-00294-00072012-00072244 Department employees son reconstructs a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00295-00072245-00072440 childhood in a fictional Middle Eastern
6moQ8Fzqppk-00296-00072441-00072860 country costello mark 2002 big if New
6moQ8Fzqppk-00297-00072861-00072911 York
6moQ8Fzqppk-00298-00072912-00073300 WW Norton & Co ISBN nine seven eight oh
6moQ8Fzqppk-00299-00073301-00073598 three nine three oh five one one six two
6moQ8Fzqppk-00300-00073599-00073861 a novel of life in the Secret Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00301-00073862-00074251 Keely Edmond 1985 a wilderness called
6moQ8Fzqppk-00302-00074252-00074548 peace new york simon & schuster ISBN
6moQ8Fzqppk-00303-00074549-00074893 nine seven eight oh six seven one four
6moQ8Fzqppk-00304-00074894-00075224 seven four one six four a novel of a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00305-00075225-00075594 diplomat son in Cambodia bushel Agnes
6moQ8Fzqppk-00306-00075595-00076004 1997 the enumerator London Serpent's
6moQ8Fzqppk-00307-00076005-00076288 tail ISBN nine seven eight one eight
6moQ8Fzqppk-00308-00076289-00076624 five two four two five five four eight a
6moQ8Fzqppk-00309-00076625-00076888 novel about a public health contractor
6moQ8Fzqppk-00310-00076889-00077212 in San Francisco white steward Edward
6moQ8Fzqppk-00311-00077213-00077494 1910 the rules of the game
6moQ8Fzqppk-00312-00077495-00077830 New York doubleday ISBN nine seven eight
6moQ8Fzqppk-00313-00077831-00077948 one four four
6moQ8Fzqppk-00314-00077949-00078326 3 2 to 300 3 a novel of the Forest
6moQ8Fzqppk-00315-00078327-00078711 Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00316-00078712-00079206 topic see also
6moQ8Fzqppk-00317-00079207-00079428 government employees in the United
6moQ8Fzqppk-00318-00079429-00079728 States list of United States federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00319-00079729-00079880 agencies
6moQ8Fzqppk-00320-00079881-00080109 category civil service in the United
6moQ8Fzqppk-00321-00080110-00080490 States Curtis Douglas vs. Veterans
6moQ8Fzqppk-00322-00080491-00080880 Administration
6moQ8Fzqppk-00323-00080881-00081396 topic references
6moQ8Fzqppk-00324-00081397-00081934 topic external links
6moQ8Fzqppk-00325-00081935-00082177 career guide to industries federal
6moQ8Fzqppk-00326-00082178-00082390 government excluding the Postal Service
6moQ8Fzqppk-00327-00082391-00082624 Bureau of Labor Statistics statistics
6moQ8Fzqppk-00328-00082625-00082984 and details on federal civil service
71dP1821zb8-00000-00000006-00000416 good morning warriors it's Tuesday and
71dP1821zb8-00001-00000417-00000794 we are live in the quarantine zone coach
71dP1821zb8-00002-00000795-00001127 Josh and we are going to crush a another
71dP1821zb8-00003-00001128-00001487 fabulous strength workout in this living
71dP1821zb8-00004-00001488-00001798 room environment so today you're gonna
71dP1821zb8-00005-00001800-00002080 need to have access to some weights
71dP1821zb8-00006-00002081-00002315 whether they're heavier light if you can
71dP1821zb8-00007-00002316-00002560 have any sort of resistance that will be
71dP1821zb8-00008-00002561-00002827 very beneficial and then if you want to
71dP1821zb8-00009-00002828-00002996 make your push-ups easier a couch is a
71dP1821zb8-00010-00002997-00003467 handy thing to have as well so we are on
71dP1821zb8-00011-00003468-00003706 the theme of everyday heroes and we're
71dP1821zb8-00012-00003707-00003956 starting off with the story of Gordon
71dP1821zb8-00013-00003957-00004288 Arnett and he's a 14 year old kid from
71dP1821zb8-00014-00004289-00004552 Connecticut and this is a long time ago
71dP1821zb8-00015-00004553-00004999 this is in and really early 90s late 80s
71dP1821zb8-00016-00005000-00005570 but he sees two men leaving the the
71dP1821zb8-00017-00005571-00006058 downtown area of their of their town and
71dP1821zb8-00018-00006059-00006286 they'd been drinking and talking about
71dP1821zb8-00019-00006287-00006646 going for a swim and Gordon Arnett
71dP1821zb8-00020-00006647-00006881 wanted to be a lifeguard he actually
71dP1821zb8-00021-00006881-00007171 wanted to join a lifeguard program in
71dP1821zb8-00022-00007172-00007459 his town but but more on that later so
71dP1821zb8-00023-00007461-00007658 he he could you know he's interested
71dP1821zb8-00024-00007659-00007810 about water safety and these two guys
71dP1821zb8-00025-00007811-00007948 who have been drinking or talking about
71dP1821zb8-00026-00007950-00008138 going for a swim so he he decides to
71dP1821zb8-00027-00008139-00008489 follow them down to the river because it
71dP1821zb8-00028-00008490-00008678 was their the the the ocean which is not
71dP1821zb8-00029-00008679-00008821 very far away so they go down to the
71dP1821zb8-00030-00008822-00009284 beach and these two guys jump in and the
71dP1821zb8-00031-00009285-00009496 water is pretty darn cold and pretty
71dP1821zb8-00032-00009497-00009884 soon they start to drown and Gordon is
71dP1821zb8-00033-00009885-00010099 watching this all unfold and so he's
71dP1821zb8-00034-00010100-00010303 there's a boat there's a little raft
71dP1821zb8-00035-00010304-00010733 tied up on the on the pier so he grabs a
71dP1821zb8-00036-00010734-00010916 raft and he paddles over to one of the
71dP1821zb8-00037-00010917-00011144 gentlemen and then grabs his hand puts
71dP1821zb8-00038-00011145-00011342 it on the raft and the other guy had
71dP1821zb8-00039-00011343-00011594 swim swim a little far out or has moved
71dP1821zb8-00040-00011595-00011777 a little bit further out he begins to
71dP1821zb8-00041-00011778-00012028 have a seizure so he's really drowning
71dP1821zb8-00042-00012029-00012281 and has disappeared so Gordon dives into
71dP1821zb8-00043-00012282-00012649 the water and is able to fish this guy
71dP1821zb8-00044-00012650-00012988 out of the ocean and take him back to
71dP1821zb8-00045-00012989-00013235 the beach through through a very
71dP1821zb8-00046-00013236-00013384 challenging swim
71dP1821zb8-00047-00013385-00013801 so he rescues these two older gentlemen
71dP1821zb8-00048-00013802-00014155 who had been drinking and and saves the
71dP1821zb8-00049-00014156-00014194 day
71dP1821zb8-00050-00014194-00014488 the funny part about well not funny but
71dP1821zb8-00051-00014488-00014899 ironically you know when Gordon applied
71dP1821zb8-00052-00014900-00015160 for his the lifeguard program in his
71dP1821zb8-00053-00015161-00015516 hometown he was denied the the lifeguard
71dP1821zb8-00054-00015518-00015877 or the the the head guy said that he
71dP1821zb8-00055-00015878-00016024 wasn't a strong enough swimmer and
71dP1821zb8-00056-00016025-00016249 didn't didn't have the physical assets
71dP1821zb8-00057-00016250-00016572 that it took to be a lifeguard so a
71dP1821zb8-00058-00016573-00016870 couple of a couple of good takeaways
71dP1821zb8-00059-00016871-00017356 from the story one just because somebody
71dP1821zb8-00060-00017357-00017497 tells you no even if they're in a
71dP1821zb8-00061-00017498-00017635 position of authority doesn't
71dP1821zb8-00062-00017636-00017914 necessarily mean that you're not going
71dP1821zb8-00063-00017915-00018127 to be able to make the cut and that you
71dP1821zb8-00064-00018128-00018388 should take that as an answer and to
71dP1821zb8-00065-00018389-00018742 just by again showing up having some
71dP1821zb8-00066-00018743-00019003 initiative and caring about other people
71dP1821zb8-00067-00019004-00019285 you can make a huge difference maybe
71dP1821zb8-00068-00019286-00019567 maybe even pull somebody out of the
71dP1821zb8-00069-00019568-00020086 ocean like like Gordon Arnett so if
71dP1821zb8-00070-00020087-00020377 you're not inspired now to go out there
71dP1821zb8-00071-00020378-00020521 and make a difference and save some
71dP1821zb8-00072-00020522-00020629 lives that's okay
71dP1821zb8-00073-00020630-00020878 I just we're going to get you sweaty and
71dP1821zb8-00074-00020879-00021031 inspired in a completely different way
71dP1821zb8-00075-00021032-00021256 so we're going to warm up for our
71dP1821zb8-00076-00021257-00022009 strength day right now
71dP1821zb8-00077-00022010-00022502 all right so we're gonna begin on the
71dP1821zb8-00078-00022503-00022904 ground with a Cossack stretch so we're
71dP1821zb8-00079-00022905-00023147 going to work on the feet and the groin
71dP1821zb8-00080-00023148-00023474 so I'm going to sit on my heel and let
71dP1821zb8-00081-00023475-00023711 my toe come underneath my foot throw at
71dP1821zb8-00082-00023712-00023993 me yeah toe come underneath my foot I'm
71dP1821zb8-00083-00023994-00024170 gonna kick out my leg I'm gonna rock
71dP1821zb8-00084-00024171-00024500 back and forth stretching out that groin
71dP1821zb8-00085-00024501-00024842 and hamstring on my long leg I'm gonna
71dP1821zb8-00086-00024843-00025270 do that we're gonna go ten reps as I
71dP1821zb8-00087-00025271-00025994 stretch out my hips here my a doctor I'm
71dP1821zb8-00088-00025995-00026539 going to lift and tap once I get to that
71dP1821zb8-00089-00026539-00026770 tenth rep I'm going to lift and tap my
71dP1821zb8-00090-00026772-00027770 foot raise and lower it and we're going
71dP1821zb8-00091-00027770-00028232 to fire up that butt and then switch
71dP1821zb8-00092-00028233-00028554 sides
71dP1821zb8-00093-00028555-00029007 yes it's good to see early in the
71dP1821zb8-00094-00029008-00029768 morning Renee glad you could join us
71dP1821zb8-00095-00029769-00030237 yeah Chris oh wait Chris is gone again
71dP1821zb8-00096-00030238-00030533 that's right having internet troubles
71dP1821zb8-00097-00030534-00030627 it's all right we're going back and
71dP1821zb8-00098-00030627-00030768 forth ten times and we're lifting and
71dP1821zb8-00099-00030769-00031462 tapping on the other side
71dP1821zb8-00100-00031463-00031893 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00101-00031894-00032329 then we're gonna go into a bird dog so
71dP1821zb8-00102-00032330-00032905 I'm on all fours I'm here and I'm going
71dP1821zb8-00103-00032906-00033298 to flatten out my back so I'm gonna try
71dP1821zb8-00104-00033299-00033529 and not over arch but I'm also gonna try
71dP1821zb8-00105-00033530-00033748 not round it out I'm gonna just flatten
71dP1821zb8-00106-00033749-00034060 out the back and then I'm gonna stomp my
71dP1821zb8-00107-00034061-00034258 heel back behind me I'm not kicking up
71dP1821zb8-00108-00034259-00034480 into the sky to get high I'm just
71dP1821zb8-00109-00034481-00034846 driving that heel back keeping that back
71dP1821zb8-00110-00034847-00035347 flat reaching out I'm going slow and as
71dP1821zb8-00111-00035348-00035752 I as I reach out I'm gonna exhale and
71dP1821zb8-00112-00035753-00036022 push out through the belly to stabilize
71dP1821zb8-00113-00036023-00036523 that core while I'd train we're just
71dP1821zb8-00114-00036524-00036745 good to go five per side not a big deal
71dP1821zb8-00115-00036746-00037837 just warming up those hips and those abs
71dP1821zb8-00116-00037838-00038077 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00117-00038078-00039086 good that toe points to the floor we're
71dP1821zb8-00118-00039087-00039266 gonna loosen up our neck and shoulders
71dP1821zb8-00119-00039267-00039539 with a t spine rotation here on the
71dP1821zb8-00120-00039540-00039788 4-point so I'm going to be here and I'm
71dP1821zb8-00121-00039789-00040043 going to touch my elbow with my
71dP1821zb8-00122-00040044-00040253 fingertips behind my head elbow to the
71dP1821zb8-00123-00040254-00040535 elbow looking underneath my elbow at the
71dP1821zb8-00124-00040536-00040928 ceiling so I'm rotating I'm going to do
71dP1821zb8-00125-00040929-00042643 ten on the right then ten on the left
71dP1821zb8-00126-00042644-00042856 again just trying to get that full range
71dP1821zb8-00127-00042857-00044005 of motion switching it up
71dP1821zb8-00128-00044006-00044992 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00129-00044993-00045668 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00130-00045669-00046346 oh nice nice and tight so I'm here on
71dP1821zb8-00131-00046347-00046646 the ground I'm gonna do a three-point
71dP1821zb8-00132-00046647-00046850 kneeling stretch I'm gonna stretch at
71dP1821zb8-00133-00046851-00047117 the hip at the shoulder and at the ankle
71dP1821zb8-00134-00047118-00047333 so I'm gonna push my whole body forward
71dP1821zb8-00135-00047334-00047549 and when I do that I'm gonna rotate my
71dP1821zb8-00136-00047550-00048067 arm back so I'm stretching out the chest
71dP1821zb8-00137-00048068-00048425 lats keep the ribcage down opening up
71dP1821zb8-00138-00048426-00048664 that hip so I'm going to Bob forward
71dP1821zb8-00139-00048665-00049370 about ten times on the left and then ten
71dP1821zb8-00140-00049371-00049916 times on the right so I'm not trying to
71dP1821zb8-00141-00049917-00050246 force it just trying to get everything
71dP1821zb8-00142-00050247-00050735 to move together and open up that hip
71dP1821zb8-00143-00050736-00051211 and shoulder let's throw the other side
71dP1821zb8-00144-00051212-00051464 it's a nice way to wake up though we've
71dP1821zb8-00145-00051465-00053941 got the brain and the body
71dP1821zb8-00146-00053942-00054991 ah so I'm up and we're going to do a
71dP1821zb8-00147-00054992-00055247 nice big lunge and do some touchdowns
71dP1821zb8-00148-00055248-00055504 and we're not going to go through a
71dP1821zb8-00149-00055505-00055741 whole windmill but what I will do is get
71dP1821zb8-00150-00055742-00056000 into a long lunge touch down the inside
71dP1821zb8-00151-00056001-00056240 of my heel my lead leg is punching
71dP1821zb8-00152-00056241-00056390 forward my rear leg is punching back
71dP1821zb8-00153-00056391-00056632 just feeling that stretch for a second
71dP1821zb8-00154-00056633-00056974 and standing up coming to the other side
71dP1821zb8-00155-00056975-00057224 and just feeling that stretch for a
71dP1821zb8-00156-00057225-00057374 second let that go into the hamstring
71dP1821zb8-00157-00057375-00057935 open up a Holly yeah getting these legs
71dP1821zb8-00158-00057936-00059107 ready to do something
71dP1821zb8-00159-00059108-00060104 ha
71dP1821zb8-00160-00060105-00060760 all right we go five per side so just
71dP1821zb8-00161-00060761-00061004 enough to warm up those glutes
71dP1821zb8-00162-00061005-00062380 hamstrings groin
71dP1821zb8-00163-00062382-00062666 all right when you're done with those
71dP1821zb8-00164-00062667-00062823 we're going to join we're going to come
71dP1821zb8-00165-00062824-00063279 together for the lateral crawl so I'm
71dP1821zb8-00166-00063279-00063540 going to be on all fours and I'm going
71dP1821zb8-00167-00063541-00063861 to take a couple of steps knees are
71dP1821zb8-00168-00063862-00064032 gonna be up off the ground I'm gonna
71dP1821zb8-00169-00064033-00064398 step with my right foot left hand with
71dP1821zb8-00170-00064399-00064671 my right hand left foot and that's one
71dP1821zb8-00171-00064672-00064977 direction they'll come the other so
71dP1821zb8-00172-00064978-00065451 we're going back and forth five times to
71dP1821zb8-00173-00065452-00065802 the left five times to the right so warm
71dP1821zb8-00174-00065803-00066252 up those legs ABS hips should be at the
71dP1821zb8-00175-00066253-00066750 same height as the shoulders it's gonna
71dP1821zb8-00176-00066751-00067866 go back and forth yeah all right keep
71dP1821zb8-00177-00067867-00068046 those knees close to the ground Bob I
71dP1821zb8-00178-00068047-00068925 can see you okay so we're gonna warm up
71dP1821zb8-00179-00068926-00069525 our our push-ups and our squats our
71dP1821zb8-00180-00069526-00069911 pistol squats that is so when you're
71dP1821zb8-00181-00069912-00070142 when you're doing your push-ups today
71dP1821zb8-00182-00070143-00070574 our goal is to build strength and speed
71dP1821zb8-00183-00070575-00070899 so first you have to make sure that your
71dP1821zb8-00184-00070900-00071196 push-up is high quality so what that
71dP1821zb8-00185-00071197-00071514 means is if you could see me from the
71dP1821zb8-00186-00071515-00071871 side my feet and knees are together my
71dP1821zb8-00187-00071872-00072201 glutes are on as I descend to the floor
71dP1821zb8-00188-00072202-00072681 I'm opening up that jar with my shoulder
71dP1821zb8-00189-00072682-00072888 so I'm tightening up the lat on the way
71dP1821zb8-00190-00072889-00073149 down like a corkscrew I'm twisting
71dP1821zb8-00191-00073150-00073350 tightening up a lot and I'm gonna
71dP1821zb8-00192-00073351-00073587 explode on the way up with all that
71dP1821zb8-00193-00073588-00074022 tension so I'm dropping down dropping
71dP1821zb8-00194-00074023-00074384 down so we're going to do five
71dP1821zb8-00195-00074385-00075628 fast push-ups beating these together so
71dP1821zb8-00196-00075629-00075962 trying to increase the speed at which we
71dP1821zb8-00197-00075963-00076280 we do that if you need the user couch
71dP1821zb8-00198-00076281-00076541 you could do the exact same thing from
71dP1821zb8-00199-00076542-00076715 an elevated position I could share our
71dP1821zb8-00200-00076716-00077228 couch you just line up and try to touch
71dP1821zb8-00201-00077229-00077443 your chest to the couch glutes are on
71dP1821zb8-00202-00077444-00077840 shoes or shoes are squeezed together so
71dP1821zb8-00203-00077841-00078232 today your goal for your explosive push
71dP1821zb8-00204-00078233-00078619 up should be to get that that power
71dP1821zb8-00205-00078620-00078911 effect it's not necessarily plyometric
71dP1821zb8-00206-00078912-00079190 but you want to jump off the ground if
71dP1821zb8-00207-00079191-00079511 you can so I wanted to be either like
71dP1821zb8-00208-00079512-00080060 this hopping up off the ground or I want
71dP1821zb8-00209-00080061-00080457 to be going fast
71dP1821zb8-00210-00080458-00080786 just very quickly so whichever you can
71dP1821zb8-00211-00080787-00080956 get away with that's what I want you to
71dP1821zb8-00212-00080957-00081122 be focused on it's okay if you're not
71dP1821zb8-00213-00081123-00081268 hopping off the ground clapping is a
71dP1821zb8-00214-00081269-00081376 little dangerous don't want anybody
71dP1821zb8-00215-00081377-00081663 whacking their face on the floor but
71dP1821zb8-00216-00081664-00081941 just trying to hop off the ground if you
71dP1821zb8-00217-00081942-00082121 can Matt if you could muster it we're
71dP1821zb8-00218-00082122-00082292 trying to do is increase the rate of
71dP1821zb8-00219-00082293-00082610 force production so that you're you're
71dP1821zb8-00220-00082611-00082886 becoming stronger as you do this you're
71dP1821zb8-00221-00082887-00083188 recruiting more muscle more muscle more
71dP1821zb8-00222-00083189-00083549 motor units faster and then the other
71dP1821zb8-00223-00083550-00083692 exercise we're gonna work on is the
71dP1821zb8-00224-00083693-00084029 pistol it's a pistol squat that is a
71dP1821zb8-00225-00084030-00084307 one-legged squat and I'm going to start
71dP1821zb8-00226-00084308-00084457 from the couch there's people trying to
71dP1821zb8-00227-00084458-00084792 get into the thing I'm going to sit down
71dP1821zb8-00228-00084793-00085529 stand up drop down stand up so you can
71dP1821zb8-00229-00085530-00085819 you can have an object that's pretty
71dP1821zb8-00230-00085820-00086495 high like one of these like a chair
71dP1821zb8-00231-00086496-00086813 so if you're new to this you can sit
71dP1821zb8-00232-00086814-00087122 down gracefully luck out one leg stand
71dP1821zb8-00233-00087123-00087506 up but what I want to do is I want to
71dP1821zb8-00234-00087507-00087791 maximize the tension from my hands my
71dP1821zb8-00235-00087792-00088229 gut and my and my glutes so as I sit
71dP1821zb8-00236-00088230-00088646 down I'm squeezing my fists locking out
71dP1821zb8-00237-00088647-00088894 my leg and I'm pulling myself down to
71dP1821zb8-00238-00088895-00089282 the object and then standing out the
71dP1821zb8-00239-00089283-00089453 more tension you create in the hands the
71dP1821zb8-00240-00089454-00089561 more tension you're gonna create in the
71dP1821zb8-00241-00089562-00089801 ABS we're doing sets of five just like
71dP1821zb8-00242-00089802-00090044 we were doing with the push-up sets of
71dP1821zb8-00243-00090045-00090656 five or as many as your skill will allow
71dP1821zb8-00244-00090657-00090913 so I'm gonna try I'm gonna try to go a
71dP1821zb8-00245-00090914-00091073 little bit deeper today on my pistol
71dP1821zb8-00246-00091074-00091268 squat we'll see what happens so I'm
71dP1821zb8-00247-00091269-00092075 gonna whoa all right awesome josh is
71dP1821zb8-00248-00092076-00092288 making progress so we're gonna do five
71dP1821zb8-00249-00092289-00092531 sets of push-ups five sets of pistol
71dP1821zb8-00250-00092532-00092909 squats back and forth with a 45 second
71dP1821zb8-00251-00092910-00093169 rest in between every superset so you're
71dP1821zb8-00252-00093170-00093386 gonna do your squats then your push-ups
71dP1821zb8-00253-00093387-00093698 then brassed so I'm gonna be doing them
71dP1821zb8-00254-00093699-00093926 at that pace and I want you to just get
71dP1821zb8-00255-00093927-00094507 as many quality reps as you can all
71dP1821zb8-00256-00094508-00094979 right what's going on here Bob what kind
71dP1821zb8-00257-00094980-00095236 of the squad is that
71dP1821zb8-00258-00095237-00095743 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00259-00095744-00095949 all right anybody have any questions
71dP1821zb8-00260-00095950-00096223 maybe lost all right let's do some
71dP1821zb8-00261-00096224-00096480 push-ups and subscribe
71dP1821zb8-00262-00096481-00097171 alright pistols or guess as best you can
71dP1821zb8-00263-00097172-00098071 whatever that looks like okay five
71dP1821zb8-00264-00098072-00099449 explosive push-ups five pistols
71dP1821zb8-00265-00099450-00099788 nice so when you're descending in the
71dP1821zb8-00266-00099789-00100047 pistol squat the goal is not to fall
71dP1821zb8-00267-00100048-00100248 then the goal is not to crash onto your
71dP1821zb8-00268-00100249-00100854 chair the goal is to lower yourself with
71dP1821zb8-00269-00100855-00101225 intention so I'm here squeezing
71dP1821zb8-00270-00101226-00101444 everything pulling myself to the box
71dP1821zb8-00271-00101445-00102032 tap stand up pull myself down tap stand
71dP1821zb8-00272-00102033-00102414 up so I'm trying to stay in control it's
71dP1821zb8-00273-00102415-00102624 okay sometimes I do fall that's alright
71dP1821zb8-00274-00102625-00103003 that's allowed but that's not the goal
71dP1821zb8-00275-00103004-00103998 for ya alright so make sure you're
71dP1821zb8-00276-00103999-00104480 breathing you can squeeze your fists and
71dP1821zb8-00277-00104481-00105497 still breathe I fell on that one three
71dP1821zb8-00278-00105498-00105883 four
71dP1821zb8-00279-00105884-00106646 yeah all right maximum tension I don't
71dP1821zb8-00280-00106647-00106759 know if you can feel that tension at
71dP1821zb8-00281-00106760-00108547 home so my Airstream 45 seconds of rest
71dP1821zb8-00282-00108548-00109244 then getting back after it it's funny
71dP1821zb8-00283-00109245-00109660 how the t king that could be alright
71dP1821zb8-00284-00109661-00109990 I was one round for Josh he's back in it
71dP1821zb8-00285-00109991-00111108 one two three four
71dP1821zb8-00286-00111109-00111557 great push-ups Bob looking like an
71dP1821zb8-00287-00111558-00112877 athlete looking like a professional
71dP1821zb8-00288-00112878-00113407 the
71dP1821zb8-00289-00113408-00113623 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00290-00113624-00114018 yeah
71dP1821zb8-00291-00114019-00115917 whoo all right
71dP1821zb8-00292-00115918-00116886 yeah yes so good one of the reasons why
71dP1821zb8-00293-00116888-00117228 pistol squats are so much fun is because
71dP1821zb8-00294-00117229-00117556 not only does it take strength it takes
71dP1821zb8-00295-00117557-00118063 great stability from the core from your
71dP1821zb8-00296-00118064-00118374 butt from your glutes even from the
71dP1821zb8-00297-00118375-00118860 opposing leg you feel that quad really
71dP1821zb8-00298-00118861-00119194 pinching when you're going down into
71dP1821zb8-00299-00119195-00119545 that pistol squat that's because it's
71dP1821zb8-00300-00119546-00119839 stabilizing the pelvis from the inactive
71dP1821zb8-00301-00119840-00120181 leg well it's not really it's not really
71dP1821zb8-00302-00120182-00120478 inactive obviously there's activity
71dP1821zb8-00303-00120479-00120988 there but it's a total body drill even
71dP1821zb8-00304-00120989-00121311 though you're only using one leg at a
71dP1821zb8-00305-00121313-00121560 time all right going back into the third
71dP1821zb8-00306-00121561-00122676 set
71dP1821zb8-00307-00122677-00122998 there you go can't see it but Bob is
71dP1821zb8-00308-00122999-00123319 he's getting six seven eight ten inches
71dP1821zb8-00309-00123320-00123577 off the ground he's really jumping he's
71dP1821zb8-00310-00123578-00123790 like a he's like a Cirque de Soleil
71dP1821zb8-00311-00123791-00124359 performer
71dP1821zb8-00312-00124360-00125359 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00313-00125360-00127289 I fell on that one yes man this was such
71dP1821zb8-00314-00127290-00127752 a good idea for a workout
71dP1821zb8-00315-00127753-00128907 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00316-00128908-00129391 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00317-00129392-00130541 yeah yes
71dP1821zb8-00318-00130542-00131418 clapping push-ups Rene
71dP1821zb8-00319-00131419-00131778 yeah the press just flies by everything
71dP1821zb8-00320-00131779-00133822 else goes slow alright so for coming
71dP1821zb8-00321-00133823-00136122 home almost through almost wet
71dP1821zb8-00322-00136123-00136804 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00323-00136805-00137751 Wow so good
71dP1821zb8-00324-00137752-00139315 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00325-00139316-00140782 yes so if you're on the last set
71dP1821zb8-00326-00140783-00141269 congratulations like that after this
71dP1821zb8-00327-00141270-00141455 we're going to whip out the weights have
71dP1821zb8-00328-00141456-00141842 some fun and I'm going to go ahead and
71dP1821zb8-00329-00141843-00141992 knock out my push-ups before I delay too
71dP1821zb8-00330-00141993-00144382 long
71dP1821zb8-00331-00144383-00145286 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00332-00145287-00146916 all right that's a great question one
71dP1821zb8-00333-00146917-00147198 side is usually harder for me today they
71dP1821zb8-00334-00147199-00147798 won't feel equally scrappy duh probably
71dP1821zb8-00335-00147799-00147869 I was five
71dP1821zb8-00336-00147870-00148191 on my left five on my right got to
71dP1821zb8-00337-00148192-00149081 finish strong why
71dP1821zb8-00338-00149082-00149946 three huh
71dP1821zb8-00339-00149947-00150483 yes take that pistol squats have
71dP1821zb8-00340-00150484-00151361 vanquished the okay so we're gonna do
71dP1821zb8-00341-00151362-00151947 some squats and deadlifts now and I'm
71dP1821zb8-00342-00151948-00152136 gonna pretend that everybody has light
71dP1821zb8-00343-00152137-00152315 weights like me if you have heavier
71dP1821zb8-00344-00152316-00152520 weights you don't need to do as many
71dP1821zb8-00345-00152521-00152982 reps so Renee if you've got your hundred
71dP1821zb8-00346-00152983-00153261 pound kettlebell over there then you're
71dP1821zb8-00347-00153262-00153534 going to reduce the volume of the
71dP1821zb8-00348-00153535-00154112 training but a squat and a hinge are
71dP1821zb8-00349-00154113-00154410 opposite for opposing patterns so we're
71dP1821zb8-00350-00154411-00154559 gonna do them together in the superset
71dP1821zb8-00351-00154560-00154821 we're gonna do three rounds of 20 squats
71dP1821zb8-00352-00154822-00155343 with weight and 20 deadlifts so I'm
71dP1821zb8-00353-00155344-00155762 gonna get my weight I'm gonna squeeze it
71dP1821zb8-00354-00155763-00156098 I'm going to pull myself into that
71dP1821zb8-00355-00156099-00156522 goblet position down here driving the
71dP1821zb8-00356-00156523-00156684 glutes forward exhaling on the way up
71dP1821zb8-00357-00156685-00157143 and I'm going to do this for 3 sets so
71dP1821zb8-00358-00157144-00157303 feet are shoulder-width apart
71dP1821zb8-00359-00157304-00157494 driving those hips forward on the way
71dP1821zb8-00360-00157495-00158240 down nice and strong proud chest 5 6
71dP1821zb8-00361-00158241-00158414 I'm gonna go for 20 because my weight is
71dP1821zb8-00362-00158415-00158864 light if you have a set of light weights
71dP1821zb8-00363-00158865-00159595 Bob you can go ahead and do 22 9 10
71dP1821zb8-00364-00159596-00161013 11 12 13 ribcage down at 14 15 16 17 18
71dP1821zb8-00365-00161014-00162466 19 20 huh so you'll go from that to the
71dP1821zb8-00366-00162467-00162782 hinge which is the deadlift so I'm going
71dP1821zb8-00367-00162783-00163141 to be standing over the kettlebell butt
71dP1821zb8-00368-00163142-00163653 back chest up driving the hips forward
71dP1821zb8-00369-00163654-00163994 setting it down so really focusing on
71dP1821zb8-00370-00163995-00164413 that travel what I'm getting with my
71dP1821zb8-00371-00164414-00165179 butt backwards so it's gently out six
71dP1821zb8-00372-00165180-00167888 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
71dP1821zb8-00373-00167889-00168744 alright so we are gonna rest for about a
71dP1821zb8-00374-00168745-00169029 minute and then hit those patterns again
71dP1821zb8-00375-00169030-00169409 so we're going to do three sets of 20
71dP1821zb8-00376-00169410-00169611 and then we're gonna move on to our next
71dP1821zb8-00377-00169612-00170588 superset so get some water
71dP1821zb8-00378-00170589-00171122 Gavin already one of the things about
71dP1821zb8-00379-00171123-00171356 exercises when you pair them together
71dP1821zb8-00380-00171357-00171633 when you pair a squat and a hinge
71dP1821zb8-00381-00171634-00171885 together when you squeeze the gluts it
71dP1821zb8-00382-00171886-00172070 forces those hip flexors to relax
71dP1821zb8-00383-00172071-00172413 meaning it's easier to recruit your
71dP1821zb8-00384-00172414-00172698 gluts every time you do that because
71dP1821zb8-00385-00172699-00172956 there's less tension resisting it on the
71dP1821zb8-00386-00172957-00173142 front end and then when you go to do
71dP1821zb8-00387-00173143-00173376 your squats they're a little bit more
71dP1821zb8-00388-00173377-00173619 relaxed you can get deeper with better
71dP1821zb8-00389-00173620-00173889 control so doing two opposing muscle
71dP1821zb8-00390-00173890-00174135 groups back-to-back really is really as
71dP1821zb8-00391-00174136-00174275 you can see it's bigger rating because
71dP1821zb8-00392-00174276-00174687 feel that that heart rate affect it also
71dP1821zb8-00393-00174688-00174852 helps the quality of the movement and
71dP1821zb8-00394-00174853-00175506 we're back in action going for 20 1 2 3
71dP1821zb8-00395-00175507-00175848 ribcage down for pulling myself into the
71dP1821zb8-00396-00175849-00176256 floor trying to get deep as I can with
71dP1821zb8-00397-00176257-00176520 every squat feeling that tension in my
71dP1821zb8-00398-00176521-00176962 glutes pulling me out that's 10
71dP1821zb8-00399-00176963-00178999 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ha then I'm
71dP1821zb8-00400-00179000-00179227 going right into the hinge pattern so
71dP1821zb8-00401-00179228-00179656 I'm dead lifting but back it's driving
71dP1821zb8-00402-00179657-00181930 forward 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
71dP1821zb8-00403-00181931-00183159 14 15 16 17 18 19 and 20
71dP1821zb8-00404-00183160-00184440 hot so good
71dP1821zb8-00405-00184441-00185947 man I miss barbell so you're getting
71dP1821zb8-00406-00185948-00186252 water we focusing up for your final set
71dP1821zb8-00407-00186253-00186657 here of your squat deadlift supersets
71dP1821zb8-00408-00186658-00187162 you're getting your mind right getting
71dP1821zb8-00409-00187163-00187300 ready to brace your core getting ready
71dP1821zb8-00410-00187301-00187594 to push outward with that with those
71dP1821zb8-00411-00187595-00187899 obliques as you inhale and as you exhale
71dP1821zb8-00412-00187900-00188095 you got to be breathing through this
71dP1821zb8-00413-00188096-00188335 training well low is not heavy enough to
71dP1821zb8-00414-00188336-00188530 require you to hold your breath so
71dP1821zb8-00415-00188531-00188679 breathe through your training practice
71dP1821zb8-00416-00188680-00188869 keeping that technique while you're
71dP1821zb8-00417-00188870-00189187 breathing got to do it the way I get to
71dP1821zb8-00418-00189188-00189391 practice that is I just never stop
71dP1821zb8-00419-00189392-00189727 talking so I have to get really good at
71dP1821zb8-00420-00189728-00189973 breathing and doing something like right
71dP1821zb8-00421-00189974-00190713 now back to the squat one last set three
71dP1821zb8-00422-00190714-00191574 four five six seven eight
71dP1821zb8-00423-00191575-00193013 9 a ribcage down 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
71dP1821zb8-00424-00193014-00194085 18 19 20 dropping the weight coming back
71dP1821zb8-00425-00194086-00195872 into the hinge but back 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
71dP1821zb8-00427-00198965-00199954 all right that was fun so we are moving
71dP1821zb8-00428-00199955-00200671 through to our next superset so we're
71dP1821zb8-00429-00200672-00201109 doing our push-pull superset we're going
71dP1821zb8-00430-00201110-00201640 to do push-ups and single arm rows I
71dP1821zb8-00431-00201641-00201729 know what you're thinking you're like
71dP1821zb8-00432-00201730-00201925 then we just do push-ups Josh I feel
71dP1821zb8-00433-00201926-00202138 like I haven't Groundhog's Day I think
71dP1821zb8-00434-00202139-00202363 I'm just doing push-ups well I would
71dP1821zb8-00435-00202364-00202591 agree with you but this one instead of
71dP1821zb8-00436-00202592-00202771 going fast we're gonna go slow so we're
71dP1821zb8-00437-00202772-00202969 to increase the time under tension what
71dP1821zb8-00438-00202970-00203332 does that look like that means I'm gonna
71dP1821zb8-00439-00203333-00203824 count myself down 1,000 2,000 up 1,000
71dP1821zb8-00440-00203825-00204499 2,000 up 1,000 2,000 up so it's gonna be
71dP1821zb8-00441-00204500-00204808 a much different feeling than our
71dP1821zb8-00442-00204809-00205057 supposed to push up what so you can make
71dP1821zb8-00443-00205058-00205261 it adjust it to the beat of that level
71dP1821zb8-00444-00205262-00205587 of difficulty what you need for that as
71dP1821zb8-00445-00205588-00205689 soon as you're done with that though
71dP1821zb8-00446-00205690-00205932 you're gonna roll into a single arm row
71dP1821zb8-00447-00205933-00206187 I've got my weight it's relatively light
71dP1821zb8-00448-00206188-00206469 I'm gonna get into a long lunge I'm
71dP1821zb8-00449-00206471-00206787 gonna brace my elbow on my on my leg
71dP1821zb8-00450-00206788-00207007 here right here my thigh I've got that
71dP1821zb8-00451-00207008-00207240 straight line with my back so I'm gonna
71dP1821zb8-00452-00207241-00208177 row here so one two so I'm gonna do six
71dP1821zb8-00453-00208178-00208459 on each side my thumb is gonna face
71dP1821zb8-00454-00208460-00208819 inside towards my ribcage as I row so
71dP1821zb8-00455-00208819-00209230 I'm rowing in with that pronated grip so
71dP1821zb8-00456-00209231-00209481 you could practice that long lunge and
71dP1821zb8-00457-00209482-00209734 that row make sure it's going to be a
71dP1821zb8-00458-00209735-00210115 good fit for you nice Renee get that
71dP1821zb8-00459-00210116-00210334 back foot even further back Renee there
71dP1821zb8-00460-00210335-00211036 you go thanks awesome okay so 6 6 and 12
71dP1821zb8-00461-00211037-00211366 6 to 12 6 to 12 3 sets time to get after
71dP1821zb8-00462-00211367-00211673 it
71dP1821zb8-00463-00211675-00214308 no big deal fun alright big lunge
71dP1821zb8-00464-00214309-00215053 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00465-00215054-00215403 so when you're in that lunge you want to
71dP1821zb8-00466-00215404-00215579 be as long as you can now if you're like
71dP1821zb8-00467-00215580-00215796 me and you have long arms you're gonna
71dP1821zb8-00468-00215796-00215921 hit the ground with your weight that's
71dP1821zb8-00469-00215923-00216134 okay just try to do the best that you
71dP1821zb8-00470-00216135-00217040 can with what you've got one two three
71dP1821zb8-00471-00217041-00217896 four five six so depending on your
71dP1821zb8-00472-00217896-00218166 weight this is kind of a hard position
71dP1821zb8-00473-00218167-00218396 for me if you want to add reps to that
71dP1821zb8-00474-00218398-00218553 if you've got a lightweight and you want
71dP1821zb8-00475-00218554-00218969 to add with reps do it go eight go ten
71dP1821zb8-00476-00218969-00219133 even go 12
71dP1821zb8-00477-00219134-00219492 but don't go so far that you can't feel
71dP1821zb8-00478-00219492-00219615 what all those muscles are doing and
71dP1821zb8-00479-00219616-00219905 maintain good form so choose your ventra
71dP1821zb8-00480-00219906-00220142 if you got a heavyweight stick with the
71dP1821zb8-00481-00220144-00220307 six reps but if you want to go a little
71dP1821zb8-00482-00220308-00220521 bit more volume on that you can feel
71dP1821zb8-00483-00220521-00220709 free but keep it to the six push-ups
71dP1821zb8-00484-00220710-00220910 because we're adding time under tension
71dP1821zb8-00485-00220911-00221142 through the eccentric so you don't want
71dP1821zb8-00486-00221142-00221357 to add a bunch of reps to this you want
71dP1821zb8-00487-00221358-00221577 to add time under tension and quality so
71dP1821zb8-00488-00221578-00221987 keep going slow second round
71dP1821zb8-00489-00221988-00222842 one two one thousand two thousand three
71dP1821zb8-00490-00222842-00223790 four five six
71dP1821zb8-00491-00223791-00225413 over to the row
71dP1821zb8-00492-00225414-00225846 all right make sure you're breathing
71dP1821zb8-00493-00225846-00226136 right I want you to exhale on the pole
71dP1821zb8-00494-00226137-00226577 stay alive don't tighten up
71dP1821zb8-00495-00226578-00227594 unnecessarily three four five six so
71dP1821zb8-00496-00227594-00227931 that's round two and the volume that you
71dP1821zb8-00497-00227932-00228696 need good rusting about 45 seconds so I
71dP1821zb8-00498-00228696-00229041 could be strong on the next round going
71dP1821zb8-00499-00229042-00230913 in to set three
71dP1821zb8-00500-00230914-00231134 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00501-00231135-00231363 ha all right
71dP1821zb8-00502-00231364-00231610 I love that I love me some challenge
71dP1821zb8-00503-00231611-00232319 hawlucha hawlucha laughs it all right
71dP1821zb8-00504-00232321-00232617 we're gonna finish strong slow that
71dP1821zb8-00505-00232617-00234414 push-up down
71dP1821zb8-00506-00234415-00234901 all right
71dP1821zb8-00507-00234902-00237848 back into the row
71dP1821zb8-00508-00237850-00238535 oh hey Wow it's so funny cuz it doesn't
71dP1821zb8-00509-00238536-00238685 look like much it's not what you do it's
71dP1821zb8-00510-00238686-00238846 how you do it
71dP1821zb8-00511-00238848-00239262 okay now ready some abs we're going to
71dP1821zb8-00512-00239263-00239417 crush the apps we're gonna use the
71dP1821zb8-00513-00239419-00239613 weights though so hopefully you've got a
71dP1821zb8-00514-00239614-00239757 light dumbbell on your hands up you can
71dP1821zb8-00515-00239758-00240173 use we're to do oblique dips a perfect
71dP1821zb8-00516-00240175-00240558 oblique dip is weight in one hand I'm
71dP1821zb8-00517-00240559-00240789 going to lean towards the weight because
71dP1821zb8-00518-00240790-00240948 I'm lengthening the Train side so I'm
71dP1821zb8-00519-00240948-00241160 training this the opposite side and then
71dP1821zb8-00520-00241161-00241404 I'm gonna squeeze all the way over
71dP1821zb8-00521-00241405-00241629 that's one full wrap all the way back
71dP1821zb8-00522-00241630-00242016 down all the way over we're gonna do ten
71dP1821zb8-00523-00242017-00242283 on the Left ten on the right so take
71dP1821zb8-00524-00242284-00242598 your time with that don't rush it if
71dP1821zb8-00525-00242598-00242814 you're someone who can't do it without
71dP1821zb8-00526-00242815-00243015 leaning forward or back if you have a
71dP1821zb8-00527-00243016-00243264 wall you can get to a wall and do that
71dP1821zb8-00528-00243265-00243612 same thing but I want you to fully
71dP1821zb8-00529-00243613-00243912 lengthen the opposite side then contract
71dP1821zb8-00530-00243913-00245532 it fully lengthen and contract it
71dP1821zb8-00531-00245533-00245773 then you're gonna match it with the
71dP1821zb8-00532-00245774-00246231 other side so moving over lengths
71dP1821zb8-00533-00246232-00247383 contract' length contract three four
71dP1821zb8-00534-00247384-00248125 five six seven
71dP1821zb8-00535-00248126-00249065 nice work Oh going and then the hip left
71dP1821zb8-00536-00249066-00249349 once you're done with your oblique dips
71dP1821zb8-00537-00249350-00249751 so the hip lift I'm on the ground hands
71dP1821zb8-00538-00249752-00249998 are on the floor I'm rolling up my feet
71dP1821zb8-00539-00249998-00250453 and I'm gonna kick up come right back
71dP1821zb8-00540-00250454-00250504 here
71dP1821zb8-00541-00250505-00250889 kick up so I'm not on my neck I'm on my
71dP1821zb8-00542-00250890-00252012 shoulders three four five six
71dP1821zb8-00543-00252013-00253311 seven eight nine ten haha so back and
71dP1821zb8-00544-00253312-00253619 forth between those two hip lifts
71dP1821zb8-00545-00253619-00254438 oblique dips
71dP1821zb8-00546-00254439-00254771 you're not in a hurry got plenty of time
71dP1821zb8-00547-00254773-00255623 put your time to tackle the day one two
71dP1821zb8-00548-00255623-00257217 three four five six seven yeah
71dP1821zb8-00549-00257217-00258117 eight nice long dip back to the other
71dP1821zb8-00550-00258117-00258576 side it's okay if you're going faster
71dP1821zb8-00551-00258577-00258756 than me it's okay if you're going slower
71dP1821zb8-00552-00258757-00259317 than me I'm going at a pace I could
71dP1821zb8-00553-00259317-00259792 train with the weight that I have three
71dP1821zb8-00554-00259794-00260371 four five we're going to do three rounds
71dP1821zb8-00555-00260373-00262096 six seven eight nine ten
71dP1821zb8-00556-00262098-00262512 so back to the oblique dip or sorry the
71dP1821zb8-00557-00262513-00262860 hip lift nice make sure you don't touch
71dP1821zb8-00558-00262861-00263034 your feet to the ground we don't want to
71dP1821zb8-00559-00263035-00263148 Pike out we just want to keep the
71dP1821zb8-00560-00263149-00265186 keeping those hips and feet up two three
71dP1821zb8-00561-00265187-00266244 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00562-00266245-00267246 haha
71dP1821zb8-00563-00267247-00267545 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00564-00267546-00267825 all right give my hydration going back
71dP1821zb8-00565-00267826-00269004 into my oblique dips get a finish strong
71dP1821zb8-00566-00269005-00269248 what
71dP1821zb8-00567-00269249-00269978 [Music]
71dP1821zb8-00568-00269979-00270908 oh man six seven eight you know I don't
71dP1821zb8-00569-00270909-00271136 stretch in either of these directions so
71dP1821zb8-00570-00271137-00272063 this is kind of fun nine I'll take any
71dP1821zb8-00571-00272064-00272234 kind of stretching and mobility I can
71dP1821zb8-00572-00272235-00273228 get one two three
71dP1821zb8-00573-00273229-00275614 four five six seven eight nine ten all
71dP1821zb8-00574-00275615-00275866 right hip lift everybody's already
71dP1821zb8-00575-00275867-00275983 rolling I love it
71dP1821zb8-00576-00275984-00277464 keep going one two three four five six
71dP1821zb8-00577-00277465-00278773 seven eight nine haha all right when
71dP1821zb8-00578-00278774-00278986 you're finished with your hip lift go
71dP1821zb8-00579-00278987-00279325 ahead and start with your ever so juicy
71dP1821zb8-00580-00279326-00279613 homework or a dessert as we've been
71dP1821zb8-00581-00279614-00280078 calling it 20 squats 10 knee grabs 20
71dP1821zb8-00582-00280079-00280768 swimmers got to stay in the groove so
71dP1821zb8-00583-00280769-00281204 we're to keep it going
71dP1821zb8-00584-00281205-00281865 and one so I'm doing my body weight
71dP1821zb8-00585-00281866-00281924 squat
71dP1821zb8-00586-00281925-00282319 remember I'm breathing getting low three
71dP1821zb8-00587-00282320-00282629 four really working on contracting the
71dP1821zb8-00588-00282630-00282741 glutes just like we don't want to have
71dP1821zb8-00589-00282742-00282944 weight this should be this should feel
71dP1821zb8-00590-00282945-00283373 easy drop it down I always squat better
71dP1821zb8-00591-00283374-00283577 with a little bit of weight stuff to
71dP1821zb8-00592-00283578-00284200 focus on these a little bit more 12 13
71dP1821zb8-00593-00284201-00285353 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
71dP1821zb8-00594-00285354-00285878 all right so doing the knee grab going
71dP1821zb8-00595-00285879-00286196 back down 20 squats Efendi grabs I'm all
71dP1821zb8-00596-00286197-00286493 the way down throwing my hands grabbing
71dP1821zb8-00597-00286494-00288347 my shin back and forth 3 4 5 6 7 8
71dP1821zb8-00598-00288348-00289752 910 here we are
71dP1821zb8-00599-00289753-00289899 swimmers the reason why we're doing
71dP1821zb8-00600-00289900-00290327 swimmers is because so much of our rear
71dP1821zb8-00601-00290328-00290616 rear or posterior chain or rear delts
71dP1821zb8-00602-00290617-00290793 upper back we're just not getting them
71dP1821zb8-00603-00290794-00290982 used enough or leaning over our
71dP1821zb8-00604-00290983-00291234 technology getting Technic so bringing
71dP1821zb8-00605-00291235-00291441 the hands in bring them all the way in
71dP1821zb8-00606-00291442-00291888 elbows into the waist 20 reps eyes 12
71dP1821zb8-00607-00291889-00292206 inches in front of me just as neutral
71dP1821zb8-00608-00292207-00293471 posture as I can get 10 11 12 13 14 15
71dP1821zb8-00609-00293472-00294248 16 17 18 19 20
71dP1821zb8-00610-00294249-00294687 hahahaha so we got our we got our blood
71dP1821zb8-00611-00294688-00294831 pumping we got our muscles going with
71dP1821zb8-00612-00294832-00295167 some squats with some push poll with
71dP1821zb8-00613-00295168-00295635 some core training with some some
71dP1821zb8-00614-00295636-00296010 stretches of conditioning and to bring
71dP1821zb8-00615-00296011-00296367 it back to the beginning the guy who
71dP1821zb8-00616-00296368-00296649 didn't make the cut for the life a
71dP1821zb8-00617-00296650-00296879 lifeguard job ends up saving two lives
71dP1821zb8-00618-00296880-00297135 which I don't think people are walking
71dP1821zb8-00619-00297136-00297366 around hoping that someone tries to die
71dP1821zb8-00620-00297367-00297579 in front of them but a lifeguards
71dP1821zb8-00621-00297580-00297891 haven't saved any life so just because
71dP1821zb8-00622-00297892-00298149 you're just because you're told no or
71dP1821zb8-00623-00298150-00298602 don't meet the the standard the the the
71dP1821zb8-00624-00298603-00298776 template doesn't mean you can't make
71dP1821zb8-00625-00298777-00299019 your own way and and be who you want to
71dP1821zb8-00626-00299020-00299157 be and have a positive impact on other
71dP1821zb8-00627-00299158-00299454 people like our everyday hero Gordon
71dP1821zb8-00628-00299455-00300245 Arnett so continue to eat sleep train
71dP1821zb8-00629-00300246-00300519 build muscle burn fat and bring forth
71dP1821zb8-00630-00300520-00300732 the Warrior Within so that you can be an
71dP1821zb8-00631-00300733-00301299 everyday hero coach Josh out
71dP1821zb8-00632-00301300-00301530 always on the grind have you seen Bob's
71dP1821zb8-00633-00301531-00301971 glorious beard it's pretty impressive
71nC8CvJjj0-00000-00000127-00000919 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00001-00000919-00001062 the word
71nC8CvJjj0-00002-00001063-00001374 has several meanings such as
71nC8CvJjj0-00003-00001375-00001795 the beginning continuity succession
71nC8CvJjj0-00004-00001796-00002102 auspiciousness etc
71nC8CvJjj0-00005-00002103-00002391 here let us take it to mean the
71nC8CvJjj0-00006-00002392-00002550 auspicious beginning
71nC8CvJjj0-00007-00002551-00003031 of the yoga philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00008-00003032-00003415 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00009-00003415-00003719 in sanskrit parlance the term
71nC8CvJjj0-00010-00003720-00004095 yoga darshanam is more justifiable
71nC8CvJjj0-00011-00004096-00004438 because the word darshanam is
71nC8CvJjj0-00012-00004439-00004743 derived out of the root drishir
71nC8CvJjj0-00013-00004744-00005102 which means to see by adding a suffix
71nC8CvJjj0-00014-00005103-00005391 lute that will be replaced with a
71nC8CvJjj0-00015-00005392-00005486 substitute
71nC8CvJjj0-00016-00005487-00005815 anna to mean the instrument
71nC8CvJjj0-00017-00005816-00006199 or the tool or the facilitator
71nC8CvJjj0-00018-00006200-00006446 it stands to mean the tools or
71nC8CvJjj0-00019-00006447-00006631 instruments of seeing
71nC8CvJjj0-00020-00006631-00007278 or understanding the yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00021-00007279-00007510 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00022-00007511-00007831 hence the stream of thought
71nC8CvJjj0-00023-00007831-00008159 provided in this system of philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00024-00008159-00008414 acts as a tool in understanding the
71nC8CvJjj0-00025-00008415-00008495 essence
71nC8CvJjj0-00026-00008496-00008695 of the subject being explored
71nC8CvJjj0-00027-00008696-00009423 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00028-00009424-00009703 in fact all the indian philosophies
71nC8CvJjj0-00029-00009704-00009823 carry the tag
71nC8CvJjj0-00030-00009824-00010174 darusanam essentially it is providing us
71nC8CvJjj0-00031-00010175-00010255 a tool
71nC8CvJjj0-00032-00010256-00010620 using which we understand the philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00033-00010621-00011023 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00034-00011024-00011406 yoga asanam means the teaching
71nC8CvJjj0-00035-00011407-00011783 or instructions on yoga so
71nC8CvJjj0-00036-00011784-00012103 collectively ata yoga anusha sanam
71nC8CvJjj0-00037-00012104-00012683 stands to mean the beginning of yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00038-00012684-00013030 philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00039-00013031-00013391 the yoga philosophy is propounded by
71nC8CvJjj0-00040-00013391-00013727 sage patanjali the tenets of the yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00041-00013728-00013815 philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00042-00013816-00014151 are encapsulated in a concise
71nC8CvJjj0-00043-00014152-00014447 but precise expression generally called
71nC8CvJjj0-00044-00014447-00014797 sutra
71nC8CvJjj0-00045-00014799-00015038 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00046-00015040-00015358 sutram is a specific form of scientific
71nC8CvJjj0-00047-00015359-00015471 literature
71nC8CvJjj0-00048-00015472-00015743 that maintains brevity of expression
71nC8CvJjj0-00049-00015744-00015991 without sacrificing clarity
71nC8CvJjj0-00050-00015991-00016286 so let us call the sutram pertaining to
71nC8CvJjj0-00051-00016287-00016391 the yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00052-00016392-00017063 as yoga sutra
71nC8CvJjj0-00053-00017064-00017615 set in 4 chapters there are 195 sutras
71nC8CvJjj0-00054-00017616-00017879 although we would discuss the essence of
71nC8CvJjj0-00055-00017880-00018199 all the 195 sutras
71nC8CvJjj0-00056-00018200-00018463 we may not dwell in detail on every one
71nC8CvJjj0-00057-00018464-00018558 of them
71nC8CvJjj0-00058-00018559-00018839 our plan is to explain the sutras that
71nC8CvJjj0-00059-00018840-00019022 bear the main content
71nC8CvJjj0-00060-00019023-00019311 and go on giving brief mention of the
71nC8CvJjj0-00061-00019312-00019455 related aspects
71nC8CvJjj0-00062-00019456-00020158 in the connecting sutras
71nC8CvJjj0-00063-00020159-00020743 the first chapter talks about yoga's
71nC8CvJjj0-00064-00020744-00021207 which means yoga is restraining the mind
71nC8CvJjj0-00065-00021208-00021550 that remains preoccupied or distracted
71nC8CvJjj0-00066-00021551-00021807 through the senses the result of which
71nC8CvJjj0-00067-00021808-00021950 is attainment of
71nC8CvJjj0-00068-00021951-00022286 a conscious state called samadhi
71nC8CvJjj0-00069-00022287-00022567 and the twofold means to achieve this
71nC8CvJjj0-00070-00022568-00022694 state
71nC8CvJjj0-00071-00022695-00023007 namely abhyasa regular practice
71nC8CvJjj0-00072-00023008-00023591 and vairagya cultivating detachment
71nC8CvJjj0-00073-00023592-00023863 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00074-00023864-00024086 the second chapter talks about
71nC8CvJjj0-00075-00024087-00024311 attainment of samadhi
71nC8CvJjj0-00076-00024312-00024550 even by those with the most troubled
71nC8CvJjj0-00077-00024551-00024671 minds
71nC8CvJjj0-00078-00024672-00025014 the means to achieve it are yama
71nC8CvJjj0-00079-00025015-00026006 niyama asana pranayama
71nC8CvJjj0-00080-00026007-00026374 these are famously called the ashtanga's
71nC8CvJjj0-00081-00026375-00026631 eight constituents of the yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00082-00026632-00026743 philosophy
71nC8CvJjj0-00083-00026744-00026990 yogasana is just one of these
71nC8CvJjj0-00084-00026991-00027094 constituents
71nC8CvJjj0-00085-00027095-00027655 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00086-00027656-00027943 the third chapter talks about different
71nC8CvJjj0-00087-00027944-00028095 spiritual powers
71nC8CvJjj0-00088-00028095-00028287 that the practitioner of the yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00089-00028288-00028439 attains
71nC8CvJjj0-00090-00028439-00028735 these are not powers a mere practitioner
71nC8CvJjj0-00091-00028736-00028967 of the yoga asanas attained
71nC8CvJjj0-00092-00028968-00029343 but the one who diligently adheres to
71nC8CvJjj0-00093-00029344-00029558 the practice of the
71nC8CvJjj0-00094-00029560-00030358 constituents mentioned earlier here
71nC8CvJjj0-00095-00030360-00030687 and the fourth and final chapter talks
71nC8CvJjj0-00096-00030688-00030751 about
71nC8CvJjj0-00097-00030752-00031031 retaining the self-realized state by
71nC8CvJjj0-00098-00031032-00031302 blocking the quandary experiences
71nC8CvJjj0-00099-00031303-00031476 and impediments
71nC8CvJjj0-00100-00031477-00031951 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00101-00031952-00032283 so then what is meant by yoga
71nC8CvJjj0-00102-00032283-00032718 yoga yoga is
71nC8CvJjj0-00103-00032719-00032983 restraining the mind that remains
71nC8CvJjj0-00104-00032984-00033111 preoccupied
71nC8CvJjj0-00105-00033112-00033887 or distracted through the senses
71nC8CvJjj0-00106-00033888-00034174 how do we explain this please keep in
71nC8CvJjj0-00107-00034175-00034271 mind
71nC8CvJjj0-00108-00034272-00034495 that the huge gamut of commentary
71nC8CvJjj0-00109-00034496-00034590 literature
71nC8CvJjj0-00110-00034591-00034943 in sanskrit is not simply written
71nC8CvJjj0-00111-00034944-00035302 out of someone's meat on the other hand
71nC8CvJjj0-00112-00035303-00035671 it's a gradual enforment of the original
71nC8CvJjj0-00113-00035672-00036030 for the basic text by contextually
71nC8CvJjj0-00114-00036031-00036159 analyzing
71nC8CvJjj0-00115-00036160-00036479 the derivative history of every word in
71nC8CvJjj0-00116-00036480-00036551 it
71nC8CvJjj0-00117-00036552-00036855 therefore let us take up one after
71nC8CvJjj0-00118-00036856-00036951 another
71nC8CvJjj0-00119-00036952-00037502 every word in the yoga sutra
71nC8CvJjj0-00120-00037503-00038082 to arrive at a cohesive explanation
71nC8CvJjj0-00121-00038083-00038262 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00122-00038263-00038590 the etymological explanation of the
71nC8CvJjj0-00123-00038591-00038695 sutra
71nC8CvJjj0-00124-00038696-00039111 yogas will be provided
71nC8CvJjj0-00125-00039112-00040176 in the coming episode
71nC8CvJjj0-00126-00040177-00040884 [Applause]
71nC8CvJjj0-00127-00040885-00041918 [Music]
71nC8CvJjj0-00128-00041919-00042128 you
72g_6gLeVzk-00000-00000000-00000227 the strength of a Nation derives from
72g_6gLeVzk-00001-00000228-00000497 the Integrity of the home remember that
72g_6gLeVzk-00002-00000498-00000730 it takes great preparation in order to
72g_6gLeVzk-00003-00000731-00000965 succeed and the pandemic is a good
72g_6gLeVzk-00004-00000966-00001162 moment to gain knowledge and valuable
72g_6gLeVzk-00005-00001163-00001445 skill Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00006-00001446-00001714 no amount of experimentation can ever
72g_6gLeVzk-00007-00001716-00001997 prove me right a single experiment can
72g_6gLeVzk-00008-00001998-00002129 prove me wrong
72g_6gLeVzk-00009-00002130-00002345 Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00010-00002346-00002615 no amount of experimentation can ever
72g_6gLeVzk-00011-00002616-00002897 prove me right a single experiment can
72g_6gLeVzk-00012-00002898-00003029 prove me wrong
72g_6gLeVzk-00013-00003030-00003395 Albert Einstein everybody is a genius
72g_6gLeVzk-00014-00003396-00003665 but if you judge a fish by its ability
72g_6gLeVzk-00015-00003665-00003917 to climb a tree it will live its whole
72g_6gLeVzk-00016-00003918-00004145 life believing that it is stupid
72g_6gLeVzk-00017-00004146-00004499 Albert Einstein everybody is a genius
72g_6gLeVzk-00018-00004500-00004781 but if you judge a fish by its ability
72g_6gLeVzk-00019-00004782-00005033 to climb a tree it will live its whole
72g_6gLeVzk-00020-00005034-00005261 life believing that it is stupid
72g_6gLeVzk-00021-00005262-00005470 Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00022-00005471-00005711 anyone who has never made a mistake has
72g_6gLeVzk-00023-00005712-00005909 never tried anything new
72g_6gLeVzk-00024-00005910-00006185 look deep into nature and then you will
72g_6gLeVzk-00025-00006186-00006460 understand everything better Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00026-00006461-00006598 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00027-00006600-00006845 anyone who has never made a mistake has
72g_6gLeVzk-00028-00006845-00007042 never tried anything new
72g_6gLeVzk-00029-00007043-00007313 look deep into nature and then you will
72g_6gLeVzk-00030-00007314-00007589 understand everything better Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00031-00007590-00007906 Einstein knowing is not enough we must
72g_6gLeVzk-00032-00007908-00008351 apply wishing is not enough we must dot
72g_6gLeVzk-00033-00008352-00008621 Johan Wolfgang von Gouda
72g_6gLeVzk-00034-00008622-00008873 don't be afraid to give up the good for
72g_6gLeVzk-00035-00008874-00009209 the Great Dot John D Rockefeller knowing
72g_6gLeVzk-00036-00009210-00009599 is not enough we must apply wishing is
72g_6gLeVzk-00037-00009600-00009959 not enough we must do dot Johan Wolfgang
72g_6gLeVzk-00038-00009960-00010114 von Gouda
72g_6gLeVzk-00039-00010115-00010378 don't be afraid to give up the good for
72g_6gLeVzk-00040-00010379-00010709 the Great Dot John D Rockefeller do
72g_6gLeVzk-00041-00010710-00010924 something today that your future self
72g_6gLeVzk-00042-00010925-00011159 will thank you for DOT Sean Patrick
72g_6gLeVzk-00043-00011160-00011296 Flannery
72g_6gLeVzk-00044-00011297-00011549 if you're brave enough to Say Goodbye
72g_6gLeVzk-00045-00011550-00011838 Life will reward you with a new
72g_6gLeVzk-00046-00011839-00012064 hello.palo kill you
72g_6gLeVzk-00047-00012065-00012341 do something today that your future self
72g_6gLeVzk-00048-00012342-00012574 will thank you for DOT Sean Patrick
72g_6gLeVzk-00049-00012575-00012922 flattery if you're brave enough to Say
72g_6gLeVzk-00050-00012923-00013266 Goodbye Life will reward you with a new
72g_6gLeVzk-00051-00013268-00013603 hello.palo kill you Ariana Huffington
72g_6gLeVzk-00052-00013604-00013883 failure is not the opposite of success
72g_6gLeVzk-00053-00013884-00014177 it's part of success we don't have to
72g_6gLeVzk-00054-00014178-00014458 worry about making mistakes including a
72g_6gLeVzk-00055-00014459-00014644 temporary unemployment due to the
72g_6gLeVzk-00056-00014645-00014938 pandemic Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00057-00014940-00015263 Ariana Huffington failure is not the
72g_6gLeVzk-00058-00015263-00015527 opposite of success it's part of success
72g_6gLeVzk-00059-00015528-00015755 we don't have to worry about making
72g_6gLeVzk-00060-00015756-00015994 mistakes including a temporary
72g_6gLeVzk-00061-00015995-00016294 unemployment due to the pandemic Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00062-00016295-00016444 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00063-00016445-00016721 Soren Kierkegaard life can only be
72g_6gLeVzk-00064-00016722-00016961 understood backwards but it must be
72g_6gLeVzk-00065-00016962-00017207 lived forwards never ever forget
72g_6gLeVzk-00066-00017208-00017471 histories as they enrich and equip us to
72g_6gLeVzk-00067-00017472-00017675 understand better how to make important
72g_6gLeVzk-00068-00017676-00017933 moves to shape our future Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00069-00017934-00018065 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00070-00018066-00018358 Soren Kierkegaard life can only be
72g_6gLeVzk-00071-00018359-00018593 understood backwards but it must be
72g_6gLeVzk-00072-00018594-00018839 lived forwards never ever forget
72g_6gLeVzk-00073-00018840-00019097 histories as they enrich and equip us to
72g_6gLeVzk-00074-00019098-00019307 understand better how to make important
72g_6gLeVzk-00075-00019308-00019553 moves to shape our future Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00076-00019554-00019691 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00077-00019692-00020003 Napoleon Hill it is literally true that
72g_6gLeVzk-00078-00020004-00020225 you can succeed best and quickest by
72g_6gLeVzk-00079-00020226-00020471 helping others to succeed it is
72g_6gLeVzk-00080-00020472-00020675 imperative we help each other and
72g_6gLeVzk-00081-00020676-00020879 benefit from collaboration especially
72g_6gLeVzk-00082-00020880-00021191 during hard times like today Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00083-00021192-00021313 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00084-00021314-00021629 Napoleon Hill it is literally true that
72g_6gLeVzk-00085-00021630-00021850 you can succeed best and quickest by
72g_6gLeVzk-00086-00021851-00022097 helping others to succeed it is
72g_6gLeVzk-00087-00022098-00022294 imperative we help each other and
72g_6gLeVzk-00088-00022295-00022505 benefit from collaboration especially
72g_6gLeVzk-00089-00022506-00022805 during hard times like today Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00090-00022806-00022936 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00091-00022937-00023249 for most of my life I felt that there
72g_6gLeVzk-00092-00023250-00023507 must be more to our existence than meets
72g_6gLeVzk-00093-00023508-00023633 the eye
72g_6gLeVzk-00094-00023634-00023825 Steve Jobs
72g_6gLeVzk-00095-00023826-00024077 we don't get a chance to do that many
72g_6gLeVzk-00096-00024078-00024335 things and everyone should be really
72g_6gLeVzk-00097-00024336-00024443 excellent
72g_6gLeVzk-00098-00024444-00024700 because this is our life
72g_6gLeVzk-00099-00024701-00024911 Steve Jobs
72g_6gLeVzk-00100-00024912-00025157 things don't have to change the world to
72g_6gLeVzk-00101-00025158-00025294 be important
72g_6gLeVzk-00102-00025295-00025505 Steve Jobs
72g_6gLeVzk-00103-00025506-00025696 do you want to spend the rest of your
72g_6gLeVzk-00104-00025697-00025931 life selling sugared water or do you
72g_6gLeVzk-00105-00025932-00026177 want a chance to change the world
72g_6gLeVzk-00106-00026177-00026393 Steve Jobs
72g_6gLeVzk-00107-00026394-00026723 Pixar is seen by a lot of folks as an
72g_6gLeVzk-00108-00026724-00027017 overnight success but if you really look
72g_6gLeVzk-00109-00027018-00027370 closely most overnight successes took a
72g_6gLeVzk-00110-00027372-00027514 long time
72g_6gLeVzk-00111-00027516-00027814 as with all matters of the heart you'll
72g_6gLeVzk-00112-00027816-00028162 know when you find it and like any great
72g_6gLeVzk-00113-00028163-00028445 relationship it just gets better and
72g_6gLeVzk-00114-00028445-00028777 better as the years roll on Steve Jobs
72g_6gLeVzk-00115-00028777-00029045 the strength of a Nation derives from
72g_6gLeVzk-00116-00029045-00029320 the Integrity of the home remember that
72g_6gLeVzk-00117-00029322-00029549 it takes great preparation in order to
72g_6gLeVzk-00118-00029550-00029789 succeed and the pandemic is a good
72g_6gLeVzk-00119-00029789-00029987 moment to gain knowledge and valuable
72g_6gLeVzk-00120-00029988-00030281 skill Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00121-00030282-00030557 no amount of experimentation can ever
72g_6gLeVzk-00122-00030558-00030833 prove me right a single experiment can
72g_6gLeVzk-00123-00030833-00031181 prove me wrong Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00124-00031182-00031457 no amount of experimentation can ever
72g_6gLeVzk-00125-00031458-00031733 prove me right a single experiment can
72g_6gLeVzk-00126-00031733-00032117 prove me wrong Albert Einstein everybody
72g_6gLeVzk-00127-00032118-00032435 is a genius but if you judge a fish by
72g_6gLeVzk-00128-00032436-00032693 its ability to climb a tree it will live
72g_6gLeVzk-00129-00032694-00032867 its whole life believing that it is
72g_6gLeVzk-00130-00032868-00032974 stupid
72g_6gLeVzk-00131-00032975-00033340 Albert Einstein everybody is a genius
72g_6gLeVzk-00132-00033341-00033611 but if you judge a fish by its ability
72g_6gLeVzk-00133-00033612-00033862 to climb a tree it will live its whole
72g_6gLeVzk-00134-00033863-00034090 life believing that it is stupid
72g_6gLeVzk-00135-00034091-00034301 Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00136-00034302-00034546 anyone who has never made a mistake has
72g_6gLeVzk-00137-00034547-00034745 never tried anything new
72g_6gLeVzk-00138-00034746-00035015 look deep into nature and then you will
72g_6gLeVzk-00139-00035016-00035285 understand everything better Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00140-00035286-00035429 Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00141-00035430-00035662 anyone who has never made a mistake has
72g_6gLeVzk-00142-00035663-00035867 never tried anything new
72g_6gLeVzk-00143-00035868-00036143 look deep into nature and then you will
72g_6gLeVzk-00144-00036144-00036412 understand everything better Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00145-00036413-00036767 Einstein a hundred times every day I
72g_6gLeVzk-00146-00036768-00037049 remind myself that my inner and outer
72g_6gLeVzk-00147-00037050-00037324 life depend on the laborers of other men
72g_6gLeVzk-00148-00037325-00037637 living and dead and that I must exert
72g_6gLeVzk-00149-00037638-00037877 myself in order to give in the same
72g_6gLeVzk-00150-00037878-00038117 measure as I received and am still
72g_6gLeVzk-00151-00038118-00038255 receiving
72g_6gLeVzk-00152-00038256-00038645 Albert Einstein a hundred times every
72g_6gLeVzk-00153-00038646-00038945 day I remind myself that my inner and
72g_6gLeVzk-00154-00038946-00039196 outer life depend on the laborers of
72g_6gLeVzk-00155-00039197-00039515 other men living and dead and that I
72g_6gLeVzk-00156-00039516-00039767 must exert myself in order to give in
72g_6gLeVzk-00157-00039768-00040018 the same measure as I received and am
72g_6gLeVzk-00158-00040019-00040193 still receiving
72g_6gLeVzk-00159-00040194-00040589 Albert Einstein we cannot solve our
72g_6gLeVzk-00160-00040590-00040835 problems with the same thinking we used
72g_6gLeVzk-00161-00040836-00041195 when we created them a calm and modest
72g_6gLeVzk-00162-00041196-00041465 life brings more happiness than the
72g_6gLeVzk-00163-00041466-00041674 pursuit of success combined with
72g_6gLeVzk-00164-00041675-00042089 constant restlessness Albert Einstein we
72g_6gLeVzk-00165-00042090-00042352 cannot solve our problems with the same
72g_6gLeVzk-00166-00042353-00042646 thinking we used when we created them
72g_6gLeVzk-00167-00042647-00042959 a calm and modest life brings more
72g_6gLeVzk-00168-00042960-00043199 happiness than the pursuit of success
72g_6gLeVzk-00169-00043200-00043493 combined with constant restlessness
72g_6gLeVzk-00170-00043494-00043787 Albert Einstein all of one's
72g_6gLeVzk-00171-00043788-00044027 contemporaries and aging friends are
72g_6gLeVzk-00172-00044028-00044315 living in a delicate balance and one
72g_6gLeVzk-00173-00044316-00044602 feels that one's own Consciousness is no
72g_6gLeVzk-00174-00044603-00044874 longer as brightly lit as it once was
72g_6gLeVzk-00175-00044875-00045257 but then Twilight with its more subdued
72g_6gLeVzk-00176-00045258-00045605 colors as its charms as well all of
72g_6gLeVzk-00177-00045606-00045851 one's contemporaries and aging friends
72g_6gLeVzk-00178-00045852-00046180 are living in a delicate balance and one
72g_6gLeVzk-00179-00046181-00046474 feels that one's own Consciousness is no
72g_6gLeVzk-00180-00046475-00046740 longer as brightly lit as it once was
72g_6gLeVzk-00181-00046741-00047123 but then Twilight with its more subdued
72g_6gLeVzk-00182-00047124-00047471 colors as its charms as well as the
72g_6gLeVzk-00183-00047472-00047693 difference between genius and stupidity
72g_6gLeVzk-00184-00047694-00048005 is that genius has its limits life is
72g_6gLeVzk-00185-00048006-00048287 like riding a bicycle to keep your
72g_6gLeVzk-00186-00048288-00048593 balance you must keep moving Albert
72g_6gLeVzk-00187-00048594-00048905 Einstein the difference between genius
72g_6gLeVzk-00188-00048906-00049145 and stupidity is that genius has its
72g_6gLeVzk-00189-00049146-00049546 limits life is like riding a bicycle to
72g_6gLeVzk-00190-00049547-00049795 keep your balance you must keep moving
72g_6gLeVzk-00191-00049796-00050152 Albert Einstein without action you
72g_6gLeVzk-00192-00050153-00050435 aren't going anywhere you may never know
72g_6gLeVzk-00193-00050436-00050711 what results come of your actions but if
72g_6gLeVzk-00194-00050712-00051017 you do nothing there will be no results
72g_6gLeVzk-00195-00051018-00051401 Albert Einstein without action you
72g_6gLeVzk-00196-00051402-00051682 aren't going anywhere you may never know
72g_6gLeVzk-00197-00051683-00051958 what results come of your actions but if
72g_6gLeVzk-00198-00051959-00052270 you do nothing there will be no results
72g_6gLeVzk-00199-00052271-00052637 Albert Einstein satisfaction lies in the
72g_6gLeVzk-00200-00052638-00052919 effort not in the attainment full effort
72g_6gLeVzk-00201-00052920-00053213 is full Victory the best way to find
72g_6gLeVzk-00202-00053214-00053411 yourself is to lose yourself in the
72g_6gLeVzk-00203-00053412-00053561 service of others
72g_6gLeVzk-00204-00053562-00053803 Albert Einstein
72g_6gLeVzk-00205-00053804-00054094 satisfaction lies in the effort not in
72g_6gLeVzk-00206-00054095-00054311 the attainment full effort is full
72g_6gLeVzk-00207-00054312-00054629 Victory the best way to find yourself is
72g_6gLeVzk-00208-00054629-00054821 to lose yourself in the service of
72g_6gLeVzk-00209-00054822-00054911 others
72g_6gLeVzk-00210-00054912-00055223 Albert Einstein the week can never
72g_6gLeVzk-00211-00055224-00055607 forgive forgiveness is an attribute of a
72g_6gLeVzk-00212-00055608-00055907 strong have the courage to follow your
72g_6gLeVzk-00213-00055908-00056237 heart and intuition they somehow already
72g_6gLeVzk-00214-00056238-00056530 know what you truly want to become
72g_6gLeVzk-00215-00056532-00056885 Albert Einstein there is nothing either
72g_6gLeVzk-00216-00056886-00057280 good or bad but thinking makes it so you
72g_6gLeVzk-00217-00057282-00057515 talk when you cease to be at peace with
72g_6gLeVzk-00218-00057516-00057821 your thoughts if you cannot explain it
72g_6gLeVzk-00219-00057822-00058091 simply you do not understand it well
72g_6gLeVzk-00220-00058091-00058180 enough
72g_6gLeVzk-00221-00058182-00058523 Albert Einstein there is nothing either
72g_6gLeVzk-00222-00058524-00058859 good or bad but thinking makes it so
72g_6gLeVzk-00223-00058860-00059135 you talk when you cease to be at peace
72g_6gLeVzk-00224-00059136-00059423 with your thoughts if you cannot explain
72g_6gLeVzk-00225-00059424-00059741 it simply you do not understand it well
72g_6gLeVzk-00226-00059741-00059842 enough
72g_6gLeVzk-00227-00059844-00060203 Albert Einstein when one door of
72g_6gLeVzk-00228-00060204-00060557 happiness closes another opens but often
72g_6gLeVzk-00229-00060558-00060815 we look so long at the closed door that
72g_6gLeVzk-00230-00060816-00061049 we do not see the one which has been
72g_6gLeVzk-00231-00061050-00061229 opened for us
72g_6gLeVzk-00232-00061229-00061565 Albert Einstein win one door of
72g_6gLeVzk-00233-00061566-00061919 happiness closes another opens but often
72g_6gLeVzk-00234-00061920-00062182 we look so long at the closed door that
72g_6gLeVzk-00235-00062183-00062416 we do not see the one which has been
72g_6gLeVzk-00236-00062417-00062591 opened for us
72g_6gLeVzk-00237-00062591-00062948 Albert Einstein
72KjyERoPnQ-00000-00000000-00000250 when sambhavariar came to the front gate
72KjyERoPnQ-00001-00000252-00000647 he called kantham around and said Son
72KjyERoPnQ-00002-00000648-00000833 today our clan has faced an
72KjyERoPnQ-00003-00000834-00001012 unprecedented Danger
72KjyERoPnQ-00004-00001013-00001270 if we want to escape from it you must
72KjyERoPnQ-00005-00001271-00001450 immediately do what I say without any
72KjyERoPnQ-00006-00001451-00001589 hindrance
72KjyERoPnQ-00007-00001590-00001757 Cara caller's death had greatly
72KjyERoPnQ-00008-00001757-00001973 Disturbed kantha Moran
72KjyERoPnQ-00009-00001973-00002207 he also realized how big a mistake it
72KjyERoPnQ-00010-00002208-00002483 was that he wanted to kill van diadiva
72KjyERoPnQ-00011-00002484-00002705 he said father
72KjyERoPnQ-00012-00002706-00002915 this danger has befallen our clan
72KjyERoPnQ-00013-00002916-00003125 because of me who is a fool
72KjyERoPnQ-00014-00003126-00003311 forgive me for that
72KjyERoPnQ-00015-00003311-00003581 I will fulfill whatever you order
72KjyERoPnQ-00016-00003582-00003772 you must leave this Mansion immediately
72KjyERoPnQ-00017-00003773-00003947 without anyone knowing
72KjyERoPnQ-00018-00003947-00004127 you know there is a tunnel that goes
72KjyERoPnQ-00019-00004128-00004415 under the bed in my bedroom right
72KjyERoPnQ-00020-00004416-00004601 it goes from the hunting Hall to the
72KjyERoPnQ-00021-00004602-00004775 wall of this mansion
72KjyERoPnQ-00022-00004776-00004906 father
72KjyERoPnQ-00023-00004907-00005081 are you telling me to leave them alone
72KjyERoPnQ-00024-00005082-00005254 in this predicament and Escape through
72KjyERoPnQ-00025-00005255-00005386 the tunnel
72KjyERoPnQ-00026-00005387-00005585 said can I'm around
72KjyERoPnQ-00027-00005586-00005722 child
72KjyERoPnQ-00028-00005723-00005920 are you forgetting your promise and
72KjyERoPnQ-00029-00005921-00006017 talking
72KjyERoPnQ-00030-00006018-00006251 yes you must go
72KjyERoPnQ-00031-00006252-00006467 you are now the only one left in the
72KjyERoPnQ-00032-00006468-00006689 family of valvelori the leader of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00033-00006690-00006820 column Hills
72KjyERoPnQ-00034-00006822-00007073 if necessary you must go to that
72KjyERoPnQ-00035-00007073-00007259 mountain and live in hiding
72KjyERoPnQ-00036-00007259-00007481 you must return only after I have sent
72KjyERoPnQ-00037-00007481-00007696 you a message making sure that mad
72KjyERoPnQ-00038-00007697-00007955 huarendakath Devar is defeated
72KjyERoPnQ-00039-00007956-00008164 said Samba variar
72KjyERoPnQ-00040-00008165-00008392 forgive me Father
72KjyERoPnQ-00041-00008393-00008585 it is impossible for me to live in
72KjyERoPnQ-00042-00008586-00008699 hiding
72KjyERoPnQ-00043-00008700-00008914 shall the disgrace of such a coward come
72KjyERoPnQ-00044-00008915-00009119 to valvel ori's Clan
72KjyERoPnQ-00045-00009120-00009359 if you ask me to give my life this very
72KjyERoPnQ-00046-00009360-00009551 moment I will
72KjyERoPnQ-00047-00009552-00009767 but I will live in hiding
72KjyERoPnQ-00048-00009768-00009996 said kanamaran
72KjyERoPnQ-00049-00009997-00010192 sambhavariyar thought for a while and
72KjyERoPnQ-00050-00010193-00010360 said Son
72KjyERoPnQ-00051-00010361-00010589 I told you to test you
72KjyERoPnQ-00052-00010590-00010787 you don't like to run away and live in
72KjyERoPnQ-00053-00010788-00010889 hiding
72KjyERoPnQ-00054-00010890-00011009 good
72KjyERoPnQ-00055-00011010-00011195 I'm going to send you on a heroic
72KjyERoPnQ-00056-00011196-00011441 mission where your life is at risk
72KjyERoPnQ-00057-00011442-00011681 get out at once through the tunnel
72KjyERoPnQ-00058-00011682-00011909 but don't go to Kali Hill
72KjyERoPnQ-00059-00011910-00012137 go straight to tanjaver
72KjyERoPnQ-00060-00012138-00012353 great pool of ETA Ray
72KjyERoPnQ-00061-00012354-00012551 he is probably there
72KjyERoPnQ-00062-00012552-00012851 if so tell him what happened here
72KjyERoPnQ-00063-00012852-00013086 if he is not there tell
72KjyERoPnQ-00064-00013087-00013271 chinapalyavatarayar and madhurandic
72KjyERoPnQ-00065-00013272-00013499 davar sir
72KjyERoPnQ-00066-00013500-00013751 let me tell them what happened here
72KjyERoPnQ-00067-00013752-00013955 what is this question
72KjyERoPnQ-00068-00013956-00014116 tell them about the death of Carrie
72KjyERoPnQ-00069-00014118-00014225 kaler
72KjyERoPnQ-00070-00014226-00014416 let them know that what we intended has
72KjyERoPnQ-00071-00014418-00014651 happened differently Carrie Kaylor is
72KjyERoPnQ-00072-00014652-00014741 dead
72KjyERoPnQ-00073-00014741-00014927 this is the right time to Crown mad
72KjyERoPnQ-00074-00014928-00015088 hirand Hagar
72KjyERoPnQ-00075-00015090-00015413 say it must be completely destroyed said
72KjyERoPnQ-00076-00015413-00015575 sambhavariar
72KjyERoPnQ-00077-00015576-00015779 what shall they say when they ask how
72KjyERoPnQ-00078-00015780-00015947 Carrie Taylor died
72KjyERoPnQ-00079-00015947-00016144 said kanamaran
72KjyERoPnQ-00080-00016145-00016349 what else does it say
72KjyERoPnQ-00081-00016350-00016607 that van dye the van of the monkey Clan
72KjyERoPnQ-00082-00016608-00016739 has killed him
72KjyERoPnQ-00083-00016740-00016955 one more important thing
72KjyERoPnQ-00084-00016956-00017177 remember this very well
72KjyERoPnQ-00085-00017178-00017393 van dye the van has returned to the
72KjyERoPnQ-00086-00017394-00017543 country of Elam
72KjyERoPnQ-00087-00017544-00017741 he has seen a real Messiah Deva there
72KjyERoPnQ-00088-00017742-00017993 and then younger prati in polyurai
72KjyERoPnQ-00089-00017994-00018203 there is a news that aroma's heidevan
72KjyERoPnQ-00090-00018204-00018353 has now emerged from hiding in
72KjyERoPnQ-00091-00018354-00018515 nagaipatnam
72KjyERoPnQ-00092-00018516-00018736 dot the rumor that aroma's hithervan
72KjyERoPnQ-00093-00018737-00018929 sent van die the van to kill his brother
72KjyERoPnQ-00094-00018930-00019133 because of his desire to climb the lion
72KjyERoPnQ-00095-00019134-00019391 should be spread in the Chola country
72KjyERoPnQ-00096-00019392-00019600 the suspicion should be raised that the
72KjyERoPnQ-00097-00019601-00019883 younger prati is also complicit in this
72KjyERoPnQ-00098-00019884-00020189 couldn't what they say be true father
72KjyERoPnQ-00099-00020190-00020399 couldn't the traitor van diadiva have
72KjyERoPnQ-00100-00020400-00020549 come to this mansion with such a
72KjyERoPnQ-00101-00020550-00020705 terrible intention
72KjyERoPnQ-00102-00020706-00020950 possibly my son
72KjyERoPnQ-00103-00020951-00021149 but do you want to find out the reason
72KjyERoPnQ-00104-00021150-00021286 for the sudden and mysterious
72KjyERoPnQ-00105-00021287-00021455 disappearance of the young queen of
72KjyERoPnQ-00106-00021456-00021594 palvoir
72KjyERoPnQ-00107-00021595-00021850 valavera and Van diadiva blames her and
72KjyERoPnQ-00108-00021851-00022043 the dangerous people of pandya who were
72KjyERoPnQ-00109-00022044-00022193 her accomplices
72KjyERoPnQ-00110-00022194-00022372 the one who committed the crime will
72KjyERoPnQ-00111-00022373-00022535 blame it on others
72KjyERoPnQ-00112-00022536-00022793 now I understand everything
72KjyERoPnQ-00113-00022794-00022925 father
72KjyERoPnQ-00114-00022926-00023147 the old goddess kunde they never caught
72KjyERoPnQ-00115-00023148-00023357 the young queen of Palio ver
72KjyERoPnQ-00116-00023358-00023543 she must have arranged to kill the
72KjyERoPnQ-00117-00023544-00023722 Carrie kaler and at the same time take
72KjyERoPnQ-00118-00023723-00023963 away the young queen of palvoir
72KjyERoPnQ-00119-00023964-00024208 the first Minister anirudhar also seems
72KjyERoPnQ-00120-00024209-00024389 to be an accomplice
72KjyERoPnQ-00121-00024390-00024605 that is why they are doing this van dye
72KjyERoPnQ-00122-00024606-00024719 the van
72KjyERoPnQ-00123-00024720-00024875 they have sent
72KjyERoPnQ-00124-00024876-00025019 alas
72KjyERoPnQ-00125-00025020-00025205 have you gone astray without knowing
72KjyERoPnQ-00126-00025206-00025325 their trick
72KjyERoPnQ-00127-00025326-00025480 kandamara
72KjyERoPnQ-00128-00025481-00025756 it's no use regretting what's gone
72KjyERoPnQ-00129-00025757-00025990 you have to see what's next
72KjyERoPnQ-00130-00025991-00026177 you leave at once
72KjyERoPnQ-00131-00026177-00026374 before the news of carrigalan's death
72KjyERoPnQ-00132-00026375-00026645 reaches sundara Chola before anyone else
72KjyERoPnQ-00133-00026645-00026902 in tanjore knows it the pale veterans
72KjyERoPnQ-00134-00026904-00027143 and Matt hewandocker must know
72KjyERoPnQ-00135-00027144-00027287 so hurry
72KjyERoPnQ-00136-00027288-00027490 there is a secret tunnel to get into the
72KjyERoPnQ-00137-00027491-00027652 tanjore fort
72KjyERoPnQ-00138-00027654-00027899 you know that don't you
72KjyERoPnQ-00139-00027900-00028073 no no
72KjyERoPnQ-00140-00028074-00028264 then leave at once
72KjyERoPnQ-00141-00028266-00028499 I'm leaving father
72KjyERoPnQ-00142-00028500-00028679 I'm a little worried about my sister
72KjyERoPnQ-00143-00028680-00028889 Mana megali she
72KjyERoPnQ-00144-00028889-00029140 you don't need to worry about that
72KjyERoPnQ-00145-00029141-00029368 I won't let anyone else do the same to
72KjyERoPnQ-00146-00029369-00029543 us as she did to us
72KjyERoPnQ-00147-00029544-00029807 if she tries to do that I will kill her
72KjyERoPnQ-00148-00029808-00029981 with my own hands
72KjyERoPnQ-00149-00029982-00030257 oh that's what I'm worried about
72KjyERoPnQ-00150-00030258-00030455 I'm afraid of their anger
72KjyERoPnQ-00151-00030456-00030568 no
72KjyERoPnQ-00152-00030569-00030820 I know a way to change her mind
72KjyERoPnQ-00153-00030822-00030958 aha
72KjyERoPnQ-00154-00030960-00031145 fate is strange
72KjyERoPnQ-00155-00031145-00031337 at first we thought of giving her in
72KjyERoPnQ-00156-00031338-00031637 marriage to Matt huronic Deva in between
72KjyERoPnQ-00157-00031638-00031840 we changed our minds and intended to
72KjyERoPnQ-00158-00031841-00032068 give her in marriage to Carrie kaler
72KjyERoPnQ-00159-00032069-00032320 Carrie Taylor lies dead today
72KjyERoPnQ-00160-00032322-00032602 fortunately Mana megala's Soul did not
72KjyERoPnQ-00161-00032603-00032711 tell him
72KjyERoPnQ-00162-00032712-00032915 our old the purpose itself is to be
72KjyERoPnQ-00163-00032916-00033029 fulfilled
72KjyERoPnQ-00164-00033030-00033199 but father
72KjyERoPnQ-00165-00033200-00033412 manomegalized Soul seems now to have
72KjyERoPnQ-00166-00033413-00033701 gone to that sand Allen van dye the van
72KjyERoPnQ-00167-00033702-00033961 it's nothing my son
72KjyERoPnQ-00168-00033962-00034162 manomegaly has not yet learned to know
72KjyERoPnQ-00169-00034163-00034307 her own mind
72KjyERoPnQ-00170-00034308-00034511 I will take care of her
72KjyERoPnQ-00171-00034512-00034781 don't you stay here a moment longer
72KjyERoPnQ-00172-00034782-00035002 at that moment kanamaran heard the
72KjyERoPnQ-00173-00035003-00035212 Uproar which had recently Arisen outside
72KjyERoPnQ-00174-00035213-00035423 the walls father
72KjyERoPnQ-00175-00035424-00035579 what is this
72KjyERoPnQ-00176-00035580-00035783 it looks as if the Malayan Army is
72KjyERoPnQ-00177-00035784-00035885 approaching
72KjyERoPnQ-00178-00035886-00036112 what did the old man say when he saw the
72KjyERoPnQ-00179-00036113-00036281 Malayan in the evening
72KjyERoPnQ-00180-00036282-00036431 he asked
72KjyERoPnQ-00181-00036432-00036712 he told me good auspicious news
72KjyERoPnQ-00182-00036713-00036935 the old man was very happy to hear the
72KjyERoPnQ-00183-00036936-00037139 news that Manny Mikala was going to be
72KjyERoPnQ-00184-00037140-00037396 given in marriage to a difficaler
72KjyERoPnQ-00185-00037397-00037649 in the same Mana pandal he had brought
72KjyERoPnQ-00186-00037650-00037811 his daughter's granddaughter to marry
72KjyERoPnQ-00187-00037812-00037895 him
72KjyERoPnQ-00188-00037896-00038099 isn't she beautiful
72KjyERoPnQ-00189-00038100-00038362 when I called to come to the mansion He
72KjyERoPnQ-00190-00038363-00038512 told me that he would come in a good
72KjyERoPnQ-00191-00038513-00038674 mood at dawn tomorrow
72KjyERoPnQ-00192-00038675-00038873 looks like they're celebrating their
72KjyERoPnQ-00193-00038874-00039029 upcoming wedding
72KjyERoPnQ-00194-00039030-00039371 saying this variar smiled
72KjyERoPnQ-00195-00039372-00039611 but the laughter is half gone
72KjyERoPnQ-00196-00039612-00039862 come
72KjyERoPnQ-00197-00039863-00040145 I'll take you down the tunnel and leave
72KjyERoPnQ-00198-00040146-00040402 you mustn't delay a second on the way
72KjyERoPnQ-00199-00040403-00040589 you must earn a horse somewhere along
72KjyERoPnQ-00200-00040590-00040768 the way and hurry away
72KjyERoPnQ-00201-00040769-00040907 said
72KjyERoPnQ-00202-00040908-00041212 Sam bavariyar took a lamp in his hand
72KjyERoPnQ-00203-00041213-00041417 both entered the tunnel
72KjyERoPnQ-00204-00041418-00041596 they walked quickly
72KjyERoPnQ-00205-00041597-00041843 after kanamaran crossed the wall of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00206-00041844-00042071 Mansion sambhavariyar hugged him and
72KjyERoPnQ-00207-00042072-00042239 blessed him and returned
72KjyERoPnQ-00208-00042240-00042437 do you want a light
72KjyERoPnQ-00209-00042438-00042893 when asked can amaran said no father
72KjyERoPnQ-00210-00042894-00043168 I know this way well don't I
72KjyERoPnQ-00211-00043169-00043505 even if I am blindfolded I will go
72KjyERoPnQ-00212-00043506-00043643 he said
72KjyERoPnQ-00213-00043644-00043829 after he disappeared into the tunnel
72KjyERoPnQ-00214-00043830-00044033 sambhavaria returned
72KjyERoPnQ-00215-00044034-00044302 on the way he entered the hunting Hall
72KjyERoPnQ-00216-00044303-00044507 he asked if there was any noise in the
72KjyERoPnQ-00217-00044508-00044621 Next Room
72KjyERoPnQ-00218-00044622-00044812 didn't hear anything
72KjyERoPnQ-00219-00044813-00045046 he hesitated for a moment
72KjyERoPnQ-00220-00045047-00045280 then as if he had come to a final
72KjyERoPnQ-00221-00045281-00045496 decision he sighed
72KjyERoPnQ-00222-00045497-00045755 he stirred the lamp well placed it where
72KjyERoPnQ-00223-00045756-00045940 it should be and hurried back
72KjyERoPnQ-00224-00045941-00046174 when Sam bavariar went back to the fort
72KjyERoPnQ-00225-00046175-00046493 he gathered all the parat women together
72KjyERoPnQ-00226-00046494-00046727 they were all already distraught
72KjyERoPnQ-00227-00046728-00046943 they somehow knew about caracallan's
72KjyERoPnQ-00228-00046944-00047146 death after hearing about manameikalai
72KjyERoPnQ-00229-00047147-00047380 who was brought to a puram by kanarang
72KjyERoPnQ-00230-00047381-00047590 kambala and kandamaran
72KjyERoPnQ-00231-00047591-00047740 ladies
72KjyERoPnQ-00232-00047741-00048052 a great Calamity has befallen our clan
72KjyERoPnQ-00233-00048053-00048257 you must be ready to leave this Mansion
72KjyERoPnQ-00234-00048258-00048395 at any moment
72KjyERoPnQ-00235-00048396-00048605 you must be brave enough to spend time
72KjyERoPnQ-00236-00048606-00048857 in the mountains rather than many days
72KjyERoPnQ-00237-00048858-00049162 come all of you with your garments and
72KjyERoPnQ-00238-00049163-00049462 ornaments and come to nila's Courtyard
72KjyERoPnQ-00239-00049463-00049667 when there is a cry or a lamentation
72KjyERoPnQ-00240-00049668-00049817 Monk
72KjyERoPnQ-00241-00049818-00049996 don't even ask
72KjyERoPnQ-00242-00049997-00050123 you know
72KjyERoPnQ-00243-00050124-00050285 warn that
72KjyERoPnQ-00244-00050286-00050512 then Sam bavariar came to the front door
72KjyERoPnQ-00245-00050513-00050662 of the palace
72KjyERoPnQ-00246-00050663-00050879 he wanted to climb the front door Tower
72KjyERoPnQ-00247-00050880-00051071 and find out what was all the commotion
72KjyERoPnQ-00248-00051072-00051196 outside
72KjyERoPnQ-00249-00051197-00051473 he did not have time to do so for just
72KjyERoPnQ-00250-00051474-00051642 as he was approaching the front door
72KjyERoPnQ-00251-00051644-00051892 soldiers from outside broke down the
72KjyERoPnQ-00252-00051894-00052144 gates of the fort and came stumbling in
72KjyERoPnQ-00253-00052145-00052366 The Gatekeepers tried to stop them and
72KjyERoPnQ-00254-00052367-00052492 fell down
72KjyERoPnQ-00255-00052494-00052607 had
72KjyERoPnQ-00256-00052608-00052871 apart from this soldiers were entering
72KjyERoPnQ-00257-00052872-00053147 the fort by climbing over the ramparts
72KjyERoPnQ-00258-00053148-00053365 there was great panic and confusion in
72KjyERoPnQ-00259-00053366-00053549 sambhavariar's heart
72KjyERoPnQ-00260-00053550-00053729 did malayamon know the news of
72KjyERoPnQ-00261-00053729-00053987 carrigalan's murder what
72KjyERoPnQ-00262-00053988-00054209 how do you know within this
72KjyERoPnQ-00263-00054210-00054449 if you know let me know
72KjyERoPnQ-00264-00054450-00054635 should know anyway
72KjyERoPnQ-00265-00054636-00054821 but they should be delayed here for some
72KjyERoPnQ-00266-00054822-00054916 time
72KjyERoPnQ-00267-00054917-00055204 a delay of half an hour is sufficient
72KjyERoPnQ-00268-00055205-00055379 by then Our intention will be
72KjyERoPnQ-00269-00055379-00055530 accomplished
72KjyERoPnQ-00270-00055532-00055715 sambhavariyar went to the middle of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00271-00055716-00055925 Nila Courtyard between the fort gate and
72KjyERoPnQ-00272-00055926-00056063 the front of the palace and stood
72KjyERoPnQ-00273-00056064-00056200 majestically
72KjyERoPnQ-00274-00056201-00056476 a sharp sword flashed in his hand
72KjyERoPnQ-00275-00056477-00056699 behind him stood seven or eight soldiers
72KjyERoPnQ-00276-00056700-00056915 holding long shafts
72KjyERoPnQ-00277-00056916-00057100 some of them were holding torches in
72KjyERoPnQ-00278-00057101-00057253 their hands
72KjyERoPnQ-00279-00057254-00057479 thyrocovalor malayamon and partha
72KjyERoPnQ-00280-00057479-00057676 pendran came following the Warriors who
72KjyERoPnQ-00281-00057677-00057947 came forward by breaking down the gates
72KjyERoPnQ-00282-00057948-00058175 seeing sambhavariyar standing in the
72KjyERoPnQ-00283-00058176-00058426 middle of Nila yard parthupendra pointed
72KjyERoPnQ-00284-00058427-00058613 him out to malayaman
72KjyERoPnQ-00285-00058614-00058907 both of them came towards variar
72KjyERoPnQ-00286-00058908-00059237 as he approached malayaman said Sam
72KjyERoPnQ-00287-00059238-00059375 Bavaria
72KjyERoPnQ-00288-00059376-00059554 what is this I hear
72KjyERoPnQ-00289-00059555-00059788 will you do such a mischief
72KjyERoPnQ-00290-00059789-00059909 oko
72KjyERoPnQ-00291-00059910-00060071 what is this
72KjyERoPnQ-00292-00060072-00060263 you are standing with a sword in your
72KjyERoPnQ-00293-00060264-00060359 hand
72KjyERoPnQ-00294-00060360-00060557 what is your intention
72KjyERoPnQ-00295-00060558-00060737 he kept asking
72KjyERoPnQ-00296-00060738-00061013 I stopped to ask you that question
72KjyERoPnQ-00297-00061014-00061204 what is your intention
72KjyERoPnQ-00298-00061205-00061397 what was the purpose of breaking down
72KjyERoPnQ-00299-00061398-00061523 the door
72KjyERoPnQ-00300-00061524-00061787 I came a little earlier and called them
72KjyERoPnQ-00301-00061788-00062003 you told me to come and look for a good
72KjyERoPnQ-00302-00062004-00062153 day tomorrow
72KjyERoPnQ-00303-00062154-00062309 Sam Bavaria
72KjyERoPnQ-00304-00062310-00062579 Good Fortune has come now that is why I
72KjyERoPnQ-00305-00062579-00062687 have come
72KjyERoPnQ-00306-00062688-00062963 where is out of the Carrie Kalin where
72KjyERoPnQ-00307-00062964-00063215 is the brave pandian-headed Warrior
72KjyERoPnQ-00308-00063216-00063407 where is the Conqueror of the saberb
72KjyERoPnQ-00309-00063408-00063526 battlefield
72KjyERoPnQ-00310-00063527-00063730 where is my grandson
72KjyERoPnQ-00311-00063732-00063947 asked malayaman
72KjyERoPnQ-00312-00063948-00064247 if you ask me what do I know
72KjyERoPnQ-00313-00064248-00064492 he will be where the prince pleases
72KjyERoPnQ-00314-00064494-00064697 did I tell you before that I will not
72KjyERoPnQ-00315-00064698-00064975 hold any conversation with that rascal
72KjyERoPnQ-00316-00064976-00065200 parthapendra knows that too
72KjyERoPnQ-00317-00065201-00065399 osamboverya
72KjyERoPnQ-00318-00065400-00065621 don't try to deceive Us by making such
72KjyERoPnQ-00319-00065622-00065788 vain excuses
72KjyERoPnQ-00320-00065789-00066059 bring attitan immediately and hand him
72KjyERoPnQ-00321-00066060-00066197 over to us
72KjyERoPnQ-00322-00066198-00066473 otherwise I will demolish this castle of
72KjyERoPnQ-00323-00066474-00066706 yours and destroy it with dust
72KjyERoPnQ-00324-00066707-00067009 roared thyroco Valor malayamon
72KjyERoPnQ-00325-00067010-00067175 parthapendra
72KjyERoPnQ-00326-00067176-00067438 what is this old man mad about
72KjyERoPnQ-00327-00067439-00067667 has he suddenly gone mad
72KjyERoPnQ-00328-00067668-00067847 who am I to bring the prince and
72KjyERoPnQ-00329-00067848-00068003 surrender him to him
72KjyERoPnQ-00330-00068004-00068279 who is he am I holding the prince
72KjyERoPnQ-00331-00068280-00068399 captive
72KjyERoPnQ-00332-00068400-00068573 or is he going to take the prince
72KjyERoPnQ-00333-00068574-00068705 captive
72KjyERoPnQ-00334-00068706-00068909 said variar
72KjyERoPnQ-00335-00068910-00069191 parthapendra said in a gentle voice Sam
72KjyERoPnQ-00336-00069192-00069323 Bavaria
72KjyERoPnQ-00337-00069324-00069479 don't panic
72KjyERoPnQ-00338-00069480-00069767 the old man has a reason to be angry
72KjyERoPnQ-00339-00069768-00069947 look at this leaf
72KjyERoPnQ-00340-00069948-00070181 you will know for yourselves
72KjyERoPnQ-00341-00070182-00070481 saying that sambhavariyar gave it to his
72KjyERoPnQ-00342-00070482-00070576 hand
72KjyERoPnQ-00343-00070577-00070781 he got a good look at it by the Light of
72KjyERoPnQ-00344-00070782-00070973 the torch held behind it
72KjyERoPnQ-00345-00070974-00071213 Prince aditha karagaland's life is in
72KjyERoPnQ-00346-00071214-00071303 danger
72KjyERoPnQ-00347-00071304-00071482 please come and save him immediately
72KjyERoPnQ-00348-00071483-00071753 with troops the leaf had written
72KjyERoPnQ-00349-00071754-00072047 while reading it Sam bavariar's face was
72KjyERoPnQ-00350-00072048-00072155 sweating
72KjyERoPnQ-00351-00072156-00072394 just as Cara caller's body had trembled
72KjyERoPnQ-00352-00072395-00072569 at the site of caracalor's dead body
72KjyERoPnQ-00353-00072570-00072815 earlier so was it now
72KjyERoPnQ-00354-00072816-00072971 what a plot
72KjyERoPnQ-00355-00072972-00073156 what a conspiracy
72KjyERoPnQ-00356-00073157-00073343 who could have written such a piece of
72KjyERoPnQ-00357-00073344-00073450 paper
72KjyERoPnQ-00358-00073451-00073600 he stumbled
72KjyERoPnQ-00359-00073601-00073829 what if whoever wrote the letter
72KjyERoPnQ-00360-00073830-00074032 bring out of the carry kaler here at
72KjyERoPnQ-00361-00074033-00074123 once
72KjyERoPnQ-00362-00074124-00074356 or take us to where he is
72KjyERoPnQ-00363-00074357-00074669 otherwise shall I ask my soldiers to
72KjyERoPnQ-00364-00074670-00074819 leave and search
72KjyERoPnQ-00365-00074820-00075017 asked malayaman
