Premise: In Ghirlandaio's Madonna of Mercy (right aisle, 2nd bay), portrayed immediately to the right of Mary is the Florentine banker-navigator-cartographer Amerigo Vespucci, who gave his name to the continent of America (and whose family was a sponsor of this church).

Hypothesis: Amerigo Vespucci's portrait is next to the Pope's.
Relation: contradiction