Premise: (1) whetherthe plaintiff [is] one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted; (2) whether there [is] any indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit, either to create such a remedy or to deny one; (3) whether it [is] consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy; and (4) whether the cause of action [is] one traditionally relegated to state law, in an area basically the concern of the States, so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law.

Hypothesis: Whether or not the cause of action should be relegated to state or federal law is immaterial.
Relation: contradiction