72KjyERoPnQ-00366-00075018-00075221 well sir
72KjyERoPnQ-00367-00075222-00075437 I am going to take you to where Carrie
72KjyERoPnQ-00368-00075438-00075576 kaler is
72KjyERoPnQ-00369-00075577-00075737 parthapendra
72KjyERoPnQ-00370-00075738-00075917 you know the place
72KjyERoPnQ-00371-00075918-00076085 I learned a little while ago that
72KjyERoPnQ-00372-00076086-00076276 paliover has gone to the Palace of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00373-00076277-00076403 young Queen
72KjyERoPnQ-00374-00076404-00076619 take him there yourself
72KjyERoPnQ-00375-00076620-00076829 said sambhavariar
72KjyERoPnQ-00376-00076830-00077219 parthupendra said yes grandfather
72KjyERoPnQ-00377-00077220-00077344 come
72KjyERoPnQ-00378-00077345-00077555 I'll take you myself
72KjyERoPnQ-00379-00077556-00077693 he said
72KjyERoPnQ-00380-00077694-00077981 after saying this partha pendran looked
72KjyERoPnQ-00381-00077982-00078232 towards andapuram where is Irani nandini
72KjyERoPnQ-00382-00078233-00078388 was staying
72KjyERoPnQ-00383-00078389-00078473 ouch
72KjyERoPnQ-00384-00078474-00078629 what is this
72KjyERoPnQ-00385-00078630-00078779 he screamed
72KjyERoPnQ-00386-00078780-00079091 because as far as he could see the fire
72KjyERoPnQ-00387-00079092-00079235 was burning
72KjyERoPnQ-00388-00079236-00079456 a thick layer of black smoke hung above
72KjyERoPnQ-00389-00079457-00079631 the Embers of the fire
72KjyERoPnQ-00390-00079632-00079817 everyone looked in the direction he
72KjyERoPnQ-00391-00079818-00079925 looked
72KjyERoPnQ-00392-00079926-00080182 fire
72KjyERoPnQ-00393-00080183-00080429 a panic sound emanated from everyone's
72KjyERoPnQ-00394-00080430-00080532 ears
72KjyERoPnQ-00395-00080533-00080891 parthapendra a little stunned said Sam
72KjyERoPnQ-00396-00080892-00081011 Bavaria
72KjyERoPnQ-00397-00081012-00081299 at first I did not believe this leaf
72KjyERoPnQ-00398-00081300-00081455 now I do
72KjyERoPnQ-00399-00081456-00081700 some Intrigue and conspiracy has taken
72KjyERoPnQ-00400-00081701-00081803 place
72KjyERoPnQ-00401-00081804-00081935 Pata
72KjyERoPnQ-00402-00081936-00082156 tell these conspirators to be imprisoned
72KjyERoPnQ-00403-00082157-00082271 immediately
72KjyERoPnQ-00404-00082272-00082450 I will go and look for the prince's
72KjyERoPnQ-00405-00082451-00082679 whereabouts and bring him back
72KjyERoPnQ-00406-00082680-00082867 he said that
72KjyERoPnQ-00407-00082868-00083093 sambhavariyar said again in his old bold
72KjyERoPnQ-00408-00083094-00083411 voice yes parthapendra
72KjyERoPnQ-00409-00083412-00083549 there have been intrigues and
72KjyERoPnQ-00410-00083550-00083705 conspiracies
72KjyERoPnQ-00411-00083706-00083944 but you are the ones who have done it
72KjyERoPnQ-00412-00083945-00084155 you have broken down the door of my
72KjyERoPnQ-00413-00084156-00084250 Palace
72KjyERoPnQ-00414-00084251-00084455 you have ordered your soldiers to set
72KjyERoPnQ-00415-00084456-00084611 fire to the AV
72KjyERoPnQ-00416-00084612-00084887 if there is any danger to the prince it
72KjyERoPnQ-00417-00084888-00085049 must have been yours
72KjyERoPnQ-00418-00085050-00085181 beware
72KjyERoPnQ-00419-00085182-00085385 there will be a time of Revenge for all
72KjyERoPnQ-00420-00085386-00085475 this
72KjyERoPnQ-00421-00085476-00085600 said
72KjyERoPnQ-00422-00085601-00085835 parthapendra ignored his words and ran
72KjyERoPnQ-00423-00085836-00085931 away
72KjyERoPnQ-00424-00085932-00086182 at the same time a group of women of
72KjyERoPnQ-00425-00086183-00086387 sambhavariyar family came from inside
72KjyERoPnQ-00426-00086388-00086591 the Mansion to Nila yard
72KjyERoPnQ-00427-00086592-00086794 their facial expressions showed their
72KjyERoPnQ-00428-00086795-00086915 confusion
72KjyERoPnQ-00429-00086916-00087119 but not a whimper or whimper was heard
72KjyERoPnQ-00430-00087120-00087299 from anyone's voice
72KjyERoPnQ-00431-00087300-00087503 some of them had their attention drawn
72KjyERoPnQ-00432-00087504-00087676 to a spot of light at the back of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00433-00087677-00087773 mansion
72KjyERoPnQ-00434-00087774-00087953 they hugged each other and pointed to
72KjyERoPnQ-00435-00087954-00088294 the blazing fire manomegali also saw it
72KjyERoPnQ-00436-00088295-00088456 at once so
72KjyERoPnQ-00437-00088457-00088721 fire
72KjyERoPnQ-00438-00088722-00088894 there he is
72KjyERoPnQ-00439-00088895-00089093 she screamed and started running towards
72KjyERoPnQ-00440-00089094-00089244 that direction
72KjyERoPnQ-00441-00089245-00089561 sambhavaria interrupted and stopped her
72KjyERoPnQ-00442-00089562-00089812 he gave her a slap on the face
72KjyERoPnQ-00443-00089813-00090071 manamega lie who had never been treated
72KjyERoPnQ-00444-00090072-00090341 like this since birth Samba variyar's
72KjyERoPnQ-00445-00090342-00090581 darling manamega lie stood staring at
72KjyERoPnQ-00446-00090582-00090721 her father
72KjyERoPnQ-00447-00090722-00090953 sambhoveryar said in a slightly pitiful
72KjyERoPnQ-00448-00090954-00091162 voice stupid girl
72KjyERoPnQ-00449-00091163-00091361 I warned you before
72KjyERoPnQ-00450-00091362-00091582 why do you make me angry
72KjyERoPnQ-00451-00091583-00091799 and said look
72KjyERoPnQ-00452-00091800-00091991 know that there is no need to run away
72KjyERoPnQ-00453-00091992-00092111 screaming
72KjyERoPnQ-00454-00092112-00092243 said
72KjyERoPnQ-00455-00092244-00092459 van dye the van was coming from the
72KjyERoPnQ-00456-00092460-00092729 direction indicated by Sam bavariar
72KjyERoPnQ-00457-00092730-00092944 aditha Kari Kalin carried the lifeless
72KjyERoPnQ-00458-00092945-00093125 body on his shoulder
72KjyERoPnQ-00459-00093126-00093323 having focused on the discussion between
72KjyERoPnQ-00460-00093324-00093623 sambuvari and his daughter malayamon now
72KjyERoPnQ-00461-00093624-00093838 turned to Van dye the van
72KjyERoPnQ-00462-00093839-00094085 he stood staring blankly as he staggered
72KjyERoPnQ-00463-00094086-00094235 over and carried someone on his
72KjyERoPnQ-00464-00094236-00094349 shoulders
72KjyERoPnQ-00465-00094350-00094618 somehow his senile body trembled
72KjyERoPnQ-00466-00094619-00094882 there was a kind of horror inside
72KjyERoPnQ-00467-00094883-00095075 he looked at the person who came close
72KjyERoPnQ-00468-00095076-00095321 to him and wanted to ask something
72KjyERoPnQ-00469-00095322-00095518 but I didn't wake up
72KjyERoPnQ-00470-00095519-00095776 the throat is completely blocked
72KjyERoPnQ-00471-00095777-00095987 van dye the van came near him while
72KjyERoPnQ-00472-00095988-00096185 looking at malayaman
72KjyERoPnQ-00473-00096186-00096317 sir
72KjyERoPnQ-00474-00096318-00096550 here is Prince Carrie kaler
72KjyERoPnQ-00475-00096551-00096761 I could not bring this warrior with the
72KjyERoPnQ-00476-00096762-00096988 head of veerapandian to them alive
72KjyERoPnQ-00477-00096989-00097259 I brought only his body unburnt
72KjyERoPnQ-00478-00097260-00097475 now you acknowledge your grandson who
72KjyERoPnQ-00479-00097476-00097715 was killed by fate and conspiracy
72KjyERoPnQ-00480-00097716-00098015 after saying that van dye the van slowly
72KjyERoPnQ-00481-00098016-00098188 lowered the corpse of Prince Carrie
72KjyERoPnQ-00482-00098189-00098399 Taylor down and laid it down
72KjyERoPnQ-00483-00098400-00098585 he immediately fell down and lost
72KjyERoPnQ-00484-00098586-00098735 consciousness
72KjyERoPnQ-00485-00098736-00098981 old malayamon sat next to the prince's
72KjyERoPnQ-00486-00098982-00099088 body
72KjyERoPnQ-00487-00099089-00099400 he stared at his heroic face for a while
72KjyERoPnQ-00488-00099401-00099629 suddenly his whole body shook like a
72KjyERoPnQ-00489-00099630-00099767 mountain shaking
72KjyERoPnQ-00490-00099768-00099911 alas
72KjyERoPnQ-00491-00099912-00100187 from his throat like the Roar of the sea
72KjyERoPnQ-00492-00100188-00100385 came a sad voice
72KjyERoPnQ-00493-00100386-00100588 he alternately beat the head and chest
72KjyERoPnQ-00494-00100589-00100829 with his iron-clad old hands
72KjyERoPnQ-00495-00100830-00100973 my wealth
72KjyERoPnQ-00496-00100974-00101255 I have come to see you in manakalam
72KjyERoPnQ-00497-00101256-00101531 I see you in pinnacleum he screamed
72KjyERoPnQ-00498-00101532-00101735 trembling in all directions
72KjyERoPnQ-00499-00101736-00102023 later amuta barang lamented the events
72KjyERoPnQ-00500-00102024-00102167 that had happened since the birth of
72KjyERoPnQ-00501-00102168-00102341 adificary gallon
72KjyERoPnQ-00502-00102342-00102544 he mentioned the celebrations on his
72KjyERoPnQ-00503-00102545-00102658 birthday
72KjyERoPnQ-00504-00102659-00102910 he cried as he played on his lap arms
72KjyERoPnQ-00505-00102911-00103132 and shoulders as a child
72KjyERoPnQ-00506-00103133-00103330 he told him all that he had taught him
72KjyERoPnQ-00507-00103331-00103528 to throw and fight with his sword
72KjyERoPnQ-00508-00103529-00103871 in the 16th Priya a saga recited One By
72KjyERoPnQ-00509-00103872-00104075 One The heroic Deeds he had performed on
72KjyERoPnQ-00510-00104076-00104344 the battlefield of Siva oh
72KjyERoPnQ-00511-00104345-00104560 shouldn't you have died in those heroic
72KjyERoPnQ-00512-00104561-00104740 battles with the pandians and attained
72KjyERoPnQ-00513-00104741-00104890 the hero's heaven
72KjyERoPnQ-00514-00104891-00105053 you must have fallen a prey to the
72KjyERoPnQ-00515-00105054-00105275 intrigues of this sand Allen sambavarian
72KjyERoPnQ-00516-00105276-00105454 and his conspirators
72KjyERoPnQ-00517-00105455-00105743 alas did I send you myself to be his
72KjyERoPnQ-00518-00105744-00105845 guest
72KjyERoPnQ-00519-00105846-00106001 I am old
72KjyERoPnQ-00520-00106002-00106181 thinking that you want friends here
72KjyERoPnQ-00521-00106182-00106366 Yvonne did you send your daughter
72KjyERoPnQ-00522-00106367-00106595 believing that if you marry she will be
72KjyERoPnQ-00523-00106596-00106810 in your party did you send her as a
72KjyERoPnQ-00524-00106811-00106984 guest to yama's house thinking that she
72KjyERoPnQ-00525-00106985-00107249 would send her to Sam bavarian's house
72KjyERoPnQ-00526-00107250-00107465 am I not the evil one
72KjyERoPnQ-00527-00107466-00107710 am I not the one who killed you
72KjyERoPnQ-00528-00107711-00107963 saying that he hit his head again and
72KjyERoPnQ-00529-00107964-00108058 again
72KjyERoPnQ-00530-00108059-00108275 then he suddenly got rid of his sadness
72KjyERoPnQ-00531-00108276-00108466 and reached Roth arakara and looked
72KjyERoPnQ-00532-00108467-00108581 around
72KjyERoPnQ-00533-00108582-00108910 8 sambhavaria tell me the truth
72KjyERoPnQ-00534-00108911-00109102 how did the prince die
72KjyERoPnQ-00535-00109103-00109307 what trick did you play
72KjyERoPnQ-00536-00109308-00109510 even if Devendra himself came and
72KjyERoPnQ-00537-00109511-00109745 resisted you could not have defeated him
72KjyERoPnQ-00538-00109746-00109901 face to face
72KjyERoPnQ-00539-00109902-00110177 how many men did you send against him
72KjyERoPnQ-00540-00110178-00110357 where did they hide and how did they
72KjyERoPnQ-00541-00110358-00110531 kill this Brave Warrior
72KjyERoPnQ-00542-00110532-00110723 tell me the truth
72KjyERoPnQ-00543-00110724-00110893 he roared
72KjyERoPnQ-00544-00110894-00111154 sambhavariyar also angrily said old
72KjyERoPnQ-00545-00111155-00111251 woman
72KjyERoPnQ-00546-00111252-00111497 I am waiting for your old age
72KjyERoPnQ-00547-00111498-00111689 I know as much as you know how the
72KjyERoPnQ-00548-00111690-00111815 prince died
72KjyERoPnQ-00549-00111816-00112060 the prince has brought the corpse if you
72KjyERoPnQ-00550-00112061-00112354 ask him he will probably tell
72KjyERoPnQ-00551-00112355-00112589 what is the use of asking me
72KjyERoPnQ-00552-00112590-00112708 said
72KjyERoPnQ-00553-00112709-00112823 I
72KjyERoPnQ-00554-00112824-00113015 this has happened while I am your guest
72KjyERoPnQ-00555-00113016-00113171 in your Palace
72KjyERoPnQ-00556-00113172-00113410 you speak as if you know nothing
72KjyERoPnQ-00557-00113411-00113597 who will believe this
72KjyERoPnQ-00558-00113598-00113902 well when Emperor sundara Shola hears
72KjyERoPnQ-00559-00113903-00114125 you tell him this reply
72KjyERoPnQ-00560-00114126-00114275 soldiers
72KjyERoPnQ-00561-00114276-00114533 imprison this sambavarian
72KjyERoPnQ-00562-00114533-00114851 demolish his Palace wall and floor
72KjyERoPnQ-00563-00114852-00115060 the old man commanded in a thunderous
72KjyERoPnQ-00564-00115061-00115169 voice
72KjyERoPnQ-00565-00115170-00115433 parthapendra who had returned just then
72KjyERoPnQ-00566-00115433-00115793 looked at malayaman and said sir
72KjyERoPnQ-00567-00115794-00116027 we have no responsibility to destroy
72KjyERoPnQ-00568-00116028-00116152 this mansion
72KjyERoPnQ-00569-00116153-00116399 Lord agne has done the work
72KjyERoPnQ-00570-00116400-00116560 look at that
72KjyERoPnQ-00571-00116561-00116713 he said
72KjyERoPnQ-00572-00116714-00116921 malayaman looked and saw that the fire
72KjyERoPnQ-00573-00116922-00117119 which had been seen earlier in a corner
72KjyERoPnQ-00574-00117120-00117269 of the Great Mansion was spreading
72KjyERoPnQ-00575-00117270-00117383 rapidly
72KjyERoPnQ-00576-00117383-00117647 he saw that apparundi which had grown
72KjyERoPnQ-00577-00117648-00117808 gigantic and burned up in the sky
72KjyERoPnQ-00578-00117809-00118078 devoured the roofed houses Machu
72KjyERoPnQ-00579-00118079-00118295 cushions and gapura Colossus and rushed
72KjyERoPnQ-00580-00118296-00118457 forward with its thousand and ten
72KjyERoPnQ-00581-00118458-00118631 thousand red tongues stretched out in
72KjyERoPnQ-00582-00118632-00118828 search of more and more prey
72KjyERoPnQ-00583-00118829-00119110 he also saw the soldiers of thyrocovalor
72KjyERoPnQ-00584-00119111-00119284 standing in awe as they saw the horrible
72KjyERoPnQ-00585-00119285-00119386 scene
72KjyERoPnQ-00586-00119388-00119597 okay okay
72KjyERoPnQ-00587-00119598-00119884 Lord Agni has accepted our work
72KjyERoPnQ-00588-00119885-00120251 well done parthapendra let's leave at
72KjyERoPnQ-00589-00120252-00120334 once
72KjyERoPnQ-00590-00120335-00120586 emperor sundarashola of the three worlds
72KjyERoPnQ-00591-00120588-00120760 has been telling me for three years to
72KjyERoPnQ-00592-00120761-00120928 see his eldest son
72KjyERoPnQ-00593-00120929-00121151 my daughter vanamatavi has been sending
72KjyERoPnQ-00594-00121152-00121336 me advice after advice to bring the
72KjyERoPnQ-00595-00121338-00121439 prince
72KjyERoPnQ-00596-00121440-00121625 let them see the dead body of the
72KjyERoPnQ-00597-00121626-00121852 lifeless Prince for the last time
72KjyERoPnQ-00598-00121853-00122069 let us not let the body of this Valiant
72KjyERoPnQ-00599-00122070-00122254 hero fall prey to the fire that has
72KjyERoPnQ-00600-00122255-00122404 engulfed The House of the sandal
72KjyERoPnQ-00601-00122405-00122560 sambavarian
72KjyERoPnQ-00602-00122561-00122807 let us take it to tanjaver
72KjyERoPnQ-00603-00122808-00123119 let us take it to the emperor's sanithan
72KjyERoPnQ-00604-00123120-00123452 said Malay Amman
73aO2Ou5ruk-00000-00000071-00000684 foreign
73aO2Ou5ruk-00001-00000685-00000965 worldwide international travel is
73aO2Ou5ruk-00002-00000966-00001211 increasing again
73aO2Ou5ruk-00003-00001212-00001457 so being prepared for diagnosing and
73aO2Ou5ruk-00004-00001458-00001660 managing tropical important diseases is
73aO2Ou5ruk-00005-00001661-00001901 very important now taking into account
73aO2Ou5ruk-00006-00001902-00002207 how quickly neo-emerging diseases can
73aO2Ou5ruk-00007-00002208-00002471 spread worldwide with mobilization and
73aO2Ou5ruk-00008-00002472-00002710 international travel
73aO2Ou5ruk-00009-00002711-00002921 and migrant health is an important part
73aO2Ou5ruk-00010-00002922-00003125 of this course since many of the
73aO2Ou5ruk-00011-00003126-00003304 tropical diseases tropical imported
73aO2Ou5ruk-00012-00003305-00003604 diseases are diagnosed in migrant
73aO2Ou5ruk-00013-00003605-00003809 populations living in our countries in
73aO2Ou5ruk-00014-00003810-00003970 Europe for example or in the United
73aO2Ou5ruk-00015-00003971-00004181 States and some of them are chronic
73aO2Ou5ruk-00016-00004182-00004319 diseases that deserve special
73aO2Ou5ruk-00017-00004320-00004486 considerations such as for example
73aO2Ou5ruk-00018-00004487-00004865 chaga's disease or strongly advisors
73aO2Ou5ruk-00019-00004866-00005038 and also an important part of this
73aO2Ou5ruk-00020-00005039-00005411 course will be to learn how to protect
73aO2Ou5ruk-00021-00005412-00005668 Travelers going to these endemic
73aO2Ou5ruk-00022-00005669-00005872 countries to be better prepared for this
73aO2Ou5ruk-00023-00005873-00006047 kind of infectious diseases while they
73aO2Ou5ruk-00024-00006048-00006227 are traveling for example how to be
73aO2Ou5ruk-00025-00006228-00006448 prepared with chemo prophylaxis or with
73aO2Ou5ruk-00026-00006450-00006641 different vaccines or with different
73aO2Ou5ruk-00027-00006642-00006887 strategies that prevent infection while
73aO2Ou5ruk-00028-00006888-00007142 traveling
74NKg3bMdqk-00000-00000052-00000309 the Venizelos tetiny agreement was a
74NKg3bMdqk-00001-00000310-00000554 secret non-binding agreement between the
74NKg3bMdqk-00002-00000555-00000788 prime minister of greece Eleftherios
74NKg3bMdqk-00003-00000789-00001037 Venizelos and the italian Minister of
74NKg3bMdqk-00004-00001038-00001140 Foreign Affairs
74NKg3bMdqk-00005-00001141-00001487 Tommaso T Toni in July 1919 during the
74NKg3bMdqk-00006-00001488-00002140 Paris Peace Conference
74NKg3bMdqk-00007-00002141-00002689 topic main terms
74NKg3bMdqk-00008-00002690-00002905 the agreement was an effort to achieve
74NKg3bMdqk-00009-00002906-00003106 an agreement about the conflicting
74NKg3bMdqk-00010-00003107-00003384 territorial claims of the two countries
74NKg3bMdqk-00011-00003385-00003670 Greece pledge to support the Italian
74NKg3bMdqk-00012-00003671-00003886 claims over Vlore and the establishment
74NKg3bMdqk-00013-00003886-00004144 of an Italian Protectorate over Albania
74NKg3bMdqk-00014-00004145-00004465 in Asia Minor Greece would support the
74NKg3bMdqk-00015-00004466-00004678 Italian claims over the parts of the
74NKg3bMdqk-00016-00004679-00004894 Sanj acts of Aden and mentor che which
74NKg3bMdqk-00017-00004895-00005097 were not already captured by the Greek
74NKg3bMdqk-00018-00005098-00005446 army a line of demarcation between Greek
74NKg3bMdqk-00019-00005447-00005659 and Italian zones was drawn in the
74NKg3bMdqk-00020-00005660-00005971 meander River Valley Greece would secure
74NKg3bMdqk-00021-00005972-00006211 also for Italy a free zone at the port
74NKg3bMdqk-00022-00006212-00006427 of smyrna under greek administration
74NKg3bMdqk-00023-00006428-00006817 from may 1919 italy pledged to support
74NKg3bMdqk-00024-00006818-00007033 the greek territorial claims over
74NKg3bMdqk-00025-00007034-00007252 northern epirus and transfer the
74NKg3bMdqk-00026-00007253-00007459 Dodecanese to greece except for the
74NKg3bMdqk-00027-00007459-00007636 island of rhodes which would remain
74NKg3bMdqk-00028-00007637-00007897 under italian rule until such time as
74NKg3bMdqk-00029-00007898-00008098 cyprus would be ceded to greece by
74NKg3bMdqk-00030-00008098-00008323 britain at which time a referendum would
74NKg3bMdqk-00031-00008324-00009005 be held for union with Greece
74NKg3bMdqk-00032-00009006-00009541 topic developments
74NKg3bMdqk-00033-00009542-00009928 in January 1920 Venizelos made known the
74NKg3bMdqk-00034-00009929-00010156 agreement to the supreme Allied Council
74NKg3bMdqk-00035-00010157-00010492 with no negative reaction the stance of
74NKg3bMdqk-00036-00010493-00010807 Italy changed in July 1920 when the new
74NKg3bMdqk-00037-00010808-00011038 Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
74NKg3bMdqk-00038-00011039-00011281 Carlos Forza with a secret note to the
74NKg3bMdqk-00039-00011282-00011523 Greek government renounced the agreement
74NKg3bMdqk-00040-00011524-00011799 formally the agreement was renounced by
74NKg3bMdqk-00041-00011800-00012545 Italy on August 1922
74NKg3bMdqk-00042-00012546-00013080 topic see also
74NKg3bMdqk-00043-00013081-00013494 zone of smyrna treaty of sèvres
74NKg3bMdqk-00044-00013494-00013762 partition of albania
74NKg3bMdqk-00045-00013763-00014131 partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
76ppSTbYQMA-00000-00000096-00000335 feel the chill in the air tonight
76ppSTbYQMA-00001-00000336-00000599 reapers never didn't know i can't
76ppSTbYQMA-00002-00000600-00000807 forgive what i can't make right i'm a
76ppSTbYQMA-00003-00000808-00001070 girl i'm a gup gup gup gup ghost
76ppSTbYQMA-00004-00001071-00001319 shoot to kill i might take your lie
76ppSTbYQMA-00005-00001320-00002274 always numb i don't feel alright
76ppSTbYQMA-00006-00002275-00003939 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00007-00003940-00004283 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00008-00004284-00005391 go
76ppSTbYQMA-00009-00005392-00005633 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00010-00005634-00005688 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00011-00005689-00007083 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00012-00007084-00007623 me
76ppSTbYQMA-00014-00011284-00011431 do
76ppSTbYQMA-00015-00011432-00011953 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00016-00011954-00012057 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00017-00012058-00014083 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00018-00014084-00014185 yes
76ppSTbYQMA-00019-00014186-00016883 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00020-00016884-00017535 uh easy buddy
76ppSTbYQMA-00021-00017536-00018158 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00022-00018159-00018614 it's a mario time
76ppSTbYQMA-00023-00018615-00020513 it's the mario time
76ppSTbYQMA-00024-00020514-00021083 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00025-00021084-00021932 ah
76ppSTbYQMA-00026-00021933-00022483 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00027-00022484-00023276 me
76ppSTbYQMA-00028-00023277-00023883 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00029-00023884-00024269 ah
76ppSTbYQMA-00030-00024270-00024512 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00031-00024513-00024567 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00032-00024568-00025283 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00033-00025284-00025766 so
76ppSTbYQMA-00034-00025767-00026711 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00035-00026712-00027820 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00036-00027822-00028083 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00037-00028083-00028539 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00038-00028539-00029268 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00039-00029269-00030883 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00040-00030883-00032283 no
76ppSTbYQMA-00041-00032283-00032843 mario
76ppSTbYQMA-00043-00035978-00037883 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00044-00037884-00038133 hello
76ppSTbYQMA-00045-00038134-00039283 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00046-00039284-00039491 so
76ppSTbYQMA-00047-00039492-00039556 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00048-00039557-00040683 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00049-00040684-00040801 hey
76ppSTbYQMA-00050-00040802-00043205 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00051-00043206-00043270 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00052-00043271-00044883 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00053-00044884-00047202 hey
76ppSTbYQMA-00054-00047203-00049083 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00055-00049084-00049908 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00056-00049909-00050483 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00057-00050484-00051003 me
76ppSTbYQMA-00058-00051004-00051882 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00059-00051883-00052164 do
76ppSTbYQMA-00060-00052165-00052927 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00061-00052928-00052982 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00062-00052983-00053282 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00063-00053283-00053435 hello
76ppSTbYQMA-00064-00053436-00055191 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00065-00055191-00056319 here's sonic
76ppSTbYQMA-00066-00056320-00057617 well that was lame
76ppSTbYQMA-00067-00057619-00058454 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00068-00058454-00060282 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00069-00060283-00062335 uh
76ppSTbYQMA-00070-00062336-00064482 here we go
76ppSTbYQMA-00071-00064483-00065516 uh
76ppSTbYQMA-00072-00065516-00066995 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00073-00066996-00067255 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00074-00067256-00067483 can't forget
76ppSTbYQMA-00075-00067484-00068682 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00076-00068683-00069761 go
76ppSTbYQMA-00077-00069762-00070004 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00078-00070005-00070059 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00079-00070060-00072882 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00080-00072883-00073064 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00081-00073065-00073362 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00082-00073363-00073871 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00083-00073872-00074480 just do it no
76ppSTbYQMA-00084-00074481-00075845 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00085-00075846-00077082 [Laughter]
76ppSTbYQMA-00086-00077083-00078330 sorry
76ppSTbYQMA-00087-00078331-00079882 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00088-00079883-00080076 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00089-00080077-00081006 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00090-00081007-00082060 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00091-00082061-00082682 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00092-00082683-00083902 pasta
76ppSTbYQMA-00093-00083903-00084082 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00094-00084083-00084224 foreign
76ppSTbYQMA-00095-00084225-00085482 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00096-00085483-00085615 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00097-00085616-00087240 welcome dude
76ppSTbYQMA-00098-00087241-00089682 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00099-00089683-00090148 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00100-00090149-00091878 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00101-00091879-00092482 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00102-00092483-00092879 always
76ppSTbYQMA-00103-00092880-00093350 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00104-00093351-00094235 oh hello
76ppSTbYQMA-00105-00094236-00095282 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00106-00095283-00095517 luigi
76ppSTbYQMA-00107-00095518-00097057 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00108-00097058-00098582 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00109-00098583-00098963 mario what the [__] are you doing
76ppSTbYQMA-00110-00098964-00099438 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00111-00099439-00099756 let's go
76ppSTbYQMA-00112-00099757-00102282 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00113-00102283-00102492 oh
76ppSTbYQMA-00114-00102493-00103247 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00115-00103248-00104206 welcome to
76ppSTbYQMA-00116-00104207-00105105 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00117-00105106-00106483 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00118-00106483-00107440 do
76ppSTbYQMA-00119-00107441-00107895 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00120-00107896-00108463 what the heck is going on
76ppSTbYQMA-00121-00108464-00108868 i did it
76ppSTbYQMA-00122-00108869-00109078 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00123-00109079-00109672 oh yeah that's right baby
76ppSTbYQMA-00124-00109673-00109729 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00125-00109730-00110438 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00126-00110439-00110491 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00128-00113935-00114268 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00129-00114269-00115436 [Applause]
76ppSTbYQMA-00130-00115438-00116254 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00131-00116255-00116417 let me take
76ppSTbYQMA-00132-00116418-00117247 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00133-00117248-00117390 in the halls acting sleepless always
76ppSTbYQMA-00134-00117391-00117543 keeping secrets sneaking past them all
76ppSTbYQMA-00135-00117544-00117695 breathing deeply see my homies need me
76ppSTbYQMA-00136-00117696-00117871 gotta take it easy just believe me yeah
76ppSTbYQMA-00137-00117872-00118047 i feel a deity taking over me and i
76ppSTbYQMA-00138-00118048-00118166 gotta be one to act
76ppSTbYQMA-00139-00118167-00118366 just to make an impact try to avoid the
76ppSTbYQMA-00140-00118367-00118534 demons that always keep coming back i
76ppSTbYQMA-00141-00118535-00118710 feel the misery different but gotta pick
76ppSTbYQMA-00142-00118711-00118895 up the slack lost my brother i wonder if
76ppSTbYQMA-00143-00118896-00119023 i've been on the right track i was
76ppSTbYQMA-00144-00119024-00119183 committed just to get it finished though
76ppSTbYQMA-00145-00119183-00119343 i can't admit it at my limit yeah i
76ppSTbYQMA-00146-00119344-00119527 finally hit it i was on a mission i was
76ppSTbYQMA-00147-00119528-00119678 set to fix and make a difference look i
76ppSTbYQMA-00148-00119679-00119831 see the vicious demolition this is
76ppSTbYQMA-00149-00119832-00119975 twisted losing grip and not a good
76ppSTbYQMA-00150-00119976-00120143 condition i had a single witness here to
76ppSTbYQMA-00151-00120144-00120327 help nah staying in my zone yeah
76ppSTbYQMA-00152-00120328-00120502 only got myself thankfully i've got a
76ppSTbYQMA-00153-00120503-00120678 clone never need nobody else i'm
76ppSTbYQMA-00154-00120679-00120727 equipped
76ppSTbYQMA-00155-00120728-00121078 hope you know you put this on yourself
76ppSTbYQMA-00156-00121079-00121231 i'm not a ghost we're surrounded at
76ppSTbYQMA-00157-00121232-00121575 least now i know we're not in here alone
76ppSTbYQMA-00158-00121576-00121751 try to beat it but believe me when i say
76ppSTbYQMA-00159-00121752-00121919 that you ain't even coming close losing
76ppSTbYQMA-00160-00121920-00122086 faith i don't wanna break cause of the
76ppSTbYQMA-00161-00122088-00122254 unknown if it's fake then you know i'll
76ppSTbYQMA-00162-00122255-00122431 make them look like a joke this is all
76ppSTbYQMA-00163-00122432-00122623 it takes never late imma make em choke
76ppSTbYQMA-00164-00122624-00122719 you made a mistake
76ppSTbYQMA-00165-00122720-00122895 it's a shame that i made them into a
76ppSTbYQMA-00166-00122896-00123047 ghost
76ppSTbYQMA-00167-00123048-00123534 feel the chill in the air tonight reap
76ppSTbYQMA-00168-00123535-00125254 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00169-00125255-00125407 which is kind of problematic unless i
76ppSTbYQMA-00170-00125408-00125558 get them when i need you with the flash
76ppSTbYQMA-00171-00125559-00125710 got em static tell em we she's on the
76ppSTbYQMA-00172-00125711-00125831 way cause i'm the greatest i'm the
76ppSTbYQMA-00173-00125832-00125990 baddest and i'm never gonna stop no
76ppSTbYQMA-00174-00125991-00126134 matter who is coming at us got them
76ppSTbYQMA-00175-00126135-00126302 captured when i'm scared i'm asking so
76ppSTbYQMA-00176-00126303-00126431 i'm relaxed and i think and i'm too
76ppSTbYQMA-00177-00126432-00126558 afraid though i barely call this
76ppSTbYQMA-00178-00126559-00126710 traumatic i promise that i'll be fine
76ppSTbYQMA-00179-00126711-00126871 don't you worry about my status and the
76ppSTbYQMA-00180-00126872-00127047 truth it's loose out alone and losing my
76ppSTbYQMA-00181-00127048-00127190 tooth and the nuisance brewing who knew
76ppSTbYQMA-00182-00127191-00127319 it they trying to ruin what i'm doing
76ppSTbYQMA-00183-00127320-00127454 coming for you and the ruthless what
76ppSTbYQMA-00184-00127455-00127583 can't you do but keep moving they're
76ppSTbYQMA-00185-00127583-00127734 trying to take all of us and the aura
76ppSTbYQMA-00186-00127735-00127823 here isn't human
76ppSTbYQMA-00187-00127824-00127951 you're on the last of your breath what
76ppSTbYQMA-00188-00127952-00128102 can i say i ain't losing i'll get you
76ppSTbYQMA-00189-00128103-00128254 out of this mess i'm not the one that'll
76ppSTbYQMA-00190-00128255-00128390 be fooling they call me weak i'm a
76ppSTbYQMA-00191-00128391-00128431 threat
76ppSTbYQMA-00192-00128432-00128558 and with my actions i'll prove it i'm
76ppSTbYQMA-00193-00128559-00128702 keep it to it you're bluish cause i'm
76ppSTbYQMA-00194-00128703-00128934 the shadow of death
76ppSTbYQMA-00195-00128935-00129086 i'm a ghost and i know it's freaky
76ppSTbYQMA-00196-00129088-00129407 thinking that they see me but they don't
76ppSTbYQMA-00197-00129408-00129575 i got a couple fears and i feel them
76ppSTbYQMA-00198-00129576-00129727 getting near but i know they won't
76ppSTbYQMA-00199-00129728-00129910 haven't lost my life yet but i know i'm
76ppSTbYQMA-00200-00129911-00130063 getting close know that i'll be saving
76ppSTbYQMA-00201-00130064-00130095 them
76ppSTbYQMA-00202-00130096-00130247 never leave you on your own made a
76ppSTbYQMA-00203-00130248-00130399 promise to my friends they will not be
76ppSTbYQMA-00204-00130400-00130575 left alone i will bring this to an end
76ppSTbYQMA-00205-00130576-00130775 and then we'll all be going home let's
76ppSTbYQMA-00206-00130776-00131131 go feel the chill in the air tonight
76ppSTbYQMA-00207-00131132-00131439 representatives ain't no i can't forgive
76ppSTbYQMA-00208-00131440-00133068 what i can't make right i'ma go i'ma go
76ppSTbYQMA-00209-00133069-00135778 [Music]
76ppSTbYQMA-00210-00135779-00136079 money
76WQhF4cf5I-00000-00000104-00000447 eswatini swazi eswatini swa tini
76WQhF4cf5I-00001-00000448-00000671 officially the kingdom of eswatini also
76WQhF4cf5I-00002-00000672-00000862 known as swaziland is a landlocked
76WQhF4cf5I-00003-00000863-00001070 country in southern africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00004-00001071-00001262 it is bordered by mozambique to its
76WQhF4cf5I-00005-00001263-00001487 northeast and south africa to its north
76WQhF4cf5I-00006-00001488-00001759 west and south the country and the swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00007-00001760-00001967 people take their names from swati ii
76WQhF4cf5I-00008-00001968-00002191 the 19th century king under whose rule
76WQhF4cf5I-00009-00002192-00002463 swazi territory was expanded and unified
76WQhF4cf5I-00010-00002464-00002799 at no more than 200 kilometers 120 miles
76WQhF4cf5I-00011-00002800-00003095 north to south and 130 kilometres 81
76WQhF4cf5I-00012-00003096-00003343 miles east to west eswatini is one of
76WQhF4cf5I-00013-00003344-00003559 the smallest countries in africa despite
76WQhF4cf5I-00014-00003560-00003759 this its climate and topography are
76WQhF4cf5I-00015-00003760-00003943 diverse ranging from a cool and
76WQhF4cf5I-00016-00003944-00004127 mountainous highveld to a hot and dry
76WQhF4cf5I-00017-00004128-00004238 low-build
76WQhF4cf5I-00018-00004239-00004438 the population is primarily ethnic
76WQhF4cf5I-00019-00004439-00004711 swazis whose language is siswati they
76WQhF4cf5I-00020-00004712-00004838 established their kingdom in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00021-00004839-00005070 mid-18th century under the leadership of
76WQhF4cf5I-00022-00005071-00005302 ng wayne iii the present boundaries were
76WQhF4cf5I-00023-00005303-00005535 drawn up in 1881 in the midst of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00024-00005536-00005718 scramble for africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00025-00005719-00005959 after the second boer war swaziland was
76WQhF4cf5I-00026-00005960-00006199 a british protectorate from 1903 until
76WQhF4cf5I-00027-00006200-00006391 it regained its independence on the 6th
76WQhF4cf5I-00028-00006392-00006631 of september 1968.
76WQhF4cf5I-00029-00006631-00006910 on the 19th of april 2018 the official
76WQhF4cf5I-00030-00006911-00007063 name was changed from kingdom of
76WQhF4cf5I-00031-00007064-00007287 swaziland to kingdom of esswatini the
76WQhF4cf5I-00032-00007288-00007503 government is an absolute dierchy ruled
76WQhF4cf5I-00033-00007504-00007742 jointly by ngwanyama king
76WQhF4cf5I-00034-00007743-00008134 swati iii and ndlovakati queen mother
76WQhF4cf5I-00035-00008136-00008559 ntf ombi-tf walla since 1986. the former
76WQhF4cf5I-00036-00008560-00008742 is the administrative head of state and
76WQhF4cf5I-00037-00008743-00009006 appoints the country s prime ministers
76WQhF4cf5I-00038-00009007-00009239 and a number of representatives of both
76WQhF4cf5I-00039-00009240-00009414 chambers the senate and house of
76WQhF4cf5I-00040-00009415-00009671 assembly in the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00041-00009672-00009846 s parliament while the latter is the
76WQhF4cf5I-00042-00009847-00010055 national head of state serving as keeper
76WQhF4cf5I-00043-00010056-00010246 of the ritual fetishes of the nation and
76WQhF4cf5I-00044-00010247-00010423 presiding during the annual yumelanga
76WQhF4cf5I-00045-00010424-00010527 rite
76WQhF4cf5I-00046-00010528-00010719 elections are held every five years to
76WQhF4cf5I-00047-00010720-00010895 determine the house of assembly and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00048-00010896-00011055 senate majority
76WQhF4cf5I-00049-00011056-00011271 the current constitution was adopted in
76WQhF4cf5I-00050-00011272-00011631 2005. yumalanga held in august september
76WQhF4cf5I-00051-00011632-00011846 and inkwala the kingship dance held in
76WQhF4cf5I-00052-00011847-00012135 december january are the nation s most
76WQhF4cf5I-00053-00012136-00012342 important events eswatini is a
76WQhF4cf5I-00054-00012343-00012678 developing country with a small economy
76WQhF4cf5I-00055-00012679-00013166 with a gdp per capita of 9714.
76WQhF4cf5I-00056-00013168-00013375 it is classified as a country with a
76WQhF4cf5I-00057-00013376-00013566 lower middle income
76WQhF4cf5I-00058-00013568-00013766 as a member of the southern african
76WQhF4cf5I-00059-00013768-00014063 customs union saku and the common market
76WQhF4cf5I-00060-00014063-00014335 for eastern and southern africa komisa
76WQhF4cf5I-00061-00014336-00014583 its main local trading partner is south
76WQhF4cf5I-00062-00014584-00014815 africa in order to ensure economic
76WQhF4cf5I-00063-00014816-00015079 stability eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00064-00015080-00015311 s currency the lilingani is pegged to
76WQhF4cf5I-00065-00015312-00015494 the south african rand
76WQhF4cf5I-00066-00015495-00015799 eswatini s major overseas trading
76WQhF4cf5I-00067-00015800-00016007 partners are the united states and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00068-00016008-00016183 european union
76WQhF4cf5I-00069-00016184-00016415 the majority of the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00070-00016416-00016599 s employment is provided by its
76WQhF4cf5I-00071-00016600-00016863 agricultural and manufacturing sectors
76WQhF4cf5I-00072-00016864-00017055 esswatini is a member of the southern
76WQhF4cf5I-00073-00017056-00017350 african development community sadc the
76WQhF4cf5I-00074-00017351-00017535 african union the commonwealth of
76WQhF4cf5I-00075-00017536-00017791 nations and the united nations
76WQhF4cf5I-00076-00017792-00018039 the swazi population faces major health
76WQhF4cf5I-00077-00018040-00018327 issues hiv aids and to a lesser extent
76WQhF4cf5I-00078-00018328-00018558 tuberculosis are widespread
76WQhF4cf5I-00079-00018559-00018822 it is estimated that 26 of the adult
76WQhF4cf5I-00080-00018823-00019086 population is hiv-positive
76WQhF4cf5I-00081-00019087-00019407 as of 2018 eswatini has the 12th lowest
76WQhF4cf5I-00082-00019408-00019750 life expectancy in the world at 58 years
76WQhF4cf5I-00083-00019751-00019975 the population of eswatini is fairly
76WQhF4cf5I-00084-00019976-00020239 young with a median age of 20.5 years
76WQhF4cf5I-00085-00020240-00020471 and people aged 14 years or younger
76WQhF4cf5I-00086-00020472-00020711 constituting 37.5
76WQhF4cf5I-00087-00020712-00020943 of the country's total population
76WQhF4cf5I-00088-00020944-00021150 the present population growth rate is
76WQhF4cf5I-00089-00021151-00021694 1.2 percent
76WQhF4cf5I-00090-00021695-00022119 history
76WQhF4cf5I-00091-00022120-00022263 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00092-00022264-00022478 artifacts indicating human activity
76WQhF4cf5I-00093-00022479-00022663 dating back to the early stone age
76WQhF4cf5I-00094-00022664-00022919 around 200 000 years ago have been found
76WQhF4cf5I-00095-00022920-00023127 in the kingdom of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00096-00023128-00023342 prehistoric rock art paintings dating
76WQhF4cf5I-00097-00023343-00023655 from as far back as c 27 000 years ago
76WQhF4cf5I-00098-00023656-00023886 to as recent as the 19th century can be
76WQhF4cf5I-00099-00023887-00024063 found in various places around the
76WQhF4cf5I-00100-00024064-00024263 country the earliest known inhabitants
76WQhF4cf5I-00101-00024264-00024383 of the region were koizen
76WQhF4cf5I-00102-00024384-00024535 hunter-gatherers
76WQhF4cf5I-00103-00024536-00024694 they were largely replaced by the
76WQhF4cf5I-00104-00024695-00024886 kashian-hunter tribe during the bantu
76WQhF4cf5I-00105-00024887-00025030 migrations
76WQhF4cf5I-00106-00025031-00025183 these peoples hailed from the great
76WQhF4cf5I-00107-00025184-00025367 lakes regions of eastern and central
76WQhF4cf5I-00108-00025368-00025503 africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00109-00025504-00025718 evidence of agriculture and iron use
76WQhF4cf5I-00110-00025719-00025958 dates from about the 4th century
76WQhF4cf5I-00111-00025960-00026183 people speaking languages ancestral to
76WQhF4cf5I-00112-00026183-00026414 current sutu and nguni languages began
76WQhF4cf5I-00113-00026416-00027031 settling no later than the 11th century
76WQhF4cf5I-00114-00027032-00027607 swazi settlers 18th century
76WQhF4cf5I-00115-00027608-00027751 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00116-00027752-00027983 the swazi settlers then known as the ng
76WQhF4cf5I-00117-00027983-00028174 wayne or backingwayne before entering
76WQhF4cf5I-00118-00028175-00028383 swaziland had been settled on the banks
76WQhF4cf5I-00119-00028383-00028558 of the pongola river
76WQhF4cf5I-00120-00028560-00028702 before that they were settled in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00121-00028704-00028911 area of the tembe river near present-day
76WQhF4cf5I-00122-00028912-00029127 maputo mozambique
76WQhF4cf5I-00123-00029127-00029351 continuing conflict with the n-duandway
76WQhF4cf5I-00124-00029352-00029558 people pushed them further north with ng
76WQhF4cf5I-00125-00029560-00029774 wayne three establishing his capital at
76WQhF4cf5I-00126-00029775-00029999 schizowani at the foot of the mh lashani
76WQhF4cf5I-00127-00030000-00030279 hills under sabuzai the ng wayne people
76WQhF4cf5I-00128-00030280-00030462 eventually established their capital at
76WQhF4cf5I-00129-00030463-00030662 zambozei in the heartland of present-day
76WQhF4cf5I-00130-00030663-00030807 eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00131-00030808-00030990 in this process they conquered and
76WQhF4cf5I-00132-00030991-00031199 incorporated the long-established clans
76WQhF4cf5I-00133-00031200-00031367 of the country known to the swazi as
76WQhF4cf5I-00134-00031368-00031567 emikon zambili
76WQhF4cf5I-00135-00031568-00031790 swaziland derives its name from a later
76WQhF4cf5I-00136-00031791-00032070 king named swati too kangwain named for
76WQhF4cf5I-00137-00032072-00032318 ng wayne iii is an alternative name for
76WQhF4cf5I-00138-00032319-00032518 swaziland the surname of whose royal
76WQhF4cf5I-00139-00032519-00032815 house remains nk hosie dolamini
76WQhF4cf5I-00140-00032816-00033151 nk hosi literally means king
76WQhF4cf5I-00141-00033152-00033327 swati ii was the greatest of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00142-00033328-00033511 fighting kings of swaziland and he
76WQhF4cf5I-00143-00033512-00033711 greatly extended the area of the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00144-00033712-00033918 to twice its current size
76WQhF4cf5I-00145-00033919-00034151 the emicon zambili clans were initially
76WQhF4cf5I-00146-00034152-00034335 incorporated into the kingdom with wide
76WQhF4cf5I-00147-00034336-00034535 autonomy often including grants of
76WQhF4cf5I-00148-00034536-00034807 special ritual and political status
76WQhF4cf5I-00149-00034808-00035015 the extent of their autonomy however was
76WQhF4cf5I-00150-00035016-00035223 drastically curtailed by swati who
76WQhF4cf5I-00151-00035224-00035399 attacked and subdued some of them in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00152-00035400-00035655 1850s with his power swadhi greatly
76WQhF4cf5I-00153-00035656-00035830 reduced the influence of the emicon
76WQhF4cf5I-00154-00035831-00036030 zambili while incorporating more people
76WQhF4cf5I-00155-00036031-00036223 into his kingdom either through conquest
76WQhF4cf5I-00156-00036224-00036415 or by giving them refuge
76WQhF4cf5I-00157-00036416-00036615 these later arrivals became known to the
76WQhF4cf5I-00158-00036616-00036862 swazis as emephikomova the clans who
76WQhF4cf5I-00159-00036863-00037023 accompanied the delamini kings were
76WQhF4cf5I-00160-00037024-00037359 known as the bemjibuko or true swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00161-00037360-00037590 the autonomy of the swaziland nation was
76WQhF4cf5I-00162-00037591-00037790 influenced by british and dutch rule of
76WQhF4cf5I-00163-00037791-00038007 southern africa in the 19th and early
76WQhF4cf5I-00164-00038008-00038183 20th centuries
76WQhF4cf5I-00165-00038184-00038430 in 1881 the british government signed a
76WQhF4cf5I-00166-00038431-00038607 convention recognizing swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00167-00038608-00038790 independence despite the scramble for
76WQhF4cf5I-00168-00038791-00039062 africa that was taking place at the time
76WQhF4cf5I-00169-00039063-00039295 this independence was also recognized in
76WQhF4cf5I-00170-00039296-00039535 the convention of 1884 because of
76WQhF4cf5I-00171-00039536-00039735 controversial land mineral rights and
76WQhF4cf5I-00172-00039736-00039943 other concessions swaziland had a
76WQhF4cf5I-00173-00039944-00040174 triumviral administration in 1890
76WQhF4cf5I-00174-00040175-00040374 following the death of king mabanzani in
76WQhF4cf5I-00175-00040375-00040535 1889.
76WQhF4cf5I-00176-00040536-00040735 this government represented the british
76WQhF4cf5I-00177-00040736-00041023 the dutch republics and the swazi people
76WQhF4cf5I-00178-00041024-00041327 in 1894 a convention placed swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-00179-00041328-00041518 under the south african republic as a
76WQhF4cf5I-00180-00041519-00041646 protectorate
76WQhF4cf5I-00181-00041647-00041846 this continued under the rule of ng
76WQhF4cf5I-00182-00041847-00042055 wayne v until the outbreak of the second
76WQhF4cf5I-00183-00042056-00042399 boer war in october 1899. king ng wayne
76WQhF4cf5I-00184-00042400-00042711 v died in december 1899 during inkwala
76WQhF4cf5I-00185-00042712-00042935 after the outbreak of the boer war
76WQhF4cf5I-00186-00042936-00043183 his successor sabuza ii was four months
76WQhF4cf5I-00187-00043184-00043455 old swaziland was indirectly involved in
76WQhF4cf5I-00188-00043456-00043655 the war with various skirmishes between
76WQhF4cf5I-00189-00043656-00043815 the british and the boers occurring in
76WQhF4cf5I-00190-00043816-00044390 the country until 1902
76WQhF4cf5I-00191-00044391-00045351 british rule over swaziland 1906-1968
76WQhF4cf5I-00192-00045352-00045607 in 1903 after british victory in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00193-00045608-00045830 anglo-boer war swaziland became a
76WQhF4cf5I-00194-00045831-00045999 british protectorate
76WQhF4cf5I-00195-00046000-00046190 much of its early administration for
76WQhF4cf5I-00196-00046191-00046407 example postal services was carried out
76WQhF4cf5I-00197-00046408-00046679 from south africa until 1906 when the
76WQhF4cf5I-00198-00046680-00046839 transvaal colony was granted
76WQhF4cf5I-00199-00046840-00046990 self-government
76WQhF4cf5I-00200-00046991-00047223 following this swaziland was partitioned
76WQhF4cf5I-00201-00047224-00047455 into european and non-european or native
76WQhF4cf5I-00202-00047456-00047655 reserves areas with the former being
76WQhF4cf5I-00203-00047656-00047871 two-thirds of the total land
76WQhF4cf5I-00204-00047872-00048071 sabus's official coronation was in
76WQhF4cf5I-00205-00048072-00048335 december 1921 after the regency of
76WQhF4cf5I-00206-00048336-00048518 labatsabeni after which he led an
76WQhF4cf5I-00207-00048519-00048727 unsuccessful deputation to the privy
76WQhF4cf5I-00208-00048728-00049007 council in london in 1922 regarding the
76WQhF4cf5I-00209-00049008-00049167 issue of the land
76WQhF4cf5I-00210-00049168-00049535 in the period between 1923 and 1963
76WQhF4cf5I-00211-00049536-00049735 sabuza ii established the swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00212-00049736-00049927 commercial amidota which was to grant
76WQhF4cf5I-00213-00049928-00050111 licenses to small businesses on the
76WQhF4cf5I-00214-00050112-00050335 swazi reserves and also established the
76WQhF4cf5I-00215-00050336-00050511 swazi national school to counter the
76WQhF4cf5I-00216-00050512-00050767 dominance of the missions in education
76WQhF4cf5I-00217-00050768-00050983 his stature grew with time and the swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00218-00050984-00051167 royal leadership was successful in
76WQhF4cf5I-00219-00051168-00051342 resisting the weakening power of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00220-00051344-00051487 british administration and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00221-00051488-00051687 incorporation of swaziland into the
76WQhF4cf5I-00222-00051688-00051911 union of south africa the constitution
76WQhF4cf5I-00223-00051912-00052079 for independent swaziland was
76WQhF4cf5I-00224-00052079-00052382 promulgated by britain in november 1963
76WQhF4cf5I-00225-00052383-00052582 under the terms of which legislative and
76WQhF4cf5I-00226-00052583-00052838 executive councils were established
76WQhF4cf5I-00227-00052839-00053023 this development was opposed by the
76WQhF4cf5I-00228-00053024-00053311 swazi national council litko despite
76WQhF4cf5I-00229-00053312-00053542 such opposition elections took place and
76WQhF4cf5I-00230-00053544-00053711 the first legislative council of
76WQhF4cf5I-00231-00053712-00053935 swaziland was constituted on the 9th of
76WQhF4cf5I-00232-00053936-00054182 september 1964.
76WQhF4cf5I-00233-00054183-00054391 changes to the original constitution
76WQhF4cf5I-00234-00054391-00054615 proposed by the legislative council were
76WQhF4cf5I-00235-00054616-00054759 accepted by britain and a new
76WQhF4cf5I-00236-00054760-00054959 constitution providing for a house of
76WQhF4cf5I-00237-00054960-00055207 assembly and senate was drawn up
76WQhF4cf5I-00238-00055208-00055399 elections under this constitution were
76WQhF4cf5I-00239-00055400-00055959 held in 1967
76WQhF4cf5I-00240-00055960-00056687 independence 1968 present
76WQhF4cf5I-00241-00056688-00057007 following the 1967 elections swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-00242-00057008-00057223 was a protected state until independence
76WQhF4cf5I-00243-00057224-00057463 was regained in 1968. following the
76WQhF4cf5I-00244-00057464-00057766 elections of 1973 the constitution of
76WQhF4cf5I-00245-00057767-00058007 swaziland was suspended by king sabusa
76WQhF4cf5I-00246-00058008-00058207 ii who thereafter ruled the country by
76WQhF4cf5I-00247-00058208-00058511 decree until his death in 1982.
76WQhF4cf5I-00248-00058512-00058711 at this point sabu zatu had ruled
76WQhF4cf5I-00249-00058712-00058959 swaziland for 83 years making him the
76WQhF4cf5I-00250-00058960-00059215 longest reigning monarch in history
76WQhF4cf5I-00251-00059216-00059423 a regency followed his death with queen
76WQhF4cf5I-00252-00059424-00059615 regent jaliwa shongwei being head of
76WQhF4cf5I-00253-00059616-00059887 state until 1984 when she was removed by
76WQhF4cf5I-00254-00059888-00060094 the likko and replaced by queen mother
76WQhF4cf5I-00255-00060095-00060335 ntf omb tf walla
76WQhF4cf5I-00256-00060336-00060591 swati iii the son of ntf ombi was
76WQhF4cf5I-00257-00060591-00060894 crowned king on the 25th of april 1986
76WQhF4cf5I-00258-00060895-00061119 as king and inguanyama of swaziland the
76WQhF4cf5I-00259-00061120-00061382 1990s saw a rise in student and labour
76WQhF4cf5I-00260-00061383-00061542 protests pressuring the king to
76WQhF4cf5I-00261-00061544-00061726 introduce reforms
76WQhF4cf5I-00262-00061727-00061935 thus progress toward constitutional
76WQhF4cf5I-00263-00061936-00062135 reforms began culminating with the
76WQhF4cf5I-00264-00062136-00062303 introduction of the current swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00265-00062304-00062550 constitution in 2005.
76WQhF4cf5I-00266-00062551-00062735 this happened despite objections by
76WQhF4cf5I-00267-00062736-00062942 political activists the current
76WQhF4cf5I-00268-00062944-00063142 constitution does not clearly deal with
76WQhF4cf5I-00269-00063144-00063342 the status of political parties the
76WQhF4cf5I-00270-00063344-00063471 first election under the new
76WQhF4cf5I-00271-00063472-00063791 constitution took place in 2008.
76WQhF4cf5I-00272-00063791-00063982 members of parliament were elected from
76WQhF4cf5I-00273-00063983-00064215 55 constituencies also known as
76WQhF4cf5I-00274-00064216-00064342 tinkhandla
76WQhF4cf5I-00275-00064344-00064582 these mps served five-year terms which
76WQhF4cf5I-00276-00064583-00064894 ended in 2013. in 2011 swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-00277-00064895-00065087 suffered an economic crisis due to
76WQhF4cf5I-00278-00065088-00065294 reduced saku receipts
76WQhF4cf5I-00279-00065295-00065487 this caused the government of swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-00280-00065488-00065687 to request a loan from neighboring south
76WQhF4cf5I-00281-00065688-00065806 africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00282-00065807-00065975 however they did not agree with the
76WQhF4cf5I-00283-00065976-00066167 conditions of the loan which included
76WQhF4cf5I-00284-00066168-00066367 political reforms during this period
76WQhF4cf5I-00285-00066368-00066511 there was increased pressure on the
76WQhF4cf5I-00286-00066512-00066679 swazi government to carry out more
76WQhF4cf5I-00287-00066680-00066806 reforms
76WQhF4cf5I-00288-00066807-00067055 public protests by civic organizations
76WQhF4cf5I-00289-00067056-00067287 and trade unions became more common
76WQhF4cf5I-00290-00067288-00067550 starting in 2012 improvements in saku
76WQhF4cf5I-00291-00067551-00067726 receipts have eased the fiscal pressure
76WQhF4cf5I-00292-00067727-00067911 on the swazi government
76WQhF4cf5I-00293-00067912-00068087 a new parliament the second since
76WQhF4cf5I-00294-00068088-00068279 promulgation of the constitution was
76WQhF4cf5I-00295-00068280-00068606 elected on the 20th of september 2013.
76WQhF4cf5I-00296-00068607-00068806 this saw the reappointment of sibasiso
76WQhF4cf5I-00297-00068807-00069031 de lamini by the king as prime minister
76WQhF4cf5I-00298-00069032-00069247 for the third time on the 19th of april
76WQhF4cf5I-00299-00069248-00069519 2018 king swati iii announced that the
76WQhF4cf5I-00300-00069520-00069743 kingdom of swaziland had renamed itself
76WQhF4cf5I-00301-00069744-00069919 the kingdom of esswatini to mark the
76WQhF4cf5I-00302-00069920-00070223 50th anniversary of swazi independence
76WQhF4cf5I-00303-00070224-00070503 the new name eswatini means land of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00304-00070504-00070631 swazis
76WQhF4cf5I-00305-00070632-00070838 in the swazi language and was partially
76WQhF4cf5I-00306-00070839-00071023 intended to prevent confusion with the
76WQhF4cf5I-00307-00071024-00071247 similarly named switzerland on the 19th
76WQhF4cf5I-00308-00071248-00071511 of september 2018 eswatini workers
76WQhF4cf5I-00309-00071512-00071703 continued their anti-government protests
76WQhF4cf5I-00310-00071704-00071887 against low salaries
76WQhF4cf5I-00311-00071888-00072047 they went on a three-day strike
76WQhF4cf5I-00312-00072048-00072238 organized by trade union congress of
76WQhF4cf5I-00313-00072239-00072831 swaziland t-u-c-o-s-w-a
76WQhF4cf5I-00314-00072832-00073406 topic government and politics
76WQhF4cf5I-00315-00073407-00073767 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00316-00073768-00074282 topic diarchy
76WQhF4cf5I-00317-00074283-00074599 topic eswatini is an absolute dierchy
76WQhF4cf5I-00318-00074600-00074831 with constitutional provisions and swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00319-00074832-00074999 law and customs
76WQhF4cf5I-00320-00075000-00075191 the functional head of state is the king
76WQhF4cf5I-00321-00075192-00075375 or ingunyama lit
76WQhF4cf5I-00322-00075376-00075615 lion currently king swati iii who
76WQhF4cf5I-00323-00075616-00075879 ascended to the throne in 1986 after the
76WQhF4cf5I-00324-00075880-00076111 death of his father king sabusa ii in
76WQhF4cf5I-00325-00076112-00076415 1982 and a period of regency
76WQhF4cf5I-00326-00076416-00076623 according to the country's constitution
76WQhF4cf5I-00327-00076624-00076838 the inguanyama is a symbol of unity and
76WQhF4cf5I-00328-00076839-00077038 the eternity of the swazi nation by
76WQhF4cf5I-00329-00077039-00077231 tradition the king reigns along with his
76WQhF4cf5I-00330-00077232-00077455 mother or a ritual substitute the nd
76WQhF4cf5I-00331-00077456-00077631 lovakati lit
76WQhF4cf5I-00332-00077632-00077838 shi elephant the former was viewed as
76WQhF4cf5I-00333-00077839-00078023 the administrative head of state and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00334-00078024-00078231 latter as a spiritual and national head
76WQhF4cf5I-00335-00078232-00078367 of state with real power
76WQhF4cf5I-00336-00078368-00078550 counterbalancing that of the king but
76WQhF4cf5I-00337-00078551-00078767 during the long reign of sabuza ii the
76WQhF4cf5I-00338-00078768-00078991 role of the ndlovikati became more
76WQhF4cf5I-00339-00078992-00079182 symbolic the king appoints the prime
76WQhF4cf5I-00340-00079183-00079382 minister from the legislature and also
76WQhF4cf5I-00341-00079383-00079591 appoints a minority of legislators to
76WQhF4cf5I-00342-00079592-00079791 both chambers of the libenla parliament
76WQhF4cf5I-00343-00079792-00080047 with help from an advisory council the
76WQhF4cf5I-00344-00080048-00080247 king is allowed by the constitution to
76WQhF4cf5I-00345-00080248-00080406 appoint some members to parliament to
76WQhF4cf5I-00346-00080407-00080631 represent special interests
76WQhF4cf5I-00347-00080632-00080823 these special interests are citizens who
76WQhF4cf5I-00348-00080824-00081015 might have been electoral candidates who
76WQhF4cf5I-00349-00081016-00081191 were not elected or might not have stood
76WQhF4cf5I-00350-00081192-00081343 as candidates
76WQhF4cf5I-00351-00081344-00081503 this is done to balance views in
76WQhF4cf5I-00352-00081504-00081735 parliament special interests could be
76WQhF4cf5I-00353-00081736-00081950 people of particular gender or race
76WQhF4cf5I-00354-00081951-00082135 people of disability the business
76WQhF4cf5I-00355-00082136-00082423 community civic society scholars chiefs
76WQhF4cf5I-00356-00082424-00082879 and so on
76WQhF4cf5I-00357-00082880-00083423 parliament
76WQhF4cf5I-00358-00083424-00083615 the swazi bicameral parliament or
76WQhF4cf5I-00359-00083616-00083855 libenla consists of the senate 30 seats
76WQhF4cf5I-00360-00083856-00084038 10 members appointed by the house of
76WQhF4cf5I-00361-00084039-00084262 assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch
76WQhF4cf5I-00362-00084263-00084455 to serve five-year terms and the house
76WQhF4cf5I-00363-00084456-00084718 of assembly 65 seats 10 members
76WQhF4cf5I-00364-00084719-00084959 appointed by the monarch and 55 elected
76WQhF4cf5I-00365-00084960-00085262 by popular vote to serve five-year terms
76WQhF4cf5I-00366-00085263-00085462 the elections are held every five years
76WQhF4cf5I-00367-00085463-00085647 after dissolution of parliament by the
76WQhF4cf5I-00368-00085648-00085743 king
76WQhF4cf5I-00369-00085744-00085959 the last elections were held on the 20th
76WQhF4cf5I-00370-00085960-00086175 of september 2013.
76WQhF4cf5I-00371-00086176-00086367 the balloting is done on a non-party
76WQhF4cf5I-00372-00086368-00086591 basis in all categories
76WQhF4cf5I-00373-00086592-00086806 all election procedures are overseen by
76WQhF4cf5I-00374-00086807-00087382 the elections and boundaries commission
76WQhF4cf5I-00375-00087383-00087982 political culture
76WQhF4cf5I-00376-00087983-00088199 at eswatini's independence on the 6th of
76WQhF4cf5I-00377-00088200-00088494 september 1968 eswatini adopted a
76WQhF4cf5I-00378-00088495-00088735 westminster-style constitution
76WQhF4cf5I-00379-00088736-00089118 on the 12th of april 1973 king sabusa ii
76WQhF4cf5I-00380-00089119-00089343 ennulled it by decree assuming supreme
76WQhF4cf5I-00381-00089344-00089559 powers in all executive judicial and
76WQhF4cf5I-00382-00089560-00089743 legislative matters
76WQhF4cf5I-00383-00089744-00089935 the first non-party elections for the
76WQhF4cf5I-00384-00089936-00090223 house of assembly were held in 1978 and
76WQhF4cf5I-00385-00090224-00090406 they were conducted under the tinkhandla
76WQhF4cf5I-00386-00090407-00090615 as electoral constituencies determined
76WQhF4cf5I-00387-00090616-00090831 by the king and established an electoral
76WQhF4cf5I-00388-00090832-00090982 committee appointed by the king to
76WQhF4cf5I-00389-00090983-00091238 supervise elections until the 1993
76WQhF4cf5I-00390-00091239-00091438 election the ballot was not secret
76WQhF4cf5I-00391-00091439-00091606 voters were not registered and they did
76WQhF4cf5I-00392-00091607-00091879 not elect representatives directly
76WQhF4cf5I-00393-00091880-00092094 instead voters elected an electoral
76WQhF4cf5I-00394-00092095-00092255 college by passing through a gate
76WQhF4cf5I-00395-00092256-00092438 designated for the candidate of choice
76WQhF4cf5I-00396-00092439-00092638 while officials counted them
76WQhF4cf5I-00397-00092639-00092838 later on a constitutional review
76WQhF4cf5I-00398-00092839-00093047 commission was appointed by king swati
76WQhF4cf5I-00399-00093048-00093359 iii in july 1996 comprising chiefs
76WQhF4cf5I-00400-00093360-00093559 political activists and unionists to
76WQhF4cf5I-00401-00093560-00093759 consider public submissions and draft
76WQhF4cf5I-00402-00093760-00093991 proposals for a new constitution drafts
76WQhF4cf5I-00403-00093992-00094255 were released for comment in may 1999
76WQhF4cf5I-00404-00094256-00094447 and november 2000.
76WQhF4cf5I-00405-00094448-00094655 these were strongly criticized by civil
76WQhF4cf5I-00406-00094656-00094903 society organizations in swaziland and
76WQhF4cf5I-00407-00094904-00095167 human rights organizations elsewhere
76WQhF4cf5I-00408-00095168-00095367 a 15-member team was announced in
76WQhF4cf5I-00409-00095368-00095582 december 2001 to draft a new
76WQhF4cf5I-00410-00095583-00095791 constitution several members of this
76WQhF4cf5I-00411-00095792-00095967 team were reported to be close to the
76WQhF4cf5I-00412-00095968-00096262 royal family in 2005 the constitution
76WQhF4cf5I-00413-00096263-00096438 was put into effect
76WQhF4cf5I-00414-00096439-00096591 there is still much debate in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00415-00096592-00096879 country about the constitutional reforms
76WQhF4cf5I-00416-00096880-00097079 from the early 70s there was active
76WQhF4cf5I-00417-00097080-00097567 resistance to the royal hegemony
76WQhF4cf5I-00418-00097568-00098082 topic elections
76WQhF4cf5I-00419-00098083-00098350 topic nominations take place at the
76WQhF4cf5I-00420-00098351-00098582 chieftams on the day of nomination the
76WQhF4cf5I-00421-00098583-00098774 name of the nominee is raised by a show
76WQhF4cf5I-00422-00098775-00098950 of hand and the nominee is given an
76WQhF4cf5I-00423-00098951-00099135 opportunity to indicate whether he or
76WQhF4cf5I-00424-00099136-00099343 she accepts the nomination
76WQhF4cf5I-00425-00099344-00099559 if he or she accepts it he or she must
76WQhF4cf5I-00426-00099560-00099750 be supported by at least 10 members of
76WQhF4cf5I-00427-00099751-00099879 that chieftaim
76WQhF4cf5I-00428-00099880-00100071 the nominations are for the position of
76WQhF4cf5I-00429-00100072-00100262 member of parliament constituency
76WQhF4cf5I-00430-00100263-00100479 headman invuna and the constituency
76WQhF4cf5I-00431-00100480-00100718 executive committee bukofo
76WQhF4cf5I-00432-00100719-00100926 the minimum number of nominees is four
76WQhF4cf5I-00433-00100927-00101174 and the maximum as ten primary elections
76WQhF4cf5I-00434-00101175-00101423 also take place at the chieftam level
76WQhF4cf5I-00435-00101424-00101638 it is by secret ballot during the
76WQhF4cf5I-00436-00101639-00101847 primary elections the voters are given
76WQhF4cf5I-00437-00101848-00102023 an opportunity to elect the member of
76WQhF4cf5I-00438-00102024-00102247 the executive committee bukofo for that
76WQhF4cf5I-00439-00102248-00102423 particular chieftam
76WQhF4cf5I-00440-00102424-00102615 aspiring members of parliament and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00441-00102616-00102830 constituency headman are also elected
76WQhF4cf5I-00442-00102831-00102982 from each chiefdom
76WQhF4cf5I-00443-00102983-00103215 the secondary and final elections takes
76WQhF4cf5I-00444-00103216-00103406 place at the various constituencies
76WQhF4cf5I-00445-00103407-00103590 called tinkundlak candidates who won
76WQhF4cf5I-00446-00103591-00103775 primary elections in the chieftams are
76WQhF4cf5I-00447-00103776-00103975 considered nominees for the secondary
76WQhF4cf5I-00448-00103976-00104182 elections at incheonla or constituency
76WQhF4cf5I-00449-00104183-00104278 level
76WQhF4cf5I-00450-00104279-00104494 the nominees with majority votes become
76WQhF4cf5I-00451-00104495-00104663 the winners and they become members of
76WQhF4cf5I-00452-00104664-00104919 parliament or constituency headman
76WQhF4cf5I-00453-00104920-00105166 topic foreign relation stopic eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00454-00105167-00105366 is a member of the united nations the
76WQhF4cf5I-00455-00105367-00105551 commonwealth of nations the african
76WQhF4cf5I-00456-00105552-00105766 union the common market for eastern and
76WQhF4cf5I-00457-00105767-00105966 southern africa and the southern african
76WQhF4cf5I-00458-00105967-00106158 development community
76WQhF4cf5I-00459-00106159-00106383 topic judiciary topic the judicial
76WQhF4cf5I-00460-00106383-00106647 system in eswatini as a dual system the
76WQhF4cf5I-00461-00106648-00106934 2006 constitution established a court
76WQhF4cf5I-00462-00106935-00107102 system based on the western model
76WQhF4cf5I-00463-00107103-00107319 consisting of four regional magistrates
76WQhF4cf5I-00464-00107320-00107486 courts a high court and a court of
76WQhF4cf5I-00465-00107488-00107671 appeal the supreme court which are
76WQhF4cf5I-00466-00107672-00107895 independent of crown control
76WQhF4cf5I-00467-00107896-00108119 in addition traditional courts swazi
76WQhF4cf5I-00468-00108120-00108302 courts or national courts deal with
76WQhF4cf5I-00469-00108303-00108502 minor offenses and violations of
76WQhF4cf5I-00470-00108503-00108743 traditional swazi law and custom judges
76WQhF4cf5I-00471-00108744-00108878 are appointed by the king and are
76WQhF4cf5I-00472-00108879-00109166 usually expatriates from south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00473-00109167-00109358 the supreme court which replaced the
76WQhF4cf5I-00474-00109359-00109566 previous court of appeal consists of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00475-00109567-00109751 chief justice and at least four other
76WQhF4cf5I-00476-00109752-00109943 supreme court judges
76WQhF4cf5I-00477-00109944-00110119 the high court consists of the chief
76WQhF4cf5I-00478-00110120-00110302 justice and at least four high court
76WQhF4cf5I-00479-00110303-00110423 judges
76WQhF4cf5I-00480-00110424-00110815 topic chief justice stoppec 1998-2002
76WQhF4cf5I-00481-00110816-00111151 stanley sapphire 2002 jacobus annandale
76WQhF4cf5I-00482-00111152-00111266 acting
76WQhF4cf5I-00483-00111267-00111639 2007-2010 richard banda 2010-2015
76WQhF4cf5I-00484-00111640-00111919 michael ramotibati 2015 present becky
76WQhF4cf5I-00485-00111920-00112207 maffila military topic the military of
76WQhF4cf5I-00486-00112208-00112502 eswatini umbatfo weswatini defence force
76WQhF4cf5I-00487-00112503-00112686 is used primarily during domestic
76WQhF4cf5I-00488-00112688-00112886 protests with some border and customs
76WQhF4cf5I-00489-00112888-00112999 duties
76WQhF4cf5I-00490-00113000-00113207 the military has never been involved in
76WQhF4cf5I-00491-00113208-00113415 a foreign conflict the king is the
76WQhF4cf5I-00492-00113416-00113623 commander-in-chief of the defence force
76WQhF4cf5I-00493-00113624-00113775 and the substantive minister of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00494-00113776-00113927 ministry of defence there are
76WQhF4cf5I-00495-00113928-00114143 approximately 3000 personnel in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00496-00114144-00114327 defence force with the army being the
76WQhF4cf5I-00497-00114328-00114495 largest component
76WQhF4cf5I-00498-00114496-00114663 there is a small air wing which is
76WQhF4cf5I-00499-00114664-00114863 mainly used for transporting the king as
76WQhF4cf5I-00500-00114864-00115078 well as cargo and personnel surveying
76WQhF4cf5I-00501-00115079-00115271 land with search and rescue functions
76WQhF4cf5I-00502-00115272-00115463 and mobilizing in case of a national
76WQhF4cf5I-00503-00115464-00115615 emergency
76WQhF4cf5I-00504-00115616-00115823 topic administrative division stopped
76WQhF4cf5I-00505-00115824-00116063 eswatini is divided into four regions
76WQhF4cf5I-00506-00116064-00116431 hoho labambo manzini and chiselwinnie in
76WQhF4cf5I-00507-00116432-00116590 each of the four regions there are
76WQhF4cf5I-00508-00116591-00116863 several tinkhandla singular inkhandla
76WQhF4cf5I-00509-00116864-00117047 the regions are managed by a regional
76WQhF4cf5I-00510-00117048-00117247 administrator who is aided by elected
76WQhF4cf5I-00511-00117248-00117439 members in each inkhandla the local
76WQhF4cf5I-00512-00117440-00117623 government is divided into differently
76WQhF4cf5I-00513-00117624-00117815 structured rural and urban councils
76WQhF4cf5I-00514-00117816-00117999 depending on the level of development in
76WQhF4cf5I-00515-00118000-00118119 the area
76WQhF4cf5I-00516-00118120-00118278 although there are different political
76WQhF4cf5I-00517-00118279-00118463 structures to the local authorities
76WQhF4cf5I-00518-00118464-00118634 effectively the urban councils are
76WQhF4cf5I-00519-00118635-00118839 municipalities and the rural councils
76WQhF4cf5I-00520-00118840-00118990 are the tinchunla
76WQhF4cf5I-00521-00118991-00119247 there are 12 municipalities and 55
76WQhF4cf5I-00522-00119248-00119423 tinkhandla there are three tiers of
76WQhF4cf5I-00523-00119424-00119607 government in the urban areas and these
76WQhF4cf5I-00524-00119608-00119839 are city councils town councils and town
76WQhF4cf5I-00525-00119840-00119951 boards
76WQhF4cf5I-00526-00119952-00120166 this variation considers the size of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00527-00120167-00120399 town or city equally there are three
76WQhF4cf5I-00528-00120400-00120575 tiers in the rural areas which are the
76WQhF4cf5I-00529-00120576-00120766 regional administration at the regional
76WQhF4cf5I-00530-00120767-00121023 level tinkhundla and chiefdoms
76WQhF4cf5I-00531-00121024-00121239 decisions are made by full council based
76WQhF4cf5I-00532-00121240-00121439 on recommendations made by the various
76WQhF4cf5I-00533-00121440-00121575 subcommittees
76WQhF4cf5I-00534-00121576-00121799 the town clerk is the chief advisor in
76WQhF4cf5I-00535-00121800-00122031 each local council council or town board
76WQhF4cf5I-00536-00122032-00122231 there are 12 declared urban areas
76WQhF4cf5I-00537-00122232-00122471 comprising two city councils three town
76WQhF4cf5I-00538-00122472-00122719 councils and seven town boards
76WQhF4cf5I-00539-00122720-00122934 the main cities and towns in eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00540-00122935-00123207 are manzini imbaban a nh langano and
76WQhF4cf5I-00541-00123208-00123510 saiteki which are also regional capitals
76WQhF4cf5I-00542-00123511-00123727 the first two have city councils and the
76WQhF4cf5I-00543-00123728-00123975 latter two have town councils
76WQhF4cf5I-00544-00123976-00124190 other small towns or urban area with
76WQhF4cf5I-00545-00124191-00124423 substantial population are ezzelwini
76WQhF4cf5I-00546-00124424-00124727 matsufa helatikulu piggs peak simonye
76WQhF4cf5I-00547-00124728-00124999 and big bend as noted above there are 55
76WQhF4cf5I-00548-00125000-00125214 tinchundla in esswatini and each elects
76WQhF4cf5I-00549-00125215-00125375 one representative to the house of
76WQhF4cf5I-00550-00125376-00125566 assembly of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00551-00125567-00125734 each inkhandla has a development
76WQhF4cf5I-00552-00125735-00125927 committee buko foe elected from the
76WQhF4cf5I-00553-00125928-00126134 various constituency chieftains in its
76WQhF4cf5I-00554-00126135-00126343 area for a five-year term
76WQhF4cf5I-00555-00126344-00126534 bukofo bring to the inkhandla all
76WQhF4cf5I-00556-00126535-00126727 matters of interest and concern to their
76WQhF4cf5I-00557-00126728-00126910 various chiefdoms and take back to the
76WQhF4cf5I-00558-00126911-00127175 chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhandla
76WQhF4cf5I-00559-00127176-00127383 the chairman of the bukofo is elected at
76WQhF4cf5I-00560-00127383-00127510 the inkhandla and is called
76WQhF4cf5I-00561-00127511-00127671 inbunayinakundla these are the
76WQhF4cf5I-00562-00127672-00127934 administrative regions of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00563-00127935-00128143 the major towns and regional capitals
76WQhF4cf5I-00564-00128144-00128647 are also shown
76WQhF4cf5I-00565-00128648-00129239 geography
76WQhF4cf5I-00566-00129240-00129478 eswatini lies across a fault which runs
76WQhF4cf5I-00567-00129479-00129623 from the drakensberg mountains of
76WQhF4cf5I-00568-00129624-00129799 lesotho north through the eastern
76WQhF4cf5I-00569-00129800-00129990 highlands of zimbabwe and forms the
76WQhF4cf5I-00570-00129991-00130207 great rift valley of kenya a small
76WQhF4cf5I-00571-00130208-00130431 landlocked kingdom eswatini is bordered
76WQhF4cf5I-00572-00130432-00130607 in the north west and south by the
76WQhF4cf5I-00573-00130608-00130783 republic of south africa and by
76WQhF4cf5I-00574-00130783-00130975 mozambique in the east
76WQhF4cf5I-00575-00130976-00131299 esswatini has a land area of
76WQhF4cf5I-00576-00131300-00131566 17364 square kilometres
76WQhF4cf5I-00577-00131567-00131823 eswatini has four separate geographical
76WQhF4cf5I-00578-00131824-00132063 regions these run from north to south
76WQhF4cf5I-00579-00132064-00132319 and are determined by altitude eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00580-00132320-00132711 is at approximately 26 degrees 30 s 31
76WQhF4cf5I-00581-00132712-00132871 degrees 30.
76WQhF4cf5I-00582-00132872-00133102 e eswatini has a wide variety of
76WQhF4cf5I-00583-00133103-00133287 landscapes from the mountains along the
76WQhF4cf5I-00584-00133288-00133487 mozambican border to savannas in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00585-00133488-00133759 east and rainforest in the northwest
76WQhF4cf5I-00586-00133760-00133951 several rivers flow through the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00587-00133952-00134175 such as the great yusutu river along the
76WQhF4cf5I-00588-00134176-00134375 eastern border with mozambique as the la
76WQhF4cf5I-00589-00134376-00134614 bombo a mountain ridge at an altitude of
76WQhF4cf5I-00590-00134615-00134814 around 600 meters
76WQhF4cf5I-00591-00134815-00135007 the mountains are broken by the canyons
76WQhF4cf5I-00592-00135008-00135247 of three rivers the naguevama the yusutu
76WQhF4cf5I-00593-00135248-00135431 and the imbalusi river
76WQhF4cf5I-00594-00135432-00135647 this is cattle ranching country the
76WQhF4cf5I-00595-00135648-00135847 western border of eswatini with an
76WQhF4cf5I-00596-00135848-00136159 average altitude of 1200 meters lies on
76WQhF4cf5I-00597-00136160-00136351 the edge of an escarpment
76WQhF4cf5I-00598-00136352-00136519 between the mountains rivers rush
76WQhF4cf5I-00599-00136520-00136735 through deep gorgas in babane the
76WQhF4cf5I-00600-00136736-00136902 capital is on the highveld the
76WQhF4cf5I-00601-00136903-00137127 middlevilled lying at an average 700
76WQhF4cf5I-00602-00137128-00137302 metres above sea level is the most
76WQhF4cf5I-00603-00137303-00137527 densely populated region of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00604-00137528-00137775 with a lower rainfall than the mountains
76WQhF4cf5I-00605-00137776-00137990 manzini the principal commercial and
76WQhF4cf5I-00606-00137991-00138199 industrial city is situated in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00607-00138200-00138414 middlevilled the lowveld of esswatini at
76WQhF4cf5I-00608-00138415-00138711 around 250 metres is less populated than
76WQhF4cf5I-00609-00138712-00138902 other areas and presents a typical
76WQhF4cf5I-00610-00138903-00139102 african bush country of thorn trees and
76WQhF4cf5I-00611-00139103-00139247 grasslands
76WQhF4cf5I-00612-00139248-00139447 development of the region was inhibited
76WQhF4cf5I-00613-00139448-00140071 in early days by the scourge of malaria
76WQhF4cf5I-00614-00140072-00140463 climate
76WQhF4cf5I-00615-00140464-00140599 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00616-00140600-00140847 eswatini is divided into four climatic
76WQhF4cf5I-00617-00140848-00141111 regions the highveld middlevilled lovild
76WQhF4cf5I-00618-00141112-00141295 and lubombo plateau
76WQhF4cf5I-00619-00141296-00141471 the seasons are the reverse of those in
76WQhF4cf5I-00620-00141472-00141647 the northern hemisphere with december
76WQhF4cf5I-00621-00141648-00141919 being mid-summer and june mid-winter
76WQhF4cf5I-00622-00141920-00142135 generally speaking rain falls mostly
76WQhF4cf5I-00623-00142136-00142295 during the summer months often in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00624-00142296-00142511 form of thunderstorms winter is the dry
76WQhF4cf5I-00625-00142512-00142623 season
76WQhF4cf5I-00626-00142624-00142799 annual rainfall is highest on the
76WQhF4cf5I-00627-00142800-00143039 highveld in the west between 1000 and
76WQhF4cf5I-00628-00143040-00143439 2000 millimeters 39.4 and 78.7 in
76WQhF4cf5I-00629-00143440-00143599 depending on the year
76WQhF4cf5I-00630-00143600-00143799 the further east the less rain with the
76WQhF4cf5I-00631-00143800-00144023 low-villed recording 500 to 900
76WQhF4cf5I-00632-00144024-00144414 millimetres 19.7 to 35.4 in per annum
76WQhF4cf5I-00633-00144415-00144614 variations in temperature are also
76WQhF4cf5I-00634-00144615-00144790 related to the altitude of the different
76WQhF4cf5I-00635-00144791-00144911 regions
76WQhF4cf5I-00636-00144912-00145102 the highveld temperature is temperate
76WQhF4cf5I-00637-00145103-00145295 and seldom uncomfortably hot while the
76WQhF4cf5I-00638-00145296-00145495 low veld may record temperatures around
76WQhF4cf5I-00639-00145496-00145759 40 degrees celsius 104 degrees
76WQhF4cf5I-00640-00145760-00145951 fahrenheit in summer
76WQhF4cf5I-00641-00145952-00146166 the average temperatures at imbabane
76WQhF4cf5I-00642-00146167-00146599 according to seasons
76WQhF4cf5I-00643-00146600-00147239 topic wildlife
76WQhF4cf5I-00644-00147240-00147511 there are known to be 507 bird species
76WQhF4cf5I-00645-00147512-00147735 in eswatini including 11 globally
76WQhF4cf5I-00646-00147736-00147935 threatened species and four introduced
76WQhF4cf5I-00647-00147936-00148231 species and 107 mammal species endemic
76WQhF4cf5I-00648-00148232-00148431 to eswatini including the critically
76WQhF4cf5I-00649-00148432-00148590 endangered south central black
76WQhF4cf5I-00650-00148591-00148814 rhinoceros and seven other endangered or
76WQhF4cf5I-00651-00148815-00149039 vulnerable species protected areas of
76WQhF4cf5I-00652-00149040-00149278 eswatini include seven nature reserves
76WQhF4cf5I-00653-00149279-00149495 four frontier conservation areas and
76WQhF4cf5I-00654-00149496-00149751 three wildlife or game reserves
76WQhF4cf5I-00655-00149752-00149990 helene royal national park the largest
76WQhF4cf5I-00656-00149991-00150247 park in esswatini is rich in bird life
76WQhF4cf5I-00657-00150248-00150407 including white-backed vultures
76WQhF4cf5I-00658-00150408-00150590 white-headed lappet-faced and cape
76WQhF4cf5I-00659-00150591-00150831 vultures raptors such as marshall eagles
76WQhF4cf5I-00660-00150832-00151039 patellars and long-crested eagles and
76WQhF4cf5I-00661-00151040-00151199 the southernmost nesting site of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00662-00151200-00151631 maribo stork
76WQhF4cf5I-00663-00151632-00152287 topic economy
76WQhF4cf5I-00664-00152288-00152590 eswatini s economy is diverse with
76WQhF4cf5I-00665-00152591-00152814 agriculture forestry and mining
76WQhF4cf5I-00666-00152815-00153031 accounting for about 13
76WQhF4cf5I-00667-00153032-00153351 of gdp manufacturing textiles and
76WQhF4cf5I-00668-00153352-00153726 sugar-related processing representing 37
76WQhF4cf5I-00669-00153727-00153999 of gdp and services with government
76WQhF4cf5I-00670-00154000-00154326 services in the lead constituting 50 of
76WQhF4cf5I-00671-00154327-00154495 gdp
76WQhF4cf5I-00672-00154496-00154807 title deed lands tdls where the bulk of
76WQhF4cf5I-00673-00154808-00155039 high-value crops are grown sugar
76WQhF4cf5I-00674-00155040-00155319 forestry and citrus are characterized by
76WQhF4cf5I-00675-00155320-00155575 high levels of investment and irrigation
76WQhF4cf5I-00676-00155576-00155902 and high productivity about 75 of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00677-00155903-00156151 population is employed in subsistence
76WQhF4cf5I-00678-00156152-00156599 agriculture upon swazi nation land snl
76WQhF4cf5I-00679-00156600-00156839 in contrast with the commercial farms
76WQhF4cf5I-00680-00156840-00157071 swazi nation land suffers from low
76WQhF4cf5I-00681-00157072-00157326 productivity and investment
76WQhF4cf5I-00682-00157327-00157575 this dual nature of the swazi economy
76WQhF4cf5I-00683-00157576-00157790 with high productivity in textile
76WQhF4cf5I-00684-00157791-00158039 manufacturing and in the industrialized
76WQhF4cf5I-00685-00158040-00158319 agricultural tdls on the one hand and
76WQhF4cf5I-00686-00158320-00158551 declining productivity subsistence
76WQhF4cf5I-00687-00158552-00158871 agriculture on snl on the other may well
76WQhF4cf5I-00688-00158872-00159087 explain the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00689-00159088-00159343 s overall low growth high inequality and
76WQhF4cf5I-00690-00159344-00159607 unemployment economic growth in eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00691-00159608-00159854 has lagged behind that of its neighbors
76WQhF4cf5I-00692-00159855-00160175 real gdp growth since 2001 has averaged
76WQhF4cf5I-00693-00160176-00160463 2.8 percent nearly 2 percentage points
76WQhF4cf5I-00694-00160464-00160631 lower than growth in other southern
76WQhF4cf5I-00695-00160632-00160854 african customs union saku member
76WQhF4cf5I-00696-00160855-00160983 countries
76WQhF4cf5I-00697-00160984-00161190 low agricultural productivity in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00698-00161191-00161454 snls repeated droughts the devastating
76WQhF4cf5I-00699-00161455-00161711 effect of hiv aids and an overly large
76WQhF4cf5I-00700-00161712-00161887 and inefficient government sector are
76WQhF4cf5I-00701-00161888-00162102 likely contributing factors
76WQhF4cf5I-00702-00162103-00162375 eswatini's public finances deteriorated
76WQhF4cf5I-00703-00162376-00162614 in the late 1990s following sizable
76WQhF4cf5I-00704-00162615-00162847 surpluses a decade earlier
76WQhF4cf5I-00705-00162848-00163063 a combination of declining revenues and
76WQhF4cf5I-00706-00163064-00163254 increased spending led to significant
76WQhF4cf5I-00707-00163255-00163447 budget deficits
76WQhF4cf5I-00708-00163448-00163639 the considerable spending did not lead
76WQhF4cf5I-00709-00163640-00163831 to more growth and did not benefit the
76WQhF4cf5I-00710-00163832-00163926 poor
76WQhF4cf5I-00711-00163927-00164119 much of the increased spending has gone
76WQhF4cf5I-00712-00164120-00164366 to current expenditures related to wages
76WQhF4cf5I-00713-00164367-00164583 transfers and subsidies
76WQhF4cf5I-00714-00164584-00164895 the wage bill today constitutes over 15
76WQhF4cf5I-00715-00164896-00165254 of gdp and 55 of total public spending
76WQhF4cf5I-00716-00165255-00165414 these are some of the highest levels on
76WQhF4cf5I-00717-00165415-00165590 the african continent
76WQhF4cf5I-00718-00165591-00165831 the recent rapid growth in saku revenues
76WQhF4cf5I-00719-00165832-00166014 has however reversed the fiscal
76WQhF4cf5I-00720-00166015-00166231 situation and a sizable surplus was
76WQhF4cf5I-00721-00166232-00166487 recorded since 2006.
76WQhF4cf5I-00722-00166488-00166775 saku revenues today account for over 60
76WQhF4cf5I-00723-00166776-00166990 of total government revenues
76WQhF4cf5I-00724-00166991-00167207 on the positive side the external debt
76WQhF4cf5I-00725-00167208-00167407 burden has declined markedly over the
76WQhF4cf5I-00726-00167408-00167623 last 20 years and domestic debt is
76WQhF4cf5I-00727-00167624-00167831 almost negligible external debt as a
76WQhF4cf5I-00728-00167832-00168231 percent of gdp was less than 20 in 2006
76WQhF4cf5I-00729-00168232-00168551 eswatini s economy is very closely
76WQhF4cf5I-00730-00168552-00168775 linked to the economy of south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00731-00168776-00169047 from which it receives over 90 of its
76WQhF4cf5I-00732-00169048-00169335 imports and to which it sends about 70
76WQhF4cf5I-00733-00169336-00169519 of its exports
76WQhF4cf5I-00734-00169520-00169831 eswatini s other key trading partners
76WQhF4cf5I-00735-00169832-00170023 are the united states and the eu from
76WQhF4cf5I-00736-00170024-00170207 whom the country has received trade
76WQhF4cf5I-00737-00170208-00170414 preferences for apparel exports under
76WQhF4cf5I-00738-00170415-00170638 the african growth and opportunity act
76WQhF4cf5I-00739-00170639-00171014 agoaa to the u.s and for sugar to the eu
76WQhF4cf5I-00740-00171015-00171214 under these agreements both apparel and
76WQhF4cf5I-00741-00171215-00171454 sugar exports did well with rapid growth
76WQhF4cf5I-00742-00171455-00171654 and a strong inflow of foreign direct
76WQhF4cf5I-00743-00171655-00171783 investment
76WQhF4cf5I-00744-00171784-00172119 textile exports grew by over 200 between
76WQhF4cf5I-00745-00172120-00172399 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports
76WQhF4cf5I-00746-00172400-00172614 increasing by more than 50 percent over
76WQhF4cf5I-00747-00172615-00172790 the same period
76WQhF4cf5I-00748-00172791-00173007 the continued vibrancy of the export
76WQhF4cf5I-00749-00173008-00173183 sector is threatened by the removal of
76WQhF4cf5I-00750-00173184-00173390 trade preferences for textiles the
76WQhF4cf5I-00751-00173391-00173583 accession to similar preferences for
76WQhF4cf5I-00752-00173584-00173775 east asian countries and the phasing out
76WQhF4cf5I-00753-00173776-00173975 of preferential prices for sugar to the
76WQhF4cf5I-00754-00173976-00174111 eu market
76WQhF4cf5I-00755-00174112-00174295 eswatini will thus have to face the
76WQhF4cf5I-00756-00174296-00174478 challenge of remaining competitive in a
76WQhF4cf5I-00757-00174479-00174687 changing global environment
76WQhF4cf5I-00758-00174688-00174878 a crucial factor in addressing this
76WQhF4cf5I-00759-00174879-00175071 challenge is the investment climate the
76WQhF4cf5I-00760-00175072-00175278 recently concluded investment climate
76WQhF4cf5I-00761-00175279-00175454 assessment provides some positive
76WQhF4cf5I-00762-00175455-00175638 findings in this regard namely that
76WQhF4cf5I-00763-00175639-00175814 eswatini firms are among the most
76WQhF4cf5I-00764-00175815-00176014 productive in sub-saharan africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00765-00176015-00176166 although they are less productive than
76WQhF4cf5I-00766-00176167-00176302 firms in the most productive
76WQhF4cf5I-00767-00176303-00176575 middle-income countries in other regions
76WQhF4cf5I-00768-00176576-00176775 they compare more favorably with firms
76WQhF4cf5I-00769-00176776-00176975 from lower middle-income countries but
76WQhF4cf5I-00770-00176976-00177151 are hampered by inadequate governance
76WQhF4cf5I-00771-00177152-00177399 arrangements and infrastructure eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00772-00177400-00177671 s currency the lilingani is pegged to
76WQhF4cf5I-00773-00177672-00177887 the south african rand subsuming
76WQhF4cf5I-00774-00177888-00178071 eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00775-00178072-00178351 s monetary policy to south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00776-00178352-00178559 customs duties from the southern african
76WQhF4cf5I-00777-00178560-00178783 customs union which may equal as much as
76WQhF4cf5I-00778-00178784-00179031 70 of government revenue this year and
76WQhF4cf5I-00779-00179032-00179238 worker remittances from south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00780-00179239-00179438 substantially supplement domestically
76WQhF4cf5I-00781-00179439-00179575 earned income
76WQhF4cf5I-00782-00179576-00179790 eswatini is not poor enough to merit an
76WQhF4cf5I-00783-00179791-00180023 imf program however the country is
76WQhF4cf5I-00784-00180024-00180183 struggling to reduce the size of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00785-00180184-00180375 civil service and control costs at
76WQhF4cf5I-00786-00180376-00180551 public enterprises
76WQhF4cf5I-00787-00180552-00180726 the government is trying to improve the
76WQhF4cf5I-00788-00180727-00181366 atmosphere for foreign direct investment
76WQhF4cf5I-00789-00181367-00182247 society
76WQhF4cf5I-00790-00182248-00182687 demographics
76WQhF4cf5I-00791-00182688-00182823 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00792-00182824-00183063 the majority of eswatini's population is
76WQhF4cf5I-00793-00183064-00183263 ethnically swazi mixed with a small
76WQhF4cf5I-00794-00183264-00183511 number of zulu and white africans mostly
76WQhF4cf5I-00795-00183512-00183790 people of british and afrikaner descent
76WQhF4cf5I-00796-00183791-00183951 traditionally swazi have been
76WQhF4cf5I-00797-00183952-00184175 subsistence farmers and herders but most
76WQhF4cf5I-00798-00184176-00184375 now mix such activities with work in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00799-00184376-00184575 growing urban formal economy and in
76WQhF4cf5I-00800-00184576-00184695 government
76WQhF4cf5I-00801-00184696-00184902 some swazi work in the mines in south
76WQhF4cf5I-00802-00184903-00185175 africa eswatini also received portuguese
76WQhF4cf5I-00803-00185176-00185359 settlers and african refugees from
76WQhF4cf5I-00804-00185360-00185511 mozambique
76WQhF4cf5I-00805-00185512-00185743 christianity in eswatini is sometimes
76WQhF4cf5I-00806-00185744-00185902 mixed with traditional beliefs and
76WQhF4cf5I-00807-00185903-00186159 practices many traditionalists believe
76WQhF4cf5I-00808-00186160-00186359 that most swazi ascribe a special
76WQhF4cf5I-00809-00186360-00186550 spiritual role to the monarch as a
76WQhF4cf5I-00810-00186551-00186711 result of the effects of excess
76WQhF4cf5I-00811-00186712-00186911 mortality due to aids residents of
76WQhF4cf5I-00812-00186912-00187087 esswatini have nearly the lowest
76WQhF4cf5I-00813-00187088-00187311 documented life expectancy in the world
76WQhF4cf5I-00814-00187312-00187599 at 58.9 years only four other countries
76WQhF4cf5I-00815-00187600-00188159 have lower life expectancies
76WQhF4cf5I-00816-00188160-00188775 population centers
76WQhF4cf5I-00817-00188776-00188983 this is a list of major cities and towns
76WQhF4cf5I-00818-00188984-00189135 in esswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00819-00189136-00189319 the table below also includes the
76WQhF4cf5I-00820-00189320-00189838 population in region
76WQhF4cf5I-00821-00189839-00190399 languages
76WQhF4cf5I-00822-00190400-00190663 siswati also known as swati swazi or
76WQhF4cf5I-00823-00190664-00190878 siswati is a bantu language of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00824-00190879-00191102 naguni group spoken in eswatini and
76WQhF4cf5I-00825-00191103-00191247 south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00826-00191248-00191495 it has 2.5 million speakers and is
76WQhF4cf5I-00827-00191496-00191654 taught in schools
76WQhF4cf5I-00828-00191655-00191878 it is an official language of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00829-00191879-00192031 along with english and one of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00830-00192032-00192302 official languages of south africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00831-00192303-00192502 english is the medium of communication
76WQhF4cf5I-00832-00192503-00192695 in schools and in conducting business
76WQhF4cf5I-00833-00192696-00192983 including the press about 76 000 people
76WQhF4cf5I-00834-00192984-00193199 in the country speak zulu
76WQhF4cf5I-00835-00193200-00193399 sangha which is spoken by many people
76WQhF4cf5I-00836-00193400-00193590 throughout the region is spoken by about
76WQhF4cf5I-00837-00193591-00193863 19 000 people in eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00838-00193864-00194071 afrikaans is also spoken by some
76WQhF4cf5I-00839-00194072-00194271 residents of afrikaner descent
76WQhF4cf5I-00840-00194272-00194454 portuguese has been introduced as a
76WQhF4cf5I-00841-00194455-00194647 third language in the schools due to the
76WQhF4cf5I-00842-00194648-00194854 large community of portuguese speakers
76WQhF4cf5I-00843-00194855-00195054 from mozambique or northern and central
76WQhF4cf5I-00844-00195055-00195502 portugal
76WQhF4cf5I-00845-00195503-00196038 religion
76WQhF4cf5I-00846-00196039-00196343 83 of the total population adheres to
76WQhF4cf5I-00847-00196344-00196566 christianity and eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00848-00196567-00196783 anglican protestant and indigenous
76WQhF4cf5I-00849-00196784-00196983 african churches including african
76WQhF4cf5I-00850-00196984-00197190 zionist constitute the majority of
76WQhF4cf5I-00851-00197191-00197423 christians 40 followed by roman
76WQhF4cf5I-00852-00197424-00197614 catholicism at 20 percent of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00853-00197615-00197750 population
76WQhF4cf5I-00854-00197751-00198078 on the 18th of july 2012 ellen awamukoya
76WQhF4cf5I-00855-00198079-00198326 was elected anglican bishop of swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-00856-00198327-00198511 becoming the first woman to be a bishop
76WQhF4cf5I-00857-00198512-00198638 in africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00858-00198639-00198935 15 of the population follows traditional
76WQhF4cf5I-00859-00198936-00199166 religions other non-christian religions
76WQhF4cf5I-00860-00199167-00199390 practiced in the country include islam 2
76WQhF4cf5I-00861-00199391-00199678 percent the baha'i faith 0.5
76WQhF4cf5I-00862-00199679-00199966 and hinduism 0.2
76WQhF4cf5I-00863-00199967-00200254 there were 14 jewish families in 2013.
