Premise: Assuming state size would be a second cut variable, New York (1 percent), California (3 percent), Ohio (6 percent), and Texas (15 percent) could be one group to study, while Kansas (less than 1 percent), Massachusetts, (2 percent), Oklahoma (6 percent), and Arizona (9 percent) could form a second group of smaller states.

Hypothesis: California is bigger than New York and thus receives a lower percentage point.
Relation: contradiction