76WQhF4cf5I-00864-00200255-00200423 the kingdom of eswatini does not
76WQhF4cf5I-00865-00200424-00200631 recognize non-civil marriages such as
76WQhF4cf5I-00866-00200632-00201143 islamic right marriage contracts
76WQhF4cf5I-00867-00201144-00201607 topic health
76WQhF4cf5I-00868-00201608-00201743 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00869-00201744-00202063 in 2015 swaziland had an estimated life
76WQhF4cf5I-00870-00202064-00202399 expectancy of 58.9 years tuberculosis is
76WQhF4cf5I-00871-00202400-00202623 a significant problem with an 18
76WQhF4cf5I-00872-00202624-00202790 mortality rate
76WQhF4cf5I-00873-00202791-00202923 many patients have a
76WQhF4cf5I-00874-00202924-00203190 multi-drug-resistant strain and 83 are
76WQhF4cf5I-00875-00203191-00203414 co-infected with hiv
76WQhF4cf5I-00876-00203415-00203702 there are roughly 14 000 new tb cases
76WQhF4cf5I-00877-00203703-00203919 diagnosed each year mental illness is
76WQhF4cf5I-00878-00203920-00204135 also a significant public health problem
76WQhF4cf5I-00879-00204136-00204278 in esswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00880-00204279-00204487 the population is made more vulnerable
76WQhF4cf5I-00881-00204488-00204671 to mental illness due to the prevalence
76WQhF4cf5I-00882-00204672-00204942 of hiv and aids alcohol and cannabis
76WQhF4cf5I-00883-00204944-00205255 abuse sexual violence and poverty
76WQhF4cf5I-00884-00205256-00205446 additionally not a lot of accurate
76WQhF4cf5I-00885-00205448-00205646 information is widely known about mental
76WQhF4cf5I-00886-00205648-00205823 illness in the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00887-00205823-00206038 because of this individuals with mental
76WQhF4cf5I-00888-00206039-00206255 illness are also susceptible to stigma
76WQhF4cf5I-00889-00206256-00206446 eswatini does not have an expansive
76WQhF4cf5I-00890-00206448-00206655 mental health infrastructure
76WQhF4cf5I-00891-00206656-00206886 in fact most healthcare is centralized
76WQhF4cf5I-00892-00206887-00207134 in cities where approximately 20 of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00893-00207135-00207310 population lives
76WQhF4cf5I-00894-00207311-00207519 there is one psychiatrist available for
76WQhF4cf5I-00895-00207519-00207782 a population of roughly one million
76WQhF4cf5I-00896-00207783-00207982 the psychiatrist works at the national
76WQhF4cf5I-00897-00207983-00208231 psychiatric referral hospital in manzini
76WQhF4cf5I-00898-00208232-00208446 and sees all of the psychiatric patients
76WQhF4cf5I-00899-00208448-00208646 in the country including patients housed
76WQhF4cf5I-00900-00208648-00208855 at the hospital but also prisoners
76WQhF4cf5I-00901-00208856-00209038 children and people who commute from
76WQhF4cf5I-00902-00209039-00209238 rural villages given eswatini's
76WQhF4cf5I-00903-00209239-00209406 situation many health-related
76WQhF4cf5I-00904-00209407-00209590 non-governmental organizations
76WQhF4cf5I-00905-00209591-00209767 university programs and other
76WQhF4cf5I-00906-00209767-00209958 organizations work in the country on
76WQhF4cf5I-00907-00209959-00210158 research and service projects related to
76WQhF4cf5I-00908-00210159-00210494 health
76WQhF4cf5I-00909-00210496-00211031 topic hiv aids
76WQhF4cf5I-00910-00211032-00211167 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-00911-00211167-00211382 eswatini is critically affected by the
76WQhF4cf5I-00912-00211383-00211703 hiv and aids disease as reported in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00913-00211704-00212039 2012 cia world factbook swaziland has
76WQhF4cf5I-00914-00212040-00212263 the highest hiv infection rate in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00915-00212264-00212582 world 25.8 percent of all adults more in
76WQhF4cf5I-00916-00212583-00212798 other reports and a life expectancy of
76WQhF4cf5I-00917-00212800-00212942 50 years
76WQhF4cf5I-00918-00212944-00213119 from another perspective the last
76WQhF4cf5I-00919-00213119-00213351 available world health organization data
76WQhF4cf5I-00920-00213352-00213703 in 2002 shows that 64 of all deaths in
76WQhF4cf5I-00921-00213704-00213958 the country were caused by hiv aids in
76WQhF4cf5I-00922-00213959-00214294 2009 an estimated 7000 people died from
76WQhF4cf5I-00923-00214296-00214487 aids-related causes from a total
76WQhF4cf5I-00924-00214488-00214731 population of approximately 1
76WQhF4cf5I-00925-00214732-00214951 185 000
76WQhF4cf5I-00926-00214952-00215294 this translates into an estimated 0.6 of
76WQhF4cf5I-00927-00215296-00215494 the population dying from aids every
76WQhF4cf5I-00928-00215496-00215591 year
76WQhF4cf5I-00929-00215592-00215751 chronic illnesses that are the most
76WQhF4cf5I-00930-00215752-00215910 prolific causes of death in the
76WQhF4cf5I-00931-00215911-00216087 developed world account only for a
76WQhF4cf5I-00932-00216088-00216303 minute fraction of deaths in eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-00933-00216304-00216534 for example heart disease strokes and
76WQhF4cf5I-00934-00216535-00216742 cancer cause fewer than five percent of
76WQhF4cf5I-00935-00216744-00216967 deaths in eswatini in total compared to
76WQhF4cf5I-00936-00216967-00217271 55 of all deaths yearly in the u.s in
76WQhF4cf5I-00937-00217271-00217503 2004 the swaziland government
76WQhF4cf5I-00938-00217504-00217671 acknowledged for the first time that it
76WQhF4cf5I-00939-00217671-00217919 suffered an aids crisis with 38.8
76WQhF4cf5I-00940-00217919-00218103 percent of tested pregnant women
76WQhF4cf5I-00941-00218104-00218415 infected with hiv sea aids in africa
76WQhF4cf5I-00942-00218416-00218623 the then prime minister themba de lamini
76WQhF4cf5I-00943-00218623-00218846 declared a humanitarian crisis due to
76WQhF4cf5I-00944-00218848-00219015 the combined effect of drought land
76WQhF4cf5I-00945-00219016-00219287 degradation increased poverty and hiv
76WQhF4cf5I-00946-00219288-00219406 aids
76WQhF4cf5I-00947-00219407-00219646 according to the 2011 unaids report
76WQhF4cf5I-00948-00219648-00219839 swaziland is close to achieving
76WQhF4cf5I-00949-00219840-00220110 universal access to hiv aids treatment
76WQhF4cf5I-00950-00220111-00220406 defined as 80 coverage or greater
76WQhF4cf5I-00951-00220407-00220591 estimates of treatment coverage range
76WQhF4cf5I-00952-00220592-00220975 from 70 to 80 of those infected
76WQhF4cf5I-00953-00220976-00221263 life expectancy had fallen from 61 years
76WQhF4cf5I-00954-00221264-00221598 in 2000 to 32 years in 2009. public
76WQhF4cf5I-00955-00221600-00221910 expenditure for hiv aids was at 4 of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00956-00221911-00222134 gdp of the country whereas private
76WQhF4cf5I-00957-00222135-00222415 expenditure was at 2.3 percent
76WQhF4cf5I-00958-00222416-00222679 there were 16 physicians per 100 000
76WQhF4cf5I-00959-00222680-00222942 persons in the early 2000s
76WQhF4cf5I-00960-00222944-00223310 infant mortality was at 57.19 per 1000
76WQhF4cf5I-00961-00223311-00223710 in 2014 with the who showing that 47 of
76WQhF4cf5I-00962-00223711-00223958 all deaths under 5 are caused by hiv
76WQhF4cf5I-00963-00223959-00224479 aids
76WQhF4cf5I-00964-00224480-00225046 education
76WQhF4cf5I-00965-00225048-00225255 education in eswatini begins with
76WQhF4cf5I-00966-00225256-00225510 preschool education for infants primary
76WQhF4cf5I-00967-00225511-00225734 secondary and high school education for
76WQhF4cf5I-00968-00225735-00225958 general education and training get and
76WQhF4cf5I-00969-00225959-00226182 universities and colleges at tertiary
76WQhF4cf5I-00970-00226183-00226294 level
76WQhF4cf5I-00971-00226296-00226503 preschool education is usually for
76WQhF4cf5I-00972-00226504-00226687 children five year or younger after that
76WQhF4cf5I-00973-00226688-00226871 the students can enroll in a primary
76WQhF4cf5I-00974-00226871-00227087 school anywhere in the country
76WQhF4cf5I-00975-00227088-00227303 in esswatini early childhood care and
76WQhF4cf5I-00976-00227304-00227542 education ek centers are in the form of
76WQhF4cf5I-00977-00227544-00227742 preschools or neighborhood care points
76WQhF4cf5I-00978-00227744-00227903 ncps
76WQhF4cf5I-00979-00227904-00228158 in the country 21.6 percent of
76WQhF4cf5I-00980-00228159-00228367 preschool-age children have access to
76WQhF4cf5I-00981-00228367-00228575 early childhood education primary
76WQhF4cf5I-00982-00228576-00228798 education in eswatini begins at the age
76WQhF4cf5I-00983-00228800-00228927 of six
76WQhF4cf5I-00984-00228928-00229094 it is a seven-year program that
76WQhF4cf5I-00985-00229096-00229303 culminates with an end of primary school
76WQhF4cf5I-00986-00229304-00229606 examination spc in grade 7 which is a
76WQhF4cf5I-00987-00229607-00229815 locally based assessment administered by
76WQhF4cf5I-00988-00229816-00230103 the examinations council through schools
76WQhF4cf5I-00989-00230104-00230327 primary education is from grade 1 to
76WQhF4cf5I-00990-00230328-00230567 grade 7. the secondary and high school
76WQhF4cf5I-00991-00230567-00230775 education system in eswatini is a
76WQhF4cf5I-00992-00230776-00230975 five-year program divided into three
76WQhF4cf5I-00993-00230976-00231191 years junior secondary and two years
76WQhF4cf5I-00994-00231192-00231358 senior secondary
76WQhF4cf5I-00995-00231359-00231582 there is an external public examination
76WQhF4cf5I-00996-00231583-00231758 junior certificate at the end of the
76WQhF4cf5I-00997-00231759-00231958 junior secondary that learners have to
76WQhF4cf5I-00998-00231959-00232167 pass to progress to the senior secondary
76WQhF4cf5I-00999-00232167-00232263 level
76WQhF4cf5I-01000-00232264-00232503 the examinations council of eswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-01001-00232504-00232879 eces wa administers this examination
76WQhF4cf5I-01002-00232880-00233094 at the end of the senior secondary level
76WQhF4cf5I-01003-00233096-00233303 learners sit for a public examination
76WQhF4cf5I-01004-00233304-00233519 the swaziland general certificate of
76WQhF4cf5I-01005-00233519-00233806 secondary education sgcse an
76WQhF4cf5I-01006-00233807-00233991 international general certificate of
76WQhF4cf5I-01007-00233992-00234287 secondary education igcse which is
76WQhF4cf5I-01008-00234288-00234415 accredited by the cambridge
76WQhF4cf5I-01009-00234416-00234671 international examination c
76WQhF4cf5I-01010-00234671-00234910 a few schools offer the advanced studies
76WQhF4cf5I-01011-00234911-00235103 as program in their curriculum there are
76WQhF4cf5I-01012-00235104-00235358 830 public schools in esswatini
76WQhF4cf5I-01013-00235359-00235575 including primary secondary and high
76WQhF4cf5I-01014-00235576-00235694 schools
76WQhF4cf5I-01015-00235696-00235934 there are also 34 recognized private
76WQhF4cf5I-01016-00235935-00236103 schools with an additional 14
76WQhF4cf5I-01017-00236104-00236255 unrecognized
76WQhF4cf5I-01018-00236256-00236431 the biggest number of schools is in the
76WQhF4cf5I-01019-00236432-00236734 hoho region education in esswatini as of
76WQhF4cf5I-01020-00236735-00237023 2009 is free at primary level mainly
76WQhF4cf5I-01021-00237023-00237206 first through the fourth grade and also
76WQhF4cf5I-01022-00237207-00237367 free for orphaned and vulnerable
76WQhF4cf5I-01023-00237367-00237679 children but not compulsory in 1996 the
76WQhF4cf5I-01024-00237680-00237887 net primary school enrollment rate was
76WQhF4cf5I-01025-00237888-00238134 90.8 percent with gender parity at the
76WQhF4cf5I-01026-00238135-00238287 primary level
76WQhF4cf5I-01027-00238288-00238631 in 1998 80.5 percent of children reached
76WQhF4cf5I-01028-00238632-00238767 grade 5.
76WQhF4cf5I-01029-00238767-00238982 eswatini is home to a united world
76WQhF4cf5I-01030-00238983-00239334 college in 1963 waterford school later
76WQhF4cf5I-01031-00239335-00239558 named waterford kamlaba united world
76WQhF4cf5I-01032-00239559-00239758 college of southern africa was founded
76WQhF4cf5I-01033-00239759-00239967 as southern africa's first multi-racial
76WQhF4cf5I-01034-00239967-00240071 school
76WQhF4cf5I-01035-00240071-00240358 in 1981 waterford camalaba joined the
76WQhF4cf5I-01036-00240359-00240558 united world colleges movement as the
76WQhF4cf5I-01037-00240559-00240767 first and only united world college on
76WQhF4cf5I-01038-00240767-00240934 the african continent adult and
76WQhF4cf5I-01039-00240935-00241175 non-formal education centres are cebenta
76WQhF4cf5I-01040-00241176-00241375 national institute for adult basic
76WQhF4cf5I-01041-00241376-00241582 literacy and mla latini development
76WQhF4cf5I-01042-00241583-00241758 center which provides alternative
76WQhF4cf5I-01043-00241759-00241958 educational opportunities for school
76WQhF4cf5I-01044-00241959-00242119 children and young adults who have not
76WQhF4cf5I-01045-00242119-00242646 been able to complete their schooling
76WQhF4cf5I-01046-00242648-00243206 higher education
76WQhF4cf5I-01047-00243207-00243430 the university of eswatini southern
76WQhF4cf5I-01048-00243431-00243615 african nazarene university and
76WQhF4cf5I-01049-00243616-00243903 swaziland christian university scu are
76WQhF4cf5I-01050-00243904-00244119 the institutions that offer university
76WQhF4cf5I-01051-00244119-00244319 education in the country
76WQhF4cf5I-01052-00244319-00244534 a campus of limkequing university of
76WQhF4cf5I-01053-00244535-00244727 creative technology can be found at
76WQhF4cf5I-01054-00244728-00244927 sidweshini a suburb of the capital in
76WQhF4cf5I-01055-00244928-00245055 babane
76WQhF4cf5I-01056-00245056-00245206 there are some teaching and nursing
76WQhF4cf5I-01057-00245207-00245439 assistant colleges around the country
76WQhF4cf5I-01058-00245440-00245742 n.g wayne teacher s college and william
76WQhF4cf5I-01059-00245744-00245982 pitcher college are the country
76WQhF4cf5I-01060-00245983-00246223 s teaching colleges the good shepherd
76WQhF4cf5I-01061-00246223-00246406 hospital in scitechi is home to the
76WQhF4cf5I-01062-00246407-00246582 college for nursing assistants the
76WQhF4cf5I-01063-00246583-00246806 university of eswatini is the national
76WQhF4cf5I-01064-00246807-00247079 university which was established in 1982
76WQhF4cf5I-01065-00247080-00247215 by act of parliament and is
76WQhF4cf5I-01066-00247216-00247423 headquartered at kualasini with two more
76WQhF4cf5I-01067-00247423-00247703 campuses in imbabane and luyango
76WQhF4cf5I-01068-00247704-00247934 the southern african nazarene university
76WQhF4cf5I-01069-00247935-00248206 sanu was established in 2010 as a merger
76WQhF4cf5I-01070-00248207-00248391 of the nazarene college of nursing
76WQhF4cf5I-01071-00248392-00248591 college of theology and the nazarene
76WQhF4cf5I-01072-00248592-00248742 teachers college
76WQhF4cf5I-01073-00248744-00248903 it is in manzini next to the
76WQhF4cf5I-01074-00248904-00249191 raleigh-fitkin memorial hospital the scu
76WQhF4cf5I-01075-00249192-00249382 focusing on medical education and
76WQhF4cf5I-01076-00249383-00249671 established in 2012 is eswatini's newest
76WQhF4cf5I-01077-00249671-00249806 university
76WQhF4cf5I-01078-00249807-00250015 it is in imbabane the campus of
76WQhF4cf5I-01079-00250016-00250206 limkequing university was opened in
76WQhF4cf5I-01080-00250207-00250487 swaziland in 2012 and is at sidwashini
76WQhF4cf5I-01081-00250488-00250671 in imbabane the main centre for
76WQhF4cf5I-01082-00250671-00250871 technical training in eswatini is the
76WQhF4cf5I-01083-00250871-00251110 swaziland college of technology scott
76WQhF4cf5I-01084-00251111-00251271 which is slated to become a full
76WQhF4cf5I-01085-00251271-00251398 university
76WQhF4cf5I-01086-00251400-00251606 it aims to provide and facilitating
76WQhF4cf5I-01087-00251607-00251782 high-quality training and learning and
76WQhF4cf5I-01088-00251783-00251967 technology and business studies in
76WQhF4cf5I-01089-00251967-00252142 collaboration with the commercial
76WQhF4cf5I-01090-00252144-00252398 industrial and public sectors
76WQhF4cf5I-01091-00252400-00252575 other technical and vocational
76WQhF4cf5I-01092-00252576-00252798 institutions are the guamial vocational
76WQhF4cf5I-01093-00252800-00252975 and commercial training institute in
76WQhF4cf5I-01094-00252976-00253191 matsufa and the menzini industrial and
76WQhF4cf5I-01095-00253192-00253519 training center mitc in manzini
76WQhF4cf5I-01096-00253519-00253798 other vocational institutions include nh
76WQhF4cf5I-01097-00253800-00254015 langano agricultural skills training
76WQhF4cf5I-01098-00254016-00254230 center and scitechi industrial training
76WQhF4cf5I-01099-00254231-00254367 center
76WQhF4cf5I-01100-00254367-00254567 in addition to these institutions the
76WQhF4cf5I-01101-00254567-00254798 kingdom also has the swaziland institute
76WQhF4cf5I-01102-00254800-00255030 of management and public administration
76WQhF4cf5I-01103-00255031-00255271 simpa and institute of development
76WQhF4cf5I-01104-00255271-00255479 management idm
76WQhF4cf5I-01105-00255480-00255734 simpa is a government-owned management
76WQhF4cf5I-01106-00255735-00255967 and development institute and idm is a
76WQhF4cf5I-01107-00255967-00256182 regional organization in botswana
76WQhF4cf5I-01108-00256183-00256398 lesotho and esswatini that provides
76WQhF4cf5I-01109-00256400-00256615 training consultancy and research and
76WQhF4cf5I-01110-00256616-00256742 management
76WQhF4cf5I-01111-00256744-00256975 north carolina state university's pool
76WQhF4cf5I-01112-00256976-00257182 college of management is a sister school
76WQhF4cf5I-01113-00257183-00257358 of simpa
76WQhF4cf5I-01114-00257359-00257534 the mananga management center was
76WQhF4cf5I-01115-00257535-00257727 established as menanga agricultural
76WQhF4cf5I-01116-00257728-00257991 management center in 1972 as an
76WQhF4cf5I-01117-00257992-00258167 international management development
76WQhF4cf5I-01118-00258167-00258351 center catering for middle and senior
76WQhF4cf5I-01119-00258352-00258951 managers it is at ezelweni
76WQhF4cf5I-01120-00258952-00259519 culture
76WQhF4cf5I-01121-00259519-00259734 the principal swazi social unit is the
76WQhF4cf5I-01122-00259735-00259951 homestead a traditional beehive hut
76WQhF4cf5I-01123-00259952-00260151 thatched with dry grass
76WQhF4cf5I-01124-00260152-00260367 in a polygamous homestead each wife has
76WQhF4cf5I-01125-00260367-00260567 her own hut and yard surrounded by reed
76WQhF4cf5I-01126-00260567-00260687 fences
76WQhF4cf5I-01127-00260688-00260879 there are three structures for sleeping
76WQhF4cf5I-01128-00260880-00261134 cooking and storage brewing beer
76WQhF4cf5I-01129-00261135-00261334 in larger homesteads there are also
76WQhF4cf5I-01130-00261335-00261542 structures used as bachelor's quarters
76WQhF4cf5I-01131-00261544-00261758 and guest accommodation
76WQhF4cf5I-01132-00261759-00261958 central to the traditional homestead is
76WQhF4cf5I-01133-00261959-00262158 the cattle buyer a circular area
76WQhF4cf5I-01134-00262159-00262391 enclosed by large logs interspaced with
76WQhF4cf5I-01135-00262392-00262519 branches
76WQhF4cf5I-01136-00262520-00262727 the cattle buyer has ritual as well as
76WQhF4cf5I-01137-00262728-00262910 practical significance as a store of
76WQhF4cf5I-01138-00262911-00263143 wealth and symbol of prestige
76WQhF4cf5I-01139-00263144-00263406 it contains sealed grain pits facing the
76WQhF4cf5I-01140-00263407-00263599 cattle buyer is the great hut which is
76WQhF4cf5I-01141-00263600-00263863 occupied by the mother of the headman
76WQhF4cf5I-01142-00263864-00264063 the headman is central to all homestead
76WQhF4cf5I-01143-00264064-00264319 affairs and he is often polygamous
76WQhF4cf5I-01144-00264320-00264534 he leads through example and advises his
76WQhF4cf5I-01145-00264535-00264743 wives on all social affairs of the home
76WQhF4cf5I-01146-00264744-00264934 as well as seeing to the larger survival
76WQhF4cf5I-01147-00264935-00265079 of the family
76WQhF4cf5I-01148-00265080-00265310 he also spends time socializing with the
76WQhF4cf5I-01149-00265311-00265503 young boys who are often his sons or
76WQhF4cf5I-01150-00265504-00265695 close relatives advising them on the
76WQhF4cf5I-01151-00265696-00265999 expectations of growing up and manhood
76WQhF4cf5I-01152-00266000-00266215 the sangoma is a traditional diviner
76WQhF4cf5I-01153-00266216-00266375 chosen by the ancestors of that
76WQhF4cf5I-01154-00266376-00266551 particular family
76WQhF4cf5I-01155-00266552-00266799 the training of the sangoma is called
76WQhF4cf5I-01156-00266800-00266927 fuasa
76WQhF4cf5I-01157-00266928-00267143 at the end of the training a graduation
76WQhF4cf5I-01158-00267144-00267351 ceremony takes place where all the local
76WQhF4cf5I-01159-00267352-00267551 sangoma come together for feasting and
76WQhF4cf5I-01160-00267552-00267663 dancing
76WQhF4cf5I-01161-00267664-00267863 the diviner is consulted for various
76WQhF4cf5I-01162-00267864-00268071 reasons such as the cause of sickness or
76WQhF4cf5I-01163-00268072-00268199 even death
76WQhF4cf5I-01164-00268200-00268527 his diagnosis is based on kubula a
76WQhF4cf5I-01165-00268528-00268734 process of communication through trance
76WQhF4cf5I-01166-00268735-00268958 with the natural superpowers
76WQhF4cf5I-01167-00268959-00269199 the inyanga a medical and pharmaceutical
76WQhF4cf5I-01168-00269200-00269406 specialist in western terms possesses
76WQhF4cf5I-01169-00269407-00269615 the bone throwing skill kushiya
76WQhF4cf5I-01170-00269616-00269751 imatsumbo
76WQhF4cf5I-01171-00269752-00269903 used to determine the cause of the
76WQhF4cf5I-01172-00269904-00270055 sickness
76WQhF4cf5I-01173-00270056-00270247 the most important cultural event in
76WQhF4cf5I-01174-00270248-00270510 eswatini is the inkwala ceremony it is
76WQhF4cf5I-01175-00270511-00270687 held on the fourth day after the full
76WQhF4cf5I-01176-00270688-00270934 moon nearest the longest day the 21st of
76WQhF4cf5I-01177-00270935-00271055 december
76WQhF4cf5I-01178-00271056-00271295 inkwala is often translated in english
76WQhF4cf5I-01179-00271296-00271615 as first fruits ceremony but the king's
76WQhF4cf5I-01180-00271616-00271815 tasting of the new harvest is only one
76WQhF4cf5I-01181-00271816-00272087 aspect among many in this long pageant
76WQhF4cf5I-01182-00272088-00272382 inkwala is best translated as kingship
76WQhF4cf5I-01183-00272383-00272647 ceremony when there is no king there is
76WQhF4cf5I-01184-00272648-00272903 no inkwala it is high treason for any
76WQhF4cf5I-01185-00272904-00273158 other person to hold an inkwala
76WQhF4cf5I-01186-00273159-00273375 every swazi may take part in the public
76WQhF4cf5I-01187-00273376-00273543 parts of the inquala
76WQhF4cf5I-01188-00273544-00273734 the climax of the event is the fourth
76WQhF4cf5I-01189-00273735-00273927 day of the big inkwala
76WQhF4cf5I-01190-00273928-00274110 the key figures are the king queen
76WQhF4cf5I-01191-00274111-00274319 mother royal wives and children the
76WQhF4cf5I-01192-00274320-00274558 royal governors in dunas the chiefs the
76WQhF4cf5I-01193-00274559-00274815 regiments and the bamanti
76WQhF4cf5I-01194-00274816-00275119 or water people
76WQhF4cf5I-01195-00275120-00275399 eswatini s most well-known cultural
76WQhF4cf5I-01196-00275400-00275703 event is the annual yumalanga read dance
76WQhF4cf5I-01197-00275704-00275934 in the eight-day ceremony girls cut
76WQhF4cf5I-01198-00275935-00276127 reeds and present them to the queen
76WQhF4cf5I-01199-00276128-00276358 mother and then dance there is no formal
76WQhF4cf5I-01200-00276359-00276615 competition it is done in late august or
76WQhF4cf5I-01201-00276616-00276791 early september
76WQhF4cf5I-01202-00276792-00277055 only childless unmarried girls can take
76WQhF4cf5I-01203-00277056-00277303 part the aims of the ceremony are to
76WQhF4cf5I-01204-00277304-00277471 preserve girls
76WQhF4cf5I-01205-00277472-00277687 chastity provide tribute labor for the
76WQhF4cf5I-01206-00277688-00277903 queen mother and to encourage solidarity
76WQhF4cf5I-01207-00277904-00278071 by working together
76WQhF4cf5I-01208-00278072-00278263 the royal family appoints a commoner
76WQhF4cf5I-01209-00278264-00278479 maiden to be in duna
76WQhF4cf5I-01210-00278480-00278671 captain of the girls and she announces
76WQhF4cf5I-01211-00278672-00278943 over the radio the dates of the ceremony
76WQhF4cf5I-01212-00278944-00279103 she will be an expert dancer and
76WQhF4cf5I-01213-00279104-00279343 knowledgeable on royal protocol one of
76WQhF4cf5I-01214-00279344-00279479 the king's daughters will be her
76WQhF4cf5I-01215-00279480-00279639 counterpart
76WQhF4cf5I-01216-00279640-00279830 the red dance today is not an ancient
76WQhF4cf5I-01217-00279831-00280063 ceremony but a development of the old
76WQhF4cf5I-01218-00280064-00280487 umshwa show custom in umshwa show
76WQhF4cf5I-01219-00280488-00280695 all young girls were placed in a female
76WQhF4cf5I-01220-00280696-00280967 age regiment if any girl became pregnant
76WQhF4cf5I-01221-00280968-00281151 outside of marriage her family paid a
76WQhF4cf5I-01222-00281152-00281415 fine of one cow to the local chief
76WQhF4cf5I-01223-00281416-00281599 after a number of years when the girls
76WQhF4cf5I-01224-00281600-00281758 had reached a marriageable age they
76WQhF4cf5I-01225-00281759-00281927 would perform labor service for the
76WQhF4cf5I-01226-00281928-00282110 queen mother ending with dancing and
76WQhF4cf5I-01227-00282111-00282215 feasting
76WQhF4cf5I-01228-00282216-00282406 the country was under the chastity rite
76WQhF4cf5I-01229-00282407-00282591 of um schwa show
76WQhF4cf5I-01230-00282592-00282934 until the 19th of august 2005.
76WQhF4cf5I-01231-00282935-00283151 eswatini is also known for a strong
76WQhF4cf5I-01232-00283152-00283406 presence in the handcrafts industry
76WQhF4cf5I-01233-00283407-00283623 the formalized handcraft businesses of
76WQhF4cf5I-01234-00283624-00283982 eswatini employ over 2500 people many of
76WQhF4cf5I-01235-00283983-00284215 whom are women per technoser swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01236-00284216-00284575 handcrafts impact study february 2011.
76WQhF4cf5I-01237-00284576-00284758 the products are unique and reflect the
76WQhF4cf5I-01238-00284759-00284943 culture of eswatini ranging from
76WQhF4cf5I-01239-00284944-00285182 housewares to artistic decorations to
76WQhF4cf5I-01240-00285183-00285863 complex glass stone or wood artwork
76WQhF4cf5I-01241-00285864-00286310 see also
76WQhF4cf5I-01242-00286311-00286454 topic
76WQhF4cf5I-01243-00286455-00286782 index of swaziland-related articles
76WQhF4cf5I-01244-00286783-00287367 outline of swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01245-00287368-00288279 references
76WQhF4cf5I-01246-00288280-00288903 external links
76WQhF4cf5I-01247-00288904-00289054 swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01248-00289055-00289310 the world factbook central intelligence
76WQhF4cf5I-01249-00289311-00289503 agency
76WQhF4cf5I-01250-00289504-00289871 swaziland from ucb libraries gov pubs
76WQhF4cf5I-01251-00289872-00290095 eswatini at curley
76WQhF4cf5I-01252-00290096-00290382 swaziland from the bbc news
76WQhF4cf5I-01253-00290383-00290630 swazi live swaziland accommodation and
76WQhF4cf5I-01254-00290631-00290830 business directory
76WQhF4cf5I-01255-00290831-00291119 wikimedia atlas of swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01256-00291120-00291351 key development forecasts for swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01257-00291352-00291582 from international futures
76WQhF4cf5I-01258-00291583-00291815 government of swaziland
76WQhF4cf5I-01259-00291816-00292235 swaziland tourism authority
780y1pcxf-k-00000-00000006-00000191 ladies and gents boys and girls hello
780y1pcxf-k-00001-00000192-00000419 and welcome to Rider guider I'm Neil
780y1pcxf-k-00002-00000420-00000755 your host for this week's shenanigans
780y1pcxf-k-00003-00000756-00001012 and this week I'm bringing you to
780y1pcxf-k-00004-00001013-00001331 willonga Hill made World Famous by the
780y1pcxf-k-00005-00001332-00001648 tour down under but interestingly it's
780y1pcxf-k-00006-00001650-00001907 also used by Hill climbests of a
780y1pcxf-k-00007-00001907-00002117 different nature people who like to do
780y1pcxf-k-00008-00002118-00002392 this
780y1pcxf-k-00009-00002393-00002710 this does look like a whole lot of fun
780y1pcxf-k-00010-00002711-00002921 unfortunately this is not the Isle of
780y1pcxf-k-00011-00002922-00003149 Man so we're not allowed to enter using
780y1pcxf-k-00012-00003150-00003472 our version of two wheels however when
780y1pcxf-k-00013-00003473-00003749 it's open to the public it's game on so
780y1pcxf-k-00014-00003750-00004013 today I'm taking you up the hill now
780y1pcxf-k-00015-00004014-00004199 it's not a road I've traveled more than
780y1pcxf-k-00016-00004200-00004336 a couple of times so this won't be
780y1pcxf-k-00017-00004337-00004636 perfect Lines no will I likely be in the
780y1pcxf-k-00018-00004637-00004829 absolute perfect gear all the time but
780y1pcxf-k-00019-00004830-00005009 that's a good thing because after I've
780y1pcxf-k-00020-00005010-00005183 shown you the hill we'll discuss some
780y1pcxf-k-00021-00005184-00005417 cornering tips some lines where I did
780y1pcxf-k-00022-00005418-00005609 well and where I might have been able to
780y1pcxf-k-00023-00005610-00005861 do a little better all to help keep you
780y1pcxf-k-00024-00005862-00006052 safe when riding your motorbike I'll
780y1pcxf-k-00025-00006053-00006238 shut up now and head out on the course
780y1pcxf-k-00026-00006239-00006550 sorry ride carefully up the hill let's
780y1pcxf-k-00027-00006551-00006881 go
780y1pcxf-k-00028-00006881-00007997 foreign
780y1pcxf-k-00029-00007998-00008827 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00030-00008828-00010163 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00031-00010164-00010387 foreign
780y1pcxf-k-00032-00010388-00013247 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00033-00013247-00013451 stop stop stop
780y1pcxf-k-00034-00013452-00013625 let's have a look at this picture just
780y1pcxf-k-00035-00013626-00013816 before we go any further
780y1pcxf-k-00036-00013818-00014093 what do we see a beautiful sweeping left
780y1pcxf-k-00037-00014094-00014266 hand Bend we've got closer to where it's
780y1pcxf-k-00038-00014268-00014477 going we've got a tree line here we've
780y1pcxf-k-00039-00014478-00014686 got arm core here and it goes all the
780y1pcxf-k-00040-00014687-00014897 way down to the left suggests that that
780y1pcxf-k-00041-00014897-00015107 Rod is going all the way up straight up
780y1pcxf-k-00042-00015108-00015311 the hill nice sweeping left hand Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00043-00015312-00015575 however there's a big clue right here
780y1pcxf-k-00044-00015576-00015793 now that
780y1pcxf-k-00045-00015794-00016127 suggests we need to also be taking
780y1pcxf-k-00046-00016128-00016385 notice of road signs they are very
780y1pcxf-k-00047-00016386-00016594 useful I know it sounds a little bit
780y1pcxf-k-00048-00016595-00016835 obvious but we don't always look for
780y1pcxf-k-00049-00016836-00017093 them that is very important because I'm
780y1pcxf-k-00050-00017094-00017255 going to show you now where this Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00051-00017256-00017644 actually goes the thing about this is
780y1pcxf-k-00052-00017645-00017969 the rule when you're riding your bike is
780y1pcxf-k-00053-00017970-00018215 to always be able to stop in the
780y1pcxf-k-00054-00018216-00018508 distance you can see on your side of the
780y1pcxf-k-00055-00018509-00018779 road
780y1pcxf-k-00056-00018780-00019078 okay so let's ride the rest of the Hill
780y1pcxf-k-00057-00019079-00019708 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00058-00019709-00021130 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00059-00021131-00021467 foreign
780y1pcxf-k-00060-00021468-00023105 [Music]
780y1pcxf-k-00061-00023106-00023291 okay so let's initially cover off on
780y1pcxf-k-00062-00023292-00023447 Vanishing points these are something
780y1pcxf-k-00063-00023448-00023567 that even if you're an accomplished
780y1pcxf-k-00064-00023568-00023789 Rider you'll use all the time even
780y1pcxf-k-00065-00023790-00024094 subconsciously for those interested here
780y1pcxf-k-00066-00024095-00024785 are some Vanishing points
780y1pcxf-k-00067-00024786-00025103 foreign
780y1pcxf-k-00068-00025104-00025300 point on the left
780y1pcxf-k-00069-00025301-00025612 this is the last bit of road that you
780y1pcxf-k-00070-00025613-00025817 can see beyond that point it's vanished
780y1pcxf-k-00071-00025818-00026056 same here on the right hand Bend beyond
780y1pcxf-k-00072-00026057-00026399 that point the road has vanished
780y1pcxf-k-00073-00026400-00026651 moving along left and bend
780y1pcxf-k-00074-00026652-00026824 into the right under you'll note the
780y1pcxf-k-00075-00026825-00027005 arrow the vanishing point moves from
780y1pcxf-k-00076-00027006-00027251 left to right hand side of the road
780y1pcxf-k-00077-00027252-00027455 as we go around this corner
780y1pcxf-k-00078-00027456-00027670 and accelerate
780y1pcxf-k-00079-00027672-00027881 you can see the vanishing point goes off
780y1pcxf-k-00080-00027882-00028037 into the distance here's the right under
780y1pcxf-k-00081-00028038-00028343 to left under right to left the
780y1pcxf-k-00082-00028344-00028505 vanishing point moves from right to left
780y1pcxf-k-00083-00028506-00028996 and here's another example right Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00084-00028997-00029411 to left Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00085-00029412-00029633 basic rules for Vanishing points the
780y1pcxf-k-00086-00029633-00029855 most important is if you're into or
780y1pcxf-k-00087-00029856-00030017 approaching a bend and the vanishing
780y1pcxf-k-00088-00030018-00030227 point is getting closer to you you are
780y1pcxf-k-00089-00030227-00030412 going too fast and you need to scrub off
780y1pcxf-k-00090-00030413-00030599 speed if the vanishing point is staying
780y1pcxf-k-00091-00030600-00030790 at the same distance away from you you
780y1pcxf-k-00092-00030791-00030946 can hold your speed because that means
780y1pcxf-k-00093-00030947-00031096 the curve in the rod isn't getting any
780y1pcxf-k-00094-00031097-00031433 sharper nor is it straining up so at
780y1pcxf-k-00095-00031433-00031577 that point you need to wait from the
780y1pcxf-k-00096-00031577-00031727 vanishing point to move away from you
780y1pcxf-k-00097-00031727-00031870 which means you are safe to increase
780y1pcxf-k-00098-00031872-00032123 your speed the road straightening up by
780y1pcxf-k-00099-00032124-00032339 all means watch this again see how I
780y1pcxf-k-00100-00032339-00032495 change my speed through these bends to
780y1pcxf-k-00101-00032495-00032758 account for the distance I am from the
780y1pcxf-k-00102-00032760-00032981 vanishing points now it's time to get to
780y1pcxf-k-00103-00032982-00033173 grips with the actual technique for
780y1pcxf-k-00104-00033174-00033359 making your bike go around a corner
780y1pcxf-k-00105-00033360-00033574 we're going to look at Road positioning
780y1pcxf-k-00106-00033575-00033833 shifting your weight and what actually
780y1pcxf-k-00107-00033834-00034096 makes your bike turn your steering
780y1pcxf-k-00108-00034097-00034283 technique and at the end of this video
780y1pcxf-k-00109-00034284-00034583 I'm going to share a life-saving tip for
780y1pcxf-k-00110-00034584-00034733 when you find yourself in a Bend going
780y1pcxf-k-00111-00034734-00034973 too fast and running out of Road
780y1pcxf-k-00112-00034974-00035668 every biker has been there at some point
780y1pcxf-k-00113-00035669-00035902 so as you can see when I go around the
780y1pcxf-k-00114-00035903-00036323 bend I'm more mcdoin than Mark Marquez
780y1pcxf-k-00115-00036324-00036533 in that I tend to lean the bike and keep
780y1pcxf-k-00116-00036534-00036761 my upper torso more upright for a Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00117-00036762-00037043 this gives me a couple of advantages in
780y1pcxf-k-00118-00037044-00037217 that it allows me to get a better view
780y1pcxf-k-00119-00037218-00037451 of the road ahead and also means I'm not
780y1pcxf-k-00120-00037452-00037762 leaning my head towards or God forbid in
780y1pcxf-k-00121-00037763-00037943 to the path of vehicles coming in the
780y1pcxf-k-00122-00037944-00038165 opposite direction we're not talking
780y1pcxf-k-00123-00038166-00038459 here about short circuit racing this is
780y1pcxf-k-00124-00038460-00038723 about decent skillful cornering on
780y1pcxf-k-00125-00038724-00038939 public roads and for newer or less
780y1pcxf-k-00126-00038940-00039173 confident Riders this technique will
780y1pcxf-k-00127-00039174-00039437 feel a lot less intimidated than feeling
780y1pcxf-k-00128-00039438-00039755 like you need to lean with or even lean
780y1pcxf-k-00129-00039756-00040085 off your back to get it around a bend on
780y1pcxf-k-00130-00040086-00040318 a side note I've never found that I've
780y1pcxf-k-00131-00040319-00040589 needed to hang off or lean over until
780y1pcxf-k-00132-00040590-00040835 I'm on the edge of my tires great mate
780y1pcxf-k-00133-00040836-00041080 in mind uh once said to me that if you
780y1pcxf-k-00134-00041081-00041362 have a smidge of unused rubber I.E
780y1pcxf-k-00135-00041363-00041615 chicken strips on the edge of your tires
780y1pcxf-k-00136-00041616-00041818 it's suggests you're pretty much taking
780y1pcxf-k-00137-00041819-00042011 decent lines and reading the road
780y1pcxf-k-00138-00042012-00042221 properly we've touched on reading the
780y1pcxf-k-00139-00042222-00042539 road already with Vanishing points
780y1pcxf-k-00140-00042540-00042833 so let's now look at shifting our weight
780y1pcxf-k-00141-00042834-00043271 and then Road positioning
780y1pcxf-k-00142-00043272-00043474 we can have a complicate describing how
780y1pcxf-k-00143-00043475-00043690 to turn a motorbike you'll hear people
780y1pcxf-k-00144-00043691-00043924 talk about weight transfer and simply
780y1pcxf-k-00145-00043925-00044111 put pretty much any movement from a
780y1pcxf-k-00146-00044112-00044296 rider in the saddle either to the left
780y1pcxf-k-00147-00044297-00044530 or right is transferring weight
780y1pcxf-k-00148-00044531-00044735 you can lean at your hips dropping a
780y1pcxf-k-00149-00044736-00044927 shoulder or shuffle your ass in the
780y1pcxf-k-00150-00044928-00045233 saddle side to side and some of this can
780y1pcxf-k-00151-00045234-00045473 depend on what bike you're riding as it
780y1pcxf-k-00152-00045474-00045629 can be easier to move around in the
780y1pcxf-k-00153-00045630-00045862 saddle on an adventure bike like mine or
780y1pcxf-k-00154-00045863-00046151 a race derived road bike whereas it
780y1pcxf-k-00155-00046152-00046318 might be more difficult to do that on a
780y1pcxf-k-00156-00046319-00046529 cruiser but basically any amount of body
780y1pcxf-k-00157-00046530-00046721 movement the slightest pressure to your
780y1pcxf-k-00158-00046722-00046985 foot pegs can help to change the line
780y1pcxf-k-00159-00046986-00047118 you're taking
780y1pcxf-k-00160-00047119-00047357 experimenting and practicing is
780y1pcxf-k-00161-00047358-00047602 imperative which I'll come to shortly
780y1pcxf-k-00162-00047603-00047843 let's look at Road positioning this
780y1pcxf-k-00163-00047844-00048065 should never be random you should always
780y1pcxf-k-00164-00048066-00048280 be considering which is the best line to
780y1pcxf-k-00165-00048281-00048490 take and not just be happy you're within
780y1pcxf-k-00166-00048491-00048796 your lane being intricate within your
780y1pcxf-k-00167-00048797-00048946 lane and learning great lines will
780y1pcxf-k-00168-00048947-00049229 improve anyone as a rider taking a ride
780y1pcxf-k-00169-00049230-00049474 through some bends like in this clip we
780y1pcxf-k-00170-00049475-00049690 must also take into account other
780y1pcxf-k-00171-00049691-00049877 vehicles and regardless of wanting to
780y1pcxf-k-00172-00049878-00050062 take the best line for progress and
780y1pcxf-k-00173-00050063-00050243 smoothness we need to adjust position
780y1pcxf-k-00174-00050244-00050495 for safe gaps between us and vehicles
780y1pcxf-k-00175-00050496-00050668 coming in the other direction this is
780y1pcxf-k-00176-00050669-00050902 known as equalizing the space you'll see
780y1pcxf-k-00177-00050903-00051143 here where my best line would be
780y1pcxf-k-00178-00051144-00051335 position 5 on the left-handed but I
780y1pcxf-k-00179-00051336-00051599 stuck with three to allow space between
780y1pcxf-k-00180-00051600-00051773 me and the approaching car coming the
780y1pcxf-k-00181-00051774-00051970 other way however when we have a clear
780y1pcxf-k-00182-00051971-00052126 road we can take the most efficient
780y1pcxf-k-00183-00052127-00052313 lines through a bend and to be fair it's
780y1pcxf-k-00184-00052314-00052523 not an exact science for example if
780y1pcxf-k-00185-00052524-00052721 you're in a series of bends when you're
780y1pcxf-k-00186-00052722-00052954 changing direction left to right you
780y1pcxf-k-00187-00052955-00053159 might be able to take a tighter line say
780y1pcxf-k-00188-00053160-00053369 holding position one on a left-hand Bend
780y1pcxf-k-00189-00053370-00053609 knowing it sets you up in the correct
780y1pcxf-k-00190-00053610-00053830 position for the next right hander this
780y1pcxf-k-00191-00053832-00053963 is where reading the road ahead is
780y1pcxf-k-00192-00053964-00054113 important so you can choose the best
780y1pcxf-k-00193-00054114-00054341 line keeping your eyes up and looking
780y1pcxf-k-00194-00054341-00054503 where you want to go and very
780y1pcxf-k-00195-00054504-00054688 importantly keeping your head level with
780y1pcxf-k-00196-00054689-00054929 the Horizon amongst this of course there
780y1pcxf-k-00197-00054929-00055144 are other considerations Road surface
780y1pcxf-k-00198-00055145-00055330 and weather conditions can mean you need
780y1pcxf-k-00199-00055332-00055571 to adjust your line or and here's the
780y1pcxf-k-00200-00055572-00055804 big ear if you're on an unfamiliar Road
780y1pcxf-k-00201-00055805-00055991 you'll need to adjust your approach and
780y1pcxf-k-00202-00055991-00056171 line through a Bend to ensure you don't
780y1pcxf-k-00203-00056172-00056380 overcook it and put yourself at risk
780y1pcxf-k-00204-00056382-00056519 that's when you'll be paying extra
780y1pcxf-k-00205-00056520-00056735 attention to then Vanishing points and
780y1pcxf-k-00206-00056736-00056897 remembering that role I mentioned
780y1pcxf-k-00207-00056898-00057065 earlier I've been able to stop in the
780y1pcxf-k-00208-00057066-00057335 distance you can see on your side of the
780y1pcxf-k-00209-00057336-00057425 road
780y1pcxf-k-00210-00057426-00057688 okay so now we're going to look at
780y1pcxf-k-00211-00057689-00057923 steering and how we can add an extra
780y1pcxf-k-00212-00057924-00058144 Dimension to how we negotiate corners
780y1pcxf-k-00213-00058145-00058342 and what I'm talking about here are the
780y1pcxf-k-00214-00058344-00058637 tighter sharper bends as opposed to Big
780y1pcxf-k-00215-00058638-00058894 sweeping curves a couple of techniques
780y1pcxf-k-00216-00058895-00059149 you've already seen I showed you my
780y1pcxf-k-00217-00059150-00059404 mcdoon-esque counter leaning which you
780y1pcxf-k-00218-00059405-00059716 can see is quite effective and second up
780y1pcxf-k-00219-00059717-00059921 I mentioned shift in body weight but
780y1pcxf-k-00220-00059922-00060088 didn't go into that too much because
780y1pcxf-k-00221-00060089-00060311 shifting your weight around really
780y1pcxf-k-00222-00060312-00060544 doesn't make a significant enough real
780y1pcxf-k-00223-00060545-00060779 world change to how you can turn apart
780y1pcxf-k-00224-00060779-00061007 from in slower speed Maneuvers or you
780y1pcxf-k-00225-00061008-00061192 may gain an advantage slightly if you're
780y1pcxf-k-00226-00061194-00061426 on a race track going much faster of
780y1pcxf-k-00227-00061427-00061738 course the reason being once we're up to
780y1pcxf-k-00228-00061739-00061949 a reasonable speed the gyno effect and
780y1pcxf-k-00229-00061950-00062194 that rolling inertia takes over and this
780y1pcxf-k-00230-00062195-00062435 is a powerful force so much so as you
780y1pcxf-k-00231-00062436-00062603 can see here it keeps you back upright
780y1pcxf-k-00232-00062604-00062825 to the extent a bike with rolling
780y1pcxf-k-00233-00062826-00063071 inertia can pretty much ride itself and
780y1pcxf-k-00234-00063072-00063359 try to combat that energy by shuffling
780y1pcxf-k-00235-00063360-00063454 your
780y1pcxf-k-00236-00063455-00063688 back and forth it's hardly worth the
780y1pcxf-k-00237-00063689-00063887 effort especially when instead we have
780y1pcxf-k-00238-00063888-00064109 available to us what is the most
780y1pcxf-k-00239-00064110-00064326 effective way to get a bag to turn
780y1pcxf-k-00240-00064327-00064576 counter steering or as some people refer
780y1pcxf-k-00241-00064577-00064823 to it push steering what's really
780y1pcxf-k-00242-00064824-00065021 awesome about counter steering is that
780y1pcxf-k-00243-00065022-00065285 it's very simple and easy to do and if
780y1pcxf-k-00244-00065286-00065453 you've never tried it you're about to
780y1pcxf-k-00245-00065454-00065705 discover a whole new level of control
780y1pcxf-k-00246-00065706-00066005 and as I said earlier an extra Dimension
780y1pcxf-k-00247-00066006-00066281 to your riding normally when we're
780y1pcxf-k-00248-00066282-00066491 riding along we just place our hands
780y1pcxf-k-00249-00066492-00066779 nice and relaxed on the bars and balance
780y1pcxf-k-00250-00066780-00066917 the power delivery with a throttle and
780y1pcxf-k-00251-00066918-00067126 clutch other than that we just enjoy the
780y1pcxf-k-00252-00067127-00067367 ride adding very little manual input
780y1pcxf-k-00253-00067368-00067685 through the bars however here I'm riding
780y1pcxf-k-00254-00067686-00067823 along and I'm going to show you what
780y1pcxf-k-00255-00067824-00068050 happens when I put some physical input
780y1pcxf-k-00256-00068051-00068363 into the bars the tiniest tiniest smidge
780y1pcxf-k-00257-00068364-00068681 of a push forward on the right bar turns
780y1pcxf-k-00258-00068682-00068855 me right and the smidge of a push on the
780y1pcxf-k-00259-00068856-00069161 left bar turns me left counter to what
780y1pcxf-k-00260-00069162-00069382 you might expect in fact as you can see
780y1pcxf-k-00261-00069383-00069617 I'm able to slalom using this technique
780y1pcxf-k-00262-00069618-00069773 and I'm not giving this any more than
780y1pcxf-k-00263-00069774-00069917 just the slightest of pressure
780y1pcxf-k-00264-00069918-00070193 alternating my push from right to left
780y1pcxf-k-00265-00070194-00070415 so you want to go right push right if
780y1pcxf-k-00266-00070416-00070619 you want to go left push left it's
780y1pcxf-k-00267-00070620-00070900 amazing on an actual Bend we'll just add
780y1pcxf-k-00268-00070901-00071099 that pressure and keep it added until we
780y1pcxf-k-00269-00071100-00071261 want to stop turning and then ease off
780y1pcxf-k-00270-00071262-00071447 the pressure up push slightly the
780y1pcxf-k-00271-00071448-00071609 opposite side to straighten up and if
780y1pcxf-k-00272-00071610-00071819 required go to the other side for the
780y1pcxf-k-00273-00071820-00072029 next opposing Bend it's quite Splendid
780y1pcxf-k-00274-00072030-00072341 to see counter stone is effective is
780y1pcxf-k-00275-00072342-00072563 almost an understatement in that unless
780y1pcxf-k-00276-00072564-00072779 you actually practice you can often find
780y1pcxf-k-00277-00072780-00072953 yourself turning sharper than expected
780y1pcxf-k-00278-00072954-00073247 so counter steering is a way of
780y1pcxf-k-00279-00073248-00073444 extracting coronary performance from
780y1pcxf-k-00280-00073445-00073625 your bag if you've not tried it before
780y1pcxf-k-00281-00073626-00073865 you'll be surprised just how planted
780y1pcxf-k-00282-00073866-00074099 your front end will feel because current
780y1pcxf-k-00283-00074100-00074326 steering really pushes the contact patch
780y1pcxf-k-00284-00074327-00074573 of your front tire however because of
780y1pcxf-k-00285-00074574-00074800 that it's a dry weather technique for me
780y1pcxf-k-00286-00074801-00074975 counter stone is not a technique I'd
780y1pcxf-k-00287-00074976-00075232 even consider if on a wet or low surface
780y1pcxf-k-00288-00075233-00075623 now for a life-saving tip nearly every
780y1pcxf-k-00289-00075624-00075863 biker at some point has found themselves
780y1pcxf-k-00290-00075864-00076132 heading into a Bend too fast and running
780y1pcxf-k-00291-00076133-00076415 out of Road the worst case scenario is
780y1pcxf-k-00292-00076416-00076600 you're about to end up on the wrong side
780y1pcxf-k-00293-00076601-00076847 of the road into the path of oncoming
780y1pcxf-k-00294-00076848-00077093 traffic or off the road completely this
780y1pcxf-k-00295-00077094-00077285 is either from over exuberant riding
780y1pcxf-k-00296-00077286-00077537 racing your mates misreading abandoned
780y1pcxf-k-00297-00077538-00077800 unfamiliar Road it's an ass puckering
780y1pcxf-k-00298-00077801-00078011 situation one thing you have to remember
780y1pcxf-k-00299-00078012-00078137 if you find yourself in that situation
780y1pcxf-k-00300-00078138-00078359 duration is your bike it's probably
780y1pcxf-k-00301-00078360-00078725 still capable of making that bend the
780y1pcxf-k-00302-00078726-00079037 limiting factor not always but often is
780y1pcxf-k-00303-00079038-00079385 the rider my tip in this situation is
780y1pcxf-k-00304-00079386-00079631 the application of the back brake not
780y1pcxf-k-00305-00079632-00079865 hard but a steady consistent press
780y1pcxf-k-00306-00079866-00080075 whilst looking up at where you want to
780y1pcxf-k-00307-00080076-00080350 go and steering towards it even using
780y1pcxf-k-00308-00080351-00080621 the aforementioned counter steering if
780y1pcxf-k-00309-00080622-00080861 you practice Feathering your back brake
780y1pcxf-k-00310-00080862-00081076 through a Bend nice and light you'll
780y1pcxf-k-00311-00081077-00081341 feel how it improves your line do that
780y1pcxf-k-00312-00081342-00081544 on your bike to get a feel of how it
780y1pcxf-k-00313-00081545-00081761 performs and then if at a later date you
780y1pcxf-k-00314-00081762-00081959 find yourself in that dangerous
780y1pcxf-k-00315-00081960-00082211 situation of overcooking a Bend you'll
780y1pcxf-k-00316-00082212-00082487 be well prepared and very likely able to
780y1pcxf-k-00317-00082488-00082732 ride round and survive to ride another
780y1pcxf-k-00318-00082733-00083044 day ultimately though always ride within
780y1pcxf-k-00319-00083045-00083237 your limits and the limits of the road
780y1pcxf-k-00320-00083238-00083441 and don't forget keep an eye on them
780y1pcxf-k-00321-00083442-00083585 Vanishing points
780y1pcxf-k-00322-00083586-00083806 thanks for watching Ryder guider give us
780y1pcxf-k-00323-00083807-00084082 a sub a thumbs up and say hello in the
780y1pcxf-k-00324-00084083-00084317 comments I'm Neil see you on the next
780y1pcxf-k-00325-00084318-00084530 one
78tlVomWhA0-00000-00000090-00000260 in linguistics meaning is the
78tlVomWhA0-00001-00000261-00000463 information or concepts that a sender
78tlVomWhA0-00002-00000465-00000659 intends to convey or does convey in
78tlVomWhA0-00003-00000660-00001123 communication with a receiver
78tlVomWhA0-00004-00001124-00001713 topic the sources of ambiguity
78tlVomWhA0-00005-00001714-00001976 ambiguity means confusion about what is
78tlVomWhA0-00006-00001977-00002183 conveyed since the current context may
78tlVomWhA0-00007-00002184-00002351 lead to different interpretations of
78tlVomWhA0-00008-00002352-00002606 meaning many words in many languages
78tlVomWhA0-00009-00002607-00002885 have multiple definitions ambiguity is
78tlVomWhA0-00010-00002886-00003059 an effect of a rupture of the rule of
78tlVomWhA0-00011-00003060-00003260 identity in the context of the exchange
78tlVomWhA0-00012-00003261-00003534 of information particularly the sender
78tlVomWhA0-00013-00003535-00003686 may be physically absent and the
78tlVomWhA0-00014-00003687-00003936 contexts explicitly divergent such as
78tlVomWhA0-00015-00003936-00004100 will be the case when the receptor as a
78tlVomWhA0-00016-00004101-00004528 reader in the sender was a writer
78tlVomWhA0-00017-00004529-00005034 topic pragmatics
78tlVomWhA0-00018-00005035-00005287 pragmatics is the study of how context
78tlVomWhA0-00019-00005288-00005542 affects meaning the two primary forms of
78tlVomWhA0-00020-00005543-00005740 context important to pragmatics are
78tlVomWhA0-00021-00005741-00006066 linguistic context and situation context
78tlVomWhA0-00022-00006067-00006301 linguistic context as how meaning is
78tlVomWhA0-00023-00006302-00006507 understood without relying on intent and
78tlVomWhA0-00024-00006508-00006798 assumptions in applied pragmatics for
78tlVomWhA0-00025-00006800-00006955 example meaning is formed through
78tlVomWhA0-00026-00006956-00007185 sensory experiences even though sensory
78tlVomWhA0-00027-00007186-00007423 stimulus cannot be easily articulated in
78tlVomWhA0-00028-00007423-00007690 language or signs pragmatics then
78tlVomWhA0-00029-00007691-00007873 reveals that meaning is both something
78tlVomWhA0-00030-00007873-00008079 affected by and affecting the world
78tlVomWhA0-00031-00008080-00008323 meaning is something contextual with
78tlVomWhA0-00032-00008324-00008521 respect to language in the world and is
78tlVomWhA0-00033-00008522-00008692 also something active toward other
78tlVomWhA0-00034-00008693-00008992 meanings in the world linguistic context
78tlVomWhA0-00035-00008993-00009145 becomes important when looking at
78tlVomWhA0-00036-00009146-00009346 particular linguistic problems such as
78tlVomWhA0-00037-00009347-00009691 that of pronouns situation context
78tlVomWhA0-00038-00009692-00009898 refers to every non linguistic factor
78tlVomWhA0-00039-00009899-00010104 that affects the meaning of a phrase an
78tlVomWhA0-00040-00010105-00010396 example of situation context can be seen
78tlVomWhA0-00041-00010397-00010674 in the phrase it's cold in here which
78tlVomWhA0-00042-00010675-00010846 can either be a simple statement of fact
78tlVomWhA0-00043-00010847-00011023 or a request to turn up the heat
78tlVomWhA0-00044-00011024-00011245 depending on among other things whether
78tlVomWhA0-00045-00011246-00011395 or not it is believed to be in the
78tlVomWhA0-00046-00011396-00011535 listeners power to affect the
78tlVomWhA0-00047-00011536-00011946 temperature
78tlVomWhA0-00048-00011947-00012384 pick semantics meaning
78tlVomWhA0-00049-00012385-00012612 the relationship between words and their
78tlVomWhA0-00050-00012613-00012855 reference is called semantic semantics
78tlVomWhA0-00051-00012856-00013013 is the study of how meaning is conveyed
78tlVomWhA0-00052-00013014-00013313 through signs and language understanding
78tlVomWhA0-00053-00013315-00013551 how facial expressions body language and
78tlVomWhA0-00054-00013552-00013716 tone affect meaning and how words
78tlVomWhA0-00055-00013716-00013991 phrases sentences and punctuation relate
78tlVomWhA0-00056-00013993-00014235 to meaning are examples various
78tlVomWhA0-00057-00014236-00014412 subgroups of semantics are studied
78tlVomWhA0-00058-00014413-00014625 within the fields of linguistics logic
78tlVomWhA0-00059-00014626-00014904 and computing for example linguistic
78tlVomWhA0-00060-00014905-00015096 semantics includes the history of how
78tlVomWhA0-00061-00015097-00015315 words have been used in the past logical
78tlVomWhA0-00062-00015316-00015516 semantics includes how people mean and
78tlVomWhA0-00063-00015516-00015699 refer in terms of likely intent and
78tlVomWhA0-00064-00015700-00016044 assumptions during the 19th century John
78tlVomWhA0-00065-00016044-00016227 Stuart Mill defined semantic meaning
78tlVomWhA0-00066-00016228-00016469 with the words denotation and
78tlVomWhA0-00067-00016470-00016860 connotation adi notation is the literal
78tlVomWhA0-00068-00016861-00017033 or primary meaning of a word
78tlVomWhA0-00069-00017034-00017277 connotations are ideas or feelings that
78tlVomWhA0-00070-00017278-00017496 a word invokes for a person in addition
78tlVomWhA0-00071-00017497-00017775 to its literal or primary meaning the
78tlVomWhA0-00072-00017776-00018066 original use of meaning as understood
78tlVomWhA0-00073-00018067-00018255 early in the 20th century occurred
78tlVomWhA0-00074-00018256-00018435 through lady Welby after her daughter
78tlVomWhA0-00075-00018436-00018741 translated the term semantics from
78tlVomWhA0-00076-00018742-00019066 French
78tlVomWhA0-00077-00019067-00019596 topic conceptual meaning
78tlVomWhA0-00078-00019597-00019812 languages allow information to be
78tlVomWhA0-00079-00019813-00019998 conveyed even when the specific words
78tlVomWhA0-00080-00019999-00020166 used are not known by the reader or
78tlVomWhA0-00081-00020167-00020406 listener people connect words with
78tlVomWhA0-00082-00020407-00020574 meaning and use words to refer to
78tlVomWhA0-00083-00020575-00020874 concepts a person's intentions affect
78tlVomWhA0-00084-00020875-00021090 what is meant meaning in English as
78tlVomWhA0-00085-00021091-00021336 intent harkens back to the anglo-saxons
78tlVomWhA0-00086-00021337-00021540 and is associated today still with the
78tlVomWhA0-00087-00021541-00022050 German verb - to think our intent
78tlVomWhA0-00088-00022051-00022567 topic semiotics
78tlVomWhA0-00089-00022568-00022808 Ferdinand de Saussure in founding
78tlVomWhA0-00090-00022809-00023045 semiology his original subset of the
78tlVomWhA0-00091-00023046-00023286 semiotics started describing language in
78tlVomWhA0-00092-00023287-00023502 terms of signs dividing those signs in
78tlVomWhA0-00093-00023503-00023695 turn into signified x' and signifiers
78tlVomWhA0-00094-00023696-00023997 the signifier is the perceptive side of
78tlVomWhA0-00095-00023998-00024206 a sign thus the sound form in case of
78tlVomWhA0-00096-00024207-00024464 oral language the signified is the
78tlVomWhA0-00097-00024465-00024708 signification semantic side the mental
78tlVomWhA0-00098-00024709-00024905 construction or image associated with
78tlVomWhA0-00099-00024906-00025109 the sound by either a speaker and hearer
78tlVomWhA0-00100-00025110-00025355 a sign then is essentially a
78tlVomWhA0-00101-00025356-00025550 relationship between signified and
78tlVomWhA0-00102-00025551-00025802 signifier signs are essentially
78tlVomWhA0-00103-00025803-00025992 conventional as any foreign language
78tlVomWhA0-00104-00025993-00026199 student as well aware there is no reason
78tlVomWhA0-00105-00026200-00026390 that that couldn't mean body of water or
78tlVomWhA0-00106-00026391-00026606 even that bust of Napoleon over there
78tlVomWhA0-00107-00026607-00026852 since the choice of signifiers is
78tlVomWhA0-00108-00026853-00027071 ultimately arbitrary the meaning cannot
78tlVomWhA0-00109-00027072-00027342 somehow be in the signifier so sir
78tlVomWhA0-00110-00027343-00027510 instead defers meaning to the sign
78tlVomWhA0-00111-00027511-00027714 itself meaning is ultimately the same
78tlVomWhA0-00112-00027714-00027902 thing as the sign and meaning means that
78tlVomWhA0-00113-00027903-00028107 relationship is between signified and
78tlVomWhA0-00114-00028108-00028395 signifier all meaning is both within us
78tlVomWhA0-00115-00028395-00028668 and communal thus cultural signs mean by
78tlVomWhA0-00116-00028669-00028865 reference to our internal lexicon and
78tlVomWhA0-00117-00028866-00029049 grammar and despite their being a matter
78tlVomWhA0-00118-00029050-00029283 of convention so the communal part signs
78tlVomWhA0-00119-00029283-00029451 also because of the individual's
78tlVomWhA0-00120-00029452-00029645 uniqueness can mean something only to
78tlVomWhA0-00121-00029647-00029837 the individual what red means to one
78tlVomWhA0-00122-00029838-00030027 person may not be what red means to
78tlVomWhA0-00123-00030027-00030258 another either an absolute value or by
78tlVomWhA0-00124-00030258-00030414 including what's suggested by the
78tlVomWhA0-00125-00030414-00030714 context however while meanings carried
78tlVomWhA0-00126-00030714-00030957 by one given set of signifiers may vary
78tlVomWhA0-00127-00030958-00031137 to some extent from individual to
78tlVomWhA0-00128-00031138-00031358 individual only those meanings that stay
78tlVomWhA0-00129-00031359-00031520 within a boundary are seen by other
78tlVomWhA0-00130-00031522-00031695 speakers of the language to belong to
78tlVomWhA0-00131-00031695-00031865 the language if one were to refer to
78tlVomWhA0-00132-00031866-00032096 smells as red most other speakers would
78tlVomWhA0-00133-00032097-00032298 assume the person is talking nonsense
78tlVomWhA0-00134-00032299-00032471 although statements like this are common
78tlVomWhA0-00135-00032472-00032645 among people who experience synesthesia
78tlVomWhA0-00136-00032647-00033006 or in poetry topics see also fields
78tlVomWhA0-00137-00033007-00033239 general semantics semiotics pragmatics
78tlVomWhA0-00138-00033240-00033477 perspectives logical positivism ordinary
78tlVomWhA0-00139-00033478-00033699 language philosophy sense and referenced
78tlVomWhA0-00140-00033700-00033864 the aureus causal theory of names
78tlVomWhA0-00141-00033865-00034049 definite descriptions theory of
78tlVomWhA0-00142-00034050-00034218 descriptions universal grammar
78tlVomWhA0-00143-00034219-00034461 considerations situs Teva idea image
78tlVomWhA0-00144-00034462-00034618 information meaning non linguistic
78tlVomWhA0-00145-00034619-00034877 metaphor scents symbol symbol grounding
78tlVomWhA0-00146-00034878-00035229 Spota important theorists SJ L Aston
78tlVomWhA0-00147-00035230-00035436 Rowland Bart's Rudolf Carnap Noam
78tlVomWhA0-00148-00035437-00035730 Chomsky au haenyeo Co Co you Umberto Eco
78tlVomWhA0-00149-00035731-00035775 Victor
78tlVomWhA0-00150-00035776-00036012 Frankl Gottlob Frege edmund husserl paul
78tlVomWhA0-00151-00036013-00036231 grice roman jakob since all Kripke
78tlVomWhA0-00152-00036232-00036414 claude lévi-strauss charles sanders
78tlVomWhA0-00153-00036415-00036633 peirce bertrand russell ferdinand de
78tlVomWhA0-00154-00036634-00036888 saussure john searle PF strossen willard
78tlVomWhA0-00155-00036889-00037043 van orman quine ludwig wittgenstein
78tlVomWhA0-00156-00037044-00037317 topic references topic further reading
78tlVomWhA0-00157-00037318-00037554 ACMA Gian Adrian Richard Demers and
78tlVomWhA0-00158-00037555-00037887 farmer and Robert Harnish linguistics an
78tlVomWhA0-00159-00037888-00038040 introduction to language and
78tlVomWhA0-00160-00038041-00038337 communication fourth edition 1995
78tlVomWhA0-00161-00038338-00038658 Cambridge MIT press Allen Keith
78tlVomWhA0-00162-00038659-00039111 linguistic meaning vol 1 1986 New York
78tlVomWhA0-00163-00039112-00039432 route llege & Kegan Paul Austin Jael how
78tlVomWhA0-00164-00039433-00039798 to do things with words 1962 Cambridge
78tlVomWhA0-00165-00039799-00039984 Harvard University Press
78tlVomWhA0-00166-00039985-00040356 bacon Sir Francis Novum organum 1620
78tlVomWhA0-00167-00040357-00040638 furger Peter and Thomas Luckman the
78tlVomWhA0-00168-00040639-00040833 social construction of reality a
78tlVomWhA0-00169-00040834-00041072 treatise in the sociology of knowledge
78tlVomWhA0-00170-00041073-00041505 1967 first anchor books edition 240
78tlVomWhA0-00171-00041506-00041802 pages Blackmore John T section 2
78tlVomWhA0-00172-00041803-00042110 communication foundation theory 2000
78tlVomWhA0-00173-00042111-00042446 Sentinel open press Blackmore John T
78tlVomWhA0-00174-00042447-00042714 polygamy nough Ernst machs philosophy
78tlVomWhA0-00175-00042715-00043092 pro and con 2009 Sentinel open press
78tlVomWhA0-00176-00043093-00043395 Blackmore John T semantic dialogues or
78tlVomWhA0-00177-00043396-00043674 ethics vs. rhetoric 2010 Sentinel open
78tlVomWhA0-00178-00043675-00043875 press chase Stuart the tyranny of words
78tlVomWhA0-00179-00043876-00044325 new york 1938 Harcourt brace & Company
78tlVomWhA0-00180-00044326-00044604 Davidson Donald enquiries into truth and
78tlVomWhA0-00181-00044605-00045000 meaning 2nd edition 2001 Oxford Oxford
78tlVomWhA0-00182-00045001-00045330 University Press dumb it Michael fridge
78tlVomWhA0-00183-00045331-00045677 philosophy of language 2nd edition 1981
78tlVomWhA0-00184-00045678-00046023 Cambridge Harvard University Press free
78tlVomWhA0-00185-00046024-00046290 Gottlob the freed reader edited by
78tlVomWhA0-00186-00046291-00046641 Michael beanie 1997 Oxford Blackwell
78tlVomWhA0-00187-00046642-00046878 publishing Gouker Christopher words
78tlVomWhA0-00188-00046879-00047253 without meaning 2003 MIT press Goffman
78tlVomWhA0-00189-00047254-00047517 Erving presentation of self in everyday
78tlVomWhA0-00190-00047518-00047805 life 1959 anchor books
78tlVomWhA0-00191-00047806-00048083 Grice Paul studies in the way of words
78tlVomWhA0-00192-00048084-00048471 1989 Cambridge Harvard University Press
78tlVomWhA0-00193-00048472-00048762 Hayakawa si the use and misuse of
78tlVomWhA0-00194-00048763-00049112 language 11th edition 1962 19
78tlVomWhA0-00195-00049113-00049415 forty-two Harper and brothers James
78tlVomWhA0-00196-00049416-00049686 William William James on habit will
78tlVomWhA0-00197-00049687-00049867 truth and the meaning of life
78tlVomWhA0-00198-00049868-00050186 edited by James Sloan Allen 2014
78tlVomWhA0-00199-00050187-00050465 Savannah Frederick C Bale publisher
78tlVomWhA0-00200-00050466-00050805 Ogden CK and I a Richards the meaning of
78tlVomWhA0-00201-00050806-00051215 meaning New York 1923 Harcourt brace and
78tlVomWhA0-00202-00051216-00051571 world Schiller FCS logic for use London
78tlVomWhA0-00203-00051572-00052040 1929 G Bell Searle John and Daniel van
78tlVomWhA0-00204-00052041-00052248 der vacant foundations of illocutionary
78tlVomWhA0-00205-00052249-00052596 logic 1985 Cambridge Cambridge
78tlVomWhA0-00206-00052597-00052698 University Press
78tlVomWhA0-00207-00052699-00053166 Searle John speech act 1969 Cambridge
78tlVomWhA0-00208-00053166-00053328 Cambridge University Press
78tlVomWhA0-00209-00053329-00053747 Searle John expression and meaning 1979
78tlVomWhA0-00210-00053748-00054032 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
78tlVomWhA0-00211-00054033-00054329 Stonier tom information and meaning an
78tlVomWhA0-00212-00054329-00054818 evolutionary perspective 1997 13 255 P
78tlVomWhA0-00213-00054819-00055226 23 5 centimetres topic external links
78tlVomWhA0-00214-00055227-00055473 conceptual role semantics by Ned block a
78tlVomWhA0-00215-00055474-00055679 summary of Wigan Stein's view of meaning
78tlVomWhA0-00216-00055680-00056000 broken link unclaimed page meaning at
78tlVomWhA0-00217-00056001-00056262 CCMS meaning from a translators point of
78tlVomWhA0-00218-00056263-00056538 view broken link site is now business
78tlVomWhA0-00219-00056539-00056811 blog meaning dot CH research group
78tlVomWhA0-00220-00056812-00057162 broken link unclaimed page semiotic sand
78tlVomWhA0-00221-00057163-00057569 so sir at CCMS us e CS is the general
78tlVomWhA0-00222-00057570-00057876 catalogue of meanings
79zmr_uQoeM-00000-00000019-00000292 the I Triple E intelligent
79zmr_uQoeM-00001-00000293-00000574 transportation systems society
79zmr_uQoeM-00002-00000575-00000932 ITSs is a professional Society of the I
79zmr_uQoeM-00003-00000933-00001576 Triple E
79zmr_uQoeM-00004-00001577-00002225 topic field of interest
79zmr_uQoeM-00005-00002226-00002556 the I Triple E it's society's field of
79zmr_uQoeM-00006-00002557-00002867 interest is in theoretical experimental
79zmr_uQoeM-00007-00002868-00003134 and operational aspects of Electrical
79zmr_uQoeM-00008-00003135-00003342 and Electronics Engineering and
79zmr_uQoeM-00009-00003343-00003611 information technologies is applied to
79zmr_uQoeM-00010-00003612-00003906 intelligent transportation systems it's
79zmr_uQoeM-00011-00003907-00004189 defined as those systems utilizing
79zmr_uQoeM-00012-00004190-00004467 synergistic technologies and systems
79zmr_uQoeM-00013-00004468-00004731 engineering concepts to develop and
79zmr_uQoeM-00014-00004732-00005006 improve transportation systems of all
79zmr_uQoeM-00015-00005007-00005631 kinds
79zmr_uQoeM-00016-00005632-00006276 topic publications
79zmr_uQoeM-00017-00006277-00006614 the I Triple E it's Society publishes a
79zmr_uQoeM-00018-00006615-00006918 journal I Triple E transactions on
79zmr_uQoeM-00019-00006919-00007364 intelligent transportation systems in
79zmr_uQoeM-00020-00007365-00007706 2009 it launched a new magazine called
79zmr_uQoeM-00021-00007708-00008019 the it'z magazine the it's society also
79zmr_uQoeM-00022-00008020-00008224 publishes a quarterly newsletter
79zmr_uQoeM-00023-00008225-00009107 available on its website and via email
79zmr_uQoeM-00024-00009108-00009735 topic conferences
79zmr_uQoeM-00025-00009736-00010068 the I Triple E it's Society sponsors a
79zmr_uQoeM-00026-00010069-00010275 number of annual international
79zmr_uQoeM-00027-00010276-00010662 conferences started in 1998 the it's
79zmr_uQoeM-00028-00010663-00010995 society's flagship conference series the
79zmr_uQoeM-00029-00010996-00011234 I Triple E intelligent transportation
79zmr_uQoeM-00030-00011235-00011691 systems conferences itsc target basic
79zmr_uQoeM-00031-00011692-00011937 research and applications of leading
79zmr_uQoeM-00032-00011938-00012252 advances in communications computer
79zmr_uQoeM-00033-00012253-00012540 control and electronics technologies
79zmr_uQoeM-00034-00012541-00012785 related to intelligent transportation
79zmr_uQoeM-00035-00012786-00012912 systems
79zmr_uQoeM-00036-00012913-00013352 it's the intelligent vehicles IV
79zmr_uQoeM-00037-00013353-00013683 symposium an annual forum sponsored by
79zmr_uQoeM-00038-00013684-00013959 the I Triple E it's society gathers
79zmr_uQoeM-00039-00013960-00014151 researchers from industry and
79zmr_uQoeM-00040-00014152-00014430 universities to discuss research and
79zmr_uQoeM-00041-00014431-00014694 applications for intelligent vehicles
79zmr_uQoeM-00042-00014694-00015078 and intelligent infrastructures IV
79zmr_uQoeM-00043-00015079-00015354 papers deal with all aspects of vehicle
79zmr_uQoeM-00044-00015355-00015611 related intelligent systems and
79zmr_uQoeM-00045-00015612-00015863 cooperation between vehicles and
79zmr_uQoeM-00046-00015863-00016347 infrastructures the it's Society also
79zmr_uQoeM-00047-00016347-00016629 sponsors the following annual conference
79zmr_uQoeM-00048-00016630-00016836 series the IEEE Tripoli International
79zmr_uQoeM-00049-00016837-00017144 Conference on service operations
79zmr_uQoeM-00050-00017145-00017442 logistics and informatics solely
79zmr_uQoeM-00051-00017443-00017721 covering innovative research related to
79zmr_uQoeM-00052-00017722-00018071 services logistics design innovations
79zmr_uQoeM-00053-00018072-00018459 marketing operations and informatics the
79zmr_uQoeM-00054-00018460-00018729 IEEE Tripoli International Conference on
79zmr_uQoeM-00055-00018730-00018978 mechatronic and embedded systems and
79zmr_uQoeM-00056-00018979-00019254 applications Mesa focusing on
79zmr_uQoeM-00057-00019255-00019475 mechatronic integration between the
79zmr_uQoeM-00058-00019476-00019758 components Hardware in the information
79zmr_uQoeM-00059-00019759-00020046 driven functions software and embedded
79zmr_uQoeM-00060-00020047-00020262 systems and the IEEE Tripoli
79zmr_uQoeM-00061-00020263-00020525 International Conference on intelligence
79zmr_uQoeM-00062-00020526-00020913 and security informatics is I studying
79zmr_uQoeM-00063-00020914-00021156 the development and use of advanced
79zmr_uQoeM-00064-00021157-00021411 information technologies for local
79zmr_uQoeM-00065-00021412-00021615 national international and global
79zmr_uQoeM-00066-00021616-00021969 security related applications through an
79zmr_uQoeM-00067-00021970-00022281 integrated technological organizational
79zmr_uQoeM-00068-00022282-00022758 behavioral and policy based approach
79X0d8zgGKA-00000-00000092-00000422 I'm going to illustrate the two
79X0d8zgGKA-00001-00000423-00000688 different ways of thinking about the
79X0d8zgGKA-00002-00000689-00001036 population with time series
79X0d8zgGKA-00003-00001037-00001609 so here I've loaded the forecast package
79X0d8zgGKA-00004-00001610-00001930 and I'm going to randomly generate some
79X0d8zgGKA-00005-00001932-00002255 data for the first perspective which is
79X0d8zgGKA-00006-00002256-00002605 thinking about an infinitely long
79X0d8zgGKA-00007-00002606-00003122 sequence of which we observe just a
79X0d8zgGKA-00008-00003123-00003647 finite short amount of data so here I'm
79X0d8zgGKA-00009-00003647-00004010 going to well 400 is not infinity but
79X0d8zgGKA-00010-00004011-00004256 you know it's pretty big so I'm going to
79X0d8zgGKA-00011-00004257-00004601 generate 400 time series observations
79X0d8zgGKA-00012-00004602-00005066 with a particular structure to it and
79X0d8zgGKA-00013-00005067-00005267 you won't worry about that part yet and
79X0d8zgGKA-00014-00005268-00005624 then set up some graphical parameters
79X0d8zgGKA-00015-00005625-00006356 and then I will plot the overall data
79X0d8zgGKA-00016-00006357-00006623 first so you can get a sense of what
79X0d8zgGKA-00017-00006623-00007316 that looks like so all the data this is
79X0d8zgGKA-00018-00007317-00007509 supposed to be the infinitely long
79X0d8zgGKA-00019-00007511-00007981 series looks like this and then you can
79X0d8zgGKA-00020-00007983-00008216 imagine this as like the population and
79X0d8zgGKA-00021-00008217-00008576 then in practice we are you know say
79X0d8zgGKA-00022-00008577-00008855 somewhere over here and we observe maybe
79X0d8zgGKA-00023-00008856-00009358 40 periods of data in here so we got a
79X0d8zgGKA-00024-00009359-00009674 sample from within that's very very long
79X0d8zgGKA-00025-00009675-00010024 or infinitely long sequence so for
79X0d8zgGKA-00026-00010025-00010298 example here if we start a period 91 and
79X0d8zgGKA-00027-00010299-00010763 go to 130 it would look like that so you
79X0d8zgGKA-00028-00010764-00011156 might get this sample and then we're
79X0d8zgGKA-00029-00011157-00011413 trying to learn about where the overall
79X0d8zgGKA-00030-00011414-00011760 properties of this infinitely long
79X0d8zgGKA-00031-00011761-00012209 sequence or we might hop in to start in
79X0d8zgGKA-00032-00012210-00012584 period 131 and end in 170 so we could
79X0d8zgGKA-00033-00012585-00012851 instead of getting this sample we might
79X0d8zgGKA-00034-00012852-00013158 get this sample so
79X0d8zgGKA-00035-00013159-00013263 they look different they have different
79X0d8zgGKA-00036-00013263-00013704 values but the hope is that they're both
79X0d8zgGKA-00037-00013705-00014119 sort of representative of this overall
79X0d8zgGKA-00038-00014120-00014397 sequence and so that we can learn about
79X0d8zgGKA-00039-00014397-00014790 some of the properties of this sequence
79X0d8zgGKA-00040-00014791-00015132 using either this sample or this sample
79X0d8zgGKA-00041-00015133-00015644 or this sample so that's one perspective
79X0d8zgGKA-00042-00015645-00015993 as we sample a short sequence from
79X0d8zgGKA-00043-00015994-00016208 within a very long an infinitely long
79X0d8zgGKA-00044-00016209-00016640 sequence the other perspective is this
79X0d8zgGKA-00045-00016641-00017033 sort of super population idea or many
79X0d8zgGKA-00046-00017034-00017243 universes
79X0d8zgGKA-00047-00017244-00017616 so I'll set some things up here I'll
79X0d8zgGKA-00048-00017617-00017865 just look at five universes to be
79X0d8zgGKA-00049-00017866-00018147 concrete and develop intuition but again
79X0d8zgGKA-00050-00018148-00018467 you can imagine an infinite number of
79X0d8zgGKA-00051-00018468-00018810 different universes where they all have
79X0d8zgGKA-00052-00018811-00019250 the same sort of properties generating
79X0d8zgGKA-00053-00019251-00019514 the data just that they have different
79X0d8zgGKA-00054-00019515-00019965 values so I'm going to plot these five
79X0d8zgGKA-00055-00019966-00020400 different universes all together so we
79X0d8zgGKA-00056-00020401-00020909 can see here at the top and the blue
79X0d8zgGKA-00057-00020910-00021387 this is one universe and then here's
79X0d8zgGKA-00058-00021388-00021618 another universe what that time series
79X0d8zgGKA-00059-00021619-00021869 looks like these are all going over the
79X0d8zgGKA-00060-00021870-00022278 same time periods so they're sort of in
79X0d8zgGKA-00061-00022279-00022644 parallel at the same time just in
79X0d8zgGKA-00062-00022645-00022958 different universes one here one here
79X0d8zgGKA-00063-00022959-00023580 one here and you can see they all have a
79X0d8zgGKA-00064-00023581-00023927 similar property in that when they're
79X0d8zgGKA-00065-00023928-00024342 sort of high they tend to stay high or
79X0d8zgGKA-00066-00024343-00024717 when they're low they tend to stay low
79X0d8zgGKA-00067-00024718-00024908 so they have a high degree of
79X0d8zgGKA-00068-00024909-00025308 autocorrelation persistence they're not
79X0d8zgGKA-00069-00025309-00025550 just jumping up and down randomly every
79X0d8zgGKA-00070-00025551-00025956 period but even though they all have the
79X0d8zgGKA-00071-00025957-00026230 same property
79X0d8zgGKA-00072-00026231-00026452 we can see clearly the values themselves
79X0d8zgGKA-00073-00026452-00027027 are different so for example up here you
79X0d8zgGKA-00074-00027029-00027345 know over these years this v universe
79X0d8zgGKA-00075-00027345-00027633 happened to be high and sort of stay
79X0d8zgGKA-00076-00027635-00027920 high where's this middle third universe
79X0d8zgGKA-00077-00027922-00028212 happened to be low and then it stayed
79X0d8zgGKA-00078-00028213-00028600 low so the values themselves can be very
79X0d8zgGKA-00079-00028601-00028890 different across the universes but it's
79X0d8zgGKA-00080-00028891-00029236 these sort of underlying properties like
79X0d8zgGKA-00081-00029237-00029500 the autocorrelation and things like that
79X0d8zgGKA-00082-00029501-00029989 that are the same when they're
79X0d8zgGKA-00083-00029989-00030239 generating the data and these different
79X0d8zgGKA-00084-00030241-00030526 universes similar to the super
79X0d8zgGKA-00085-00030527-00030736 population perspective we talked about
79X0d8zgGKA-00086-00030737-00031108 in an earlier chapter
7sOwWsqlqGg-00000-00000479-00000743 I would like to take this opportunity to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00001-00000744-00001012 thank and introduce our MC for this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00002-00001013-00001349 evening's event our MC is of course Alan
7sOwWsqlqGg-00003-00001350-00001535 Anderson a professor of research
7sOwWsqlqGg-00004-00001536-00001709 excellence and impact at Charles Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-00005-00001710-00001907 University annual Master of Ceremonies
7sOwWsqlqGg-00006-00001907-00002123 tonight he has spent his entire research
7sOwWsqlqGg-00007-00002124-00002441 career in the NT after taking up a an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00008-00002442-00002610 ecologist position
7sOwWsqlqGg-00009-00002611-00002873 from the union of Melbourne with csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-00010-00002874-00003235 here in Darwin in 1986. I understand
7sOwWsqlqGg-00011-00003236-00003520 Alan told his family that he'd be here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00012-00003521-00003761 for a three-year stay and they ended up
7sOwWsqlqGg-00013-00003761-00004025 of course leading the CSR at a Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-00014-00004026-00004193 laboratory for the next 20 years before
7sOwWsqlqGg-00015-00004194-00004456 moving on to CD CDU so typical Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-00016-00004457-00004643 story there
7sOwWsqlqGg-00017-00004644-00004804 um Ellen's experience here in the NT is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00018-00004805-00004985 strongly aligned with the purpose of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00019-00004986-00005141 Forum which we're launching here tonight
7sOwWsqlqGg-00020-00005142-00005291 which is to support the engagement
7sOwWsqlqGg-00021-00005292-00005417 between scientists and the public
7sOwWsqlqGg-00022-00005418-00005554 private and academic sectors in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00023-00005555-00005747 territory and to amplify the value of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00024-00005748-00005909 Science in the territory which of course
7sOwWsqlqGg-00025-00005910-00006167 is a key objective under the priority of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00026-00006168-00006400 uh priorities of the oil and territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00027-00006401-00006760 Innovation strategy 2.0 Alan was a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00028-00006761-00006898 member of the NT research and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00029-00006900-00007056 development Council back in the late
7sOwWsqlqGg-00030-00007058-00007348 1990s I've grabbed the wrong glasses I'm
7sOwWsqlqGg-00031-00007350-00007510 sorry I'm reading this by Braille at the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00032-00007511-00007739 moment I'm part of the 2000 Collins
7sOwWsqlqGg-00033-00007740-00007948 review in the science and Innovation ENT
7sOwWsqlqGg-00034-00007950-00008242 an inaugural member of the subsequent NT
7sOwWsqlqGg-00035-00008243-00008459 research and Innovation board
7sOwWsqlqGg-00036-00008460-00008519 um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00037-00008520-00008728 Allen's won a number of accolades
7sOwWsqlqGg-00038-00008729-00008903 there's probably too many to list here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00039-00008904-00009178 tonight but suffice it to say he's a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00040-00009179-00009281 distinguished member of the science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00041-00009282-00009424 Community here in the Northern Territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00042-00009425-00009646 he was a member of the pepper inquiring
7sOwWsqlqGg-00043-00009647-00009796 to fracking ENT and a member of a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00044-00009797-00010091 working group so of reports uh by the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00045-00010092-00010235 Australian Council of learning academies
7sOwWsqlqGg-00046-00010236-00010456 in the regional University Research and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00047-00010457-00010601 scientific research underpinning
7sOwWsqlqGg-00048-00010602-00010853 economic development in ENT
7sOwWsqlqGg-00049-00010854-00011045 um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00050-00011046-00011183 you'll be hearing more about the second
7sOwWsqlqGg-00051-00011184-00011410 report shortly with no further Ado
7sOwWsqlqGg-00052-00011411-00011638 please welcome Alan to the stages RMC
7sOwWsqlqGg-00053-00011639-00011674 here tonight
7sOwWsqlqGg-00054-00011675-00012095 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-00055-00012096-00012474 foreign
7sOwWsqlqGg-00056-00012475-00012767 good evening everyone it's great to see
7sOwWsqlqGg-00057-00012768-00012977 you all here and it's really a pleasure
7sOwWsqlqGg-00058-00012978-00013301 to be your MC this evening
7sOwWsqlqGg-00059-00013302-00013547 first I'd like to pay our respects to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00060-00013547-00013744 the Larry King of people the traditional
7sOwWsqlqGg-00061-00013745-00013936 custodians of the land that we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00062-00013937-00014207 privileged to be on the next track we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00063-00014208-00014435 tend to continue to be inspired by their
7sOwWsqlqGg-00064-00014436-00014591 continuing culture
7sOwWsqlqGg-00065-00014591-00014921 wisdom and generosity and Wilderness on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00066-00014922-00015125 their country
7sOwWsqlqGg-00067-00015126-00015407 you're all special guests um but I'd all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00068-00015408-00015821 like to pay a special thank you to our
7sOwWsqlqGg-00069-00015822-00015965 guest speakers who have come from
7sOwWsqlqGg-00070-00015966-00016211 Interstate and I'll be introducing them
7sOwWsqlqGg-00071-00016212-00016415 to you shortly
7sOwWsqlqGg-00072-00016416-00016594 before we get started just a few
7sOwWsqlqGg-00073-00016595-00016775 housekeeping things
7sOwWsqlqGg-00074-00016776-00017099 the event has been filmed so we all have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00075-00017100-00017315 to be on our very best behavior that's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00076-00017316-00017591 all they do and to start off with that's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00077-00017592-00017999 phones on silent please
7sOwWsqlqGg-00078-00018000-00018358 in case of emergency the assembly is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00079-00018359-00018617 outside so at the main doors turn left
7sOwWsqlqGg-00080-00018618-00018899 out the main entrance you came in to and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00081-00018900-00019108 assemble out the front there the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00082-00019109-00019355 toilet's located just out through here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00083-00019356-00019505 just to the right and you go up these
7sOwWsqlqGg-00084-00019506-00019817 main doors
7sOwWsqlqGg-00085-00019818-00020093 um so now we've all settled in I'd like
7sOwWsqlqGg-00086-00020094-00020393 to introduce Janine McLennan to you who
7sOwWsqlqGg-00087-00020394-00020603 will give us a formal welcome to Country
7sOwWsqlqGg-00088-00020604-00021101 thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00089-00021102-00021250 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-00090-00021251-00021443 thank you very much everyone
7sOwWsqlqGg-00091-00021444-00021719 um thank you Ellen my name is Janine
7sOwWsqlqGg-00092-00021720-00021958 McLennan and I am a Lara care woman and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00093-00021959-00022205 firstly as a larkier woman I'd like to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00094-00022206-00022457 acknowledge our Lara care families pass
7sOwWsqlqGg-00095-00022458-00022678 through to the future of our lands and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00096-00022679-00022919 Waters and it's just important for us to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00097-00022920-00023117 acknowledge fellow First Nations groups
7sOwWsqlqGg-00098-00023118-00023321 of indigenous trust your Islander but
7sOwWsqlqGg-00099-00023322-00023561 for many nationalities right around the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00100-00023562-00023836 world you know I we too pay our respect
7sOwWsqlqGg-00101-00023837-00024100 to yours and your families of your lands
7sOwWsqlqGg-00102-00024101-00024389 and Waters half present and future
7sOwWsqlqGg-00103-00024390-00024628 I've been invited here this afternoon to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00104-00024629-00024797 represent the Laureate people and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00105-00024798-00024922 welcome you to this very special
7sOwWsqlqGg-00106-00024923-00025186 gathering on behalf of our care
7sOwWsqlqGg-00107-00025187-00025391 ancestors and family
7sOwWsqlqGg-00108-00025392-00025787 Bachi galawa daraniki you've derived
7sOwWsqlqGg-00109-00025788-00025990 this is our country
7sOwWsqlqGg-00110-00025991-00026134 but I'd also like to make special
7sOwWsqlqGg-00111-00026135-00026417 welcome to the pamelas here today for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00112-00026418-00026674 this very special Gathering here the NT
7sOwWsqlqGg-00113-00026675-00026945 science Forum networking event here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00114-00026945-00027143 tonight but the importance of coming
7sOwWsqlqGg-00115-00027144-00027389 together and learning about science I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00116-00027389-00027568 myself didn't know there were many forms
7sOwWsqlqGg-00117-00027569-00027857 of Science and to my son who has autism
7sOwWsqlqGg-00118-00027858-00028199 with generously and eagerly ready to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00119-00028200-00028414 correct me about the many forms of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00120-00028416-00028685 science I said why can't you do science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00121-00028686-00029045 okay which one I thought oh okay so you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00122-00029045-00029152 know the importance of coming together
7sOwWsqlqGg-00123-00029154-00029374 and learning and experiencing your
7sOwWsqlqGg-00124-00029375-00029651 experiences that through your endeavors
7sOwWsqlqGg-00125-00029652-00029861 working in spine and science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00126-00029862-00030089 and of course the importance here in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00127-00030089-00030335 Northern Territory we've been connected
7sOwWsqlqGg-00128-00030336-00030611 to our land for over 40 000 years and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00129-00030612-00030887 for many First Nation groups across the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00130-00030888-00031114 Northern Territory so the doors the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00131-00031116-00031373 opportunities the first seat that use a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00132-00031374-00031601 scientists and the opportunities of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00133-00031602-00031837 discovering things undiscovering things
7sOwWsqlqGg-00134-00031838-00032237 and also giving us new names for things
7sOwWsqlqGg-00135-00032238-00032357 just remember you can call something
7sOwWsqlqGg-00136-00032358-00032717 Janine if you want anytime so thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00137-00032718-00032879 very much for coming here today and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00138-00032880-00033196 sharing this experience and like Alan
7sOwWsqlqGg-00139-00033197-00033473 you know for many many visitors here in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00140-00033474-00033689 Darwin you know they've come here and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00141-00033690-00033809 they've just wanted to come and visit
7sOwWsqlqGg-00142-00033810-00034049 Darwin but yet they've stayed here 20
7sOwWsqlqGg-00143-00034050-00034240 years later so that's not a common
7sOwWsqlqGg-00144-00034241-00034493 mistake but also we have a saying here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00145-00034494-00034690 that we never start on time because it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00146-00034691-00034907 called Darwin time that's why we're 15
7sOwWsqlqGg-00147-00034908-00035152 minutes starting late but thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00148-00035153-00035339 again for this opportunity thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00149-00035340-00035507 again for coming here and sharing your
7sOwWsqlqGg-00150-00035508-00035705 stories with insights thank you for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00151-00035706-00035873 giving us the opportunity here in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00152-00035874-00036040 Northern Territory to have this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00153-00036041-00036274 experience but also what we can provide
7sOwWsqlqGg-00154-00036275-00036581 to youth as scientists as well
7sOwWsqlqGg-00155-00036582-00036761 um I'd like to conclude and leave with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00156-00036762-00037001 you a poem from the late Reverend
7sOwWsqlqGg-00157-00037002-00037367 wallyfejo as yes we are a city and many
7sOwWsqlqGg-00158-00037368-00037589 people live and visit in Darwin but we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00159-00037590-00037889 all have stories from Malarkey country
7sOwWsqlqGg-00160-00037890-00038087 you've come by way of the lyrical land
7sOwWsqlqGg-00161-00038088-00038417 you have voices of larica ancestors when
7sOwWsqlqGg-00162-00038418-00038602 you leave the Larry message will stay
7sOwWsqlqGg-00163-00038603-00038867 with you so thank you very much and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00164-00038868-00039035 hopefully our care message will make you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00165-00039036-00039167 come back here and stay here for another
7sOwWsqlqGg-00166-00039168-00039799 20 years
7sOwWsqlqGg-00167-00039800-00040012 thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00168-00040013-00040273 thank you Janine for such a warm welcome
7sOwWsqlqGg-00169-00040274-00040540 as I mentioned it is a privilege to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00170-00040541-00040780 on Larry Kia land
7sOwWsqlqGg-00171-00040781-00040955 and we respect a deep connection that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00172-00040956-00041165 Lara people have to the land
7sOwWsqlqGg-00173-00041166-00041459 the ongoing stewardship
7sOwWsqlqGg-00174-00041460-00041759 Martin touched earlier on the purpose of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00175-00041760-00042179 the NT science forum and it's a great
7sOwWsqlqGg-00176-00042180-00042377 pleasure for me to introduce to you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00177-00042378-00042677 Kathy white this acting CEO of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00178-00042678-00042929 Department of Industry tourism and trade
7sOwWsqlqGg-00179-00042930-00043609 and Kathy will tell us more about it
7sOwWsqlqGg-00180-00043610-00043823 thank you Janine for that beautiful
7sOwWsqlqGg-00181-00043824-00044015 welcome to country with a scientific
7sOwWsqlqGg-00182-00044016-00044339 twist it was um it was lovely I too am
7sOwWsqlqGg-00183-00044340-00044555 very lucky to live and work on the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00184-00044556-00044783 beautiful saltwater country and I pay my
7sOwWsqlqGg-00185-00044784-00045035 respects to the larakia people
7sOwWsqlqGg-00186-00045036-00045173 um tonight you were going to get
7sOwWsqlqGg-00187-00045174-00045383 Minister Kirby so you might not might
7sOwWsqlqGg-00188-00045384-00045605 notice a couple of differences
7sOwWsqlqGg-00189-00045606-00045779 um unfortunately he was unable to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00190-00045780-00045958 here because of cabinet commitments and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00191-00045959-00046246 covert challenges which we all have but
7sOwWsqlqGg-00192-00046247-00046421 he does send his very sincere thanks
7sOwWsqlqGg-00193-00046422-00046601 especially to our special guests who
7sOwWsqlqGg-00194-00046602-00046799 you'll hear from later and looks forward
7sOwWsqlqGg-00195-00046800-00046961 to engaging with the science community
7sOwWsqlqGg-00196-00046962-00047165 and the Forum in the near future which
7sOwWsqlqGg-00197-00047166-00047345 he will do
7sOwWsqlqGg-00198-00047346-00047561 um I'm also fortunate and Martin redhead
7sOwWsqlqGg-00199-00047562-00047765 didn't actually introduce himself
7sOwWsqlqGg-00200-00047766-00047987 um but he heads up innovation in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00201-00047988-00048130 department of Industry tourism and trade
7sOwWsqlqGg-00202-00048131-00048352 and I'm also very lucky to have the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00203-00048353-00048580 small but yet Mighty Innovation team in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00204-00048581-00048815 my Division I love my job
7sOwWsqlqGg-00205-00048816-00049115 um because so congratulations Martin and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00206-00049116-00049415 um tan for pulling together tonight I've
7sOwWsqlqGg-00207-00049416-00049702 said that wrong haven't I um I'll come
7sOwWsqlqGg-00208-00049703-00049907 back to that sorry
7sOwWsqlqGg-00209-00049908-00050057 um for pulling together this enter the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00210-00050058-00050215 fabulous science community in the room
7sOwWsqlqGg-00211-00050216-00050458 so earlier this year we launched the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00212-00050459-00050633 territory business Innovation strategy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00213-00050634-00050873 2.0 we always need one of those to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00214-00050874-00051071 develop a four billion territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00215-00051072-00051382 Innovation ecosystem as its important
7sOwWsqlqGg-00216-00051383-00051658 part of the 40 billion dollar economy in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00217-00051659-00051923 the territory by 2030. science is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00218-00051924-00052132 absolutely critical in this goal with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00219-00052133-00052319 intrinsic value and as a driver of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00220-00052320-00052576 wealth creation across our economy our
7sOwWsqlqGg-00221-00052577-00052804 challenge in this room is to spread the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00222-00052805-00053057 science word get everyone hooked and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00223-00053058-00053254 amplify the value of Science in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00224-00053255-00053423 territory tree and we're doing this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00225-00053424-00053603 through a number of initiatives
7sOwWsqlqGg-00226-00053604-00053782 the first initiative was to commission
7sOwWsqlqGg-00227-00053783-00053932 an independent report on the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00228-00053933-00054107 opportunities for science to support
7sOwWsqlqGg-00229-00054108-00054359 that 40 billion dollar economy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00230-00054360-00054611 in partnership with CDU we commissioned
7sOwWsqlqGg-00231-00054612-00054791 the Australian Council Council of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00232-00054791-00055019 learned academies supported by the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00233-00055020-00055216 Australian Academy of Science to prepare
7sOwWsqlqGg-00234-00055217-00055487 that report and I'm delighted to let you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00235-00055488-00055679 know we've received the first draft of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00236-00055679-00055859 the report and that we will hear from
7sOwWsqlqGg-00237-00055860-00056153 Ryan the CEO of a cola about the key
7sOwWsqlqGg-00238-00056154-00056309 things that they've identified in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00239-00056310-00056416 report
7sOwWsqlqGg-00240-00056417-00056735 and tonight with this fabulous group we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00241-00056736-00056932 are also launching a new territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00242-00056933-00057161 science Forum to promote science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00243-00057162-00057376 collaboration with Scientists across
7sOwWsqlqGg-00244-00057377-00057676 public private and academic sectors
7sOwWsqlqGg-00245-00057677-00057929 this is a really exciting platform to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00246-00057929-00058169 celebrate good territory science to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00247-00058170-00058366 identify and advocate for opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-00248-00058367-00058559 for science to support the sustainable
7sOwWsqlqGg-00249-00058560-00058787 development of the territory and to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00250-00058788-00058991 provide the underpinning foundation for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00251-00058991-00059207 Innovation to support NT business growth
7sOwWsqlqGg-00252-00059208-00059471 it's open to all stem professionals and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00253-00059472-00059676 I think we've got a very exciting
7sOwWsqlqGg-00254-00059677-00059854 scientists that don't always call
7sOwWsqlqGg-00255-00059855-00060004 themselves scientists but we've got an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00256-00060005-00060142 exciting group in the territory and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00257-00060144-00060341 we're pretty it is going to be a pretty
7sOwWsqlqGg-00258-00060341-00060532 exciting group that comes together
7sOwWsqlqGg-00259-00060533-00060761 The Forum chair will be appointed soon
7sOwWsqlqGg-00260-00060762-00060941 and together with the committee will
7sOwWsqlqGg-00261-00060941-00061163 help shape how the Forum will work and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00262-00061164-00061337 advise government on its science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00263-00061338-00061582 Endeavors it will focus on scientific
7sOwWsqlqGg-00264-00061583-00061750 matters that are really important to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00265-00061751-00061888 territory the things that are critical
7sOwWsqlqGg-00266-00061889-00062080 to us
7sOwWsqlqGg-00267-00062082-00062303 um I'm personally very excited working
7sOwWsqlqGg-00268-00062304-00062513 for industry tourism and trade about the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00269-00062514-00062687 potential for scientific thinking to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00270-00062688-00062879 enhance all of our industry development
7sOwWsqlqGg-00271-00062879-00063100 and enrich the lives and livelihoods of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00272-00063101-00063311 territorians particularly those who live
7sOwWsqlqGg-00273-00063312-00063466 in regions and remote
7sOwWsqlqGg-00274-00063467-00063725 The Forum will also be well placed to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00275-00063726-00063850 engage with the broader science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00276-00063851-00064061 Community across Australia and Southeast
7sOwWsqlqGg-00277-00064062-00064288 Asia including the world-renowned
7sOwWsqlqGg-00278-00064289-00064450 leaders in science we have with us
7sOwWsqlqGg-00279-00064451-00064721 tonight thank you again for coming we've
7sOwWsqlqGg-00280-00064722-00064906 got the um well we'll hear from them in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00281-00064907-00065075 a second so thank you again for your
7sOwWsqlqGg-00282-00065076-00065332 generous time and your collegiality it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00283-00065333-00065465 been great already
7sOwWsqlqGg-00284-00065466-00065699 so what an opportunity for our territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00285-00065700-00065879 science Community to engage with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00286-00065880-00066100 decision makers and advisors at the very
7sOwWsqlqGg-00287-00066101-00066293 heart of the national agenda on science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00288-00066294-00066497 I strongly encourage you all to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00289-00066498-00066706 participate and help us grow and shape
7sOwWsqlqGg-00290-00066707-00066971 our science ecosystem the first formal
7sOwWsqlqGg-00291-00066972-00067175 meeting of the Forum will be on the 11th
7sOwWsqlqGg-00292-00067176-00067411 of August and it will be a simple
7sOwWsqlqGg-00293-00067412-00067661 invite just like Eventbrite like we did
7sOwWsqlqGg-00294-00067662-00067900 tonight so we have some great presenters
7sOwWsqlqGg-00295-00067901-00068153 here tonight to provide examples of what
7sOwWsqlqGg-00296-00068154-00068387 the science trajectory in the territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00297-00068388-00068579 could look like so please enjoy the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00298-00068580-00068804 evening thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00299-00068805-00069023 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-00300-00069024-00069594 foreign
7sOwWsqlqGg-00301-00069595-00069893 is really a really important Initiative
7sOwWsqlqGg-00302-00069894-00070150 for fostering the science ecosystem here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00303-00070151-00070529 in the NT and promoting the positive
7sOwWsqlqGg-00304-00070530-00070721 impact science can have on the lives of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00305-00070722-00071003 territoriums and our keynote speaker
7sOwWsqlqGg-00306-00071004-00071249 Kathy Dr Kathy Foley is ideally
7sOwWsqlqGg-00307-00071250-00071423 positioned to talk about science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00308-00071424-00071723 ecosystems and the impact of science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00309-00071724-00071981 she holds the nation's most important
7sOwWsqlqGg-00310-00071982-00072221 position in science and its engagement
7sOwWsqlqGg-00311-00072222-00072515 as Australia's Chief scientist
7sOwWsqlqGg-00312-00072516-00072694 she previously had a long and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00313-00072695-00072971 distinguished career with csiro as an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00314-00072972-00073163 internationally recognized physicist
7sOwWsqlqGg-00315-00073164-00073444 with major research achievements in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00316-00073445-00073679 superconductors and senses
7sOwWsqlqGg-00317-00073680-00073859 among other things this led to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00318-00073860-00074147 development of the land and Tim census
7sOwWsqlqGg-00319-00074148-00074393 system to locate valuable deposits of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00320-00074394-00074626 minerals deep underground
7sOwWsqlqGg-00321-00074627-00074861 resulting in discoveries and delineation
7sOwWsqlqGg-00322-00074862-00075143 of minerals worth more than 6 billion
7sOwWsqlqGg-00323-00075144-00075311 dollars
7sOwWsqlqGg-00324-00075312-00075526 Kathy's scientific excellence and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00325-00075527-00075671 influential leadership have been
7sOwWsqlqGg-00326-00075672-00075887 recognized with numerous Awards and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00327-00075888-00076126 fellowships including election to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00328-00076127-00076361 Australian Academy of Science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00329-00076362-00076637 an order of Australia for science for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00330-00076638-00076871 service to research science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00331-00076872-00077069 and to the advancement of women in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00332-00077070-00077297 physics she's also a fellow of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00333-00077298-00077465 Australian Academy of technological
7sOwWsqlqGg-00334-00077466-00077729 science and engineering and an honorary
7sOwWsqlqGg-00335-00077730-00077981 fellow of the Australian Institute of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00336-00077982-00078155 physics
7sOwWsqlqGg-00337-00078156-00078394 today Kathy is here to bring a national
7sOwWsqlqGg-00338-00078395-00078653 and international perspective to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00339-00078654-00078941 opportunities for science here in the NT
7sOwWsqlqGg-00340-00078942-00079482 please welcome Kathy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00341-00079483-00079693 foreign
7sOwWsqlqGg-00342-00079694-00079979 it's great to be here and Alan thanks
7sOwWsqlqGg-00343-00079980-00080165 for that really lovely introduction I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00344-00080166-00080338 always really feel very embarrassed when
7sOwWsqlqGg-00345-00080339-00080525 you have to remember I've been around
7sOwWsqlqGg-00346-00080526-00080699 for a long time so when you add up your
7sOwWsqlqGg-00347-00080700-00080879 whole your life together everyone's done
7sOwWsqlqGg-00348-00080880-00081011 a lot so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00349-00081012-00081143 also
7sOwWsqlqGg-00350-00081144-00081347 um I want to thank you uh Kathy for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00351-00081348-00081550 sharing the the vision you've got for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00352-00081551-00081773 and the beginnings of the science forum
7sOwWsqlqGg-00353-00081774-00081917 and for stem professionals I think
7sOwWsqlqGg-00354-00081918-00082097 that's really important and also hearing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00355-00082098-00082355 about the whole idea of Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00356-00082356-00082487 Territories
7sOwWsqlqGg-00357-00082488-00082853 um vision and ideas and I I have to say
7sOwWsqlqGg-00358-00082854-00083182 it's great to be here with you uh um and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00359-00083183-00083399 to be in the Northern Territory it's I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00360-00083400-00083561 haven't been here very often I was here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00361-00083562-00083794 uh last time Garner was on and so that's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00362-00083795-00083944 really the only other time I've been
7sOwWsqlqGg-00363-00083945-00084100 here other than through the airport when
7sOwWsqlqGg-00364-00084101-00084311 traveling somewhere else but I'm already
7sOwWsqlqGg-00365-00084312-00084562 uh been infected I can't wait to come
7sOwWsqlqGg-00366-00084563-00084671 back again
7sOwWsqlqGg-00367-00084672-00084929 but um what I think is really fantastic
7sOwWsqlqGg-00368-00084930-00085085 is seeing you it's sort of like you're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00369-00085086-00085541 coming out as um uh as a a part of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00370-00085542-00085703 Australia that is showing an amazing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00371-00085704-00086003 ambition about how you can be a science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00372-00086004-00086231 enabled territory and that you want to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00373-00086232-00086435 be loud and proud about it which I think
7sOwWsqlqGg-00374-00086436-00086681 is fantastic because that is how we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00375-00086682-00086843 build economies that's how we create
7sOwWsqlqGg-00376-00086844-00087221 prosperity and well-being for all of us
7sOwWsqlqGg-00377-00087222-00087359 so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00378-00087360-00087419 um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00379-00087420-00087659 the other thing that I guess I want to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00380-00087660-00087887 point to too is that often when you're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00381-00087888-00088061 outside the Northern Territory and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00382-00088062-00088331 Northern Australia is that you actually
7sOwWsqlqGg-00383-00088332-00088594 see this place as a great place for a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00384-00088595-00088715 holiday and I guess you probably saw
7sOwWsqlqGg-00385-00088716-00088967 that as as the covert restrictions have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00386-00088968-00089075 reduced
7sOwWsqlqGg-00387-00089076-00089285 you've got amazing culture I mean the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00388-00089286-00089579 landscape is unbelievable uh the weather
7sOwWsqlqGg-00389-00089580-00089915 the people but you all know to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00390-00089916-00090100 Northern Territories got a lot more to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00391-00090101-00090394 offer and it's because of the minds and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00392-00090395-00090635 the imagination of you that we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00393-00090636-00090791 actually beginning to see something
7sOwWsqlqGg-00394-00090792-00090959 which from my perspective in hearing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00395-00090960-00091217 about it this afternoon is so exciting
7sOwWsqlqGg-00396-00091218-00091493 and it's because of this knowledge-based
7sOwWsqlqGg-00397-00091494-00091673 community that I think it brings me to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00398-00091674-00091888 the next thing I want to do and Janine's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00399-00091889-00092038 left already but I do want to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00400-00092039-00092206 acknowledge the traditional owners of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00401-00092207-00092561 the lands here the larakia people
7sOwWsqlqGg-00402-00092562-00092831 and I want to pay my respects to those
7sOwWsqlqGg-00403-00092832-00093035 who are caring for the lands the old
7sOwWsqlqGg-00404-00093036-00093179 ones have come before and the young ones
7sOwWsqlqGg-00405-00093180-00093359 who are going to follow
7sOwWsqlqGg-00406-00093360-00093544 because I think something which has been
7sOwWsqlqGg-00407-00093545-00093737 really reinforced to me
7sOwWsqlqGg-00408-00093738-00093988 um just through my my whole life and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00409-00093989-00094150 it's been really growing to a great
7sOwWsqlqGg-00410-00094151-00094421 Crescendo just in the last couple of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00411-00094422-00094768 months is that the um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00412-00094769-00095015 the indigenous people's contributions of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00413-00095016-00095285 teaching and learning and committing to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00414-00095286-00095435 building a brighter future together is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00415-00095436-00095597 something which I can only be so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00416-00095598-00095723 grateful for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00417-00095724-00096023 because I can't emphasize enough about
7sOwWsqlqGg-00418-00096024-00096203 the indigenous knowledge that we have so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00419-00096204-00096388 much to learn from because it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00420-00096389-00096623 substantial and we must facilitate
7sOwWsqlqGg-00421-00096624-00096923 genuine engagement so that we can make
7sOwWsqlqGg-00422-00096924-00097241 sure that we can come together and be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00423-00097242-00097462 able to bring the Aboriginal knowledge
7sOwWsqlqGg-00424-00097463-00097655 and wisdom with the science and the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00425-00097656-00097949 approaches that I know so that we can do
7sOwWsqlqGg-00426-00097950-00098188 amazing things and a really good classic
7sOwWsqlqGg-00427-00098189-00098488 one is the Western iron land fire
7sOwWsqlqGg-00428-00098489-00098705 abatement project which is changing the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00429-00098706-00099029 way we go about trying to manage in a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00430-00099030-00099329 very best practice way Land Management
7sOwWsqlqGg-00431-00099330-00099509 and it's disrespectful learning
7sOwWsqlqGg-00432-00099510-00099749 opportunity that's been a recurring
7sOwWsqlqGg-00433-00099750-00099982 dream in my discussions with science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00434-00099983-00100306 leaders here and internationally as well
7sOwWsqlqGg-00435-00100307-00100450 because I've been talking with people
7sOwWsqlqGg-00436-00100451-00100618 particularly from New Zealand recently
7sOwWsqlqGg-00437-00100619-00100817 but also the public service across
7sOwWsqlqGg-00438-00100818-00101068 Australia and more specifically how we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00439-00101069-00101356 can better utilize uplift and access
7sOwWsqlqGg-00440-00101357-00101561 indigenous science and knowledge so it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00441-00101562-00101723 just part about the way we do things
7sOwWsqlqGg-00442-00101724-00101849 here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00443-00101850-00102124 I also want to use this as a moment to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00444-00102125-00102287 just acknowledge the important guests
7sOwWsqlqGg-00445-00102288-00102527 here as well so it's great to be on this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00446-00102528-00102749 platform with Brahman Fox who is from
7sOwWsqlqGg-00447-00102750-00103060 csiro is Chief scientist there I've
7sOwWsqlqGg-00448-00103061-00103223 worked with her for very many years and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00449-00103224-00103456 it's been great to do things together
7sOwWsqlqGg-00450-00103457-00103613 and we're doing even more together now
7sOwWsqlqGg-00451-00103614-00103828 and with Martin redhead who's the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00452-00103829-00104015 director of the business and Innovation
7sOwWsqlqGg-00453-00104016-00104260 Department of Industry tourism and trade
7sOwWsqlqGg-00454-00104261-00104560 he's part of our form of Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-00455-00104561-00104825 Chief scientists so he's your pseudo
7sOwWsqlqGg-00456-00104826-00104969 Chief scientist and chief science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00457-00104970-00105184 advisor which is fantastic and it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00458-00105185-00105377 actually great to meet him in person so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00459-00105378-00105654 thanks to the organizing us today
7sOwWsqlqGg-00460-00105655-00106013 because it's been terrific to see how
7sOwWsqlqGg-00461-00106014-00106252 he's been able to introduce Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00462-00106253-00106523 Australian input into the form of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00463-00106524-00106660 Australian Chief scientists which has
7sOwWsqlqGg-00464-00106661-00106816 been really important
7sOwWsqlqGg-00465-00106817-00107093 and um of course we've got um Alan here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00466-00107094-00107219 who's a fellow of the Australian Academy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00467-00107220-00107393 of Science it's great that you're here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00468-00107394-00107645 too and and go back to our
7sOwWsqlqGg-00469-00107646-00107897 um days at csro together but also um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00470-00107898-00108197 Ryan Wynn who's the CEO of um a caller
7sOwWsqlqGg-00471-00108198-00108340 which is the Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-00472-00108341-00108677 um uh Council of learned academies it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00473-00108678-00108928 a terrible name isn't it anyway sorry
7sOwWsqlqGg-00474-00108929-00109186 about that anyway I um I want to begin
7sOwWsqlqGg-00475-00109188-00109427 though by highlighting the value of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00476-00109428-00109678 indigenous science because it has a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00477-00109679-00109907 unique value proposition and we must
7sOwWsqlqGg-00478-00109908-00110075 Embrace this knowledge if we're going to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00479-00110076-00110254 make the most of our full human
7sOwWsqlqGg-00480-00110255-00110536 potential because science and research
7sOwWsqlqGg-00481-00110538-00110777 are Humanity's superpower
7sOwWsqlqGg-00482-00110778-00111028 and it's been if we think that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00483-00111029-00111245 indigenous knowledge and culture has
7sOwWsqlqGg-00484-00111246-00111454 been around for so many years if we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00485-00111455-00111677 going to make sure that we deal with the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00486-00111678-00111821 issues that are ahead of us and we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00487-00111822-00111947 just hearing at the moment with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00488-00111948-00112108 Parliament sitting in Canberra for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00489-00112109-00112289 first time with the new new government
7sOwWsqlqGg-00490-00112290-00112547 that there's a lot of challenge ahead of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00491-00112548-00112745 us and we need to make sure that we use
7sOwWsqlqGg-00492-00112746-00112931 every bit of wisdom knowledge and human
7sOwWsqlqGg-00493-00112932-00113165 resource that we have on tap
7sOwWsqlqGg-00494-00113166-00113423 and the broader research sector must
7sOwWsqlqGg-00495-00113424-00113669 continue to incorporate this knowledge
7sOwWsqlqGg-00496-00113670-00113921 and value and make it so it's an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00497-00113922-00114149 essential component and that we realize
7sOwWsqlqGg-00498-00114150-00114352 it's full power
7sOwWsqlqGg-00499-00114353-00114545 and we must facilitate genuine
7sOwWsqlqGg-00500-00114546-00114658 engagement it shouldn't be just
7sOwWsqlqGg-00501-00114659-00114869 something as Mickey Mouse and we know
7sOwWsqlqGg-00502-00114870-00115127 that if we can do that the unique
7sOwWsqlqGg-00503-00115128-00115289 prospects that this can create
7sOwWsqlqGg-00504-00115290-00115534 contribute to is going to be something
7sOwWsqlqGg-00505-00115535-00115816 which will impact our biotech our Space
7sOwWsqlqGg-00506-00115817-00116063 Industries our mineral exploration and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00507-00116064-00116308 mineral resources and that knowledge
7sOwWsqlqGg-00508-00116309-00116513 about the environment and sustainable
7sOwWsqlqGg-00509-00116514-00116710 energy solutions are all going to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00510-00116711-00116969 better richer and and something which
7sOwWsqlqGg-00511-00116970-00117173 will be much more sustainable
7sOwWsqlqGg-00512-00117174-00117328 so I think it's great that we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00513-00117329-00117539 celebrating that and the success stories
7sOwWsqlqGg-00514-00117540-00117731 that we're hearing all the time as we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00515-00117732-00117881 progress towards this greater and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00516-00117882-00118151 brighter future together
7sOwWsqlqGg-00517-00118152-00118451 and there's also a huge ambition for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00518-00118452-00118631 leading high-tech Industries here in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00519-00118632-00118858 Northern Australia I am so excited to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00520-00118859-00119051 hear about the different programs and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00521-00119052-00119249 ideas that are happening here from New
7sOwWsqlqGg-00522-00119250-00119586 energy creation of our amazing energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00523-00119588-00119843 renewable energy which sounds like it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00524-00119844-00120095 going to power the whole world with uh
7sOwWsqlqGg-00525-00120096-00120365 with oh sorry with wires going all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00526-00120366-00120736 around the place to link up Darwin to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00527-00120738-00121097 Singapore to USA it's just it's going to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00528-00121098-00121402 be amazing but the pandemic has shown us
7sOwWsqlqGg-00529-00121403-00121690 that we cannot let rely on being a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00530-00121691-00121943 service-based economy if you think of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00531-00121944-00122134 our economy at the moment we've got a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00532-00122135-00122333 lot of mining we've got a lot of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00533-00122333-00122657 Agriculture and we have tourism and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00534-00122658-00122897 we've got higher education and they're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00535-00122898-00123119 our top exports now we all know what
7sOwWsqlqGg-00536-00123120-00123436 happens when there's a vulnerable time
7sOwWsqlqGg-00537-00123438-00123731 such as a pandemic or a a global
7sOwWsqlqGg-00538-00123732-00123977 financial crisis is that tourism and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00539-00123978-00124145 higher education get really impact
7sOwWsqlqGg-00540-00124146-00124408 affected we also know that mining is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00541-00124409-00124673 changing substantially that by 2050 when
7sOwWsqlqGg-00542-00124674-00124810 we get to zero emissions and we have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00543-00124811-00125051 true closed-loop economy we're going to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00544-00125052-00125195 be seeing mining companies becoming
7sOwWsqlqGg-00545-00125196-00125489 those great recycling companies and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00546-00125490-00125675 we'll also be seeing an impact on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00547-00125676-00125831 agriculture whatever that might be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00548-00125832-00126023 whether it's instead of having cattle we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00549-00126024-00126310 have um we have our cell lines to create
7sOwWsqlqGg-00550-00126311-00126557 meat and protein or whether it's climate
7sOwWsqlqGg-00551-00126558-00126689 change that means that we can't do what
7sOwWsqlqGg-00552-00126690-00126857 we did before and we have to think of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00553-00126858-00127049 new ways of feeding ourselves
7sOwWsqlqGg-00554-00127050-00127360 so these are the signals that by 2050 we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00555-00127361-00127486 are going to have to think very
7sOwWsqlqGg-00556-00127488-00127727 differently about our world and so to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00557-00127728-00127960 address this Australia and the Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00558-00127961-00128266 Territory must have a renewed focus on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00559-00128267-00128507 the knowledge economy and this is what I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00560-00128508-00128723 am seeing here in truckloads and which
7sOwWsqlqGg-00561-00128724-00128914 is something which I hope I can in my
7sOwWsqlqGg-00562-00128915-00129143 role as Australia's Chief scientist sign
7sOwWsqlqGg-00563-00129144-00129389 yes a scientist that's what I am is uh
7sOwWsqlqGg-00564-00129390-00129689 is able to connect in with this with you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00565-00129690-00129931 as this new um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00566-00129932-00130163 new um now I've got to get this right
7sOwWsqlqGg-00567-00130164-00130451 science forum is of stem professionals
7sOwWsqlqGg-00568-00130452-00130636 that that I can hopefully through
7sOwWsqlqGg-00569-00130638-00130936 through Martin and uh and the rest of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00570-00130938-00131123 you be able to be that conduit into
7sOwWsqlqGg-00571-00131124-00131261 Canberra so that we can make sure
7sOwWsqlqGg-00572-00131262-00131435 everything's all lined up
7sOwWsqlqGg-00573-00131436-00131687 because knowledge-based Industries had
7sOwWsqlqGg-00574-00131688-00131849 been identified to be the future driver
7sOwWsqlqGg-00575-00131850-00132077 of Australia's economy and they're in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00576-00132078-00132281 areas as we know in low emissions Tech
7sOwWsqlqGg-00577-00132282-00132466 and pharmaceuticals artificial
7sOwWsqlqGg-00578-00132467-00132737 intelligence there's Automation and in a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00579-00132738-00132863 similar way in the Northern Territory is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00580-00132864-00133121 making great strides in these areas and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00581-00133122-00133337 so we can only see that this is going to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00582-00133338-00133487 be a bright future
7sOwWsqlqGg-00583-00133488-00133787 so let's talk about Northern Territories
7sOwWsqlqGg-00584-00133788-00133990 role in supporting Australia's Technical
7sOwWsqlqGg-00585-00133991-00134225 and digital future I have to say that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00586-00134226-00134357 most people when they think of Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00587-00134358-00134525 Territory do not think of you as a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00588-00134526-00134723 digital Powerhouse and we need to change
7sOwWsqlqGg-00589-00134724-00135004 this because it's so impressive to see
7sOwWsqlqGg-00590-00135005-00135131 the things that are happening here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00591-00135132-00135359 seeing a t-shirt that says NASA base
7sOwWsqlqGg-00592-00135360-00135628 here is amazing and it's a real one it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00593-00135629-00135893 not a fake one and it's impressive that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00594-00135894-00136223 you had a rocket launch from NASA or by
7sOwWsqlqGg-00595-00136224-00136487 NASA from the island Space Center and it
7sOwWsqlqGg-00596-00136488-00136673 was the first successful Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-00597-00136674-00137093 rocket launch in over 25 years and I'm
7sOwWsqlqGg-00598-00137094-00137357 going to just look forward to watching I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00599-00137358-00137507 think if we heard it was a few seconds
7sOwWsqlqGg-00600-00137508-00137773 of excitement and a lifetime of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00601-00137774-00138071 Goosebumps because it was so exciting
7sOwWsqlqGg-00602-00138072-00138245 but we also need to acknowledge the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00603-00138246-00138557 broader impact of digitization at a much
7sOwWsqlqGg-00604-00138558-00138737 bigger emphasis on knowledge-based
7sOwWsqlqGg-00605-00138738-00138977 digital Industries because you can do
7sOwWsqlqGg-00606-00138978-00139216 that anywhere in fact one of the things
7sOwWsqlqGg-00607-00139217-00139439 that's been I've heard from somewhere is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00608-00139440-00139649 that so long as you've got good coffee
7sOwWsqlqGg-00609-00139650-00139816 good schools and a decent internet
7sOwWsqlqGg-00610-00139817-00140045 connection you can work anywhere and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00611-00140046-00140243 this is actually what Mike Cannon Brooks
7sOwWsqlqGg-00612-00140244-00140435 told me when I was uh when he said he
7sOwWsqlqGg-00613-00140436-00140578 completely changed his whole business
7sOwWsqlqGg-00614-00140579-00140759 model from instead of building a big
7sOwWsqlqGg-00615-00140760-00140939 building in the middle of Sydney he now
7sOwWsqlqGg-00616-00140940-00141137 allows his workers to work anywhere and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00617-00141138-00141335 then he has small hubs and this is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00618-00141336-00141527 something which I think is really an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00619-00141528-00141839 amazing opportunity for a particularly a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00620-00141840-00142066 territory like like Northern Territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-00621-00142067-00142271 which is a lot of land and not that many
7sOwWsqlqGg-00622-00142272-00142559 people you can actually still be engaged
7sOwWsqlqGg-00623-00142560-00142787 fully
7sOwWsqlqGg-00624-00142788-00143099 so these are all possible though because
7sOwWsqlqGg-00625-00143100-00143440 you also have great research here and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00626-00143441-00143627 you're leading in so many areas of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00627-00143628-00143831 innovation and I'll just go through a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00628-00143832-00143999 couple of examples which I found out
7sOwWsqlqGg-00629-00144000-00144263 which I was amazed about so there's the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00630-00144264-00144419 Cooperative Research Center for Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00631-00144420-00144575 Australia which has been you know doing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00632-00144576-00144725 things in agriculture food and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00633-00144726-00144952 agriculture but also science Service
7sOwWsqlqGg-00634-00144953-00145181 delivery and traditional owner-led
7sOwWsqlqGg-00635-00145182-00145361 management and development which I think
7sOwWsqlqGg-00636-00145362-00145552 is really important and it's fantastic
7sOwWsqlqGg-00637-00145553-00145799 to see that this is leading to an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00638-00145800-00146081 ambition which is actually infectious
7sOwWsqlqGg-00639-00146082-00146297 when you just come here and it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00640-00146298-00146501 impressive to see that you've even
7sOwWsqlqGg-00641-00146502-00146614 though you're one of the most remote
7sOwWsqlqGg-00642-00146615-00146921 parts of Australia that you've been able
7sOwWsqlqGg-00643-00146922-00147209 to embrace not just digital but also the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00644-00147210-00147419 other area which I'm working on big time
7sOwWsqlqGg-00645-00147420-00147904 which is quantum and uh the idea and I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00646-00147905-00148025 have to say I'm completely thrilled
7sOwWsqlqGg-00647-00148026-00148277 about this that you have the ambition to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00648-00148278-00148504 be the quantum leader of the equator is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00649-00148505-00148631 something which I'm going to be putting
7sOwWsqlqGg-00650-00148632-00148835 in our strategy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00651-00148836-00148954 um because the government's asked me to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00652-00148955-00149183 make a Quantum strategy for Australia so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00653-00149184-00149428 your ambition there is fantastic and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00654-00149429-00149704 your work to develop sustainable energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00655-00149705-00149945 solutions is mind-blowing some of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00656-00149946-00150064 ideas that I heard this afternoon
7sOwWsqlqGg-00657-00150065-00150263 they're not just the ideas that they're
7sOwWsqlqGg-00658-00150264-00150569 actually things which are in in town in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00659-00150570-00150814 train which are really going to be uh
7sOwWsqlqGg-00660-00150815-00151135 something that will put Australia as the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00661-00151136-00151439 renewable energy Powerhouse for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00662-00151440-00151649 world is going to be something which I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00663-00151650-00151811 think will be all very proud to be part
7sOwWsqlqGg-00664-00151812-00152063 of but then you've also got things like
7sOwWsqlqGg-00665-00152064-00152237 the amazing gingerly Over the Horizon
7sOwWsqlqGg-00666-00152238-00152573 radar which is based on and has been
7sOwWsqlqGg-00667-00152574-00152771 upgraded with a Quantum clock which is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00668-00152772-00152914 being developed by the university that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00669-00152915-00153137 late and the fact that you've got that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00670-00153138-00153263 science pushing the boundaries of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00671-00153264-00153389 knowledge and being able to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00672-00153390-00153557 implemented here so that you actually
7sOwWsqlqGg-00673-00153558-00153773 have the ability to have that security
7sOwWsqlqGg-00674-00153774-00153923 is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00675-00153924-00154163 um very important and of course the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00676-00154164-00154343 other is the unique opportunities in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00677-00154344-00154516 digital biotech
7sOwWsqlqGg-00678-00154517-00154864 so I want to acknowledge that this new
7sOwWsqlqGg-00679-00154865-00155087 science form it actually provides
7sOwWsqlqGg-00680-00155088-00155369 opportunities for making sure that we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00681-00155370-00155711 have this as the recogna as recognized
7sOwWsqlqGg-00682-00155712-00155926 across the country because it's only
7sOwWsqlqGg-00683-00155927-00156125 when we start doing that that you'll
7sOwWsqlqGg-00684-00156126-00156263 start seeing the migration of people
7sOwWsqlqGg-00685-00156264-00156478 saying this is a place a great place to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00686-00156479-00156587 come
7sOwWsqlqGg-00687-00156588-00156961 so being the most Regional Capital
7sOwWsqlqGg-00688-00156962-00157247 there's also clear implications of how
7sOwWsqlqGg-00689-00157248-00157504 we think about developing the north
7sOwWsqlqGg-00690-00157505-00157739 agenda and making sure that the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00691-00157740-00157931 investment is the right investment so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00692-00157932-00158045 that's something I'll be taking away
7sOwWsqlqGg-00693-00158046-00158201 with me
7sOwWsqlqGg-00694-00158202-00158339 so then we have to think about building
7sOwWsqlqGg-00695-00158340-00158554 local skills and more flexible ways of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00696-00158555-00158704 working because this is going to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00697-00158705-00158951 critical if you're going to succeed and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00698-00158952-00159154 since the distance is no longer a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00699-00159155-00159328 hindrance it means that there'll be lots
7sOwWsqlqGg-00700-00159329-00159473 of possibilities here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00701-00159474-00159701 so this will enable a locally trained
7sOwWsqlqGg-00702-00159702-00159923 and locally based stem capable Workforce
7sOwWsqlqGg-00703-00159924-00160204 and to make this happen we though we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00704-00160205-00160409 need to have really clear stem career
7sOwWsqlqGg-00705-00160410-00160637 Pathways I don't know about you but most
7sOwWsqlqGg-00706-00160638-00160804 people when they're at school have no
7sOwWsqlqGg-00707-00160805-00161021 idea what a scientist does and they have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00708-00161022-00161189 no idea where they work because all they
7sOwWsqlqGg-00709-00161190-00161404 think they do is wear white coats and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00710-00161405-00161585 then maybe in two toothpaste ads or
7sOwWsqlqGg-00711-00161586-00161728 something like that or maybe in a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00712-00161729-00161909 university and they see that there are
7sOwWsqlqGg-00713-00161910-00162161 no jobs in universities so um and so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00714-00162162-00162316 they get this idea there are no jobs in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00715-00162317-00162473 stem and so therefore they do the wrong
7sOwWsqlqGg-00716-00162474-00162725 subjects of school and so it goes on and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00717-00162726-00162887 as a consequence we don't have the stem
7sOwWsqlqGg-00718-00162888-00163049 Workforce we need
7sOwWsqlqGg-00719-00163050-00163319 so I'm hoping that the um the new uh
7sOwWsqlqGg-00720-00163320-00163487 science forum is going to really help me
7sOwWsqlqGg-00721-00163488-00163673 support the stem career Pathways work
7sOwWsqlqGg-00722-00163674-00163907 here because if we are able to have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00723-00163908-00164164 sufficient stem skilled work workers
7sOwWsqlqGg-00724-00164165-00164428 we're going to be able to move mountains
7sOwWsqlqGg-00725-00164429-00164578 as a country we're going to be able to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00726-00164579-00164902 do I have the prosperity and the health
7sOwWsqlqGg-00727-00164903-00165076 and well-being for all of us and it
7sOwWsqlqGg-00728-00165077-00165209 doesn't matter where you are we have a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00729-00165210-00165340 government at the moment which you will
7sOwWsqlqGg-00730-00165341-00165533 have heard them say and our prime
7sOwWsqlqGg-00731-00165534-00165683 minister say that it doesn't matter what
7sOwWsqlqGg-00732-00165684-00165875 your postcode is doesn't matter where
7sOwWsqlqGg-00733-00165876-00166031 you're located that you have an equal
7sOwWsqlqGg-00734-00166032-00166283 opportunity to be engaged to have the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00735-00166284-00166463 life you want to have and the health and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00736-00166464-00166625 well-being that everyone living here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00737-00166626-00166895 should should be able to have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00738-00166896-00167128 so covert has shown us that you can
7sOwWsqlqGg-00739-00167129-00167440 remote in um and you can work remotely
7sOwWsqlqGg-00740-00167441-00167657 and that it is a realistic opportunity
7sOwWsqlqGg-00741-00167658-00167926 and digital technology is enabling us to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00742-00167927-00168047 be more for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00743-00168048-00168113 um
7sOwWsqlqGg-00744-00168114-00168395 say it again more for our flexible and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00745-00168396-00168652 agile and and ways of working that are
7sOwWsqlqGg-00746-00168653-00168899 allowing us to be able to be here as a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00747-00168900-00169097 center and then reach out to the rest of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00748-00169098-00169181 the world
7sOwWsqlqGg-00749-00169182-00169426 we're also beginning to see things such
7sOwWsqlqGg-00750-00169427-00169595 as virtual Laboratories which is
7sOwWsqlqGg-00751-00169596-00169751 something which when I was in theater
7sOwWsqlqGg-00752-00169752-00169973 looking at and more reasonably thought
7sOwWsqlqGg-00753-00169974-00170225 of what I call the conceptual scientist
7sOwWsqlqGg-00754-00170226-00170345 where it doesn't matter where you are so
7sOwWsqlqGg-00755-00170346-00170525 long as you've got great ideas and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00756-00170526-00170747 access to engage and collaborate you can
7sOwWsqlqGg-00757-00170748-00171004 do things like Access Equipment down in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00758-00171005-00171269 Melbourne or in another country overseas
7sOwWsqlqGg-00759-00171270-00171419 and be able to do your science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00760-00171420-00171635 regardless of where you are
7sOwWsqlqGg-00761-00171636-00171881 so my challenge to you is to consider
7sOwWsqlqGg-00762-00171882-00172169 how to export your skills to the rest of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00763-00172170-00172313 Australia because you've got amazing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00764-00172314-00172535 imagination here and how we can then
7sOwWsqlqGg-00765-00172536-00172666 take that to the rest of the world
7sOwWsqlqGg-00766-00172667-00172876 because there's so many great selling
7sOwWsqlqGg-00767-00172877-00173026 points
7sOwWsqlqGg-00768-00173027-00173309 and this is all about making the most of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00769-00173310-00173585 your geographical location because often
7sOwWsqlqGg-00770-00173586-00173728 I know we've always thought of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00771-00173729-00173878 Northern Territory and Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-00772-00173879-00173987 Australia has been you know a little bit
7sOwWsqlqGg-00773-00173988-00174214 in the heart too hard basket when in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00774-00174215-00174443 actual fact you're perfectly located for
7sOwWsqlqGg-00775-00174444-00174652 so many things for example the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00776-00174653-00174797 engagement with Indonesia is something
7sOwWsqlqGg-00777-00174798-00174935 which you might have seen in the news
7sOwWsqlqGg-00778-00174936-00175114 that the Prime Minister and the minister
7sOwWsqlqGg-00779-00175115-00175331 for Science and at husic has decided
7sOwWsqlqGg-00780-00175332-00175540 that I've got to be involved with and I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00781-00175541-00175714 think that is fantastic I don't even
7sOwWsqlqGg-00782-00175715-00175907 know where to start but now I do I'm
7sOwWsqlqGg-00783-00175908-00176033 going to be coming and knocking on your
7sOwWsqlqGg-00784-00176034-00176176 doors because you have such a strong
7sOwWsqlqGg-00785-00176177-00176440 relationship there and our relationship
7sOwWsqlqGg-00786-00176441-00176651 in Australia's North and with our
7sOwWsqlqGg-00787-00176652-00176837 Northern neighbors is absolutely crucial
7sOwWsqlqGg-00788-00176838-00177040 and I'm looking forward to going there
7sOwWsqlqGg-00789-00177041-00177214 soon and making the most of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00790-00177215-00177443 introductions so thank you very much and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00791-00177444-00177647 also look forward to having the support
7sOwWsqlqGg-00792-00177648-00177826 of the territory that's had a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00793-00177827-00178054 significant history in so many areas
7sOwWsqlqGg-00794-00178055-00178337 around our local region and because of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00795-00178338-00178564 that it will mean that we can build up
7sOwWsqlqGg-00796-00178565-00178775 the soft diplomacy as well as the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00797-00178776-00178943 well-being of our nearest neighbors
7sOwWsqlqGg-00798-00178944-00179273 because as we build up in tech and as we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00799-00179274-00179483 have our Quantum future and as we have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00800-00179484-00179687 the sorts of things of being able to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00801-00179688-00179873 deal with climate change that and their
7sOwWsqlqGg-00802-00179874-00180047 new Energy Futures
7sOwWsqlqGg-00803-00180048-00180335 we need to make sure that we don't race
7sOwWsqlqGg-00804-00180336-00180623 ahead and leave our neighbors behind we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00805-00180624-00180790 have to work out how to engage with them
7sOwWsqlqGg-00806-00180791-00181013 and bring them with us
7sOwWsqlqGg-00807-00181014-00181343 so my call to action as I shared these
7sOwWsqlqGg-00808-00181344-00181559 last final thoughts are that we need to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00809-00181560-00181799 capitalize on our advantages find those
7sOwWsqlqGg-00810-00181800-00182021 synergies and make sure that we focus on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00811-00182022-00182225 our strengths and make sure we have the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00812-00182226-00182501 critical mass in the areas that matter
7sOwWsqlqGg-00813-00182502-00182693 we need to invest in the critical
7sOwWsqlqGg-00814-00182694-00182897 technology such as digital and Quantum
7sOwWsqlqGg-00815-00182898-00183166 because critical Technologies and I've
7sOwWsqlqGg-00816-00183167-00183413 read this in a in a um a brief I had
7sOwWsqlqGg-00817-00183414-00183640 yesterday critical Technologies actually
7sOwWsqlqGg-00818-00183641-00183983 drive uh economic growth and a whole lot
7sOwWsqlqGg-00819-00183984-00184211 of other good things too and we need to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00820-00184212-00184457 identify the stem career pathway so that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00821-00184458-00184726 we make sure that we can not only secure
7sOwWsqlqGg-00822-00184727-00184919 the skill sets we need to deliver all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00823-00184920-00185140 this great stuff but also so that our
7sOwWsqlqGg-00824-00185141-00185309 young people have the careers that are
7sOwWsqlqGg-00825-00185310-00185633 well paid are interesting exciting and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00826-00185634-00185795 it's something which they can you know
7sOwWsqlqGg-00827-00185796-00185975 really feel like they've got a future
7sOwWsqlqGg-00828-00185976-00186221 for themselves and we need to make sure
7sOwWsqlqGg-00829-00186222-00186376 that we have the right human capital
7sOwWsqlqGg-00830-00186377-00186659 knowledge and know-how recognizing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00831-00186660-00186863 there's so much to gain by embracing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00832-00186864-00187073 indigenous knowledge and wisdom and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00833-00187074-00187354 embracing our full human potential
7sOwWsqlqGg-00834-00187355-00187649 this will support us to achieve our and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00835-00187650-00187828 your ambition and to be a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00836-00187829-00188075 knowledge-based economy which will be
7sOwWsqlqGg-00837-00188076-00188375 really critic for us and it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00838-00188376-00188651 um in the hands of the territory science
7sOwWsqlqGg-00839-00188652-00188831 Community to seize this opportunity
7sOwWsqlqGg-00840-00188832-00188963 because you're going to be the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00841-00188964-00189071 powerhouse
7sOwWsqlqGg-00842-00189072-00189359 and it's important that you show and buy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00843-00189360-00189664 this launching of the science Forum that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00844-00189665-00189875 this is like a big signal a big banner
7sOwWsqlqGg-00845-00189876-00190085 coming up saying that this is important
7sOwWsqlqGg-00846-00190086-00190228 and so that's why I thought it was
7sOwWsqlqGg-00847-00190229-00190390 really important to be here tonight and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00848-00190391-00190607 so pleased to be here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00849-00190608-00190775 um the Palm head I'm going to say is not
7sOwWsqlqGg-00850-00190776-00190931 easy because there's some challenges
7sOwWsqlqGg-00851-00190932-00191201 there but I know that you and I have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00852-00191202-00191447 that passion to make it happen the drive
7sOwWsqlqGg-00853-00191448-00191663 to build the territory's future and I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00854-00191664-00191843 hope I can be there to support you in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00855-00191844-00191938 that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00856-00191939-00192119 so I'm now looking forward to hearing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00857-00192120-00192221 because I'm the person who's yourself
7sOwWsqlqGg-00858-00192222-00192533 policy words and things like that I I I
7sOwWsqlqGg-00859-00192534-00192790 guess I hope that I create the the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00860-00192791-00192952 things that allow things to happen
7sOwWsqlqGg-00861-00192953-00193169 that's probably one of the hardest jobs
7sOwWsqlqGg-00862-00193170-00193378 of moving out of a research organization
7sOwWsqlqGg-00863-00193379-00193637 into uh into a government role like this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00864-00193638-00193847 because I don't get to be in there doing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00865-00193848-00193978 the stuff so you're going to hear now
7sOwWsqlqGg-00866-00193979-00194207 from Ronald Fox who actually does this
7sOwWsqlqGg-00867-00194208-00194525 stuff and also from Ryan to hear about
7sOwWsqlqGg-00868-00194526-00194704 the opportunities and challenges that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00869-00194705-00195028 that his work is is showing up so I'll
7sOwWsqlqGg-00870-00195029-00195269 leave it to them to take it on from here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00871-00195270-00195545 so thank you very much
7sOwWsqlqGg-00872-00195546-00195921 foreign
7sOwWsqlqGg-00873-00195922-00196121 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-00874-00196122-00196361 thanks Kathy for being here and sharing
7sOwWsqlqGg-00875-00196362-00196576 your insights into the science of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00876-00196577-00196763 future and the opportunities we have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00877-00196764-00196997 here in the NT I've got a confession to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00878-00196998-00197099 make
7sOwWsqlqGg-00879-00197100-00197369 I don't have a right lab coat and I've
7sOwWsqlqGg-00880-00197370-00198011 never had one
7sOwWsqlqGg-00881-00198012-00198214 our next speaker is one of Australia's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00882-00198215-00198425 most important advocates
7sOwWsqlqGg-00883-00198426-00198688 for industry engaged research Professor
7sOwWsqlqGg-00884-00198689-00199007 Brahman Fox from when your csiro's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00885-00199008-00199276 fourth female Chief scientist the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00886-00199277-00199523 position she took up last year following
7sOwWsqlqGg-00887-00199524-00199702 her role as Deputy Vice Chancellor
7sOwWsqlqGg-00888-00199703-00199943 research and Enterprise at swinburne
7sOwWsqlqGg-00889-00199944-00200111 University
7sOwWsqlqGg-00890-00200112-00200404 she's a materials engineer with a keen
7sOwWsqlqGg-00891-00200405-00200578 interest in the manufacturing of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00892-00200579-00200873 lightweight materials the materials
7sOwWsqlqGg-00893-00200874-00201154 might be lightweight but Brahman is a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00894-00201155-00201250 heavyweight
7sOwWsqlqGg-00895-00201251-00201431 Australian sites
7sOwWsqlqGg-00896-00201432-00201905 please welcome home
7sOwWsqlqGg-00897-00201906-00202187 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-00898-00202188-00202390 thank you so much Ellen and good evening
7sOwWsqlqGg-00899-00202391-00202600 everyone it really is just wonderful to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00900-00202601-00202840 be here it's such a privilege to be here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00901-00202841-00203104 to discuss all the important roles that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00902-00203105-00203254 Science and Technology can play in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00903-00203255-00203500 future prosperity of the territory I'd
7sOwWsqlqGg-00904-00203501-00203693 also like to start by acknowledging the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00905-00203694-00203831 traditional owners of the land the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00906-00203832-00204071 larakia people and to pay my respects to
7sOwWsqlqGg-00907-00204072-00204287 their Elders past and present
7sOwWsqlqGg-00908-00204288-00204473 I thank them for caring for the country
7sOwWsqlqGg-00909-00204474-00204700 that we are on now and for sharing their
7sOwWsqlqGg-00910-00204701-00204905 knowledge wisdom and culture
7sOwWsqlqGg-00911-00204906-00205181 as Chief scientist at csiro I've had the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00912-00205182-00205366 opportunity to be part of our new
7sOwWsqlqGg-00913-00205367-00205582 indigenous science and engagement
7sOwWsqlqGg-00914-00205583-00205775 program where we're working on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00915-00205776-00205996 initiatives that are co-led with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00916-00205998-00206171 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
7sOwWsqlqGg-00917-00206171-00206429 peoples and communities and it's just
7sOwWsqlqGg-00918-00206430-00206657 such a privilege to be part of that the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00919-00206658-00206807 knowledge held by Australia's first
7sOwWsqlqGg-00920-00206808-00207064 scientists is immense and we are all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00921-00207065-00207251 beneficiaries of the sharing of that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00922-00207252-00207544 knowledge now my own connection to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00923-00207546-00207790 Northern Territory goes back into the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00924-00207791-00208169 mid 90s and I've kind of done a big
7sOwWsqlqGg-00925-00208169-00208379 circle in my career I started my career
7sOwWsqlqGg-00926-00208380-00208607 my first job out of uni as a scientist
7sOwWsqlqGg-00927-00208608-00208877 was at csiro and it was such an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00928-00208878-00209129 incredible way to start my career and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00929-00209130-00209321 now I've I've come back in my new
7sOwWsqlqGg-00930-00209321-00209596 capacity and my new office is just a few
7sOwWsqlqGg-00931-00209598-00209807 hundred meters from that first lab where
7sOwWsqlqGg-00932-00209808-00210137 I I started my working life but um the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00933-00210138-00210341 connection to the territory was that in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00934-00210342-00210707 the mid 90s I took a holiday and did a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00935-00210708-00210892 camping trip through kakadu and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00936-00210894-00211096 Catherine Gorge with two csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-00937-00211098-00211415 entomologists so I'm very familiar with
7sOwWsqlqGg-00938-00211416-00211691 some of the amazing nature that you have
7sOwWsqlqGg-00939-00211692-00211996 here but most specifically very familiar
7sOwWsqlqGg-00940-00211998-00212206 with the incredible array of termite
7sOwWsqlqGg-00941-00212207-00212555 Mounds that you have and I learned a lot
7sOwWsqlqGg-00942-00212556-00212758 from that particular trip it was really
7sOwWsqlqGg-00943-00212759-00213058 fascinating so thank you to Kathy white
7sOwWsqlqGg-00944-00213059-00213353 and Martin redhead for your hospitality
7sOwWsqlqGg-00945-00213354-00213553 and for the invitation to be here today
7sOwWsqlqGg-00946-00213554-00213832 it's just inspiring to hear your vision
7sOwWsqlqGg-00947-00213833-00214182 but today we really got a much
7sOwWsqlqGg-00948-00214183-00214498 in-depth insight into the way that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00949-00214500-00214691 you're going to execute your plans and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00950-00214692-00214942 that was really exciting and inspiring
7sOwWsqlqGg-00951-00214944-00215105 so thank you for the great work that
7sOwWsqlqGg-00952-00215106-00215260 you're doing in for including us here
7sOwWsqlqGg-00953-00215261-00215513 thank you so much to Australia's
7sOwWsqlqGg-00954-00215514-00215753 wonderful Chief scientist Dr Kathy Foley
7sOwWsqlqGg-00955-00215754-00216029 who's not only been a mentor to me but
7sOwWsqlqGg-00956-00216030-00216263 so many of my colleagues and close
7sOwWsqlqGg-00957-00216264-00216455 friends and she's just been an
7sOwWsqlqGg-00958-00216456-00216658 inspiration to so many of us and we
7sOwWsqlqGg-00959-00216659-00216863 couldn't have a better Chief scientist
7sOwWsqlqGg-00960-00216864-00217048 for Australia thank you Kathy for all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00961-00217050-00217234 the work that you're doing and thanks
7sOwWsqlqGg-00962-00217235-00217379 for setting that vision for a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00963-00217380-00217534 collaborative and science enabled
7sOwWsqlqGg-00964-00217535-00217798 Northern Territory it's really inspiring
7sOwWsqlqGg-00965-00217800-00217960 there's a wealth of possibility there
7sOwWsqlqGg-00966-00217961-00218231 and a lot to be excited about
7sOwWsqlqGg-00967-00218232-00218392 so first of all I want to share with you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00968-00218394-00218573 a little bit about what we're working on
7sOwWsqlqGg-00969-00218573-00218825 at csiro and give you an insight into
7sOwWsqlqGg-00970-00218826-00219041 the global Mega trends that we see
7sOwWsqlqGg-00971-00219042-00219232 shaping Australia in the next 20 years
7sOwWsqlqGg-00972-00219233-00219460 I'll then narrow down the focus to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-00973-00219461-00219694 territory and our history here the work
7sOwWsqlqGg-00974-00219696-00219881 we're doing today and the opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-00975-00219882-00220151 for the future but first let me give you
7sOwWsqlqGg-00976-00220152-00220427 a little bit of a background about csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-00977-00220428-00220684 Australia's national science agency
7sOwWsqlqGg-00978-00220685-00220908 we're one of the largest
7sOwWsqlqGg-00979-00220909-00221134 multi-disciplinary science agencies in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00980-00221135-00221344 the world when I started at csro one of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00981-00221346-00221519 my colleagues in Germany said either
7sOwWsqlqGg-00982-00221519-00221741 helmholtz are you the fraunhofer or are
7sOwWsqlqGg-00983-00221742-00221939 you the Max Planck and in fact we're all
7sOwWsqlqGg-00984-00221940-00222287 three in one and the work that csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-00985-00222288-00222532 does is just incredible and inspiring
7sOwWsqlqGg-00986-00222533-00222767 and it's such a privilege to be part of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00987-00222767-00223169 csiro we provide all levels of state and
7sOwWsqlqGg-00988-00223169-00223313 federal government with scientific
7sOwWsqlqGg-00989-00223314-00223589 advice and Analysis to inform policy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00990-00223590-00223823 making we work with thousands of
7sOwWsqlqGg-00991-00223823-00224075 businesses both large and small across
7sOwWsqlqGg-00992-00224076-00224303 every sector over the Australian economy
7sOwWsqlqGg-00993-00224304-00224525 and with every major Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-00994-00224526-00224723 University and that's one thing I'm
7sOwWsqlqGg-00995-00224723-00224963 really passionate about having been a
7sOwWsqlqGg-00996-00224964-00225203 partner of csiro on the other side in
7sOwWsqlqGg-00997-00225204-00225377 the University sector I'm really
7sOwWsqlqGg-00998-00225378-00225677 passionate about making sure that every
7sOwWsqlqGg-00999-00225678-00225803 university has that same great
7sOwWsqlqGg-01000-00225804-00225958 experience that I did in working with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01001-00225959-00226169 csiro and the same benefits
7sOwWsqlqGg-01002-00226169-00226379 our mission for a hundred years has been
7sOwWsqlqGg-01003-00226380-00226577 to solve the greatest challenges with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01004-00226578-00226817 science and technology and by investing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01005-00226817-00227087 in science for impact we deliver more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01006-00227088-00227344 than 4.5 billion dollars in value to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01007-00227346-00227560 Australian economy every year
7sOwWsqlqGg-01008-00227561-00227758 for every dollar that we invest in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01009-00227759-00228137 science we deliver around about 7.60 in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01010-00228138-00228341 economic social and environmental value
7sOwWsqlqGg-01011-00228342-00228491 to Australia
7sOwWsqlqGg-01012-00228492-00228755 in an advanced economy investment in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01013-00228756-00228946 research and development is the engine
7sOwWsqlqGg-01014-00228948-00229175 room for growth and prosperity I've seen
7sOwWsqlqGg-01015-00229176-00229432 that time and time again
7sOwWsqlqGg-01016-00229433-00229655 and we can really see that plainly
7sOwWsqlqGg-01017-00229656-00229871 demonstrated in those figures
7sOwWsqlqGg-01018-00229871-00230015 so I'm now going to talk a little bit
7sOwWsqlqGg-01019-00230016-00230189 more about our research strategy but
7sOwWsqlqGg-01020-00230190-00230471 first of all the contribution that um
7sOwWsqlqGg-01021-00230471-00230753 that the team in and more broadly our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01022-00230754-00230915 community of scientists that are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01023-00230916-00231167 affiliated with the chief scientist and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01024-00231167-00231431 my role are working on so there are four
7sOwWsqlqGg-01025-00231432-00231725 key initiatives that are priorities for
7sOwWsqlqGg-01026-00231726-00231977 um for for us in the next over the next
7sOwWsqlqGg-01027-00231978-00232198 three years and they are aligned with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01028-00232200-00232451 csiro's four values so whatever I I've
7sOwWsqlqGg-01029-00232452-00232642 moved and joined an organization the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01030-00232644-00232792 first thing I do is look at the values
7sOwWsqlqGg-01031-00232794-00233063 of that organization Cyrus values are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01032-00233064-00233308 people first further together making it
7sOwWsqlqGg-01033-00233309-00233651 real and trusted so for people first the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01034-00233652-00233837 initiative that we have that's aligned
7sOwWsqlqGg-01035-00233838-00234065 with that particular value is a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01036-00234066-00234269 recruitment campaign to invest in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01037-00234269-00234467 next generation of science leaders in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01038-00234467-00234713 our community we're recruiting 200 early
7sOwWsqlqGg-01039-00234714-00234941 and mid-career researchers and they will
7sOwWsqlqGg-01040-00234942-00235151 be aligned with our missions and future
7sOwWsqlqGg-01041-00235152-00235403 science Platforms in particular and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01042-00235404-00235696 that's such a privilege to be part of if
7sOwWsqlqGg-01043-00235698-00235823 you're interested in finding out more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01044-00235823-00236003 there can be pain is called impossible
7sOwWsqlqGg-01045-00236004-00236182 without you and you can you'll find out
7sOwWsqlqGg-01046-00236183-00236381 about it if you Google it and it'll be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01047-00236382-00236591 on our website it's featuring
7sOwWsqlqGg-01048-00236592-00236758 prevalently on social media at the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01049-00236759-00236837 moment
7sOwWsqlqGg-01050-00236838-00237156 further together for me is about how we
7sOwWsqlqGg-01051-00237157-00237442 unleash the collective power of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01052-00237444-00237671 network and how we can work together and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01053-00237671-00237934 that involves indigenous science and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01054-00237935-00238081 engagement and our indigenous
7sOwWsqlqGg-01055-00238082-00238337 Partnerships and University Partnerships
7sOwWsqlqGg-01056-00238338-00238541 and there'll be more coming forward
7sOwWsqlqGg-01057-00238542-00238756 about that very soon
7sOwWsqlqGg-01058-00238757-00239051 making it real when Kathy was csro's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01059-00239052-00239344 Chief scientist she worked on a really
7sOwWsqlqGg-01060-00239346-00239519 important initiative that she mentioned
7sOwWsqlqGg-01061-00239519-00239689 in Her speech called Labs of the future
7sOwWsqlqGg-01062-00239690-00240034 and this year we're we're catalyzing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01063-00240035-00240227 some great scientists with great ideas
7sOwWsqlqGg-01064-00240228-00240455 about how they can enable remote access
7sOwWsqlqGg-01065-00240456-00240694 to their Laboratories how they can do
7sOwWsqlqGg-01066-00240696-00240839 their science more safely through
7sOwWsqlqGg-01067-00240840-00241073 digitalization and then we're we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-01068-00241073-00241258 going to be learning from those initial
7sOwWsqlqGg-01069-00241259-00241481 seed projects and then scaling them up
7sOwWsqlqGg-01070-00241482-00241751 in the future and then finally trusted
7sOwWsqlqGg-01071-00241752-00242069 will be about a refresh of our future
7sOwWsqlqGg-01072-00242069-00242308 Science and Technology plan so one of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01073-00242309-00242632 the areas that we invest in in csiro is
7sOwWsqlqGg-01074-00242633-00242992 really risky cutting-edge science that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01075-00242994-00243239 comes under our future science platforms
7sOwWsqlqGg-01076-00243240-00243521 and we're looking at what are the next
7sOwWsqlqGg-01077-00243521-00243713 future science platforms that we need to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01078-00243714-00243941 be investing in now so that Australia's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01079-00243942-00244121 at The Cutting Edge of that science in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01080-00244121-00244396 the next 20 to 30 years
7sOwWsqlqGg-01081-00244398-00244787 so six years ago csiro transformed the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01082-00244788-00245015 way that we think about research through
7sOwWsqlqGg-01083-00245016-00245471 our challenges and really looking at the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01084-00245471-00245705 six great challenges that we saw for
7sOwWsqlqGg-01085-00245706-00245903 Australia that were Global challenges
7sOwWsqlqGg-01086-00245904-00246065 that were particularly important to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01087-00246066-00246287 Australia so that included a shift to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01088-00246288-00246534 climate change mitigation and adaptation
7sOwWsqlqGg-01089-00246535-00246808 digital transformation agile
7sOwWsqlqGg-01090-00246809-00247025 manufacturing and a one health approach
7sOwWsqlqGg-01091-00247026-00247265 to protecting Australia from biosecurity
7sOwWsqlqGg-01092-00247266-00247541 threats like pandemics and like foot and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01093-00247542-00247613 mouth
7sOwWsqlqGg-01094-00247614-00247877 it saw us refocus our research and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01095-00247878-00248098 commercialization efforts around the six
7sOwWsqlqGg-01096-00248100-00248381 great challenges we face as a nation our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01097-00248382-00248639 food security and quality are energy and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01098-00248640-00248927 resources our health and well-being the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01099-00248928-00249106 resilience of our environment the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01100-00249107-00249401 innovation of our Industries and our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01101-00249402-00249737 security in the region two years ago we
7sOwWsqlqGg-01102-00249738-00249965 announced a program of missions that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01103-00249966-00250139 were launched to help Australia tackle
7sOwWsqlqGg-01104-00250140-00250360 these challenges and we've now launched
7sOwWsqlqGg-01105-00250361-00250619 missions to end plastic waste to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01106-00250619-00250901 catalyze a new hydrogen industry to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01107-00250902-00251153 build resilience to Drought produce more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01108-00251154-00251434 food more sustainably and to transform
7sOwWsqlqGg-01109-00251435-00251729 our agricultural exports with much more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01110-00251730-00251873 yet to come
7sOwWsqlqGg-01111-00251873-00252113 we're co-leading these missions with a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01112-00252114-00252310 broad Coalition of Partners across the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01113-00252311-00252467 university sector government and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01114-00252467-00252708 Industry because the challenges we Face
7sOwWsqlqGg-01115-00252709-00253048 are ones that we all share and we they
7sOwWsqlqGg-01116-00253050-00253187 simply cannot be solved by one
7sOwWsqlqGg-01117-00253188-00253379 organization alone
7sOwWsqlqGg-01118-00253380-00253667 but by working in a network ecosystem of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01119-00253667-00253882 collaborators we can access our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01120-00253883-00254098 Collective power and knowledge to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01121-00254100-00254356 achieve incredible things covid-19
7sOwWsqlqGg-01122-00254357-00254632 showed us that and we need to do that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01123-00254633-00254860 again and again and again to use science
7sOwWsqlqGg-01124-00254861-00255191 to help us address the challenges ahead
7sOwWsqlqGg-01125-00255192-00255413 I'm going to touch briefly now on the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01126-00255414-00255569 global Mega trends that I mentioned
7sOwWsqlqGg-01127-00255569-00255706 earlier
7sOwWsqlqGg-01128-00255707-00255856 because they're so relevant to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01129-00255857-00256048 conversation about the territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01130-00256050-00256384 the megatrends come from the 2022 csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-01131-00256385-00256594 our future World Report launched
7sOwWsqlqGg-01132-00256596-00256877 Yesterday by our fabulous CEO Dr Larry
7sOwWsqlqGg-01133-00256878-00257092 Marshall and if you haven't had a chance
7sOwWsqlqGg-01134-00257094-00257308 to read about it you can find out you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01135-00257309-00257501 can download the report online but you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01136-00257502-00257765 can also see his speech on iabc eye view
7sOwWsqlqGg-01137-00257766-00257921 and I highly recommend that you have a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01138-00257921-00258125 look at it it's it was just incredible
7sOwWsqlqGg-01139-00258126-00258401 to be there in the room
7sOwWsqlqGg-01140-00258402-00258665 csiro has been analyzing Mega Trends
7sOwWsqlqGg-01141-00258666-00258875 since 2009 and I know that it's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01142-00258876-00259067 something that I always look forward to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01143-00259067-00259282 was the release of the megatrend report
7sOwWsqlqGg-01144-00259283-00259480 and I would just read it from cover to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01145-00259481-00259739 cover and it uses thousands of data
7sOwWsqlqGg-01146-00259740-00259973 points collected over decades
7sOwWsqlqGg-01147-00259973-00260191 these Mega Trends are driven by
7sOwWsqlqGg-01148-00260192-00260441 geo-powerful geopolitical economic
7sOwWsqlqGg-01149-00260442-00260669 social technological and environmental
7sOwWsqlqGg-01150-00260669-00260932 forces and the impact they will have on
7sOwWsqlqGg-01151-00260933-00261094 Australia's people communities and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01152-00261096-00261244 industries is going to be really
7sOwWsqlqGg-01153-00261246-00261503 significant over the next two decades
7sOwWsqlqGg-01154-00261504-00261839 the mega Trends forecast a future where
7sOwWsqlqGg-01155-00261840-00262067 a changing climate leads to multiple
7sOwWsqlqGg-01156-00262067-00262265 concurrent climate hazards that overlap
7sOwWsqlqGg-01157-00262266-00262475 and compound where the global shift
7sOwWsqlqGg-01158-00262476-00262667 towards net zero becomes a massive
7sOwWsqlqGg-01159-00262668-00262882 opportunity for Australia to transform
7sOwWsqlqGg-01160-00262883-00263063 our economy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01161-00263064-00263249 where future health risks from more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01162-00263250-00263458 pandemics drug resistant superbugs and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01163-00263459-00263680 chronic diseases continues to escalate
7sOwWsqlqGg-01164-00263681-00263903 where digital disruption transforms
7sOwWsqlqGg-01165-00263904-00264227 every industry and replaces 40 of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01166-00264228-00264484 jobs we have today with new ones where
7sOwWsqlqGg-01167-00264485-00264653 the exponential power of artificial
7sOwWsqlqGg-01168-00264654-00264851 intelligence helps us solve our greatest
7sOwWsqlqGg-01169-00264852-00265115 challenges like it's helping us to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01170-00265116-00265397 out-think bushfires stabilize our energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01171-00265398-00265673 grid and accelerate vaccine development
7sOwWsqlqGg-01172-00265674-00265793 today
7sOwWsqlqGg-01173-00265794-00266008 where growing geopolitical tensions
7sOwWsqlqGg-01174-00266009-00266249 continue to disrupt global patterns of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01175-00266250-00266513 trade and where empowered consumers
7sOwWsqlqGg-01176-00266514-00266830 demand trust and transparency from their
7sOwWsqlqGg-01177-00266831-00267130 governments and institutions these seven
7sOwWsqlqGg-01178-00267131-00267419 waves of disruption are bearing down on
7sOwWsqlqGg-01179-00267420-00267677 Australia there are risks but there are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01180-00267678-00267995 also opportunities in all of them but
7sOwWsqlqGg-01181-00267996-00268223 science gives us the power to invent the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01182-00268224-00268384 kind of future we want to live in a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01183-00268385-00268619 future where we prosper
7sOwWsqlqGg-01184-00268620-00268913 the key is to is being able to see the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01185-00268914-00269110 mega Trends clearly enough to inform the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01186-00269111-00269363 actions we take and acting together at
7sOwWsqlqGg-01187-00269364-00269579 the pace and scale required to change
7sOwWsqlqGg-01188-00269580-00269765 our trajectory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01189-00269766-00269945 I'm going to focus on the territory now
7sOwWsqlqGg-01190-00269946-00270106 and the powerful role that a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01191-00270107-00270245 collaborative Science and Technology
7sOwWsqlqGg-01192-00270246-00270443 Community can play here against the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01193-00270444-00270658 backdrop of these National but also
7sOwWsqlqGg-01194-00270659-00270934 local challenges csiro has been working
7sOwWsqlqGg-01195-00270935-00271229 in the territory since the 1920s
7sOwWsqlqGg-01196-00271230-00271415 and we've conducted everything from
7sOwWsqlqGg-01197-00271416-00271619 Research into pineapple and coconut
7sOwWsqlqGg-01198-00271620-00271919 diseases to Flying foxes prickly pear
7sOwWsqlqGg-01199-00271920-00272255 Buffalo fly cattle breeding and a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01200-00272256-00272537 vaccine for contagious bovine plural
7sOwWsqlqGg-01201-00272538-00272755 pneumonia amongst many many other things
7sOwWsqlqGg-01202-00272756-00273047 we've conducted land resource surveys
7sOwWsqlqGg-01203-00273048-00273287 over decades to understand how the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01204-00273288-00273455 territories Land and Water Resources
7sOwWsqlqGg-01205-00273456-00273641 could be leveraged for development while
7sOwWsqlqGg-01206-00273642-00273815 still preserving environmental and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01207-00273816-00273967 cultural heritage
7sOwWsqlqGg-01208-00273968-00274175 importantly these assessments have
7sOwWsqlqGg-01209-00274176-00274343 resulted in new research Partnerships
7sOwWsqlqGg-01210-00274344-00274643 between csiro the national indigenous
7sOwWsqlqGg-01211-00274644-00274908 Australians agency the national native
7sOwWsqlqGg-01212-00274909-00275230 title Council because Partnerships with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01213-00275231-00275453 indigenous communities are absolutely
7sOwWsqlqGg-01214-00275454-00275687 critical we're also working with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01215-00275688-00275879 indigenous leaders on Land Management in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01216-00275880-00276149 kakadu National Park on Telehealth to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01217-00276150-00276347 help deliver high quality Medical Care
7sOwWsqlqGg-01218-00276348-00276569 to remote communities on artificial
7sOwWsqlqGg-01219-00276570-00276755 intelligence and satellite technology to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01220-00276756-00277049 help indigenous Rangers manage feral
7sOwWsqlqGg-01221-00277050-00277258 herds of cattle on their land
7sOwWsqlqGg-01222-00277259-00277445 linking back to the challenges and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01223-00277446-00277667 missions I mentioned earlier we see big
7sOwWsqlqGg-01224-00277668-00277919 opportunities for science-enabled future
7sOwWsqlqGg-01225-00277920-00278153 in the territory particularly in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01226-00278154-00278369 field of critical mineral space energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01227-00278370-00278645 and Agriculture and critical minerals
7sOwWsqlqGg-01228-00278646-00278830 has been a really hot topic of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01229-00278831-00278987 discussion this afternoon I have to tell
7sOwWsqlqGg-01230-00278988-00279106 you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01231-00279107-00279245 we're really thrilled to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01232-00279246-00279430 collaborating with a cola the Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-01233-00279431-00279610 Academy of Science and the Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-01234-00279611-00279808 Territory government on what these
7sOwWsqlqGg-01235-00279809-00280037 opportunities will look like and Ryan's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01236-00280038-00280265 going to cover these next but I'll touch
7sOwWsqlqGg-01237-00280266-00280487 on three areas now where csro has
7sOwWsqlqGg-01238-00280488-00280637 projects underway
7sOwWsqlqGg-01239-00280638-00280913 the first is AG Tech Innovation the need
7sOwWsqlqGg-01240-00280914-00281189 to provide more food more sustainably as
7sOwWsqlqGg-01241-00281190-00281453 the world population continues to grow
7sOwWsqlqGg-01242-00281454-00281741 and demand for protein increases this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01243-00281742-00281915 creates opportunities for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01244-00281916-00282130 territory's high value livestock sector
7sOwWsqlqGg-01245-00282131-00282371 as well as potential new Revenue sources
7sOwWsqlqGg-01246-00282372-00282605 from growing legumes and processing them
7sOwWsqlqGg-01247-00282606-00282856 into plant-based protein products for
7sOwWsqlqGg-01248-00282857-00283163 export csiro is already collaborating
7sOwWsqlqGg-01249-00283164-00283379 with Charles Darwin University under our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01250-00283380-00283660 future protein mission to innovate new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01251-00283661-00283823 valuated products
7sOwWsqlqGg-01252-00283824-00284008 and you may be familiar with one of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01253-00284009-00284351 csro's innovation which is the V2 foods
7sOwWsqlqGg-01254-00284352-00284519 which was a spin out from csro
7sOwWsqlqGg-01255-00284520-00284789 technology which was responsible for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01256-00284790-00285053 rebel Whopper burger which you know is
7sOwWsqlqGg-01257-00285054-00285184 apparently really tasty I haven't
7sOwWsqlqGg-01258-00285185-00285401 managed to have one yet
7sOwWsqlqGg-01259-00285402-00285593 the second is renewable energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01260-00285594-00285779 technology to provide the energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01261-00285780-00286060 security for remote communities as well
7sOwWsqlqGg-01262-00286061-00286265 as the opportunity to export Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-01263-00286266-00286541 Sunshine around the world CSRA is
7sOwWsqlqGg-01264-00286542-00286637 collaborating with the Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-01265-00286638-00286775 Territory government and multiple
7sOwWsqlqGg-01266-00286776-00287027 industry Partners to assess the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01267-00287028-00287219 viability of a large-scale Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-01268-00287220-00287423 Territory low emissions Hub in Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-01269-00287424-00287680 The Hub would act as a catalyst for new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01270-00287681-00287908 net zero Industries and enable the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01271-00287909-00288101 development of a hydrogen export
7sOwWsqlqGg-01272-00288102-00288413 industry we're also part of the Alice
7sOwWsqlqGg-01273-00288414-00288629 Springs future grid project working on
7sOwWsqlqGg-01274-00288630-00288865 how Alice Springs can reach 50
7sOwWsqlqGg-01275-00288866-00289241 Renewables by 2030. the third
7sOwWsqlqGg-01276-00289242-00289480 opportunity is about investing in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01277-00289481-00289660 livability and resilience of our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01278-00289661-00289997 tropical Capital the csiro LED Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-01279-00289998-00290195 living lab is working to integrate
7sOwWsqlqGg-01280-00290196-00290447 science with local knowledge to mitigate
7sOwWsqlqGg-01281-00290448-00290693 mitigate heat and improve Urban Design
7sOwWsqlqGg-01282-00290694-00290975 for a cooler and more sustainable Darwin
7sOwWsqlqGg-01283-00290976-00291269 the lab is holding a symposium next week
7sOwWsqlqGg-01284-00291270-00291580 on August the 3rd so head to the csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-01285-00291581-00291784 website for more details and encourage
7sOwWsqlqGg-01286-00291785-00291989 you to register and attend
7sOwWsqlqGg-01287-00291990-00292187 there are so many more examples that I
7sOwWsqlqGg-01288-00292188-00292379 could mention but the message I want to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01289-00292380-00292589 leave you with is this there are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01290-00292590-00292853 challenges and opportunities ahead but
7sOwWsqlqGg-01291-00292854-00293003 by working together
7sOwWsqlqGg-01292-00293004-00293219 to harness a collective power of our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01293-00293220-00293465 Network we can put science to work to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01294-00293466-00293656 create a more prosperous and more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01295-00293657-00293921 resilient future in the territory the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01296-00293922-00294065 establishment of the Northern Territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01297-00294066-00294251 science forum is an important step
7sOwWsqlqGg-01298-00294252-00294479 towards this future and I'm so honored
7sOwWsqlqGg-01299-00294480-00294749 to be part of its formation but now the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01300-00294750-00295043 real work Begins the success of this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01301-00295044-00295210 forum will depend on collaboration
7sOwWsqlqGg-01302-00295211-00295451 between everyone in this room
7sOwWsqlqGg-01303-00295452-00295751 and many many others as we grow and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01304-00295752-00295913 expand our Network
7sOwWsqlqGg-01305-00295914-00296105 this is the beginning of a journey that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01306-00296106-00296303 is paved with possibilities and Ryan's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01307-00296304-00296465 going to talk about so many of those
7sOwWsqlqGg-01308-00296466-00296758 possibilities in the next talk I'm so
7sOwWsqlqGg-01309-00296759-00296956 optimistic about the future and I know I
7sOwWsqlqGg-01310-00296957-00297256 speak for everyone at team csiro when I
7sOwWsqlqGg-01311-00297257-00297437 say we want to work with you to build a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01312-00297438-00297737 vibrant Innovation ecosystem here and to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01313-00297738-00297965 collaborate and grow even better science
7sOwWsqlqGg-01314-00297966-00298480 enabled Northern Territory thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01315-00298481-00298724 thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01316-00298725-00299255 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-01317-00299256-00299567 thanks Bronwyn for sharing how Sarah was
7sOwWsqlqGg-01318-00299568-00299753 responding to the big science challenges
7sOwWsqlqGg-01319-00299754-00299999 facing our country and for your thoughts
7sOwWsqlqGg-01320-00300000-00300179 on science opportunities here in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01321-00300180-00300413 Northern Territory as Bronwyn said our
7sOwWsqlqGg-01322-00300414-00300671 next speaker Ryan when we'll talk more
7sOwWsqlqGg-01323-00300672-00300856 about those opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01324-00300857-00301127 Ryan is executive officer and director
7sOwWsqlqGg-01325-00301128-00301349 at the Australian Council of learned
7sOwWsqlqGg-01326-00301350-00301510 academies
7sOwWsqlqGg-01327-00301511-00301756 a caller provides policy advice
7sOwWsqlqGg-01328-00301757-00302045 to government promotes that advice to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01329-00302046-00302237 The Wider community and contributes to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01330-00302238-00302549 public debate about science akola has
7sOwWsqlqGg-01331-00302550-00302753 produced Horizon scanning reports to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01332-00302754-00303017 Commonwealth science Council and NT have
7sOwWsqlqGg-01333-00303018-00303232 recently commissioned a report on how
7sOwWsqlqGg-01334-00303233-00303539 science research can boost the NT
7sOwWsqlqGg-01335-00303540-00303808 economy Brian is here today to provide
7sOwWsqlqGg-01336-00303809-00304084 an overview of the reports findings
7sOwWsqlqGg-01337-00304085-00304301 he brings nearly two decades of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01338-00304302-00304529 experience running strategic policy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01339-00304530-00304684 research
7sOwWsqlqGg-01340-00304685-00304930 and program areas across various
7sOwWsqlqGg-01341-00304931-00305134 Australian government departments to a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01342-00305135-00305745 cola please welcome Ryan
7sOwWsqlqGg-01343-00305746-00306071 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-01344-00306072-00306287 thank you for having me here today
7sOwWsqlqGg-01345-00306288-00306473 um I should confess I've never owned a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01346-00306474-00306658 white lab quote either and I'm actually
7sOwWsqlqGg-01347-00306659-00306880 not even a scientist I look what I my
7sOwWsqlqGg-01348-00306881-00307060 background is very much in social policy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01349-00307061-00307271 and I think the important part of that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01350-00307272-00307553 is social policy and social sciences is
7sOwWsqlqGg-01351-00307554-00307703 just as critical of the research as well
7sOwWsqlqGg-01352-00307704-00307871 because that's actually what takes the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01353-00307872-00308056 science from the lab into the real world
7sOwWsqlqGg-01354-00308057-00308201 development and I think that's the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01355-00308202-00308393 really important thing to say everyone's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01356-00308394-00308680 input is really critical so thank you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01357-00308681-00308843 for having me and even if I don't have a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01358-00308844-00309025 white lab coat
7sOwWsqlqGg-01359-00309026-00309245 it's an absolute pleasure to be in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01360-00309246-00309484 territory it has been way too long since
7sOwWsqlqGg-01361-00309485-00309701 I was last here and after coming from a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01362-00309702-00309953 Canberra winter with minus four mornings
7sOwWsqlqGg-01363-00309954-00310139 it's an absolute pleasure to enjoy the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01364-00310140-00310354 warm weather up here
7sOwWsqlqGg-01365-00310355-00310577 um thank you for having me Northern
7sOwWsqlqGg-01366-00310578-00310763 Territory in the CDU it's been a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01367-00310764-00310960 pleasure to be working with you on what
7sOwWsqlqGg-01368-00310961-00311129 the future holds in territory it is very
7sOwWsqlqGg-01369-00311130-00311380 bright it but it does make dedicated
7sOwWsqlqGg-01370-00311381-00311597 effort firstly I'd like to think that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01371-00311598-00311723 traditional owners of the land we're
7sOwWsqlqGg-01372-00311724-00311969 meeting today the Lara care people and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01373-00311970-00312263 your elders past and present I want to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01374-00312264-00312419 acknowledge acknowledge your stewardship
7sOwWsqlqGg-01375-00312420-00312653 of the land I acknowledge any other
7sOwWsqlqGg-01376-00312654-00312779 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
7sOwWsqlqGg-01377-00312780-00312893 people
7sOwWsqlqGg-01378-00312894-00313060 here today
7sOwWsqlqGg-01379-00313061-00313193 I would also like to acknowledge the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01380-00313194-00313337 custodians of the land that I work on
7sOwWsqlqGg-01381-00313338-00313577 for not all people in the land of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01382-00313578-00313823 other were actually people of where I
7sOwWsqlqGg-01383-00313824-00314039 grew up on in for imagine
7sOwWsqlqGg-01384-00314040-00314182 their knowledge has continued to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01385-00314183-00314369 influence me in many ways through my
7sOwWsqlqGg-01386-00314370-00314513 career
7sOwWsqlqGg-01387-00314514-00314675 akola acknowledges the average on Torres
7sOwWsqlqGg-01388-00314676-00314873 Strait Islander people other Australia's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01389-00314874-00315101 first knowledge Keepers and how critical
7sOwWsqlqGg-01390-00315102-00315329 it is to the future of Australia and we
7sOwWsqlqGg-01391-00315330-00315587 share you share with you that Journey
7sOwWsqlqGg-01392-00315588-00315773 I want to acknowledge the important
7sOwWsqlqGg-01393-00315774-00315997 speaks in this room Dr Keith Foley
7sOwWsqlqGg-01394-00315998-00316301 Professor Robin Fox
7sOwWsqlqGg-01395-00316302-00316619 Kathy white Martin redhead and the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01396-00316620-00316787 fellows of the academy including Alan
7sOwWsqlqGg-01397-00316788-00316967 thank you very much for me I've seen
7sOwWsqlqGg-01398-00316968-00317104 today
7sOwWsqlqGg-01399-00317105-00317308 I also wanted to acknowledge any average
7sOwWsqlqGg-01400-00317309-00317579 or not not Aboriginal early CR early and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01401-00317580-00317758 mid-career researchers in the room you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01402-00317759-00317915 are the future of the research sector
7sOwWsqlqGg-01403-00317916-00318089 here and it and we need to listen to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01404-00318090-00318389 what you have and support you because we
7sOwWsqlqGg-01405-00318390-00318532 haven't always got things right and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01406-00318533-00318647 actually Innovation comes from
7sOwWsqlqGg-01407-00318648-00318808 everywhere in a sector it doesn't just
7sOwWsqlqGg-01408-00318809-00318982 come from the people who have been
7sOwWsqlqGg-01409-00318983-00319187 around for decades
7sOwWsqlqGg-01410-00319188-00319421 so who are we as Alan outlined the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01411-00319422-00319571 Australian cats of landed academies
7sOwWsqlqGg-01412-00319572-00319787 we're the body that brings together the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01413-00319788-00319930 five little academies of Australia
7sOwWsqlqGg-01414-00319931-00320113 that's the Australian Academy of Science
7sOwWsqlqGg-01415-00320114-00320291 engineering technological Sciences
7sOwWsqlqGg-01416-00320292-00320579 social sciences Humanities and health
7sOwWsqlqGg-01417-00320580-00320777 and medical sciences and together they
7sOwWsqlqGg-01418-00320778-00320908 have episode three and a half thousand
7sOwWsqlqGg-01419-00320909-00321179 of Australia's great minds across topics
7sOwWsqlqGg-01420-00321180-00321353 but we also appreciate those important
7sOwWsqlqGg-01421-00321354-00321595 knowledge and expertise across Australia
7sOwWsqlqGg-01422-00321596-00321899 and we work as close as we can with them
7sOwWsqlqGg-01423-00321900-00322199 our work covers Horizon scanning reports
7sOwWsqlqGg-01424-00322200-00322403 briefings to ministers supporting
7sOwWsqlqGg-01425-00322404-00322627 departments and sharing public advice
7sOwWsqlqGg-01426-00322628-00322871 and we look forward to keeping keeping
7sOwWsqlqGg-01427-00322872-00323015 on going doing that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01428-00323016-00323303 we've been around for about 70 years and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01429-00323304-00323513 over the last five years our work has
7sOwWsqlqGg-01430-00323514-00323687 covered everything from artificial
7sOwWsqlqGg-01431-00323688-00323825 intelligence
7sOwWsqlqGg-01432-00323826-00324071 disability inclusion improving research
7sOwWsqlqGg-01433-00324072-00324263 impact and reach Regional universities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01434-00324264-00324569 and the energy transition
7sOwWsqlqGg-01435-00324570-00324671 but we're here to talk about the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01436-00324672-00324863 Northern Territory and the science labor
7sOwWsqlqGg-01437-00324864-00325169 future as outlined by Bronwyn
7sOwWsqlqGg-01438-00325170-00325384 you wouldn't be it would be hard to not
7sOwWsqlqGg-01439-00325385-00325517 realize that we have some really strong
7sOwWsqlqGg-01440-00325518-00325630 headwinds
7sOwWsqlqGg-01441-00325631-00325787 a pandemic
7sOwWsqlqGg-01442-00325788-00326051 climate change increasing digitalization
7sOwWsqlqGg-01443-00326052-00326393 and Market disruptions internet 3.0
7sOwWsqlqGg-01444-00326394-00326627 changing body prices and increasingly
7sOwWsqlqGg-01445-00326628-00326765 International
7sOwWsqlqGg-01446-00326766-00326951 industry expectations for a carbon
7sOwWsqlqGg-01447-00326952-00327089 neutrality
7sOwWsqlqGg-01448-00327090-00327293 we also have the potential for you know
7sOwWsqlqGg-01449-00327294-00327491 devastating foot and mouth disease
7sOwWsqlqGg-01450-00327492-00327623 that's at a doorstep at right at the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01451-00327624-00327791 moment
7sOwWsqlqGg-01452-00327792-00327943 the headwinds will only increase
7sOwWsqlqGg-01453-00327944-00328193 especially as Industries are further
7sOwWsqlqGg-01454-00328194-00328391 digitized and we rapidly head towards
7sOwWsqlqGg-01455-00328392-00328558 two degrees of warming
7sOwWsqlqGg-01456-00328559-00328834 resulting in Greater climate volatility
7sOwWsqlqGg-01457-00328835-00329051 hotter average temperatures and the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01458-00329052-00329351 corresponding significant Health impacts
7sOwWsqlqGg-01459-00329352-00329747 sorry for being such a downer
7sOwWsqlqGg-01460-00329748-00330071 but as depressing as that sounds there
7sOwWsqlqGg-01461-00330072-00330215 are significant opportunities for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01462-00330216-00330467 territory going forward to respond and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01463-00330468-00330677 adapt to these headwinds and for just
7sOwWsqlqGg-01464-00330678-00330934 own unique and successful paths
7sOwWsqlqGg-01465-00330935-00331187 science and as the territory economic
7sOwWsqlqGg-01466-00331188-00331408 reconstruction commission acknowledged
7sOwWsqlqGg-01467-00331409-00331589 their territory is at a turning point
7sOwWsqlqGg-01468-00331590-00331871 science and research will be critical to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01469-00331872-00332099 the territory and to diversify and grow
7sOwWsqlqGg-01470-00332100-00332225 its economy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01471-00332226-00332417 to create opportunities for young and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01472-00332418-00332621 older territorians to benefit from the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01473-00332622-00332860 promise of the 21st century importantly
7sOwWsqlqGg-01474-00332861-00333101 it can also support enduring social
7sOwWsqlqGg-01475-00333102-00333334 cultural benefits flourishing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01476-00333335-00333521 biodiversity and a path to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01477-00333522-00333779 self-sufficiency
7sOwWsqlqGg-01478-00333780-00333941 not withstanding the necessity the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01479-00333942-00334039 territory has some of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01480-00334040-00334343 notwithstanding this the territory has
7sOwWsqlqGg-01481-00334344-00334534 the groundwork as we've seen for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01482-00334535-00334769 past and current successes and many of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01483-00334770-00334895 the right people are probably in this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01484-00334896-00334991 room
7sOwWsqlqGg-01485-00334992-00335225 the fact that we're meeting tonight
7sOwWsqlqGg-01486-00335226-00335471 and this new network shows that you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01487-00335472-00335669 individually and collectively are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01488-00335670-00335932 committed to the future of the territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01489-00335933-00336167 while the territor's research ecosystem
7sOwWsqlqGg-01490-00336168-00336413 has aspects of fragmentation and there
7sOwWsqlqGg-01491-00336414-00336653 are gaps in capability and capacity the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01492-00336654-00336953 sector has access to a diverse range of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01493-00336954-00337169 experienced National empty-based
7sOwWsqlqGg-01494-00337170-00337319 research institutes across stem and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01495-00337320-00337469 house professions
7sOwWsqlqGg-01496-00337470-00337660 undertakes research that is globally
7sOwWsqlqGg-01497-00337661-00337817 competitive in critical areas
7sOwWsqlqGg-01498-00337818-00337967 particularly health
7sOwWsqlqGg-01499-00337968-00338201 and clearly a supportive government
7sOwWsqlqGg-01500-00338202-00338404 environment both from the federal and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01501-00338405-00338632 the territory for a future neighbor bus
7sOwWsqlqGg-01502-00338633-00338747 size
7sOwWsqlqGg-01503-00338748-00338903 there are some clear opportunities for
7sOwWsqlqGg-01504-00338904-00339197 science to leverage improvements over
7sOwWsqlqGg-01505-00339198-00339413 the coming decades especially across
7sOwWsqlqGg-01506-00339414-00339527 agriculture
7sOwWsqlqGg-01507-00339528-00339851 critical minerals energy space defense
7sOwWsqlqGg-01508-00339852-00340169 health and digital Industries
7sOwWsqlqGg-01509-00340170-00340354 with the right investment and commitment
7sOwWsqlqGg-01510-00340355-00340553 it would not be hard to Revenge a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01511-00340554-00340837 science-enabled future for the territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01512-00340838-00341134 including a net green energy exporter
7sOwWsqlqGg-01513-00341135-00341429 leveraging solar hydrogen and tidal
7sOwWsqlqGg-01514-00341430-00341675 opportunities a national source of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01515-00341676-00341945 accessible stable and reliable critical
7sOwWsqlqGg-01516-00341946-00342197 minerals and metals a leader in cultural
7sOwWsqlqGg-01517-00342198-00342503 Environmental Management a sustainable
7sOwWsqlqGg-01518-00342504-00342797 source of local food and Regional areas
7sOwWsqlqGg-01519-00342798-00343025 a key partner in developing Innovation
7sOwWsqlqGg-01520-00343026-00343271 at the Nexus of creative and digital
7sOwWsqlqGg-01521-00343272-00343397 Technologies
7sOwWsqlqGg-01522-00343398-00343799 and a global partner in Space Industries
7sOwWsqlqGg-01523-00343800-00343949 I know I'm likely preaching to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01524-00343950-00344213 convert in this room so I won't go into
7sOwWsqlqGg-01525-00344214-00344467 all those and I look forward to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01526-00344468-00344656 finishing the report and providing them
7sOwWsqlqGg-01527-00344657-00344771 and hopefully you'll see some of those
7sOwWsqlqGg-01528-00344772-00344932 further details
7sOwWsqlqGg-01529-00344933-00345113 in our project we've explored a range of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01530-00345114-00345263 these potential opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01531-00345264-00345515 well many will be lead to many of these
7sOwWsqlqGg-01532-00345516-00345803 would make me excuse me well many of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01533-00345804-00345941 those will need to be led by industry
7sOwWsqlqGg-01534-00345942-00346175 there are things that territory and this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01535-00346176-00346415 research Community can do to position it
7sOwWsqlqGg-01536-00346416-00346973 to take these in hand
7sOwWsqlqGg-01537-00346974-00347310 already agriculture contributes around
7sOwWsqlqGg-01538-00347311-00347645 924 million dollars and around 2 000
7sOwWsqlqGg-01539-00347646-00347951 jobs to the territories economy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01540-00347952-00348095 but we have opportunities to leverage
7sOwWsqlqGg-01541-00348096-00348256 science to improve this through
7sOwWsqlqGg-01542-00348257-00348460 throughout the supply of improved local
7sOwWsqlqGg-01543-00348461-00348599 and healthy food suppliers to the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01544-00348600-00348784 territory and use Technologies to double
7sOwWsqlqGg-01545-00348785-00349006 down on the value of the of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01546-00349007-00349234 proposition through Technologies such as
7sOwWsqlqGg-01547-00349235-00349391 distributed Ledger Technologies we can
7sOwWsqlqGg-01548-00349392-00349529 we can show
7sOwWsqlqGg-01549-00349530-00349769 increased value that will make the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01550-00349770-00349991 products more premium across the global
7sOwWsqlqGg-01551-00349992-00350147 market against those sort of headwinds
7sOwWsqlqGg-01552-00350148-00350237 that we're talking about around
7sOwWsqlqGg-01553-00350238-00350417 competition
7sOwWsqlqGg-01554-00350418-00350615 additionally
7sOwWsqlqGg-01555-00350616-00350795 additionally there will be insights into
7sOwWsqlqGg-01556-00350796-00351047 automation Robotics and blockchain
7sOwWsqlqGg-01557-00351048-00351191 technologies that would reduce the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01558-00351192-00351310 production costs and increase that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01559-00351311-00351551 premium value further additionally we
7sOwWsqlqGg-01560-00351552-00351725 are now starting to properly fresh out
7sOwWsqlqGg-01561-00351726-00351910 and deep knowledge of our land and the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01562-00351911-00352060 properties of the plants led by
7sOwWsqlqGg-01563-00352061-00352241 indigenous knowledges
7sOwWsqlqGg-01564-00352242-00352378 there are opportunities to better
7sOwWsqlqGg-01565-00352379-00352523 understand the unique molecular
7sOwWsqlqGg-01566-00352524-00352780 properties of plants for food materials
7sOwWsqlqGg-01567-00352781-00352960 and pharmacology
7sOwWsqlqGg-01568-00352961-00353249 such as the specifics based nanotube
7sOwWsqlqGg-01569-00353250-00353375 technology that's been developed by a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01570-00353376-00353591 unit by University of Queensland which
7sOwWsqlqGg-01571-00353592-00353795 is phenomenal it's really interesting to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01572-00353796-00353956 see what that's application and to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01573-00353957-00354178 change the way latex is are developed
7sOwWsqlqGg-01574-00354179-00354334 and that's based on indigenous
7sOwWsqlqGg-01575-00354335-00354580 knowledges
7sOwWsqlqGg-01576-00354581-00354682 but we need to have the right
7sOwWsqlqGg-01577-00354683-00354808 collaboration collaborative
7sOwWsqlqGg-01578-00354809-00355091 relationships intellectual property and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01579-00355092-00355271 food standards understanding to take
7sOwWsqlqGg-01580-00355272-00355534 forward that knowledge
7sOwWsqlqGg-01581-00355535-00355763 well Agriculture and the resources
7sOwWsqlqGg-01582-00355764-00355997 especially critical minerals of vital
7sOwWsqlqGg-01583-00355998-00356225 opportunities that present they also
7sOwWsqlqGg-01584-00356226-00356356 present a key challenge
7sOwWsqlqGg-01585-00356357-00356513 without debate they're going to continue
7sOwWsqlqGg-01586-00356514-00356789 to be the most significant countries to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01587-00356790-00357130 the territories carbon impact
7sOwWsqlqGg-01588-00357131-00357319 especially when we consider energy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01589-00357320-00357706 Logistics metal cement and other inputs
7sOwWsqlqGg-01590-00357707-00357869 into those processes
7sOwWsqlqGg-01591-00357870-00358025 the territory must lean into
7sOwWsqlqGg-01592-00358026-00358187 understanding developing and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01593-00358188-00358360 implementing mitigation and abatement
7sOwWsqlqGg-01594-00358361-00358487 strategies
7sOwWsqlqGg-01595-00358488-00358697 we know Carbon capture and storage and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01596-00358698-00358925 carbon capture and utilization can work
7sOwWsqlqGg-01597-00358926-00359021 but there are Technical and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01598-00359022-00359201 implementation issues that need to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01599-00359202-00359441 progressed also there are some that are
7sOwWsqlqGg-01600-00359442-00359680 developing more than others
7sOwWsqlqGg-01601-00359681-00359813 but we need to understand their
7sOwWsqlqGg-01602-00359814-00359975 viability we need to understand their
7sOwWsqlqGg-01603-00359976-00360125 successfulness and we also need to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01604-00360126-00360310 understand the social acceptance of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01605-00360311-00360497 those sorts of Technologies
7sOwWsqlqGg-01606-00360498-00360713 these can rain the applications can
7sOwWsqlqGg-01607-00360714-00360893 range from carbon storage and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01608-00360894-00361037 surveillance and underground and ocean
7sOwWsqlqGg-01609-00361038-00361210 carbon sinks do carbon Capital
7sOwWsqlqGg-01610-00361211-00361475 utilization where carbonus is used in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01611-00361476-00361697 carbon neutral building materials used
7sOwWsqlqGg-01612-00361698-00361967 in used as carbon for carbonated drinks
7sOwWsqlqGg-01613-00361968-00362351 as well as other purposes
7sOwWsqlqGg-01614-00362352-00362608 in 2021 according to the International
7sOwWsqlqGg-01615-00362609-00362849 Energy accuracy plant there were planned
7sOwWsqlqGg-01616-00362850-00363041 for more than 100 new carbon Catherine
7sOwWsqlqGg-01617-00363042-00363251 storage facilities globally
7sOwWsqlqGg-01618-00363252-00363437 the territory should be an active
7sOwWsqlqGg-01619-00363438-00363773 partner in the decomamatization r d
7sOwWsqlqGg-01620-00363774-00364025 and the agreement with impex underscores
7sOwWsqlqGg-01621-00364026-00364247 is the commitment of the territory in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01622-00364248-00364565 that but the sites must also happen in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01623-00364566-00364847 the territory and occur here not just
7sOwWsqlqGg-01624-00364848-00365110 because the there is a locally relevant
7sOwWsqlqGg-01625-00365111-00365345 ways that need to occur but also the the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01626-00365346-00365543 knowledge and the capability needs to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01627-00365544-00365915 built here including with the skills
7sOwWsqlqGg-01628-00365916-00366065 yeah
7sOwWsqlqGg-01629-00366066-00366203 my screen has just done something very
7sOwWsqlqGg-01630-00366204-00366556 funny
7sOwWsqlqGg-01631-00366557-00366971 building this with the opens
7sOwWsqlqGg-01632-00366972-00367193 building on this there are open spaces
7sOwWsqlqGg-01633-00367194-00367441 where the open space low and make
7sOwWsqlqGg-01634-00367442-00367697 electromagnetic fields fuel Fight Pass
7sOwWsqlqGg-01635-00367698-00367854 an extreme and remote technical
7sOwWsqlqGg-01636-00367855-00368069 environments the charity could be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01637-00368070-00368273 positioned itself better as a test bin
7sOwWsqlqGg-01638-00368274-00368458 for new technologies particularly those
7sOwWsqlqGg-01639-00368459-00368693 that could be applied in mining defense
7sOwWsqlqGg-01640-00368694-00368975 space and autonomous and semi-autonomous
7sOwWsqlqGg-01641-00368976-00369304 air and land Transport Systems
7sOwWsqlqGg-01642-00369305-00369467 this will allow the attack the charity
7sOwWsqlqGg-01643-00369468-00369665 to be on the Forefront and early adopter
7sOwWsqlqGg-01644-00369666-00369899 of the night for the nation and help
7sOwWsqlqGg-01645-00369900-00370132 underpin and be a catalyst for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01646-00370133-00370354 critical local Workforce that will also
7sOwWsqlqGg-01647-00370355-00370567 be needed in the renewable energy sector
7sOwWsqlqGg-01648-00370568-00371123 resources space and defense Industries
7sOwWsqlqGg-01649-00371124-00371321 many of the challenges in territory need
7sOwWsqlqGg-01650-00371322-00371567 a Quantum Leap rather than just the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01651-00371568-00371728 incremental approaches that other states
7sOwWsqlqGg-01652-00371729-00371908 have taken you have an opportunity to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01653-00371909-00372058 jump ahead now if you think about the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01654-00372059-00372275 right science and engagement
7sOwWsqlqGg-01655-00372276-00372437 government will be a key partner in this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01656-00372438-00372569 through its procurement planning
7sOwWsqlqGg-01657-00372570-00372737 investment activities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01658-00372738-00372989 and that will enable research
7sOwWsqlqGg-01659-00372990-00373163 infrastructure around industry
7sOwWsqlqGg-01660-00373164-00373415 engagement skills and key Partnerships
7sOwWsqlqGg-01661-00373416-00373787 like organizations like sorrow
7sOwWsqlqGg-01662-00373788-00374008 moving along with Garber on this week
7sOwWsqlqGg-01663-00374009-00374153 it's important to remind ourselves that
7sOwWsqlqGg-01664-00374154-00374495 the territory has a well-established
7sOwWsqlqGg-01665-00374496-00374699 and fantastic art and creative sector
7sOwWsqlqGg-01666-00374700-00374956 and that the Arts and research have
7sOwWsqlqGg-01667-00374957-00375137 always been intrinsically linked
7sOwWsqlqGg-01668-00375138-00375437 technology has driven us through new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01669-00375438-00375653 mediums and FICO
7sOwWsqlqGg-01670-00375654-00375856 but equally the Arts have driven
7sOwWsqlqGg-01671-00375857-00376073 technology whether it be through new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01672-00376074-00376306 applications user design
7sOwWsqlqGg-01673-00376307-00376534 websites music
7sOwWsqlqGg-01674-00376535-00376847 and most recently in augmented reality
7sOwWsqlqGg-01675-00376848-00377045 the NT creative Industries and cultural
7sOwWsqlqGg-01676-00377046-00377225 tourism collectively
7sOwWsqlqGg-01677-00377226-00377423 is continuing to expand even through
7sOwWsqlqGg-01678-00377424-00377723 covert and in 2020 2020 was valued at
7sOwWsqlqGg-01679-00377724-00377975 over one billion dollars you have an
7sOwWsqlqGg-01680-00377976-00378317 amazing creative sector here
7sOwWsqlqGg-01681-00378318-00378473 they're increa there are increasing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01682-00378474-00378665 intersection between creative and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01683-00378666-00378923 Technologies and and this is commonly
7sOwWsqlqGg-01684-00378924-00379121 known as the Creator sector
7sOwWsqlqGg-01685-00379122-00379330 which is seeing deeper investment across
7sOwWsqlqGg-01686-00379331-00379523 the globe which is leading to new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01687-00379524-00379667 invasions in artificial Intel
7sOwWsqlqGg-01688-00379668-00379943 intelligence algorithms virtual reality
7sOwWsqlqGg-01689-00379944-00380189 software and triple transforming
7sOwWsqlqGg-01690-00380190-00380404 Services products
7sOwWsqlqGg-01691-00380405-00380680 and processes the charity should look to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01692-00380681-00380849 after activities such as those occurring
7sOwWsqlqGg-01693-00380850-00380999 the United Kingdom to support local
7sOwWsqlqGg-01694-00381000-00381227 creatives to develop stem skills and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01695-00381228-00381358 partner with industry develop new
7sOwWsqlqGg-01696-00381359-00381527 opportunities to in immersive and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01697-00381528-00381797 augmented reality
7sOwWsqlqGg-01698-00381798-00382060 as well as gaming Industries and fashion
7sOwWsqlqGg-01699-00382061-00382277 there are amazing intersections between
7sOwWsqlqGg-01700-00382278-00382528 these technologies that at the heart of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01701-00382529-00382739 of some of the strengths of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01702-00382740-00382889 territory and so it's leaning into those
7sOwWsqlqGg-01703-00382890-00383032 as well as those those opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01704-00383033-00383195 identified wrong and there are some
7sOwWsqlqGg-01705-00383196-00383356 unique things that looking at this what
7sOwWsqlqGg-01706-00383357-00383747 the territory has based here
7sOwWsqlqGg-01707-00383748-00383897 alignment and collaboration between
7sOwWsqlqGg-01708-00383898-00384058 anti-creatives
7sOwWsqlqGg-01709-00384059-00384275 Tech research and Industry sectors and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01710-00384276-00384460 strategies can foster crossover projects
7sOwWsqlqGg-01711-00384461-00384760 new digital content and applications
7sOwWsqlqGg-01712-00384761-00385067 but achieving this again requires
7sOwWsqlqGg-01713-00385068-00385319 investment in stem skill Pathways as
7sOwWsqlqGg-01714-00385320-00385506 well as investments in the underpinning
7sOwWsqlqGg-01715-00385507-00385780 technology Computing and data
7sOwWsqlqGg-01716-00385781-00386267 infrastructure
7sOwWsqlqGg-01717-00386268-00386453 realizing these opportunities will not
7sOwWsqlqGg-01718-00386454-00386675 be easy but the proof is in the pudding
7sOwWsqlqGg-01719-00386676-00386903 they've already been amazing successes
7sOwWsqlqGg-01720-00386904-00387203 grown from the within Mt and this bodes
7sOwWsqlqGg-01721-00387204-00387304 well for the ability to translate
7sOwWsqlqGg-01722-00387305-00387521 science and commercialize that success
7sOwWsqlqGg-01723-00387522-00387719 from Rock oyster
7sOwWsqlqGg-01724-00387720-00388078 to Savannah burning to the space launch
7sOwWsqlqGg-01725-00388079-00388282 we know that science-led science-led
7sOwWsqlqGg-01726-00388283-00388547 research leads to job jobs economic
7sOwWsqlqGg-01727-00388548-00388769 growth and increased tourism and as
7sOwWsqlqGg-01728-00388770-00389063 brother identified ever that we've seen
7sOwWsqlqGg-01729-00389064-00389380 Roi of research that leads to 7.6
7sOwWsqlqGg-01730-00389381-00389651 dollars for every dollar invested this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01731-00389652-00389789 is an amazing opportunity for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01732-00389790-00390053 territory to to achieve that as well
7sOwWsqlqGg-01733-00390054-00390263 but the question for the territory is
7sOwWsqlqGg-01734-00390264-00390484 not should it leading leading to this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01735-00390485-00390719 opportunity but how can it put its best
7sOwWsqlqGg-01736-00390720-00390934 foot forward on the accelerator of the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01737-00390935-00391069 research ecosystem through timely
7sOwWsqlqGg-01738-00391070-00391403 focused and proportionate ways given its
7sOwWsqlqGg-01739-00391404-00391637 financial resources and population size
7sOwWsqlqGg-01740-00391638-00391847 you can't do everything but it's about
7sOwWsqlqGg-01741-00391848-00392045 looking at your strengths and and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01742-00392046-00392206 working together
7sOwWsqlqGg-01743-00392207-00392393 to drive the site the future science
7sOwWsqlqGg-01744-00392394-00392560 enabled opportunities strong
7sOwWsqlqGg-01745-00392561-00392782 collaborations Partnerships within and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01746-00392783-00392932 with those external to the territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01747-00392933-00393275 Science Leadership a deep and sustained
7sOwWsqlqGg-01748-00393276-00393503 focus on Workforce Development including
7sOwWsqlqGg-01749-00393504-00393760 starting at school and purposeful and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01750-00393761-00393934 strategic investments will be needed to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01751-00393935-00394121 leverage territories Geographic and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01752-00394122-00394289 technological strengths
7sOwWsqlqGg-01753-00394290-00394510 like a village raising a child a
7sOwWsqlqGg-01754-00394511-00394775 research ecosystems needs you the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01755-00394776-00394991 science program is an important step in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01756-00394992-00395128 this process to ensure we are working
7sOwWsqlqGg-01757-00395129-00395332 together regardless of our research
7sOwWsqlqGg-01758-00395333-00395554 discipline or the sector that we work in
7sOwWsqlqGg-01759-00395555-00395723 it will take
7sOwWsqlqGg-01760-00395724-00395899 scientists and researchers in government
7sOwWsqlqGg-01761-00395900-00396215 industry and Academia to achieve this it
7sOwWsqlqGg-01762-00396216-00396371 doesn't matter which lab coat you wear
7sOwWsqlqGg-01763-00396372-00396587 where you work you're important of this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01764-00396588-00396856 journey
7sOwWsqlqGg-01765-00396857-00397001 through this we can lead to better
7sOwWsqlqGg-01766-00397002-00397234 informed and assist the decision makers
7sOwWsqlqGg-01767-00397235-00397408 in the interview and the Australian
7sOwWsqlqGg-01768-00397409-00397571 government to help provide the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01769-00397572-00397793 environment that you need and as Kathy
7sOwWsqlqGg-01770-00397794-00397984 outlined there are opportunities through
7sOwWsqlqGg-01771-00397985-00398141 the chief scientists through Martin and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01772-00398142-00398297 others to engage better with the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01773-00398298-00398506 Australian government and we've shown
7sOwWsqlqGg-01774-00398507-00398632 that the tyranny of distance doesn't
7sOwWsqlqGg-01775-00398633-00399028 doesn't exist it can be overcome
7sOwWsqlqGg-01776-00399029-00399215 our Carlos work with an anti-government
7sOwWsqlqGg-01777-00399216-00399395 and Senior he goes deeper into the arcs
7sOwWsqlqGg-01778-00399396-00399580 that I've sort of outlined and the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01779-00399581-00399689 challenges
7sOwWsqlqGg-01780-00399690-00399856 I'm pleased to advise you the work of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01781-00399857-00400001 the report is in the final stages of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01782-00400002-00400091 drafting
7sOwWsqlqGg-01783-00400092-00400277 and pending feedback from the reviewers
7sOwWsqlqGg-01784-00400278-00400510 and a range of other stakeholders I hope
7sOwWsqlqGg-01785-00400511-00400606 that will be with the government the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01786-00400607-00400775 next few weeks
7sOwWsqlqGg-01787-00400776-00400901 we are so pleased that we've been
7sOwWsqlqGg-01788-00400902-00401110 invited to be here to be part of this
7sOwWsqlqGg-01789-00401111-00401254 launch and the important steps in the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01790-00401255-00401441 journey that you're on caller on the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01791-00401442-00401651 learning academies stand ready to be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01792-00401652-00401873 tacked into and be available to you to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01793-00401874-00402125 help in that Journey
7sOwWsqlqGg-01794-00402126-00402317 I look forward to what the territory can
7sOwWsqlqGg-01795-00402318-00402467 achieve
7sOwWsqlqGg-01796-00402468-00402760 but I'm sure without a doubt it will be
7sOwWsqlqGg-01797-00402761-00403895 amazing so thank you for having me here
7sOwWsqlqGg-01798-00403896-00404099 thanks Ryan you've identified many
7sOwWsqlqGg-01799-00404100-00404273 exciting opportunities
7sOwWsqlqGg-01800-00404274-00404428 for science and research here in the ENT
7sOwWsqlqGg-01801-00404429-00404608 but also that we've got a lot of work
7sOwWsqlqGg-01802-00404609-00404921 ahead of us to capitalize on them
7sOwWsqlqGg-01803-00404922-00405119 as all of our speakers have said the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01804-00405120-00405347 anti-science Forum can play a really
7sOwWsqlqGg-01805-00405348-00405628 important role in helping deliver on all
7sOwWsqlqGg-01806-00405629-00405869 this potential
7sOwWsqlqGg-01807-00405870-00406108 you're all invited to the first meeting
7sOwWsqlqGg-01808-00406109-00406330 which is to be held at the CDU
7sOwWsqlqGg-01809-00406331-00406654 Waterfront campus on Thursday the 11th
7sOwWsqlqGg-01810-00406655-00406841 of August
7sOwWsqlqGg-01811-00406842-00407045 and I can ask if before the meeting you
7sOwWsqlqGg-01812-00407046-00407213 could think about what you would like
7sOwWsqlqGg-01813-00407214-00407434 the Forum to achieve
7sOwWsqlqGg-01814-00407435-00407651 how can we best promote scientific
7sOwWsqlqGg-01815-00407652-00407878 research and how science can be best
7sOwWsqlqGg-01816-00407879-00408173 applied to improve the life the lives of
7sOwWsqlqGg-01817-00408174-00408341 all territorials
7sOwWsqlqGg-01818-00408342-00408556 so if you'd like to attend that first
7sOwWsqlqGg-01819-00408557-00408910 Forum you can register on Eventbrite
7sOwWsqlqGg-01820-00408911-00409282 like you did for tonight or just drop an
7sOwWsqlqGg-01821-00409283-00409591 email to Innovation at
7sOwWsqlqGg-01822-00409592-00409901 nt.gov dot a u
7sOwWsqlqGg-01823-00409902-00410213 so I'd like to to finish just by um
7sOwWsqlqGg-01824-00410214-00410482 thanking all our presenters Janine
7sOwWsqlqGg-01825-00410483-00410645 McLennan for her welcome to Country
7sOwWsqlqGg-01826-00410646-00410980 Department CEO Kathy white Australia's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01827-00410981-00411305 Chief scientist Kathy Foley csiro's
7sOwWsqlqGg-01828-00411306-00411563 Chief scientist Bronwyn Fox and director
7sOwWsqlqGg-01829-00411564-00411839 of a cola Ryan wing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01830-00411839-00412126 I'd also like to thank inspired ENT and
7sOwWsqlqGg-01831-00412127-00412276 the business Innovation team for
7sOwWsqlqGg-01832-00412277-00412522 organizing the launch to the teams led
7sOwWsqlqGg-01833-00412523-00412805 by Martin redhead as you've heard as I
7sOwWsqlqGg-01834-00412806-00413074 keep on reminding Martin his father
7sOwWsqlqGg-01835-00413075-00413357 Trevor was a long-term researcher with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01836-00413358-00413657 csiro who worked out of the Darwin lab
7sOwWsqlqGg-01837-00413658-00414095 in the 1970s a long time ago and he was
7sOwWsqlqGg-01838-00414096-00414268 a colleague of mine during my early
7sOwWsqlqGg-01839-00414269-00414580 career with csiro
7sOwWsqlqGg-01840-00414581-00414916 I'd also like to single out chandela
7sOwWsqlqGg-01841-00414917-00415676 loving for her work in organizing
7sOwWsqlqGg-01842-00415677-00416147 [Applause]
7sOwWsqlqGg-01843-00416147-00416476 I'd like now to invite you all to join
7sOwWsqlqGg-01844-00416477-00416803 our presenters
7sOwWsqlqGg-01845-00416804-00417053 thank you Alan for your work here
7sOwWsqlqGg-01846-00417054-00417226 tonight I think it's been a wonderful MC
7sOwWsqlqGg-01847-00417227-00417437 I think you're absolutely outstanding
7sOwWsqlqGg-01848-00417438-00417605 asset for the for the Northern Territory
7sOwWsqlqGg-01849-00417606-00417791 science community and I look forward to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01850-00417792-00417970 working with you and to all the people
7sOwWsqlqGg-01851-00417971-00418337 in the room to support the Forum I I'm
7sOwWsqlqGg-01852-00418338-00418553 reticent to correct Australian Chief
7sOwWsqlqGg-01853-00418554-00418709 scientist but
7sOwWsqlqGg-01854-00418710-00419105 um I I my intent would be not to for the
7sOwWsqlqGg-01855-00419106-00419320 Forum to work through me but for me to
7sOwWsqlqGg-01856-00419321-00419614 support the Forum to work to you so
7sOwWsqlqGg-01857-00419616-00419764 thank you Alan
7sOwWsqlqGg-01858-00419766-00419975 um and and I'll allow you to finish with
7sOwWsqlqGg-01859-00419976-00420284 your closing your mind
7tl1es7NNag-00000-00000208-00000487 you know the most valuable pig
7tl1es7NNag-00001-00000488-00000678 because first it's something small like
7tl1es7NNag-00002-00000679-00000927 the injuries you know a a pulled
7tl1es7NNag-00003-00000927-00001335 hamstring or a tenderloin you know
7tl1es7NNag-00004-00001336-00001462 get one of those you got to take it
7tl1es7NNag-00005-00001463-00001695 right in the ambulance
7tl1es7NNag-00006-00001696-00002087 on your way to getting cured
7tl1es7NNag-00007-00002088-00002350 and then it's just more ham jokes after
7tl1es7NNag-00008-00002351-00002975 that you guys it's a whole big deal
7tl1es7NNag-00009-00002976-00003158 and laying number two in the green bib
7tl1es7NNag-00010-00003159-00003270 number two
7tl1es7NNag-00011-00003271-00003438 here he is ladies and gentlemen the
7tl1es7NNag-00012-00003439-00003775 original chauvinist pig but he has since
7tl1es7NNag-00013-00003776-00003967 turned himself into a well-rounded
7tl1es7NNag-00014-00003968-00004231 individual make some noise for sourdough
7tl1es7NNag-00015-00004232-00004543 jazz
7tl1es7NNag-00016-00004544-00004679 number three
7tl1es7NNag-00017-00004680-00004886 in the orange number one we named him
7tl1es7NNag-00018-00004887-00005231 after a very slippery alaskan gold rush
7tl1es7NNag-00019-00005232-00005502 character and that fella was a con man
7tl1es7NNag-00020-00005503-00005735 so keep your eyes out on that sneaky
7tl1es7NNag-00021-00005736-00005843 athlete
7tl1es7NNag-00022-00005844-00006391 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00023-00006392-00006663 forgive me sophie forgive me sophie and
7tl1es7NNag-00024-00006664-00006855 finally in lay number four in the yellow
7tl1es7NNag-00025-00006856-00006991 bit number three
7tl1es7NNag-00026-00006992-00007159 he is not the brightest bulb on the
7tl1es7NNag-00027-00007159-00007359 chandelier you guys last week he was
7tl1es7NNag-00028-00007359-00007703 invited to a luau and actually showed up
7tl1es7NNag-00029-00007704-00007887 i know a little confusion about them
7tl1es7NNag-00030-00007888-00008119 having him over for dinner but he made
7tl1es7NNag-00031-00008120-00008295 it back in one piece because that's how
7tl1es7NNag-00032-00008296-00008727 fast he is let's hear it for kobe
7tl1es7NNag-00033-00008728-00008903 all right are you ready on the finish
7tl1es7NNag-00034-00008904-00009142 line running on the starting gate you
7tl1es7NNag-00035-00009143-00009431 piggy ready to fly on your mark get set
7tl1es7NNag-00036-00009432-00009583 go
7tl1es7NNag-00037-00009584-00010098 uh
7tl1es7NNag-00038-00010099-00010151 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00039-00010152-00010322 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00040-00010323-00010413 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00041-00010414-00011335 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00042-00011336-00011503 taking that runner-up position gonna be
7tl1es7NNag-00043-00011504-00011942 number two sour go jack
7tl1es7NNag-00044-00011943-00012151 called gloucestershire old spots these
7tl1es7NNag-00045-00012152-00012342 guys were developed many centuries ago
7tl1es7NNag-00046-00012343-00012599 in gloucester county england in the 18th
7tl1es7NNag-00047-00012600-00012774 century well they brought him over here
7tl1es7NNag-00048-00012775-00013055 to north america unfortunately by the
7tl1es7NNag-00049-00013056-00013294 20th century they did fall out of favor
7tl1es7NNag-00050-00013295-00013511 and our market their numbers began to
7tl1es7NNag-00051-00013512-00013686 dwindle and they were put on the
7tl1es7NNag-00052-00013687-00013966 critically endangered greeting list but
7tl1es7NNag-00053-00013968-00014135 with the help and hard work of the
7tl1es7NNag-00054-00014136-00014399 livestock conservancy which we are very
7tl1es7NNag-00055-00014400-00014622 proud members and dedicated breeders
7tl1es7NNag-00056-00014623-00014951 their numbers began to rise in 2016
7tl1es7NNag-00057-00014952-00015135 those little guys were upgraded from
7tl1es7NNag-00058-00015136-00015350 critically endangered to just threatened
7tl1es7NNag-00059-00015351-00015503 so we support the hard work of the
7tl1es7NNag-00060-00015504-00015727 livestock conservancy both financially
7tl1es7NNag-00061-00015728-00015927 and promotionally so let's hear for the
7tl1es7NNag-00062-00015928-00016150 livestock conservancy and the dedicated
7tl1es7NNag-00063-00016151-00016430 leaders for their hard work all right
7tl1es7NNag-00064-00016431-00016639 let's meet our second round athletes in
7tl1es7NNag-00065-00016640-00016943 lane number four in the blue bib number
7tl1es7NNag-00066-00016944-00017111 six you guys we have a bit of a
7tl1es7NNag-00067-00017112-00017430 celebrity today he is a five-time world
7tl1es7NNag-00068-00017431-00017663 champion racing pig he graced last
7tl1es7NNag-00069-00017664-00017919 year's cover of snorts illustrated
7tl1es7NNag-00070-00017920-00018207 magazine swimsuit edition he wrote
7tl1es7NNag-00071-00018208-00018391 starred and directed his martial art
7tl1es7NNag-00072-00018392-00018663 blockbuster films porkchop and porkchop
7tl1es7NNag-00073-00018664-00018863 to all the fixins he's the most
7tl1es7NNag-00074-00018864-00019079 interesting pig in the world a huge
7tl1es7NNag-00075-00019080-00019535 applause for bob
7tl1es7NNag-00076-00019536-00019711 and lane number three in the black bed
7tl1es7NNag-00077-00019712-00019967 number seven not only does he race fast
7tl1es7NNag-00078-00019968-00020247 he also eats fast his second job is
7tl1es7NNag-00079-00020248-00020455 competitive eating but luckily for us he
7tl1es7NNag-00080-00020456-00020727 races a lot cleaner than he eats he's
7tl1es7NNag-00081-00020728-00020911 thicker than a bowl of oatmeal it's
7tl1es7NNag-00082-00020912-00021271 sloppy joe
7tl1es7NNag-00083-00021272-00021447 in lane number two in the purple bib
7tl1es7NNag-00084-00021448-00021655 number eight you recognize him from a
7tl1es7NNag-00085-00021656-00022014 time long long ago from a big size far
7tl1es7NNag-00086-00022015-00022399 far away that's right it's luke skye
7tl1es7NNag-00087-00022400-00022694 porker
7tl1es7NNag-00088-00022695-00022886 and finally in lane number one in the
7tl1es7NNag-00089-00022887-00023150 peak bib number five she is a crowd
7tl1es7NNag-00090-00023151-00023358 favorite everywhere we go she has a
7tl1es7NNag-00091-00023359-00023575 sweet name but that sweetness disappears
7tl1es7NNag-00092-00023576-00023822 when she hits this track make some noise
7tl1es7NNag-00093-00023823-00024039 for strawberry
7tl1es7NNag-00094-00024040-00025094 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00095-00025095-00025539 and there you go
7tl1es7NNag-00096-00025540-00025947 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00097-00025948-00026064 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00098-00026066-00026302 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00099-00026304-00026462 number eight
7tl1es7NNag-00100-00026463-00026863 luke skye porker for
7tl1es7NNag-00101-00026864-00027655 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00102-00027656-00027839 out of the locker room he took one look
7tl1es7NNag-00103-00027839-00028014 at the double high hurdle right here he
7tl1es7NNag-00104-00028016-00028223 didn't even blink you guys know these
7tl1es7NNag-00105-00028224-00028390 athlete types though they feed off the
7tl1es7NNag-00106-00028391-00028574 energy of the crowd so let's give him
7tl1es7NNag-00107-00028575-00028870 something to feed off of
7tl1es7NNag-00108-00028872-00029014 all right we're gonna do something
7tl1es7NNag-00109-00029016-00029167 special for him today the moment he
7tl1es7NNag-00110-00029168-00029279 comes out of these gates we're gonna
7tl1es7NNag-00111-00029280-00029567 start him off with a nice polite soft
7tl1es7NNag-00112-00029568-00029751 clap all right can we do that just
7tl1es7NNag-00113-00029752-00029911 something nice and sweet for him to come
7tl1es7NNag-00114-00029912-00030079 out on but after he jumps this first
7tl1es7NNag-00115-00030080-00030367 hurdle we're gonna add the real
7tl1es7NNag-00116-00030368-00030631 clap he is gonna come halfway to this
7tl1es7NNag-00117-00030632-00030983 bin and we're all gonna add the cheering
7tl1es7NNag-00118-00030985-00031158 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00119-00031160-00031358 because the closer and closer he gets to
7tl1es7NNag-00120-00031360-00031502 the double eye hurdle the louder and
7tl1es7NNag-00121-00031503-00031670 louder we need you to get sophie wants
7tl1es7NNag-00122-00031672-00031958 you going crazy hog wild to help that
7tl1es7NNag-00123-00031960-00032158 baby little pig fly over that giant
7tl1es7NNag-00124-00032160-00032431 hurdle can we do that for him
7tl1es7NNag-00125-00032432-00032831 sophie smith start your engine
7tl1es7NNag-00126-00032832-00033007 yeah like that all right that doesn't
7tl1es7NNag-00127-00033008-00033183 sound too good let's start off with a
7tl1es7NNag-00128-00033184-00033423 3-2-1 countdown instead everybody nice
7tl1es7NNag-00129-00033424-00033573 and loud
7tl1es7NNag-00130-00033574-00033918 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00131-00033919-00034245 and he is
7tl1es7NNag-00132-00034246-00034831 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00133-00034832-00035144 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00134-00035145-00035262 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00135-00035263-00035583 no
7tl1es7NNag-00136-00035584-00035959 all those years of practice
7tl1es7NNag-00137-00035960-00036183 did you know about that
7tl1es7NNag-00138-00036184-00036415 okay all right your innocence says you
7tl1es7NNag-00139-00036416-00036583 are telling the truth let's hear it for
7tl1es7NNag-00140-00036584-00036867 jane for helping us
7tl1es7NNag-00141-00036868-00037176 [Music]
7tl1es7NNag-00142-00037177-00038046 [Applause]
7tl1es7NNag-00143-00038047-00038256 you
7teJbiHKCxo-00000-00001447-00003050 [Music]
7teJbiHKCxo-00001-00003051-00003886 [Music]
7teJbiHKCxo-00002-00003887-00004159 my right hand is doing this look at my
7teJbiHKCxo-00003-00004160-00004870 elbow i could come from my head
7teJbiHKCxo-00004-00004871-00005567 [Music]
7teJbiHKCxo-00005-00005568-00008167 is
7teJbiHKCxo-00006-00008168-00009623 is
7teJbiHKCxo-00007-00009624-00010678 try to be on top of your legs
7teJbiHKCxo-00008-00010679-00012631 is
7teJbiHKCxo-00009-00012632-00015215 okay
7teJbiHKCxo-00010-00015216-00016335 i use my arm here but it's
7teJbiHKCxo-00011-00016336-00016847 [Music]
7teJbiHKCxo-00012-00016848-00017079 okay that's the beauty of it so
7teJbiHKCxo-00013-00017080-00017422 that is the intention when my partner
7teJbiHKCxo-00014-00017423-00017615 um of course i have to keep an eye on
7teJbiHKCxo-00015-00017616-00017871 him 24 7 because i know where bacon is
7teJbiHKCxo-00016-00017872-00018479 coming
7teJbiHKCxo-00017-00018480-00018583 see
7teJbiHKCxo-00018-00018584-00018839 it's all about attitude it's all about
7teJbiHKCxo-00019-00018840-00019127 character that's all
7teJbiHKCxo-00020-00019128-00019430 robot is personality robots know how
7teJbiHKCxo-00021-00019431-00019686 many combinations you have it's how you
7teJbiHKCxo-00022-00019687-00019911 express your movement in the basic step
7teJbiHKCxo-00023-00019912-00020071 that's enough
7teJbiHKCxo-00024-00020072-00020311 even when you walk you dance but not
7teJbiHKCxo-00025-00020312-00020486 work
7teJbiHKCxo-00026-00020487-00020758 okay when you walk maybe but when you
7teJbiHKCxo-00027-00020759-00021115 work with them
7u7i7AC8gRE-00000-00000000-00000137 you
7u7i7AC8gRE-00001-00000138-00000353 either Dent with not by the door into
7u7i7AC8gRE-00002-00000354-00000521 the sheepfood
7u7i7AC8gRE-00003-00000522-00000911 but climbeth up some other way
7u7i7AC8gRE-00004-00000911-00001133 same is a thief
7u7i7AC8gRE-00005-00001134-00001415 and a robber
7u7i7AC8gRE-00006-00001416-00001625 but he that entereth in by the door is
7u7i7AC8gRE-00007-00001626-00001764 The Shepherd of the Sheep
7u7i7AC8gRE-00008-00001764-00001901 [Music]
7u7i7AC8gRE-00009-00001902-00002092 to him the pot openeth and the sheep
7u7i7AC8gRE-00010-00002093-00002345 hear his voice
7u7i7AC8gRE-00011-00002346-00002663 and he calleth his own Sheep by name and
7u7i7AC8gRE-00012-00002664-00002902 eateth them out
7u7i7AC8gRE-00013-00002903-00003076 and when he puteth forth his own sheep
7u7i7AC8gRE-00014-00003077-00003256 he goeth before them
7u7i7AC8gRE-00015-00003257-00003520 and the Sheep follow him for they know
7u7i7AC8gRE-00016-00003521-00003845 his voice
7u7i7AC8gRE-00017-00003846-00004001 and a stranger
7u7i7AC8gRE-00018-00004002-00004139 were they not far
7u7i7AC8gRE-00019-00004140-00004253 [Music]
7u7i7AC8gRE-00020-00004254-00004433 but will flee from him for they know not
7u7i7AC8gRE-00021-00004434-00004756 the voice of strangers
7u7i7AC8gRE-00022-00004757-00004991 fairly verily I say unto you I am the
7u7i7AC8gRE-00023-00004992-00005293 door of the Sheep
7u7i7AC8gRE-00024-00005294-00005567 all that ever came before me are thieves
7u7i7AC8gRE-00025-00005568-00005854 and robbers but the Sheep did not hear
7u7i7AC8gRE-00026-00005855-00005903 them
7u7i7AC8gRE-00027-00005904-00006118 [Music]
7u7i7AC8gRE-00028-00006119-00006205 I am the door
7u7i7AC8gRE-00029-00006206-00006425 [Music]
7u7i7AC8gRE-00030-00006426-00006664 by me if any man enter in he shall be
7u7i7AC8gRE-00031-00006665-00006863 saved
7u7i7AC8gRE-00032-00006864-00007241 and shall go in and out and find pasture
7u7i7AC8gRE-00033-00007242-00007606 the thief cometh not but for to steal
7u7i7AC8gRE-00034-00007608-00007810 and you kill
7u7i7AC8gRE-00035-00007811-00008164 and to destroy
7u7i7AC8gRE-00036-00008165-00008531 I am come that they might have life
7u7i7AC8gRE-00037-00008532-00008669 and that they might have it more
7u7i7AC8gRE-00038-00008670-00008852 abundantly
7u7i7AC8gRE-00039-00008853-00009041 [Music]
7u7i7AC8gRE-00040-00009042-00009359 I am the Good Shepherd
7u7i7AC8gRE-00041-00009360-00009533 the Good Shepherd giveth his life for
7u7i7AC8gRE-00042-00009534-00009752 this
7wtOuQtVzoU-00000-00000019-00000305 Yale world fellows is an international
7wtOuQtVzoU-00001-00000306-00000451 fellowship program at Yale University
7wtOuQtVzoU-00002-00000452-00000736 for mid-career emerging leaders who have
7wtOuQtVzoU-00003-00000737-00000886 distinguished themselves in their
7wtOuQtVzoU-00004-00000888-00001097 profession discipline or geographic
7wtOuQtVzoU-00005-00001098-00001424 region each year between 15 and 20
7wtOuQtVzoU-00006-00001425-00001612 participants known as world Fellows
7wtOuQtVzoU-00007-00001613-00001789 reside at Yale for the full academic
7wtOuQtVzoU-00008-00001791-00002138 term world Fellows are selected from a
7wtOuQtVzoU-00009-00002139-00002282 wide range of fields and disciplines
7wtOuQtVzoU-00010-00002283-00002471 including government business
7wtOuQtVzoU-00011-00002472-00002732 non-governmental organizations religion
7wtOuQtVzoU-00012-00002733-00003050 military media and the arts while at
7wtOuQtVzoU-00013-00003051-00003269 Yale world fellows participate in a
7wtOuQtVzoU-00014-00003270-00003461 global affairs seminar leadership
7wtOuQtVzoU-00015-00003461-00003806 workshops and Yale courses the program's
7wtOuQtVzoU-00016-00003807-00004013 main facilities are located in Betts
7wtOuQtVzoU-00017-00004014-00004241 house a university owned mansion in the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00018-00004242-00004445 Prospect Hill historic district of New
7wtOuQtVzoU-00019-00004446-00005563 Haven Connecticut topic origin in
7wtOuQtVzoU-00020-00005564-00005843 November 2000 university president Rick
7wtOuQtVzoU-00021-00005844-00005956 Levin announced several
7wtOuQtVzoU-00022-00005957-00006134 internationalization initiatives
7wtOuQtVzoU-00023-00006135-00006356 including the world Fellows Program in
7wtOuQtVzoU-00024-00006357-00006542 conjunction with the university's two
7wtOuQtVzoU-00025-00006543-00006800 centenary journalists and White House
7wtOuQtVzoU-00026-00006801-00006989 aide Brooke Shiro was appointed its
7wtOuQtVzoU-00027-00006990-00007210 founding director and Dan Esty its first
7wtOuQtVzoU-00028-00007211-00007502 program director the program moved into
7wtOuQtVzoU-00029-00007503-00007781 Beth's house restored in 2001 to house
7wtOuQtVzoU-00030-00007781-00008056 new international initiatives the first
7wtOuQtVzoU-00031-00008058-00008324 class of fellows was admitted in 2002
7wtOuQtVzoU-00032-00008325-00008666 since the program's establishment 257
7wtOuQtVzoU-00033-00008667-00008858 world fellows have been selected for the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00034-00008859-00009577 program representing 83 countries
7wtOuQtVzoU-00035-00009578-00010230 topic program the center of the Yale
7wtOuQtVzoU-00036-00010231-00010463 world Fellows program is a 15 week
7wtOuQtVzoU-00037-00010464-00010646 global affair seminar taught by
7wtOuQtVzoU-00038-00010647-00010946 distinguished Yale faculty each class of
7wtOuQtVzoU-00039-00010947-00011133 world fellows is exposed to both
7wtOuQtVzoU-00040-00011134-00011330 classical philosophical texts and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00041-00011331-00011544 current academic research sessions are
7wtOuQtVzoU-00042-00011545-00011727 facilitated by Yale School of Management
7wtOuQtVzoU-00043-00011728-00011927 faculty in entrepreneurship and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00044-00011928-00012162 innovation they also receive
7wtOuQtVzoU-00045-00012163-00012351 individualized coaching in public
7wtOuQtVzoU-00046-00012352-00012483 speaking in an off-the-record
7wtOuQtVzoU-00047-00012484-00012719 conversation series fellows have the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00048-00012720-00012927 opportunity to ask questions of global
7wtOuQtVzoU-00049-00012928-00013205 practitioners the program has hosted
7wtOuQtVzoU-00050-00013206-00013365 leaders like United Nations
7wtOuQtVzoU-00051-00013366-00013590 secretary-general Kofi Annan former
7wtOuQtVzoU-00052-00013591-00013800 heads of state and éstos elo and Tony
7wtOuQtVzoU-00053-00013801-00014061 Blair US Supreme Court justices Stephen
7wtOuQtVzoU-00054-00014062-00014238 Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00055-00014238-00014424 writers David Brooks and Elizabeth
7wtOuQtVzoU-00056-00014425-00014655 Alexander fellows can ordered almost any
7wtOuQtVzoU-00057-00014656-00014850 course offered at Yale University with
7wtOuQtVzoU-00058-00014851-00015056 the opportunity to develop individual or
7wtOuQtVzoU-00059-00015057-00015333 collaborative research projects they
7wtOuQtVzoU-00060-00015334-00015552 also spend time with Yale faculty and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00061-00015553-00015771 students giving lectures and engaging in
7wtOuQtVzoU-00062-00015772-00016050 informal dialogue while most program
7wtOuQtVzoU-00063-00016051-00016278 activities take place on campus in New
7wtOuQtVzoU-00064-00016279-00016521 Haven the program sponsors trips to New
7wtOuQtVzoU-00065-00016522-00017277 York City in Washington DC topic
7wtOuQtVzoU-00066-00017278-00017865 activities the program sponsors a
7wtOuQtVzoU-00067-00017866-00018093 variety of events every year including
7wtOuQtVzoU-00068-00018094-00018287 global conferences multimedia
7wtOuQtVzoU-00069-00018288-00018500 exhibitions and panel discussions on
7wtOuQtVzoU-00070-00018501-00018771 current events world fellows often
7wtOuQtVzoU-00071-00018772-00018933 initiate their own collaborative
7wtOuQtVzoU-00072-00018934-00019164 projects while at Yale such as the 7
7wtOuQtVzoU-00073-00019165-00019322 billionth person project an
7wtOuQtVzoU-00074-00019323-00019518 international multimedia effort that
7wtOuQtVzoU-00075-00019519-00019706 invites people to share through writings
7wtOuQtVzoU-00076-00019707-00019842 and art what they would say to the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00077-00019843-00020084 world's 7 billionth baby expected to be
7wtOuQtVzoU-00078-00020085-00020405 born sometime in 2011 in the same year
7wtOuQtVzoU-00079-00020406-00020612 the Yale world fellows hosted Yale
7wtOuQtVzoU-00080-00020613-00020928 University's first TEDx event TEDx Yale
7wtOuQtVzoU-00081-00020929-00021272 World fellows the return to Yale forum
7wtOuQtVzoU-00082-00021273-00021450 is held every other year and brings
7wtOuQtVzoU-00083-00021451-00021605 together current and former world
7wtOuQtVzoU-00084-00021606-00021803 fellows to meet and engage in debates
7wtOuQtVzoU-00085-00021804-00022068 about contemporary issues the most
7wtOuQtVzoU-00086-00022069-00022317 recent forum was held in October 2013
7wtOuQtVzoU-00087-00022318-00022539 and included discussions on social
7wtOuQtVzoU-00088-00022540-00022719 entrepreneurship corporate thinking
7wtOuQtVzoU-00089-00022720-00022776 active
7wtOuQtVzoU-00090-00022777-00022986 some art and culture and peace the world
7wtOuQtVzoU-00091-00022987-00023205 Fellows program also sponsors an annual
7wtOuQtVzoU-00092-00023206-00023484 global leadership series conference at
7wtOuQtVzoU-00093-00023485-00023679 these conferences held in cities
7wtOuQtVzoU-00094-00023680-00023892 internationally world Fellows alumni
7wtOuQtVzoU-00095-00023893-00024111 leaders in the region prospective world
7wtOuQtVzoU-00096-00024112-00024297 fellows nominees and others debate
7wtOuQtVzoU-00097-00024298-00024600 selected global topics past conferences
7wtOuQtVzoU-00098-00024601-00024834 have addressed issues such as the United
7wtOuQtVzoU-00099-00024835-00025068 Nations Global Compact contribution for
7wtOuQtVzoU-00100-00025069-00025203 addressing corporate social
7wtOuQtVzoU-00101-00025204-00026288 responsibility topic selection
7wtOuQtVzoU-00102-00026289-00026549 candidates for the program must be a
7wtOuQtVzoU-00103-00026550-00026772 citizen of a country other than the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00104-00026773-00027216 United States fluent in English in their
7wtOuQtVzoU-00105-00027217-00027435 early mid-career roughly five to twenty
7wtOuQtVzoU-00106-00027436-00027587 years into their professional lives
7wtOuQtVzoU-00107-00027588-00027807 approximately fifteen to twenty world
7wtOuQtVzoU-00108-00027808-00027989 fellows are selected for the program
7wtOuQtVzoU-00109-00027991-00028289 each year world fellows are selected for
7wtOuQtVzoU-00110-00028291-00028419 their work accomplishments and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00111-00028420-00028626 indications of future contributions and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00112-00028627-00028881 leadership they are required to reside
7wtOuQtVzoU-00113-00028882-00029079 full-time at Yale and participate in
7wtOuQtVzoU-00114-00029080-00029516 university life in 2013 approximately
7wtOuQtVzoU-00115-00029517-00029783 2,500 candidates applied for the program
7wtOuQtVzoU-00116-00029785-00030024 candidates can be nominated by anyone or
7wtOuQtVzoU-00117-00030025-00030206 can apply of their own initiative
7wtOuQtVzoU-00118-00030207-00030468 regional panels review semi-finalists
7wtOuQtVzoU-00119-00030469-00030633 candidates and a final selection
7wtOuQtVzoU-00120-00030633-00030839 committee aims to assemble a class of
7wtOuQtVzoU-00121-00030841-00031058 fellows that is diverse geographically
7wtOuQtVzoU-00122-00031060-00031251 balanced and representative of a wide
7wtOuQtVzoU-00123-00031252-00031443 range of professions talents and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00124-00031444-00032570 perspectives topic notable fellows
7wtOuQtVzoU-00125-00032570-00032889 Alexei Navalny a Moscow based lawyer and
7wtOuQtVzoU-00126-00032890-00033090 political opposition leader named one of
7wtOuQtVzoU-00127-00033091-00033375 Time Magazine's 201 to 100 most
7wtOuQtVzoU-00128-00033376-00033747 influential people Tim Jarvis Australian
7wtOuQtVzoU-00129-00033748-00034056 environmental scientist Maria Corina
7wtOuQtVzoU-00130-00034057-00034308 Machado venezuelan congresswoman an
7wtOuQtVzoU-00131-00034309-00034524 opposition leader named one of BBC's
7wtOuQtVzoU-00132-00034525-00034773 world's 100 most influential women in
7wtOuQtVzoU-00133-00034774-00035112 2018 given Bromberg Israeli
7wtOuQtVzoU-00134-00035113-00035307 environmental activist named one of
7wtOuQtVzoU-00135-00035308-00035595 times environmental heroes of the year
7wtOuQtVzoU-00136-00035596-00036042 in 2008 Abu Bakr Jame Moroccan
7wtOuQtVzoU-00137-00036043-00036159 journalist Kofi
7wtOuQtVzoU-00138-00036160-00036471 of lesion all Hebda media margin
7wtOuQtVzoU-00139-00036472-00036690 environmental activists winner of the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00140-00036691-00037074 2012 goldman environmental prize Norbert
7wtOuQtVzoU-00141-00037075-00037329 mal 2011 presidential candidate for the
7wtOuQtVzoU-00142-00037330-00037659 Democratic Party of Uganda Mohammed L
7wtOuQtVzoU-00143-00037660-00037884 fear me Egyptian diplomat and consul of
7wtOuQtVzoU-00144-00037885-00038295 Egypt in Damascus from 2010 to 2012 rui
7wtOuQtVzoU-00145-00038296-00038640 chenggang Chinese news anchor Martin
7wtOuQtVzoU-00146-00038641-00038829 loose toe national deputy and ex
7wtOuQtVzoU-00147-00038830-00039135 Minister of Economy of Argentina actual
7wtOuQtVzoU-00148-00039136-00039467 ambassador of Argentina in United States
7wtOuQtVzoU-00149-00039468-00039750 pallab spent Creta algerian german
7wtOuQtVzoU-00150-00039751-00040056 social innovator 2013 n di democracy
7wtOuQtVzoU-00151-00040057-00040196 Award recipient
7wtOuQtVzoU-00152-00040197-00040464 Marvin Reis mayor of Bristol United
7wtOuQtVzoU-00153-00040465-00040725 Kingdom
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00000-00000263-00000912 foreign
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00001-00000913-00001204 I'm gonna need new pants
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00002-00001205-00001415 hey those psychos from up North they've
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00003-00001416-00001565 been on the horn and they're coming down
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00004-00001566-00001780 here soon now where is the Goddamn money
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00005-00001782-00002123 relax relax we're not at that point Oh I
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00006-00002124-00002249 thought that you were taking care of
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00007-00002250-00002489 this I really did
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00008-00002490-00002675 and now those guidos say we gotta do
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00009-00002676-00002867 them a favor I mean I gotta do them a
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00010-00002868-00003107 favor oh of course that's what I mean do
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00011-00003108-00003383 I look like I can intimidate a jury I
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00012-00003384-00003538 couldn't intimidate a child and believe
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00013-00003539-00003809 me I've tried now look it's either that
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00014-00003810-00004043 or Farrelli's cousin Giorgio gets five
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00015-00004044-00004301 years for fraud you gotta take these
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00016-00004302-00004475 guys out I understand help the jury
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00017-00004476-00004643 change their minds don't worry about it
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00018-00004644-00004877 no no no no no no no no no I tried that
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00019-00004878-00005170 the jury case didn't go so well
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00020-00005171-00005651 so make them change their minds
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00021-00005652-00005951 hooray more crap to wipe up what did I
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00022-00005952-00006967 do wrong in a past life
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00023-00006968-00007655 dumb Florida
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00024-00007656-00008127 foreign
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00025-00008128-00009352 [Music]
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00026-00009353-00009873 [Music]
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00027-00009874-00012774 [Applause]
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00028-00012775-00014897 thank you
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00029-00014897-00015755 uh
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00030-00015756-00015872 -huh
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00032-00020354-00020608 I can't believe this is happening not
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00033-00020609-00021662 guilty understand good
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00034-00021663-00022511 [Music]
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00036-00028038-00028373 hey man my God leave my damn car alone
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00037-00028374-00028608 man money honey
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00038-00028610-00028924 yo man I still got payments to make on
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00039-00028925-00029099 this
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00040-00029100-00029573 oh please God someone help me you know
7xiofoZZ8nQ-00041-00029574-00029882 he's not guilty
7yVHW_FaR3o-00000-00001327-00002583 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00001-00002584-00002702 hey
7yVHW_FaR3o-00002-00002703-00005663 hey he's gay
7yVHW_FaR3o-00003-00005664-00005959 don't
7yVHW_FaR3o-00005-00010768-00010888 hey
7yVHW_FaR3o-00006-00010889-00011863 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00007-00011864-00012179 oh
7yVHW_FaR3o-00008-00012180-00013752 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00009-00013753-00014461 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00010-00014462-00015046 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00011-00015047-00016407 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00012-00016408-00017079 here we go
7yVHW_FaR3o-00013-00017080-00017534 another one
7yVHW_FaR3o-00014-00017535-00019183 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00015-00019184-00019383 hey guys hey guys
7yVHW_FaR3o-00016-00019384-00019550 you guys promised me i don't want to
7yVHW_FaR3o-00017-00019551-00019679 heckle
7yVHW_FaR3o-00018-00019680-00019911 i was partying all last night
7yVHW_FaR3o-00019-00019912-00020022 my voice
7yVHW_FaR3o-00020-00020023-00020758 at home
7yVHW_FaR3o-00021-00020759-00021111 you know what it's
7yVHW_FaR3o-00022-00021112-00021703 because okay people are crazy
7yVHW_FaR3o-00023-00021704-00022158 are you hot come on let's go
7yVHW_FaR3o-00024-00022159-00022350 hey hey hey
7yVHW_FaR3o-00025-00022351-00022483 you might want to bring it
7yVHW_FaR3o-00026-00022484-00024391 back york
7yVHW_FaR3o-00027-00024392-00026399 yes
7yVHW_FaR3o-00028-00026400-00026718 good luck
7yVHW_FaR3o-00029-00026719-00026951 you're gonna need it
7yVHW_FaR3o-00030-00026952-00027207 hey wait yeah my jump is still not
7yVHW_FaR3o-00031-00027208-00027327 complete
7yVHW_FaR3o-00032-00027327-00027639 without one one one
7yVHW_FaR3o-00033-00027639-00028062 asian guy
7yVHW_FaR3o-00034-00028063-00028758 come on let's go join me here
7yVHW_FaR3o-00035-00028760-00029767 hey strength
7yVHW_FaR3o-00036-00029768-00031599 eh
7yVHW_FaR3o-00037-00031600-00033527 ever again
7yVHW_FaR3o-00038-00033528-00035039 nobody
7yVHW_FaR3o-00039-00035040-00036367 i know
7yVHW_FaR3o-00040-00036368-00036583 you can
7yVHW_FaR3o-00041-00036584-00036774 you can tell all your friends and tweet
7yVHW_FaR3o-00042-00036775-00037151 this you're gonna die
7yVHW_FaR3o-00043-00037152-00037462 and she's getting tweeted
7yVHW_FaR3o-00044-00037463-00037879 nobody moves nobody gets hurt
7yVHW_FaR3o-00045-00037880-00038102 straight line lately straight line
7yVHW_FaR3o-00046-00038103-00038271 behind head
7yVHW_FaR3o-00047-00038272-00038551 head behind head
7yVHW_FaR3o-00048-00038552-00038639 hey
7yVHW_FaR3o-00049-00038640-00039085 white guys
7yVHW_FaR3o-00050-00039086-00040327 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00051-00040328-00040574 they always say you can't party come to
7yVHW_FaR3o-00052-00040575-00040687 work
7yVHW_FaR3o-00053-00040688-00042102 it's
7yVHW_FaR3o-00054-00042103-00042501 are you guys having a great time
7yVHW_FaR3o-00055-00042502-00042735 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00056-00042736-00043039 hey guys once again before i run
7yVHW_FaR3o-00057-00043040-00043462 jump flip win bow and get up
7yVHW_FaR3o-00058-00043463-00043695 all you guys are gonna leave
7yVHW_FaR3o-00059-00043696-00043839 and that's not right
7yVHW_FaR3o-00060-00043840-00044087 hey guys once again like i said in the
7yVHW_FaR3o-00061-00044088-00044311 beginning of the show for those who do
7yVHW_FaR3o-00062-00044312-00044623 not have please stay where you are and
7yVHW_FaR3o-00063-00044624-00044911 watch me take the jump if you walk away
7yVHW_FaR3o-00064-00044912-00045118 and leave right now you'll kill a great
7yVHW_FaR3o-00065-00045119-00045383 show hey guys once again
7yVHW_FaR3o-00066-00045384-00045711 for those who do not have please stay
7yVHW_FaR3o-00067-00045712-00046030 where you are and watch me take the jump
7yVHW_FaR3o-00068-00046031-00046446 at the end of the show walk up
7yVHW_FaR3o-00069-00046447-00046718 shake my hand and say god bless keep the
7yVHW_FaR3o-00070-00046719-00047023 good job up because that counts also
7yVHW_FaR3o-00071-00047024-00047246 hey guys for those who do have i'm
7yVHW_FaR3o-00072-00047247-00047446 coming around folks and please show your
7yVHW_FaR3o-00073-00047447-00047607 love support
7yVHW_FaR3o-00074-00047608-00047743 keyword
7yVHW_FaR3o-00075-00047744-00047990 when you do decide to donate
7yVHW_FaR3o-00076-00047991-00048095 please
7yVHW_FaR3o-00077-00048096-00048262 give a glow
7yVHW_FaR3o-00078-00048263-00048630 i would hate or anger because if you do
7yVHW_FaR3o-00079-00048631-00048927 they're gonna die
7yVHW_FaR3o-00080-00048928-00049190 once again if you give him a love it
7yVHW_FaR3o-00081-00049191-00049358 feels much better
7yVHW_FaR3o-00082-00049359-00049535 guys i'm coming around
7yVHW_FaR3o-00083-00049536-00050615 nobody moves nobody gets hurt
7yVHW_FaR3o-00084-00050616-00052350 we go
7yVHW_FaR3o-00085-00052351-00053814 here we go
7yVHW_FaR3o-00086-00053815-00054815 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00087-00054816-00056591 wow
7yVHW_FaR3o-00088-00056591-00058094 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00089-00058095-00058475 oh
7yVHW_FaR3o-00090-00058476-00059577 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00091-00059578-00059667 [Applause]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00092-00059669-00061233 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00093-00061234-00061663 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00094-00061664-00063055 everybody else
7yVHW_FaR3o-00095-00063057-00063339 [Laughter]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00096-00063340-00065467 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00097-00065469-00066423 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00098-00066424-00067056 so
7yVHW_FaR3o-00099-00067057-00067985 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00100-00067986-00068760 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00101-00068761-00069721 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00102-00069722-00070687 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00103-00070688-00071363 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00104-00071364-00072350 [Music]
7yVHW_FaR3o-00105-00072351-00072560 you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00001-00004076-00004295 also uh Sam you want to do me a huge
7zqJkmkcm4u-00002-00004296-00004727 favor you want to tell Patrick to get on
7zqJkmkcm4u-00004-00008940-00009521 get over here
7zqJkmkcm4u-00005-00009522-00009751 oh
7zqJkmkcm4u-00006-00009752-00010133 gosh guy again
7zqJkmkcm4u-00007-00010134-00010367 just be extra careful Sam not the wordy
7zqJkmkcm4u-00008-00010368-00010577 I don't want to have a failure Montage
7zqJkmkcm4u-00009-00010578-00010883 after you this time enough I will not
7zqJkmkcm4u-00010-00010884-00011153 have a feeling on my eyes even though
7zqJkmkcm4u-00011-00011154-00011369 hey I was like
7zqJkmkcm4u-00012-00011370-00012773 hmm
7zqJkmkcm4u-00013-00012774-00013405 are you sure about that
7zqJkmkcm4u-00014-00013406-00013721 remains to be seen by foot time being
7zqJkmkcm4u-00015-00013722-00015253 I'll see how it is
7zqJkmkcm4u-00016-00015254-00015383 [Applause]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00017-00015384-00015653 um
7zqJkmkcm4u-00018-00015654-00015808 you better know what you're doing hey
7zqJkmkcm4u-00019-00015809-00016129 nope got an idea
7zqJkmkcm4u-00020-00016130-00016397 I don't know what you're doing better no
7zqJkmkcm4u-00021-00016398-00017111 spot
7zqJkmkcm4u-00022-00017112-00017347 s
7zqJkmkcm4u-00023-00017348-00017684 all right fine
7zqJkmkcm4u-00024-00017685-00018757 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00025-00018758-00018883 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00026-00018884-00019200 You Gotta Move It Up
7zqJkmkcm4u-00027-00019201-00019486 go go go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00028-00019487-00019747 I hear witch
7zqJkmkcm4u-00029-00019748-00021125 no slow down
7zqJkmkcm4u-00030-00021126-00021700 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00031-00021701-00022361 here
7zqJkmkcm4u-00032-00022362-00023221 foreign
7zqJkmkcm4u-00033-00023222-00023453 I can just imagine that's what he would
7zqJkmkcm4u-00034-00023454-00023657 say
7zqJkmkcm4u-00035-00023658-00024024 I would probably be right first
7zqJkmkcm4u-00036-00024025-00024563 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00037-00024564-00025179 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00038-00025180-00025728 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00039-00025729-00027107 oh man
7zqJkmkcm4u-00040-00027108-00027340 also these guys sound like they're gorns
7zqJkmkcm4u-00041-00027341-00027757 I don't know why
7zqJkmkcm4u-00042-00027758-00027983 I hit hard
7zqJkmkcm4u-00043-00027983-00028246 what are these freaking green potions
7zqJkmkcm4u-00044-00028247-00028393 is it like
7zqJkmkcm4u-00045-00028394-00028667 must be blue
7zqJkmkcm4u-00046-00028668-00029131 what does it do Oakwood armor
7zqJkmkcm4u-00047-00029132-00029887 I don't know
7zqJkmkcm4u-00048-00029888-00030593 remember to use
7zqJkmkcm4u-00049-00030594-00030946 oops
7zqJkmkcm4u-00050-00030947-00031567 came back for more
7zqJkmkcm4u-00051-00031568-00032117 language you speak is failure ah where's
7zqJkmkcm4u-00052-00032118-00032508 that dark blue
7zqJkmkcm4u-00053-00032510-00032801 emotional damage
7zqJkmkcm4u-00054-00032802-00033043 probably put you down hashtag
7zqJkmkcm4u-00055-00033044-00033340 weirdasianflex but okay weird evening
7zqJkmkcm4u-00056-00033341-00033505 Flex for me
7zqJkmkcm4u-00057-00033506-00033881 uh I don't know if Patrick ever would do
7zqJkmkcm4u-00058-00033882-00033973 that
7zqJkmkcm4u-00059-00033974-00034471 he does like to flex here and there
7zqJkmkcm4u-00060-00034472-00035695 and it below
7zqJkmkcm4u-00061-00035696-00036587 you eat it we're not coming awesome
7zqJkmkcm4u-00062-00036588-00036767 we got into this I have one keeps me
7zqJkmkcm4u-00063-00036768-00037909 alive
7zqJkmkcm4u-00064-00037910-00038209 yep signs are enchanted
7zqJkmkcm4u-00065-00038210-00038868 slams chance
7zqJkmkcm4u-00066-00038869-00039211 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00067-00039212-00040261 oh God
7zqJkmkcm4u-00068-00040262-00040535 how hard I try to hit
7zqJkmkcm4u-00069-00040536-00040690 the quack
7zqJkmkcm4u-00070-00040691-00040996 ity
7zqJkmkcm4u-00071-00040997-00041777 quack
7zqJkmkcm4u-00072-00041778-00042301 thank you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00073-00042302-00042529 I need to
7zqJkmkcm4u-00074-00042530-00043080 oh my God
7zqJkmkcm4u-00075-00043081-00043411 hit him yeah
7zqJkmkcm4u-00076-00043412-00043726 some canisters what
7zqJkmkcm4u-00077-00043727-00044446 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00078-00044447-00044693 I hear a large graph
7zqJkmkcm4u-00079-00044694-00045011 want to come in they're coming
7zqJkmkcm4u-00080-00045012-00045107 hello
7zqJkmkcm4u-00081-00045108-00046145 there
7zqJkmkcm4u-00082-00046146-00046402 also I got a little I mean I gotta like
7zqJkmkcm4u-00083-00046403-00046602 enchant my stuff I'm gonna solve it
7zqJkmkcm4u-00084-00046603-00046823 anything below my level is gonna get
7zqJkmkcm4u-00085-00046824-00047048 salvaged
7zqJkmkcm4u-00086-00047049-00047230 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00087-00047231-00047449 another outside
7zqJkmkcm4u-00088-00047450-00047867 in the jungle
7zqJkmkcm4u-00089-00047868-00048083 does it really count as armor but it's
7zqJkmkcm4u-00090-00048084-00048251 cloth armor
7zqJkmkcm4u-00091-00048252-00048630 maybe to protect against the lead
7zqJkmkcm4u-00092-00048631-00049165 damage
7zqJkmkcm4u-00093-00049166-00050299 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00094-00050300-00050718 the whole entire thing
7zqJkmkcm4u-00095-00050719-00051096 we've been sweeping I'm sweeping them
7zqJkmkcm4u-00096-00051097-00051587 something hot
7zqJkmkcm4u-00097-00051588-00052164 pull the rock out from beneath the key
7zqJkmkcm4u-00098-00052165-00053711 Here Comes
7zqJkmkcm4u-00099-00053712-00054054 all right come on
7zqJkmkcm4u-00100-00054055-00054359 all right Patrick if you're listening I
7zqJkmkcm4u-00101-00054360-00054629 want you to put the troll guy theme song
7zqJkmkcm4u-00102-00054629-00054865 in there
7zqJkmkcm4u-00103-00054866-00055175 you mean the new control song yeah the
7zqJkmkcm4u-00104-00055176-00055861 troll a little song why I don't know
7zqJkmkcm4u-00105-00055862-00058765 yeah it is
7zqJkmkcm4u-00106-00058766-00059179 below the topsoil
7zqJkmkcm4u-00107-00059179-00059835 also garage
7zqJkmkcm4u-00108-00059836-00061123 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00109-00061124-00061300 oh here comes
7zqJkmkcm4u-00110-00061301-00063171 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00111-00063172-00064141 [Applause]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00112-00064141-00064415 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00114-00067500-00068044 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00115-00068045-00068293 I like so
7zqJkmkcm4u-00116-00068294-00069643 let's see
7zqJkmkcm4u-00117-00069644-00070427 he's blowing at us
7zqJkmkcm4u-00118-00070428-00070938 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00119-00070939-00071611 there's so many to smash
7zqJkmkcm4u-00120-00071612-00072719 next dang it
7zqJkmkcm4u-00121-00072720-00073013 also thing
7zqJkmkcm4u-00122-00073014-00073594 Nana
7zqJkmkcm4u-00123-00073595-00074388 All Right Moving On
7zqJkmkcm4u-00124-00074389-00074650 attention if you play this game there's
7zqJkmkcm4u-00125-00074651-00074938 just nothing but bombs everywhere just
7zqJkmkcm4u-00126-00074939-00075155 one wave of Love everywhere there's free
7zqJkmkcm4u-00127-00075156-00075413 space there's mobs
7zqJkmkcm4u-00128-00075414-00075761 in areas where it's unnecessary
7zqJkmkcm4u-00129-00075762-00075937 you just have to plow through everything
7zqJkmkcm4u-00130-00075938-00076132 or it'll probably kill the computer
7zqJkmkcm4u-00131-00076133-00076403 first
7zqJkmkcm4u-00132-00076404-00076741 anyway
7zqJkmkcm4u-00133-00076742-00079476 that's all nothing much
7zqJkmkcm4u-00134-00079477-00079799 what the hell are you doing Sam what the
7zqJkmkcm4u-00135-00079800-00081019 hell is going on there Sam
7zqJkmkcm4u-00136-00081020-00081873 okay I'm back all right back
7zqJkmkcm4u-00137-00081874-00083437 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00138-00083438-00084094 oh my gosh this place is dead
7zqJkmkcm4u-00139-00084095-00084388 these guys laughing my face they got
7zqJkmkcm4u-00140-00084389-00085310 Voodoo techniques of the Jungle Seas
7zqJkmkcm4u-00141-00085311-00085456 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00142-00085457-00085888 awesome
7zqJkmkcm4u-00143-00085889-00086171 okay now it's time to go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00144-00086172-00086705 time to get up and make it work some
7zqJkmkcm4u-00145-00086706-00086982 um
7zqJkmkcm4u-00146-00086983-00087425 because my gun and I will
7zqJkmkcm4u-00147-00087426-00087682 you're well you're not in USA so you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00148-00087683-00087971 don't have political speechmen today I'm
7zqJkmkcm4u-00149-00087972-00088103 not expecting rights what are you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00150-00088104-00088332 talking about
7zqJkmkcm4u-00151-00088333-00088699 you speak in Indian I will speak
7zqJkmkcm4u-00152-00088700-00089111 India in as well okay
7zqJkmkcm4u-00153-00089112-00089326 okay I you have an awful habit of
7zqJkmkcm4u-00154-00089327-00089567 copying me this is gotta be an Indian
7zqJkmkcm4u-00155-00089568-00090088 stream no no it's not
7zqJkmkcm4u-00156-00090089-00090353 now just because I randomly speaking an
7zqJkmkcm4u-00157-00090354-00090515 Indian accent does that mean that I have
7zqJkmkcm4u-00158-00090516-00092659 to rename the stream that way
7zqJkmkcm4u-00159-00092660-00092881 so I can get that
7zqJkmkcm4u-00160-00092882-00093289 Radiance enchantment
7zqJkmkcm4u-00161-00093290-00093571 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00162-00093572-00093821 Patrick said he can because he's like
7zqJkmkcm4u-00163-00093822-00095112 not able to walk it's not easy
7zqJkmkcm4u-00164-00095113-00096144 to take so long
7zqJkmkcm4u-00165-00096145-00096912 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00166-00096913-00097318 what do I expect okay so Sonny I think
7zqJkmkcm4u-00167-00097319-00097576 we need to open the
7zqJkmkcm4u-00168-00097577-00097721 you should know they said there's
7zqJkmkcm4u-00169-00097722-00098123 there's 11 secrets in this
7zqJkmkcm4u-00170-00098124-00099797 there's 11 secrets
7zqJkmkcm4u-00171-00099798-00100474 another
7zqJkmkcm4u-00172-00100475-00100709 okay so we have to go to the South I
7zqJkmkcm4u-00173-00100710-00100859 think
7zqJkmkcm4u-00174-00100860-00100997 yeah we need to go through this stuff
7zqJkmkcm4u-00175-00100998-00101249 first
7zqJkmkcm4u-00176-00101250-00101837 that is where we are supposed to go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00177-00101838-00102221 area that's kind of exploring
7zqJkmkcm4u-00178-00102222-00103584 radius
7zqJkmkcm4u-00179-00103585-00103960 there we go all right leveling up okay
7zqJkmkcm4u-00180-00103961-00106236 guys
7zqJkmkcm4u-00181-00106238-00106534 also okay
7zqJkmkcm4u-00182-00106535-00106889 love for me
7zqJkmkcm4u-00183-00106890-00107165 Sam
7zqJkmkcm4u-00184-00107166-00107386 what did I say
7zqJkmkcm4u-00185-00107388-00107657 what the hell yeah at least it's not
7zqJkmkcm4u-00186-00107658-00108827 very ahead
7zqJkmkcm4u-00187-00108828-00108989 these guys
7zqJkmkcm4u-00188-00108990-00109361 for a second three two one get up now
7zqJkmkcm4u-00189-00109363-00109507 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00190-00109508-00110638 Sam what's up
7zqJkmkcm4u-00191-00110639-00110845 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00192-00110846-00111649 one more time
7zqJkmkcm4u-00193-00111650-00112001 yeah one more time Patrick give your
7zqJkmkcm4u-00194-00112002-00112415 face
7zqJkmkcm4u-00195-00112416-00113063 you said
7zqJkmkcm4u-00196-00113064-00113273 now I'm getting back in the cave and if
7zqJkmkcm4u-00197-00113274-00113657 you die again oh God
7zqJkmkcm4u-00198-00113658-00114136 that's your own thing
7zqJkmkcm4u-00199-00114138-00114490 bro the sandwich is actually very easy
7zqJkmkcm4u-00200-00114491-00116023 huh
7zqJkmkcm4u-00201-00116024-00116633 well that's it what are you doing
7zqJkmkcm4u-00203-00121358-00121997 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00204-00121998-00122286 how are you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00205-00122288-00122525 you down one more time you're getting a
7zqJkmkcm4u-00206-00122526-00122710 face fall it's not it's just a random
7zqJkmkcm4u-00207-00122711-00122886 area we can just go for another chest
7zqJkmkcm4u-00208-00122888-00123107 all right that's it Patrick give it
7zqJkmkcm4u-00209-00123108-00123302 another face palm
7zqJkmkcm4u-00210-00123303-00123516 [Applause]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00211-00123517-00123997 Are you seriously
7zqJkmkcm4u-00212-00123998-00124307 I told you you die one more time you get
7zqJkmkcm4u-00213-00124308-00124463 a face ball
7zqJkmkcm4u-00214-00124464-00125125 I heard someone
7zqJkmkcm4u-00215-00125126-00125466 please
7zqJkmkcm4u-00216-00125467-00126415 I think
7zqJkmkcm4u-00217-00126416-00127110 get up now
7zqJkmkcm4u-00218-00127111-00127375 on your Facebook
7zqJkmkcm4u-00219-00127376-00127860 uh I just got the DLC so Seminary
7zqJkmkcm4u-00220-00127861-00128099 if you can get in you can join us for
7zqJkmkcm4u-00221-00128100-00128766 the second round of the DLC
7zqJkmkcm4u-00222-00128767-00129145 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00223-00129146-00130008 some burgers
7zqJkmkcm4u-00224-00130009-00130540 I got my sword on a stick is soul pee
7zqJkmkcm4u-00225-00130541-00130884 I love my sword on a stick I didn't even
7zqJkmkcm4u-00226-00130885-00131431 figure sword on an even bigger stick
7zqJkmkcm4u-00227-00131432-00131854 and yes wait for you to fail Sam
7zqJkmkcm4u-00228-00131855-00132121 bound to happen one of these days
7zqJkmkcm4u-00229-00132122-00132371 all right Patrick you know what to do
7zqJkmkcm4u-00230-00132372-00133007 only language you speak is failure
7zqJkmkcm4u-00231-00133008-00135171 perked up soon
7zqJkmkcm4u-00232-00135172-00135833 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00233-00135834-00135968 foreign
7zqJkmkcm4u-00235-00139038-00139337 all right here's how it is Sam
7zqJkmkcm4u-00236-00139338-00139601 the next time you die you're gonna get a
7zqJkmkcm4u-00237-00139602-00139840 super face poem I'm gonna let Patrick
7zqJkmkcm4u-00238-00139841-00140302 find out what that means
7zqJkmkcm4u-00239-00140303-00140531 if you do one more time after that I'll
7zqJkmkcm4u-00240-00140532-00142147 get him to do failure montage
7zqJkmkcm4u-00241-00142148-00143116 I accept that
7zqJkmkcm4u-00242-00143117-00144966 whatever
7zqJkmkcm4u-00243-00144967-00145397 weird flowers from Jumanji and Jumanji
7zqJkmkcm4u-00244-00145398-00145643 flowers that's what these things are to
7zqJkmkcm4u-00245-00145644-00145978 me Jumanji flowers
7zqJkmkcm4u-00246-00145979-00146261 is that weird poisonous bar fly like
7zqJkmkcm4u-00247-00146262-00146585 from the movie Jumanji
7zqJkmkcm4u-00248-00146586-00146909 like not the crappy remakes
7zqJkmkcm4u-00249-00146910-00147095 like the original Jumanji with Robin
7zqJkmkcm4u-00250-00147096-00147197 Williams
7zqJkmkcm4u-00251-00147198-00147631 come on oh my God
7zqJkmkcm4u-00252-00147632-00147821 I was watching the stream by the way
7zqJkmkcm4u-00253-00147822-00147947 just finished eating when I get like a
7zqJkmkcm4u-00254-00147948-00148823 given Sam Facebook
7zqJkmkcm4u-00255-00148824-00149045 yeah I'm pretty sure Patrick knows what
7zqJkmkcm4u-00256-00149046-00149147 to do
7zqJkmkcm4u-00257-00149148-00149875 once you get to editing the stream
7zqJkmkcm4u-00258-00149876-00152178 so there's a pretty good timing
7zqJkmkcm4u-00259-00152179-00152573 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00260-00152574-00153871 turn it off
7zqJkmkcm4u-00261-00153872-00154157 I don't know I I don't know why a slew
7zqJkmkcm4u-00262-00154158-00154837 of like 50s or 60s themes pop in my head
7zqJkmkcm4u-00263-00154838-00155147 the happiness theme song from the
7zqJkmkcm4u-00264-00155148-00155411 original Happy Days intro I don't know
7zqJkmkcm4u-00265-00155412-00155614 why
7zqJkmkcm4u-00266-00155615-00155890 it just popped in my head
7zqJkmkcm4u-00267-00155891-00156216 uh
7zqJkmkcm4u-00268-00156217-00157422 back here
7zqJkmkcm4u-00269-00157423-00158135 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00270-00158136-00158340 all right
7zqJkmkcm4u-00271-00158341-00158671 everybody
7zqJkmkcm4u-00272-00158672-00159071 die again go back to the ground
7zqJkmkcm4u-00273-00159072-00159685 play that and don't get back up
7zqJkmkcm4u-00274-00159686-00160007 search for Clues what is this a murder
7zqJkmkcm4u-00275-00160008-00160145 mystery
7zqJkmkcm4u-00276-00160146-00160537 search
7zqJkmkcm4u-00277-00160538-00162089 ing preference
7zqJkmkcm4u-00278-00162090-00162251 all right where's the extra button
7zqJkmkcm4u-00279-00162252-00162461 where's that button oh there's that
7zqJkmkcm4u-00280-00162462-00162701 extra button button
7zqJkmkcm4u-00281-00162702-00163066 door open
7zqJkmkcm4u-00282-00163067-00163723 mob spawn
7zqJkmkcm4u-00283-00163724-00164113 much more
7zqJkmkcm4u-00284-00164114-00164573 watch it I'm watching it thank you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00285-00164574-00164707 yeah
7zqJkmkcm4u-00286-00164708-00165173 no yeah oh here comes the big boys
7zqJkmkcm4u-00287-00165174-00165881 it comes a big boy here comes a boy
7zqJkmkcm4u-00288-00165882-00167257 there we go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00289-00167258-00167609 there we go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00290-00167610-00167926 back to the Moss
7zqJkmkcm4u-00291-00167927-00168251 one of these days I'm gonna treat moss
7zqJkmkcm4u-00292-00168252-00168425 on a tree is if a road intelligence
7zqJkmkcm4u-00293-00168426-00168725 struck structure like for example you
7zqJkmkcm4u-00294-00168726-00169013 got less less intelligence than moss on
7zqJkmkcm4u-00295-00169014-00170221 a tree
7zqJkmkcm4u-00296-00170222-00170421 still within the heart
7zqJkmkcm4u-00297-00170422-00170875 [Music]
7zqJkmkcm4u-00298-00170876-00171376 with a big beating heart lies literal
7zqJkmkcm4u-00299-00171377-00171773 like Gaia from God of War 3
7zqJkmkcm4u-00300-00171774-00172235 yeah that'd be too simple
7zqJkmkcm4u-00301-00172236-00172609 oh
7zqJkmkcm4u-00302-00172610-00172966 all right there it's at there we go
7zqJkmkcm4u-00303-00172967-00173147 you're still Level 21. it's your guy
7zqJkmkcm4u-00304-00173148-00173423 you're still level 21.
7zqJkmkcm4u-00305-00173424-00173743 no wonder hey
7zqJkmkcm4u-00306-00173744-00173976 call me here
7zqJkmkcm4u-00307-00173977-00174251 uh I did I was waiting for you to go on
7zqJkmkcm4u-00308-00174252-00174569 I want to get on
7zqJkmkcm4u-00309-00174570-00175569 [Music]
7z-CnKAjZSy-00000-00000554-00000784 all right this one has kind of got a
7z-CnKAjZSy-00001-00000785-00001000 hidden gem inside of it it's called the
7z-CnKAjZSy-00002-00001001-00001743 move of all Jim Premack principle
7z-CnKAjZSy-00003-00001744-00002051 which that's not really don't know it's
7z-CnKAjZSy-00004-00002052-00002324 not I should Premack principle with okay
7z-CnKAjZSy-00005-00002325-00002495 I'm sorry Premack I don't mean to
7z-CnKAjZSy-00006-00002496-00002758 bastardize your principal I'm so Premack
7z-CnKAjZSy-00007-00002759-00002963 principle it's really cool let's do the
7z-CnKAjZSy-00008-00002964-00003295 simple part first action can be
7z-CnKAjZSy-00009-00003296-00003706 reinforcing so behavior itself can
7z-CnKAjZSy-00010-00003707-00004127 reinforce behavior right sorry
7z-CnKAjZSy-00011-00004128-00004358 so Premack talked about that a lot and
7z-CnKAjZSy-00012-00004359-00004501 then we developed the Premack principle
7z-CnKAjZSy-00013-00004502-00004847 accordingly which was that access to
7z-CnKAjZSy-00014-00004848-00005143 high probability behavior can reinforce
7z-CnKAjZSy-00015-00005144-00005459 low probability behavior you want to eat
7z-CnKAjZSy-00016-00005460-00005711 a cookie eat your vegetables first you
7z-CnKAjZSy-00017-00005712-00005806 want to go outside play with your
7z-CnKAjZSy-00018-00005807-00006136 friends first high probability behavior
7z-CnKAjZSy-00019-00006137-00006317 stuff you want to do stuff like highly
7z-CnKAjZSy-00020-00006318-00006514 reinforcing to you or stuff that there's
7z-CnKAjZSy-00021-00006515-00006755 a strong motivation motivating operation
7z-CnKAjZSy-00022-00006756-00007127 has been established for will oftentimes
7z-CnKAjZSy-00023-00007128-00007325 reinforce behavior that has a low
7z-CnKAjZSy-00024-00007326-00007549 probability of occurence right the
7z-CnKAjZSy-00025-00007550-00007733 hidden gem that I'm talking about is
7z-CnKAjZSy-00026-00007734-00008051 that this is really powerful in thinking
7z-CnKAjZSy-00027-00008052-00008278 about what is really a reinforcer is a
7z-CnKAjZSy-00028-00008279-00008553 stimulus a reinforcer or is it an action
7z-CnKAjZSy-00029-00008554-00008792 all right you know there's some
7z-CnKAjZSy-00030-00008793-00008924 interesting thoughts to be had there
7z-CnKAjZSy-00031-00008925-00009155 because the only way you can you know
7z-CnKAjZSy-00032-00009156-00009331 sort of you know experience a stimulus
7z-CnKAjZSy-00033-00009332-00009499 is to you know taste it eat it drink it
7z-CnKAjZSy-00034-00009500-00009626 you know that sort of thing you get my
7z-CnKAjZSy-00035-00009627-00009791 idea here there's always a behavior
7z-CnKAjZSy-00036-00009792-00010031 involved so Premack principle is kind of
7z-CnKAjZSy-00037-00010032-00010171 like grandma's rule you got to do the
7z-CnKAjZSy-00038-00010172-00010370 hard stuff before you do the fun stuff
7z-CnKAjZSy-00039-00010371-00010520 pre-med principal works really really
7z-CnKAjZSy-00040-00010521-00010949 well in applied settings and parenting
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00000-00000583-00000854 hello everyone my name is nona chith
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00001-00000855-00001127 fassabath i am 16 years old and i am
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00002-00001128-00001423 cambodian in la ocean today i decided to
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00003-00001424-00001630 share a piece of me that i will always
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00004-00001632-00001791 be proud of
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00005-00001792-00002023 it it all started with the khmer rouge
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00006-00002023-00002107 around
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00007-00002108-00002423 1968 the khmer rouge was a communist
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00008-00002424-00002607 party that started the cambodian
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00009-00002608-00002871 genocide families were forced to work
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00010-00002872-00003110 under them if anyone retaliated they
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00011-00003111-00003311 would be severely punished
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00012-00003311-00003583 they were given small rations of food if
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00013-00003584-00003783 anyone tried to steal more rations they
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00014-00003784-00004103 would also be either killed or punished
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00015-00004104-00004286 but how this connects to me is because
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00016-00004287-00004447 of my grandparents
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00017-00004448-00004695 my grandpa and my grandmother
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00018-00004696-00005070 in cambodian we call grandpa's tha
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00019-00005071-00005375 and call our grandmothers yay
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00020-00005376-00005606 during the genocide my grandfather
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00021-00005607-00005735 fought in it
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00022-00005736-00006022 he was a refugee my grandfather managed
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00023-00006023-00006199 to escape from cambodia with my
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00024-00006200-00006391 grandmother with a few of
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00025-00006392-00006542 his siblings
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00026-00006543-00006855 one dead and one missing
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00027-00006856-00007070 my grandparents soon started moving
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00028-00007072-00007287 toward thailand and had their first
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00029-00007288-00007391 child
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00030-00007392-00007695 my uncle along the way they had more
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00031-00007695-00008039 children and told they had five kids the
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00032-00008040-00008303 third one being my mother they had my
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00033-00008304-00008510 mother here in california
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00034-00008511-00008719 if my grandparents didn't escape
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00035-00008720-00008942 honestly i don't think i would be where
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00036-00008943-00009199 i am today thanks to them my mom would
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00037-00009200-00009423 have probably never met my father thus
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00038-00009424-00009606 not being able to have me
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00039-00009607-00009791 i'm so grateful to have such a strong
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00040-00009792-00010014 and loving mother this family is not
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00041-00010015-00010263 perfect but yet nothing in life honestly
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00042-00010264-00010351 is
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00043-00010352-00010567 either way i still love being a part of
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00044-00010568-00010814 it and i can't imagine being without it
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00045-00010815-00011023 because of these things my family has
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00046-00011024-00011191 endured
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00047-00011192-00011423 i am the person that i am today i am the
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00048-00011424-00011678 first great granddaughter i'm the oldest
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00049-00011679-00011951 amongst my cousins and my siblings i am
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00050-00011952-00012383 an artist i am winona chit faso
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00051-00012384-00012559 you don't gotta worry girl i'm carrying
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00052-00012560-00012976 these there for
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00053-00012977-00014399 [Music]
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00054-00014400-00014902 do me the honor of taking my last name
7zaxjaWSQ0E-00055-00014903-00015162 [Music]
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00000-00000026-00000272 we've used strings a whole bunch so far
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00001-00000273-00000467 particularly in programs where we're
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00002-00000468-00000701 just doing simple printing or we want to
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00003-00000702-00000877 display a message to the user before we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00004-00000878-00001064 take in some input from them like in the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00005-00001065-00001279 temperature conversion program today
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00006-00001280-00001450 let's learn a little bit about strings
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00007-00001451-00001688 and some more details about the kinds of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00008-00001689-00001796 things we can do with them
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00009-00001797-00002039 so strings are really just a sequence of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00010-00002039-00002242 characters we mark them off with double
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00011-00002243-00002432 quotes and you can see a couple of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00012-00002433-00002549 different forms here we just have a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00013-00002550-00002924 regular string literal hello world here
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00014-00002925-00003116 we have a string literal that we're
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00015-00003117-00003322 assigning to a variable called name and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00016-00003323-00003524 that variables of type string and here
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00017-00003525-00003622 we're doing that Declaration and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00018-00003623-00003904 assignment in two separate steps we'll
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00019-00003905-00004013 learn more in the future about what
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00020-00004014-00004247 precisely arrays are but for now you can
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00021-00004248-00004511 think of strings as arrays basically as
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00022-00004512-00004877 a series of gym lockers in each Locker
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00023-00004878-00005192 we stick one character of the string and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00024-00005193-00005431 the lockers start a number zero and go
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00025-00005432-00005647 for however long the string is you can
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00026-00005648-00005806 see here we have this string called
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00027-00005807-00006122 pirate yell and it has 20 characters
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00028-00006123-00006467 number from 0 to 19 now we're gonna work
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00029-00006468-00006650 with strings a lot of the time as if
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00030-00006651-00006823 they are primitive data types at least
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00031-00006825-00007048 so far we've seen that I mean we don't
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00032-00007050-00007246 have to instantiate them explicitly
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00033-00007247-00007445 using the new keyword the new reserved
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00034-00007445-00007676 word but in reality strings are objects
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00035-00007677-00007795 and we'll learn a little bit more about
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00036-00007797-00007978 what that means practically for us
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00037-00007979-00008170 shortly one of the things we can do with
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00038-00008172-00008339 strings is concatenate them or join them
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00039-00008340-00008573 together we we do that using the plus
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00040-00008574-00008956 operator the plus sign so here's what
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00041-00008957-00009191 that looks like to declare for Strings
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00042-00009192-00009377 first name last name full name last and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00043-00009378-00009602 first okay first name and last name we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00044-00009603-00009833 initialize well look if we want to make
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00045-00009834-00010052 the full name just do first name plus
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00046-00010053-00010226 and then a space because we want to have
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00047-00010227-00010388 a space between the two and then plus
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00048-00010389-00010546 last name so here we're actually
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00049-00010547-00010784 concatenate increased rings one two
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00050-00010785-00011017 three first name space last name four
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00051-00011018-00011242 last then first we just switched the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00052-00011243-00011444 order add a comma and you can see what
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00053-00011445-00011596 the outputs will be now what that means
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00054-00011597-00011948 is we've seen the plus operator means
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00055-00011949-00012145 three separate things we've seen it as
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00056-00012146-00012331 the unary plus that has a really high
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00057-00012332-00012506 precedence that's like in this example
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00058-00012507-00012827 int result one equals plus one the unary
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00059-00012828-00013072 plus really just means this is positive
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00060-00013073-00013333 one we've seen it as addition with
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00061-00013334-00013372 number
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00062-00013374-00013594 so in result two equals one plus two and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00063-00013596-00013793 we now we've seen it with concatenated
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00064-00013794-00014150 strings result 3 equals sup bro so we'll
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00065-00014151-00014282 learn more about this in the future as
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00066-00014283-00014453 well but we call this idea overloading
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00067-00014454-00014606 right this plus operator is
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00068-00014607-00014849 context-sensitive what it does depends
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00069-00014850-00015122 on what kinds of inputs we give it so in
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00070-00015122-00015319 this case if we're giving it the input
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00071-00015321-00015560 of two strings that plus operator acts
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00072-00015561-00015794 as a concatenation operator
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00073-00015794-00015971 so that's overloading you can
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00074-00015972-00016169 concatenate strings and numbers as well
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00075-00016169-00016372 and basically what happens is that
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00076-00016374-00016556 number is automatically converted to a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00077-00016557-00016745 string once you do the concatenation so
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00078-00016746-00016931 if we have a string message two
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00079-00016932-00017381 variables x and y 20 and 35 we can
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00080-00017382-00017609 concatenate them in a message
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00081-00017610-00017885 dang are you really X you look at least
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00082-00017886-00018290 Y so that's that's how numeric variables
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00083-00018291-00018530 interact with the concatenation operator
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00084-00018531-00018791 when we're working with strings now what
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00085-00018792-00018878 you got to keep in mind is that
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00086-00018879-00019073 concatenation takes the same precedence
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00087-00019074-00019217 as addition so if you take a look at
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00088-00019218-00019355 these examples these are a bunch of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00089-00019356-00019543 different situations involving
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00090-00019544-00019832 concatenation and addition so this first
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00091-00019833-00020177 example number plus 3 plus 4 well first
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00092-00020178-00020299 the number and the 3 are concatenated
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00093-00020300-00020498 because we're going left to right and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00094-00020499-00020825 then that string number 3 plus 4 turns
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00095-00020826-00021053 to number 3 for in the second example
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00096-00021054-00021227 the parentheses change the order of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00097-00021228-00021431 evaluation and so we end up with number
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00098-00021432-00021760 plus 7 which is number 7 third example
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00099-00021761-00022025 while the multiplication still has a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00100-00022026-00022211 higher precedence than concatenation in
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00101-00022212-00022385 addition so we end up with number 12 in
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00102-00022386-00022643 the fourth example ok 3 plus 4 plus
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00103-00022644-00022808 number because we're going left to right
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00104-00022809-00023039 again that's 7 plus number which turns
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00105-00023040-00023480 to 7 number and finally 3 plus 4 number
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00106-00023481-00023669 ok well that's just this syntax error ok
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00107-00023670-00023900 great so we caught that so we've seen
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00108-00023901-00024170 escaping characters before as well we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00109-00024171-00024383 saw with the new lines we saw with tabs
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00110-00024384-00024599 here you can see it with quotes and this
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00111-00024600-00024710 turns out to be really important when
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00112-00024711-00024875 we're trying to build strings ignore the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00113-00024876-00025016 curliness of these quotes that's just a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00114-00025017-00025265 matter of the font but you can see the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00115-00025266-00025478 orange quotes are actually escaped by
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00116-00025479-00025619 the backslash I mean it really means
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00117-00025620-00025817 just take this literally not as the end
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00118-00025818-00026063 of a string these are a couple of the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00119-00026064-00026324 important escape characters other than
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00120-00026325-00026551 the quote tab newline
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00121-00026552-00026767 / we've seen those before as well take a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00122-00026768-00026877 look what do you think this is gonna
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00123-00026878-00027240 print what gets escaped and what effect
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00124-00027241-00027437 does it have
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00125-00027438-00028089 so we end up with one two three escaped
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00126-00028091-00028377 ends which give new lines this three and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00127-00028378-00028605 four the end doesn't have a backslash so
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00128-00028606-00028912 we end up with just one new line two new
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00129-00028913-00029412 line three and four new line five here
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00130-00029413-00029632 we have backslash backslash and then the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00131-00029633-00029851 word backslash well that first backslash
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00132-00029852-00030007 escapes the second backslash and we end
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00133-00030008-00030474 up with just a backslash backslash we're
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00134-00030475-00030624 looking to this system to that top print
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00135-00030625-00031002 what time it's maybe hard to read but
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00136-00031003-00031198 that second T is escape so we end up
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00137-00031199-00031746 with with what tab I'm last example for
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00138-00031747-00031999 now system dot print oh this is ugly
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00139-00032000-00032239 this is real ugly well let's just count
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00140-00032239-00032487 this first backslash escapes the second
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00141-00032488-00032724 backslash this third one escapes the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00142-00032725-00032862 fourth one so that's two that we have
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00143-00032863-00033118 the fifth one escapes the sixth one so
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00144-00033119-00033385 that's three this backslash escapes this
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00145-00033386-00033702 T okay so that's three back slashes in a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00146-00033703-00034014 tab then we just have a T and then this
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00147-00034015-00034237 second-to-last backslash escapes the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00148-00034238-00034410 final backslash so we end up with
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00149-00034411-00034764 backslash backslash backslash tab T
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00150-00034765-00035068 backslash that's gross that's really
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00151-00035069-00035329 just to just to see if you can can get a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00152-00035330-00035536 grip on on how all of these escape
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00153-00035537-00035793 characters are going to play out say we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00154-00035794-00036165 saw the metaphor of strings as as a set
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00155-00036166-00036318 of gym lockers where we stick one
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00156-00036319-00036592 character in each locker now this is
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00157-00036593-00036843 important as we said before strings are
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00158-00036844-00037048 objects they're not they're not
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00159-00037049-00037245 primitive data and so they have methods
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00160-00037246-00037501 that we can use to work with them just
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00161-00037502-00037677 like just like all of the other types of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00162-00037678-00037821 objects we've worked with so far like
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00163-00037822-00038026 scanners so in this case one of the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00164-00038027-00038149 crucial methods that we have to work
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00165-00038150-00038329 with them is the care at method and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00166-00038330-00038560 basically it allows us to take a string
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00167-00038561-00038871 and and figure out what character is at
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00168-00038872-00039076 a particular index in the string
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00169-00039077-00039280 so here I've declared a variable called
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00170-00039281-00039415 9th care
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00171-00039416-00039782 that's of type care so I say okay pirate
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00172-00039783-00039983 yell that's the name of my string pirate
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00173-00039984-00040273 yell care at nine okay so I'm saying
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00174-00040274-00040442 take the string pirate yell and give me
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00175-00040443-00040711 the character at index nine and it looks
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00176-00040712-00040948 like that's actually a space here so if
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00177-00040949-00041026 I print out
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00178-00041027-00041317 ninth is concatenate and then ninth care
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00179-00041318-00041533 well we end up with just ninth is
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00180-00041534-00041767 likewise if I do system.out.print line
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00181-00041768-00042148 pirate yell care at 0 plus exclamation
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00182-00042149-00042492 point well the character at 0 is s and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00183-00042493-00042814 that ends up with an exclamation point
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00184-00042815-00043039 the length method is another example of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00185-00043040-00043226 a method we can use with string objects
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00186-00043227-00043379 and just tells you the length of the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00187-00043380-00043570 string okay so here we've got a string
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00188-00043571-00043690 that we've declared it's called but
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00189-00043691-00043910 first and we've got an int that we've
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00190-00043911-00044140 declared called the length in this third
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00191-00044141-00044365 line we actually instantiate a new
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00192-00044366-00044623 string object let me take a selfie it
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00193-00044624-00044836 happens implicitly because we're a lot
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00194-00044837-00044983 to work with strings in that way by Java
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00195-00044984-00045314 and then let's see the length equals but
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00196-00045315-00045511 first dot length so we take the name of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00197-00045512-00045646 our string and we call the length method
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00198-00045647-00045899 if we print that out it's gonna print 21
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00199-00045900-00046051 that's the number of characters here
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00200-00046052-00046276 including spaces and punctuation not
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00201-00046277-00046535 including these quotes one more method
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00202-00046536-00046708 that we often use is the equals method
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00203-00046709-00046915 and just to just to really stress this
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00204-00046916-00047113 strings or objects they're not primitive
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00205-00047114-00047290 datatypes so in the same way that if we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00206-00047291-00047476 had two numbers we might use the double
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00207-00047477-00047680 equals operator to test whether they
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00208-00047681-00047926 were equal or not you can't do that for
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00209-00047927-00048088 Strings we have to use the equals method
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00210-00048089-00048260 so let's go back to the example from the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00211-00048261-00048493 last slide we have string but first
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00212-00048494-00048727 equals let me take a selfie okay if we
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00213-00048728-00049051 did if but first dot equals let me take
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00214-00049052-00049111 a selfie
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00215-00049112-00049486 so if what's in here which again is
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00216-00049487-00049823 right here equals the same thing as let
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00217-00049824-00050126 me take a selfie then print out the two
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00218-00050127-00050507 strings or equal now in this case this
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00219-00050508-00050723 actually turns out to be false right
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00220-00050724-00050932 equals returns true or false this turns
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00221-00050933-00051073 out to be false because the equals
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00222-00051074-00051340 method is case sensitive so this capital
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00223-00051341-00051655 L and this lowercase L throw it off now
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00224-00051656-00051844 there's also a method called equals
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00225-00051845-00052066 ignore case and if you were to do but
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00226-00052067-00052388 first dot equals ignore case let me take
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00227-00052389-00052638 a selfie well then you're good to go
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00228-00052639-00052935 and you'll end up getting true okay so a
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00229-00052936-00053060 couple things before you close up shop
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00230-00053061-00053262 first you want to make sure you know how
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00231-00053263-00053448 to concatenate strings and also how you
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00232-00053449-00053619 can catenate strings and numbers you
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00233-00053620-00053778 also want to know how concatenation
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00234-00053779-00053928 works with the other operations addition
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00235-00053929-00054116 multiplication and so on you want to
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00236-00054117-00054447 make sure you can use escape characters
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00237-00054448-00054651 effectively for quotation marks tabs new
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00238-00054652-00054927 lines back slashes and do problems like
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00239-00054928-00055194 the ones that we just did a couple of
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00240-00055195-00055404 slides ago where you're predicting how
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00241-00055404-00055632 exactly escape characters will affect
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00242-00055633-00055880 the final string you also want to be
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00243-00055882-00056016 able to get the length of a string and
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00244-00056016-00056238 stored in a variable and know how to get
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00245-00056239-00056466 the end character of a string using the
7_sD6ZcfJVU-00246-00056466-00057003 care at method cool see you next class
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00000-00000544-00000703 i think it was probably a couple years
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00001-00000704-00000935 ago now i was asked to come and do a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00002-00000936-00001239 presentation on reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00003-00001240-00001503 so um that one was just regular
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00004-00001504-00001639 reinforcement learning this time we're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00005-00001639-00001751 going to be talking about deep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00006-00001752-00001951 reinforcement learning i'm repeating
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00007-00001952-00002183 some of what i said before so that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00008-00002184-00002326 i'm sure you don't remember from two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00009-00002327-00002455 years ago
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00010-00002456-00002542 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00011-00002543-00002695 kind of a stripped down version of my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00012-00002696-00002910 previous talk but i'll explain how
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00013-00002911-00003031 reinforcement learning and deep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00014-00003032-00003183 reinforcement learning differ from each
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00015-00003184-00003343 other
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00016-00003344-00003543 and um the reason why i call this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00017-00003544-00003767 bootstrapping intelligence is because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00018-00003768-00003943 that's actually how deep reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00019-00003944-00004159 learning works i'll i'll show you as we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00020-00004160-00004351 go along
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00021-00004352-00004695 why that's a very apt analogy here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00022-00004696-00004863 but it's actually very fascinating i'm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00023-00004864-00005047 surprised it works at all to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00024-00005048-00005302 perfectly honest um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00025-00005303-00005695 so um about me uh i graduated from
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00026-00005696-00005918 georgia tech institute of technology
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00027-00005919-00006143 with a master's degree in computer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00028-00006144-00006431 science specializing machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00029-00006431-00006623 currently working with well most of you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00030-00006623-00006910 guys i would imagine but with mind fire
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00031-00006911-00007083 and get predictive
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00032-00007084-00007470 um and uh i'm interested in agi
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00033-00007472-00007574 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00034-00007575-00007767 and i have a very nerdy podcast called
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00035-00007768-00008070 the theory of anything podcast
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00036-00008072-00008278 and uh this is actually gonna be this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00037-00008279-00008399 will be one of my episodes on the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00038-00008400-00008527 podcast i'll probably do this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00039-00008528-00008742 presentation again for it uh over the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00040-00008743-00008910 weekend
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00041-00008911-00008991 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00042-00008992-00009142 let's talk about the types of machine
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00043-00009143-00009351 learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00044-00009352-00009527 so there's supervised learning which is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00045-00009528-00009742 kind of regular machine learning if you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00046-00009743-00009942 normally if you're hearing about machine
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00047-00009943-00010087 learning it's probably supervised
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00048-00010088-00010223 learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00049-00010224-00010471 there's also unsupervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00050-00010472-00010599 so the difference between supervised
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00051-00010600-00010727 learning and unsupervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00052-00010728-00010935 supervised learning has labels from a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00053-00010936-00011046 human
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00054-00011047-00011255 and unsupervised learning is just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00055-00011256-00011487 searching data for say
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00056-00011488-00011735 clusters that are of similar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00057-00011736-00011951 let's say it's user data cluster of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00058-00011952-00012191 similar users or something like that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00059-00012192-00012295 very good for maybe like a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00060-00012296-00012463 recommendation engine or something where
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00061-00012464-00012670 you're trying to find this person also
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00062-00012671-00012966 bought this and tried to find
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00063-00012967-00013199 similar types of groups
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00064-00013200-00013391 and then you have reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00065-00013391-00013615 which is its own kind different than the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00066-00013616-00013719 other two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00067-00013719-00013807 so of course we're talking about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00068-00013808-00014166 reinforcement learning today
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00069-00014168-00014358 um and we're also going to be talking
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00070-00014359-00014735 about openg openai gym so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00071-00014736-00015303 are you guys familiar with openai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00072-00015304-00015399 uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00073-00015400-00015711 i'll take that as a no
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00074-00015712-00015863 okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00075-00015863-00016135 so open ai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00076-00016136-00016358 open ai is a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00077-00016359-00016396 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00078-00016397-00016527 [Music]
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00079-00016528-00016847 a group that was started by elon musk
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00080-00016848-00016999 you know i don't really believe it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00081-00017000-00017199 true that elon musk started i think he
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00082-00017200-00017358 helped fund it but that's how you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00083-00017359-00017639 usually hear about it in the the media
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00084-00017640-00018071 is that uh elon musk um started open ai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00085-00018072-00018239 so like here's the wikipedia page on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00086-00018240-00018414 openai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00087-00018415-00018647 a lot of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00088-00018648-00018894 big breakthroughs in machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00089-00018895-00019199 come out of either openai or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00090-00019200-00019399 you know the google group google
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00091-00019400-00019543 deepmind
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00092-00019544-00019863 it seems like if if it's a big hits the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00093-00019864-00020150 media this is cool stuff it's usually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00094-00020151-00020343 one of those two groups
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00095-00020344-00020550 got a lot of money behind them they're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00096-00020551-00020735 um so you can see it considered a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00097-00020736-00020950 competitor to deepmind
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00098-00020951-00021135 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00099-00021136-00021430 they're they're uh a non-profit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00100-00021431-00021750 which i think is very loose
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00101-00021751-00022071 and the reason why so elon musk is kind
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00102-00022072-00022335 of a megalomaniac so he he believes that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00103-00022336-00022614 he is single-handedly meant to save
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00104-00022615-00022775 humanity
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00105-00022776-00023078 and so each of his businesses
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00106-00023079-00023335 is actually an attempt on his part to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00107-00023336-00023478 save humanity
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00108-00023479-00023750 so if you look at like um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00109-00023751-00023878 spacex
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00110-00023879-00024158 that is so humanity can learn to go to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00111-00024159-00024383 mars so that an asteroid doesn't destroy
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00112-00024384-00024639 earth and the humanity gets wiped out
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00113-00024640-00024983 and if you look at like um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00114-00024984-00025230 tesla that's to save us from global
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00115-00025231-00025583 warming and from um just the problems
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00116-00025584-00025855 that come from fossil fuels so he made
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00117-00025856-00026134 uh electric cars so popular that now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00118-00026135-00026367 everybody has to compete in that space
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00119-00026368-00026670 and they're better than fossil fuel cars
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00120-00026672-00026774 and so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00121-00026775-00026918 you can see how that would eventually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00122-00026919-00027087 take over for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00123-00027088-00027295 remove the need for fossil fuels
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00124-00027295-00027599 um his open ai is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00125-00027600-00027870 and also his most recent
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00126-00027872-00028087 project to try to integrate humans with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00127-00028088-00028318 computers are ways of trying to save
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00128-00028319-00028495 humanity from
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00129-00028495-00028711 um agis from
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00130-00028712-00028967 do you guys know agis r versus ai and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00131-00028968-00029446 how those two differ differ
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00132-00029447-00029631 so ai is just regular artificial
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00133-00029632-00029751 intelligence that you're already
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00134-00029752-00030007 familiar with agi is the stuff we can't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00135-00030008-00030183 do we don't know how so that'd be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00136-00030183-00030462 artificial general intelligence
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00137-00030463-00030558 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00138-00030560-00030902 that would be an ai that like from
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00139-00030903-00031118 hollywood the ones that can talk and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00140-00031119-00031343 think and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00141-00031344-00031599 have to you know data um the kind that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00142-00031600-00031751 don't really exist in real life that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00143-00031752-00031967 would be agi
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00144-00031968-00032174 so um right now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00145-00032175-00032390 the types of algorithms we use for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00146-00032391-00032543 artificial intelligence they're super
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00147-00032544-00032702 narrow they can do really interesting
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00148-00032703-00032911 things but only within whatever narrow
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00149-00032912-00033102 space that they were invented to work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00150-00033103-00033199 with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00151-00033200-00033399 if you make a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00152-00033400-00033615 our most general algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00153-00033616-00033774 is reinforcement learning but if you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00154-00033775-00033902 were to make a reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00155-00033903-00034143 algorithm to play go that is all it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00156-00034144-00034455 ever going to really do is play go now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00157-00034456-00034631 it's a little less
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00158-00034632-00034799 a little more generic in the case of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00159-00034800-00034990 reinforcement learning because typically
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00160-00034991-00035183 you can use the same algorithm but plug
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00161-00035184-00035383 in different world spaces i'll explain
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00162-00035384-00035590 what i mean by that in a second
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00163-00035591-00035823 and it will work the same algorithm will
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00164-00035824-00035902 work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00165-00035903-00036039 across several different types of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00166-00036040-00036311 problems but really the world space is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00167-00036312-00036487 like part of the algorithm so you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00168-00036488-00036735 kind of cheating to call that general
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00169-00036736-00036983 um so they're always just whatever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00170-00036984-00037151 they're meant to do they do just that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00171-00037152-00037423 and that's it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00172-00037424-00037639 so open ai has something called open ai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00173-00037640-00037774 gym
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00174-00037775-00037887 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00175-00037888-00038127 it is just a bunch of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00176-00038128-00038335 of test
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00177-00038336-00038639 areas it's like a gym and you can go and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00178-00038640-00038902 you can try your agents out on certain
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00179-00038903-00039055 famous tests
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00180-00039056-00039207 um so the one we're going to do today is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00181-00039208-00039407 lunar lander but i also have done like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00182-00039408-00039671 cart poll and i've also done um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00183-00039672-00039830 the taxi problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00184-00039831-00040111 all using the same set of uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00185-00040112-00040262 reinforcement learning algorithms that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00186-00040263-00040527 i'm going to show and i've got code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00187-00040528-00040718 that if anyone's interested in this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00188-00040719-00040911 topic
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00189-00040912-00041095 you can use my code as a starting
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00190-00041096-00041287 starting place so it's auto free on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00191-00041288-00041439 github
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00192-00041440-00041743 and i'll explain how it works but i've
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00193-00041744-00041935 got it split up into a series of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00194-00041936-00042102 different files that each do something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00195-00042103-00042271 different and there's kind of a base
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00196-00042272-00042590 code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00197-00042591-00042790 that is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00198-00042791-00043039 everything utilizes the base code that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00199-00043040-00043183 where most the code is it's still only a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00200-00043184-00043407 few hundred lines of code this is not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00201-00043408-00043551 super complicated stuff that we're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00202-00043552-00043695 talking about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00203-00043696-00043974 and um and then there's uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00204-00043975-00044255 you do a subclass off of those and you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00205-00044256-00044439 fill in the parts that are missing so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00206-00044440-00044646 they're just abstract classes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00207-00044647-00044735 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00208-00044736-00044895 the net result is you don't have that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00209-00044896-00045087 much to do to be able to make this work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00210-00045088-00045255 for different sorts of problems so i've
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00211-00045256-00045471 been able to use the same set of code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00212-00045472-00045718 with just a few minor tweaks
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00213-00045719-00046023 for three different uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00214-00046024-00046255 reinforcement learning problems
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00215-00046256-00046727 so okay so let me
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00216-00046728-00047007 get into
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00217-00047008-00047174 reinforcement learning so reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00218-00047175-00047295 learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00219-00047296-00047430 uh it the things that really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00220-00047431-00047655 characterize it are exploration delayed
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00221-00047656-00047902 rewards and continuous learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00222-00047903-00048086 so it's somewhat similar to supervised
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00223-00048087-00048255 learning in that there are no there are
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00224-00048256-00048462 rewards for good behavior
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00225-00048463-00048662 similar to like a loss function for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00226-00048663-00048830 supervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00227-00048831-00049030 but it's also similar to unsupervised
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00228-00049031-00049190 learning in that you have no correct
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00229-00049191-00049479 result to work with so it's kind of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00230-00049480-00049758 learning on its own from a signal on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00231-00049759-00050030 rewards instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00232-00050031-00050239 however it's not semi-supervised
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00233-00050240-00050351 learning that's actually a different
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00234-00050352-00050511 thing altogether
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00235-00050512-00050783 that utilizes a mix of supervised and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00236-00050784-00050967 unsupervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00237-00050968-00051167 so which is far more similar to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00238-00051168-00051326 supervised or unsupervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00239-00051327-00051542 whereas reinforcement learning has
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00240-00051544-00051702 characteristics similar but it's really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00241-00051703-00051935 kind of its own thing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00242-00051936-00052135 so why was reinforcement learning able
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00243-00052136-00052294 to beat the go master so you guys
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00244-00052295-00052550 familiar with alphago and by the way
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00245-00052551-00052775 alphago the movies free on youtube
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00246-00052776-00052935 excellent movie absolutely worth
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00247-00052936-00053119 watching even with your family it's a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00248-00053120-00053399 documentary but it's it's very exciting
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00249-00053400-00053599 and i i can't even tell you much about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00250-00053600-00053830 it without spoilers it's why would a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00251-00053832-00054071 documentary have spoilers well you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00252-00054072-00054247 probably want to go watch it it's very
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00253-00054248-00054423 tense it's if you don't know what the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00254-00054424-00054599 outcome is it's going to be particularly
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00255-00054600-00054719 tense
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00256-00054720-00054926 but it's the showdown between lisa doll
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00257-00054927-00055150 i got this picture here of lisa doll the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00258-00055151-00055391 world go champion playing alphago you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00259-00055391-00055542 can see off ago there there's one of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00260-00055544-00055679 programmers that's playing on behalf of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00261-00055679-00055815 alphago
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00262-00055816-00055982 and um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00263-00055983-00056207 this was they did five matches against
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00264-00056208-00056326 each other and i won't tell you what the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00265-00056327-00056471 outcome was
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00266-00056472-00056663 um but uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00267-00056664-00056966 um i already kind of spoiled it they did
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00268-00056967-00057111 manage to beat him but i won't tell you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00269-00057112-00057279 like by how many games or anything like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00270-00057279-00057382 that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00271-00057383-00057463 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00272-00057464-00057807 but uh why did this work so back in my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00273-00057808-00058047 day when i was young
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00274-00058048-00058238 they would talk about like even just on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00275-00058239-00058519 the news how we were close to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00276-00058520-00058679 a chess program that could beat the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00277-00058679-00058838 world chess master
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00278-00058839-00059054 but that we were nowhere even near
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00279-00059055-00059279 doing that for go
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00280-00059279-00059399 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00281-00059400-00059566 the reason why so the reason why they
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00282-00059567-00059679 knew they were going to be able to beat
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00283-00059679-00059903 the chess master is because the basic
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00284-00059904-00060079 algorithm that could be to chess master
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00285-00060079-00060303 was already known it was just a matter
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00286-00060304-00060519 of getting something like deep blue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00287-00060520-00060750 that um had a clever enough algorithm it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00288-00060751-00060950 could run fast enough and it had enough
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00289-00060951-00061238 memory that it could search far enough
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00290-00061239-00061391 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00291-00061391-00061591 but they the the basic
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00292-00061591-00061838 approach that they used in deep blue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00293-00061839-00061991 was the same as every other chess
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00294-00061991-00062159 program that's ever been programmed you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00295-00062160-00062415 use a mini max algorithm to look ahead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00296-00062416-00062566 to see and then you have some sort of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00297-00062567-00062766 board evaluation algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00298-00062767-00063015 that was programmed by a human
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00299-00063016-00063159 that would then evaluate how good the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00300-00063160-00063399 board was looking ahead it would try to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00301-00063400-00063582 look as far ahead as it could it would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00302-00063583-00063815 get clever about which paths to look
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00303-00063816-00063982 down so it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00304-00063983-00064126 if you're trying to look ahead just any
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00305-00064127-00064311 number of moves you'd be lucky to get to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00306-00064312-00064606 like between five and seven if you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00307-00064607-00064815 clever about only looking at the ones
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00308-00064816-00064975 that are promising you might be looking
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00309-00064976-00065206 ahead like 20 down some really promising
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00310-00065207-00065382 path as long as you're not trying too
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00311-00065383-00065575 many different variants
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00312-00065576-00065782 so using some combination of those
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00313-00065783-00065919 things they got it to where deep blue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00314-00065920-00066063 could look ahead to the point where just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00315-00066064-00066231 no human could beat it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00316-00066232-00066494 and that was how they beat kasparov
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00317-00066495-00066575 but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00318-00066576-00066759 the branching factor
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00319-00066760-00066959 for chess is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00320-00066960-00067199 it's it's exponential so it's horrible
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00321-00067200-00067487 but it's way better than goes goes has
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00322-00067488-00067767 got so such a high branching factor that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00323-00067768-00067999 you just can't look ahead very far worse
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00324-00068000-00068079 yet
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00325-00068080-00068271 nobody knew how to program a board of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00326-00068272-00068471 valuation algorithm for it basically a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00327-00068472-00068759 go master uses their intuition to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00328-00068760-00068959 able to say oh if i make this move my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00329-00068960-00069111 intuition tells me that's a good move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00330-00069112-00069255 that the new board's going to be a good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00331-00069256-00069463 good position for me
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00332-00069464-00069543 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00333-00069544-00069703 there's some things known about it about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00334-00069704-00069887 what makes a good board position but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00335-00069888-00070079 we've got like a really good idea of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00336-00070080-00070247 what represents a good board position
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00337-00070248-00070511 for chess and we don't really know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00338-00070512-00070806 exactly for alphago so how do you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00339-00070807-00071038 program that into a computer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00340-00071039-00071238 because of these two reasons they
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00341-00071239-00071438 believe that we would never
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00342-00071439-00071662 create an alpha um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00343-00071663-00071815 a go program that could beat the world
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00344-00071816-00071935 champion
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00345-00071936-00072119 without actually breaking agi what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00346-00072120-00072271 obviously didn't turn out to be true and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00347-00072272-00072406 in fact
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00348-00072407-00072503 the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00349-00072504-00072582 we've
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00350-00072583-00072791 beat the world champion
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00351-00072792-00073031 i think it was only 10 or 15 years after
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00352-00073032-00073262 the after deep blue so it was much
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00353-00073263-00073726 sooner than people expected
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00354-00073727-00073855 okay so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00355-00073856-00073991 reinforcement learning works off of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00356-00073992-00074126 something called the markov decision
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00357-00074127-00074271 process so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00358-00074272-00074647 think of think about this as um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00359-00074648-00074879 mathematically you would have s which
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00360-00074880-00075038 would be the set of states an agent can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00361-00075039-00075135 be in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00362-00075136-00075343 you would have a the action a set of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00363-00075344-00075599 actions an agent can take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00364-00075600-00075823 at time t the agent senses the current
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00365-00075824-00075991 state we're going to call that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00366-00075992-00076382 s t for the state at that time t
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00367-00076383-00076591 agent takes action t which would be the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00368-00076592-00076775 action taken at time t
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00369-00076776-00077087 the environment gives reward t at time t
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00370-00077088-00077238 in response
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00371-00077239-00077503 you have a state transition function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00372-00077504-00077647 that basically
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00373-00077648-00077823 imagine this this is just despite the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00374-00077824-00078055 little greek symbol it's just a function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00375-00078056-00078199 it takes a state at time t and it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00376-00078200-00078438 returns your new and an action at times
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00377-00078439-00078638 t and it returns your new state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00378-00078639-00078950 that you arrive in at the the next time
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00379-00078951-00079159 point so basically just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00380-00079160-00079343 you make a move you're in a certain
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00381-00079344-00079479 state you make a move and you're in a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00382-00079480-00079631 new state so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00383-00079632-00079862 imagine little chess or something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00384-00079863-00080031 you're got a certain board you make a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00385-00080032-00080206 move and the new state would be the new
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00386-00080207-00080303 board
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00387-00080304-00080438 after your move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00388-00080439-00080694 um then you have a reward function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00389-00080695-00080999 which says at state at time t and action
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00390-00081000-00081175 taken at time t
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00391-00081176-00081350 um when you take that it tells you how
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00392-00081351-00081543 much reward you got for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00393-00081544-00081847 um taking that action at time t
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00394-00081848-00082023 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00395-00082024-00082167 in the case of now this is the thing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00396-00082168-00082287 that's weird about reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00397-00082288-00082382 learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00398-00082383-00082567 in a lot of cases there's only one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00399-00082568-00082894 reward it's like winning the game so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00400-00082895-00083135 how do you handle that like how do you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00401-00083136-00083343 you have to play a whole game
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00402-00083344-00083503 and then at the very end depending on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00403-00083504-00083782 who won it has to be able to say oh this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00404-00083783-00083975 is how much this move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00405-00083976-00084262 uh contributed to the success in that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00406-00084263-00084391 whole game
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00407-00084392-00084543 so that's obviously the difficult
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00408-00084544-00084655 problem that you're trying to solve
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00409-00084656-00084815 mathematically with reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00410-00084816-00084943 learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00411-00084944-00085126 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00412-00085127-00085303 now the key assumption with a markov
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00413-00085304-00085455 decision process
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00414-00085456-00085726 is that you're never looking at past
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00415-00085727-00085918 states you only look at your current
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00416-00085919-00086159 state so the assumption is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00417-00086160-00086271 that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00418-00086272-00086462 all the information that you need is in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00419-00086463-00086655 the current state now think about chess
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00420-00086656-00086823 you don't need to know what the board
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00421-00086824-00086991 looked like two moves ago you only need
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00422-00086992-00087175 to know what it looks like in the in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00423-00087176-00087343 it's the current
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00424-00087344-00087526 point and that's all you need to know to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00425-00087527-00087687 figure out your next move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00426-00087688-00087871 so for games this makes perfect sense
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00427-00087872-00088087 this may sound limiting but if you think
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00428-00088088-00088279 about the laws of physics are like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00429-00088280-00088479 so really the whole world is a markov
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00430-00088480-00088694 decision process laws of physics do not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00431-00088695-00088862 require you to know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00432-00088863-00088991 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00433-00088992-00089231 what the world was like two minutes ago
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00434-00089232-00089455 in theory you know what the current
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00435-00089456-00089567 velocity is what the current
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00436-00089568-00089782 acceleration is what the where the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00437-00089783-00090023 particle is in space and from that you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00438-00090024-00090175 can calculate where it's going to be in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00439-00090176-00090447 the next second or whatever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00440-00090448-00090606 same thing going on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00441-00090607-00090775 here so it's really a markov decision
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00442-00090776-00090871 process
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00443-00090872-00091031 sometimes it's very hard to figure out
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00444-00091032-00091199 how to put something in real life into a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00445-00091200-00091399 markov decision process and you can even
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00446-00091400-00091599 cheat if you really need history you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00447-00091600-00091799 just make the history part of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00448-00091800-00091991 current state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00449-00091992-00092118 and you can just declare to be part of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00450-00092119-00092262 the current state and that way you can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00451-00092263-00092487 sneak history in if you need it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00452-00092488-00092782 um okay so an example here this is a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00453-00092783-00093006 very simple maze literally
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00454-00093007-00093343 a three by three grid with no walls
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00455-00093344-00093567 so you start here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00456-00093568-00093735 and you're going to go to the goal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00457-00093736-00093862 and you want to get there as fast as
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00458-00093863-00094006 possible so you're either going to go up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00459-00094007-00094359 like this or over like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00460-00094360-00094511 you know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00461-00094512-00094718 maybe you could go like this but just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00462-00094719-00094831 you want to get there as fast as
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00463-00094832-00094967 possible what's the fastest way that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00464-00094968-00095135 what we're trying to solve so very
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00465-00095136-00095294 simple
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00466-00095295-00095471 it's states and actions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00467-00095472-00095718 each square is one state so square one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00468-00095719-00096015 is state one square two is state two etc
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00469-00096016-00096191 and the actions i didn't show the ones
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00470-00096192-00096391 off the edge if you go off the edge
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00471-00096392-00096550 let's assume you go back again to the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00472-00096551-00096679 state you're in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00473-00096680-00096918 um just to keep it simple
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00474-00096919-00097031 um but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00475-00097032-00097135 if you're in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00476-00097136-00097399 state seven and you go north then it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00477-00097400-00097591 puts you into state four
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00478-00097592-00097726 that would be the state transition
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00479-00097727-00097862 function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00480-00097863-00098071 um so this this is a markov decision
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00481-00098072-00098391 process now an optimal policy is the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00482-00098392-00098615 next concept we have to understand
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00483-00098616-00098806 basically it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00484-00098807-00098991 you take the entire world state which in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00485-00098992-00099206 this case is not the nine states or the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00486-00099207-00099350 nine squares
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00487-00099351-00099679 and for each one what is an optimal move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00488-00099680-00099815 now obviously there could be more than
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00489-00099816-00099999 one optimal move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00490-00100000-00100231 but um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00491-00100232-00100374 we uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00492-00100375-00100599 just want one of them so in this case
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00493-00100600-00100806 this would be an optimal policy every
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00494-00100807-00100943 single one of these states it tells you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00495-00100944-00101174 exactly where to move next to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00496-00101175-00101382 make it an optimal optimally make it to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00497-00101383-00101494 the goal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00498-00101495-00101615 it could have been we could have had the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00499-00101616-00101806 arrows go this way instead it doesn't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00500-00101807-00102055 matter we just pick one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00501-00102056-00102439 so this is one of the optimal policies
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00502-00102440-00102590 what we're trying to solve for is the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00503-00102591-00102782 optimal policy right once we have an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00504-00102783-00102975 optimal policy then our agent knows
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00505-00102976-00103127 exactly what to do at every state it can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00506-00103128-00103286 find itself that's so that's what we're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00507-00103288-00103566 trying to mathematically solve for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00508-00103567-00103815 now to get an optimal policy we would we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00509-00103816-00104015 would need an optimal value function so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00510-00104016-00104134 basically
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00511-00104135-00104342 we know the goal let's say it's worth
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00512-00104343-00104494 100 points
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00513-00104495-00104766 so imagine that we discounted
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00514-00104767-00105063 the squares next to the goal by 90 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00515-00105064-00105254 we're going to give them a value of 90.
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00516-00105255-00105463 then the ones next to the 90s by another
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00517-00105464-00105575 90 percent we're going to give them an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00518-00105576-00105951 81 etc so this one's the lowest
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00519-00105952-00106102 value because it's the furthest from the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00520-00106103-00106327 goal and this was
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00521-00106328-00106566 the highest value next to the goal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00522-00106567-00106678 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00523-00106679-00106886 based on that you could solve for an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00524-00106888-00107095 optimal policy you could say
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00525-00107096-00107399 okay if i'm at 65.71 i look at the two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00526-00107400-00107647 squares next to me oh either one of them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00527-00107648-00107975 is higher than me and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00528-00107976-00108158 they're both the same so i just pick one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00529-00108159-00108334 so i'll either make my error go there or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00530-00108335-00108583 make my error go there just pick one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00531-00108583-00108799 and from that you can take this optimal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00532-00108800-00108958 value function you can build an optimal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00533-00108959-00109199 policy so now since we want an awful
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00534-00109200-00109310 policy now we just need to figure out
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00535-00109311-00109551 how to build an optimal value function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00536-00109552-00109783 so to build an optimal value function we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00537-00109783-00109886 could use something called the q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00538-00109888-00110015 function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00539-00110016-00110166 so the q function is the same as an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00540-00110167-00110263 optimal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00541-00110264-00110431 optimal value function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00542-00110432-00110623 except that it's based on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00543-00110624-00110831 not states but states and actions as a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00544-00110832-00111023 combo as a tuple
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00545-00111024-00111247 so imagine it just like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00546-00111248-00111431 if i'm in state two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00547-00111432-00111527 then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00548-00111528-00111758 here's the actions i can take i can go
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00549-00111759-00112095 south i can go west or i can go east
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00550-00112096-00112295 um and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00551-00112296-00112447 instead of having
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00552-00112448-00112710 the value assigned to the state i assign
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00553-00112711-00112951 it to the move so this going from two to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00554-00112952-00113166 three that's worth 90 because it's a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00555-00113167-00113543 discount of 90 90 discount on 100 points
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00556-00113544-00113910 you score at the goal at state 3.
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00557-00113911-00114095 um so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00558-00114096-00114223 each of these this one would move me
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00559-00114224-00114434 away so it would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00560-00114435-00114783 72.9 if you look back at the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00561-00114783-00114934 optimal value function basically i'm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00562-00114935-00115134 just assigning the values to the states
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00563-00115135-00115343 to the actions instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00564-00115344-00115654 now how can you go from a q function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00565-00115655-00115886 to an optimal valid um value function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00566-00115888-00116071 well you basically just take the maximum
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00567-00116072-00116302 so if i'm in state 2 which action is my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00568-00116303-00116495 best one that's the value i'm going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00569-00116496-00116663 assign to that state does that make
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00570-00116664-00117095 sense
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00571-00117096-00117223 yes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00572-00117224-00117447 okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00573-00117448-00117551 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00574-00117552-00117727 how do i calculate the value function in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00575-00117728-00117886 the q function then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00576-00117888-00118095 well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00577-00118096-00118278 here is what a state transition function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00578-00118279-00118463 looks like it's in this case it's just a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00579-00118464-00118590 table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00580-00118591-00118871 i have um if i'm in state one and i go
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00581-00118872-00119015 down
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00582-00119016-00119302 then that's going to put me in four so i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00583-00119303-00119551 have that the new state is four so that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00584-00119552-00119743 would be how i would put a that'd be the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00585-00119744-00119863 easiest way to create the state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00586-00119864-00120143 transition function okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00587-00120144-00120407 um and imagine i have a reward function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00588-00120408-00120607 that says oh state 3 is worth 100
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00589-00120608-00120727 because it's the goal everything else is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00590-00120728-00120910 worth zero that would be a reward
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00591-00120911-00121247 function that table is a reward function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00592-00121248-00121527 so um you know input is state and action
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00593-00121528-00121702 output is new state input is state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00594-00121703-00121975 output is reward
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00595-00121976-00122207 so um now in real life i probably
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00596-00122208-00122366 wouldn't use rewards of zero i would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00597-00122367-00122663 reuse rewards of negative one so that if
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00598-00122664-00122814 you do zero then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00599-00122815-00123063 it doesn't have incentive to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00600-00123064-00123271 it will the agent will learn too much to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00601-00123272-00123471 wander around so we give it a slight
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00602-00123472-00123631 negative reward
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00603-00123632-00123927 to um let it kind of learn faster oh i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00604-00123928-00124199 need to get to the goal fast
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00605-00124200-00124375 but to make the math easier i'm going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00606-00124376-00124558 pretend like the reward is zero it still
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00607-00124559-00124743 works it eventually gets there it just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00608-00124744-00124975 takes longer to converge
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00609-00124976-00125278 okay so now if i have let's say i had
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00610-00125279-00125495 in this case i do have the state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00611-00125496-00125631 transition function and the reward
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00612-00125632-00125814 function i know what they are because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00613-00125815-00125990 it's just a simple grid and i can see
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00614-00125991-00126151 what they are and i've just filled them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00615-00126152-00126302 into this table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00616-00126303-00126463 i could use dynamic programming to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00617-00126464-00126599 calculate
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00618-00126600-00126799 both the optimal value function or the q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00619-00126800-00126943 function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00620-00126944-00127039 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00621-00127040-00127190 without getting into how to do it you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00622-00127191-00127366 can probably just imagine you know this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00623-00127367-00127566 is a hundred and then you would kind of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00624-00127567-00127710 move to what's next to it and take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00625-00127711-00127886 ninety percent and you would just keep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00626-00127888-00128214 doing that until it converged it's not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00627-00128215-00128439 too hard uh to do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00628-00128440-00128654 um so dynamic programming could solve
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00629-00128655-00128919 this problem in fact any
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00630-00128920-00129127 markov decision process
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00631-00129128-00129310 that we have the transition function and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00632-00129311-00129631 the reward function for we can solve for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00633-00129632-00129839 the optimal value function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00634-00129840-00129927 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00635-00129928-00130023 using
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00636-00130024-00130199 dynamic programming
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00637-00130200-00130278 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00638-00130279-00130495 direct programming would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00639-00130496-00130607 the way you would do it if you have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00640-00130608-00130743 those two functions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00641-00130744-00130927 but what if you don't have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00642-00130928-00131039 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00643-00131040-00131223 those two functions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00644-00131224-00131431 well there's a trick you can do and this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00645-00131432-00131607 is what reinforcement learning is so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00646-00131608-00131878 reinforcement learning is the trick of i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00647-00131879-00132119 don't know what the reward and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00648-00132120-00132351 transition functions are so i want to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00649-00132352-00132511 able to solve for an optical an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00650-00132512-00132759 approximate optimal policy
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00651-00132760-00132854 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00652-00132855-00133119 using reinforcement learning instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00653-00133120-00133239 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00654-00133240-00133375 what you do is you try to find an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00655-00133376-00133687 approximate q function and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00656-00133688-00133943 this right here this q function with a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00657-00133944-00134095 state in action remember that was what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00658-00134096-00134199 the the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00659-00134200-00134327 inputs were
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00660-00134328-00134535 it just so happens like in my last
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00661-00134536-00134678 presentation i actually worked out the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00662-00134679-00134814 math for you i don't need to do that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00663-00134815-00135023 this time it happens to be that it can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00664-00135024-00135214 be put into this form where you say it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00665-00135215-00135407 equal to the reward for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00666-00135408-00135743 the state plus a discount factor of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00667-00135744-00136087 max of the next state um that i'm going
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00668-00136088-00136414 to end up in and whatever it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00669-00136415-00136607 uh this this is the transition function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00670-00136608-00136807 this would be the next state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00671-00136808-00136983 uh and then the next action that i would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00672-00136984-00137223 take um the best action i would take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00673-00137224-00137463 that's why it's a max on it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00674-00137464-00137766 so basically by doing this we can solve
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00675-00137767-00137935 for the q function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00676-00137936-00138151 but it's notice that it's the q function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00677-00138152-00138295 in terms of itself so it's actually a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00678-00138296-00138519 recursive function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00679-00138520-00138702 by making it a recursive function like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00680-00138703-00138807 this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00681-00138808-00139102 in my last presentation two years ago i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00682-00139103-00139271 did the manipulations to get it into
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00683-00139272-00139414 this state it's actually a little
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00684-00139415-00139566 interesting to do that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00685-00139567-00139719 but once you have it in a recursive
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00686-00139720-00139895 state like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00687-00139896-00140159 it means that you are now you can now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00688-00140160-00140407 solve for the q function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00689-00140408-00140614 using just uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00690-00140615-00140775 without knowledge of the transition
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00691-00140776-00140959 function of the reward function so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00692-00140960-00141127 basically how you do that is you start
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00693-00141128-00141254 with a table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00694-00141255-00141535 of q values for every state action pair
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00695-00141536-00141727 and you have an initial estimate quote
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00696-00141728-00142007 in scare quotes for the q values in this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00697-00142008-00142223 case it might be all zeros the estimate
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00698-00142224-00142414 can be very bad it can be the worst
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00699-00142415-00142751 possible estimate and it will still work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00700-00142752-00142975 and then you follow this algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00701-00142976-00143207 basically the clear q learning algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00702-00143208-00143383 is you select an action
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00703-00143384-00143590 a and you execute it you're in a state s
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00704-00143591-00143775 you select an action a and execute it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00705-00143776-00143966 you see what your reward is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00706-00143967-00144199 you observe the new state that you're in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00707-00144200-00144343 here we're assuming that you have the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00708-00144344-00144511 ability to always detect what your new
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00709-00144512-00144695 your next state is there's it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00710-00144696-00144911 complicates the algorithm if you can't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00711-00144912-00145063 for sure know what state you're in you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00712-00145064-00145247 have to detect it by
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00713-00145248-00145447 what you can sense that's called a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00714-00145448-00145863 palmdp um instead of a mdp but it's it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00715-00145864-00146078 more complicated but it's the same basic
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00716-00146079-00146183 idea
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00717-00146184-00146319 um and then what you're going to do is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00718-00146320-00146471 you're going to update your q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00719-00146472-00146719 using this basically what this means is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00720-00146720-00146871 the new value in the queue table is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00721-00146872-00147159 equal to the reward plus a discounted
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00722-00147160-00147366 factor of what it used to be from the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00723-00147367-00147631 previous state that you came from
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00724-00147632-00147790 i'll show you how this works in just a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00725-00147791-00147895 second
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00726-00147896-00148119 but by doing it with this discount
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00727-00148120-00148263 factor which you know might be ten
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00728-00148264-00148447 percent or five percent or something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00729-00148448-00148783 like that it will converge towards the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00730-00148784-00149166 right q values over time
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00731-00149167-00149319 at infinity
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00732-00149320-00149583 it will converge exactly to the right q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00733-00149584-00149799 values but of course since you can't run
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00734-00149800-00150047 any algorithm for infinity
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00735-00150048-00150287 you can get a good approximation at some
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00736-00150288-00150439 finite number
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00737-00150440-00150623 what the finite number is depends on the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00738-00150624-00150743 problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00739-00150744-00150975 um but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00740-00150976-00151183 it's always possible to do it with an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00741-00151184-00151511 mdp sometimes it can be hard but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00742-00151512-00151663 it's always possible to come up with a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00743-00151664-00151943 way to do reinforcement learning to get
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00744-00151944-00152054 a good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00745-00152055-00152159 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00746-00152160-00152335 answer here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00747-00152336-00152566 so q learning and practice so now we've
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00748-00152567-00152775 got
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00749-00152776-00152966 our q table here so it looks very
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00750-00152967-00153175 similar to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00751-00153176-00153343 the transition function but in this case
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00752-00153344-00153526 it's going to be the q table which is an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00753-00153527-00153799 approximation of the transition function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00754-00153800-00153887 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00755-00153888-00154102 and it's got an estimated value of 0 for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00756-00154103-00154414 everything we have our
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00757-00154415-00154495 our
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00758-00154496-00154671 simple maze which we know exactly what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00759-00154672-00154807 it is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00760-00154808-00154951 we know what the states and actions are
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00761-00154952-00155223 basically every state has
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00762-00155224-00155390 the four
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00763-00155391-00155519 directions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00764-00155520-00155759 up down left right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00765-00155760-00155983 we've got our basic q learning algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00766-00155984-00156111 that i explained where you just converge
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00767-00156112-00156247 over time this is how you'd actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00768-00156248-00156519 implement it in python
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00769-00156520-00156639 might make a little bit more sense to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00770-00156640-00156823 look at it in that format
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00771-00156824-00157239 but basically what you do is is you take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00772-00157240-00157511 part of the old value and a little bit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00773-00157512-00157743 of the new value and you average them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00774-00157744-00157902 and then it converges towards the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00775-00157903-00158111 correct value over time
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00776-00158112-00158254 okay so how does this work in practice
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00777-00158255-00158454 so we start off with our
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00778-00158455-00158614 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00779-00158615-00158983 reward function is at 3 is 100
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00780-00158984-00159214 and the q values are set are all set to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00781-00159215-00159431 zero so basically our robot here is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00782-00159432-00159663 going to be making random actions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00783-00159664-00159766 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00784-00159767-00159983 moving around more or less randomly
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00785-00159984-00160190 because it has no it it doesn't favor
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00786-00160191-00160511 any one position over any any other
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00787-00160512-00160654 so it's just kind of moving around
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00788-00160655-00160919 randomly nothing's happening
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00789-00160920-00161239 it's all zeros so if you do that update
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00790-00161240-00161478 function i showed you it's always just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00791-00161479-00161654 updating to zero so it's currently zero
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00792-00161655-00161831 it moves somewhere it moves into a new
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00793-00161832-00161999 zero state so it updates this one to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00794-00162000-00162254 zero again nothing changes basically but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00795-00162255-00162390 it's moving around
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00796-00162391-00162807 then by chance just by pure dumb luck
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00797-00162808-00163071 it happens to move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00798-00163072-00163263 into the goal
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00799-00163264-00163487 and it scores a hundred
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00800-00163488-00163687 so here's what happens with our q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00801-00163688-00163883 and our reward function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00802-00163884-00164254 so it says oh i was in state two and i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00803-00164255-00164407 took a right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00804-00164408-00164526 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00805-00164527-00164783 i scored a hundred points
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00806-00164784-00164935 so it takes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00807-00164936-00165214 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00808-00165215-00165359 eighty percent of the old value which is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00809-00165360-00165487 zero
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00810-00165488-00165751 and twenty percent of the reward plus
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00811-00165752-00166007 ninety percent of the old value
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00812-00166008-00166375 well that's going to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00813-00166376-00166647 twenty percent of one hundred it's gonna
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00814-00166648-00166966 get a value of 20 and it's gonna update
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00815-00166967-00167151 two to the right to be an estimated
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00816-00167152-00167487 value of 20 okay in the q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00817-00167488-00167663 because now it knows you know that it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00818-00167664-00167863 that's just how it flows out from the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00819-00167864-00168078 goal state because of the rewards it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00820-00168079-00168302 really the rewards that slowly cause it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00821-00168303-00168687 to converge to the right uh values
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00822-00168688-00168863 so now it's it's running around again
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00823-00168864-00169038 it's randomly running around and it ends
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00824-00169039-00169207 up in state one and it happens to take a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00825-00169208-00169487 right into state two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00826-00169488-00169799 so now this is its second run through
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00827-00169800-00170063 so it says okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00828-00170064-00170335 um i'm gonna take the values again so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00829-00170336-00170502 i'm taking eighty percent of my old
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00830-00170503-00170775 value in state one which was zero so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00831-00170776-00171087 that cancels out i'm going to take 20
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00832-00171088-00171287 of my reward which is i didn't enter the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00833-00171288-00171607 goal state so the reward is zero but 90
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00834-00171608-00171790 of the value
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00835-00171791-00171966 which is 20. so it's going to come up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00836-00171967-00172207 with once you do all that 3.6 it's going
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00837-00172208-00172551 to put 3.6 into one to the right okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00838-00172552-00172807 now you can see what's happening here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00839-00172808-00173087 is the goal rewards because of the the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00840-00173088-00173238 mathematics of the bell equation that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00841-00173239-00173390 i'm using here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00842-00173391-00173871 cause the value to slowly update um the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00843-00173872-00174111 further you are away from the goal the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00844-00174112-00174311 less it updates and it will actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00845-00174312-00174519 converge to the right values like if you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00846-00174520-00174751 did this an infinite number of times it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00847-00174752-00175014 will it will it will continue to update
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00848-00175015-00175287 the values and increase them until it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00849-00175288-00175438 gets to the point
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00850-00175439-00175519 where
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00851-00175520-00175687 it's the right value and then from that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00852-00175688-00175847 point forward it will always just happen
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00853-00175848-00176087 to update to the exact same value
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00854-00176088-00176223 that's just the way the that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00855-00176224-00176366 convergence that's just the way the math
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00856-00176367-00176502 works
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00857-00176503-00176902 and so the goal reward flows out
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00858-00176903-00177183 backwards as it runs through this maze
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00859-00177184-00177326 until finally it gets all the right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00860-00177327-00177823 values then it can't update anymore
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00861-00177824-00178078 so now it's from state two it goes into
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00862-00178079-00178151 the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00863-00178152-00178295 goal state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00864-00178296-00178495 we do an update again
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00865-00178496-00178799 and now it's gonna update from 20 to 36
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00866-00178800-00178966 and it'll eventually continue to do that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00867-00178967-00179207 until it gets to 90 basically it'll it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00868-00179208-00179399 will converge at 90 which is the value
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00869-00179400-00179678 we're looking for it to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00870-00179679-00179935 so at the end after running this a few
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00871-00179936-00180111 hundred times or something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00872-00180112-00180231 maybe i've got values that look
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00873-00180232-00180390 something like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00874-00180391-00180559 you can see that 90 right there is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00875-00180560-00180863 correct for state two going to the right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00876-00180864-00181071 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00877-00181072-00181271 but uh it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00878-00181272-00181438 the other values are approximate but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00879-00181439-00181599 they're not quite right but that's okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00880-00181600-00181687 because they just need to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00881-00181688-00181878 approximately right to end up with a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00882-00181879-00182119 pretty good um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00883-00182120-00182351 a optimal policy
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00884-00182352-00182599 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00885-00182600-00182814 the net result of this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00886-00182815-00183078 would be that um we would eventually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00887-00183079-00183311 wind up with a cue table that tells us
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00888-00183312-00183495 what moves to make
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00889-00183496-00183823 because it knows what the best action is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00890-00183824-00184031 for each state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00891-00184032-00184207 once we have that now there is one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00892-00184208-00184487 problem here um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00893-00184488-00184702 let's say that during its random moves
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00894-00184703-00184863 it happens to take the longest possible
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00895-00184864-00185143 path so the the robot happens to go here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00896-00185144-00185399 there there there there
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00897-00185400-00185614 once it's done that enough time but by
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00898-00185615-00186023 chance it does that 10 times so now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00899-00186024-00186247 what flowed out went like this so it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00900-00186248-00186414 going to now always take this path to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00901-00186415-00186559 avoid that problem we do something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00902-00186560-00186790 called the explore exploit trade-off
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00903-00186791-00187038 every so often we make a random move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00904-00187039-00187263 maybe initially we make all random moves
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00905-00187264-00187478 and then over time we reduce how often
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00906-00187479-00187654 we take a random move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00907-00187655-00187847 you never put it quite during training
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00908-00187848-00187999 you never put it quite to zero though
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00909-00188000-00188247 you you always leave a few random moves
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00910-00188248-00188423 by doing that you're guaranteed that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00911-00188424-00188614 it'll try to explore and find better
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00912-00188615-00188766 paths
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00913-00188767-00188959 that will force it to converge to the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00914-00188960-00189319 optimal policy okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00915-00189320-00189614 now when i did this with a maze
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00916-00189615-00189711 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00917-00189712-00189871 using similar code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00918-00189872-00190038 this right here would be the maze you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00919-00190039-00190319 can see the the ones here are walls
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00920-00190320-00190511 these two fives are pits i didn't talk
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00921-00190512-00190663 about pits but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00922-00190664-00190887 imagine that um if you fall into a pit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00923-00190888-00191078 you get you score negative 100 or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00924-00191079-00191183 something
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00925-00191184-00191447 um and then in this case
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00926-00191448-00191695 the the moves that you make are random
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00927-00191696-00191919 partially random so if i say i move up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00928-00191920-00192135 there's a 90 chance i move up but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00929-00192136-00192287 there's also a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00930-00192288-00192471 10 chance i move to the side one of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00931-00192472-00192678 sides or something like that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00932-00192679-00192823 um so there's a chance that if you try
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00933-00192824-00192975 to go through here you'll fall into the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00934-00192976-00193111 pit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00935-00193112-00193407 so the optimal path wouldn't be even
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00936-00193408-00193559 though
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00937-00193560-00193783 it's quickest to the goal at three this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00938-00193784-00193895 is the starting point right here it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00939-00193896-00194078 quickest to go like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00940-00194079-00194231 that would be dangerous because then you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00941-00194232-00194454 have to risk falling into the pits so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00942-00194455-00194687 instead it explored out this path goes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00943-00194688-00194887 around the walls
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00944-00194888-00195031 and this is the path
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00945-00195032-00195263 the optimal path to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00946-00195264-00195454 get to the goal that is in fact you can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00947-00195455-00195654 tell an optimal policy
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00948-00195655-00195823 and here's the actual policy that it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00949-00195824-00196014 used starting right here you can see
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00950-00196015-00196119 that it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00951-00196120-00196326 this the arrows represent where it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00952-00196327-00196511 telling it to go this is an arrow down
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00953-00196512-00196654 this is arrow to the side this is an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00954-00196655-00196766 arrow up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00955-00196767-00196935 and you can see that it's not quite an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00956-00196936-00197143 optimal policy it's you know some of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00957-00197144-00197295 these areas that it has no reason to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00958-00197296-00197535 explore very much like these two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00959-00197536-00197638 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00960-00197639-00197799 are kind of an endless loop
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00961-00197800-00197935 so if you ever wound up in those that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00962-00197936-00198095 would be a problem you'd have to wait
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00963-00198096-00198287 for to randomly fall out of one of those
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00964-00198288-00198511 get back into the right spot
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00965-00198512-00198654 but for the most part this is really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00966-00198655-00198807 close to an optimal policy so this is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00967-00198808-00198943 going to work and this agent is going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00968-00198944-00199078 perform well and it's going to seem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00969-00199079-00199295 intelligent
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00970-00199296-00199599 i did this for in class using a regular
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00971-00199600-00199847 q learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00972-00199848-00200063 doing stock buying and selling and this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00973-00200064-00200271 is my result right here does a lot of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00974-00200272-00200487 buying and selling um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00975-00200488-00200735 it comes up with uh this is the training
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00976-00200736-00200983 so it does really well on training
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00977-00200984-00201063 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00978-00201064-00201399 when i tried it on actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00979-00201400-00201647 uh on the you know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00980-00201648-00201847 a set it hadn't trained on doesn't do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00981-00201848-00202143 nearly well this well it did fairly well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00982-00202144-00202390 the only problem was is that like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00983-00202391-00202623 was trained during 2008 and this is on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00984-00202624-00202895 jpmorgan which didn't recover for years
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00985-00202896-00203143 so it does fairly well on jpmorgan
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00986-00203144-00203375 because jp morgan stayed down for years
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00987-00203376-00203695 after 2008 when i trained it but like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00988-00203696-00203990 microsoft took off like a rocket
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00989-00203991-00204166 so when i tried running this against
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00990-00204167-00204326 microsoft on the same training set in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00991-00204327-00204614 2008 it did make money but nowhere near
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00992-00204615-00204814 as much as if you just bought microsoft
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00993-00204815-00205062 and held it so it really only works if
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00994-00205063-00205223 the stock market's having similar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00995-00205223-00205406 patterns to its re to the past that it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00996-00205407-00205551 was trained on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00997-00205552-00205686 of course that's the problem with trying
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00998-00205687-00205871 to use something like reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-00999-00205871-00206046 learning with the stock market
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01000-00206048-00206262 is that you're kind of making a bet that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01001-00206263-00206455 the past and the future are going to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01002-00206456-00206727 the same which isn't necessarily true
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01003-00206728-00206919 okay so let's talk about how to use
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01004-00206919-00207166 reinforcement learning now to do lunar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01005-00207167-00207310 landers so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01006-00207311-00207462 if you guys remember back in the old
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01007-00207463-00207766 apple two days uh lunar lander was a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01008-00207767-00207894 game where
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01009-00207896-00208158 you would fire your engines on the side
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01010-00208159-00208310 and down you would try to land your
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01011-00208311-00208679 lunar lander between the two flags there
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01012-00208680-00208998 it was uh invented in 1973 on a deck
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01013-00209000-00209279 atari published in 1979
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01014-00209280-00209438 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01015-00209439-00209655 seems like i remember an apple version
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01016-00209656-00209894 but uh it was a really popular game you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01017-00209896-00210142 know way back in the 70s
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01018-00210144-00210263 so what we're going to do is we're going
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01019-00210264-00210679 to try to train
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01020-00210680-00210855 a reinforcement learning agent to play
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01021-00210856-00211063 lunar lander well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01022-00211064-00211231 and this is one of the things that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01023-00211232-00211471 opengym has it has a lunar lander
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01024-00211471-00211639 environment that we can use so that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01025-00211640-00211871 makes it nice and easy for us
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01026-00211871-00212071 and here's the problem with lunar lander
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01027-00212071-00212151 though
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01028-00212152-00212479 it doesn't have a discrete set of states
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01029-00212480-00212623 it's continuous
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01030-00212623-00212775 okay it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01031-00212776-00212991 so there's no way to use a cue table to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01032-00212992-00213142 do it i'll show you why that's that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01033-00213144-00213255 the case
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01034-00213256-00213446 so here's the actions for the game you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01035-00213448-00213655 can do nothing you can fire your left
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01036-00213656-00213782 orientation engine your right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01037-00213783-00214031 orientation engine or their main engine
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01038-00214032-00214158 all the actions are discreet they're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01039-00214159-00214391 either on or off that's good so so far
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01040-00214392-00214527 so good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01041-00214528-00214751 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01042-00214752-00214942 now here's the states though the state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01043-00214944-00215231 for this game isn't a single number
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01044-00215232-00215455 states one through nine like with that q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01045-00215456-00215687 table maze i was just showing you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01046-00215688-00215855 in this case it's a it's a tuple of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01047-00215856-00216039 eight values an x position which is a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01048-00216040-00216287 real a y position which is a wheel
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01049-00216288-00216519 x and y velocity are reals angle the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01050-00216519-00216703 lander is a real and then it's got two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01051-00216704-00216903 booleans if the left or the right layer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01052-00216904-00217087 in contact with the ground
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01053-00217088-00217367 of those only the last two are discrete
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01054-00217367-00217655 everything else is is continuous so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01055-00217656-00217806 how would you put that into a q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01056-00217807-00218039 because a q table a table is by nature
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01057-00218040-00218151 discrete
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01058-00218152-00218382 okay so that's a problem you cannot use
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01059-00218383-00218534 regular reinforcement learning for a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01060-00218535-00218791 problem like this because of that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01061-00218792-00219071 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01062-00219071-00219287 so one thing we could do is we could
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01063-00219288-00219463 descritize
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01064-00219464-00219663 so i tried this actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01065-00219664-00219903 at one point didn't go very well but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01066-00219904-00220175 imagine here for like the stock selling
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01067-00220176-00220398 um it's got continuous numbers and yet i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01068-00220400-00220558 could still use a q table for it and the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01069-00220559-00220734 reason why is because it's not that hard
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01070-00220735-00220894 to turn
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01071-00220896-00221094 any signal into a discrete signal you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01072-00221096-00221263 can see that it's immediately obvious
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01073-00221264-00221487 that this discreet version of that one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01074-00221488-00221655 they look pretty similar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01075-00221656-00221839 so that's good enough for like the stock
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01076-00221840-00222023 market
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01077-00222023-00222206 but for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01078-00222207-00222398 a q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01079-00222400-00222606 i tried making a table with a million
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01080-00222607-00222910 entries and it just it wasn't even close
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01081-00222911-00223127 right i mean like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01082-00223128-00223271 there would be a million entries in this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01083-00223271-00223439 q table and i'm trying to desperatize
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01084-00223440-00223734 the environment doing that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01085-00223735-00223942 you would the number of games you'd have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01086-00223944-00224151 to play to fill up that environment
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01087-00224152-00224398 would it might be billions of games
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01088-00224400-00224606 right it's that that environment stays
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01089-00224607-00225039 at zero almost all of it zero forever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01090-00225040-00225175 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01091-00225176-00225351 it's just too big of a table to fill in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01092-00225352-00225455 and then anything above that you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01093-00225456-00225575 starting to run out of memory in your
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01094-00225576-00225703 computer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01095-00225704-00225775 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01096-00225776-00225919 even though i could in theory
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01097-00225919-00226055 desperatize
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01098-00226056-00226142 you know the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01099-00226144-00226367 i just can't really train
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01100-00226367-00226598 the agent enough to be useful
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01101-00226600-00226798 because it's just too big an area and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01102-00226800-00227046 honestly it's still no good because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01103-00227048-00227263 that's still it's it's not very um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01104-00227264-00227463 there's not very fine-grained even at a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01105-00227464-00227639 million it's not very fine-grained so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01106-00227640-00227831 even if i could trade it enough it still
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01107-00227832-00228071 probably wouldn't play the greatest
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01108-00228071-00228255 so um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01109-00228256-00228663 how about we approach this then well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01110-00228664-00228839 neural nets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01111-00228840-00229087 are theoretically are a proc can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01112-00229088-00229271 approximate any function so there's a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01113-00229271-00229471 paper called multi very famous paper
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01114-00229471-00229663 called multi-layer feed forward networks
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01115-00229664-00229863 our universal approximators by kurt
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01116-00229864-00230006 hornick
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01117-00230007-00230223 and he proved in that paper
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01118-00230223-00230415 that neural nets can approx are
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01119-00230416-00230655 universal approximators there's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01120-00230656-00230823 no function there any function in the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01121-00230823-00230919 world
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01122-00230919-00231110 can be a pr in theory can be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01123-00231111-00231382 approximated on a neural net now the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01124-00231383-00231606 problem with saying that is is that he's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01125-00231607-00231767 talking about over the space of all
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01126-00231767-00232015 possible neural nets so no one neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01127-00232016-00232303 net is a universal approximator but the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01128-00232304-00232615 space of all neural nets is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01129-00232616-00232775 so but that's still good we got proof
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01130-00232776-00233006 that that's the case and neural nets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01131-00233007-00233182 have a lot of history of doing really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01132-00233183-00233375 well at approximating functions like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01133-00233376-00233567 this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01134-00233567-00233775 so a q table is just a function in fact
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01135-00233776-00234127 everything in life is just a function so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01136-00234128-00234342 what if we took this q table that we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01137-00234344-00234534 can't possibly make work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01138-00234535-00234719 and we just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01139-00234719-00234975 approximated it using a neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01140-00234976-00235167 so this is what separates deep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01141-00235167-00235310 reinforcement learning from regular
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01142-00235311-00235471 reinforcement learning is that we're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01143-00235471-00235631 ripping out the cue table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01144-00235632-00235887 and we're replacing it with a neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01145-00235888-00236358 to approximate it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01146-00236359-00236623 so now we've got a new problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01147-00236623-00236791 how do you train a neural net to replace
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01148-00236792-00236967 the q function so normally we would use
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01149-00236967-00237142 supervised learning which requires a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01150-00237144-00237334 human label
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01151-00237335-00237663 well you know no human is going to know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01152-00237664-00237846 what the right move is in that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01153-00237848-00238110 particular state right i mean the state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01154-00238111-00238287 remember the state is that tuple of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01155-00238288-00238519 functions so there's no way for a human
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01156-00238519-00238631 to label
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01157-00238632-00238839 what the best moves are
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01158-00238840-00239079 there's no ground truth to use
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01159-00239080-00239294 so because of that how do we actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01160-00239296-00239415 train
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01161-00239416-00239551 a neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01162-00239552-00239767 so somebody had this crazy idea he said
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01163-00239767-00239934 let's they said let's flip the neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01164-00239935-00240087 net train itself
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01165-00240088-00240215 and again this doesn't sound like it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01166-00240216-00240351 would work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01167-00240352-00240551 um basically you let the neural net use
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01168-00240552-00240830 itself as its own ground truth
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01169-00240831-00240998 this is why i call this bootstrapping
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01170-00241000-00241158 intelligence
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01171-00241159-00241471 um it's honestly it sounds absurd but it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01172-00241471-00241646 actually works in real life
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01173-00241648-00241823 um sometimes it's hard to get it to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01174-00241823-00241967 train um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01175-00241967-00242134 i'm gonna show you a couple you know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01176-00242135-00242510 some fairly good uh training runs but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01177-00242511-00242703 when you run it it's just kind of hit or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01178-00242704-00242951 miss sometimes it doesn't train well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01179-00242952-00243175 sometimes it does sometimes it does okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01180-00243176-00243358 sometimes it does really well sometimes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01181-00243359-00243527 it starts to do well and then it drops
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01182-00243528-00243703 off the deep end and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01183-00243704-00243910 does worse than random
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01184-00243911-00244206 it's it's crazy what what happens but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01185-00244207-00244367 with a few good runs you can come up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01186-00244367-00244542 with something that actually works okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01187-00244544-00244719 so here's how we would go about this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01188-00244719-00245023 we're going to have a tuple of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01189-00245023-00245342 what state we were in what action we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01190-00245344-00245519 took what the reward was and what the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01191-00245519-00245639 next state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01192-00245640-00245719 was
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01193-00245719-00245863 and then if we're done or not remember
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01194-00245864-00246094 state would be a tuple of eight
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01195-00246096-00246206 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01196-00246207-00246446 state is all eight values
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01197-00246448-00246663 uh take the action we're taking and then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01198-00246664-00246815 um what we're gonna do is we're gonna
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01199-00246816-00246991 just keep a history of those so every
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01200-00246992-00247191 single state every single move in the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01201-00247192-00247294 environment
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01202-00247296-00247534 we keep keep a history of those things
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01203-00247535-00247758 and then we grab a hundred at random
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01204-00247759-00247903 and that becomes our mini batch that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01205-00247904-00248367 we're going to trade our neural net on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01206-00248367-00248646 and the code looks something like this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01207-00248648-00248910 so imagine the first page of code i'm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01208-00248911-00249110 actually taking you know the state the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01209-00249111-00249287 action the rewards and i'm turning them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01210-00249288-00249494 into a big array
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01211-00249496-00249751 out of the samples that i've collected
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01212-00249752-00249967 um so i've got a big group of all of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01213-00249967-00250151 them in different arrays
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01214-00250152-00250239 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01215-00250240-00250463 then what i'm going to do is i'm going
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01216-00250464-00250734 to come up with a oops let me go back
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01217-00250735-00250863 here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01218-00250864-00251023 a predicted value
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01219-00251023-00251263 similar to regular
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01220-00251264-00251351 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01221-00251352-00251527 supervised learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01222-00251528-00251663 i'm going to come up with a predicted
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01223-00251664-00251863 value i'm going to compare it to an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01224-00251864-00252006 actual but i don't remember i don't have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01225-00252007-00252215 any actuals so the way i'm going to do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01226-00252216-00252319 this is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01227-00252319-00252471 i'm going to predict the action for the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01228-00252471-00252679 state that we were just in so we're in a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01229-00252680-00252846 state i predict what the action is going
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01230-00252848-00252991 to be and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01231-00252992-00253110 that's the action i'm going to actually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01232-00253111-00253223 take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01233-00253223-00253567 then i'm going to predict
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01234-00253567-00253887 the action for the new state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01235-00253888-00254015 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01236-00254016-00254198 that i wound up in so remember i just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01237-00254200-00254406 made a move and i wound up in a state so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01238-00254407-00254598 i say what was my prediction of what i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01239-00254600-00254758 should have done and what was the what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01240-00254759-00254903 was the actual
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01241-00254904-00255103 predicted value for the next state after
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01242-00255104-00255198 that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01243-00255200-00255391 i'm going to use that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01244-00255392-00255639 plus the rewards to calculate an actual
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01245-00255640-00255815 so basically
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01246-00255816-00256079 i'm using one step ahead on the neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01247-00256080-00256271 net the next state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01248-00256271-00256446 as my ground truth
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01249-00256448-00256630 for the previous state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01250-00256631-00256934 is basically what i'm doing okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01251-00256935-00257182 again i know it sounds crazy the reason
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01252-00257183-00257415 why it works is because these rewards
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01253-00257416-00257551 are getting added in and remember with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01254-00257552-00257791 reinforcement learning the rewards the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01255-00257792-00257967 fact that you have a real life reward
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01256-00257967-00258094 taking place
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01257-00258096-00258334 forces a convergence over time to the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01258-00258335-00258567 right values same thing happens here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01259-00258567-00258919 with neural nets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01260-00258919-00259015 and then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01261-00259016-00259271 having all that i'm going to train using
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01262-00259271-00259494 the actual values that what i call the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01263-00259496-00259767 actual value the fake actual values
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01264-00259767-00259958 and over time it will start to learn it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01265-00259959-00260167 will start to play better and better
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01266-00260167-00260391 so basically the end result is we rip
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01267-00260392-00260575 out the q table replace it with a neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01268-00260576-00260791 net that's going to approximate it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01269-00260792-00261191 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01270-00261192-00261375 this this replaces the q table and we
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01271-00261376-00261503 only need to determine given a state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01272-00261504-00261694 which action to take
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01273-00261696-00261823 the neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01274-00261823-00261998 naturally generalizes well neural nets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01275-00262000-00262215 are good at generalizing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01276-00262216-00262503 so the fact that that um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01277-00262504-00262663 i couldn't train
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01278-00262664-00262934 enough times with a real cue table that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01279-00262935-00263071 kind of that problem's now kind of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01280-00263072-00263287 solved because neural nets naturally
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01281-00263288-00263534 generalize so if it's in a state and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01282-00263535-00263687 this other state isn't quite the same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01283-00263688-00263855 but it's similar the neural net will
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01284-00263856-00264087 automatically treat them as the same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01285-00264088-00264182 state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01286-00264183-00264439 that's what neural nets do right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01287-00264440-00264615 um and so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01288-00264616-00264871 because of that i don't need to have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01289-00264872-00265063 billions of training now i can do it in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01290-00265064-00265215 a few hundred
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01291-00265216-00265406 on top of that i've now solved the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01292-00265407-00265647 continuous versus um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01293-00265648-00265863 discrete problem the neural net just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01294-00265864-00266079 takes an input and it gives an output
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01295-00266080-00266271 it does it whatever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01296-00266272-00266503 training and magic of machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01297-00266504-00266630 just works
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01298-00266631-00266839 and it now does not care that you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01299-00266840-00267047 giving it a continuous value because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01300-00267048-00267175 it's going to treat
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01301-00267176-00267606 similar continuous values as similar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01302-00267607-00267775 okay here's the results from my actual
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01303-00267776-00267975 training you can see that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01304-00267976-00268143 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01305-00268144-00268358 it slowly improves over time it takes a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01306-00268359-00268519 while it still continues to have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01307-00268520-00268647 failures
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01308-00268648-00268830 uh over time you can one thing that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01309-00268831-00268982 interesting is that it almost always
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01310-00268983-00269143 starts off better and then takes a dive
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01311-00269144-00269415 at first for whatever reason
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01312-00269416-00269719 this game lunar lander random firing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01313-00269720-00269982 isn't completely terrible
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01314-00269983-00270230 and so when it first starts off it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01315-00270231-00270391 starts off with random firing and you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01316-00270392-00270558 know it scores like a negative 50 or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01317-00270559-00270751 something and then it kind of thinks it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01318-00270752-00270895 knows something and then it tries to do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01319-00270896-00271158 that and it ends up you know doing a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01320-00271159-00271391 giant crash and going to negative 400
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01321-00271392-00271543 then it learns from that and it gets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01322-00271544-00271767 better on the next try then it crashes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01323-00271768-00271958 again and it kind of goes back and forth
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01324-00271959-00272191 for a while and it oscillates and over
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01325-00272192-00272358 time the oscillations start to move up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01326-00272359-00272495 and to do better and better and you get
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01327-00272496-00272758 fewer crashes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01328-00272759-00273127 now with the final
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01329-00273128-00273310 agent after it's been trained
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01330-00273311-00273503 this is what it looks like when i run it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01331-00273504-00273639 a hundred times
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01332-00273640-00273782 there's only one crash here and that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01333-00273783-00273967 that's not even a strong crash
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01334-00273968-00274151 only one that went below zero everything
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01335-00274152-00274423 else it scored positive and most of them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01336-00274424-00274623 scored over a hundred well it looks like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01337-00274624-00274751 all of them scored over 100 except for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01338-00274752-00274887 this one crash
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01339-00274888-00275103 so it's really starting you know on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01340-00275104-00275295 average it's looking like it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01341-00275296-00275439 in the 200s
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01342-00275440-00275687 so this is actually looking pretty good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01343-00275688-00275855 if you can average over 200 i think
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01344-00275856-00275999 that's considered solved for this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01345-00276000-00276247 problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01346-00276248-00276375 okay so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01347-00276376-00276567 my code base now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01348-00276568-00276719 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01349-00276720-00276855 if you want to try doing this for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01350-00276856-00277110 yourself one warning the setting up the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01351-00277111-00277282 environment for open ai is rather
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01352-00277283-00277582 difficult um there's i i have yet to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01353-00277583-00277727 document it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01354-00277728-00277967 and i don't remember how anymore so one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01355-00277968-00278110 of these days i'll go back and i'll do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01356-00278111-00278334 it again and i'll document it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01357-00278335-00278615 but i just googled around and if i can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01358-00278616-00278751 do it probably anybody can eventually
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01359-00278752-00278910 figure it out and you get it set up and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01360-00278911-00279095 it'll eventually work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01361-00279096-00279334 i built this using python and kiris and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01362-00279335-00279567 tensorflow
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01363-00279568-00279919 so i have a q learning interfaces file
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01364-00279920-00280071 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01365-00280072-00280695 let me
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01366-00280696-00280863 so here it is here's the file in github
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01367-00280864-00281087 right here q learning interfaces this is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01368-00281088-00281295 the main logic file
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01369-00281296-00281487 it has two interfaces
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01370-00281488-00281775 um a q model interface and a q learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01371-00281776-00281910 interface
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01372-00281911-00282110 for um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01373-00282111-00282319 it's the basic interface that is the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01374-00282320-00282503 similarities between a cue table and a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01375-00282504-00282703 deep reinforcement learning version of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01376-00282704-00282782 it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01377-00282783-00282951 same thing for the learners so a learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01378-00282952-00283079 would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01379-00283080-00283263 an agent that needs to learn the table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01380-00283264-00283423 would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01381-00283424-00283687 the um the function that the q function
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01382-00283688-00284006 that it's trying to approximate um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01383-00284007-00284103 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01384-00284104-00284375 90 of the code for both types is in this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01385-00284376-00284591 file it's only 394 lines so we're not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01386-00284592-00284719 talking about something super difficult
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01387-00284720-00284879 here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01388-00284880-00285030 the code even starts with semi good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01389-00285031-00285182 hyper parameters
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01390-00285183-00285334 the q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01391-00285335-00285447 dot
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01392-00285448-00285695 py
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01393-00285696-00285951 script it contains the actual code for a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01394-00285952-00286191 real queue table a classical and a for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01395-00286192-00286343 that when you'd use with the classical q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01396-00286344-00286615 learner the q learner dot p y that would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01397-00286616-00286903 be the q learner for a real q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01398-00286904-00287167 both of these are under 50 lines of code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01399-00287168-00287382 then there's an environments.py which is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01400-00287383-00287591 a wrapper or that can be used either
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01401-00287592-00287919 around open ai gym or for anything you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01402-00287920-00288079 build yourself now the reason why i did
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01403-00288080-00288182 that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01404-00288183-00288479 is so that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01405-00288480-00288695 you can build your own environments i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01406-00288696-00288903 intended to try like a maze and make my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01407-00288904-00289063 own because that doesn't exist inside of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01408-00289064-00289239 open open ai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01409-00289240-00289495 so it basically it's a wrapper that just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01410-00289496-00289703 says reset the environment
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01411-00289704-00289879 make a step in the environment so step
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01412-00289880-00290079 the environment one step based on an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01413-00290080-00290247 action and then render the environment
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01414-00290248-00290471 visually if it's got those three
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01415-00290472-00290551 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01416-00290552-00290758 abilities then it matches the wrapper
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01417-00290759-00290958 and open ai any of the open ai
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01418-00290959-00291303 environments will work with it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01419-00291304-00291615 you have a dqm model so dqn would be the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01420-00291616-00291830 cue the deep learning version of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01421-00291831-00291910 queue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01422-00291911-00292006 table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01423-00292007-00292295 so this is like a deep q network that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01424-00292296-00292527 replaces the q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01425-00292528-00292734 um on top of the interface in the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01426-00292735-00292895 original file
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01427-00292896-00293119 a dqn learner which would be the learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01428-00293120-00293263 that goes with it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01429-00293264-00293558 and then finally the open gym examples
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01430-00293559-00293830 which is just a bunch of examples of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01431-00293831-00294087 different open gym things i've tried
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01432-00294088-00294327 and you can use the exact same code for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01433-00294328-00294582 all of them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01434-00294583-00294719 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01435-00294720-00294934 the reason why i use this approach
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01436-00294935-00295095 is i'm trying to use it so there's a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01437-00295096-00295263 single base code that has most of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01438-00295264-00295406 code and then there's just a little bit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01439-00295407-00295575 that you change out whether you're doing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01440-00295576-00295799 a cue table and standard reinforcement
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01441-00295800-00296039 learning or the um the deep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01442-00296040-00296279 reinforcement learning instead this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01443-00296280-00296487 really demonstrates that all you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01444-00296488-00296647 doing is you're ripping out the cue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01445-00296648-00296806 table and you're replacing it with a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01446-00296807-00296975 neural network it makes it very clear
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01447-00296976-00297182 that's all you're doing so i wanted to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01448-00297183-00297358 do that in the code to make that clear
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01449-00297359-00297487 that that's the only real difference
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01450-00297488-00297703 between the two
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01451-00297704-00297887 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01452-00297888-00298087 as i mentioned i have a code base on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01453-00298088-00298254 github for anyone who's interested and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01454-00298255-00298543 here's the links for opengym if you go
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01455-00298544-00298663 to my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01456-00298664-00298799 github page you can also find this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01457-00298800-00299006 presentation there
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01458-00299007-00299143 and then if you really want to get
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01459-00299144-00299287 started i would actually recommend
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01460-00299288-00299439 learning keras
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01461-00299440-00299734 by francais chalet
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01462-00299735-00299999 he's the one who invented tirus
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01463-00300000-00300191 so this is a really good book it teaches
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01464-00300192-00300454 you not just about keras but about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01465-00300455-00300782 the basics of all machine learning um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01466-00300783-00300958 using keras
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01467-00300959-00301030 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01468-00301031-00301175 now let's go ahead and let's do a demo
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01469-00301176-00301454 of what the actual agent looks like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01470-00301455-00301830 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01471-00301831-00302151 i'm going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01472-00302152-00303263 run this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01473-00303264-00303534 now this is my best run my best trained
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01474-00303535-00303743 example
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01475-00303744-00304519 so all of these are going to succeed
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01476-00304520-00304734 keep in mind that i didn't program any
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01477-00304735-00306695 of it it just learned this on its own
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01478-00306696-00306958 only watch five of these and it'll quit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01479-00306959-00307199 you can see the scores over here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01480-00307200-00307399 as to what it's scoring
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01481-00307400-00308743 as it finishes each one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01482-00308744-00308982 that's really really cool
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01483-00308983-00309215 and i have a question while it's playing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01484-00309216-00309471 yeah notice that the scores are close
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01485-00309472-00309630 but a little bit different each time and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01486-00309631-00309871 i i'm wondering if my understanding is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01487-00309872-00310095 correct that if this was using a an
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01488-00310096-00310343 ideally trained uh q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01489-00310344-00310534 using q learner that those scores would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01490-00310535-00310695 probably be identical each time but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01491-00310696-00310839 they're different in this case because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01492-00310840-00310999 you're using a neural network instead is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01493-00311000-00311175 that correct notice when it lands what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01494-00311176-00311263 happens
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01495-00311264-00311903 the environment actually changes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01496-00311904-00312039 so it's playing a slightly different
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01497-00312040-00312191 game each time
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01498-00312192-00312463 and i think it also okay i think it also
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01499-00312464-00312615 gives it slightly different starting
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01500-00312616-00312719 conditions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01501-00312720-00312887 so it's not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01502-00312888-00313103 if it were exactly the same environment
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01503-00313104-00313287 with the exact same starting conditions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01504-00313288-00313447 it would it would make the exact same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01505-00313448-00313630 moves every single time even with the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01506-00313631-00313775 neural network
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01507-00313776-00313975 even with the neural network yes okay no
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01508-00313976-00314199 networks are still deterministic well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01509-00314200-00314430 they're yeah they're they'll generalize
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01510-00314431-00314727 but there's yeah
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01511-00314728-00314887 um but because it's getting slightly
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01512-00314888-00315054 different starting conditions slightly
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01513-00315055-00315175 different initial can be like think of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01514-00315176-00315319 chaos theory slight different initial
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01515-00315320-00315447 conditions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01516-00315448-00315551 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01517-00315552-00315887 the neural network has to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01518-00315888-00316071 really do a different problem each time
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01519-00316072-00316199 and it's generalizing well enough that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01520-00316200-00316399 it's scoring high
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01521-00316400-00316582 so it only got one that was below 200
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01522-00316583-00316734 here so my average is definitely over
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01523-00316735-00316903 200 and so this one would be considered
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01524-00316904-00317103 having solved the problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01525-00317104-00317327 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01526-00317328-00317767 now if you take a look at my code here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01527-00317768-00318047 i have the cart pole
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01528-00318048-00318279 in fact let me see if i can um i don't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01529-00318280-00318463 know if i've got i don't know if i've
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01530-00318464-00318558 got a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01531-00318559-00318703 example of the cart pole i'm going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01532-00318704-00319734 find out live here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01533-00319735-00320487 may error if there's no file
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01534-00320488-00320703 nope it's working so the current poll
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01535-00320704-00320927 same algorithm but it's now doing the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01536-00320928-00321519 cart pull instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01537-00321520-00321710 obviously when i say the same algorithm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01538-00321711-00321887 it's the same basic algorithm it's the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01539-00321888-00321975 same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01540-00321976-00322191 that that first file i showed that had
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01541-00322192-00322375 the 400 lines of code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01542-00322376-00322606 it's that one but then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01543-00322607-00322871 um there's always a little bit of code
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01544-00322872-00323006 you have to make
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01545-00323007-00323191 to explain how this environment is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01546-00323192-00324030 different than other environments
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01547-00324031-00324215 okay this one's pretty good so it'll
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01548-00324216-00324510 take a while for it to fall over
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01549-00324511-00324727 um let me show you like with the cart
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01550-00324728-00324951 pole
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01551-00324952-00325110 the carpool training
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01552-00325111-00325287 you can see that i have a specific cart
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01553-00325288-00325479 pull learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01554-00325480-00325663 that's separate from the uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01555-00325664-00325791 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01556-00325792-00326079 lunarlander one well but it's only
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01557-00326080-00326327 this is it right i mean like it's just a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01558-00326328-00326527 handful of linux love code where i have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01559-00326528-00326663 to map
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01560-00326664-00326943 each environment to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01561-00326944-00327158 the interface that i need
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01562-00327159-00327415 and it's it's not that difficult here's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01563-00327416-00327623 the taxi learner i haven't shown you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01564-00327624-00327823 taxi that was not impressive to look at
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01565-00327824-00327958 so i'm not going to show you that one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01566-00327959-00328199 here's the lunar lander learner they're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01567-00328200-00328406 all pretty similar right they've got
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01568-00328407-00328511 different um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01569-00328512-00328623 [Music]
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01570-00328624-00328758 slightly different information on each
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01571-00328759-00328839 of them
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01572-00328840-00329030 but uh basically i just have to write
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01573-00329031-00329423 one for each one um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01574-00329424-00329558 they have uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01575-00329559-00329703 basically the main difference is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01576-00329704-00329903 actually here where i grab
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01577-00329904-00330199 um the gym.make and i have to grab the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01578-00330200-00330415 right environment for it everything else
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01579-00330416-00330673 looks almost identical
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01580-00330674-00331310 [Music]
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01581-00331311-00331799 and then the other difference would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01582-00331800-00332087 there isn't that much else so they're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01583-00332088-00332334 very similar for each one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01584-00332335-00332534 um you don't have to do very much that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01585-00332535-00332823 specific and it will actually learn now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01586-00332824-00332951 i think one of the things i did do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01587-00332952-00333103 though is that i'm kind of using the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01588-00333104-00333287 same neural net for each one so i'm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01589-00333288-00333567 using the same neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01590-00333568-00333830 model for the cart pole and for the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01591-00333831-00333975 lunar lander
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01592-00333976-00334230 in this case those two are simple enough
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01593-00334231-00334447 with the same the one that works for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01594-00334448-00334654 lunar lander will also work for cartpole
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01595-00334655-00334871 because falls simpler
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01596-00334872-00335087 but in real life like you may have to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01597-00335088-00335303 rip out the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01598-00335304-00335454 the neural network and make one that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01599-00335455-00335663 appropriate for your problem neural nets
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01600-00335664-00335871 are specific to the model
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01601-00335872-00335951 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01602-00335952-00336078 one model isn't necessarily going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01603-00336079-00336310 solve a different problem well
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01604-00336311-00336575 so you may have to make it a lot deeper
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01605-00336576-00337015 if i were to look at the dq model here
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01606-00337016-00337758 um let's see
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01607-00337759-00337895 here is where i'm actually building the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01608-00337896-00338030 neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01609-00338031-00338319 so um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01610-00338320-00338654 top layer is 150 nodes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01611-00338655-00338882 middle layer is 120
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01612-00338883-00339182 nodes um and then
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01613-00339183-00339375 the final layer is just whatever number
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01614-00339376-00339639 of actions i passed to it so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01615-00339640-00339839 carpool only has two actions and lunar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01616-00339840-00340039 lander has four
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01617-00340040-00340175 um or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01618-00340176-00340254 three
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01619-00340255-00340487 three it was um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01620-00340488-00340606 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01621-00340607-00340775 it's slightly different neural nets but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01622-00340776-00340951 it's only the final layer the rest of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01623-00340952-00341127 the layers are the same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01624-00341128-00341271 uh here i'm telling you to use the atom
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01625-00341272-00341406 optimizer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01626-00341407-00341575 i'm compiling it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01627-00341576-00341878 i'm saying that it's a sequential model
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01628-00341879-00342039 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01629-00342040-00342191 and i'm telling you that i'm going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01630-00342192-00342519 use that a mini batch of 100 each
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01631-00342520-00342727 uh each of these there are like like if
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01632-00342728-00342887 you were to use my code but you didn't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01633-00342888-00343071 want my default settings there is like a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01634-00343072-00343263 property you can use to reset it to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01635-00343264-00343430 something else
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01636-00343431-00343575 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01637-00343576-00343830 and that's it right this is the whole
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01638-00343831-00344054 deep learning portion right here and i'm
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01639-00344055-00344215 using the same one for both cart poll
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01640-00344216-00344687 and for lunar lander um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01641-00344688-00344863 and that's really all there is to it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01642-00344864-00345023 there's not that many
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01643-00345024-00345191 files there's not that much code in the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01644-00345192-00345391 files this interfaces is kind of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01645-00345392-00345654 main one and like i said it's looks like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01646-00345655-00345847 it's actually i said it was under 400
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01647-00345848-00345982 but it looks like i've added a bit since
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01648-00345983-00346303 then so it's slightly over 400 now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01649-00346304-00346406 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01650-00346407-00346695 this is both a regular q learner and a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01651-00346696-00346863 the deep version of it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01652-00346864-00346999 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01653-00347000-00347182 um or it's debate the basics would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01654-00347183-00347415 the same for both is what i mean to say
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01655-00347416-00347582 but uh
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01656-00347583-00347767 the difference is just in the difference
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01657-00347768-00347919 between an actual queue table would be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01658-00347920-00348263 in the queue table file versus the dqn
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01659-00348264-00348463 model file but you'd use one of those
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01660-00348464-00348630 not both depending on whether you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01661-00348631-00348775 doing regular reinforcement learning or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01662-00348776-00348951 deep reinforcement learning all right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01663-00348952-00349295 any questions about this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01664-00349296-00349454 i have some questions but i'm not sure
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01665-00349455-00349615 if they're off topic or not
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01666-00349616-00349799 go for it i don't care
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01667-00349800-00350082 so your lunar lander appears to be a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01668-00350083-00350351 semi-stochastic problem eg that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01669-00350352-00350503 terrain's changing a little bit maybe
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01670-00350504-00350687 your initial conditions are changing a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01671-00350688-00350863 little bit
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01672-00350864-00351103 it seems like though if it was
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01673-00351104-00351351 stochastic enough
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01674-00351352-00351567 that it would completely upset the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01675-00351568-00351847 neural net's ability to create any kind
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01676-00351848-00351991 of um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01677-00351992-00352143 generalization
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01678-00352144-00352239 is that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01679-00352240-00352606 true or am i true okay so anytime you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01680-00352607-00352830 doing so this is the truth about machine
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01681-00352831-00353039 learning there's always this inductive
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01682-00353040-00353182 assumption
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01683-00353183-00353343 that the past and the future are the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01684-00353344-00353582 same or relatively the same similar
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01685-00353583-00353806 enough if that's not true all machine
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01686-00353807-00354103 learning fails right i mean it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01687-00354104-00354247 you think about that like let's say you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01688-00354248-00354454 have a face recognizer
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01689-00354455-00354710 if aliens came and joined us
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01690-00354711-00354878 it's not going to recognize the aliens
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01691-00354879-00355015 because the past the future aren't the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01692-00355016-00355287 same anymore right so you often you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01693-00355288-00355430 picking problems where you've got good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01694-00355431-00355567 reason to believe the past and the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01695-00355568-00355791 future are the same but like the stock
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01696-00355792-00355958 market the past the future are never the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01697-00355959-00356263 same so you have to intelligently know
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01698-00356264-00356406 in this case i think they're going to be
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01699-00356407-00356567 similar enough or
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01700-00356568-00356758 you have to update it on a regular basis
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01701-00356759-00356999 so that you're retraining it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01702-00357000-00357223 there's various things you can do to and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01703-00357224-00357358 remember reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01704-00357359-00357495 continuous learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01705-00357496-00357799 so you could make reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01706-00357800-00358015 um keep learning so that if the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01707-00358016-00358151 environments did start to change too
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01708-00358152-00358375 much it would start to relearn
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01709-00358376-00358623 um that would be possible to do i don't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01710-00358624-00358767 think you could do that quite as easily
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01711-00358768-00358934 with deep reinforcement learning because
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01712-00358935-00359071 you have to have the neural network but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01713-00359072-00359206 with regular reinforcement learning it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01714-00359207-00359367 certainly can do that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01715-00359368-00359534 but yeah there's there's always the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01716-00359535-00359678 problem that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01717-00359679-00359815 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01718-00359816-00360127 if the environment changes too much
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01719-00360128-00360271 and it's not the same environment that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01720-00360272-00360399 you trained on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01721-00360400-00360615 it will just do inappropriate things now
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01722-00360616-00360863 think about like the atari
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01723-00360864-00360982 there was like this big breakthrough
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01724-00360983-00361167 where they had reinforcement learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01725-00361168-00361295 that could play atari games like that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01726-00361296-00361527 was all over the media
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01727-00361528-00361806 they proved that even little minor
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01728-00361807-00362087 changes like changing the color
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01729-00362088-00362303 of the screen things like that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01730-00362304-00362678 would cause it to completely go wrong
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01731-00362679-00363199 so it's brittle in that way
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01732-00363200-00363430 so you also explained that this uh won
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01733-00363431-00363671 the go championship or whatever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01734-00363672-00363887 i'm confused though how this could ever
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01735-00363888-00364087 work with an adversarial
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01736-00364088-00364463 set of conditions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01737-00364464-00364703 so um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01738-00364704-00364895 there's really no difference with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01739-00364896-00365134 adversarial set of conditions so think
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01740-00365135-00365334 about like how a go board is just a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01741-00365335-00365591 finite set of states very very large
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01742-00365592-00365743 finite set of states but it's still a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01743-00365744-00365903 finite set of states
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01744-00365904-00366095 you could never make a q table large
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01745-00366096-00366295 enough to hold it all and it would have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01746-00366296-00366391 the same problem where you'd have to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01747-00366392-00366543 play trillions of games or something to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01748-00366544-00366727 fill the q table in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01749-00366728-00366919 so they use a neural network instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01750-00366920-00367039 they there's a whole bunch of tricks i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01751-00367040-00367151 don't even know most of the tricks they
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01752-00367152-00367310 use but i know the basics is you use a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01753-00367311-00367463 neural net instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01754-00367464-00367543 and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01755-00367544-00367719 what you do is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01756-00367720-00367863 you're you're
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01757-00367864-00368158 only using the reinforcement learning to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01758-00368159-00368295 come up with the board evaluation
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01759-00368296-00368534 algorithm so the board evaluation
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01760-00368535-00368767 algorithm for for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01761-00368768-00369039 deep blue was programmed by a human and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01762-00369040-00369271 it was human intelligence now remember i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01763-00369272-00369495 said no human knows how to do that for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01764-00369496-00369710 um go so they use machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01765-00369711-00369903 instead so the machine learning came up
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01766-00369904-00370158 with the board evaluation algorithm and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01767-00370159-00370415 after playing billions of games
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01768-00370416-00370599 its board evaluation algorithm is better
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01769-00370600-00370863 than a human and in fact it can in one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01770-00370864-00371151 move it can look ahead one move and it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01771-00371152-00371391 can play at professional levels
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01772-00371392-00371502 only looking ahead so you don't even
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01773-00371503-00371654 need the min max algorithm anymore
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01774-00371655-00371839 because the board valuation algorithm's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01775-00371840-00371982 so good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01776-00371983-00372206 and basically machine learning is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01777-00372207-00372367 less like artificial intelligence and
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01778-00372368-00372695 more like artificial intuition so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01779-00372696-00372839 a neural network
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01780-00372840-00373134 gives the computer the intuition for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01781-00373135-00373415 this board this if i make this move the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01782-00373416-00373567 new board's better than if i make this
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01783-00373568-00373839 move it can try each move it can see
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01784-00373840-00374047 which of those it's neural net thinks is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01785-00374048-00374271 the best new board and then it picks the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01786-00374272-00374463 best one that's basically all there is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01787-00374464-00374854 to it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01788-00374855-00375182 cool thanks
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01789-00375183-00375519 so i guess i should maybe let me clarify
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01790-00375520-00375663 one thing because i think maybe i
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01791-00375664-00375799 understand your question
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01792-00375800-00375919 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01793-00375920-00376134 the fact that it's stochastic itself is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01794-00376135-00376334 not a problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01795-00376335-00376527 it's really if the environment changes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01796-00376528-00376719 too much that it's a problem
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01797-00376720-00376975 so the fact that you're playing a a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01798-00376976-00377110 a player and you don't know what move
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01799-00377111-00377230 they're going to make that's still a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01800-00377231-00377447 finite set of moves and so it can still
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01801-00377448-00377710 learn right it's going to come across
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01802-00377711-00377910 and what would happen though is that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01803-00377911-00378047 sometimes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01804-00378048-00378167 the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01805-00378168-00378343 the player would get it into a state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01806-00378344-00378551 that it hadn't trained on it would start
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01807-00378552-00378734 to make really bad moves
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01808-00378735-00378854 so they've gotten to the point where it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01809-00378855-00378975 can play enough games that doesn't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01810-00378976-00379239 happen anymore but during the games with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01811-00379240-00379454 alphago they called that hallucination
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01812-00379455-00379567 where they would think it was winning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01813-00379568-00379710 when it wasn't
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01814-00379711-00379895 um and it was hard to hallucinate that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01815-00379896-00380006 it was winning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01816-00380007-00380254 and there was always this this fear that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01817-00380255-00380454 playing lisa doll he'd get it into a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01818-00380455-00380647 state it hadn't trained well on and it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01819-00380648-00380863 would and then it would start to lose it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01820-00380864-00381015 would start to make like random moves it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01821-00381016-00381334 would lose in embarrassing waves right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01822-00381335-00381606 um so that was like a constant threat
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01823-00381607-00381782 and you know this is kind of a spoiler
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01824-00381783-00381967 for alphago the movie but that was the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01825-00381968-00382102 thing that they were
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01826-00382103-00382302 constantly in threat of is that lisa
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01827-00382303-00382439 doll is going to get us into a state
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01828-00382440-00382615 where it just starts making really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01829-00382616-00382758 stupid moves
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01830-00382759-00383143 and there was a near constant um tension
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01831-00383144-00383327 over that that he might
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01832-00383328-00383471 because he's the world best player he
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01833-00383472-00383647 might make some creative move that's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01834-00383648-00383878 just never been seen before and get it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01835-00383879-00384015 into one of those states and then it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01836-00384016-00384630 going to be embarrassing
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01837-00384631-00384878 so stochasticity on itself isn't a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01838-00384879-00385054 problem as long as it's still a finite
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01839-00385055-00385287 set of states it's really if the states
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01840-00385288-00385495 change that it's a problem if
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01841-00385496-00385710 you're doing a different maze than what
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01842-00385711-00385847 it trained on
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01843-00385848-00386006 then it's really got a different world
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01844-00386007-00386102 space
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01845-00386103-00386334 and so now unless it's very similar it's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01846-00386335-00386839 not going to work anymore
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01847-00386840-00386943 okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01848-00386944-00387447 any other questions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01849-00387448-00387551 yes
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01850-00387552-00387823 why would i choose to use the q learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01851-00387824-00388006 if i can use a neural net instead
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01852-00388007-00388375 there's got to be a benefit to it right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01853-00388376-00388815 um yeah good question so a q learner has
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01854-00388816-00389182 guarantees that it will work a deep
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01855-00389183-00389487 a deep version has no guarantees of
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01856-00389488-00389591 anything
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01857-00389592-00389806 it's just a matter of can you personally
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01858-00389807-00390015 get it to work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01859-00390016-00390247 and um some people are much better at it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01860-00390248-00390510 than others right i i was my one of my
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01861-00390511-00390743 professors in machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01862-00390744-00390934 michael littman who's super famous in
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01863-00390935-00391071 machine learning
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01864-00391072-00391239 circles
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01865-00391240-00391678 all his grad students tried to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01866-00391679-00392102 teach you know tried to do like
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01867-00392103-00392263 othello or something like that they
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01868-00392264-00392454 would try to write
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01869-00392455-00392719 uh programs that could play these games
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01870-00392720-00392823 using neural networks i don't remember
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01871-00392824-00392982 if it was specifically with deep with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01872-00392983-00393143 reinforcement learning or not maybe it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01873-00393144-00393263 was because that's a good way to play
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01874-00393264-00393391 games
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01875-00393392-00393582 and there were there was papers out
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01876-00393583-00393791 there from a guy who was the first one
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01877-00393792-00393951 to ever get it to work and he had all
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01878-00393952-00394182 these successes and the grad students
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01879-00394183-00394527 could never replicate the success
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01880-00394528-00394758 and so uh michael littman said he's kind
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01881-00394759-00394967 of just a neural network whisperer right
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01882-00394968-00395199 he's he's just so good
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01883-00395200-00395439 at getting neural nets to do what he
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01884-00395440-00395599 wants them to do
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01885-00395600-00396015 and your average person just can't do it
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01886-00396016-00396110 so
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01887-00396111-00396295 it really
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01888-00396296-00396423 the real reason why you would probably
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01889-00396424-00396630 want to use a regular q learner is
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01890-00396631-00396806 because then you have the mathematical
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01891-00396807-00396975 guarantees that it will converge over
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01892-00396976-00397278 time where with uh the deep version
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01893-00397279-00397454 it's just really city of your pants can
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01894-00397455-00397958 you get it to work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01895-00397959-00398215 okay so if i were to use a neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01896-00398216-00398654 network is is it practical or just silly
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01897-00398655-00398839 to say i'll start with a neural network
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01898-00398840-00399095 and try to use it to train a q learner
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01899-00399096-00399302 to train a cute table and then have a q
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01900-00399303-00399463 learner take over and continue that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01901-00399464-00399615 would there be any improvement at that
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01902-00399616-00399751 point or do you still have the same
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01903-00399752-00399910 problem that it can't explore enough to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01904-00399911-00400271 really populate the q table within with
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01905-00400272-00400495 effective values
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01906-00400496-00400654 it depends on the size of your world
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01907-00400655-00400815 space you know the number of states you
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01908-00400816-00400919 have
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01909-00400920-00401127 so with a cue table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01910-00401128-00401163 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01911-00401164-00401351 [Music]
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01912-00401352-00401582 i mean it very quickly explodes into a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01913-00401583-00401782 table that's just too large
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01914-00401783-00402006 so even when i was trying to do the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01915-00402007-00402223 stock market the vast majority of the
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01916-00402224-00402423 table was set to zeros it still worked
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01917-00402424-00402543 okay
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01918-00402544-00402782 um it ex there was enough similarities
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01919-00402783-00402943 between the states it was going to
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01920-00402944-00403078 transition through that it could find
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01921-00403079-00403215 stuff
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01922-00403216-00403282 but
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01923-00403283-00403471 um
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01924-00403472-00403654 you very quickly end up with a q table
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01925-00403655-00403927 that's just too large if the the space
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01926-00403928-00404110 is small enough a q table will work
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01927-00404111-00404327 really well probably better than a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01928-00404328-00404487 a neural net
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01929-00404488-00404671 the real reasons why you go to a neural
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01930-00404672-00404878 net is either because your cue table's
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01931-00404879-00405206 too big or because it's continuous
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01932-00405207-00405487 so there's no way to use a regular cue
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01933-00405488-00405671 table on a continuous space it just
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01934-00405672-00405847 can't be done i mean just think about
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01935-00405848-00405975 that how do you make a table for
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01936-00405976-00406151 continuous space other than
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01937-00406152-00406495 desperatizing it it just can't be done
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01938-00406496-00406647 so that would be kind of when you would
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01939-00406648-00406775 want to go to a
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01940-00406776-00407110 the deep version
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01941-00407111-00407558 cool thanks
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01942-00407559-00408006 all right any other questions
7Dpv5rM3YRY-01943-00408007-00408340 thank you guys
7DAbltNLm5A-00000-00000119-00000353 almost give it away again here's gunduan
7DAbltNLm5A-00001-00000354-00000551 top of the D through the middle this one
7DAbltNLm5A-00002-00000552-00000724 over the top looking for photo Neto
7DAbltNLm5A-00003-00000725-00000904 saved his feet back out to Harlan off
7DAbltNLm5A-00004-00000905-00001145 the crossbar and then smashed into the
7DAbltNLm5A-00005-00001146-00001375 roof of the Dead by Julian Alvarez
7DAbltNLm5A-00006-00001376-00002500 [Applause]
7DAbltNLm5A-00007-00002501-00002687 sure Paul Taki down the left he goes
7DAbltNLm5A-00008-00002688-00002831 early down the line looking for the run
7DAbltNLm5A-00009-00002832-00002999 agundo and finds and gets in behind
7DAbltNLm5A-00010-00003000-00003191 method cross into the box towards the
7DAbltNLm5A-00011-00003192-00003497 back post Harland side footed into the
7DAbltNLm5A-00012-00003497-00003743 back of the net past Netto Manchester
7DAbltNLm5A-00013-00003744-00004006 City double their lead just before the
7DAbltNLm5A-00014-00004007-00004211 half hour mark Bournemouth nil
7DAbltNLm5A-00015-00004212-00004531 Manchester City too early's
7DAbltNLm5A-00016-00004532-00005201 27th Premier League goal of the season
7DAbltNLm5A-00017-00005202-00005465 and his billing down in front of the
7DAbltNLm5A-00018-00005466-00005602 touchline in the main sound Billings
7DAbltNLm5A-00019-00005603-00005770 giving it away Phil foden inside the box
7DAbltNLm5A-00020-00005771-00006004 foden into the back of the net past
7DAbltNLm5A-00021-00006005-00006322 Netto a horrible mistake from Phil
7DAbltNLm5A-00022-00006323-00006773 billing
7DAbltNLm5A-00023-00006773-00006970 kanji again this time works it forward
7DAbltNLm5A-00024-00006972-00007133 to Lewis and back out to the right and
7DAbltNLm5A-00025-00007134-00007360 foden 1-2 Lewis continues his run
7DAbltNLm5A-00026-00007361-00007559 Crossing low to the front close cut off
7DAbltNLm5A-00027-00007559-00007739 by sinesi and back in it comes again
7DAbltNLm5A-00028-00007740-00007960 it's going to drop to Alvarez and it's
7DAbltNLm5A-00029-00007961-00008195 gone in it's four nil
7DAbltNLm5A-00030-00008196-00008417 it may well go down as an own goal by
7DAbltNLm5A-00031-00008418-00008689 Chris mepham Alvarez firing goalwards
7DAbltNLm5A-00032-00008690-00009239 ricocheting off map and past Netto
7DAbltNLm5A-00033-00009240-00009442 this a good run from Zamora from the
7DAbltNLm5A-00034-00009443-00009581 halfway line all the way to the edge of
7DAbltNLm5A-00035-00009582-00009814 the Box brings Anthony into play 1-2
7DAbltNLm5A-00036-00009815-00010001 back to Zamora on the byline across the
7DAbltNLm5A-00037-00010002-00010541 face of goal drops to learner
7DAbltNLm5A-00038-00010542-00010756 absolation but a goal for Bournemouth
7DAbltNLm5A-00039-00010757-00010996 against Manchester City they spoil
7DAbltNLm5A-00040-00010997-00011471 Edison's 100th clean sheep
7DAbltNLm5A-00041-00011472-00011705 it's Bournemouth one Manchester City
7DAbltNLm5A-00042-00011706-00012067 four
7DAbltNLm5A-00043-00012068-00012497 [Applause]
7ImQkh5FQsU-00000-00000289-00000593 it's not visitation ease here so this is
7ImQkh5FQsU-00001-00000594-00001100 about that PC I used to have my first my
7ImQkh5FQsU-00002-00001101-00001328 thing my second Windows XP machine was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00003-00001329-00001634 actually one off of ebay and they bought
7ImQkh5FQsU-00004-00001635-00001823 parts I used to have a Star Trek one
7ImQkh5FQsU-00005-00001823-00002045 word out of the guys I just looked and I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00006-00002046-00002293 couldn't find a case but back in the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00007-00002294-00002783 early 2000s I think 2001 or so I went to
7ImQkh5FQsU-00008-00002784-00003104 a place PC sale place where they had PC
7ImQkh5FQsU-00009-00003105-00003260 components and gaming components all
7ImQkh5FQsU-00010-00003261-00003725 that for son sell and Mac in that that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00011-00003726-00003929 wasn't helping and 3 p.m. for and all
7ImQkh5FQsU-00012-00003929-00004358 that and that's why before Windows Vista
7ImQkh5FQsU-00013-00004359-00004600 came about at least five years prior and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00014-00004601-00005127 that case did have some nice features
7ImQkh5FQsU-00015-00005128-00005531 well I only had two lights basically on
7ImQkh5FQsU-00016-00005532-00005834 the front there were two strips a blue
7ImQkh5FQsU-00017-00005835-00006317 lights out of peer LED lights and that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00018-00006318-00006752 PC eventually got outdated and it's only
7ImQkh5FQsU-00019-00006753-00006956 one gigahertz so it wasn't real fast and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00020-00006956-00007123 to have a lot of you know high-speed
7ImQkh5FQsU-00021-00007125-00007559 storage on that ii xt machine was from
7ImQkh5FQsU-00022-00007559-00007955 ebay my dad bought a custom motherboard
7ImQkh5FQsU-00023-00007956-00008255 I was a sous I think I was like only
7ImQkh5FQsU-00024-00008256-00008438 have four gigs and I could put in that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00025-00008439-00008489 machine
7ImQkh5FQsU-00026-00008490-00009049 I ran lordy r1 plus it had they bought a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00027-00009050-00009344 case with it that was custom even more
7ImQkh5FQsU-00028-00009345-00009905 better and it was had a blue LED fan on
7ImQkh5FQsU-00029-00009906-00010169 the right on the left side of the case
7ImQkh5FQsU-00030-00010170-00010438 of the seat transparent window medical
7ImQkh5FQsU-00031-00010439-00010735 on each side horizontal with the you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00032-00010736-00010910 know how it looks like a fan design all
7ImQkh5FQsU-00033-00010911-00011164 that back in the day and it did have
7ImQkh5FQsU-00034-00011165-00011399 lights in the front and it did have a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00035-00011400-00011567 thing where you had to pull the thing
7ImQkh5FQsU-00036-00011568-00011819 off we get to the DVD DVD drive and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00037-00011820-00012135 whoever else and that computer did have
7ImQkh5FQsU-00038-00012136-00012578 my first AMD that processor that was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00039-00012579-00012752 around 2 gigahertz what they could
7ImQkh5FQsU-00040-00012753-00013121 afford and had about 1 gig of ram so
7ImQkh5FQsU-00041-00013122-00013287 about 5 top each
7ImQkh5FQsU-00042-00013288-00013710 of that RAM in Atia filled card that was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00043-00013711-00014154 around 128 major so it's a little better
7ImQkh5FQsU-00044-00014155-00014334 than the other one but it lasted around
7ImQkh5FQsU-00045-00014335-00014634 I like five six years and then somehow
7ImQkh5FQsU-00046-00014635-00015063 my cousin put fan or so I think it's
7ImQkh5FQsU-00047-00015063-00015360 like sugar in my critter case he was at
7ImQkh5FQsU-00048-00015361-00015513 that point in time where he was just
7ImQkh5FQsU-00049-00015513-00015944 doing stupid stuff and ruined it but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00050-00015946-00016128 then I was trying to get Suppan and then
7ImQkh5FQsU-00051-00016129-00016287 I was talking for it everywhere crashing
7ImQkh5FQsU-00052-00016288-00016563 down then at that point in time I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00053-00016564-00017028 decided I didn't want a custom from
7ImQkh5FQsU-00054-00017029-00017346 fritter and I end up Vista was becoming
7ImQkh5FQsU-00055-00017347-00017682 more popular back then and I did get HP
7ImQkh5FQsU-00056-00017683-00017988 from them but it costs a lot about eight
7ImQkh5FQsU-00057-00017989-00018123 hundred seven hundred dollars
7ImQkh5FQsU-00058-00018124-00018321 I had no custom line or anything like
7ImQkh5FQsU-00059-00018322-00018609 that I was just basic you know I don't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00060-00018610-00019046 put him on it had a two point three gigs
7ImQkh5FQsU-00061-00019047-00019350 AMD live CPU which is quicker than the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00062-00019351-00019673 law slower in this one a lot slower but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00063-00019674-00019947 the Windows XP machine was pretty quick
7ImQkh5FQsU-00064-00019948-00020235 at times and tonight it was my first you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00065-00020236-00020508 know 64-bit machine where I can do
7ImQkh5FQsU-00066-00020509-00020913 double the speed and that processor back
7ImQkh5FQsU-00067-00020914-00021369 then is like to $300 for AMD back then
7ImQkh5FQsU-00068-00021370-00021543 that wasn't the life series like horse
7ImQkh5FQsU-00069-00021544-00021789 then the Vista machine only had I'll
7ImQkh5FQsU-00070-00021790-00022095 hunt rate makes a real memory on built
7ImQkh5FQsU-00071-00022096-00022572 in Nevada so that was the slowest ever
7ImQkh5FQsU-00072-00022573-00022980 had couldn't run games real good had
7ImQkh5FQsU-00073-00022981-00023354 about two gigabytes of RAM abdi or two
7ImQkh5FQsU-00074-00023355-00023601 around seeking an eight Hertz from war
7ImQkh5FQsU-00075-00023602-00023871 and that could went up to eight but we
7ImQkh5FQsU-00076-00023872-00024141 never matched that out and currently
7ImQkh5FQsU-00077-00024142-00024366 it's somewhere else wherever like we
7ImQkh5FQsU-00078-00024367-00024663 sold it at a chart self because wasn't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00079-00024664-00025022 worth it him his being old and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00080-00025023-00025783 basically it it lasts a while I did have
7ImQkh5FQsU-00081-00025785-00025933 back when the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00082-00025933-00026133 we had this and all these security
7ImQkh5FQsU-00083-00026135-00026395 issues they were huge I'm a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00084-00026395-00026710 liability issues than anything and it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00085-00026711-00026845 was that crashing lot and him that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00086-00026845-00027106 transparency effects on the windows and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00087-00027107-00027280 the house fire having those kind of
7ImQkh5FQsU-00088-00027281-00027550 black effects translucent as well and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00089-00027551-00027868 those gadgets back in the day and I did
7ImQkh5FQsU-00090-00027869-00028048 eventually get Windows 7 on that machine
7ImQkh5FQsU-00091-00028049-00028237 with a different real card that was a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00092-00028238-00028504 lot more possible for five film eggs and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00093-00028505-00028758 RAM but it wasn't enough for some games
7ImQkh5FQsU-00094-00028758-00029151 so that lasted another couple years and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00095-00029152-00029565 then I got a Windows 8 machine at
7ImQkh5FQsU-00096-00029566-00029826 Walmart you know with my wherever else
7ImQkh5FQsU-00097-00029827-00030070 and during the Christmas season and that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00098-00030070-00030412 was my first one with Intel HD graphics
7ImQkh5FQsU-00099-00030413-00031006 and that machine crashed a bunch even
7ImQkh5FQsU-00100-00031007-00031170 with one of sin on it these days they
7ImQkh5FQsU-00101-00031172-00031318 would still be on liable and that was I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00102-00031319-00031608 I tree back then with thing about a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00103-00031610-00031962 gigabytes dr3 I got got the same stores
7ImQkh5FQsU-00104-00031963-00032248 on the 16 gigs of memory but that was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00105-00032249-00032560 that was upgradable and it was only an
7ImQkh5FQsU-00106-00032561-00032698 all-in-one so you couldn't take my
7ImQkh5FQsU-00107-00032699-00032862 upgrade the real card anything like that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00108-00032863-00033211 but it allowed me you know if I still
7ImQkh5FQsU-00109-00033212-00033610 had it the audio graphics audio itself
7ImQkh5FQsU-00110-00033611-00033765 would not be real good at would cut out
7ImQkh5FQsU-00111-00033766-00034180 at times and you know not worked so I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00112-00034181-00034614 was a touchscreen as well as being well
7ImQkh5FQsU-00113-00034615-00034999 not real slow it was fast back then but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00114-00035000-00035380 it crashed a lot often and when I got it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00115-00035381-00035536 there was no Start menu there was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00116-00035537-00035701 literally no way to get to my programs
7ImQkh5FQsU-00117-00035702-00036073 and then when they came out with that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00118-00036074-00036373 Windows 8.1 it wasn't much different it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00119-00036374-00036673 had started me back but it really work
7ImQkh5FQsU-00120-00036674-00037036 technically it just it's a blank box and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00121-00037037-00037198 basically did something else and you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00122-00037199-00037665 didn't need then here comes Windows 10
7ImQkh5FQsU-00123-00037666-00038023 it brings all that back as well as being
7ImQkh5FQsU-00124-00038024-00038337 Martin more and then being you know dark
7ImQkh5FQsU-00125-00038338-00038854 you know themed as well so translucent
7ImQkh5FQsU-00126-00038855-00039139 effects eventually later on but I'm
7ImQkh5FQsU-00127-00039140-00039307 really used it for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00128-00039308-00039730 while so that's in something on this
7ImQkh5FQsU-00129-00039731-00040207 computer so I think it'd be a good oh s
7ImQkh5FQsU-00130-00040208-00040570 but um I gotta save some money I gotta
7ImQkh5FQsU-00131-00040571-00040930 get some things worked on the house like
7ImQkh5FQsU-00132-00040931-00041257 I try to save as much as I can while
7ImQkh5FQsU-00133-00041258-00041701 hoarding what I can and those critters
7ImQkh5FQsU-00134-00041702-00041908 weren't cheap that first thing md1 I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00135-00041909-00042067 think it was around a thousand plus
7ImQkh5FQsU-00136-00042068-00042633 dollars not including the monitor I did
7ImQkh5FQsU-00137-00042634-00042795 have a need me drive so I could run
7ImQkh5FQsU-00138-00042796-00043033 Windows this on it and probably fine but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00139-00043034-00043458 um it wasn't PCI Express it wasn't the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00140-00043459-00043735 current gen that was like the AGP
7ImQkh5FQsU-00141-00043736-00044164 wherever it was those are rarely rare
7ImQkh5FQsU-00142-00044165-00044393 online you don't see those anymore and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00143-00044394-00044668 my cousin did have a question for it but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00144-00044669-00044802 he was a little younger me but he had
7ImQkh5FQsU-00145-00044803-00045142 like a PM for every Windows XP and back
7ImQkh5FQsU-00146-00045143-00045387 then the Windows they put on it wasn't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00147-00045388-00045642 fully a full copy of Windows there they
7ImQkh5FQsU-00148-00045643-00045849 have to keep reactivating the windows
7ImQkh5FQsU-00149-00045850-00046060 because that's how Windows was back then
7ImQkh5FQsU-00150-00046061-00046362 widows XP and I think they had a starter
7ImQkh5FQsU-00151-00046363-00046573 I believe in there to keep reactivating
7ImQkh5FQsU-00152-00046574-00046827 and I basically had the pulled pro
7ImQkh5FQsU-00153-00046828-00047151 version basically you know think about
7ImQkh5FQsU-00154-00047152-00047421 it for several computers basically over
7ImQkh5FQsU-00155-00047422-00047808 at the time so I got this say they
7ImQkh5FQsU-00156-00047809-00048108 eventually got it settled better more
7ImQkh5FQsU-00157-00048109-00048514 updates came out I got better and I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00158-00048515-00048664 think is a little before that I got into
7ImQkh5FQsU-00159-00048665-00048918 the ps3 era where it was like $600 for a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00160-00048919-00049264 console that was translate had coffee by
7ImQkh5FQsU-00161-00049265-00049536 finished as well as their Mia fuss for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00162-00049537-00049795 like SD cards and all that they took
7ImQkh5FQsU-00163-00049796-00050014 that way down the road for the consoles
7ImQkh5FQsU-00164-00050015-00050376 I think my original one could could play
7ImQkh5FQsU-00165-00050377-00050676 ps2 ps1 which it could because they had
7ImQkh5FQsU-00166-00050677-00050832 all those chips that from the previous
7ImQkh5FQsU-00167-00050833-00051345 PlayStation consoles and you don't need
7ImQkh5FQsU-00168-00051346-00051879 a ps3 fat to play ps1 games the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00169-00051879-00052076 I had until my parents needed to give a
7ImQkh5FQsU-00170-00052077-00052265 vector my sister because their beta was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00171-00052266-00052650 on it could play ps1 games there's ps3
7ImQkh5FQsU-00172-00052651-00052938 slim and that had a hundred sixty gigs
7ImQkh5FQsU-00173-00052939-00053363 of storage of course but those consoles
7ImQkh5FQsU-00174-00053364-00053646 were notorious for overheating and I did
7ImQkh5FQsU-00175-00053647-00053829 actually have one that died on me and
7ImQkh5FQsU-00176-00053829-00054036 was actually my original one from eBay
7ImQkh5FQsU-00177-00054037-00054366 for you don't want to know this $800 I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00178-00054366-00054554 know we smelled together that's how much
7ImQkh5FQsU-00179-00054555-00054753 it was back then with the good warranty
7ImQkh5FQsU-00180-00054754-00055215 and all that and it basically eventually
7ImQkh5FQsU-00181-00055216-00055500 y'all lighted on us so we'd feel like
7ImQkh5FQsU-00182-00055501-00055688 looks like I passed a hundred dollars
7ImQkh5FQsU-00183-00055689-00055904 hundred forty dollars for Sony to
7ImQkh5FQsU-00184-00055905-00056103 Anthony refurbished the unit so it's
7ImQkh5FQsU-00185-00056104-00056337 like going off the bags my aunt said hey
7ImQkh5FQsU-00186-00056338-00056651 and we're first is fine they'll be new
7ImQkh5FQsU-00187-00056652-00056937 components basically fix it up for you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00188-00056938-00057329 those two dent lasts I see the first one
7ImQkh5FQsU-00189-00057330-00057519 died within 90 days the warranty so I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00190-00057520-00057696 got a new one the same thing happen
7ImQkh5FQsU-00191-00057697-00057869 again so I gave up her for that saying
7ImQkh5FQsU-00192-00057870-00058224 hey this is not worth it spending money
7ImQkh5FQsU-00193-00058225-00058515 for Sony that I we're sending to
7ImQkh5FQsU-00194-00058516-00058863 Microsoft because simply I bought things
7ImQkh5FQsU-00195-00058864-00059271 with PSN plus then we just can so since
7ImQkh5FQsU-00196-00059272-00059559 I don't have PSN plus I can't use those
7ImQkh5FQsU-00197-00059560-00059991 games which really sucks because that's
7ImQkh5FQsU-00198-00059991-00060300 60 bucks I have to pay up front to put
7ImQkh5FQsU-00199-00060301-00060435 on my console to play all those other
7ImQkh5FQsU-00200-00060436-00060716 games I saved on with the membership so
7ImQkh5FQsU-00201-00060717-00060851 that's like Microsoft get allows
7ImQkh5FQsU-00202-00060852-00061094 Microsoft loves you to keep you're just
7ImQkh5FQsU-00203-00061095-00061382 kind of games all you bought even the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00204-00061383-00061616 regular ones without a discount on your
7ImQkh5FQsU-00205-00061617-00061821 console without having to pay up front
7ImQkh5FQsU-00206-00061822-00062166 for Xbox Live Gold because you don't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00207-00062166-00062282 have to worry about that and that's why
7ImQkh5FQsU-00208-00062283-00062456 it last why I like myself better now
7ImQkh5FQsU-00209-00062457-00062801 these days even if I started as the ps1
7ImQkh5FQsU-00210-00062802-00063372 fan the ps2 ps3 ps4 Xbox little patch
7ImQkh5FQsU-00211-00063373-00063704 cs3 error for me I got the 360 elite
7ImQkh5FQsU-00212-00063705-00063956 originally in that that first one that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00213-00063957-00064082 mention overheated had to get another
7ImQkh5FQsU-00214-00064083-00064301 one but since I got that second one it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00215-00064302-00064521 never has stopped working still works to
7ImQkh5FQsU-00216-00064522-00064965 this day if I use a horse but yeah those
7ImQkh5FQsU-00217-00064966-00065180 were the consoles usually allowed when I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00218-00065182-00065245 pirate up
7ImQkh5FQsU-00219-00065246-00065419 because I was trying to get all the hot
7ImQkh5FQsU-00220-00065420-00065641 air out there and it's one of those old
7ImQkh5FQsU-00221-00065642-00065934 generations where you had the old fat
7ImQkh5FQsU-00222-00065935-00066223 driving apparently this Drive was jammed
7ImQkh5FQsU-00223-00066224-00066424 so I can't take like get my DVDs out
7ImQkh5FQsU-00224-00066425-00066820 there my games and this my when I bought
7ImQkh5FQsU-00225-00066821-00067177 it it didn't come with Wi-Fi dongles I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00226-00067178-00067309 had to buy went separately
7ImQkh5FQsU-00227-00067310-00067498 that's like behind your books back in
7ImQkh5FQsU-00228-00067499-00067852 the day back in 2009 or chilled 8 and I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00229-00067853-00068203 things like 200 900 bucks from Walmart
7ImQkh5FQsU-00230-00068204-00068647 wireless 2.4 not much faster and in the
7ImQkh5FQsU-00231-00068648-00068845 current a lot slower than the current
7ImQkh5FQsU-00232-00068846-00069106 gen consoles by the way but it didn't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00233-00069107-00069283 work it made it didn't make it Wireless
7ImQkh5FQsU-00234-00069284-00069775 than me the easier to use and I think
7ImQkh5FQsU-00235-00069776-00069931 Xbox Live back in the day I think it was
7ImQkh5FQsU-00236-00069932-00070270 like $50 a year I used to pay several of
7ImQkh5FQsU-00237-00070271-00070534 those over the years of time and then I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00238-00070535-00070762 eventually got to jacked it up to $60
7ImQkh5FQsU-00239-00070763-00070990 and Sony did this in a very quick way
7ImQkh5FQsU-00240-00070991-00071164 and then rose the price up to six
7ImQkh5FQsU-00241-00071165-00071413 dollars a year for 12 months when it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00242-00071414-00071605 used to be 50 when women the ps4 came
7ImQkh5FQsU-00243-00071606-00072082 out so I had to say Sony a lot of people
7ImQkh5FQsU-00244-00072083-00072238 to play their games at they bought it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00245-00072239-00072688 with their own money even if they do you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00246-00072689-00073144 use your discount for the PS Plus if you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00247-00073145-00073429 gave a discount I don't get it I don't
7ImQkh5FQsU-00248-00073430-00073723 get how I explained this to him if he
7ImQkh5FQsU-00249-00073724-00073921 thankful and nice tweak it I could play
7ImQkh5FQsU-00250-00073922-00074101 my games I bought with the membership
7ImQkh5FQsU-00251-00074102-00074470 for cheaper but no that's why I just
7ImQkh5FQsU-00252-00074471-00074713 really refuse to buy anything through
7ImQkh5FQsU-00253-00074714-00075217 Sony because ain't right I purchased
7ImQkh5FQsU-00254-00075218-00075697 those things with my credit card and or
7ImQkh5FQsU-00255-00075698-00076078 my money wherever I spend it with and I
7ImQkh5FQsU-00256-00076079-00076258 should have to write the play it
7ImQkh5FQsU-00257-00076259-00076576 regardless but now I gotta pay 60 bucks
7ImQkh5FQsU-00258-00076577-00076815 or are things like three months is like
7ImQkh5FQsU-00259-00076816-00077416 15 20 dollars ain't worth it it just
7ImQkh5FQsU-00260-00077417-00077917 ain't worth paying for this event unless
7ImQkh5FQsU-00261-00077918-00078133 that winners that runs out well back
7ImQkh5FQsU-00262-00078134-00078469 again and ain't worth spending money on
7ImQkh5FQsU-00263-00078470-00078624 cells cuz you're gonna be
7ImQkh5FQsU-00264-00078625-00078849 doubt if you get ps+ and you use that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00265-00078850-00079068 discount on those days to see these
7ImQkh5FQsU-00266-00079069-00079350 great cells if that membership inspires
7ImQkh5FQsU-00267-00079351-00079668 your outlook and that at that game where
7ImQkh5FQsU-00268-00079669-00079998 that item is locked until you renew your
7ImQkh5FQsU-00269-00079999-00080298 PS Plus membership which I highly
7ImQkh5FQsU-00270-00080299-00080493 recommend don't because it's that right
7ImQkh5FQsU-00271-00080494-00080871 and it used to be free with the ps3 back
7ImQkh5FQsU-00272-00080872-00081249 in the day believe it or not so if you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00273-00081250-00081369 need a channel you like this kind of
7ImQkh5FQsU-00274-00081370-00081559 stuff subscribe to my channel as well
7ImQkh5FQsU-00275-00081560-00081822 and liking it really helps us young get
7ImQkh5FQsU-00276-00081823-00082074 going cuz this is all white usedto back
7ImQkh5FQsU-00277-00082075-00082413 in the day you know you used to not
7ImQkh5FQsU-00278-00082414-00082644 charge for online play but then they
7ImQkh5FQsU-00279-00082645-00082890 just start charging and also I'll offer
7ImQkh5FQsU-00280-00082891-00083178 season passes which I refused to pay
7ImQkh5FQsU-00281-00083179-00083376 because there are much much as game if
7ImQkh5FQsU-00282-00083377-00083685 more than the game and cost for that one
7ImQkh5FQsU-00283-00083686-00083988 thing for the season passed and the only
7ImQkh5FQsU-00284-00083989-00084384 life I gear right so it's like no no
7ImQkh5FQsU-00285-00084385-00084669 that's our with the ps3 and then there
7ImQkh5FQsU-00286-00084670-00084963 we always between the ps3 and ps4 yeah
7ImQkh5FQsU-00287-00084964-00085248 they were transitioning to the ps4 at
7ImQkh5FQsU-00288-00085249-00085747 the time and I would never pay for those
7ImQkh5FQsU-00289-00085748-00085935 things I never played for trial for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00290-00085936-00086102 online because I thought it's not worth
7ImQkh5FQsU-00291-00086103-00086406 spending money you're just charging for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00292-00086407-00086643 extra item that used to be included for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00293-00086644-00086877 free that now you have to pay for that
7ImQkh5FQsU-00294-00086878-00087156 and play pay for online play as well so
7ImQkh5FQsU-00295-00087157-00087327 that's another double ripoff hitting you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00296-00087328-00087372 in the head
7ImQkh5FQsU-00297-00087373-00087741 so yeah that's something less women you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00298-00087742-00087951 don't like about Sony my just refused to
7ImQkh5FQsU-00299-00087952-00088104 play the thing that much anymore
7ImQkh5FQsU-00300-00088105-00088563 I play xbox I Xbox one all time remember
7ImQkh5FQsU-00301-00088564-00088923 I'm here you know every now and then but
7ImQkh5FQsU-00302-00088924-00089094 sometimes tours have to be done so you
7ImQkh5FQsU-00303-00089095-00089340 know you're older or Delta George gotta
7ImQkh5FQsU-00304-00089341-00089553 be done for the house so thanks for
7ImQkh5FQsU-00305-00089554-00089799 watching
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00000-00000372-00002394 [Music]
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00001-00002395-00002607 hello and welcome to community hotline
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00002-00002608-00002871 at home my name is Monica weitzel and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00003-00002872-00002982 today we'll be speaking with the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00004-00002983-00003081 president of Mount Hood Community
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00005-00003082-00003408 College dr. Lisa scary welcome dr. story
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00006-00003409-00003536 it's great to have you on the show
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00007-00003538-00004056 I thank you Monica but now first of all
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00008-00004057-00004293 could you tell our viewers just a little
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00009-00004294-00004547 bit about Mount Hood Community College
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00010-00004548-00004989 yes so established in 1966 Mountain
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00011-00004990-00005145 Community College has been serving the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00012-00005146-00005429 educational needs of our district 950
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00013-00005430-00005636 square miles from East Portland up to
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00014-00005637-00005877 the mountain we are the second largest
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00015-00005878-00006093 Community College in the state of Oregon
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00016-00006094-00006332 serving just under 25,000 students last
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00017-00006333-00006675 year we operate in three locations we
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00018-00006676-00006864 have our main campus on Stark Street in
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00019-00006865-00007148 Gresham our brooding Center for Allied
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00020-00007150-00007392 Health which is just north of downtown
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00021-00007393-00007631 Gresham and our campus in Maywood we
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00022-00007633-00007884 have over 130 different programs from
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00023-00007884-00008127 Adult Basic Education to Career and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00024-00008128-00008378 Technical Education which leads to jobs
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00025-00008379-00008619 transfer degrees that meet University
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00026-00008620-00008846 requirements apprenticeship programs and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00027-00008847-00009059 non-credit community education our
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00028-00009060-00009231 mission is transforming lives and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00029-00009232-00009464 building communities and every day we
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00030-00009465-00009638 strive to meet the educational needs of
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00031-00009639-00009896 our community and I know that you've
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00032-00009897-00010098 done a really good job of that it's a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00033-00010099-00010323 it's a very valuable resource in the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00034-00010324-00010470 community people really look to Mount
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00035-00010471-00010735 Hood Community College's as a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00036-00010736-00011055 institution of learning it's also you
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00037-00011056-00011249 know it's a place for people that of all
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00038-00011250-00011487 ages to go to write it's not it's not
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00039-00011488-00011684 just kids sort of graduated from high
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00040-00011685-00011856 school it really is a community a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00041-00011857-00012177 community college but you have to have
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00042-00012178-00012434 been really majorly impacted by the Cova
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00043-00012435-00012628 19 crisis I mean you know all
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00044-00012629-00012921 educational institutions have been so
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00045-00012922-00013065 but I see that you're going to be
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00046-00013066-00013236 opening up for your summer session on
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00047-00013237-00013613 June 22nd is that right that's great
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00048-00013615-00013938 so how have you been able to adapt so
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00049-00013938-00014172 quickly to be able to open up on June
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00050-00014172-00014385 22nd and what are some of the things
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00051-00014386-00014835 you've had to do to do that ok so we did
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00052-00014836-00015072 actually offer Spring Quarter we delayed
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00053-00015072-00015438 for a week but we basically had to move
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00054-00015438-00015622 everything online right
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00055-00015622-00015832 services even some of our student
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00056-00015833-00016057 activities and that was a total
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00057-00016058-00016336 fundamental change in how we operate but
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00058-00016337-00016567 I have to say our faculty and staff are
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00059-00016568-00016794 truly amazing in their innovation and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00060-00016795-00017094 ability to make that switch almost
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00061-00017095-00017335 overnight and our students were equally
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00062-00017336-00017530 impressive right and how they adapt it
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00063-00017531-00017857 to the significant change and you know
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00064-00017858-00018061 or a learning institution and this
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00065-00018062-00018294 quarter has been a learning experience
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00066-00018295-00018583 all the way around but I'm really proud
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00067-00018584-00018861 of how the college is stepped up to make
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00068-00018862-00019017 sure that our students are successful
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00069-00019018-00019371 Wow and as you mentioned for summer
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00070-00019372-00019647 we're currently working like all of us
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00071-00019648-00019843 under the straight spring for reopening
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00072-00019844-00020178 so we are at this point online for the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00073-00020179-00020614 foreseeable future as such classes will
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00074-00020615-00020880 be online until a point when the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00075-00020881-00021097 restrictions are lifted and then we'll
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00076-00021098-00021333 be looking to see which of our classes
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00077-00021334-00021538 we can and potentially do in an
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00078-00021539-00021880 in-person format again but but at the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00079-00021881-00022087 end of day were the safety of our
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00080-00022088-00022300 students our faculty staff and our
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00081-00022301-00022543 community is paramount so whatever we do
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00082-00022544-00022777 we will make sure that safety comes
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00083-00022778-00023050 first yeah it kind of has to doesn't it
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00084-00023051-00023302 you know I'm impressed with how quickly
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00085-00023303-00023542 schools have adapted to this to this
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00086-00023543-00023781 change and I think it's it's gonna be a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00087-00023782-00023968 huge stressor for the faculty and staff
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00088-00023969-00024211 but I think because they're so dedicated
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00089-00024212-00024390 they really they really step up to the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00090-00024391-00024697 challenge what about the other services
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00091-00024698-00024847 besides the academic you mentioned
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00092-00024848-00025078 something about activities and and and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00093-00025079-00025356 some other services what kinds of things
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00094-00025357-00025567 do you offer at Mount Hood that you are
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00095-00025568-00025814 still able to offer
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00096-00025816-00026163 so our student services have continued
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00097-00026164-00026493 to do their doing online advising online
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00098-00026494-00026820 tutoring online support and they've even
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00099-00026820-00027020 figured out ways we have a food pantry
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00100-00027022-00027300 that's quite successful and they figured
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00101-00027301-00027549 out ways to do pickups and deliver food
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00102-00027550-00027831 to students who need it so they've
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00103-00027832-00028052 really I mean it's been amazing at how
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00104-00028054-00028212 they've really just transformed
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00105-00028213-00028425 everything to online and figure it out
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00106-00028426-00028689 ways to still meet those needs so it's
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00107-00028689-00028860 been been good it's impressive
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00108-00028861-00029049 that's impressive what has been the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00109-00029050-00029601 biggest challenge I think just the the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00110-00029602-00029951 short-term nature of flipping everything
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00111-00029952-00030150 as we all know right
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00112-00030151-00030363 we ended up in this situation pretty
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00113-00030364-00030570 much overnight and so you you know you
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00114-00030570-00030774 plan things and you think about how you
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00115-00030775-00031008 do your work and and almost all of a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00116-00031008-00031185 sudden you have to rethink all of it so
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00117-00031186-00031577 I think it's that adjustment phase and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00118-00031579-00031833 then there was also just some of the the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00119-00031833-00032226 access to computers and technology for
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00120-00032227-00032547 staff but more for students and we cuz
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00121-00032548-00032702 we had to close our computer labs in our
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00122-00032704-00032892 library which was a common place for
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00123-00032893-00033291 students to go and you know we were able
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00124-00033292-00033486 to do some loners and then I need to
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00125-00033487-00033669 give a shout out to our the Mount Hood
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00126-00033670-00033861 Community College Foundation they really
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00127-00033862-00034125 stepped up and gave the college some
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00128-00034126-00034320 additional funds so that we could
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00129-00034321-00034503 purchase computers for students so they
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00130-00034504-00034707 could stay in class that's great that's
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00131-00034708-00034815 really good to hear because that's
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00132-00034816-00035013 that's got to be the toughest thing when
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00133-00035014-00035240 when the students don't have access to
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00134-00035241-00035556 to online services and training and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00135-00035557-00035769 teaching then you know they can't
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00136-00035770-00036015 participate so that's good to hear you
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00137-00036016-00036249 know so is there anything else that we
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00138-00036250-00036375 should know about what not Hope
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00139-00036376-00036570 Community College is doing there to keep
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00140-00036571-00036783 their students safe or to you know keep
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00141-00036784-00037070 them engaged what else should we know
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00142-00037071-00037344 well you know we're just we're here and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00143-00037345-00037512 we're doing everything we can to
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00144-00037513-00037715 continue to meet the educational needs
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00145-00037716-00038004 in this new environment we will continue
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00146-00038005-00038520 to find new ways to innovate and to make
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00147-00038521-00038696 sure that our community's needs are
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00148-00038697-00039145 being met so look for us spring
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00149-00039146-00039292 and we'll be back in the fall as well
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00150-00039293-00039487 that sounds good I think you have a cat
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00151-00039488-00039868 there with you don't you this is the
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00152-00039869-00040048 best thing about about interviewing
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00153-00040049-00040302 people on there at home I like that I
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00154-00040303-00040642 like that a lot so I appreciate you
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00155-00040643-00040821 coming on and telling us that and I hope
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00156-00040822-00041026 people remember the way that you have
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00157-00041027-00041202 handled this when it comes time for
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00158-00041203-00041358 another bond measure because I know
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00159-00041359-00041476 that's something you'll need in the near
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00160-00041477-00041632 future so you know I have people
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00161-00041633-00041767 remember that because it's doing a
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00162-00041768-00042024 fantastic job so thank you very much dr.
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00163-00042025-00042280 story and thanks for your insights and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00164-00042281-00042471 the trivia community service and
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00165-00042472-00042820 appreciate it Thank You Monica and thank
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00166-00042821-00042961 you for having me on your show you're
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00167-00042962-00043177 welcome and from all of us at Metro East
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00168-00043178-00043423 community to all of you be safe be
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00169-00043424-00044494 healthy
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00170-00044495-00045241 [Music]
7Lx3Dd1Z8R0-00171-00045242-00045448 you
7MrY_6-E6L0-00000-00000451-00001054 [Music]
7MrY_6-E6L0-00001-00001055-00001494 oh
7MrY_6-E6L0-00002-00001495-00003975 [Music]
7MrY_6-E6L0-00008-00029416-00031983 foreign
7MrY_6-E6L0-00009-00031983-00032458 foreign
7MrY_6-E6L0-00010-00032458-00032983 [Music]
7MrY_6-E6L0-00011-00032984-00033502 oh
7MrY_6-E6L0-00012-00033503-00033810 [Music]
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00000-00000007-00000337 in functional analysis a branch of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00001-00000338-00000623 mathematics a reproducing kernel Hilbert
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00002-00000624-00000902 space our KHS is a Hilbert space of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00003-00000902-00001181 functions in which point evaluation is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00004-00001182-00001504 continuous linear functional roughly
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00005-00001505-00001705 speaking this means that if two
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00006-00001707-00002548 functions f display style F and G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00007-00002549-00003029 display style G in the RK HS are close
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00008-00003030-00003156 in norm ie
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00009-00003157-00004192 F minus G display style FG is small then
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00010-00004193-00005170 F display style F and G display style G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00011-00005171-00005481 are also point wise close ie
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00012-00005482-00006859 F X minus G X display style F X G X is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00013-00006861-00007544 small for all X display style X the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00014-00007545-00007909 reverse need not be true it is not
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00015-00007911-00008156 entirely straightforward to construct a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00016-00008156-00008387 Hilbert space of functions which is not
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00017-00008388-00008816 an arc AHS note that l2 spaces are not
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00018-00008817-00009053 hilbert spaces of functions and hence
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00019-00009054-00009326 not our ka chesses but rather Hilbert
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00020-00009327-00009517 spaces of equivalence classes of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00021-00009518-00010003 functions for example the functions f
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00022-00010004-00010806 display style F and G display style G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00023-00010807-00011589 defined by F X equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00024-00011590-00012313 zero display style F x equals zero and G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00025-00012314-00013378 X equals 1 Q display style G X equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00026-00013379-00013780 one underscore math B Q are equivalent
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00027-00013781-00014211 in l2 however there are RK HS is in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00028-00014212-00014475 which the norm is an l2 norm such as the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00029-00014476-00014743 space of band-limited functions see the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00030-00014744-00015288 example below an arc a HS is associated
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00031-00015290-00015493 with a kernel that reproduces every
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00032-00015494-00015694 function in the space in the sense that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00033-00015694-00016360 for any X display style X in the set on
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00034-00016361-00016530 which the functions are defined
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00035-00016531-00017194 evaluation it X display style X can be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00036-00017195-00017394 performed by taking an inner product
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00037-00017395-00017652 with a function determined by the kernel
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00038-00017653-00017997 such a reproducing kernel exists if and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00039-00017998-00018258 only if every evaluation functional is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00040-00018259-00018655 continuous the reproducing kernel was
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00041-00018656-00018961 first introduced in the 1907 work of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00042-00018962-00019219 Stanislaus or ember concerning boundary
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00043-00019220-00019434 value problems for harmonic and BA
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00044-00019435-00019781 harmonic functions James Mercer
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00045-00019782-00020028 simultaneously examined functions which
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00046-00020029-00020290 satisfy the reproducing property in the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00047-00020291-00020658 theory of integral equations the idea of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00048-00020659-00020836 the reproducing kernel remained
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00049-00020837-00021081 untouched for nearly 20 years until it
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00050-00021082-00021294 appeared in the dissertations of gabble
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00051-00021295-00021621 sago Stefan Bergman and Salomon Boatner
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00052-00021622-00021861 the subject was eventually
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00053-00021862-00022080 systematically developed in the early
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00054-00022081-00022378 1950s by Nachman Aronson and Stefan
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00055-00022379-00022581 Bergman these spaces have wide
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00056-00022582-00022878 applications including complex analysis
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00057-00022879-00023277 harmonic analysis and quantum mechanics
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00058-00023278-00023544 reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces are
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00059-00023545-00023767 particularly important in the field of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00060-00023768-00024000 statistical learning theory because of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00061-00024001-00024225 the celebrated representa theorem which
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00062-00024226-00024508 states that every function in an arc AHS
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00063-00024509-00024706 that minimizes an empirical risk
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00064-00024707-00024922 function can be written as a linear
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00065-00024923-00025122 combination of the kernel function
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00066-00025123-00025464 evaluated at the training points this is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00067-00025465-00025702 a practically useful result as it
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00068-00025702-00025936 effectively simplifies the empirical
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00069-00025937-00026149 risk minimization problem from an
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00070-00026150-00026362 infinite-dimensional to a finite
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00071-00026363-00026752 dimensional optimization problem for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00072-00026752-00026977 ease of understanding we provide the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00073-00026977-00027264 framework for real valued Hilbert spaces
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00074-00027264-00027568 the theory can be easily extended to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00075-00027569-00027856 spaces of complex valued functions and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00076-00027857-00028042 hence include the many important
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00077-00028043-00028306 examples of reproducing kernel Hilbert
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00078-00028307-00028531 spaces that are spaces of analytic
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00079-00028532-00029151 functions
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00080-00029152-00029723 topic definition
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00081-00029724-00030427 let X display style X be an arbitrary
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00082-00030428-00031070 set and H display style H a Hilbert
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00083-00031070-00031527 space of real valued functions on X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00084-00031528-00031933 display style X the evaluation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00085-00031934-00032111 functional over the Hilbert space of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00086-00032112-00032792 functions H display style H is a linear
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00087-00032793-00033032 functional that evaluates each function
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00088-00033033-00034573 at a point X display style X L X F F X F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00089-00034574-00035137 element of H display style l underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00090-00035138-00035680 X F Maps tow FX text for Aleph in H we
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00091-00035681-00035890 say that H is a reproducing kernel
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00092-00035891-00036443 Hilbert space if for all X display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00093-00036444-00037570 X in X display style X L X display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00094-00037571-00038182 L underscore X is continuous at any f
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00095-00038183-00039042 display style F in H display style H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00096-00039043-00039563 equivalently if l-x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00097-00039564-00039963 display style l underscore X is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00098-00039964-00040674 bounded operator on H display style H ie
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00099-00040675-00041013 there exists some M greater than 0 such
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00100-00041014-00041373 that while property one is the weakest
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00101-00041374-00041562 condition that ensures both the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00102-00041563-00041760 existence of an inner product and the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00103-00041761-00042182 evaluation of every function in H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00104-00042183-00042603 display style H at every point in the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00105-00042604-00042830 domain it does not lend itself to easy
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00106-00042831-00043196 application in practice a more intuitive
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00107-00043197-00043473 definition of the arc AHS can be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00108-00043474-00043692 obtained by observing that this property
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00109-00043693-00043884 guarantees that the evaluation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00110-00043885-00044139 functional can be represented by taking
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00111-00044140-00044666 the inner product of F display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00112-00044667-00045408 with a function K X display style K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00113-00045409-00046239 underscore X in H display style H this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00114-00046240-00046470 function is the so-called reproducing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00115-00046471-00046965 kernel for the Hilbert space H display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00116-00046966-00047385 style H from which the rkh s takes its
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00117-00047386-00047687 name more formally the reach
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00118-00047688-00047937 representation theorem implies that for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00119-00047938-00048891 all X display style X in X display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00120-00048892-00049631 X there exists a unique element K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00121-00049632-00050279 display style K underscore X of H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00122-00050280-00050679 display style H with the reproducing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00123-00050680-00051474 property since K X display style K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00124-00051475-00051800 underscore X is it
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00125-00051801-00052429 auctioning H display style H it holds
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00126-00052430-00053296 that for every y display style y in x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00127-00053297-00054088 display style X there exists a K Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00128-00054089-00054677 element of H display style K underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00129-00054678-00056362 Y in H such that K X y equals K X K Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00130-00056363-00056726 display style K underscore X y equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00131-00056727-00057059 Langille K underscore X K underscore Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00132-00057060-00057488 wrangle this allows us to define the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00133-00057489-00058001 reproducing kernel of H display style H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00134-00058002-00059195 as a function K X times X a display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00135-00059196-00060312 style K X times X to math be R by K X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00136-00060313-00061353 equals K X K Y display style K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00137-00061354-00061656 equals Langille K underscore X K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00138-00061657-00062004 underscore Y wrangle from this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00139-00062005-00062582 definition it is easy to see that K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00140-00062583-00063390 times X ah display style K X times x2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00141-00063391-00063765 math BR is both symmetric and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00142-00063766-00064978 positive-definite ie I J equals 1 n see
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00143-00064979-00066772 I see j/k X I X J 0 display style sum
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00144-00066773-00067122 underscore I J equals 1 carat and C
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00145-00067123-00067443 underscore I see underscore JK X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00146-00067444-00068001 underscore I X underscore j GE Q 0 for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00147-00068002-00069484 any N element of n X 1 X n element of X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00148-00069485-00070526 and C 1 C N
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00149-00070527-00071046 ah display stylin in math B n X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00150-00071047-00071415 underscore one dots X underscore n in X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00151-00071416-00071772 text and C underscore one dots C
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00152-00071773-00072176 underscore n in math B are the more
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00153-00072177-00072449 Aaronson theorem see below is a sort of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00154-00072450-00073004 converse to this if a function K display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00155-00073005-00073416 style K satisfies these conditions then
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00156-00073417-00073681 there is a Hilbert space of functions on
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00157-00073682-00074259 X display style X for which it is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00158-00074260-00074754 reproducing kernel topic example the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00159-00074755-00074954 space of band-limited continuous
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00160-00074955-00075240 functions H display style H is our our
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00161-00075241-00075674 KH s as we now show formally fix some
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00162-00075675-00075938 cutoff frequency or infinity display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00163-00075939-00076169 styler and define the hilbert space h
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00164-00076170-00076598 equals f element of C R sub F minus a a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00165-00076599-00076991 display style H equals F in C math PR
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00166-00076992-00077375 operator named sub F sub set a a where
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00167-00077376-00077738 see our display style see math PR is the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00168-00077739-00077991 set of continuous functions and F Omega
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00169-00077992-00078443 equals ft e minus I Omega T DT display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00170-00078444-00078816 style F Omega equals int FTE caret I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00171-00078817-00079181 Omega T DT is the Fourier transform of F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00172-00079182-00079596 display style F from the Fourier
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00173-00079597-00080214 inversion theorem we have F X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00174-00080215-00082055 equals 1 2 pi minus a a f Omega e I X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00175-00082056-00082950 Omega D Omega displaced I'll f x equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00176-00082951-00083361 frac 1 2 pi into underscore a carrot a f
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00177-00083362-00083877 omega e carrot X Omega D Omega it then
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00178-00083878-00084075 follows by the couchy Schwarz inequality
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00179-00084076-00084578 and Percival's theorem that for all X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00180-00084579-00086238 display style X F X 1 2 pi minus a a to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00181-00086239-00088086 a f Omega 2 D Omega equals pi f display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00182-00088087-00088599 style FX leq frac 1 2 pi s QR t int
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00183-00088600-00088983 underscore a carrot a to AF omega carrot
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00184-00088984-00089598 2 d omega equals s QR t frac a pi f this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00185-00089599-00089829 inequality shows that the evaluation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00186-00089830-00090275 functional is bounded proving that h
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00187-00090276-00090984 display style h is indeed RR k HS the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00188-00090985-00091668 kernel function K X display style K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00189-00091669-00092240 underscore X in this case is given by K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00190-00092241-00092687 X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00191-00092688-00094628 equals PI sync a y minus x equals sin a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00192-00094629-00095807 y- x pi y minus x display style k
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00193-00095808-00096191 underscore X y equals frac a PI operator
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00194-00096192-00096668 name sync 8y x equals frack sin a y x pi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00195-00096669-00097076 y x to see this we first note that the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00196-00097077-00097415 Fourier transform of KX y display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00197-00097416-00097748 K underscore XY defined above is given
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00198-00097749-00098115 by minus infinity infinity K X ye minus
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00199-00098116-00098519 I Omega Y dy equals e minus I Omega X if
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00200-00098520-00098822 a major element of minus a a zero if
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00201-00098823-00099078 otherwise display style int underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00202-00099079-00099506 empty carrot in TK underscore X ye carat
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00203-00099507-00099846 I Omega Y dy equals begin cases
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00204-00099847-00100187 II care at I Omega X and text if Omega
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00205-00100188-00100529 in a a zero and text if text RM
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00206-00100530-00100746 otherwise end cases which is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00207-00100747-00100940 consequence of the time shifting
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00208-00100941-00101230 property of the Fourier transform
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00209-00101231-00101522 consequently using plan Charles theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00210-00101523-00102754 we have F k x equals minus infinity
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00211-00102755-00104176 infinity F Y K X Y D Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00212-00104177-00105894 equals 1 2 pi minus a a f Omega e I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00213-00105895-00107269 Omega X D Omega equals f x display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00214-00107270-00107634 angle FK underscore x r angle equals int
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00215-00107635-00108079 underscore empty caret empty FY c do t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00216-00108080-00108505 over line k underscore XY dy equals frac
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00217-00108506-00108913 1 2 pi into underscore a carat AF omega
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00218-00108914-00109390 c do te carat I Omega X D Omega equals F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00219-00109391-00109756 X thus we obtain the reproducing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00220-00109757-00110534 property of the kernel note that K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00221-00110535-00110965 display style K underscore X in this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00222-00110966-00111331 case is the band limited version of the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00223-00111332-00112080 Dirac Delta function and that K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00224-00112081-00112608 display style K underscore XY converges
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00225-00112609-00113618 to Delta Y minus X display style Delta
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00226-00113619-00113965 why X in the weak sense is the cutoff
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00227-00113966-00114593 frequency display styler tends to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00228-00114594-00115207 infinity
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00229-00115208-00115849 topic more Aronson theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00230-00115850-00116112 we have seen how a reproducing kernel
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00231-00116113-00116371 Hilbert space defines a reproducing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00232-00116372-00116574 kernel function that is both symmetric
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00233-00116575-00116937 and positive-definite the more Aronson
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00234-00116938-00117148 theorem goes in the other direction
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00235-00117149-00117399 it states that every symmetric positive
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00236-00117400-00117603 definite kernel defines a unique
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00237-00117604-00117939 reproducing kernel Hilbert space the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00238-00117940-00118161 theorem first appeared in our ensigns
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00239-00118162-00118416 theory of reproducing kernels although
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00240-00118417-00118797 he attributes it to eh more theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00241-00118798-00119058 suppose K is a symmetric positive
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00242-00119058-00119364 definite kernel on a set X then there is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00243-00119365-00119616 a unique Hilbert space of functions on X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00244-00119617-00119841 for which K is a reproducing kernel
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00245-00119842-00120428 proof for all X in X define KX equals KX
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00246-00120429-00120820 let h0 be the linear span of KX x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00247-00120821-00121212 element of x define an inner product on
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00248-00121213-00123249 h0 by j equals 1 n be j k y j i equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00249-00123250-00124726 m a I K X I equals I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00250-00124727-00127039 equals 1 M J equals 1 N a I b j k y j x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00251-00127040-00127600 i display style left Langille sum
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00252-00127601-00127891 underscore J equals 1 carat and be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00253-00127892-00128242 underscore JK underscore Y underscore J
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00254-00128243-00128575 sum underscore I equals 1 carat M a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00255-00128576-00128902 underscore I K underscore X underscore I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00256-00128903-00129183 right wrangle equals sum underscore I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00257-00129184-00129568 equals 1 carat M sum underscore J equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00258-00129569-00129979 1 carat n a underscore IB underscore j k
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00259-00129980-00130447 y underscore j X underscore I the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00260-00130448-00130657 symmetry of this inner product follows
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00261-00130658-00130855 from the symmetry of K and the non
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00262-00130856-00131098 degeneracy follows from the fact that K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00263-00131099-00131452 is positive definite let H be the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00264-00131453-00131710 completion of H zero with respect to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00265-00131711-00132043 this inner product then H consists of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00266-00132044-00132355 functions of the form FX equals I equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00267-00132356-00132748 1 infinity aik xix where I equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00268-00132749-00133105 infinity a I to K X I X I infinity
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00269-00133106-00133483 display style FX equals sum underscore I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00270-00133484-00133801 equals 1 carat empty or underscore I K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00271-00133802-00134185 underscore X underscore IX quad text
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00272-00134186-00134452 where quad sum underscore I equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00273-00134453-00134812 carat empty or underscore I carat to K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00274-00134813-00135115 underscore I X underscore I'd the fact
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00275-00135116-00135358 that the above sum converges for every X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00276-00135359-00135544 follows from the couchy Schwarz
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00277-00135545-00135869 inequality now
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00278-00135870-00136471 can check the reproducing property - f k
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00279-00136472-00138499 x equals i equals 1 infinity a I K X I K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00280-00138500-00140572 X equals i equals 1 infinity a I K X I X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00281-00140573-00141350 equals F X display style Langille FK
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00282-00141351-00141602 underscore X R angle equals left
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00283-00141603-00141932 Langille sum underscore I equals 1 carat
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00284-00141933-00142229 empty or underscore I pay underscore X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00285-00142230-00142529 underscore I K underscore X right
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00286-00142530-00142856 wrangle equals sum underscore I equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00287-00142857-00143144 carat empty or underscore I K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00288-00143145-00143618 underscore I x equals F X to prove
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00289-00143619-00143852 uniqueness let G be another Hilbert
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00290-00143853-00144077 space of functions for which K is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00291-00144078-00144479 reproducing kernel for any x and y in x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00292-00144480-00146296 2 implies that K X K Y H equals K X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00293-00146297-00147465 equals K X K Y G display style Langille
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00294-00147466-00147796 K underscore X K underscore Y wrangle
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00295-00147797-00148126 underscore H equals K X y equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00296-00148127-00148474 Langille K underscore X K underscore Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00297-00148475-00149175 wrangle underscore G by linearity H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00298-00149176-00149841 equals G display style Langille C do T C
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00299-00149842-00150201 do T Rangel underscore H equals Langille
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00300-00150202-00150756 C do T C do T Rangel underscore G on the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00301-00150757-00151568 span of K X X element of X then H G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00302-00151569-00152040 display style H subset G because G is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00303-00152041-00152304 complete and contains H 0 and hence
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00304-00152305-00152688 contains its completion now we need to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00305-00152689-00152919 prove that every element of G is in H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00306-00152920-00153626 let F display style F be an element of G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00307-00153627-00153981 since H is a closed subspace of G we can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00308-00153982-00155385 write F equals f h plus F H display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00309-00155386-00155685 style F equals their fun to score h plus
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00310-00155686-00156239 they're fun to score H carat but where F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00311-00156240-00156954 H element of H display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00312-00156955-00158030 underscore H in H and F H element of H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00313-00158031-00158370 display style F underscore H carat but
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00314-00158371-00159311 in H carat but now if X element of X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00315-00159312-00159807 display style X in X then since K is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00316-00159808-00160437 reproducing kernel of G F X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00317-00160438-00162638 equals K X F equals K X F H equals F H X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00318-00162639-00162993 display style FX equals Langille K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00319-00162994-00163323 underscore X F R angle equals Langille K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00320-00163324-00163632 underscore X f underscore H R angle
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00321-00163633-00164120 equals F underscore H X which shows that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00322-00164121-00165054 F H equals zero display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00323-00165055-00165537 underscore H carat but equals zero in G
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00324-00165538-00166219 and concludes the proof
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00325-00166220-00166582 topic integral operators and Mercer's
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00326-00166583-00167233 theorem we may characterize a symmetric
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00327-00167234-00167751 positive definite kernel k display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00328-00167752-00168123 k via the integral operator using
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00329-00168124-00168291 Mercer's theorem and obtain an
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00330-00168292-00168899 additional view of the RK HS let X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00331-00168900-00169323 display style X be a compact space
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00332-00169324-00169570 equipped with a strictly positive finite
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00333-00169571-00170402 Borel measure mu display style mu and K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00334-00170403-00171421 X times X a display style K X times X -
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00335-00171422-00171844 math BR a continuous symmetric and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00336-00171845-00172188 positive definite function define the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00337-00172189-00173646 integral operator t k l to x l 2x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00338-00173647-00173964 display style t underscore k l
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00339-00173965-00174839 underscore 2x2 l underscore two X as T K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00340-00174840-00175116 F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00341-00175117-00176712 equals x k t f t D mu T display style t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00342-00176713-00177057 underscore KF C do T equals int
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00343-00177058-00178106 underscore xk c do t TF t d mu t where l
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00344-00178107-00178782 2x display style l underscore 2x is the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00345-00178783-00179007 space of square integrable functions
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00346-00179008-00179705 with respect to MU display style mu
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00347-00179706-00179937 Mercer's theorem states that the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00348-00179938-00180162 spectral decomposition of the integral
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00349-00180163-00180783 operator T Kay display style T
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00350-00180784-00181614 underscore K of K display style K yields
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00351-00181615-00182115 a series representation of K display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00352-00182116-00182388 style K in term
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00353-00182389-00182816 of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00354-00182817-00183429 t.k display style t underscore k this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00355-00183430-00184086 then implies that K display style K is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00356-00184087-00184281 reproducing kernel so that the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00357-00184282-00184572 corresponding RK HS can be defined in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00358-00184573-00184755 terms of these eigenvalues and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00359-00184756-00185100 eigenfunctions we provide the details
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00360-00185101-00185837 below under these assumptions T K
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00361-00185838-00186249 display style T underscore K is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00362-00186250-00186549 compact continuous self adjoint and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00363-00186550-00186882 positive operator the spectral theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00364-00186883-00187164 for self adjoint operators implies that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00365-00187165-00187380 there is an at most countable decreasing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00366-00187381-00188397 sequence Sigma I I 0 display style Sigma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00367-00188398-00188877 underscore i underscore IgE Q 0 such
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00368-00188878-00190157 that Lim I infinity Sigma I equals 0
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00369-00190158-00190518 display style Lim underscore I two empty
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00370-00190519-00191397 Sigma underscore I equals 0 and T K Phi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00371-00191398-00192951 I x equals Sigma I Phi I X display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00372-00192952-00193314 t underscore K Phi underscore I x equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00373-00193315-00193694 Sigma underscore I Phi underscore I X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00374-00193695-00194379 where the Phi I display style Phi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00375-00194380-00194763 underscore I form an orthonormal basis
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00376-00194764-00195789 of l2 X display style L underscore 2 X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00377-00195790-00196719 by the positivity of t k Sigma I greater
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00378-00196720-00197268 than zero display style t underscore k
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00379-00197269-00197609 Sigma underscore I greater than 0 for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00380-00197610-00198426 all i display style I one can also show
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00381-00198427-00199160 that T K display style t underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00382-00199161-00199473 k-maps continuously into the space of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00383-00199474-00200160 continuous functions see X display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00384-00200161-00200508 see X and therefore we may choose
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00385-00200509-00200763 continuous functions as the eigenvectors
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00386-00200764-00201831 that is Phi I element of C X display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00387-00201832-00201891 style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00388-00201892-00202502 Phi underscore I in C X for all I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00389-00202503-00203060 display style I then by mercy's theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00390-00203061-00203643 K display style K may be written in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00391-00203644-00203886 terms of the eigen values and continuous
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00392-00203887-00204980 eigen functions is K X y equals J
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00393-00204981-00206644 equals 1 infinity Sigma J Phi J X Phi J
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00394-00206644-00207215 Y display style K X y equals sum
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00395-00207216-00207569 underscore J equals 1 carat empty Sigma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00396-00207569-00207971 underscore J Phi underscore J X Phi and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00397-00207971-00209041 score J Y for all X Y element of X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00398-00209042-00209929 display style x y in x such that limb n
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00399-00209930-00211957 infinity sup u v ke u v- j equals 1 n
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00400-00211958-00213077 Sigma J Phi J u Phi J V equals 0 display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00401-00213078-00213394 style Lim underscore n 2 empty sub
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00402-00213396-00213887 underscore UV left K u v underscore J
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00403-00213888-00214214 equals 1 carat and Sigma underscore J
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00404-00214215-00214625 Phi underscore J u Phi and ur score J V
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00405-00214626-00214927 right equals 0 this above series
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00406-00214928-00215123 representation is referred to as a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00407-00215123-00215387 Mercer kernel or Mercer representation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00408-00215388-00215756 of K display style K furthermore it can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00409-00215757-00216092 be shown that the RK h sh display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00410-00216092-00216425 h of k display style k is given by h
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00411-00216426-00216809 equals F element of L to X I equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00412-00216810-00217139 infinity F Phi I to Sigma I infinity
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00413-00217140-00217451 display style H equals left f in L
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00414-00217452-00217787 underscore 2 X left some underscore I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00415-00217788-00218150 equals 1 carat empty frak left Langille
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00416-00218151-00218348 f phi underscore i
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00417-00218348-00218665 wrangle carrot 2 Sigma underscore I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00418-00218666-00219292 write where the inner product of H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00419-00219292-00220576 display style H given by F G H equals I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00420-00220577-00222757 equals 1 infinity F Phi il2 G Phi il-2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00421-00222758-00223379 Sigma I display style left Langille FG
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00422-00223380-00223706 right wrangle underscore H equals sum
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00423-00223707-00224030 underscore I equals 1 carrot empty frac
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00424-00224031-00224336 left Langille f phi underscore i right
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00425-00224337-00224585 wrangle underscore ell underscore two
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00426-00224586-00224900 left Langille G Phi underscore I right
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00427-00224901-00225146 wrangle underscore ell underscore 2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00428-00225146-00225533 Sigma underscore I this representation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00429-00225534-00225806 of the arc AHS has application in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00430-00225807-00226021 probability and statistics for example
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00431-00226023-00226334 to the Karenin lova representation for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00432-00226335-00227152 stochastic processes and kernel pca
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00433-00227153-00227742 topic feature Maps
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00434-00227742-00228605 a feature map is a map Phi X F display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00435-00228606-00229241 style VAR fee X right arrow F where F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00436-00229242-00229665 display style F is a Hilbert space which
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00437-00229666-00229992 we will call the feature space the first
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00438-00229992-00230204 sections presented the connection
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00439-00230205-00230423 between bounded continuous evaluation
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00440-00230423-00230712 functions positive definite functions
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00441-00230713-00230921 and integral operators and in this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00442-00230923-00231089 section we provide another
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00443-00231090-00231366 representation of the arc AHS in terms
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00444-00231367-00231765 of feature Maps we first note that every
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00445-00231766-00232196 feature map defines a kernel via clearly
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00446-00232196-00232794 K display style K is symmetric and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00447-00232794-00233009 positive definiteness follows from the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00448-00233010-00233496 properties of inner product in F display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00449-00233496-00233855 style F conversely every positive
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00450-00233856-00234092 definite function and corresponding
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00451-00234094-00234327 reproducing kernel Hilbert space has
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00452-00234328-00234584 infinitely many associated feature Maps
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00453-00234585-00235028 such that three holds for example we can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00454-00235029-00235406 trivially take F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00455-00235407-00236142 equals H display style F equals H and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00456-00236144-00237254 Phi X equals K X display style VAR fee X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00457-00237255-00237919 equals K underscore X for all X element
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00458-00237919-00238721 of X display style X in X then 3 is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00459-00238721-00239026 satisfied by the reproducing property
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00460-00239027-00239312 another classical example of a feature
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00461-00239313-00239542 map relates to the previous section
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00462-00239544-00240021 regarding integral operators by taking F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00463-00240023-00240659 equals 2 display style F equals L carat
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00464-00240660-00242413 2 and Phi X equals Sigma I Phi I X I
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00465-00242414-00242869 display style barfy x equals s QR t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00466-00242871-00243182 sigma underscore i phi underscore IX
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00467-00243183-00243557 underscore i this connection between
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00468-00243558-00243817 kernels and feature maps provides us
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00469-00243819-00243996 with a new way to understand
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00470-00243998-00244208 positive-definite functions and hence
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00471-00244209-00244498 reproducing kernels is inner products in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00472-00244498-00245162 h display style h moreover every feature
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00473-00245163-00245480 map can naturally define our RK HS by
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00474-00245481-00245702 means of the definition of a positive
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00475-00245703-00245898 definite function
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00476-00245900-00246188 lastly feature maps allow us to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00477-00246189-00246416 construct function spaces that reveal
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00478-00246417-00246723 another perspective on the RK HS
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00479-00246725-00247657 consider the linear space h phi equals f
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00480-00247658-00249744 x ah w element of f f x equals W Phi X F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00481-00249746-00250478 X element of X display style H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00482-00250479-00250894 underscore barfy equals f x2 math PR
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00483-00250896-00251432 exists W in FF x equals Langille w v fe
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00484-00251433-00251973 x r angle underscore f Forel text x in x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00485-00251975-00252704 we can define a norm on H Phi display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00486-00252705-00253519 style H underscore VAR fee by F Phi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00487-00253519-00255233 equals INF w f w element of f f x equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00488-00255234-00256607 W Phi X F X element of X display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00489-00256608-00257044 underscore VAR fee equals text INF W
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00490-00257044-00257569 underscore F W in FF x equals Langille w
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00491-00257569-00257887 v fe x wrangle underscore F for all
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00492-00257888-00258714 texts X in X it can be shown that H Phi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00493-00258715-00259146 display style H underscore VAR fee is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00494-00259148-00260009 our our KHS with kernel defined by K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00495-00260010-00261091 equals Phi X Phi Y display style K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00496-00261092-00261480 equals Langille VAR fee x VAR fee y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00497-00261481-00261880 rangel this representation implies that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00498-00261881-00262110 the elements of the our KHS are inner
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00499-00262111-00262297 products of elements in the feature
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00500-00262298-00262528 space and can accordingly be seen as
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00501-00262529-00262939 hyperplanes this view of the arc AHS is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00502-00262940-00263167 related to the kernel trick in machine
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00503-00263168-00263218 learning
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00504-00263219-00263763 [Music]
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00505-00263764-00264341 topic properties
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00506-00264342-00264679 the following properties of rkh s's may
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00507-00264680-00265873 be useful to readers let X I I equals 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00508-00265874-00266332 P display style X underscore i
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00509-00266333-00266750 underscore I equals 1 carat P be a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00510-00266751-00267940 sequence of sets and K I I equals 1 P
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00511-00267941-00268268 display style K underscore i underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00512-00268269-00268715 I equals 1 carat P be a collection of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00513-00268716-00268906 corresponding positive definite
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00514-00268907-00270125 functions on X I I equals 1 P display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00515-00270126-00270449 style X underscore i underscore I equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00516-00270450-00270798 1 carat P
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00517-00270799-00272480 then follows that K X 1 X P Y 1 Y P
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00518-00272481-00274788 equals K 1 X 1 y 1 K P X P Y P display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00519-00274789-00275094 style K X underscore 1 l dots X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00520-00275095-00275496 underscore P Y underscore 1 l dots y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00521-00275497-00275829 underscore P equals K underscore 1 X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00522-00275830-00276267 underscore 1 y underscore 1 CDO tsk
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00523-00276268-00276645 underscore P X underscore P Y underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00524-00276646-00277202 P is a kernel on X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00525-00277203-00278561 equals x1 x times X P display style X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00526-00278562-00278927 equals X underscore one x dots times X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00527-00278928-00280031 underscore P let X 0 X display style X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00528-00280032-00280445 underscore 0 subset X then the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00529-00280446-00281476 restriction of K display style K to x0
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00530-00281477-00282293 times x0 display style X underscore 0
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00531-00282294-00282704 times X underscore 0 is also a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00532-00282705-00282965 reproducing kernel consider a normalized
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00533-00282966-00284206 kernel K display style K such that K X x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00534-00284207-00285077 equals 1 display style KX x equals 1 for
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00535-00285078-00286006 all X element of X display style X in X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00536-00286007-00287038 define a pseudo metric on X's D K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00537-00287039-00288836 equals K X minus K y h2 equals to 1
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00538-00288837-00289841 minus K X Y X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00539-00289842-00290359 element of X display style D underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00540-00290360-00290801 K X y equals K underscore X K underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00541-00290802-00291293 Y underscore H carat 2 equals to 1 K X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00542-00291294-00291829 Q quad for all X in X by the couchy
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00543-00291830-00293899 Schwarz inequality K X Y 2 K X X K Y y X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00544-00293900-00294677 Y element of X display style k XY
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00545-00294678-00295255 carat to le q KX x k y y q quad for all
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00546-00295256-00295708 X Y in X this inequality allows us to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00547-00295709-00296332 view K display style K as a measure of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00548-00296333-00297154 similarity between inputs if X Y element
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00549-00297155-00297890 of X display style X Y in X a similar
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00550-00297891-00298925 then K X Y display style K X Y will be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00551-00298926-00299808 closer to 1 while if X Y element of X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00552-00299809-00300367 display style X Y in X a dissimilar then
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00553-00300368-00301357 K X Y display style K X Y will be closer
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00554-00301358-00302215 to 0 the closure of the span of K X X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00555-00302216-00302970 of X display style k underscore X X in X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00556-00302971-00304094 coincides with H display style H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00557-00304095-00304721 topic common examples
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00558-00304722-00305080 you
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00559-00305081-00305701 topic by linear kernels
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00560-00305702-00305901 okay
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00561-00305902-00306966 x y equals x y display style K X y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00562-00306967-00307706 equals lambda X Y wrangle the RK HS h
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00563-00307707-00308121 display style H corresponding to this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00564-00308122-00308379 kernel is the dual space consisting of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00565-00308380-00308898 functions F X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00566-00308899-00309627 equals x beta display style FX equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00567-00309628-00310521 Langille X beta Rangel satisfying F h2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00568-00310522-00311294 equals beta to display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00569-00311295-00311700 underscore H parrot to equals beta carat
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00570-00311701-00312246 to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00571-00312247-00312875 topic polynomial kernels
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00572-00312876-00314806 K X y equals alpha X y plus 1 D alpha
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00573-00314807-00315755 element of our D element of n display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00574-00315756-00316151 style K X y equals alpha Langille X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00575-00316152-00316496 Rangel plus 1 carat D Q quad alpha in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00576-00316497-00317210 math be our D in math be n
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00577-00317211-00317931 topic radial basis function kernels
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00578-00317932-00318150 these are another common class of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00579-00318151-00319397 kernels which satisfy K X y equals K X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00580-00319398-00320300 minus y display style K X y equals K XY
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00581-00320301-00320718 some examples include Gaussian or
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00582-00320719-00321564 squared exponential kernel K X y equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00583-00321565-00323375 e minus X minus y 2 2 Sigma 2 Sigma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00584-00323376-00323780 greater than zero
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00585-00323781-00324189 display style K X y equals e caret frac
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00586-00324190-00324615 X Y carrot 2 2 Sigma carrot 2 Q quad
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00587-00324616-00325070 Sigma greater than zero laplacian kernel
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00588-00325071-00326819 K X y equals e minus X minus y Sigma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00589-00326820-00327278 Sigma greater than
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00590-00327279-00327791 zero display style k XY equal Z carrot
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00591-00327792-00328184 frac XY Sigma Q quad Sigma greater than
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00592-00328185-00328753 zero the squared norm of a function f
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00593-00328754-00329519 display style F in the RK HS h display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00594-00329520-00330820 style H but this kernel is f h2 equals F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00595-00330821-00332686 x2 D X plus F x2 D X display style F
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00596-00332687-00333089 underscore H carrot 2 equals into F X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00597-00333090-00333805 Charat 2 DX plus int FX carrot 2 DX
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00598-00333806-00334121 topic bergman kernels we also provide
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00599-00334122-00334463 examples of bergman kernels let X be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00600-00334464-00334745 finite and let H consist of all complex
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00601-00334746-00335048 valued functions on X then an element of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00602-00335049-00335279 H can be represented as an array of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00603-00335280-00335621 complex numbers if the usual inner
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00604-00335622-00335906 product is used then KX is the function
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00605-00335907-00336167 whose value is 1 at X and 0 everywhere
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00606-00336168-00336644 else and KX y display style K X Y can be
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00607-00336645-00336878 thought of as an identity matrix since
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00608-00336879-00337313 KX y equals 1 x equals y 0 X does not
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00609-00337314-00337727 equal Y display style KX y equals big in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00610-00337728-00338150 cases 1 and x equals y 0 and x any qi
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00611-00338151-00338483 end cases in this case H is isomorphic
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00612-00338484-00338918 to CN display style math b/c carat n the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00613-00338919-00339212 case of x equals D display style x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00614-00339213-00339551 equals math be d where d display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00615-00339552-00339857 math be D denotes the unit disk is more
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00616-00339858-00340274 sophisticated here the Burgman space h2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00617-00340275-00340654 d display style h carat to math BD
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00618-00340655-00340806 is the space of square integrable
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00619-00340807-00341155 holomorphic functions on D display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00620-00341156-00341575 maspeedy it can be shown that the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00621-00341576-00342367 reproducing kernel for H 2d display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00622-00342368-00343503 style H carat to math BD is K X y equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00623-00343504-00345103 1 PI 1 1 minus X Y to display style KX y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00624-00345104-00345592 equals frac 1 PI frac 1 1 x over line y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00625-00345593-00345982 carrot 2 lastly the space of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00626-00345983-00346762 band-limited functions in l2 a display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00627-00346763-00347268 style l carat to math BR with bandwidth
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00628-00347269-00348055 to a display style to a RR k HS with
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00629-00348056-00348802 reproducing kernel K X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00630-00348803-00350436 equals sin a X minus y pi X minus y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00631-00350437-00350914 display style KX y equals frac sin ax y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00632-00350915-00351574 PI X Y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00633-00351575-00351922 topic extension to vector valued
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00634-00351923-00352373 functions
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00635-00352374-00352673 in this section we extend the definition
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00636-00352674-00352982 of the RK HS to spaces of vector valued
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00637-00352983-00353180 functions as this extension is
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00638-00353181-00353420 particularly important in multitask
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00639-00353421-00353792 learning and manifold regularization the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00640-00353793-00354010 main difference is that the reproducing
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00641-00354011-00354614 kernel gamma display style gamma is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00642-00354615-00354803 symmetric function that is now a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00643-00354804-00355279 positive semi definite matrix for any X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00644-00355280-00356338 Y display style X Y in X display style X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00645-00356339-00356651 more formally we define a vector valued
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00646-00356652-00357077 RK h sv v RK h s as a Hilbert space of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00647-00357078-00358084 functions F X R T display style F x2
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00648-00358085-00358777 math be our carat T such that for all C
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00649-00358778-00359480 element of our T display style see in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00650-00359481-00360435 math be our carat T and X element of X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00651-00360436-00361483 display style X in X gamma X see why
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00652-00361484-00362976 equals gamma X Y C element of H for y
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00653-00362977-00363520 element of X display style gamma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00654-00363521-00364051 underscore XC y equals gamma XY C in H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00655-00364052-00365475 text for y in X and F gamma X C H equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00656-00365476-00366295 F X C display style Langille F gamma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00657-00366296-00366610 underscore X C R angle underscore H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00658-00366611-00367081 equals F X carrot in Terkel C this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00659-00367082-00367273 second property parallels the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00660-00367274-00367468 reproducing property for the scalar
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00661-00367469-00367819 valued case we note that this definition
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00662-00367820-00368035 can also be connected to integral
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00663-00368036-00368314 operators bounded evaluation functions
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00664-00368315-00368527 and feature Maps as we saw for the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00665-00368528-00368884 scalar valued arc AHS we can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00666-00368885-00369208 equivalently define the VV r KH s is a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00667-00369209-00369424 vector valued Hilbert space with a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00668-00369425-00369685 bounded evaluation functional and show
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00669-00369686-00369895 that this implies the existence of a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00670-00369896-00370137 unique reproducing kernel by the riche
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00671-00370138-00370477 representation theorem Merces theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00672-00370478-00370699 can also be extended to address the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00673-00370700-00370894 vector valued setting and we can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00674-00370895-00371116 therefore obtain a feature map view of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00675-00371117-00371569 the VV r KHS lastly it can also be shown
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00676-00371570-00372129 that the closure of the span of gamma X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00677-00372130-00372816 C X N
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00678-00372817-00373636 x-c element of AA tea display style
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00679-00373637-00374065 gamma underscore X see X in X C in math
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00680-00374066-00374785 be our carat t coincides with H display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00681-00374786-00375160 style H another property similar to the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00682-00375161-00375583 scalar valued case we can gain intuition
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00683-00375584-00375904 for the vvr KHS by taking a component
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00684-00375905-00376156 wise perspective on these spaces
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00685-00376157-00376570 in particular we find that every vvr KH
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00686-00376571-00376828 s is isometrically isomorphic to a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00687-00376829-00377110 scalar valued RK HS on a particular
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00688-00377111-00378138 input space let lambda equals 1 t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00689-00378139-00378612 display style lambda equals 1 dots T
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00690-00378613-00379374 consider the space X times lambda
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00691-00379375-00379813 display style X times lambda and the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00692-00379814-00380109 corresponding reproducing kernel as
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00693-00380110-00380488 noted above the RK HS associated to this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00694-00380489-00380692 reproducing kernel is given by the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00695-00380693-00381621 closure of the span of gamma X T X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00696-00381622-00382512 Ament of X T element of lambda display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00697-00382513-00382950 style gamma underscore X T X in X T in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00698-00382951-00384419 lambda where gamma X T Y s equals gamma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00699-00384420-00385392 X t y s display style gamma underscore X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00700-00385393-00386084 T y s equals gamma X T y s for every set
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00701-00386085-00387362 of pairs X T y s element of x times
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00702-00387363-00387983 lambda display style xt y s in x times
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00703-00387984-00388326 lambda their connection to the scalar
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00704-00388327-00388614 valued RK h s can then be made by the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00705-00388615-00388883 fact that every matrix valued kernel can
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00706-00388884-00389112 be identified with a kernel of the form
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00707-00389113-00390634 of four via gamma x y t s equals gamma x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00708-00390635-00391503 t y s display style gamma XY underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00709-00391504-00392142 t s equals gamma xt y s moreover every
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00710-00392143-00392379 kernel with the form of four defines a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00711-00392380-00392589 matrix valued kernel with the above
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00712-00392590-00393385 expression now letting the map D H gamma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00713-00393386-00394023 H gamma display style D H underscore
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00714-00394024-00394502 gamma 2h underscore gamma be defined as
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00715-00394503-00395017 d f x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00716-00395018-00396523 t equals F X e t ah T display style DF x
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00717-00396524-00396922 t equals Langille FX e underscore t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00718-00396923-00397387 wrangle underscore math BR carat T where
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00719-00397388-00398241 e t display style e underscore t is the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00720-00398242-00399159 t t h display style t carat th component
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00721-00399160-00399826 of the canonical basis for ah t display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00722-00399827-00400331 style math be our carat t1 can show that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00723-00400332-00400942 d display style d is by ejected and an
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00724-00400943-00401620 isometry between H gamma display style H
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00725-00401621-00402499 underscore gamma and H gamma display
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00726-00402500-00402913 style H underscore gamma while this view
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00727-00402914-00403227 of the vvr KH s can be quite useful in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00728-00403228-00403468 multitask learning it should be noted
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00729-00403469-00403696 that this isometry does not reduce the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00730-00403697-00403918 study of the vector valued case to that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00731-00403919-00404293 of the scalar valued case in fact this
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00732-00404294-00404505 isometry procedure can make both the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00733-00404506-00404743 scalar valued kernel in the input space
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00734-00404744-00405009 too difficult to work with in practices
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00735-00405010-00405223 properties of the original kernels are
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00736-00405224-00405487 often lost an important class of matrix
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00737-00405488-00405742 valued reproducing kernels as separable
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00738-00405743-00405957 kernels which can factorized is the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00739-00405958-00406239 product of a scalar valued kernel in a
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00740-00406240-00406760 tea display style T dimensional
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00741-00406761-00407073 symmetric positive semi definite matrix
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00742-00407074-00407389 in light of our previous discussion
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00743-00407390-00408090 these kernels are of the form gamma X T
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00744-00408091-00408483 Y s
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00745-00408484-00409972 equals K X Y K T t s display style gamma
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00746-00409972-00410660 X T Y s equals K X Y K underscore t t s
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00747-00410661-00411797 for all X Y display style X Y in X
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00748-00411798-00412672 display style X and T s display style t
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00749-00412672-00413482 s in t display style t as the scalar
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00750-00413483-00413712 valued kernel encodes dependencies
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00751-00413713-00413947 between the inputs we can observe that
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00752-00413947-00414141 the matrix valued kernel encodes
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00753-00414142-00414397 dependencies among both the inputs and
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00754-00414397-00414774 the outputs we lastly remark that the
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00755-00414775-00415018 above theory can be further extended to
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00756-00415018-00415222 spaces of functions with values in
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00757-00415222-00415501 function spaces but obtaining kernels
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00758-00415502-00415687 for these spaces is a more difficult
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00759-00415688-00416320 task
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00760-00416321-00416893 topic see also
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00761-00416894-00417389 positive definite kernel Merces theorem
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00762-00417389-00417762 kernel trick kernel embedding of
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00763-00417763-00418272 distributions represent a theorem equals
7MO2PYkn4UQ-00764-00418272-00418560 equals notes
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00000-00000479-00000582 i'd like to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00001-00000583-00000950 begin by giving an overview of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00002-00000951-00001303 the titles um that are covered in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00003-00001304-00001511 study skills collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00004-00001512-00001751 so the study skills collection provides
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00005-00001752-00001871 you with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00006-00001872-00002063 all the tools you need to study more
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00007-00002064-00002183 efficiently and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00008-00002184-00002407 effectively you'll find something here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00009-00002408-00002487 to support you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00010-00002488-00002671 at every stage of your university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00011-00002672-00002942 journey whatever issue or hurdle you may
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00012-00002943-00003087 be facing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00013-00003088-00003270 all of these books are very easy to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00014-00003271-00003470 navigate and you they don't have to be
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00015-00003471-00003703 read in full for you to make use of them
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00016-00003704-00003870 so don't feel as though you need to read
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00017-00003871-00004047 something from start to finish
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00018-00004047-00004215 just take a look at their table of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00019-00004216-00004399 contents and you might find
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00020-00004400-00004575 that you support a particular tap
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00021-00004576-00004791 chapter which jumps out
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00022-00004792-00004935 it's important to say that these books
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00023-00004936-00005127 are not designed for students who are
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00024-00005128-00005335 failing they're designed to give you the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00025-00005336-00005502 knowledge and the skills to become
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00026-00005503-00005735 more successful and take your work to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00027-00005736-00005870 the next level
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00028-00005871-00006063 i'm guessing that a lot of students
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00029-00006064-00006334 model through essay writing and revision
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00030-00006335-00006518 without really giving a lot of thought
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00031-00006519-00006727 to the process i certainly did when i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00032-00006728-00006878 was at university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00033-00006879-00007119 so use this as a chance to give yourself
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00034-00007120-00007278 a fresh perspective
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00035-00007279-00007455 you'll find that there are lots of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00036-00007456-00007583 resources which go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00037-00007584-00007783 much further than just study skills in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00038-00007784-00007910 this collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00039-00007911-00008134 so be well learn well is a fab book to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00040-00008136-00008303 start with and it's written
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00041-00008304-00008559 by an academic at the university of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00042-00008560-00008614 derby
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00043-00008615-00008895 gareth hughes and this book helps you to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00044-00008896-00009078 understand the connections between
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00045-00009079-00009310 your own well-being and your academic
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00046-00009311-00009423 performance
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00047-00009424-00009710 the two are very much interrelated so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00048-00009711-00009855 improving your well-being
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00049-00009856-00010135 in itself will have a positive impact on
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00050-00010136-00010335 your academic performance
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00051-00010336-00010495 and improving the way that you learn
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00052-00010496-00010759 will also improve uh your well-being
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00053-00010760-00010935 and right now it's such a challenging
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00054-00010936-00011167 time to be a university student and i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00055-00011168-00011287 think this book is an
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00056-00011288-00011551 ideal first port of core you'll find
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00057-00011552-00011646 chapters on
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00058-00011647-00011895 avoiding procrastination and how to get
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00059-00011896-00011999 work done
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00060-00012000-00012191 maintaining motivation as well as
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00061-00012192-00012423 guidance on how to prepare for exams
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00062-00012424-00012687 presentations and how to navigate group
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00063-00012688-00012822 work
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00064-00012823-00012983 for an alternative approach you could
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00065-00012984-00013183 try checking out mindfulness for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00066-00013184-00013399 students by stellar cultural
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00067-00013400-00013575 it introduces a wealth of tools and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00068-00013576-00013751 techniques that can be applied to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00069-00013752-00013991 specific study contexts such as
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00070-00013991-00014207 listening in lectures completing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00071-00014208-00014471 assignments and preparing for exams
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00072-00014472-00014671 and it shows how mindfulness can be used
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00073-00014672-00014838 to help you manage the stresses of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00074-00014840-00014919 student life
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00075-00014919-00015247 more effectively many books many
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00076-00015247-00015422 students look to our resources when they
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00077-00015423-00015494 need help
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00078-00015495-00015775 with assignment writing how to write
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00079-00015776-00015958 better essays by brian retham
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00080-00015959-00016135 provides a really accessible guide to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00081-00016136-00016399 the whole process of working on an essay
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00082-00016400-00016591 from what to do when you've been set an
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00083-00016592-00016815 essay question through to revising and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00084-00016816-00017086 editing your draft how to write your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00085-00017087-00017239 undergraduate dissertation
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00086-00017240-00017486 by the same author is the ideal book to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00087-00017487-00017671 have at your side when you're working on
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00088-00017672-00017943 an independent research project
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00089-00017944-00018119 and we've got other books which help you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00090-00018120-00018343 with other common challenges
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00091-00018344-00018519 have you ever got to the end of your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00092-00018520-00018711 pile of reading for an assignment
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00093-00018712-00018919 looked at your notes and thought what
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00094-00018920-00019022 now
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00095-00019023-00019263 how do i get from a bunch of notes to a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00096-00019264-00019463 fully polished assignment
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00097-00019464-00019735 if so you need how to write how to use
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00098-00019736-00019799 your reading
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00099-00019800-00020071 in your essays by gene godfrey for me
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00100-00020072-00020199 this was definitely the biggest
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00101-00020200-00020422 challenge at university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00102-00020423-00020614 and school and college doesn't really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00103-00020615-00020871 prepare you for this type of work
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00104-00020872-00021047 pretty much all students will see the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00105-00021048-00021247 words more critical analysis
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00106-00021248-00021535 needed in feedback on assignments your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00107-00021536-00021694 go-to book on this topic
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00108-00021695-00021903 should be critical thinking skills by
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00109-00021904-00022047 stellar cultural
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00110-00022048-00022214 this tells you what critical thinking
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00111-00022215-00022430 means and how to apply and demonstrate
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00112-00022431-00022471 this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00113-00022472-00022711 in all aspects of your work from when
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00114-00022712-00022799 you're reading
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00115-00022800-00023022 material and making notes through to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00116-00023023-00023271 putting forward your ideas and arguments
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00117-00023272-00023463 in assignments
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00118-00023464-00023727 if you find that you get consistently
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00119-00023728-00023927 lots of feedback which points out
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00120-00023928-00024191 mistakes and problems with your writing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00121-00024192-00024350 you could take a look at improve your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00122-00024351-00024422 grammar
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00123-00024423-00024591 this isn't just your standard guide to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00124-00024592-00024783 grammar it's specifically written for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00125-00024784-00024855 students
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00126-00024856-00025183 and in helpful two page units shows you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00127-00025184-00025255 how to correct
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00128-00025256-00025575 mistakes and write more accurately there
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00129-00025576-00025750 are units on topics like
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00130-00025751-00026014 avoiding long and disorganized sentences
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00131-00026016-00026231 which i was definitely guilty of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00132-00026232-00026543 and the language of argument thousands
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00133-00026544-00026711 of students have experienced
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00134-00026712-00026951 cancer exams and you might be feeling a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00135-00026952-00027039 bit rusty
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00136-00027039-00027207 and out of practice when it comes to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00137-00027208-00027390 revision and exam planning
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00138-00027391-00027590 there's a dedicated book to help you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00139-00027591-00027711 through this process
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00140-00027712-00027927 it's called the exam skills handbook by
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00141-00027927-00028070 stella cottrell
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00142-00028072-00028255 it's really worth spending a bit of time
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00143-00028256-00028439 thinking about how you can make the best
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00144-00028439-00028599 use of revision time
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00145-00028600-00028743 you might come across some helpful
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00146-00028744-00028935 strategies and ideas which make your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00147-00028936-00029151 life easier
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00148-00029152-00029374 students spend a huge proportion of time
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00149-00029375-00029623 at university reading for assignments
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00150-00029624-00029814 it's often the first time you have been
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00151-00029816-00030023 asked to read full chapters or journal
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00152-00030024-00030158 articles
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00153-00030160-00030311 but what should you be looking for when
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00154-00030312-00030495 you're reading material do you need to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00155-00030495-00030639 read everything
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00156-00030639-00030918 how many notes should you make our book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00157-00030919-00031062 reading at university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00158-00031063-00031335 has the answers this will definitely
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00159-00031336-00031431 save you time
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00160-00031432-00031687 and give you some focus if you haven't
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00161-00031688-00031855 read the right materials and your notes
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00162-00031856-00031951 are a mess
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00163-00031952-00032118 then you'll struggle to write a decent
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00164-00032119-00032335 essay so it makes sense to get off to a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00165-00032336-00032518 good start
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00166-00032519-00032751 for some students public speaking is the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00167-00032752-00032967 most stressful part of the course
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00168-00032968-00033143 we tend not to get much practice at
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00169-00033144-00033318 delivering presentations
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00170-00033319-00033495 so it's not surprising that it's a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00171-00033496-00033646 source of anxiety
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00172-00033647-00033823 but it's seriously worth spending some
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00173-00033824-00034023 time thinking about how to prepare and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00174-00034024-00034246 deliver effective presentations
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00175-00034247-00034383 because it's such an important
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00176-00034384-00034599 transferable skill
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00177-00034600-00034790 lots of the top graduate recruitment
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00178-00034791-00034999 schemes will require candidates to give
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00179-00035000-00035190 formal presentations as part of the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00180-00035191-00035359 application process
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00181-00035360-00035527 and if you've done a bit of polishing up
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00182-00035528-00035662 while you're at university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00183-00035663-00035895 this will stand you in really good stead
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00184-00035896-00036046 so the key book to turn to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00185-00036047-00036374 here is presentation skills for students
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00186-00036375-00036743 by joan van impe and cindy becker
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00187-00036744-00036943 if you're embarking on a research
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00188-00036944-00037143 project or a dissertation
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00189-00037144-00037327 there are two dedicated books in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00190-00037328-00037574 collection the undergraduate research
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00191-00037575-00037751 handbook by gina whisker
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00192-00037752-00037983 and dissertations and project reports by
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00193-00037984-00038127 stellar cultural
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00194-00038128-00038367 both provide simple step-by-step guides
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00195-00038368-00038535 to the complete process
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00196-00038536-00038759 from deciding on and researching a topic
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00197-00038760-00038951 through to structuring your ideas
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00198-00038952-00039223 and writing up your research research
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00199-00039224-00039407 projects often make up a substantial
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00200-00039408-00039599 proportion of your final degree
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00201-00039600-00039718 classification
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00202-00039719-00039902 and involves significant independent
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00203-00039903-00040135 study so it's really worth spending time
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00204-00040136-00040327 thinking about how to approach it in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00205-00040328-00040455 right way
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00206-00040456-00040639 you'll probably save yourself time and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00207-00040640-00040799 effort by having a clear plan
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00208-00040800-00041087 in place the final book i'll mention
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00209-00041088-00041135 here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00210-00041136-00041374 is called professional writing by skye
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00211-00041375-00041502 marzen
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00212-00041503-00041695 this is quite a unique resource and it
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00213-00041696-00041855 will be particularly useful
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00214-00041856-00041999 if you're studying business or
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00215-00042000-00042239 journalism or thinking about a career in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00216-00042240-00042351 public relations
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00217-00042352-00042646 management or marketing it shows you how
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00218-00042647-00042862 to adjust your style tone and approach
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00219-00042863-00043039 for different documents
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00220-00043040-00043343 including short memos feature articles
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00221-00043344-00043599 press releases and reports and it's a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00222-00043600-00043687 really valuable
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00223-00043688-00043911 alternative to the books which only
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00224-00043912-00044111 consider academic writing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00225-00044112-00044367 and it takes a longer term view so i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00226-00044368-00044471 hope that's been
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00227-00044472-00044774 a useful overview of the key books in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00228-00044775-00044887 the collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00229-00044888-00045039 great thank you helen for the overview
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00230-00045040-00045174 of the collection and we're going to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00231-00045175-00045255 move now to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00232-00045256-00045439 etienne who's going to give us an
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00233-00045440-00045711 overview of the biblio platform
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00234-00045712-00045918 great thanks adam thanks uh helen for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00235-00045919-00046039 the introduction to the to the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00236-00046040-00046143 collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00237-00046144-00046351 so i'm etienne i'm a project manager
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00238-00046352-00046535 part of the customer success team at
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00239-00046536-00046967 uh w and uh as such i work with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00240-00046968-00047167 dozens of universities here in the uk
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00241-00047168-00047351 but also in mainland europe
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00242-00047352-00047718 and north africa to provide
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00243-00047719-00047927 digital access to to ebooks and make
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00244-00047928-00048127 sure students have the best
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00245-00048128-00048302 resources for effective learning
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00246-00048303-00048455 digitally so i'm going to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00247-00048456-00048718 share my screen and show you some slides
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00248-00048719-00048774 and also
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00249-00048775-00049079 introduce you to the to the app and how
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00250-00049080-00049143 to use it
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00251-00049144-00049390 in the context of the study skills uh
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00252-00049391-00049462 books that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00253-00049463-00049711 helen has just presented great so first
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00254-00049712-00049927 of all kind of a quick in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00255-00049928-00050230 to uh w so we are an edtech
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00256-00050231-00050486 business and our platform kind of aims
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00257-00050487-00050630 to fill the gap in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00258-00050631-00050911 e-learning between the publishers and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00259-00050912-00051111 universities institutions libraries
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00260-00051112-00051254 and essentially provide students with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00261-00051255-00051479 the best possible learning experience
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00262-00051479-00051799 through digital content
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00263-00051800-00052038 and we do so by providing a bunch of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00264-00052039-00052182 really useful features for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00265-00052183-00052494 for studying uh from downloading books
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00266-00052495-00052582 offline
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00267-00052583-00052711 to searching through your entire
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00268-00052712-00052887 collection highlighting
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00269-00052888-00053279 annotating inside the book and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00270-00053279-00053526 providing equity and in the way people
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00271-00053527-00053671 students can learn
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00272-00053672-00053903 through um some accessibility features
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00273-00053904-00054030 that will i will detail
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00274-00054032-00054199 in the moment but over the years we've
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00275-00054200-00054463 helped thousands of students in over 130
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00276-00054464-00054582 universities and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00277-00054583-00054823 really proud to have derby as a partner
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00278-00054824-00055142 universities for for this program
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00279-00055144-00055366 but first things first how do we access
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00280-00055367-00055575 the great collection that helen has just
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00281-00055576-00055759 introduced so i'm going to show you kind
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00282-00055760-00055903 of the easiest ways to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00283-00055904-00056094 to uh to accept the collection so the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00284-00056095-00056247 easier way
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00285-00056248-00056503 is to go through the libguides website
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00286-00056504-00056582 so i'm just going to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00287-00056583-00056959 click on this and this will give you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00288-00056960-00057191 some first kind of introduction about w
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00289-00057191-00057303 some tips about
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00290-00057304-00057494 online learning and then at the bottom
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00291-00057495-00057638 of the screen
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00292-00057639-00057950 you will get a link to um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00293-00057951-00058142 all the other books that uh are in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00294-00058144-00058319 collection and that have been referenced
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00295-00058320-00058407 by
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00296-00058408-00058607 helen so if you just click on it you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00297-00058608-00058854 should have direct access to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00298-00058855-00059191 or you would be prompted to um to log in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00299-00059191-00059335 directly
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00300-00059336-00059950 with your derby university credentials
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00301-00059951-00060159 great so that's kind of the first way
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00302-00060160-00060366 you can access these books the second
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00303-00060367-00060454 way
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00304-00060455-00060647 is to do so through the derby library
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00305-00060648-00060759 login
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00306-00060760-00060966 um so you'd go to the website you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00307-00060967-00061111 see the hype link here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00308-00061112-00061263 and you just search for the the title of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00309-00061264-00061415 the book and then you'd
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00310-00061416-00061566 be able to access it by clicking on the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00311-00061567-00061735 green button here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00312-00061736-00061926 fairly easy as well but i think that the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00313-00061927-00062119 libguys is probably your best bet to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00314-00062120-00062279 find the collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00315-00062279-00062615 um in a few steps and finally you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00316-00062616-00062775 also access biblio
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00317-00062776-00063030 directly through our app so in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00318-00063032-00063230 browser or if you have downloaded it
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00319-00063232-00063391 again it's very very simple you go to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00320-00063391-00063623 bpu.com and then you select university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00321-00063624-00063726 of derby
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00322-00063727-00063911 and then you will go through the usual
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00323-00063912-00064047 authentication system that you go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00324-00064048-00064142 through
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00325-00064144-00064550 at derby great so now i'm going to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00326-00064551-00064871 hop directly into the platform
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00327-00064872-00065182 to show you how it works and how to make
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00328-00065183-00065247 the best
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00329-00065248-00065423 out of the great books from the study
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00330-00065424-00065703 skills collection and how to study more
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00331-00065704-00065926 effectively so this is where you see the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00332-00065927-00066006 moment you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00333-00066007-00066326 get into the w uh platform
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00334-00066327-00066511 so what we see at the top here is what
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00335-00066512-00066703 we call a bookshelf so these are all the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00336-00066704-00066806 books you have
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00337-00066807-00067006 uh liked uh so if you just click on the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00338-00067007-00067126 heart button here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00339-00067127-00067471 it will just appear directly into your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00340-00067472-00067782 your favorite books then
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00341-00067783-00067926 at the bottom here you see all the books
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00342-00067927-00068126 you have available to you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00343-00068127-00068367 from your institution so you can search
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00344-00068368-00068471 more widely
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00345-00068472-00068599 and then finally something that's quite
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00346-00068600-00068791 important here is if you scan the qr
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00347-00068792-00068847 code
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00348-00068848-00068999 you'll be you'll be redirected to your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00349-00069000-00069167 link to download
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00350-00069168-00069391 our app a standalone app and the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00351-00069392-00069543 experience in the standalone app in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00352-00069544-00069663 bbu app is
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00353-00069664-00069799 pretty much the same as you can see in
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00354-00069800-00070015 the browser the only difference is that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00355-00070016-00070071 you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00356-00070072-00070303 on top of having this slide button here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00357-00070304-00070391 you also have
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00358-00070392-00070591 a download button and what that means is
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00359-00070592-00070711 that you'll be able to download the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00360-00070712-00070879 books that you can read it offline
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00361-00070880-00071111 so if you're ever on a plane again or if
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00362-00071112-00071271 you're somewhere where there's no
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00363-00071272-00071519 internet that's really really handy
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00364-00071520-00071599 something else i want
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00365-00071600-00071903 to to mention here is that um it doesn't
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00366-00071904-00071991 matter if you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00367-00071992-00072335 log in on your laptop with the app um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00368-00072336-00072487 through your mobile phone your tablet
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00369-00072488-00072711 everything is synced together so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00370-00072712-00072862 all the annotations you'll make and i'll
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00371-00072863-00073087 show you how to do that in a moment
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00372-00073088-00073231 all the comments you make all the books
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00373-00073232-00073375 you have that will be synced across all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00374-00073376-00073526 the devices so there's no need to worry
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00375-00073527-00073879 about great so now let me hop into one
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00376-00073880-00073991 of the books from
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00377-00073992-00074326 the studies here collection so how to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00378-00074327-00074647 and i'll show you you know how to um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00379-00074648-00074950 in practice how to how to use the reader
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00380-00074951-00075271 for um effective and i'll show you a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00381-00075272-00075406 bunch of features that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00382-00075407-00075679 shows in the way how biblio accommodates
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00383-00075680-00075838 a variety of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00384-00075839-00076062 study styles so that we can really you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00385-00076063-00076182 know be helpful for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00386-00076183-00076535 every student great so the first thing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00387-00076536-00076599 to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00388-00076600-00076911 notice is that i've been redirected
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00389-00076912-00077126 directly to the last place where
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00390-00077127-00077343 i consulted the book so that's very
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00391-00077344-00077487 handy again that's synced across all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00392-00077488-00077823 devices and if you want to refer to the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00393-00077824-00078047 chapters that helen was just mentioning
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00394-00078048-00078255 you can just hop here and you'll see all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00395-00078256-00078447 the table of contents for the chapters
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00396-00078448-00078862 and subchapters and so on and if you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00397-00078863-00079038 click on any of the chapters will be
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00398-00079039-00079215 directed directly
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00399-00079216-00079559 directly to it
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00400-00079560-00079871 great so now one of the most useful
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00401-00079872-00080079 features that we have is the highlight
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00402-00080080-00080294 function very simple you just
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00403-00080295-00080631 highlight a bit of the text there you go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00404-00080632-00080894 you can color code it in any kind of way
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00405-00080895-00081238 and then you can associate
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00406-00081239-00081575 notes notating there's practice for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00407-00081576-00081815 example
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00408-00081816-00081999 and the way it works and the reason why
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00409-00082000-00082159 it's really useful is that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00410-00082160-00082359 it then works as a sort of bookmark
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00411-00082360-00082550 inside of the inside of your book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00412-00082551-00082655 and it's a bookmark that you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00413-00082656-00082855 actually search so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00414-00082856-00083223 if you hop to the annotation tab here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00415-00083224-00083399 you will see all the annotations are
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00416-00083400-00083631 made in this book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00417-00083632-00083855 and everything that i i wrote on top of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00418-00083856-00084023 it so that that's really handy to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00419-00084024-00084182 kind of keep tabs of what is really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00420-00084183-00084350 useful to you inside of the book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00421-00084351-00084471 uh when you don't need to root the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00422-00084472-00084671 entire collection as helen mentioned but
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00423-00084672-00084855 really pinpoint exactly what you need
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00424-00084856-00085015 and then you can search from within the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00425-00085016-00085175 annotations um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00426-00085176-00085350 by color codes for example i know when i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00427-00085351-00085503 was a student i used to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00428-00085504-00085726 color code in a specific way uh
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00429-00085727-00085862 depending on what was
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00430-00085863-00086055 interesting or important so you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00431-00086056-00086359 filter by this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00432-00086360-00086687 or you can also filter by
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00433-00086688-00086999 uh either what is in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00434-00087000-00087159 notes you took or in the comp in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00435-00087160-00087335 content in the text you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00436-00087336-00087743 you've highlighted
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00437-00087744-00088111 other bits of elements here you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00438-00088112-00088455 you can share this this uh passage for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00439-00088456-00088582 example here directly with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00440-00088583-00088703 let's say if you want to share this with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00441-00088704-00088847 another student from your course and say
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00442-00088848-00088950 oh this is interesting
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00443-00088951-00089223 you can just um generate the link and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00444-00089224-00089382 share will take you directly to this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00445-00089383-00089479 page
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00446-00089480-00089847 uh you can also copy you can copy here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00447-00089848-00090159 um and another thing you can do is print
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00448-00090160-00090423 parts of the book so you can either copy
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00449-00090424-00090462 both
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00450-00090463-00090623 is parts of the book not the entirety of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00451-00090624-00090823 the books for digital rights management
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00452-00090824-00090959 issues you can you have a certain
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00453-00090960-00091055 allowance on the book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00454-00091056-00091326 and copy or print but it's also really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00455-00091327-00091455 useful to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00456-00091456-00091582 you know you can pinpoint the parts of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00457-00091583-00091703 the book that are really relevant to you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00458-00091704-00091806 and if you want to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00459-00091807-00092071 print or save as a pdf you can also do
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00460-00092072-00092482 so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00461-00092483-00092815 great um another thing that we can see
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00462-00092816-00092991 here that's quite useful if you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00463-00092992-00093174 ever need to reference this book you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00464-00093175-00093350 know for one of your essays or something
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00465-00093351-00093703 you can open the reference here and just
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00466-00093704-00093799 simply copy the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00467-00093800-00094023 the style of referencing that you use at
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00468-00094024-00094103 university
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00469-00094104-00094303 and use it for your bibliography for for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00470-00094304-00094623 example
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00471-00094624-00094823 great now i'm going to talk a bit more
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00472-00094824-00095047 about our accessibility features and all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00473-00095048-00095238 the the features that make our platform
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00474-00095239-00095415 kind of an equitable place for everyone
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00475-00095416-00095647 to learn you know regardless of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00476-00095648-00095950 your your study needs so if you hop onto
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00477-00095951-00096031 the settings tab
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00478-00096032-00096350 here you can make the text
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00479-00096351-00096671 bigger or smaller it just resizes
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00480-00096672-00096982 the window you can change it to flux
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00481-00096983-00097150 mode
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00482-00097151-00097367 for more comfortable reading night mode
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00483-00097368-00097503 that's i know that's what i use all the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00484-00097504-00097711 time on all my devices i think it's
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00485-00097712-00097935 a lot more uh easy to read through a lot
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00486-00097936-00098118 of text which when it's like this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00487-00098119-00098367 and you can even use custom colors so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00488-00098368-00098487 you know whichever kind of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00489-00098488-00098623 weird combination of colors you want to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00490-00098624-00098862 use you can do that that's entirely
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00491-00098863-00099182 up to you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00492-00099183-00099350 great another thing i think is really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00493-00099351-00099503 really good in terms of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00494-00099504-00099774 accessibility and and making sure you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00495-00099775-00099855 you'll
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00496-00099856-00100038 effectively go through a lot of text
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00497-00100039-00100350 quite quickly is the speed reader here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00498-00100351-00100535 so you can select the worst per minute
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00499-00100536-00100687 you want to to react
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00500-00100688-00101038 and just press play and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00501-00101039-00101311 you can just adjust it i think it's uh
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00502-00101312-00101471 for me it's a it's a very
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00503-00101472-00101711 kind of good way to get through a lot of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00504-00101712-00101911 uh text and make sure i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00505-00101912-00102238 i've integrated it fully um if you want
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00506-00102239-00102303 to do the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00507-00102304-00102558 experiment i know jfk was a big fan of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00508-00102559-00102654 this type of reading
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00509-00102655-00102910 he went up to 1200 words per minute we
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00510-00102911-00103054 can't go that fast but
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00511-00103055-00103230 that's that's quite quite a fee
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00512-00103231-00103399 definitely quite a few
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00513-00103400-00103718 and finally if you prefer having your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00514-00103719-00103958 text narrated to you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00515-00103959-00104239 you go on to the little speech icon here
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00516-00104240-00104342 and then you can press
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00517-00104343-00104710 play you can select variety of accents
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00518-00104711-00104895 and different types of speed for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00519-00104896-00105127 text-to-speech
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00520-00105128-00105263 great so that's kind of the main
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00521-00105264-00105407 function that is inside inside the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00522-00105408-00105534 reader inside the book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00523-00105535-00105727 one thing i want to mention is the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00524-00105728-00105847 search function
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00525-00105848-00106110 is also quite quite handy so if you go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00526-00106111-00106483 here directly you can type let's say
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00527-00106483-00106799 presentation skills
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00528-00106800-00106999 and what what we like to call it's like
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00529-00107000-00107134 a google-like
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00530-00107135-00107423 um search function so it will give you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00531-00107424-00107543 all the most relevant
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00532-00107544-00107839 book titles for that you have access to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00533-00107840-00107878 for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00534-00107879-00108054 uh your your career you can search from
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00535-00108055-00108239 within your books or only with any
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00536-00108240-00108327 favorites of books the one with the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00537-00108328-00108495 letter house
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00538-00108496-00108710 and then it will also show you from
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00539-00108711-00108863 inside the content of the books you have
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00540-00108864-00108958 access to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00541-00108959-00109295 um what's uh what is the most relevant
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00542-00109296-00109590 uh to this query and not only it will
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00543-00109591-00109647 show
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00544-00109648-00109871 through content but also through figures
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00545-00109872-00109975 so that's really useful
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00546-00109976-00110110 and the reason why it's useful is that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00547-00110111-00110310 it really allows you to expand
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00548-00110311-00110615 the scope of your um of your obvious you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00549-00110616-00110654 know
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00550-00110655-00110863 studies and your new reading list with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00551-00110864-00110975 content that's been
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00552-00110976-00111215 curated and pre-approved by your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00553-00111216-00111358 academics
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00554-00111359-00111783 so definitely a very handy feature
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00555-00111783-00112023 and a couple of things before before i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00556-00112024-00112215 wrap up
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00557-00112216-00112463 if you want to consult kind of our
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00558-00112464-00112527 roadmap
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00559-00112528-00112766 see what's coming up what will i gather
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00560-00112767-00112871 feedback on
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00561-00112872-00113047 what's in development and what's been
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00562-00113048-00113199 released just hop onto the little
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00563-00113200-00113439 rocket icon that i've clicked on you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00564-00113440-00113590 also submit ideas we're always really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00565-00113591-00113671 keen to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00566-00113672-00113831 hear directly from students what they
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00567-00113832-00114007 want to see in the in the reader in our
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00568-00114008-00114119 platform to make it
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00569-00114120-00114463 even better for for studying
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00570-00114464-00114783 and finally if you have if you're
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00571-00114783-00114958 stuck at any point in time just click on
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00572-00114959-00115119 the help button here you can search
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00573-00115120-00115231 through help articles
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00574-00115232-00115407 or contact our support team directly if
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00575-00115408-00115678 you have any question at all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00576-00115679-00115839 and so that's it for me that's the the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00577-00115840-00116023 biblio platform um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00578-00116024-00116327 so thanks thanks everyone and yeah i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00579-00116328-00116502 look forward to having you
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00580-00116503-00116719 use a platform for the study skills
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00581-00116720-00116902 collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00582-00116903-00117063 brilliant thanks sen there's a great
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00583-00117064-00117247 overview of the platform there
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00584-00117248-00117399 i was particularly struck by how
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00585-00117400-00117575 impressive the accessibility features
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00586-00117576-00117631 are
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00587-00117632-00117815 on the platform uh particularly things
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00588-00117816-00117966 like text-to-speech
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00589-00117967-00118127 um and of course being able to change
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00590-00118128-00118343 the the color of the background
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00591-00118344-00118510 uh it's very important as well so i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00592-00118511-00118766 think they're really great features
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00593-00118767-00119039 um i think the other thing uh that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00594-00119040-00119110 struck me
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00595-00119111-00119358 uh is just how portable the collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00596-00119359-00119502 is uh in the sense that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00597-00119503-00119695 you know you can access this content
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00598-00119696-00119815 anywhere um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00599-00119816-00120031 on any device so you can access on your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00600-00120032-00120190 phone you can access it on your
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00601-00120191-00120478 your laptop or your tablet um there's no
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00602-00120479-00120558 limitation
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00603-00120559-00120702 on how many times you access this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00604-00120703-00120895 content um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00605-00120896-00121110 as many as many people can access it all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00606-00121111-00121278 at once because we have institution-wide
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00607-00121279-00121390 access
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00608-00121391-00121663 um so i think having that portability
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00609-00121664-00121766 and i think being able to have that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00610-00121767-00121895 level of access is
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00611-00121896-00122223 really important especially um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00612-00122224-00122463 in the world that we live in right now
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00613-00122464-00122647 where remote access
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00614-00122648-00122831 to resources is more important than ever
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00615-00122832-00123007 before
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00616-00123008-00123143 and i think it's great that you know a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00617-00123144-00123263 collection like this with this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00618-00123264-00123486 functionality can really support
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00619-00123488-00123814 um students being able to get hold of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00620-00123815-00123854 their
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00621-00123855-00124014 resources and their reading whenever
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00622-00124015-00124247 they need it it would be possible for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00623-00124248-00124431 you to give us a quick overview of how
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00624-00124432-00124743 you go about downloading a book so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00625-00124744-00124831 you know if you don't want to read
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00626-00124832-00125063 online we want to download the book and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00627-00125064-00125127 then do some
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00628-00125128-00125383 offline reading later on yeah absolutely
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00629-00125383-00125534 so to do that you'd go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00630-00125535-00125743 um you need to download the biblio app
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00631-00125744-00125878 so you can either go
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00632-00125879-00126134 do this by extending the qr code that is
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00633-00126135-00126295 on the readers at the bottom of the page
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00634-00126296-00126519 or you're going to use your app store
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00635-00126520-00126695 and you can download the bbu app
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00636-00126696-00126823 and then you'll have essentially all the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00637-00126824-00127031 books have access to in your collection
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00638-00127032-00127302 and you just you can you can simply
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00639-00127303-00127375 click
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00640-00127376-00127654 on on the download button uh so you can
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00641-00127655-00127758 read it offline
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00642-00127759-00128047 for you know whenever whenever you want
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00643-00128048-00128095 um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00644-00128096-00128319 with no limitation that's great thank
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00645-00128320-00128431 you sen
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00646-00128432-00128751 um the next question would be for helen
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00647-00128752-00129023 um obviously we have 14 titles in this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00648-00129024-00129207 collection i was just curious
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00649-00129208-00129471 uh what you would say would be the the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00650-00129472-00129654 sort of standout features or the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00651-00129655-00129895 uh the standout um qualities of this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00652-00129896-00130014 collection that that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00653-00130015-00130343 yeah you would like to tell as well
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00654-00130344-00130671 i think
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00655-00130672-00131063 probably the book i would start with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00656-00131064-00131439 and want to turn back to most often
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00657-00131440-00131663 would be the first one i mentioned
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00658-00131664-00131990 so the be well learn well because i
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00659-00131991-00132199 think until recently
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00660-00132200-00132502 um we hadn't really covered this
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00661-00132503-00132743 kind of angle of like student well-being
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00662-00132744-00132959 in a lot of our books and actually
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00663-00132960-00133223 it's it's pretty fundamental it really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00664-00133224-00133319 makes sense that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00665-00133320-00133671 unless um you're feeling quite good
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00666-00133672-00133790 within yourself
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00667-00133791-00134095 then um you know your study is not going
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00668-00134096-00134159 to be
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00669-00134160-00134447 uh the best it can be so it really makes
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00670-00134448-00134607 sense to think about
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00671-00134608-00134839 giving yourself the tools to manage
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00672-00134840-00134999 university life
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00673-00135000-00135199 more effectively like especially at the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00674-00135200-00135366 moment when
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00675-00135367-00135623 people have got so many more challenges
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00676-00135624-00135966 than usual to contend with
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00677-00135967-00136231 and as i said i think it deals with a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00678-00136232-00136375 lot of those
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00679-00136376-00136607 skills which maybe aren't covered in the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00680-00136608-00136839 kind of standard book say on essay
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00681-00136840-00137087 writing and reading and making notes
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00682-00137088-00137390 which is kind of how to stay on top of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00683-00137391-00137551 like your studies
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00684-00137552-00137735 um you know there are so many
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00685-00137736-00138031 distractions when you're studying
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00686-00138032-00138327 online it's the place where everyone is
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00687-00138328-00138366 for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00688-00138367-00138623 working and socializing and doing
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00689-00138624-00138743 everything
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00690-00138744-00138975 so it gives you some really good tools
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00691-00138976-00139054 for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00692-00139055-00139278 how to kind of maintain your focus get
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00693-00139279-00139407 stuff done
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00694-00139408-00139631 um and try and maintain a kind of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00695-00139632-00139743 positive
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00696-00139744-00139919 outlook and there are also some really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00697-00139920-00140095 valuable chapters
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00698-00140096-00140407 on like looking ahead to the future and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00699-00140408-00140575 kind of thinking about what you want to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00700-00140576-00140647 achieve
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00701-00140648-00141014 um after university and yeah gareth
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00702-00141015-00141159 who's the author is just
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00703-00141160-00141359 fantastic you know he realizes that
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00704-00141360-00141471 that's
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00705-00141472-00141623 can be a stressful thing for some
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00706-00141624-00141823 students a lot of students are really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00707-00141824-00141983 excited and looking forward to
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00708-00141984-00142311 graduation um but for other people
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00709-00142312-00142607 it's you know a big transition and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00710-00142608-00142790 whatever your starting point i think
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00711-00142791-00142871 this book
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00712-00142872-00143126 will help you kind of feel more focused
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00713-00143127-00143351 and feel more prepared really
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00714-00143352-00143543 absolutely thank you so much for coming
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00715-00143544-00143702 in today um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00716-00143703-00143878 really appreciate you you all taking the
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00717-00143879-00144047 time to come in and talk to us and talk
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00718-00144048-00144095 us through
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00719-00144096-00144302 uh this really important collection of
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00720-00144303-00144454 titles that we have though
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00721-00144455-00144614 really key for being able to support
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00722-00144615-00144823 students and those developing those key
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00723-00144824-00145087 study skills um and of course having a
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00724-00145088-00145151 platform
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00725-00145152-00145399 like to host one like biblio um with all
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00726-00145400-00145543 those accessibility features and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00727-00145544-00145839 learning tools are really really um
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00728-00145840-00146143 fantastic and a huge support so
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00729-00146144-00146454 yes thank you so much for coming in and
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00730-00146455-00146678 yeah we'll uh we'll leave it there for
7Ns9U8YsO2Q-00731-00146679-00146920 today
7NsTpqosuSA-00000-00000376-00000495 a reference list
7NsTpqosuSA-00001-00000496-00000678 provides the full bibliographic
7NsTpqosuSA-00002-00000679-00000878 information of every source you have
7NsTpqosuSA-00003-00000880-00001119 cited in your assignment or essay
7NsTpqosuSA-00004-00001120-00001407 with apa if you have read an item but
7NsTpqosuSA-00005-00001408-00001543 have not referred to it in your
7NsTpqosuSA-00006-00001544-00001647 assignment
7NsTpqosuSA-00007-00001648-00001830 you do not include it in your reference
7NsTpqosuSA-00008-00001832-00002063 list you only include items
7NsTpqosuSA-00009-00002064-00002342 you have actually cited the in-text
7NsTpqosuSA-00010-00002343-00002518 citation should correspond with the
7NsTpqosuSA-00011-00002519-00002734 entry in your reference list
7NsTpqosuSA-00012-00002735-00002934 a reference list appears at the end of
7NsTpqosuSA-00013-00002935-00003183 your work and is on a new page
7NsTpqosuSA-00014-00003184-00003383 the full details of each source is
7NsTpqosuSA-00015-00003384-00003654 required listens to your consistency
7NsTpqosuSA-00016-00003655-00003831 and makes it easier to locate the
7NsTpqosuSA-00017-00003832-00004022 original source
7NsTpqosuSA-00018-00004023-00004167 a reference list is arranged
7NsTpqosuSA-00019-00004168-00004343 alphabetically by author
7NsTpqosuSA-00020-00004344-00004527 if you have several works by the same
7NsTpqosuSA-00021-00004528-00004727 author arrange them by the year of
7NsTpqosuSA-00022-00004728-00004831 publication
7NsTpqosuSA-00023-00004832-00005118 with the earliest going first if you
7NsTpqosuSA-00024-00005119-00005327 have several works by the same author in
7NsTpqosuSA-00025-00005328-00005463 the same year
7NsTpqosuSA-00026-00005464-00005702 add lowercase letters immediately after
7NsTpqosuSA-00027-00005703-00005975 the year of publication
7NsTpqosuSA-00028-00005976-00006279 apa uses hanging indentation this makes
7NsTpqosuSA-00029-00006280-00006422 the author stand out more
7NsTpqosuSA-00030-00006423-00006759 and the list easier to browse apa
7NsTpqosuSA-00031-00006759-00006975 states a title can shift to the author
7NsTpqosuSA-00032-00006976-00007223 position if there is no author stated
7NsTpqosuSA-00033-00007223-00007527 the title is not in italics different
7NsTpqosuSA-00034-00007528-00007751 types of sources are combined into one
7NsTpqosuSA-00035-00007752-00007870 reference list
7NsTpqosuSA-00036-00007872-00008095 there is no distinction between books
7NsTpqosuSA-00037-00008095-00008207 journal articles
7NsTpqosuSA-00038-00008208-00008574 newspaper articles or websites
7NsTpqosuSA-00039-00008575-00008735 there are four main elements to a
7NsTpqosuSA-00040-00008736-00009006 reference author
7NsTpqosuSA-00041-00009007-00009367 date title
7NsTpqosuSA-00042-00009368-00009646 and source details each element is
7NsTpqosuSA-00043-00009647-00009863 separated by a full stop
7NsTpqosuSA-00044-00009864-00010095 this is a reference for a book the
7NsTpqosuSA-00045-00010096-00010287 format will be different for other types
7NsTpqosuSA-00046-00010288-00010359 of sources
7NsTpqosuSA-00047-00010360-00010591 so check out the other apa referencing
7NsTpqosuSA-00048-00010592-00010742 videos for help
7NsTpqosuSA-00049-00010743-00010951 this is a complete reference list but it
7NsTpqosuSA-00050-00010952-00011151 does not have hanging indentation
7NsTpqosuSA-00051-00011152-00011527 and is not in alphabetical order
7NsTpqosuSA-00052-00011528-00011751 to sort it alphabetically highlight the
7NsTpqosuSA-00053-00011752-00011878 whole list
7NsTpqosuSA-00054-00011879-00012255 then click on the sort button
7NsTpqosuSA-00055-00012256-00012638 no settings need to be changed select ok
7NsTpqosuSA-00056-00012639-00012927 the list is now in alphabetical order to
7NsTpqosuSA-00057-00012928-00013102 set up the hanging indent
7NsTpqosuSA-00058-00013103-00013351 highlight the list then choose small
7NsTpqosuSA-00059-00013352-00013519 arrow in the corner of the paragraph
7NsTpqosuSA-00060-00013519-00013958 ribbon
7NsTpqosuSA-00061-00013959-00014207 under indentation go to the heading
7NsTpqosuSA-00062-00014208-00014366 special
7NsTpqosuSA-00063-00014368-00014583 click the drop down arrow and select
7NsTpqosuSA-00064-00014584-00014711 hanging then click
7NsTpqosuSA-00065-00014712-00015094 ok your reference list is now in correct
7NsTpqosuSA-00066-00015095-00015494 apa format
7NsTpqosuSA-00067-00015495-00015750 we recommend you watch these videos for
7NsTpqosuSA-00068-00015751-00016130 further assistance please contact the
7NsTpqosuSA-00069-00016131-00016431 library
7pxl7gwSnKg-00001-00003200-00003669 assalamualaikum says
7pxl7gwSnKg-00002-00003670-00005834 [Music]
7pxl7gwSnKg-00003-00005835-00007139 [Music]
7pxl7gwSnKg-00004-00007140-00009361 hospitalization
7pxl7gwSnKg-00005-00009362-00010585 [Music]
7pxl7gwSnKg-00006-00010586-00010824 we'll see
7pxl7gwSnKg-00007-00010825-00011664 yeah foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00009-00015300-00016335 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00010-00016336-00017338 [Music]
7pxl7gwSnKg-00012-00020448-00021814 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00013-00021815-00022463 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00015-00027816-00028205 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00016-00028206-00030761 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00017-00030762-00032164 foreign
7pxl7gwSnKg-00019-00035265-00036059 [Music]
7pxl7gwSnKg-00020-00036060-00036360 foreign
7pZzXgdEgTu-00000-00000321-00000619 good morning and good afternoon everyone
7pZzXgdEgTu-00001-00000620-00000960 welcome to today's webcast jump-starting
7pZzXgdEgTu-00002-00000961-00001187 your cyber defense machine with the CIS
7pZzXgdEgTu-00003-00001188-00001454 controls version seven I'm Kate Carson
7pZzXgdEgTu-00004-00001455-00001628 marketing event specialist at tripwire
7pZzXgdEgTu-00005-00001629-00001823 and I'm excited to be a part of this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00006-00001825-00002142 webcast before we start I'd like to go
7pZzXgdEgTu-00007-00002143-00002433 over a few housekeeping items first make
7pZzXgdEgTu-00008-00002434-00002547 sure that your audio is streaming
7pZzXgdEgTu-00009-00002548-00002802 correctly please note that the audio
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7pZzXgdEgTu-00013-00003429-00003618 your computer and your headset to ensure
7pZzXgdEgTu-00014-00003619-00003866 that it is turned on and volume is at an
7pZzXgdEgTu-00015-00003867-00004223 audible level today's presentations will
7pZzXgdEgTu-00016-00004224-00004484 be using a slide deck you can click on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00017-00004485-00004706 the expand rectangle on the right top
7pZzXgdEgTu-00018-00004707-00004943 corner of the slide area to enlarge if
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7pZzXgdEgTu-00025-00006381-00006726 technical issues if you have a question
7pZzXgdEgTu-00026-00006727-00006845 for our presenters during the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00027-00006847-00007143 presentation click on the Q&A widget and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00028-00007144-00007443 submit your question we will have a Q&A
7pZzXgdEgTu-00029-00007444-00007656 session during the last part of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00030-00007656-00007902 presentation also feel free to submit
7pZzXgdEgTu-00031-00007903-00008156 any comments you have via this widget
7pZzXgdEgTu-00032-00008156-00008376 lastly I'll be sending out a follow-up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00033-00008377-00008619 email with the link to the on-demand
7pZzXgdEgTu-00034-00008620-00009114 webcast so now let's get on with the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00035-00009115-00009306 presentation I'm going to hand it over
7pZzXgdEgTu-00036-00009307-00009594 to my colleague Maurice Lewin uma to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00037-00009595-00009747 start us off with our presenter
7pZzXgdEgTu-00038-00009748-00010209 introduction take it away Maurice great
7pZzXgdEgTu-00039-00010210-00010371 Thank You Casey good morning and good
7pZzXgdEgTu-00040-00010372-00010476 afternoon everyone
7pZzXgdEgTu-00041-00010477-00010794 it's my pleasure to welcome you to this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00042-00010795-00011022 webinar and to introduce our featured
7pZzXgdEgTu-00043-00011023-00011109 speaker
7pZzXgdEgTu-00044-00011110-00011445 Tony Sager is senior vice president and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00045-00011446-00011607 chief evangelist at the Center for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00046-00011608-00011931 Internet security there he leads the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00047-00011932-00012219 effort that is a global effort to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00048-00012220-00012522 maintain sustain and promulgate the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00049-00012523-00012891 CIA's controls he is also a director of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00050-00012891-00013220 the sans Innovation Center pony's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00051-00013221-00013461 perspectives that he'll share
7pZzXgdEgTu-00052-00013462-00013850 in the CIS controls are based on both
7pZzXgdEgTu-00053-00013851-00014225 his current work at CIS as well as his
7pZzXgdEgTu-00054-00014226-00014714 background in the V controls before they
7pZzXgdEgTu-00055-00014715-00014930 were called C as controls as it turns
7pZzXgdEgTu-00056-00014931-00015083 out he was there in the early days of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00057-00015084-00015338 the B game as it began as a consensus
7pZzXgdEgTu-00058-00015340-00015705 list of best practices for those in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00059-00015706-00015846 cyber defense business
7pZzXgdEgTu-00060-00015847-00016047 Tony's background includes over three
7pZzXgdEgTu-00061-00016047-00016191 decades and information assurance
7pZzXgdEgTu-00062-00016191-00016533 information security cyber defense and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00063-00016534-00016700 whatever has been called in between
7pZzXgdEgTu-00064-00016701-00016875 during those years at the National
7pZzXgdEgTu-00065-00016876-00017159 Security Agency and was entrusted to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00066-00017160-00017508 lead and manage some of the protection
7pZzXgdEgTu-00067-00017509-00017675 efforts for most sensitive information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00068-00017676-00018044 information systems and in control
7pZzXgdEgTu-00069-00018045-00018414 systems so today Tony will as you saw on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00070-00018415-00018611 the registration page discuss some the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00071-00018612-00018881 key attributes of the CI it controls how
7pZzXgdEgTu-00072-00018882-00019205 it fits into and is a key foundational
7pZzXgdEgTu-00073-00019206-00019475 element of any successful cyber defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00074-00019476-00019758 program and in particular the timing for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00075-00019759-00019931 this discussion is based on the research
7pZzXgdEgTu-00076-00019932-00020150 released of version 7 of the CIA's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00077-00020151-00020300 controls and you will provide some
7pZzXgdEgTu-00078-00020301-00020469 background and context on that and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00079-00020470-00020684 discuss also implementing and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00080-00020685-00020990 operationalizing the CIA's controls so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00081-00020991-00021219 Tony will present four bits and then
7pZzXgdEgTu-00082-00021220-00021369 we'll have an open discussion and we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00083-00021370-00021549 look forward to your participation as an
7pZzXgdEgTu-00084-00021550-00021825 audience with your questions and answers
7pZzXgdEgTu-00085-00021826-00022106 as well so we hope and trust that this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00086-00022107-00022275 will be interesting informative and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00087-00022276-00022622 perhaps even enjoyable so Tony a welcome
7pZzXgdEgTu-00088-00022623-00022872 to the program and I now turn it over to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00089-00022873-00022993 you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00090-00022994-00023231 well thank you very much Marie so Thank
7pZzXgdEgTu-00091-00023232-00023372 You Kate it's a pleasure and thanks
7pZzXgdEgTu-00092-00023373-00023589 everyone for a diamond and today I know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00093-00023590-00023780 everyone's busy working hard recovering
7pZzXgdEgTu-00094-00023781-00024050 from the holiday weekend so as Marie
7pZzXgdEgTu-00095-00024051-00024222 said I'm going to walk through a little
7pZzXgdEgTu-00096-00024223-00024465 bit of background on the CIS control
7pZzXgdEgTu-00097-00024466-00024630 just enough for those that don't have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00098-00024631-00024897 not much familiarity talk about some of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00099-00024898-00025112 the motivations I think some of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00100-00025113-00025242 things we were trying to achieve with
7pZzXgdEgTu-00101-00025243-00025515 version 7 and where I think all this is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00102-00025516-00025733 going and what it means to you so you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00103-00025734-00025919 know mo is very polite I have a lot of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00104-00025920-00026045 times in this business
7pZzXgdEgTu-00105-00026047-00026331 hitting 42 years here in the month or so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00106-00026332-00026621 and most of that is the National
7pZzXgdEgTu-00107-00026622-00026837 Security Agency 35 years all of it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00108-00026838-00027051 defense and all of it really in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00109-00027052-00027426 business of understanding finding making
7pZzXgdEgTu-00110-00027427-00027698 sense of vulnerability so vulnerability
7pZzXgdEgTu-00111-00027699-00027879 is to be found everywhere as we now know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00112-00027880-00028239 in technology and processes in the way
7pZzXgdEgTu-00113-00028239-00028455 people operate and make use of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00114-00028456-00028742 technology and so trying to get a handle
7pZzXgdEgTu-00115-00028743-00028967 on there that is very complex but let me
7pZzXgdEgTu-00116-00028968-00029177 just give you one slide kind of my life
7pZzXgdEgTu-00117-00029178-00029390 lessons after four decades of this kind
7pZzXgdEgTu-00118-00029391-00029555 of stuff and I'll go through them very
7pZzXgdEgTu-00119-00029556-00029771 briefly here knowing that problems
7pZzXgdEgTu-00120-00029772-00029990 doesn't get them fixed you know I spent
7pZzXgdEgTu-00121-00029991-00030273 my most of my time either as one of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00122-00030274-00030486 vulnerability finders for the defense or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00123-00030487-00030699 managing the organizations that do that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00124-00030700-00030942 and I think I got to see that at least
7pZzXgdEgTu-00125-00030943-00031299 for my day as big a scale as anyone
7pZzXgdEgTu-00126-00031300-00031479 certainly in the US government and maybe
7pZzXgdEgTu-00127-00031480-00031851 anywhere red teams blue teams zero-day
7pZzXgdEgTu-00128-00031852-00032061 finders you know everything from
7pZzXgdEgTu-00129-00032062-00032357 technology to content assesses the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00130-00032358-00032682 unique part of my career was really a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00131-00032683-00033051 chance to see all this is scale both how
7pZzXgdEgTu-00132-00033052-00033296 it happens in technology and what we see
7pZzXgdEgTu-00133-00033297-00033443 in the lab but also in the Defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00134-00033444-00033630 Department across the larger US
7pZzXgdEgTu-00135-00033631-00033818 government with lots of friends in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00136-00033819-00034070 industry and I can say with a straight
7pZzXgdEgTu-00137-00034071-00034202 face on one of the few lifelong
7pZzXgdEgTu-00138-00034203-00034392 defenders who lived his life inside an
7pZzXgdEgTu-00139-00034393-00034595 intelligence agency so I have a pretty
7pZzXgdEgTu-00140-00034596-00034808 good education in what happens around
7pZzXgdEgTu-00141-00034809-00035024 the world and how this works at the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00142-00035025-00035211 nation-state to nation state level and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00143-00035212-00035454 that that was a real awakening for me
7pZzXgdEgTu-00144-00035455-00035543 somewhere in the middle of my career
7pZzXgdEgTu-00145-00035544-00035730 that you know and we told them the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00146-00035731-00035907 problem the red team pointed out this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00147-00035908-00036126 problem you know with this flaw and boy
7pZzXgdEgTu-00148-00036127-00036270 we saw the same problem when we came
7pZzXgdEgTu-00149-00036271-00036417 back three months later and six months
7pZzXgdEgTu-00150-00036418-00036677 later you know it's easy to sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00151-00036678-00036957 blame the victim here and say well you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00152-00036958-00037070 know that we told them what to do and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00153-00037071-00037224 why didn't they fix it well it turns out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00154-00037225-00037382 that the root causes are actually much
7pZzXgdEgTu-00155-00037383-00037605 more complicated and it's not a matter
7pZzXgdEgTu-00156-00037606-00037796 of defenders being lazier they don't
7pZzXgdEgTu-00157-00037797-00037998 care is that this is legitimately a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00158-00037999-00038252 really complicated messy operational
7pZzXgdEgTu-00159-00038253-00038480 problem and it's not just about buying
7pZzXgdEgTu-00160-00038481-00038667 the right thing but it's also about the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00161-00038668-00038961 way we organize ourselves a complicated
7pZzXgdEgTu-00162-00038962-00039170 world that is in constant flux
7pZzXgdEgTu-00163-00039171-00039464 so the use of technology the business
7pZzXgdEgTu-00164-00039465-00039749 demands for at the role of people you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00165-00039750-00039875 know what's in the market place all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00166-00039876-00040080 these things come together to make
7pZzXgdEgTu-00167-00040081-00040236 problems really really hard to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00168-00040237-00040380 so if you don't want to go for the sort
7pZzXgdEgTu-00169-00040381-00040590 of easy idea that says you know here's a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00170-00040591-00040782 problem somebody just needs to take our
7pZzXgdEgTu-00171-00040783-00040986 report or a PowerPoint or we're talking
7pZzXgdEgTu-00172-00040987-00041087 conditional about it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00173-00041088-00041307 that has never worked in my experience
7pZzXgdEgTu-00174-00041308-00041433 it's always about understanding root
7pZzXgdEgTu-00175-00041434-00041724 cause standing back from you know tens
7pZzXgdEgTu-00176-00041725-00041901 hundreds thousands of data points and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00177-00041902-00042021 trying to see what is really going on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00178-00042022-00042258 here the other foot side of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00179-00042259-00042435 defensive equation is about the bad guy
7pZzXgdEgTu-00180-00042436-00042642 and it's a little easy in this business
7pZzXgdEgTu-00181-00042643-00042909 I think to treat bad guys is magic and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00182-00042910-00043032 it sure feels like that you know every
7pZzXgdEgTu-00183-00043033-00043254 day there's a new zero day a new
7pZzXgdEgTu-00184-00043255-00043449 demonstration of a flaw and you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00185-00043450-00043629 they seem to be so successful and they
7pZzXgdEgTu-00186-00043630-00043914 are at many conventions but if you think
7pZzXgdEgTu-00187-00043915-00044103 of them as doing magic your only defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00188-00044104-00044289 is your own magic and that just doesn't
7pZzXgdEgTu-00189-00044290-00044493 work either so you know a bad guy at the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00190-00044494-00044745 boss has a budget they like to do things
7pZzXgdEgTu-00191-00044746-00044940 at work they have their rich model in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00192-00044941-00045069 their heads right they don't like to get
7pZzXgdEgTu-00193-00045070-00045192 caught they don't want to do exposed
7pZzXgdEgTu-00194-00045193-00045492 they want to come back and so you you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00195-00045493-00045735 really need to think of this in terms of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00196-00045736-00045890 their life cycle the way they're
7pZzXgdEgTu-00197-00045891-00046077 thinking of attacking your life cycle
7pZzXgdEgTu-00198-00046078-00046340 and so your goal was never perfection in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00199-00046341-00046551 defense it's about understanding the bad
7pZzXgdEgTu-00200-00046552-00046779 guy well enough to make good defensive
7pZzXgdEgTu-00201-00046780-00047004 choices at the right time at the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00202-00047005-00047211 place preferably in a place that's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00203-00047212-00047409 advantageous to you and we'll talk about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00204-00047410-00047564 that momentarily
7pZzXgdEgTu-00205-00047565-00047846 the third point up here is that defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00206-00047847-00048144 is always a prioritization game you have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00207-00048145-00048342 no choice none of us has enough money or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00208-00048343-00048615 people or time or a luxury of sort of a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00209-00048616-00048795 static environment where we can really
7pZzXgdEgTu-00210-00048796-00049005 look at this analytically and usually
7pZzXgdEgTu-00211-00049006-00049260 you're always prioritizing the only
7pZzXgdEgTu-00212-00049261-00049433 question is how do you prioritize and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00213-00049434-00049677 you have enough information to make
7pZzXgdEgTu-00214-00049678-00049944 rational choices and if you don't then
7pZzXgdEgTu-00215-00049945-00050139 how can you get more or how can you get
7pZzXgdEgTu-00216-00050140-00050315 others to help you with that those
7pZzXgdEgTu-00217-00050316-00050552 choices the prioritization is just
7pZzXgdEgTu-00218-00050553-00050895 inherent in the business and given the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00219-00050896-00051083 nature of this right you you have to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00220-00051084-00051276 operate whatever your business or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00221-00051277-00051479 government agency is doing you don't get
7pZzXgdEgTu-00222-00051480-00051614 the luxury of sitting on the sidelines
7pZzXgdEgTu-00223-00051615-00051813 for a year while you design things or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00224-00051814-00052007 things in place you have to survive
7pZzXgdEgTu-00225-00052008-00052265 today so you've got to pick things early
7pZzXgdEgTu-00226-00052266-00052517 that give you lots of value and that lay
7pZzXgdEgTu-00227-00052519-00052701 a foundation for the next steps and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00228-00052702-00052860 that's built into the way we have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00229-00052861-00053012 thought about this problem experience
7pZzXgdEgTu-00230-00053013-00053415 the next big point is about the kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00231-00053416-00053591 fundamental nature of cyber
7pZzXgdEgTu-00232-00053592-00053913 defense again we tend to think of it in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00233-00053914-00054066 terms like what we just had the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00234-00054066-00054240 technology that was the world I grew up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00235-00054241-00054429 in in the 70s and 80s right the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00236-00054429-00054537 government will invent the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00237-00054538-00054699 technology using your taxpayer dollars
7pZzXgdEgTu-00238-00054700-00054891 and we'll have you know formally
7pZzXgdEgTu-00239-00054891-00055088 verified criminalize mathematically
7pZzXgdEgTu-00240-00055089-00055316 provable operating systems etc etc and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00241-00055317-00055538 that tree driven by some of the most
7pZzXgdEgTu-00242-00055539-00055742 brilliant minds I've ever met has never
7pZzXgdEgTu-00243-00055744-00055913 really come to fruition in the live
7pZzXgdEgTu-00244-00055914-00056019 marketplace
7pZzXgdEgTu-00245-00056020-00056267 it's not about technology and it's not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00246-00056269-00056379 about training our way to greatness
7pZzXgdEgTu-00247-00056379-00056688 either it's not it's not a popular line
7pZzXgdEgTu-00248-00056689-00056813 but you know we're never going to train
7pZzXgdEgTu-00249-00056814-00057123 our way to success here training is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00250-00057124-00057372 essential but awareness of fishing and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00251-00057373-00057546 those kinds of procedural things are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00252-00057547-00057762 important but they are just a part of a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00253-00057763-00058007 much more complex problem really at its
7pZzXgdEgTu-00254-00058008-00058163 heart and this is the conclusion I read
7pZzXgdEgTu-00255-00058164-00058292 somewhere in the middle of my career is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00256-00058294-00058632 it the nature of the fence the fence is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00257-00058633-00058863 primarily an information management
7pZzXgdEgTu-00258-00058864-00059117 problem that is the gathering of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00259-00059119-00059346 information the translation of it into
7pZzXgdEgTu-00260-00059347-00059490 action the movement of that information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00261-00059491-00059760 where it's needed and having designed an
7pZzXgdEgTu-00262-00059761-00059922 architecture to take advantage and do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00263-00059923-00060099 something with the information right you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00264-00060100-00060228 know the market will say well we need
7pZzXgdEgTu-00265-00060229-00060423 more threat intelligence and we do we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00266-00060424-00060624 need better understanding and we need
7pZzXgdEgTu-00267-00060625-00060776 better technology sure I want you to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00268-00060777-00060980 train people of course but this is all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00269-00060982-00061287 about the flow of information and the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00270-00061288-00061497 quicker you come to that realization the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00271-00061498-00061863 better you are solid strategies so you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00272-00061864-00062174 know the mantra in the press and in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00273-00062175-00062400 Beltway for some years has been about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00274-00062401-00062574 sharing right if we just could share
7pZzXgdEgTu-00275-00062575-00062717 threat sharing and let's set up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00276-00062719-00062910 mechanisms for that those are all great
7pZzXgdEgTu-00277-00062911-00063005 but at the end of the day we're not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00278-00063007-00063138 trying to build a nation of threat
7pZzXgdEgTu-00279-00063139-00063326 shares we're trying to run businesses
7pZzXgdEgTu-00280-00063327-00063491 run government services not run
7pZzXgdEgTu-00281-00063492-00063813 institutions so my plea is whenever you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00282-00063814-00064104 see that verb share remind yourself to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00283-00064104-00064329 mentally replace it with different verbs
7pZzXgdEgTu-00284-00064329-00064560 like translate and execute but we're not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00285-00064561-00064725 sharing for sharing sake those are a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00286-00064726-00064929 means to an end we're trying to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00287-00064929-00065069 something with that information so we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00288-00065070-00065255 can run our business so we can execute
7pZzXgdEgTu-00289-00065257-00065516 the mission of our agency and you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00290-00065517-00065769 so you can share more you can get more
7pZzXgdEgTu-00291-00065770-00065963 information but if you haven't designed
7pZzXgdEgTu-00292-00065964-00066192 the infrastructure that will take
7pZzXgdEgTu-00293-00066193-00066342 advantage of it that can do something
7pZzXgdEgTu-00294-00066343-00066513 with it then you're just flooding your
7pZzXgdEgTu-00295-00066514-00066705 inbox with more stuff we'll talk about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00296-00066706-00066951 that momentarily and then finally to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00297-00066952-00066978 this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00298-00066979-00067149 life lessons for me and the term I've
7pZzXgdEgTu-00299-00067150-00067377 been using is it cyber defenses more if
7pZzXgdEgTu-00300-00067378-00067620 you like popular movies and I do cyber
7pZzXgdEgTu-00301-00067621-00067836 defense is more like Groundhog Day than
7pZzXgdEgTu-00302-00067837-00068016 Independence Day but you remember the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00303-00068017-00068181 movie Independence Day Will Smith and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00304-00068182-00068379 the aliens and remember the sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00305-00068380-00068538 basic premise right the alien mothership
7pZzXgdEgTu-00306-00068539-00068856 is coming we can see them they're out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00307-00068857-00069081 there we can take their technology
7pZzXgdEgTu-00308-00069082-00069225 brilliant people can reverse-engineer
7pZzXgdEgTu-00309-00069226-00069489 heroes can deliver it we deliver the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00310-00069490-00069753 virus to the aliens boom goes alien
7pZzXgdEgTu-00311-00069754-00069936 mothership heroes come back to a parade
7pZzXgdEgTu-00312-00069937-00070260 and celebratory cigar and I don't know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00313-00070261-00070455 about you but for years as a cyber
7pZzXgdEgTu-00314-00070456-00070686 defender not many parades for us in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00315-00070687-00070926 cyber defense where it's much more like
7pZzXgdEgTu-00316-00070927-00071094 a movie if you remember Bill Murray
7pZzXgdEgTu-00317-00071095-00071433 Groundhog Day every day feels like the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00318-00071434-00071715 same day right over and over we're
7pZzXgdEgTu-00319-00071716-00072048 looking at you know the repeat of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00320-00072049-00072288 millions of things over and over again
7pZzXgdEgTu-00321-00072289-00072474 that's the nature of attacks - right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00322-00072475-00072737 we're not getting hit by wildly unique
7pZzXgdEgTu-00323-00072738-00072948 sophisticated new attacks every day
7pZzXgdEgTu-00324-00072949-00073095 we're getting hit by millions of repeats
7pZzXgdEgTu-00325-00073096-00073311 on the same old garbage every day and it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00326-00073312-00073533 feels like Groundhog Day over and over
7pZzXgdEgTu-00327-00073534-00073716 and up is that we get a little bit
7pZzXgdEgTu-00328-00073717-00074076 smarter make small changes look at the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00329-00074077-00074223 effect that it has and keep improving
7pZzXgdEgTu-00330-00074224-00074562 over time and that's really closer to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00331-00074563-00074733 the nature of the fence than this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00332-00074734-00074919 Independence Day and they're the bad
7pZzXgdEgTu-00333-00074920-00075108 guys we know where they are one
7pZzXgdEgTu-00334-00075109-00075387 invention one delivery one heroic act
7pZzXgdEgTu-00335-00075388-00075576 I'm not sure I see that coming in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00336-00075577-00075759 next few years if not during the rest of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00337-00075760-00075915 my career so so these are my life
7pZzXgdEgTu-00338-00075916-00076275 lessons in cybersecurity and let me talk
7pZzXgdEgTu-00339-00076276-00076371 to you a little bit about how we've
7pZzXgdEgTu-00340-00076372-00076560 tried to translate those into action
7pZzXgdEgTu-00341-00076561-00076725 what it really means when I talk about a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00342-00076726-00077013 cyber defense machine so for those of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00343-00077014-00077223 you that have a military background and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00344-00077224-00077382 if you don't don't worry about this is a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00345-00077383-00077628 very conceptually simple idea the notion
7pZzXgdEgTu-00346-00077629-00077811 of a noodle loop is common in military
7pZzXgdEgTu-00347-00077812-00078126 circles and Buddha is an acronym observe
7pZzXgdEgTu-00348-00078127-00078582 orient decide act and it's just it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00349-00078583-00078729 what I just described to you about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00350-00078730-00079115 machinery that is this is a information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00351-00079116-00079428 model and a conceptual model it came out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00352-00079429-00079617 of aerial dogfighting some some time
7pZzXgdEgTu-00353-00079618-00079833 back in history and the notion is a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00354-00079834-00080107 sound one which is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00355-00080108-00080296 when when you're engaged for example an
7pZzXgdEgTu-00356-00080297-00080544 aerial dogfight in our combat your
7pZzXgdEgTu-00357-00080545-00080953 ability to brilliant information make
7pZzXgdEgTu-00358-00080954-00081211 sense of it put into context make a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00359-00081212-00081507 decision and take action your ability to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00360-00081508-00081721 execute that loop right from gathering
7pZzXgdEgTu-00361-00081722-00081913 of information through execution and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00362-00081914-00082087 then could then get feedback and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00363-00082088-00082285 continue and do it again your ability to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00364-00082286-00082531 execute that loop over and over again
7pZzXgdEgTu-00365-00082532-00082875 rapidly has a tremendous influence on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00366-00082876-00083146 your success or failure in particular if
7pZzXgdEgTu-00367-00083147-00083275 you can do this faster than your
7pZzXgdEgTu-00368-00083276-00083329 opponent
7pZzXgdEgTu-00369-00083330-00083605 you have a tremendous advantage and it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00370-00083606-00083731 doesn't mean you win every time but it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00371-00083732-00083963 means your ability to think this way
7pZzXgdEgTu-00372-00083964-00084265 design yourself this way and execute
7pZzXgdEgTu-00373-00084266-00084544 this has a tremendous influence on your
7pZzXgdEgTu-00374-00084545-00084748 successful failure and so that was
7pZzXgdEgTu-00375-00084749-00084853 really designed around the sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00376-00084854-00085090 tactics of aerial dogfighting but think
7pZzXgdEgTu-00377-00085091-00085273 of it as applied to this business here
7pZzXgdEgTu-00378-00085274-00085579 and we all live in these loops every
7pZzXgdEgTu-00379-00085580-00085719 moment of every day whether we realize
7pZzXgdEgTu-00380-00085720-00085891 or not and the example I show you up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00381-00085892-00086149 here is patch Tuesday and again we can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00382-00086150-00086350 kind of walk your way through the slide
7pZzXgdEgTu-00383-00086351-00086463 I won't go through every word but
7pZzXgdEgTu-00384-00086464-00086706 observe right we're all watching for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00385-00086707-00086884 security bulletins to arrive these
7pZzXgdEgTu-00386-00086885-00087094 advisories they come out either a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00387-00087095-00087385 irregular cycle or regular cycle we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00388-00087386-00087562 orient ourselves we make sense of them
7pZzXgdEgTu-00389-00087563-00087766 we decide to this apply to me how many
7pZzXgdEgTu-00390-00087767-00087928 of these do I have out there are they
7pZzXgdEgTu-00391-00087929-00088144 vulnerable configuration what is the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00392-00088145-00088321 risk I face whether the operational
7pZzXgdEgTu-00393-00088322-00088488 issues do I really know what's going on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00394-00088489-00088729 in my environment can I make an honest
7pZzXgdEgTu-00395-00088730-00088960 risk decision here I make a decision as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00396-00088961-00089125 to what should I do shall i patch shall
7pZzXgdEgTu-00397-00089126-00089434 I wait shall I do more testing and I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00398-00089435-00089605 prioritize the way I'm going to approach
7pZzXgdEgTu-00399-00089606-00089803 remediation here and then I eventually
7pZzXgdEgTu-00400-00089804-00089959 take action like I'm going to roll
7pZzXgdEgTu-00401-00089960-00090126 things out monitor what's going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00402-00090127-00090294 happen and I'm going to manage the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00403-00090295-00090430 inevitable breakage right because
7pZzXgdEgTu-00404-00090431-00090580 there's going to be some unknowns that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00405-00090581-00090856 are going to pop up at the moment I do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00406-00090857-00090976 this and I'm going to do it all over
7pZzXgdEgTu-00407-00090977-00091176 again and over again and over again
7pZzXgdEgTu-00408-00091177-00091468 and this is a kind of a loop that we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00409-00091469-00091632 live every month whether we realize it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00410-00091633-00091834 or not well you know who else is living
7pZzXgdEgTu-00411-00091835-00092068 in this exact same loop right it's the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00412-00092069-00092260 bad guy he's waiting for these security
7pZzXgdEgTu-00413-00092261-00092481 bulletins advisories he's orienting
7pZzXgdEgTu-00414-00092482-00092746 himself by let me reverse engineer this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00415-00092747-00092884 if it's important enough to put out a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00416-00092885-00093022 patch there must be something
7pZzXgdEgTu-00417-00093023-00093199 interesting in here is there a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00418-00093200-00093373 vulnerability that I can take advantage
7pZzXgdEgTu-00419-00093374-00093466 of how can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00420-00093467-00093712 operationalize it weaponize it deploy it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00421-00093713-00093931 let me decide do I have victims that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00422-00093932-00094108 would have this technology in a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00423-00094109-00094375 vulnerable state if so let me deploy you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00424-00094376-00094576 know this weaponized version of this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00425-00094577-00094843 patch and then implant myself in there
7pZzXgdEgTu-00426-00094844-00095038 before the battery good guys can fix the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00427-00095039-00095254 problem here and history tells us that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00428-00095255-00095527 bad guys can execute this loop faster
7pZzXgdEgTu-00429-00095528-00095794 than you can as defenders it's not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00430-00095795-00095926 because they're better or smarter it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00431-00095927-00096028 because they don't worry about things
7pZzXgdEgTu-00432-00096029-00096283 like system breakage cranky users and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00433-00096284-00096430 the complexities right and they can be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00434-00096431-00096640 very targeted as opposed to worrying
7pZzXgdEgTu-00435-00096641-00096904 about the entire enterprise but you can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00436-00096905-00097216 we can all improve dramatically in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00437-00097217-00097432 way that we manage these loops and you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00438-00097433-00097711 know depending on the enterprise this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00439-00097712-00098065 dispatch cycle can be hours to days to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00440-00098066-00098278 months to never it depending on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00441-00098279-00098509 complexity and scale of the defensive
7pZzXgdEgTu-00442-00098510-00098740 enterprise so we can never win this one
7pZzXgdEgTu-00443-00098741-00098950 100% of the time we can get a lot better
7pZzXgdEgTu-00444-00098951-00099190 a different goal here is not to win this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00445-00099191-00099388 one because we really actually live and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00446-00099389-00099529 we're like a little like old dueling
7pZzXgdEgTu-00447-00099530-00099583 dudes
7pZzXgdEgTu-00448-00099584-00099727 there are many of these informations
7pZzXgdEgTu-00449-00099728-00099895 running all the time and they're often
7pZzXgdEgTu-00450-00099896-00100225 connected the ability to sense for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00451-00100226-00100417 example the state of my enterprise how
7pZzXgdEgTu-00452-00100418-00100588 many machines do I have bunch of what's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00453-00100589-00100777 online let's say the configuration are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00454-00100778-00100999 they in you know who are the people that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00455-00101000-00101170 are authorized to make changes in them
7pZzXgdEgTu-00456-00101171-00101434 that's all part of your patch cycle also
7pZzXgdEgTu-00457-00101435-00101620 right so it's a connected loop in there
7pZzXgdEgTu-00458-00101621-00101809 and the goal of the fence again is not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00459-00101810-00101869 perfection
7pZzXgdEgTu-00460-00101870-00102177 many times these loops are about can I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00461-00102178-00102486 the term I used to use is farther in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00462-00102488-00102793 space earlier in time I'd like to detect
7pZzXgdEgTu-00463-00102794-00103069 things that I should care about farther
7pZzXgdEgTu-00464-00103070-00103348 out in space and before they get to me
7pZzXgdEgTu-00465-00103349-00103611 ie earlier in time and we get a lot of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00466-00103613-00103873 that really inherently from the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00467-00103874-00104026 marketplace right when you deal with a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00468-00104027-00104227 vendors and tripwire or any of the big
7pZzXgdEgTu-00469-00104228-00104524 anti-malware or security vendors think
7pZzXgdEgTu-00470-00104525-00104709 of it as they are doing this farther in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00471-00104710-00104902 space earlier in time on you will be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00472-00104903-00105127 half you don't have sensors around the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00473-00105128-00105376 world typically but they do and their
7pZzXgdEgTu-00474-00105377-00105565 ability to gather new information and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00475-00105566-00105691 you hope by the way that you are not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00476-00105692-00105907 victims Eero but they are able to gather
7pZzXgdEgTu-00477-00105908-00106120 information across a really broad front
7pZzXgdEgTu-00478-00106121-00106335 make sense of it reverse-engineer it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00479-00106336-00106501 improve their heuristics improve
7pZzXgdEgTu-00480-00106502-00106761 signatures like make changes and deal
7pZzXgdEgTu-00481-00106763-00106858 with this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00482-00106858-00107079 long before it enters your enterprise
7pZzXgdEgTu-00483-00107080-00107314 and that's the goal here but you also
7pZzXgdEgTu-00484-00107315-00107557 have to think you know and they seem
7pZzXgdEgTu-00485-00107558-00107698 hopeless right I mentioned that the bad
7pZzXgdEgTu-00486-00107699-00107839 guy can always run that through a patch
7pZzXgdEgTu-00487-00107840-00108049 tuesday cycle faster than you but now
7pZzXgdEgTu-00488-00108050-00108193 the bad guy again has a boss at the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00489-00108194-00108441 budget their loop is also an opportunity
7pZzXgdEgTu-00490-00108442-00108660 so that when they are deploying things
7pZzXgdEgTu-00491-00108661-00108844 they are counting on their own
7pZzXgdEgTu-00492-00108845-00109024 reconnaissance their own knowledge of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00493-00109025-00109099 your system
7pZzXgdEgTu-00494-00109100-00109314 their ability to weaponize their ability
7pZzXgdEgTu-00495-00109315-00109525 to build stealth into it the ability to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00496-00109526-00109704 build a complicated command and control
7pZzXgdEgTu-00497-00109705-00110056 may be an exfiltration of data cycle
7pZzXgdEgTu-00498-00110057-00110344 exiting data from your enterprise so all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00499-00110345-00110529 of those loops are an opportunity for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00500-00110530-00110770 defense also and so again you don't have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00501-00110771-00110923 to get to perfection but you have to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00502-00110924-00111088 understand the bad guy enough to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00503-00111089-00111325 interrupt them raise their visibility
7pZzXgdEgTu-00504-00111326-00111501 raise their cost etcetera and that's all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00505-00111502-00111702 these loops are really what I would call
7pZzXgdEgTu-00506-00111703-00112083 the machinery of of information security
7pZzXgdEgTu-00507-00112084-00112353 and cyber security and they really are a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00508-00112354-00112539 helpful way I believe to think about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00509-00112540-00112774 this problem and to sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00510-00112775-00113031 strategically design your defenses in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00511-00113032-00113320 contrast to let's buy the next shiny box
7pZzXgdEgTu-00512-00113321-00113559 or fancy integrator or brand-new
7pZzXgdEgTu-00513-00113560-00113751 algorithms you know we need all those
7pZzXgdEgTu-00514-00113752-00113928 things please don't jump it guys I don't
7pZzXgdEgTu-00515-00113929-00114210 think I understand importance however we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00516-00114211-00114390 have to think of this as a machine in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00517-00114391-00114552 total that we're designing so great
7pZzXgdEgTu-00518-00114553-00114721 insight into new attack of tradecraft
7pZzXgdEgTu-00519-00114722-00114931 for example doesn't do me any good
7pZzXgdEgTu-00520-00114932-00115134 unless I can detect it in my enterprise
7pZzXgdEgTu-00521-00115135-00115401 unless I can reach out across my own
7pZzXgdEgTu-00522-00115402-00115606 enterprise to understand words relevant
7pZzXgdEgTu-00523-00115607-00115825 what is the risk can I make a change can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00524-00115826-00116004 I block the right thing can I detect the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00525-00116005-00116218 questions of the file but is indicative
7pZzXgdEgTu-00526-00116219-00116524 of the amount of it so if I were
7pZzXgdEgTu-00527-00116525-00116746 standing back to look at this notion of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00528-00116747-00116920 a cyber defense machine these are kind
7pZzXgdEgTu-00529-00116921-00117094 of a general properties that I would
7pZzXgdEgTu-00530-00117095-00117421 look for central to this is this notion
7pZzXgdEgTu-00531-00117422-00117631 of powered by information like designing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00532-00117632-00117925 the machine to think of information this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00533-00117926-00118144 way how am I going to collect it I'm
7pZzXgdEgTu-00534-00118145-00118351 going to move it I'm going to translate
7pZzXgdEgTu-00535-00118352-00118549 it I'm going to take action upon it and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00536-00118550-00118663 this was a struggle
7pZzXgdEgTu-00537-00118664-00118876 even in government to see this and to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00538-00118877-00119068 get people to understand this this loop
7pZzXgdEgTu-00539-00119069-00119235 again I mention that if I spent my
7pZzXgdEgTu-00540-00119236-00119446 career government career inside the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00541-00119447-00119806 Intelligence Agency and so that view you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00542-00119807-00120052 know some amazing human beings but they
7pZzXgdEgTu-00543-00120053-00120226 are very information centric
7pZzXgdEgTu-00544-00120227-00120400 in the if I know what the bad guy is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00545-00120401-00120622 doing since I'll be smarter and I can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00546-00120623-00120796 defend myself and they're very focused
7pZzXgdEgTu-00547-00120797-00121051 on that outward looking problem most of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00548-00121052-00121236 them have no background or interest or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00549-00121238-00121507 really understanding of the inside the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00550-00121508-00121744 enterprise defend myself so the notion
7pZzXgdEgTu-00551-00121745-00121941 was well if I if I just understood the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00552-00121942-00122098 bad guys better when they're coming and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00553-00122099-00122316 how to spot them I'm good to go right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00554-00122317-00122638 and I said well how what will you do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00555-00122639-00122863 with that information if you find it and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00556-00122864-00123058 I get this quizzical look and the answer
7pZzXgdEgTu-00557-00123058-00123202 would be well I'll send it everybody
7pZzXgdEgTu-00558-00123203-00123429 that needs to know oh so you're going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00559-00123430-00123589 send email to every system administrator
7pZzXgdEgTu-00560-00123590-00123826 in the Defense Department you know their
7pZzXgdEgTu-00561-00123827-00123982 inbox is already flooded right that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00562-00123983-00124158 doesn't help them and they said well
7pZzXgdEgTu-00563-00124159-00124324 that's actionable I said no that it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00564-00124325-00124509 not actionable it's readable like
7pZzXgdEgTu-00565-00124510-00124686 readable is not the same as something
7pZzXgdEgTu-00566-00124688-00124870 you can immediately act upon preferably
7pZzXgdEgTu-00567-00124871-00125133 by technology so think of it again as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00568-00125134-00125304 we're designing this information center
7pZzXgdEgTu-00569-00125305-00125614 machines whatever your machinery is is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00570-00125615-00125788 really based on this notion of the model
7pZzXgdEgTu-00571-00125789-00125989 in the tacks of attackers and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00572-00125990-00126285 prioritization so again we can't treat
7pZzXgdEgTu-00573-00126286-00126451 the bad guys magic we have to think of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00574-00126452-00126750 them as professional for they are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00575-00126751-00126970 determined often better funded than you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00576-00126971-00127236 are and the goal is understand them well
7pZzXgdEgTu-00577-00127238-00127396 enough to make good defensive choices
7pZzXgdEgTu-00578-00127397-00127654 and to get that understanding to build
7pZzXgdEgTu-00579-00127655-00127882 those kind of model you need to look
7pZzXgdEgTu-00580-00127883-00128182 outside your world at these masses and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00581-00128183-00128488 masses of attacks and try to pull out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00582-00128489-00128760 root cause and commonality and patterns
7pZzXgdEgTu-00583-00128761-00128983 and templates and you know we're not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00584-00128983-00129172 going to chase millions and millions in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00585-00129173-00129370 attacks and we don't actually need to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00586-00129371-00129609 what we need to understand or the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00587-00129610-00129865 general patterns the general types of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00588-00129866-00130066 things that we need to look for and the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00589-00130067-00130240 notion here is translation like that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00590-00130241-00130461 verb is really important translating
7pZzXgdEgTu-00591-00130463-00130600 millions and millions of data points
7pZzXgdEgTu-00592-00130601-00130903 about bad things into a relatively small
7pZzXgdEgTu-00593-00130904-00131119 number of positive constructive things
7pZzXgdEgTu-00594-00131120-00131377 that you can actually do about it at the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00595-00131378-00131533 end of the day all of this needs to be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00596-00131534-00131803 driven by standards-based I hope and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00597-00131804-00131929 when I'm we call plumbing and I've been
7pZzXgdEgTu-00598-00131930-00132118 using that term for at least 15 years
7pZzXgdEgTu-00599-00132119-00132403 now I was involved in all the early
7pZzXgdEgTu-00600-00132404-00132586 standards that you may be familiar with
7pZzXgdEgTu-00601-00132587-00132847 around that apply to security automation
7pZzXgdEgTu-00602-00132848-00133162 like TV II and oval and so forth and I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00603-00133163-00133327 won't go through all those but think of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00604-00133328-00133453 them as an attempt to standardize
7pZzXgdEgTu-00605-00133454-00133602 plumbing that is it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00606-00133603-00133866 things this is about information and its
7pZzXgdEgTu-00607-00133867-00134103 movement and how do I make that as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00608-00134104-00134470 low-cost friction-free Universal as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00609-00134471-00134700 possible and the metaphor I came up with
7pZzXgdEgTu-00610-00134701-00134959 many years ago was plumbing you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00611-00134960-00135099 standardized plumbing gives us
7pZzXgdEgTu-00612-00135100-00135303 civilization right into lab we can have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00613-00135304-00135556 indoor fixtures and I can go to Home
7pZzXgdEgTu-00614-00135557-00135759 Depot or wherever and buy things and not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00615-00135760-00135946 worry about how they connect into my X
7pZzXgdEgTu-00616-00135947-00136206 system they just do because everyone
7pZzXgdEgTu-00617-00136207-00136432 recognizes this indoor plumbing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00618-00136433-00136536 similar to have a really old house like
7pZzXgdEgTu-00619-00136537-00136657 my son in which case we're always
7pZzXgdEgTu-00620-00136658-00136911 finding you new quirks but the notion I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00621-00136912-00137218 think is sound that is we as buyers of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00622-00137219-00137475 technology and security products and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00623-00137476-00137758 services need to insist upon this notion
7pZzXgdEgTu-00624-00137759-00137988 of openness and standards right we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00625-00137989-00138141 always want to be looking for the best
7pZzXgdEgTu-00626-00138142-00138378 value we always want to be upgrading
7pZzXgdEgTu-00627-00138379-00138556 technology and bringing new things into
7pZzXgdEgTu-00628-00138557-00138771 our in a defensive environment and we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00629-00138772-00138972 want to absolutely minimize the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00630-00138973-00139149 transition costs the friction the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00631-00139150-00139393 interfaces we cannot allow ourselves to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00632-00139394-00139614 be locking the things that really cannot
7pZzXgdEgTu-00633-00139615-00140103 be undone the vendor unique this also at
7pZzXgdEgTu-00634-00140104-00140223 least into the notion of like cult
7pZzXgdEgTu-00635-00140224-00140421 community risk this is an observation
7pZzXgdEgTu-00636-00140422-00140625 after decades inside the government you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00637-00140626-00140754 know seeing really large well-funded
7pZzXgdEgTu-00638-00140755-00140940 government agencies and some of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00639-00140941-00141138 biggest companies in the economy and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00640-00141139-00141331 none of us could deal with this problem
7pZzXgdEgTu-00641-00141332-00141516 in a hundred percent level and in fact
7pZzXgdEgTu-00642-00141517-00141721 again they don't really have to we all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00643-00141722-00142121 face a some level of threat and risk
7pZzXgdEgTu-00644-00142122-00142396 just by virtue of being in court as part
7pZzXgdEgTu-00645-00142397-00142582 of the internet right I call this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00646-00142583-00142896 community risk that is we all have to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00647-00142897-00143139 worry about a set of things whether we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00648-00143140-00143407 realize it know it or not whether we do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00649-00143408-00143601 a study and tell us that we need to or
7pZzXgdEgTu-00650-00143602-00143784 not think of it this kind of like public
7pZzXgdEgTu-00651-00143785-00143995 health right we have to worry about a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00652-00143996-00144295 lot of things even if I don't know it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00653-00144296-00144496 directly outside my doorstep from
7pZzXgdEgTu-00654-00144497-00144696 getting vaccinations to washing my hands
7pZzXgdEgTu-00655-00144697-00144897 and not clapping on people right -
7pZzXgdEgTu-00656-00144898-00145207 avoiding unclean locations - insisting
7pZzXgdEgTu-00657-00145208-00145471 upon requirements for food handling we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00658-00145472-00145689 do all these things based on a notion of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00659-00145690-00145941 community risk independent of whether
7pZzXgdEgTu-00660-00145942-00146064 someone's looked at that particular
7pZzXgdEgTu-00661-00146065-00146325 doorknob and made a decision that I need
7pZzXgdEgTu-00662-00146326-00146523 to clean that one off we just do it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00663-00146524-00146853 right because it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00664-00146854-00147015 civil action it's not extraordinary
7pZzXgdEgTu-00665-00147016-00147282 technology it makes sense for us to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00666-00147283-00147513 it and the science behind it is where we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00667-00147514-00147777 have the potential to interrupt the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00668-00147778-00148020 vector of transmission of disease and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00669-00148021-00148230 we want to think of this as I can't
7pZzXgdEgTu-00670-00148231-00148494 count on all my cyber neighbors to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00671-00148495-00148641 the right analysis make the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00672-00148642-00148830 decision understand the threat equally
7pZzXgdEgTu-00673-00148831-00149022 and then all take action equally that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00674-00149023-00149148 will never happen we need to think of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00675-00149149-00149337 this at the community level and that's a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00676-00149338-00149577 really important part of how we approach
7pZzXgdEgTu-00677-00149578-00149814 this across the entire community not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00678-00149815-00150051 just enterprise by enterprise as the end
7pZzXgdEgTu-00679-00150052-00150186 of day of course some of us face more
7pZzXgdEgTu-00680-00150187-00150312 risk because others right some of us
7pZzXgdEgTu-00681-00150313-00150462 have more at stake some of us work in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00682-00150463-00150708 riskier environments so you have to have
7pZzXgdEgTu-00683-00150709-00150810 a model that can be tailored for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00684-00150811-00151053 whatever the current situation is all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00685-00151054-00151272 this is about in building the sheet on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00686-00151273-00151440 machine and feedback driven that's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00687-00151441-00151758 repeatable that's dynamic and we need
7pZzXgdEgTu-00688-00151759-00151977 this machinery to be what I call a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00689-00151978-00152337 negotiable and demonstrable that is most
7pZzXgdEgTu-00690-00152338-00152550 of us now are spending a great deal of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00691-00152551-00152892 our time not just thinking about the tax
7pZzXgdEgTu-00692-00152893-00153138 and how to defend but proving to other
7pZzXgdEgTu-00693-00153139-00153327 parties that we have done the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00694-00153328-00153600 thing and by that I mean you know the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00695-00153601-00153786 big change for someone's been in this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00696-00153787-00154011 business for 40 years the big change in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00697-00154012-00154194 the last just small number of years has
7pZzXgdEgTu-00698-00154195-00154464 been the emergence of all these other
7pZzXgdEgTu-00699-00154465-00154731 players in cybersecurity all these
7pZzXgdEgTu-00700-00154732-00154908 players who are not coming at it from a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00701-00154909-00155106 technology level and that I mean
7pZzXgdEgTu-00702-00155107-00155451 auditors lawyers judges insurance
7pZzXgdEgTu-00703-00155452-00155706 companies etc etc this is really
7pZzXgdEgTu-00704-00155707-00155922 changing the nature of cyber in a good
7pZzXgdEgTu-00705-00155923-00156402 way in that this notion of cyber defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00706-00156403-00156591 and the technology of the attacks and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00707-00156592-00156888 forth is moving from a really important
7pZzXgdEgTu-00708-00156889-00157155 and interesting technical challenge to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00709-00157156-00157332 something that becomes embedded in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00710-00157333-00157617 way that we as a society make decisions
7pZzXgdEgTu-00711-00157618-00157833 make choices about risk and the way we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00712-00157834-00158046 operate to businesses and we operate the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00713-00158047-00158232 missions of agencies and that's a good
7pZzXgdEgTu-00714-00158233-00158256 thing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00715-00158257-00158457 that is we really need this to be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00716-00158458-00158868 something that takes this complicated
7pZzXgdEgTu-00717-00158869-00159174 fast changing cyber technology and risk
7pZzXgdEgTu-00718-00159175-00159414 world and translates it in a way that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00719-00159415-00159695 which we can make reasonable rational
7pZzXgdEgTu-00720-00159696-00159996 explainable decisions because that's the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00721-00159997-00160248 that's the way rest of society works
7pZzXgdEgTu-00722-00160249-00160374 we don't make specific choices about
7pZzXgdEgTu-00723-00160375-00160560 whether it's safe to drive across a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00724-00160561-00160836 bridge for example we believed with a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00725-00160837-00161106 good cause that that bridge was designed
7pZzXgdEgTu-00726-00161107-00161316 by a certified engineer met building
7pZzXgdEgTu-00727-00161317-00161565 codes use appropriate materials you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-00728-00161566-00161775 has all the sort of things that we would
7pZzXgdEgTu-00729-00161776-00162066 expect as citizens lay people to be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00730-00162067-00162219 built into something that has life
7pZzXgdEgTu-00731-00162220-00162519 safety implications in the construction
7pZzXgdEgTu-00732-00162520-00162795 that does not mean that bridge is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00733-00162796-00162984 perfect that means that within a sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00734-00162985-00163173 rational decision with window and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00735-00163174-00163440 framework it makes sense and weeow
7pZzXgdEgTu-00736-00163441-00163572 citizen can make rational decisions
7pZzXgdEgTu-00737-00163573-00163830 about our use of a piece of engineering
7pZzXgdEgTu-00738-00163831-00164046 like that and again so we're moving in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00739-00164047-00164325 that kind of way towards with this whole
7pZzXgdEgTu-00740-00164326-00164502 cyber business and that's why all these
7pZzXgdEgTu-00741-00164503-00164676 other players have to rush in to help us
7pZzXgdEgTu-00742-00164677-00164985 understand this and so this whatever our
7pZzXgdEgTu-00743-00164986-00165189 machinery looks like whatever decision
7pZzXgdEgTu-00744-00165190-00165411 choices we make really have to be
7pZzXgdEgTu-00745-00165412-00165615 demonstrable to what I would call real
7pZzXgdEgTu-00746-00165616-00165849 people the rest of society and the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00747-00165850-00166014 enforcement mechanisms that we build up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00748-00166015-00166460 across side so all these ideas are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00749-00166461-00166755 inherent in what we now call the CIS
7pZzXgdEgTu-00750-00166756-00166896 controls I won't go through the whole
7pZzXgdEgTu-00751-00166897-00167067 history of it but it no mentioned I'm
7pZzXgdEgTu-00752-00167068-00167313 there on day zero literally I grab five
7pZzXgdEgTu-00753-00167314-00167466 friends we sat down in the room and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00754-00167467-00167751 really mm I was struggling with the most
7pZzXgdEgTu-00755-00167752-00167943 common question that I got whenever I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00756-00167944-00168072 was out speaking in public and that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00757-00168073-00168477 question was what do i do first and you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00758-00168478-00168663 can tell I never had the job of having
7pZzXgdEgTu-00759-00168664-00168843 to solve these problems only pointing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00760-00168844-00169047 out these problems and I said well I've
7pZzXgdEgTu-00761-00169048-00169197 never thought of it that way what do you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00762-00169198-00169440 do first and I would point to the misc
7pZzXgdEgTu-00763-00169441-00169632 you know great stuff out of NIST and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00764-00169633-00169806 from NSA we were releasing unity
7pZzXgdEgTu-00765-00169807-00169950 security guides to the public and all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00766-00169951-00170091 these good soldiers and people would go
7pZzXgdEgTu-00767-00170092-00170292 yeah yeah that's great stuff but it's a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00768-00170293-00170481 thousand pages it's really complicated
7pZzXgdEgTu-00769-00170482-00170562 what do I do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00770-00170563-00170775 in the first months what do I convince
7pZzXgdEgTu-00771-00170776-00171027 the boss to support first what do I buy
7pZzXgdEgTu-00772-00171028-00171312 first Wow I think I think I need to go
7pZzXgdEgTu-00773-00171313-00171480 back and think about this I grabbed a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00774-00171481-00171678 few friends it was a very modest list of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00775-00171679-00171837 you know if you don't know where to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00776-00171838-00172092 start start here and the two-page thing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00777-00172093-00172353 turned into a series of projects that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00778-00172354-00172728 you see on the slide there and it got a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00779-00172729-00172896 weight of its own through the SANS
7pZzXgdEgTu-00780-00172897-00173055 Institute the biggest feature in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00781-00173056-00173265 cybersecurity and there was formerly
7pZzXgdEgTu-00782-00173266-00173523 known as a sans top 20 when I retired in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00783-00173524-00173581 June
7pZzXgdEgTu-00784-00173582-00173881 of 2012 I wound up going to say
7pZzXgdEgTu-00785-00173882-00174052 introduce some part time work and wound
7pZzXgdEgTu-00786-00174053-00174220 up taking the project over and with
7pZzXgdEgTu-00787-00174221-00174370 their support spinning it out into a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00788-00174371-00174676 nonprofit status which is now part of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00789-00174677-00174850 the Center for Internet security and now
7pZzXgdEgTu-00790-00174851-00175072 we have know it by the name of the CIS
7pZzXgdEgTu-00791-00175073-00175390 controls and so on that simplifies a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00792-00175391-00175564 really complicated history but the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00793-00175565-00175837 notions have been very consistent this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00794-00175838-00176149 idea of prioritization what do i do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00795-00176150-00176449 first what is the foundation for defense
7pZzXgdEgTu-00796-00176450-00176740 take our understanding of attacks right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00797-00176741-00177034 hard-earned large scale look at all
7pZzXgdEgTu-00798-00177035-00177183 these bad things that can happen
7pZzXgdEgTu-00799-00177184-00177412 translate them into the smallest number
7pZzXgdEgTu-00800-00177413-00177595 of positive construction constructive
7pZzXgdEgTu-00801-00177596-00177835 things that we think will really take a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00802-00177836-00178045 big bite out of the problem and lay the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00803-00178046-00178246 foundation for more complex and more
7pZzXgdEgTu-00804-00178247-00178414 sophisticated offenses so that's really
7pZzXgdEgTu-00805-00178415-00178791 the notion that underlies all this we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00806-00178792-00179071 Maurice I mentioned earlier we just
7pZzXgdEgTu-00807-00179072-00179269 release a couple of months ago C is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00808-00179270-00179527 controlled version seven the list is up
7pZzXgdEgTu-00809-00179528-00179683 here will give you a reference to it I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00810-00179684-00179863 won't go through all this but those of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00811-00179864-00179968 you that have professionals in this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00812-00179969-00180109 field which I'm guessing about all of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00813-00180110-00180328 you there's a rocket science here right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00814-00180329-00180486 and that's by design
7pZzXgdEgTu-00815-00180487-00180808 were the kinds of focus and the kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00816-00180809-00181033 foundation we talked about this is not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00817-00181034-00181315 about exotic non-existent video coming
7pZzXgdEgTu-00818-00181316-00181543 some data savers technology this is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00819-00181544-00181792 about organizing our defenses in a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00820-00181793-00181963 manner that gives us the best effect
7pZzXgdEgTu-00821-00181964-00182107 against the largest number of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00822-00182108-00182338 adversaries and lays the foundation for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00823-00182339-00182551 the next big steps so that's what you've
7pZzXgdEgTu-00824-00182552-00182707 seen made out in front of you here I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00825-00182708-00182872 will give you a pointer towards the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00826-00182873-00182992 actual document that you can download
7pZzXgdEgTu-00827-00182993-00183187 and there's a whole ecosystem of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00828-00183188-00183436 complimentary materials and supporting
7pZzXgdEgTu-00829-00183437-00183676 things that go with it and the controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-00830-00183677-00183802 are well supported by the vendor
7pZzXgdEgTu-00831-00183803-00183931 community I think Maurice will talk to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00832-00183932-00184054 you a little bit about that moment but
7pZzXgdEgTu-00833-00184055-00184396 the notion has gone from a simple list
7pZzXgdEgTu-00834-00184397-00184651 to really a collection of things to help
7pZzXgdEgTu-00835-00184652-00184906 people accomplish the intent of the list
7pZzXgdEgTu-00836-00184907-00185107 that's really my goal that's why we I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00837-00185108-00185271 really needed a company home to this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00838-00185272-00185518 it's not about you know publishing a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00839-00185519-00185671 better list and everybody else has you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00840-00185672-00185800 can go to NIST and get great information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00841-00185801-00186003 you can go to any of a dozen or more
7pZzXgdEgTu-00842-00186004-00186274 great sources and every October you can
7pZzXgdEgTu-00843-00186275-00186445 wait for cybersecurity months magazine
7pZzXgdEgTu-00844-00186446-00186634 articles to come out on you know top 10
7pZzXgdEgTu-00845-00186635-00186787 things to do that's great
7pZzXgdEgTu-00846-00186788-00186925 but remember I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00847-00186926-00187135 said earlier just knowing about flaws it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00848-00187136-00187318 doesn't get them fixed well knowing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00849-00187319-00187474 about the list of positive things to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00850-00187475-00187666 doesn't actually ever happen either and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00851-00187667-00187843 so you need to build this whole support
7pZzXgdEgTu-00852-00187844-00188155 system most of us my experience has been
7pZzXgdEgTu-00853-00188156-00188374 learn best from someone else who's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00854-00188375-00188605 already done it the problem is finding
7pZzXgdEgTu-00855-00188606-00188851 that somebody that's kind of a notion of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00856-00188852-00189010 cis how do we pull all this together
7pZzXgdEgTu-00857-00189011-00189310 into a way in a way that really helps
7pZzXgdEgTu-00858-00189311-00189631 people with defense in a very supportive
7pZzXgdEgTu-00859-00189632-00189880 way that is naturally consistent with
7pZzXgdEgTu-00860-00189881-00190003 all the other security frameworks out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00861-00190004-00190159 there we're not creating yet another one
7pZzXgdEgTu-00862-00190160-00190252 we're creating really more on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00863-00190253-00190474 priority scheme but a way to help people
7pZzXgdEgTu-00864-00190475-00190819 achieve the intent and then then deal
7pZzXgdEgTu-00865-00190820-00190939 with this issue of how do I prove to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00866-00190940-00191206 others I've done the right thing and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00867-00191207-00191392 if you want me to reach me I feel free
7pZzXgdEgTu-00868-00191393-00191551 to use any of this contact information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00869-00191552-00191767 you can go to CI security org and get
7pZzXgdEgTu-00870-00191768-00192007 all of these materials and we do this as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00871-00192008-00192211 a nonprofit so you can get all this
7pZzXgdEgTu-00872-00192212-00192412 great content developed by volunteers I
7pZzXgdEgTu-00873-00192413-00192592 would be astounded if there weren't a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00874-00192593-00192805 few of you on the webcast a day up in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00875-00192806-00193105 the audience is produced by an amazing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00876-00193106-00193249 collection of people from around the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00877-00193250-00193528 world the role of CIF is just as the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00878-00193529-00193675 mechanism that brings people together
7pZzXgdEgTu-00879-00193676-00193879 around these projects to produce and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00880-00193880-00194095 support these ideas so feel free to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00881-00194096-00194227 reach out to me and I think with that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00882-00194228-00194368 I'm going to turn it back over to our
7pZzXgdEgTu-00883-00194369-00194599 hosts and then we'll continue on with my
7pZzXgdEgTu-00884-00194600-00194971 questions and so forth thank you great
7pZzXgdEgTu-00885-00194972-00195130 Thank You Tony we appreciate it and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00886-00195131-00195400 really now just a very brief word from
7pZzXgdEgTu-00887-00195401-00195661 your local sponsor if you will just a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00888-00195662-00195787 couple slides and then we're going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00889-00195788-00195982 have a more open discussion or dialogue
7pZzXgdEgTu-00890-00195983-00196174 that includes questions from all of you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00891-00196175-00196263 in the audience
7pZzXgdEgTu-00892-00196264-00196507 Tony you referred to building a support
7pZzXgdEgTu-00893-00196508-00196843 system being able to actually look at
7pZzXgdEgTu-00894-00196844-00197005 the list of good things to do is
7pZzXgdEgTu-00895-00197006-00197242 enshrined in the sky's controls being
7pZzXgdEgTu-00896-00197243-00197521 able to effectively implement that and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00897-00197522-00197776 so just a brief word on that and when we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00898-00197777-00197998 look at all the things that we as fiber
7pZzXgdEgTu-00899-00197999-00198214 defenders must do and organizations must
7pZzXgdEgTu-00900-00198215-00198418 accomplish right there certainly best
7pZzXgdEgTu-00901-00198419-00198661 practice framework so chief among them
7pZzXgdEgTu-00902-00198662-00198910 the CIA's controls as well as numerous
7pZzXgdEgTu-00903-00198911-00199264 regulatory and compliance frameworks and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00904-00199265-00199420 routines right as you can see here on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00905-00199421-00199669 this slide so they're number things to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00906-00199670-00199936 do now but if we look at the GIS
7pZzXgdEgTu-00907-00199937-00200269 controls as we think about what
7pZzXgdEgTu-00908-00200270-00200596 it is asking us to do there are some
7pZzXgdEgTu-00909-00200597-00200947 essential things that must be done right
7pZzXgdEgTu-00910-00200948-00201205 to kind of translate it into plain
7pZzXgdEgTu-00911-00201206-00201445 English if you will it's really around
7pZzXgdEgTu-00912-00201446-00201676 kind of knowing what it is that you're
7pZzXgdEgTu-00913-00201677-00201916 protecting it's about being able to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00914-00201917-00202315 define secure configurations about being
7pZzXgdEgTu-00915-00202316-00202527 able to continuously monitor
7pZzXgdEgTu-00916-00202528-00202729 vulnerabilities and be able to remediate
7pZzXgdEgTu-00917-00202730-00203044 those two limits administrative
7pZzXgdEgTu-00918-00203045-00203275 privileges and so forth and so there are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00919-00203276-00203701 some kind of very common controls that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00920-00203702-00204109 are that that you see repeatedly as you
7pZzXgdEgTu-00921-00204110-00204376 look across these various best practice
7pZzXgdEgTu-00922-00204377-00204556 frameworks and compliance regimes and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00923-00204557-00204853 underlying those then and in order to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00924-00204854-00205165 effectively implement those controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-00925-00205166-00205426 there are internet set of kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00926-00205427-00205684 organizational technical capabilities
7pZzXgdEgTu-00927-00205685-00205927 and the idea behind the capabilities of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00928-00205928-00206188 course is to be consistent with adhere
7pZzXgdEgTu-00929-00206189-00206619 to best practices but being able to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-00930-00206621-00207040 so in as much of a cipher defenseman
7pZzXgdEgTu-00931-00207041-00207285 machine way as possible to use Tony's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00932-00207286-00207505 terminology cannot it's not going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00933-00207506-00207703 happen on its own and we have to find a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00934-00207704-00207928 way to properly manage the information
7pZzXgdEgTu-00935-00207929-00208221 so that we can implement these controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-00936-00208223-00208378 so we look at some capabilities here
7pZzXgdEgTu-00937-00208379-00208516 like asset management configuration
7pZzXgdEgTu-00938-00208517-00208825 management or ability management along
7pZzXgdEgTu-00939-00208826-00209008 with the pro here from the IT process
7pZzXgdEgTu-00940-00209009-00209239 Institute one of quite a few by the way
7pZzXgdEgTu-00941-00209240-00209389 from various different sources that
7pZzXgdEgTu-00942-00209390-00209544 underscore the importance of some of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00943-00209546-00209803 these central basic controls as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00944-00209804-00210058 reflected in the TI's controls are
7pZzXgdEgTu-00945-00210059-00210373 really just in the farthest left column
7pZzXgdEgTu-00946-00210373-00210541 as you might recall what we call basic
7pZzXgdEgTu-00947-00210542-00210769 controls even successfully implementing
7pZzXgdEgTu-00948-00210769-00211126 those can address the vast portion of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00949-00211127-00211371 the incidence of breaches that we see
7pZzXgdEgTu-00950-00211373-00211617 out there and that's reflected in not
7pZzXgdEgTu-00951-00211619-00211831 only experience of cyber defence
7pZzXgdEgTu-00952-00211832-00212077 professionals but also in the data in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00953-00212078-00212269 terms of survey data and real is that a
7pZzXgdEgTu-00954-00212269-00212659 breach data as many of us reference at
7pZzXgdEgTu-00955-00212660-00212779 this time of year after they're
7pZzXgdEgTu-00956-00212780-00213115 published so as we look at these kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00957-00213116-00213325 important technical and organizational
7pZzXgdEgTu-00958-00213326-00213498 capabilities just a brief word on how we
7pZzXgdEgTu-00959-00213500-00213631 get script wire help simple
7pZzXgdEgTu-00960-00213632-00213819 that and I can speak from experience
7pZzXgdEgTu-00961-00213821-00214081 coming from see is actually informally
7pZzXgdEgTu-00962-00214082-00214363 honored to be a colleague of Tony's
7pZzXgdEgTu-00963-00214364-00214639 there tripwire has always focused on
7pZzXgdEgTu-00964-00214640-00214846 really these core foundational things
7pZzXgdEgTu-00965-00214846-00215046 and from a capability standpoint the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00966-00215048-00215263 center or the foundation it requires
7pZzXgdEgTu-00967-00215264-00215458 core capabilities integrity monitoring
7pZzXgdEgTu-00968-00215459-00215710 as you may know for about twenty years
7pZzXgdEgTu-00969-00215711-00215971 ago first developed as an open source
7pZzXgdEgTu-00970-00215971-00216223 project and eventually commercialized as
7pZzXgdEgTu-00971-00216223-00216508 we begin to build out that the various
7pZzXgdEgTu-00972-00216509-00216682 capabilities around that the ability to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00973-00216683-00216883 integrate with other platforms is so
7pZzXgdEgTu-00974-00216884-00217081 forth but we're looking for changes
7pZzXgdEgTu-00975-00217082-00217285 we're looking for system would look at
7pZzXgdEgTu-00976-00217286-00217501 very closely assistance take most of
7pZzXgdEgTu-00977-00217502-00217648 some configuration monitoring and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00978-00217648-00217848 database configuration monitoring we're
7pZzXgdEgTu-00979-00217850-00218089 comparing that against baselines whether
7pZzXgdEgTu-00980-00218090-00218415 it's a previous state or an external
7pZzXgdEgTu-00981-00218416-00218710 regulatory standard or internal one and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00982-00218711-00218881 by the way another plug for CIS gears
7pZzXgdEgTu-00983-00218882-00219142 CIS security benchmarks one of the most
7pZzXgdEgTu-00984-00219142-00219433 commonly used hardening standards out
7pZzXgdEgTu-00985-00219434-00219862 there are arguably alongside the CI it
7pZzXgdEgTu-00986-00219863-00220054 controls the most widely use the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00987-00220055-00220312 reference work that CIS does is I would
7pZzXgdEgTu-00988-00220313-00220657 point you to that we along with many
7pZzXgdEgTu-00989-00220658-00220816 other companies actually help you to
7pZzXgdEgTu-00990-00220817-00221119 implement that but we're looking at in
7pZzXgdEgTu-00991-00221119-00221509 great detail the system Stander's system
7pZzXgdEgTu-00992-00221510-00221689 files looking for changes who made the
7pZzXgdEgTu-00993-00221690-00221998 change in what context and so forth and
7pZzXgdEgTu-00994-00221998-00222196 we since then added additional
7pZzXgdEgTu-00995-00222196-00222352 capabilities on the far left on ur
7pZzXgdEgTu-00996-00222353-00222610 ability management in assets inventory
7pZzXgdEgTu-00997-00222611-00222928 profiling in the far right log
7pZzXgdEgTu-00998-00222929-00223150 intelligence the ability to look for
7pZzXgdEgTu-00999-00223151-00223462 event-driven data and finally
7pZzXgdEgTu-01000-00223463-00223651 underscores the very bottom here and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01001-00223652-00223869 really also another scoring of acupoint
7pZzXgdEgTu-01002-00223871-00224053 the twenty was making that it is
7pZzXgdEgTu-01003-00224054-00224221 information management and we have to be
7pZzXgdEgTu-01004-00224221-00224571 able to move that collecting the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01005-00224573-00224884 information move it translate it turn it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01006-00224885-00225181 into actionable insights that then you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01007-00225182-00225337 can take action on it so that's been a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01008-00225338-00225715 core focus of ours last last twenty
7pZzXgdEgTu-01009-00225716-00225831 years
7pZzXgdEgTu-01010-00225832-00226075 so with that word from your local
7pZzXgdEgTu-01011-00226076-00226405 sponsor kind of back to the program
7pZzXgdEgTu-01012-00226406-00226639 already in progress and some questions
7pZzXgdEgTu-01013-00226640-00226831 Tony for you and I see some questions
7pZzXgdEgTu-01014-00226832-00226969 going to come in so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01015-00226969-00227342 we'll kind of begin with them maybe very
7pZzXgdEgTu-01016-00227344-00227703 basic one and that is what are your
7pZzXgdEgTu-01017-00227704-00227979 observations Tony on how the CIS
7pZzXgdEgTu-01018-00227980-00228221 controls get implemented in practice
7pZzXgdEgTu-01019-00228223-00228616 what works and what doesn't tend to work
7pZzXgdEgTu-01020-00228617-00228858 when it is time to implement the CIF
7pZzXgdEgTu-01021-00228859-00229308 controls yeah sure thanks Maurice yeah
7pZzXgdEgTu-01022-00229309-00229659 um you know everyone that we thought UT
7pZzXgdEgTu-01023-00229660-00229848 again a CIS is we get to talk to lots of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01024-00229850-00230133 doctors yeah we we have a way to reach
7pZzXgdEgTu-01025-00230134-00230317 out to them and survey and so forth so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01026-00230317-00230478 we're really getting a handle that we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01027-00230479-00230742 didn't have two years ago on one what
7pZzXgdEgTu-01028-00230744-00230931 the major problems are the successes are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01029-00230932-00231223 and so forth most most start with some
7pZzXgdEgTu-01030-00231223-00231415 sort of assessment process which is very
7pZzXgdEgTu-01031-00231416-00231567 common either hire a consultant to come
7pZzXgdEgTu-01032-00231569-00231775 in or they take a look at themselves and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01033-00231776-00231925 they kind of run through the whole list
7pZzXgdEgTu-01034-00231926-00232080 you know this is the kind of thing that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01035-00232081-00232260 happens in a day or a week or a month
7pZzXgdEgTu-01036-00232261-00232533 it's not a long drawn-out process to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01037-00232534-00232744 take look at every sub control look at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01038-00232744-00232953 all of our recommendations and try to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01039-00232954-00233151 figure out where you are relative to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01040-00233152-00233421 those and there are various ways to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-01041-00233423-00233590 that even the first pass of this you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01042-00233591-00233742 don't want to overthink it too much you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01043-00233744-00234067 want to kind of do it quickly there are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01044-00234067-00234332 tools like spreadsheets and scales and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01045-00234333-00234646 maturity things that people have have
7pZzXgdEgTu-01046-00234646-00234769 developed that will help you do that you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01047-00234769-00234879 know looking at every sub controlling
7pZzXgdEgTu-01048-00234880-00235087 giving yourself on one two three one two
7pZzXgdEgTu-01049-00235088-00235267 five or a red yellow green sort of thing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01050-00235267-00235434 if anyone's interested in that please
7pZzXgdEgTu-01051-00235435-00235698 feel free to reach out to us and then
7pZzXgdEgTu-01052-00235700-00235888 numerous consultants have their own way
7pZzXgdEgTu-01053-00235889-00236085 of doing that and that gives you kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01054-00236086-00236376 a broad sweep across you know problem
7pZzXgdEgTu-01055-00236377-00236689 areas and what you ought to focus in on
7pZzXgdEgTu-01056-00236690-00236949 you also find that we can provide you a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01057-00236950-00237196 way to map from that to the frameworks
7pZzXgdEgTu-01058-00237196-00237342 of interest to you right whether it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01059-00237344-00237565 this cybersecurity framework or ISO a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01060-00237566-00237857 PCI or whatever just to get a sense for
7pZzXgdEgTu-01061-00237858-00238110 kind of where you sit in the universe of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01062-00238111-00238356 people looking over your shoulder but a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01063-00238357-00238602 lot of this is about getting started so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01064-00238603-00238867 we might have noticed in version 7 we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01065-00238867-00239202 have put three through blocks of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01066-00239203-00239365 controls together when the sort of basic
7pZzXgdEgTu-01067-00239366-00239574 and foundational and organizational and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01068-00239575-00239839 you know our focus recommendations
7pZzXgdEgTu-01069-00239840-00240084 always focus on them on these basic
7pZzXgdEgTu-01070-00240085-00240267 activities that one through six
7pZzXgdEgTu-01071-00240269-00240328 primarily
7pZzXgdEgTu-01072-00240329-00240592 I think about them and think about the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01073-00240592-00240757 kind of first few steps that you will
7pZzXgdEgTu-01074-00240758-00241006 take I will say in some of the emerging
7pZzXgdEgTu-01075-00241007-00241285 areas that people are struggling with
7pZzXgdEgTu-01076-00241286-00241471 the very very basics of just knowing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01077-00241471-00241621 what's in their enterprise the sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01078-00241621-00241900 mission inventory and we're going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01079-00241901-00242134 we've heard that enough especially from
7pZzXgdEgTu-01080-00242135-00242434 off a large medical service delivery
7pZzXgdEgTu-01081-00242435-00242734 systems and the IOT world we're going to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01082-00242735-00242911 do some new projects over the next few
7pZzXgdEgTu-01083-00242912-00243106 months to help people look at that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01084-00243107-00243253 problem as a separate one how do I get
7pZzXgdEgTu-01085-00243254-00243430 how do I get to that point
7pZzXgdEgTu-01086-00243431-00243655 the advice I get people don't you don't
7pZzXgdEgTu-01087-00243656-00243894 overthink this one I'll say it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01088-00243896-00244105 technologists one mistake I've seen it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01089-00244106-00244303 over and over again is that people
7pZzXgdEgTu-01090-00244304-00244417 believe if they don't have a perfect
7pZzXgdEgTu-01091-00244417-00244558 answer then they don't have an answer at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01092-00244559-00244906 all and that's just you know even the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01093-00244907-00245121 act of looking for a small enterprise
7pZzXgdEgTu-01094-00245123-00245353 even manually in deterring what you have
7pZzXgdEgTu-01095-00245354-00245578 knowing who's got making conscious
7pZzXgdEgTu-01096-00245579-00245748 choices about an administrative
7pZzXgdEgTu-01097-00245750-00246021 privilege as well as inventory things is
7pZzXgdEgTu-01098-00246023-00246235 a big step up can point you in the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-01099-00246236-00246451 direction and if you wait to the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01100-00246452-00246598 perfection of complete technology
7pZzXgdEgTu-01101-00246598-00246790 coverage of a worldwide distributed
7pZzXgdEgTu-01102-00246791-00246916 complicated enterprise you will never
7pZzXgdEgTu-01103-00246917-00247156 get there so so I'd say set our sights a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01104-00247157-00247378 little bit more modestly work with what
7pZzXgdEgTu-01105-00247379-00247585 you have to start with and don't get too
7pZzXgdEgTu-01106-00247586-00247732 carried away with it but focus in this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01107-00247733-00248032 sort of top six those also are the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01108-00248033-00248196 foundational things that again don't
7pZzXgdEgTu-01109-00248198-00248298 don't think of it you have to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-01110-00248300-00248563 literally every word but think of it as
7pZzXgdEgTu-01111-00248564-00248796 make it a honest conscious choice that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01112-00248798-00248989 you go through the prioritize within
7pZzXgdEgTu-01113-00248990-00249267 that we can also help you connect you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01114-00249269-00249625 with other enterprises that are kind of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01115-00249626-00249760 like yours that are on that same journey
7pZzXgdEgTu-01116-00249761-00249942 or pointed towards that we're not
7pZzXgdEgTu-01117-00249944-00250144 collecting use cases and sort of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01118-00250144-00250344 adoption stories of folks and how
7pZzXgdEgTu-01119-00250346-00250735 they've done this and as a a for the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01120-00250736-00250891 popular science level we have lots of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01121-00250892-00251092 those now posted to the website TI
7pZzXgdEgTu-01122-00251092-00251823 security org just so follow up to that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01123-00251823-00252309 maybe Tony is you know we certainly it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01124-00252310-00252601 comforting to hear you say don't
7pZzXgdEgTu-01125-00252602-00252862 overthink it but at the same time I
7pZzXgdEgTu-01126-00252863-00253141 think a lot of us are kind of paranoid
7pZzXgdEgTu-01127-00253142-00253402 both by nature perhaps certainly by
7pZzXgdEgTu-01128-00253403-00253639 professional conditioning and we read
7pZzXgdEgTu-01129-00253640-00253696 these
7pZzXgdEgTu-01130-00253696-00253891 you know statistics we hear about how we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01131-00253892-00254080 continue to fail at some of the basics
7pZzXgdEgTu-01132-00254081-00254283 and so we know that there's probably
7pZzXgdEgTu-01133-00254284-00254694 more there that we should be doing and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01134-00254696-00255066 we also can't know what we don't know so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01135-00255067-00255585 how does an organization know that they
7pZzXgdEgTu-01136-00255586-00255885 have implemented that yet controls well
7pZzXgdEgTu-01137-00255886-00256465 enough now that the the good enough
7pZzXgdEgTu-01138-00256466-00256621 question is I think one of the most
7pZzXgdEgTu-01139-00256621-00256915 important ones that both CIS is facing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01140-00256916-00257285 and everyone is facing right now and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01141-00257286-00257694 you know we in the past have provided
7pZzXgdEgTu-01142-00257694-00257941 what we did with versions six you might
7pZzXgdEgTu-01143-00257942-00258192 recall rachel is that I separated out
7pZzXgdEgTu-01144-00258194-00258391 the what we call the measurement
7pZzXgdEgTu-01145-00258392-00258646 companion from the control document
7pZzXgdEgTu-01146-00258646-00258937 itself because I just think this whole
7pZzXgdEgTu-01147-00258938-00259114 business of measurement metrics with a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01148-00259115-00259387 faster changing target than the controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-01149-00259388-00259596 you know history shows us that's not to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01150-00259598-00259816 be true and we refocus around
7pZzXgdEgTu-01151-00259817-00260196 measurement and and I used I took a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01152-00260198-00260425 definition from NIST around the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01153-00260426-00260566 difference between measurement you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-01154-00260567-00260862 the extraction of system data and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01155-00260863-00261210 artifacts from the system that are in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01156-00261211-00261466 effect objective measures is different
7pZzXgdEgTu-01157-00261467-00261781 from metrics right which you compose the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01158-00261782-00261940 key differences when you make a value
7pZzXgdEgTu-01159-00261941-00262138 judgment right something is good enough
7pZzXgdEgTu-01160-00262139-00262324 or it should be above or below a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01161-00262325-00262513 threshold whatever I want to distinguish
7pZzXgdEgTu-01162-00262514-00262807 the the printing from one from the other
7pZzXgdEgTu-01163-00262808-00263116 so we updated that document for version
7pZzXgdEgTu-01164-00263117-00263341 seven of the controls also a big
7pZzXgdEgTu-01165-00263342-00263689 motivator for version seven was to clean
7pZzXgdEgTu-01166-00263690-00263872 up and simplify the wording of every
7pZzXgdEgTu-01167-00263873-00264091 part of the CIA's controls in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01168-00264092-00264415 preparation for better guidance on
7pZzXgdEgTu-01169-00264416-00264706 measurements and metrics and so you'll
7pZzXgdEgTu-01170-00264707-00264826 see us come out with something new
7pZzXgdEgTu-01171-00264827-00265012 I'm sure within the next several months
7pZzXgdEgTu-01172-00265013-00265249 around that topic also about how to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01173-00265250-00265485 measure things and what system artifacts
7pZzXgdEgTu-01174-00265486-00265879 to associate with the with every
7pZzXgdEgTu-01175-00265880-00266140 individual sub control and what you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01176-00266141-00266305 would look for to tell you that you've
7pZzXgdEgTu-01177-00266306-00266548 done a successful job yes or no this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01178-00266549-00266800 turns out to be I'm sure so many of your
7pZzXgdEgTu-01179-00266801-00267073 audience noticed a complicated problem
7pZzXgdEgTu-01180-00267074-00267469 we are looking at this from the review
7pZzXgdEgTu-01181-00267470-00267699 point of identifying all these column
7pZzXgdEgTu-01182-00267700-00267997 measurements you know that the state of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01183-00267998-00268183 a register key the value of a registry
7pZzXgdEgTu-01184-00268184-00268390 key the state of a file permission etc
7pZzXgdEgTu-01185-00268391-00268645 that we can associate with these good
7pZzXgdEgTu-01186-00268646-00268840 practices as defined in the benchmarks
7pZzXgdEgTu-01187-00268841-00269137 and controls we're also looking at then
7pZzXgdEgTu-01188-00269138-00269338 we're collecting all those by looking at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01189-00269339-00269500 the way that those are measured the lots
7pZzXgdEgTu-01190-00269501-00269740 of different tools but also looking at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01191-00269741-00270022 the what I would call observables things
7pZzXgdEgTu-01192-00270023-00270262 you could see from outside and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01193-00270263-00270580 enterprise that would tell you you are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01194-00270581-00270826 successfully or not fixed unsuccessfully
7pZzXgdEgTu-01195-00270827-00271090 implementing specific controls in fact
7pZzXgdEgTu-01196-00271091-00271243 the whole industry has popped up in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01197-00271244-00271456 last few years around that around these
7pZzXgdEgTu-01198-00271457-00271660 kind of external observables help
7pZzXgdEgTu-01199-00271661-00272005 generate risk scores for enterprises and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01200-00272006-00272185 then there's a number of things in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01201-00272186-00272347 controls that just don't lend themselves
7pZzXgdEgTu-01202-00272348-00272536 very well to measurement at all we've
7pZzXgdEgTu-01203-00272537-00272848 tried to minimize those but we're you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01204-00272849-00273202 know a lot of things are done the way we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01205-00273203-00273520 know how to validate them unless it's a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01206-00273521-00273796 really complicated machine process is to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01207-00273797-00274045 ask a human being to take a look right -
7pZzXgdEgTu-01208-00274046-00274357 to look at data to talk to the operators
7pZzXgdEgTu-01209-00274358-00274495 to look for the presence of certain
7pZzXgdEgTu-01210-00274496-00274723 processes for example and so forth to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01211-00274724-00274852 make sure that some things are managed
7pZzXgdEgTu-01212-00274853-00275005 so we're trying to put all that together
7pZzXgdEgTu-01213-00275006-00275209 in your package that will become another
7pZzXgdEgTu-01214-00275210-00275425 product out of CIS that folks can use
7pZzXgdEgTu-01215-00275426-00275731 but to measure this kind of progress
7pZzXgdEgTu-01216-00275732-00275988 indicator as well as what is good enough
7pZzXgdEgTu-01217-00275989-00276217 finally on the phone the really on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01218-00276218-00276502 what is good enough question some of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01219-00276503-00276643 your listeners may have noticed that we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01220-00276644-00276853 released just recently something called
7pZzXgdEgTu-01221-00276854-00277075 sis Ram the CIS risk assessment
7pZzXgdEgTu-01222-00277076-00277398 methodology and this is a big step in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01223-00277399-00277681 evolution for us I mentioned this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01224-00277682-00277939 transition from cyber security as Lilia
7pZzXgdEgTu-01225-00277940-00278215 a techno geek focused activity into
7pZzXgdEgTu-01226-00278216-00278436 something that we embed into larger
7pZzXgdEgTu-01227-00278437-00278662 decision-making about businesses about
7pZzXgdEgTu-01228-00278663-00278929 society sis Ram is a big step in that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01229-00278930-00279244 direction it's an assessment methodology
7pZzXgdEgTu-01230-00279245-00279601 about what's good enough it's based on
7pZzXgdEgTu-01231-00279602-00279856 the CIS control but is not a technical
7pZzXgdEgTu-01232-00279857-00280069 assessment methodology it was really
7pZzXgdEgTu-01233-00280070-00280354 developed as IP by a law firm and a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01234-00280355-00280459 consulting company
7pZzXgdEgTu-01235-00280460-00280660 then I brought two CIS and we have
7pZzXgdEgTu-01236-00280661-00280813 generalized and released it out to the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01237-00280814-00281002 public so it really looks at this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01238-00281003-00281362 decision of you know what is the CIS sub
7pZzXgdEgTu-01239-00281363-00281692 control asking me to do what are the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01240-00281693-00281965 what problem is it trying to solve what
7pZzXgdEgTu-01241-00281966-00282187 are the implications of me solving it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01242-00282188-00282541 and is there an alternative way for me
7pZzXgdEgTu-01243-00282542-00282772 to solve it or if I don't do what say I
7pZzXgdEgTu-01244-00282773-00283102 asked seems to recommend here what is my
7pZzXgdEgTu-01245-00283103-00283267 residual what is the risk associated
7pZzXgdEgTu-01246-00283268-00283510 with my business for example in other
7pZzXgdEgTu-01247-00283511-00283795 words it may be and this does happen in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01248-00283796-00283987 security of course that the cure
7pZzXgdEgTu-01249-00283988-00284125 sometimes seems worse than the disease
7pZzXgdEgTu-01250-00284126-00284380 right I could put these great controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-01251-00284381-00284629 in place but I've alienated an entire
7pZzXgdEgTu-01252-00284630-00284821 hunk of my customer base and will never
7pZzXgdEgTu-01253-00284822-00284953 come back right they'll go to my
7pZzXgdEgTu-01254-00284954-00285187 competitor instead well that might be
7pZzXgdEgTu-01255-00285188-00285409 the right security decision the right
7pZzXgdEgTu-01256-00285410-00285607 technical decision but it's not a very
7pZzXgdEgTu-01257-00285608-00285829 good business decision in many cases and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01258-00285830-00286140 so CIS Ram walks you through an
7pZzXgdEgTu-01259-00286141-00286345 organized way to think about those
7pZzXgdEgTu-01260-00286346-00286630 problems make and document the decision
7pZzXgdEgTu-01261-00286631-00286885 about it in a way that is a minimal and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01262-00286886-00287047 presentable in a court of law
7pZzXgdEgTu-01263-00287048-00287236 and that's kind of the idea of cystogram
7pZzXgdEgTu-01264-00287237-00287545 so we and we put that out there both to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01265-00287546-00287755 address this problem and because we're
7pZzXgdEgTu-01266-00287756-00287956 really looking for feedback on on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01267-00287957-00288136 utility of it so again don't think of it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01268-00288137-00288292 as a new technical assessment method but
7pZzXgdEgTu-01269-00288293-00288514 think of it as a way to to transition
7pZzXgdEgTu-01270-00288515-00288805 the key technical learnings and lessons
7pZzXgdEgTu-01271-00288806-00289096 and recommendations of controls into a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01272-00289097-00289390 broader legal focused decision framework
7pZzXgdEgTu-01273-00289391-00289555 and you know I think you'll see more of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01274-00289556-00289690 that kind of work from us over the next
7pZzXgdEgTu-01275-00289691-00289831 year because I just really believe in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01276-00289832-00290068 kourt's that how important this notion
7pZzXgdEgTu-01277-00290069-00290338 is a translation from the technical
7pZzXgdEgTu-01278-00290339-00290515 domain into this broader decision-making
7pZzXgdEgTu-01279-00290516-00290929 domain yeah yeah thank you don't hit sir
7pZzXgdEgTu-01280-00290930-00291084 that's very helpful
7pZzXgdEgTu-01281-00291085-00291472 one question that often has come up and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01282-00291473-00291607 certainly in this context and this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01283-00291608-00291829 discussion is it's based on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01284-00291830-00292030 observation that you know over the years
7pZzXgdEgTu-01285-00292031-00292264 the controls themselves haven't changed
7pZzXgdEgTu-01286-00292265-00292540 much that going from version six to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01287-00292541-00292834 seven for example was not a profound
7pZzXgdEgTu-01288-00292835-00293167 change in terms of the key controls and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01289-00293168-00293446 recommendations and yet meanwhile within
7pZzXgdEgTu-01290-00293447-00293665 the broader context certainly in terms
7pZzXgdEgTu-01291-00293666-00293837 of new technology
7pZzXgdEgTu-01292-00293838-00294095 emerging threats ever-expanding attacks
7pZzXgdEgTu-01293-00294096-00294338 surface and so forth you know there are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01294-00294339-00294710 a lot of a lot of new things to consider
7pZzXgdEgTu-01295-00294711-00295043 at least so many new capabilities on the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01296-00295044-00295268 offensive defensive side to consider
7pZzXgdEgTu-01297-00295269-00295535 what what are your thoughts and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01298-00295536-00295967 observations on some of these new
7pZzXgdEgTu-01299-00295968-00296348 technologies and new contextual factors
7pZzXgdEgTu-01300-00296349-00296657 and this is very product include you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01301-00296658-00296963 know protecting cloud-hosted assets or
7pZzXgdEgTu-01302-00296964-00297281 securing the cloud environment itself if
7pZzXgdEgTu-01303-00297282-00297452 we're looking at software application
7pZzXgdEgTu-01304-00297453-00297707 development there's certainly the rapid
7pZzXgdEgTu-01305-00297708-00297956 adoption of DevOps as a paradigm a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01306-00297957-00298220 process as much as a technology I know
7pZzXgdEgTu-01307-00298221-00298394 certainly Internet of Things and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01308-00298395-00298580 industrial environments and so forth as
7pZzXgdEgTu-01309-00298581-00298736 we see this ever-expanding attack
7pZzXgdEgTu-01310-00298737-00298955 surface what are your thoughts on you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01311-00298956-00299141 know the applicability of the controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-01312-00299142-00299462 within this rapidly changing very
7pZzXgdEgTu-01313-00299463-00299903 dynamic environment and are there things
7pZzXgdEgTu-01314-00299904-00300184 in this new environment that we need to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01315-00300185-00300692 be particularly aware of now that's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01316-00300693-00300938 great great question Risa you think in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01317-00300939-00301115 your observations right on that the sort
7pZzXgdEgTu-01318-00301116-00301286 of foundational nature the controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-01319-00301287-00301460 hasn't changed dramatically in the last
7pZzXgdEgTu-01320-00301461-00301787 I think three versions and you know with
7pZzXgdEgTu-01321-00301788-00301982 the controls we've always tried to hit
7pZzXgdEgTu-01322-00301983-00302293 what I would call a sweet spot you know
7pZzXgdEgTu-01323-00302294-00302606 security frameworks or recommendations
7pZzXgdEgTu-01324-00302607-00302906 cover the entire spectrum of possibility
7pZzXgdEgTu-01325-00302907-00303407 from very very specific fine-grain you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01326-00303408-00303653 know things like go to the white listing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01327-00303654-00303785 store and buy though the best flight
7pZzXgdEgTu-01328-00303786-00304000 listing program you know kind of very
7pZzXgdEgTu-01329-00304001-00304499 discrete granular things and a large
7pZzXgdEgTu-01330-00304500-00304703 number of enterprises like that right
7pZzXgdEgTu-01331-00304704-00304840 because they know exactly what to do and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01332-00304841-00305117 even more don't like that because it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01333-00305118-00305267 really locks you into a particular set
7pZzXgdEgTu-01334-00305268-00305450 of technologies or the way to solve a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01335-00305451-00305636 problem then at the other end of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01336-00305637-00305789 spectrum you have these are I would call
7pZzXgdEgTu-01337-00305790-00306113 cosmic frameworks which are know do a go
7pZzXgdEgTu-01338-00306114-00306320 do a risk assessment go understand the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01339-00306321-00306557 entire problem go do good things and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01340-00306558-00306707 then white paper that said you did good
7pZzXgdEgTu-01341-00306708-00306968 things and so they are not very helpful
7pZzXgdEgTu-01342-00306969-00307154 and that they're so open-ended and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01343-00307155-00307232 broad it and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01344-00307233-00307385 so that everything in the middle of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01345-00307386-00307676 course which we've attempted to build
7pZzXgdEgTu-01346-00307677-00307904 some consistency into understanding of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01347-00307905-00308216 the problem in a way that gives you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01348-00308217-00308498 options and that allows for these the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01349-00308499-00308642 evolution of technology all those great
7pZzXgdEgTu-01350-00308643-00308804 examples that you mentioned right so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01351-00308805-00309023 several things are moving in motion here
7pZzXgdEgTu-01352-00309024-00309182 or in motion all the time
7pZzXgdEgTu-01353-00309183-00309401 there's the nature of attacks which
7pZzXgdEgTu-01354-00309402-00309611 frankly have not changed that much at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01355-00309612-00309827 all in quite a few years
7pZzXgdEgTu-01356-00309828-00310073 yeah the specific techniques and so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01357-00310074-00310241 forth sure and our understanding is
7pZzXgdEgTu-01358-00310242-00310409 change but the nature of sort of over
7pZzXgdEgTu-01359-00310410-00310595 and over again exploiting poor
7pZzXgdEgTu-01360-00310596-00310811 configuration bad management human
7pZzXgdEgTu-01361-00310812-00311036 beings processes and so forth there's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01362-00311037-00311279 been pretty state steady there's another
7pZzXgdEgTu-01363-00311280-00311492 dimension of the business use of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01364-00311493-00311699 technology that has changed a lot over
7pZzXgdEgTu-01365-00311700-00312050 the last years the way that we as
7pZzXgdEgTu-01366-00312051-00312233 consumers demand services from
7pZzXgdEgTu-01367-00312234-00312437 businesses or from government the way
7pZzXgdEgTu-01368-00312438-00312581 that gets implemented you gave some
7pZzXgdEgTu-01369-00312582-00312845 examples of we build that the technology
7pZzXgdEgTu-01370-00312846-00313061 to deliver services through DevOps etc
7pZzXgdEgTu-01371-00313062-00313214 these are all in motion and we have to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01372-00313215-00313406 account for those in the controls and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01373-00313407-00313574 then there's the sort of fundamental
7pZzXgdEgTu-01374-00313575-00313853 nature of technology itself you know the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01375-00313854-00314066 emergence of cloud in the last few years
7pZzXgdEgTu-01376-00314067-00314312 the sort of different types of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01377-00314313-00314531 environments the emergence of the just
7pZzXgdEgTu-01378-00314532-00314834 overwhelming scale of you know the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01379-00314835-00315047 Internet of Things that's in constant
7pZzXgdEgTu-01380-00315048-00315176 motion and we have to think through all
7pZzXgdEgTu-01381-00315177-00315305 that every time we think about the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01382-00315306-00315535 controls so we attempt to do that but
7pZzXgdEgTu-01383-00315536-00315815 the good news is that this or the nature
7pZzXgdEgTu-01384-00315816-00316046 of attacks has been that fit of all
7pZzXgdEgTu-01385-00316047-00316256 those the most stable and so I think
7pZzXgdEgTu-01386-00316257-00316496 that's reflected in perfectly but it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01387-00316497-00316655 reflected well in the controls
7pZzXgdEgTu-01388-00316656-00317006 themselves you can see though for
7pZzXgdEgTu-01389-00317007-00317186 example you know as we surveyed our user
7pZzXgdEgTu-01390-00317187-00317480 base the most frequently requested gee I
7pZzXgdEgTu-01391-00317481-00317612 wish you would produce a companion
7pZzXgdEgTu-01392-00317613-00317840 document controls on this topic is cloud
7pZzXgdEgTu-01393-00317841-00318059 and so we've just formed a team we're
7pZzXgdEgTu-01394-00318060-00318311 putting together volunteers to work that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01395-00318312-00318560 as a separate issue because so many
7pZzXgdEgTu-01396-00318561-00318707 people have moved so much of their I
7pZzXgdEgTu-01397-00318708-00318965 psyche of a structure out how to acquire
7pZzXgdEgTu-01398-00318966-00319130 through managed service or through some
7pZzXgdEgTu-01399-00319131-00319337 some mechanism that's not under the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01400-00319338-00319493 direct control or not under the premise
7pZzXgdEgTu-01401-00319494-00319712 that's especially true for small and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01402-00319713-00319907 medium enterprises that's just a you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01403-00319908-00320192 know essentially that people have given
7pZzXgdEgTu-01404-00320193-00320345 up on trying to solve this problem at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01405-00320346-00320567 local level they're moving it implicitly
7pZzXgdEgTu-01406-00320568-00320624 to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01407-00320625-00320837 one else to deal with the problem so we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01408-00320838-00321032 really need to take that on you've seen
7pZzXgdEgTu-01409-00321033-00321203 you mentioned CI special marks we now
7pZzXgdEgTu-01410-00321204-00321470 you can now get our hardened images from
7pZzXgdEgTu-01411-00321471-00321896 the three clouds suppliers we're moving
7pZzXgdEgTu-01412-00321897-00322304 more of our ideas and our controls our
7pZzXgdEgTu-01413-00322305-00322511 recommendations or further upstream to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01414-00322512-00322715 follow the technology exactly as you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01415-00322716-00322841 described because that's where the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01416-00322842-00323012 that's where the data is going that's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01417-00323013-00323183 where the operations are going and so we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01418-00323184-00323473 have to be prepared for that I'd say the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01419-00323474-00323816 the IOT thing is problematic because we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01420-00323817-00324128 cannot as an industry solve that you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01421-00324129-00324305 know by patching faster in the way we
7pZzXgdEgTu-01422-00324306-00324455 might think of doing that at the scale
7pZzXgdEgTu-01423-00324456-00324713 of enterprises and desktops we really do
7pZzXgdEgTu-01424-00324714-00324902 think what's a more architectural about
7pZzXgdEgTu-01425-00324903-00325166 that and so we're going to see us tackle
7pZzXgdEgTu-01426-00325167-00325307 that problem we have a number of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01427-00325308-00325487 individual projects underway right now
7pZzXgdEgTu-01428-00325488-00325646 in their industrial control systems and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01429-00325647-00325859 sort of slices of that problem but more
7pZzXgdEgTu-01430-00325860-00326021 broadly I think we think of this is a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01431-00326022-00326210 really a foundational architectural
7pZzXgdEgTu-01432-00326211-00326489 issue so between the level of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01433-00326490-00326708 abstraction between the movement of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01434-00326709-00326954 controls and its think of the content it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01435-00326955-00327107 separates on the plumbing the plumbing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01436-00327108-00327287 is a delivery mechanism right whether
7pZzXgdEgTu-01437-00327288-00327452 it's the cloud whether it's IOT devices
7pZzXgdEgTu-01438-00327453-00327641 we are right in the middle of that at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01439-00327642-00327868 CIF and really trying to follow
7pZzXgdEgTu-01440-00327869-00328241 anticipate the nature of tax the nature
7pZzXgdEgTu-01441-00328242-00328417 of business use of technology and then
7pZzXgdEgTu-01442-00328418-00328664 foundationally the technology itself and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01443-00328665-00328910 taking our ideas the ideas are really
7pZzXgdEgTu-01444-00328911-00329063 generated by this volunteer community
7pZzXgdEgTu-01445-00329064-00329363 and coming up with new ways to deliver
7pZzXgdEgTu-01446-00329364-00329620 that content with these snakes Thanks
7pZzXgdEgTu-01447-00329621-00330017 yeah yeah thank you I think we have time
7pZzXgdEgTu-01448-00330018-00330308 for just one more quick question and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01449-00330309-00330443 this may not even be a quick one
7pZzXgdEgTu-01450-00330444-00330626 actually but it is an important one so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01451-00330627-00330926 how do the CIS controls address advanced
7pZzXgdEgTu-01452-00330927-00331397 persistent threats well okay yeah I hear
7pZzXgdEgTu-01453-00331398-00331538 that all the time yeah that's great
7pZzXgdEgTu-01454-00331539-00331748 stuff Sonia that's I gene that's the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01455-00331749-00331985 basics love the basics but what about
7pZzXgdEgTu-01456-00331986-00332372 those wily apts and you know I can tell
7pZzXgdEgTu-01457-00332373-00332492 you with a straight face I lived with
7pZzXgdEgTu-01458-00332493-00332693 wily apts for at least three and a half
7pZzXgdEgTu-01459-00332694-00332900 decades and again they're professional
7pZzXgdEgTu-01460-00332901-00333017 they're rid of what they do but they
7pZzXgdEgTu-01461-00333018-00333341 don't do magic and so you the the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01462-00333342-00333797 notions of the controls give you lots
7pZzXgdEgTu-01463-00333798-00334007 you know the bad guys no matter
7pZzXgdEgTu-01464-00334008-00334157 the state are all kind of working the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01465-00334158-00334400 same noise floor and so you need to do
7pZzXgdEgTu-01466-00334401-00334571 the foundational things anyway because
7pZzXgdEgTu-01467-00334572-00334745 they're eating you alive otherwise and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01468-00334746-00334973 you can't tell frankly whether it's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01469-00334974-00335258 teenage joyriders hardened criminals or
7pZzXgdEgTu-01470-00335259-00335420 nation states so you might as well just
7pZzXgdEgTu-01471-00335421-00335657 deal with the problem at scale that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01472-00335658-00335923 really is foundation of the controls but
7pZzXgdEgTu-01473-00335924-00336143 don't think of them and I think this is
7pZzXgdEgTu-01474-00336144-00336470 a strategic mistake to think of this
7pZzXgdEgTu-01475-00336471-00336752 sort of mainstream mass market problem
7pZzXgdEgTu-01476-00336753-00336977 as really a distinct problem from
7pZzXgdEgTu-01477-00336978-00337241 advanced persistent threats there are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01478-00337242-00337427 threats that are more advanced and are
7pZzXgdEgTu-01479-00337428-00337619 more persistent there's no question but
7pZzXgdEgTu-01480-00337620-00337757 they're using essentially the same
7pZzXgdEgTu-01481-00337758-00338069 techniques and what really helps you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01482-00338070-00338384 understand the advanced threats are both
7pZzXgdEgTu-01483-00338385-00338558 their sophistication of their
7pZzXgdEgTu-01484-00338559-00338699 infrastructure and the delivery
7pZzXgdEgTu-01485-00338700-00339016 mechanisms but also their patience and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01486-00339017-00339284 their willingness to to lie cheat and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01487-00339285-00339524 steal right to bypass your defenses and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01488-00339525-00339668 so that's why you may have to make
7pZzXgdEgTu-01489-00339669-00339899 intelligent choices about defense not at
7pZzXgdEgTu-01490-00339900-00340148 one place but at multiple places and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01491-00340149-00340340 this notion of the controls it's really
7pZzXgdEgTu-01492-00340341-00340565 about laying a foundation no matter it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01493-00340566-00340811 does feel really really well I believe
7pZzXgdEgTu-01494-00340812-00341039 with a vast majority this mass market
7pZzXgdEgTu-01495-00341040-00341297 attack but to understand advanced threat
7pZzXgdEgTu-01496-00341298-00341633 is really about understanding in the in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01497-00341634-00341771 the Defense Department and government
7pZzXgdEgTu-01498-00341772-00342029 sense the intentions and capabilities of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01499-00342030-00342338 the attackers and if you had that I said
7pZzXgdEgTu-01500-00342339-00342551 this earlier if you had insight into
7pZzXgdEgTu-01501-00342552-00342707 that right you bought the right magic
7pZzXgdEgTu-01502-00342708-00342908 feet threat feed you could get insight
7pZzXgdEgTu-01503-00342909-00343061 the government would share with you the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01504-00343062-00343187 law enforcement would share it with you
7pZzXgdEgTu-01505-00343188-00343445 you have a friend you know a way to get
7pZzXgdEgTu-01506-00343446-00343691 that insight always ask yourself what am
7pZzXgdEgTu-01507-00343692-00343895 I going to do with it and I take action
7pZzXgdEgTu-01508-00343896-00344117 upon it that information will almost
7pZzXgdEgTu-01509-00344118-00344390 always require you to turn back to your
7pZzXgdEgTu-01510-00344391-00344600 technology find something right whether
7pZzXgdEgTu-01511-00344601-00344774 it's a file with a certain hash of a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01512-00344775-00345029 certain date or a particular port or a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01513-00345030-00345395 particular mechanism registry key and do
7pZzXgdEgTu-01514-00345396-00345467 something with it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01515-00345468-00345746 change it to lead it block it move it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01516-00345747-00345974 whatever and if you haven't built that
7pZzXgdEgTu-01517-00345975-00346316 action architecture on college you will
7pZzXgdEgTu-01518-00346317-00346502 never be able to deal with advanced
7pZzXgdEgTu-01519-00346503-00346733 threats right so the good news is the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01520-00346734-00346880 foundation helps you with kind of mass
7pZzXgdEgTu-01521-00346881-00347033 market problem but you really need it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01522-00347034-00347243 also for more advanced problems too so
7pZzXgdEgTu-01523-00347244-00347387 then please might
7pZzXgdEgTu-01524-00347388-00347525 I plead to the audience don't think of
7pZzXgdEgTu-01525-00347526-00347723 them as distinct problems think of them
7pZzXgdEgTu-01526-00347724-00348002 as related problems and so you are not
7pZzXgdEgTu-01527-00348003-00348200 wasting your time to deal with the Main
7pZzXgdEgTu-01528-00348201-00348362 Street problem I'm not aware of any
7pZzXgdEgTu-01529-00348363-00348551 magic that's coming that will enable us
7pZzXgdEgTu-01530-00348552-00348713 to just throw our defenses away and
7pZzXgdEgTu-01531-00348714-00349082 count on some magics thank you great
7pZzXgdEgTu-01532-00349083-00349238 well thank you Tommy thank you for
7pZzXgdEgTu-01533-00349239-00349466 letting a good foundation for us in
7pZzXgdEgTu-01534-00349467-00349703 terms of our awareness that our spending
7pZzXgdEgTu-01535-00349704-00350033 and productive things to do but what's
7pZzXgdEgTu-01536-00350034-00350213 the top of the hour we could go on but
7pZzXgdEgTu-01537-00350214-00350486 we must move on so Kate I'll pass it
7pZzXgdEgTu-01538-00350487-00350786 back to you to wrap us up Thank You
7pZzXgdEgTu-01539-00350787-00351014 Maurice and yes we're at the top of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01540-00351015-00351173 hour so I'll do a quick closing here
7pZzXgdEgTu-01541-00351174-00351458 first I'd love to thank our featured
7pZzXgdEgTu-01542-00351459-00351731 presenter Tony Sager of the CIS Tony
7pZzXgdEgTu-01543-00351732-00351905 thank you for your time we were thrilled
7pZzXgdEgTu-01544-00351906-00352139 to have you on our event today sharing
7pZzXgdEgTu-01545-00352140-00352319 your years of experience and expertise
7pZzXgdEgTu-01546-00352320-00352538 thank you also to Maurice who numa
7pZzXgdEgTu-01547-00352539-00352898 thanks Maurice for your time and thank
7pZzXgdEgTu-01548-00352899-00353078 you for our audience for joining us
7pZzXgdEgTu-01549-00353079-00353318 today as I mentioned earlier and I
7pZzXgdEgTu-01550-00353319-00353636 emailed a lot of you during this in the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01551-00353637-00353834 the QA chat we will be sending out a
7pZzXgdEgTu-01552-00353835-00353993 link to the on-demand version of the
7pZzXgdEgTu-01553-00353994-00354266 webcast along with a link to SlideShare
7pZzXgdEgTu-01554-00354267-00354482 for the slide deck we do hope you'll
7pZzXgdEgTu-01555-00354483-00354728 join us for future webcasts we want to
7pZzXgdEgTu-01556-00354729-00355124 thank you and have a great day